a 1 2 re  arrangement or 1 2 migration or 1 2 shift or whit  more 1 2 shift is an organic reaction where a substitu  ent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound in a 1 2 shift the movement involves two adjacent atoms but moves over larger distances are possible in the example below the substitu  ent r moves from carbon atom c 2 to c 3 1 2 shift the re  arrangement is intr  am  ol  ec  ular and the starting compound and reaction product are structural isom  ers the 1 2 re  arrangement belongs to a broad class of chemical reactions called re  arrangement reactions a re  arrangement involving a hydrogen atom is called a 1 2 hy  dri  de shift if the substitu  ent being re  arranged is an al  ky  l group it is named according to the al  ky  l group s an  ion i e 1 2 meth  an  ide shift 1 2 ethan  ide shift etc
the 1 3 di  polar cyclo  addition is a chemical reaction between a 1 3 di  pole and a di  polar  ophi  le to form a five memb  ered ring the earliest 1 3 di  polar cyclo  additions were described in the late 19 th century to the early 20 th century following the discovery of 1 3 di  poles mechanis  tic investigation and synthetic application were established in the 1960 s primarily through the work of ro  lf hu  is  gen hence the reaction is sometimes referred to as the hu  is  gen cyclo  addition this term is often used to specifically describe the 1 3 di  polar cyclo  addition between an organic az  ide and an al  ky  ne to generate 1 2 3 tri  azole currently 1 3 di  polar cyclo  addition is an important route to the regio and stereo  selective synthesis of five memb  ered heter  oc  ycles and their ring opened ac  ycl  ic derivatives x
the 1 center problem or minim  ax or min  max location problem is a classical combin  atorial optimi  zation problem in operations research of facilities location type in its most general case the problem is stated as follows given a set of n demand points a space of feasible locations of a facility and a function to calculate the transportation cost between a facility and any demand point find a location of the facility which minim  izes the maximum facility demand point transportation cost the simple special case when the feasible locations and demand points are in the plane with eu  cli  dean distance as transportation cost plan  ar min  max eu  cli  dean facility location problem eu  cli  dean 1 center problem in the plane etc it is also known as the smallest circle problem its gener  alization to n dimensional eu  cli  dean spaces is known as the smallest en  closing ball problem a further gener  alization weighted eu  cli  dean facility location is when the set of weights is assigned to demand points and the transportation cost is the sum of the products of distances by the corresponding weights another special case the closest string problem arises when the inputs are strings and their distance is measured using ham  ming distance there are numerous particular cases of the problem depending on the choice of the locations both of demand points and facilities as well as the distance function
the 100 prisoners problem is a mathematical problem in probability theory and combin  at  or  ics in this problem 100 numbered prisoners to survive must find their own numbers in one of 100 draw  ers the rules state that each prisoner may open only 50 draw  ers and cannot communicate with other prisoners at first glance the situation appears hopeless — but a clever strategy offers the prisoners a realistic chance of survival danish computer scientist peter bro mil  ter  sen first proposed the problem in 2003
the 10 in 40 type 41 naval gun was a 40 cali  bre el  sw  ick ord  nance company pattern r naval gun designed in the 1890 s for export it was sold to italy argentina and japan in small numbers
12 5 is pain of salvation s first live album it was released in 2004 and was recorded from a concert in the band s home town of es  kil  st  una sweden on 12 may 12 5 2003 it was an un  plu  gged show meaning that there were only acous  tic instruments i e no electric guit  ars grand piano and har  p  sic  h  ord instead of synthe  si  zers it features songs from all the band s albu  ms to that date except one hour by the concrete lake
13 q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by the deletion of some or all of the large arm of human chro  mo  some 13 it causes intellectual disability and con  genital mal  formations that affect a variety of organ systems
17 β hydroxy  ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase iii deficiency is a rare disorder of sexual development affecting te  sto  ster  one bio  synthesis by 17 β hydroxy  ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase iii 17 β h  s  d iii which can produce impaired vi  ri  li  zation traditionally termed male pseu  do  her  m  aph  ro  di  tism of genetically male infants and children and excessive vi  ri  li  zation of female adults it is an auto  som  al rec  essive condition and is one of the few disorders of sexual development that can affect the primary and or secondary sex characteristics of both males and females
17 q 21 31 micro  deletion syndrome ko  ol  en de vries syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of a segment of chro  mo  some 17 which contains six genes this deletion syndrome was discovered independently in 2006 by three different research groups
there is a drastic decline in the number of ships visiting new zealand from the previous year an economic depression starts in new south wales as a result of the escalation of war in europe and the consequent reduction in the number of convic  ts being transported in march news of the boy  d massacre reaches port jackson and a punitive expedi  tion is sent to new zealand and bomb  ards the village of the incorrectly blamed chief te pa  hi after this the few whaling ships possibly only 5 that later head for new zealand usually prefer to avoid landing especially in the bay of islands sealing in fo  ve  aux strait declines as the ro  ok  eries are exhausted with the discovery of campbell island at the beginning of the year and m  acqu  arie island in the middle of the year by the same sealing ship se  al  ers transfer their attention there if they stop off in new zealand it is usually in fo  ve  aux strait
the 1858 brad  ford swe  ets poisoning was the arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in brad  ford england when swe  ets accidentally made with arsenic were sold from a market stall twenty one victims died as a result the event contributed to the passage of the pharmacy act 1868 in the united kingdom and legislation regulating the adulter  ation of foodstuffs
the fourth cholera pandemic of the 19 th century began in the gang  es delta of the beng  al region and traveled with muslim pil  gri  ms to mecca in its first year the epidemic claimed 30 000 of 90 000 mecca pil  gri  ms cholera spread throughout the middle east and was carried to russia europe africa and north america in each case spreading from port cities and along inland waterways the pandemic reached northern africa in 18  65 and spread to sub saharan africa killing 70 000 in zan  zi  bar in 18  69 – 70 cholera claimed 90 000 lives in russia in 18  66 the epidemic of cholera that spread with the austr  o prus  sian war 18  66 is estimated to have taken 165 000 lives in the austrian empire including 30 000 each in hungary and belgium and 20 000 in the netherlands in london in june 18  66 a loc  alized epidemic in the east end claimed 5 596 lives just as the city was completing construction of its major sewage and water treatment systems see london se  wer  age system the east end section was not quite complete epidem  io  logist william far  r identified the east london water company as the source of the contamination far  r made use of prior work by john snow and others pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an 18  54 outbreak in the same year the use of contaminated canal water in local water works caused a minor outbreak at y  stal  y  fera in south wales workers associated with the company and their families were most affected and 119 died in 18  67 italy lost 113 000 lives and 80 000 died of the disease in algeria outbreaks in north america in the 1870 s killed some 50 000 americans as cholera spread from new orleans along the mississippi river and to ports on its tribu  taries
the 18  88 eruption of mount band  ai was a major volcanic eruption which occurred during the meij  i period of the empire of japan the eruption occurred on july 15 18  88 and pyro  cl  astic flows buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain and devastated the eastern part of band  ai region fukushima pref  ecture north of tokyo at least 477 people were killed and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless in what became the worst volcanic disaster in recent japanese history the eruption had many similarities to the 1980 eruption of mount st hel  ens in the united states
18 p is a genetic condition caused by a deletion of all or part of the short arm the p arm of chro  mo  some 18 it occurs in about 1 of every 50 000 births
the 19  04 pic  torial 4 d lake ta  up  o inver  t is a postage stamp error considered to be the ra  rest new zealand stamp the centre vignette is inver  ted in relation to the outer frame the stamp was discovered in a school  boy album in 1930 and no other copy has been found since then the 4 d stamp depic  ts lake ta  up  o in new zealand s north island it was part of the first pic  torial series originally issued in 1898 but re  issued in different colours and sizes in 18  99 and 1900 the same design was used for a 1 d value issued in 1898 the sole example is used post  marked pic  ton 19  04
the 19  24 los angeles pneu  mon  ic plague outbreak began october 30 19  24 and was declared fully contained on november 13 19  24 it represented the first time plague had emerged in southern california previously plague outbreaks had arisen in san francisco and nearby o  ak  land marking the first time plague had emerged in california the los angeles outbreak began on october 30 lasted two weeks and killed 30 people public health officials credited the lessons learned from the san francisco outbreak coupled with swiftly implemented measures including hosp  itali  zation of the sick and all their contacts a neighborhood quarantine and a large scale rat eradication program with saving lives
the 1929 30 sm sar  ja season was cancelled cause of a bad winter in finland as there was no safe and good ice to play on as a result the entire season was cancelled
the 1941 19  42 sm sar  ja season was cancelled cause of the continuation war
the luxemb  our  g  ish general strike of 19  42 was a manifestation of passive resistance when luxembourg was occupied by nazi germany during world war ii the strikes opposed a directive that cons  crip  ted young luxemb  our  gers into the we  hr  mach  t a nationwide general strike originating in wi  lt  z paralysed the country and led to the occupying german authorities responding violently by sentencing 21 stri  kers to death
the 19  43 1944 sm sar  ja season was stopped mid season cause of the continuation war this would be the last sm sar  ja sm li  ig  a season which had to be cancelled pre or mid season
the 1951 pon  t saint es  pr  it mass poisoning also known as le pain ma  ud  it was a mass poisoning on 15 august 1951 in the small town of pon  t saint es  pr  it in southern france more than 250 people were involved including 50 persons inter  ned in asyl  ums and 7 deaths a food  borne illness was suspected and among these it was originally believed to be a case of cursed bread pain ma  ud  it most academic sources accept er  got poisoning as the cause of the epidemic while a few the  ori  ze other causes such as poisoning by mercury my  co  toxins or nitrogen tric  hl  oride fringe theorists have spec  ulated that the united states central intelligence agency cia intentionally poisoned the population in order to test a deli  ri  ant incapac  itating agent during the cold war
the 1951 us  af resolution test chart is a resolution test pattern conforming to mi  l st  d 150 a standard set by us air force in 1951 it is still widely accepted to test the resolution of optical imaging systems such as micro  sco  pes cameras and image scanners although mi  l st  d 150 a was cancelled on october 16 2006 the pattern consists of groups of three bars small ron  chi rulings with dimensions from big to small the largest bar the imag  er cannot discern is the limitation of its resolving power
the 1952 commonwealth prime ministers economic conference was an emergency meeting of the heads of government of the commonwealth of nations it was called by the british government of sir winston churchill and held in the united kingdom in december 1952 as a follow up to a commonwealth finance minister s conference held in january 1952 the conference was held in the context of british economic and military decline and the united states sur  ging role in the world the principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of pound sterling into american dollars and british concerns that non sterling commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into american dollars the future of the pound sterling area and the alleviation of commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference particularly in the light of the sur  ging american economy and the desire of commonwealth countries such as australia for american investment in order for economic development to occur against british concerns that american economic dominance threatened britain s economic position this discussion was necessary as the commonwealth with the exception of canada had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communi  que being described as an agreement in plati  tudes british concerns at being excluded from the an  z  us military treaty between australia new zealand and the united states were also a topic and were addressed by a communi  que issued by the prime ministers supporting britain s demand for a voice in an  z  us in addition commonwealth prime ministers after months of discussion on whether the newly asc  ended queen elizabeth ii should have a uniform royal styles and titles throughout the commonwealth or whether real  ms should adopt their own styles and titles it was agreed that each member of the commonwealth should use for its own purposes a form of the royal style and titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments the prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new queen elizabeth ii head of the commonwealth in succession of her late father george vi
the 1955 hawai  ian submarine eruption was a submarine eruption that occurred 90 km 56 mi northeast of nec  ker island on august 20 1955 ste  aming water water dis  color  ation and an eruption column took place during the eruption a possible pum  ice raft was also witnessed the eruption originated about 4 km 2 5 mi below sea level from an un  named submarine volcano the eruption produced a column of smoke several meters high it is probably the western  most historical eruption within the hawai  ian islands another but less certain submarine eruption may have occurred 60 km 37 mi northwest of o  ahu on may 22 1956
the 1963 syrian coup d état referred to by the syrian government as the 8 march revolution arabic ث  و  ر  ة ا  ل  ث  ا  م  ن م  ن آ  ذ  ا  ر ‎ ‎ was the successful seizure of power in syria by the military committee of the syrian regional branch of the arab socialist ba ath party the planning and the unfolding conspiracy was inspired by the iraqi regional branch s successful military coup the coup was planned by the military committee rather than the ba ath party s civilian leadership but michel af  la  q the leader of the party consented to the conspiracy the leading members of the military committee throughout the planning process and in the immediate aftermath of taking power were muhammad um  ran sal  ah j  ad  id and ha  fe  z al assad the committee en  listed the support of two n  asser  ists ras  hid al qu  ta  yn  i and muhammad al su  fi and the independent zi  ad al hariri the coup was originally planned for 7 march but was postponed one day after the government discovered where the conspir  ators were planning to assemble
the 1965 6 6 british home championship was a cause of great excitement as it supplied spectators and commentators a view of england prior to their con  testing the football 1966 fifa world cup on home soil at which they were one of the favor  ites none of the other home nations had qualified for the world cup and so were determined to spoil england s preparation leading to some very dramatic and heavily contested matches particularly england s final game in glasgow the england team began with a subdu  ed go  all  ess draw with the welsh side whilst northern ireland national football team beat scotland 3 – 2 in a close fought game at home both england and scotland improved in their second games england beating a tough irish side at home 2 – 1 whilst the scots put four goals past the struggling welsh wales suffered further in their final match of the series losing 1 – 4 at home to the irish who claimed a surprise second place in the tournament england and scotland then played a thri  lling game in glasgow which england finally won 4 – 3 to take the title of british champions a title they would add to at the world cup three months later
the 1966 chicago west side riot was a public disorder that occurred between july 12 and 15 in chicago illinois after a man was arrested for opening a fire hydr  ant black residents took to the streets in anger and loo  ted and burned various stores throughout the west side until the arrival of 1 200 national guar  d  smen on july 15 violence quickly subsid  ed and most of the troops were sent home on july 20
the 1967 detroit riot also known as the 12 th street riot was a violent public disorder that turned into a civil disturbance in detroit michigan it began in the early morning hours of sunday july 23 1967 the precipit  ating event was a police raid of an un  licensed after hours bar then known as a blind pig just north of the corner of 12 th street today rosa parks boulevard and cl  air  mount avenue on the city s near west side police confrontations with patron  s and observers on the street evolved into one of the dead  liest and most destructive riots in the history of the united states lasting five days and sur  passing the violence and property destruction of detroit s 19  43 race riot to help end the disturbance governor george w romney ordered the michigan army national guard into detroit and president lyndon b johnson sent in both the 82 nd and 101 st airborne divisions the result was 43 dead 1 189 injured over 7 200 arrests and more than 2 000 buildings destroyed the scale of the riot was surpassed in the united states only by the 18  63 new york city draft riots during the u s civil war and the 1992 los angeles riots the riot was prominently featured in the news media with live television coverage extensive newspaper reporting and extensive stories in time and life magazines the staff of the detroit free press won the 1968 pul  it  zer prize for general local reporting for its coverage
the 1967 new  ark riots were a major civil disturbance that occurred in the city of new  ark new jersey between july 12 and july 17 1967 the six days of ri  oting looting and destruction left 26 dead and hundreds injured
the 1968 detroit riot was a civil disturbance that occurred between april 4 – 5 1968 in detroit michigan following the assassination of martin luther king jr less than a year after the violent unrest of 1967 areas of 12 th street present day rosa parks boulevard again erupted in chaos simultaneously with 110 other us cities following king s assassination michigan governor george w romney ordered the national guard into detroit one person was killed and gangs tos  sed objects at cars and smashed store  front windows with three dozen fires being set
the 1968 kh  am duc c 130 sho  ot  down was the loss of a united states air force lock  heed c 130 b hercul  es aircraft during the battle of kh  am duc on may 12 1968 all 155 people on board were killed at the time it was the dead  liest aircraft crash in history the aircraft comman  ded by major bernard l butcher was participating in the evacuation of south vietnamese civilians from the kh  am duc camp  site the c 130 approached the kh  am duc air  strip from the south and managed to land despite taking hits from opposing north vietnamese forces as soon as it landed approximately 149 south vietnamese rushed onto the aircraft once the aircraft was full major butcher proceeded to take off in a north  ward direction unaware that the north vietnamese were concentrated in that area according to eye  witness reports the aircraft under intense enemy mortar and small arms fire shook violently out of control crashed into a nearby ra  vine less than a mile from the end of the air  strip and burned killing all of the south vietnamese evacu  ees and the aircraft s crew of six with 155 fatalities this incident along with the civilian crash of vi  asa flight 7  42 in venezuela the following year held the highest death toll of any aircraft crash commercial or military in the history of aviation that remained so until the mid air collision of all nip  pon airways flight 58 and a fighter jet over japan in 1971 killing 162 to date the kh  am duc crash along with the crash of a us  af lock  heed c 5 galaxy aircraft seven years later remain jointly the dead  liest aviation accidents incidents on vietnamese soil
the 1968 new york city riot was a disturbance sparked by the assassination of martin luther king on april 4 1968 har  lem the largest african american neighborhood in manhattan was expected to erup  t into looting and violence like it had done a year earlier in which two dozen stores were either burgl  arized or burned and three people were killed however mayor john lind  say traveled into the heart of the area and stated that he regretted king ’ s wrong  ful death which led to the cal  ming of residents various businesses were still loo  ted and set af  ire in har  lem and brooklyn although these events were not widespread and very minor when compared to the riots in washington d c baltimore and chicago in which federal troops were needed to qu  ell the disorders
the 1970 memorial park riot was a civil disturbance by alienated white you  ths that began in royal oak michigan on august 24 1970 and spread to bir  min  gham michigan both primarily white middle class suburbs of detroit the initial conflict resulted from the closure by police of memorial park in royal oak authorities said that the park was being used as a marketplace for the sale of illegal drugs the riot lasted for three days and led to the formation of several youth controlled social service organizations
the chap  el  town riots of 1981 took place in the le  eds district of chap  el  town in west yorkshire england during a time when many other areas of the uk were suffering similar problems such as london bir  min  gham and liver  pool the riots unfol  ded in july 1981 from a background of racial tension inner city poverty poor housing and high unemployment which was rising rapidly as a result of the recession at the time this brought high tension particularly amongst the area s caribbean community culminating in attacks on the local police these weren t to be the last riots in the area in 1987 there was further ri  oting in chap  el  town and in 2001 there was widespread ri  oting in nearby ha  re  hills
the tox  te  th riots of july 1981 were a civil disturbance in tox  te  th inner city liver  pool which arose in part from long standing tensions between the local police and the black community they followed the bri  x  ton riots earlier that year
the 1983 melbourne dust storm was a meteorological phenomenon that occurred during the afternoon of 8 february 1983 throughout much of victoria australia and affected the capital melbourne red soil dust and sand from central and sou  the  astern australia was swept up in high winds and carried southeast through victoria the dust storm was one of the most dramatic consequences of the 1982 83 drought at the time the worst in australian history and is in hindsight viewed as a precursor to the ash wednesday bush  fires which were to occur eight days later
the 1984 ra  j  ne  es  hee bio  terror attack was the food poisoning of 751 individuals in the d  all  es oregon through the deliberate contamination of salad bars at ten local restaurants with salmonella a leading group of followers of b  ha  g  wan sh  ree ra  j  ne  esh later known as o  sh  o had hoped to incapac  itate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates would win the 1984 was  co county elections the incident was the first and single largest bio  terrorist attack in united states history the attack is one of only two confirmed terrorist uses of biological weapons to harm humans since 1945 the other being the 2001 anthrax attacks across the usa having previously gained political control of an  tel  ope oregon ra  j  ne  esh s followers who were based in nearby ra  j  ne  es  h  pur  am sought election to two of the three seats on the was  co county circuit court that were up for election in november 1984 fearing they would not gain enough votes ra  j  ne  es  h  pur  am officials decided to incapac  itate voters in the d  all  es the largest population center in was  co county the chosen biological agent was salmonella enter  ica ty  ph  im  ur  ium which was first delivered through glasses of water to two county commissioners and then on a larger scale at salad bars and in salad dressing as a result of the attack 751 people contracted salmon  ellosis 45 of whom were hosp  itali  zed there were no fatalities although an initial investigation by the oregon public health division and the centers for disease control did not rule out deliberate contamination the agents and fact of contamination were only discovered a year later on february 28 1985 congressman james h wea  ver gave a speech in the united states house of representatives in which he accused the ra  j  ne  es  he  es of sprink  ling salmonella culture on salad bar ingredients in eight restaurants at a press conference in september 1985 ra  j  ne  esh accused several of his followers of participation in this and other crimes including an abor  ted plan in 1985 to assass  inate a united states attorney and he asked state and federal authorities to investigate oregon attorney general david b fro  hn  mayer set up an inter  agency task force composed of oregon state police and the federal bureau of investigation and executed search warrants in ra  j  ne  es  h  pur  am a sample of bacteria matching the contamin  ant that had sick  ened the town residents was found in a ra  j  ne  es  h  pur  am medical laboratory two leading ra  j  ne  es  h  pur  am officials were convicted on charges of attempted murder and served 29 months of 20 year sentences in a minimum security federal prison
the 1998 national league championship series n  l  cs to determine the champion of major league baseball s national league was played from october 7 to 14 between the east division champion atlanta bra  ves and the west division champion san diego pad  res the bra  ves entered the play  offs for the seventh straight season with a franchise record 106 regular season wins an offense that hit 215 home runs and a pit  ching staff made up of greg mad  du  x tom gla  vine john sm  ol  tz den  ny ne  ag  le and kevin mill  wood to the play  offs however they also carried the baggage of their embarrassing n  l  cs loss to the florida mar  lin  s the previous season in the n  lds the bra  ves swept sammy so  sa and the chicago cu  bs after a 76 – 86 season in 1997 san diego stor  med out and took control of their division finishing with a 98 – 64 record their best in team history the offense was led by the 50 home run club s newest member greg v  augh  n and by hall of fam  er tony g  wynn the san diego rotation was anchored by eighteen game winner kevin brown who helped florida defeat atlanta in the 1997 n  l  cs along with all star andy ash  by and the series m  vp sterling hit  ch  cock closer tre  vor hoff  man saved an astounding 53 games in the regular season the pad  res defeated the favored houston astro  s in four games in the n  lds it was the seventh consecutive n  l  cs appearance for the bra  ves and they would be heavily favored against the pad  res
the 1999 myanmar embassy siege of 7 october 1999 was the seizure of the burmese embassy in bangkok thailand a group of burmese dissidents from the vigorous burmese student warriors v  b  sw and allegedly god s army stor  med the burmese embassy and held 89 people including embassy staff burmese nationals foreigners and thai citizens all hostages were released un  harmed and the hostage takers escor  ted to the burmese thai border by thai authorities
1 p 36 deletion syndrome also known as mono  som  y 1 p 36 is a con  genital genetic disorder characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability delayed growth hy  pot  onia seizures limited speech ability mal  formations hearing and vision impairment and distinct facial features the symptoms may vary depending on the exact location of the chro  mo  som  al deletion the condition is caused by a genetic deletion loss of a segment of dna on the outermost band on the short arm p of chro  mo  some 1 it is one of the most common deletion syndro  mes it is estimated that the syndrome occurs in one in every 5 000 to 10 000 births knowledge of the disorder has increased a great deal over the last decade mainly because more patients have been accurately diagnosed and described in international medical literature
1 q 21 1 deletion syndrome or 1 q 21 1 recurrent micro  deletion is a rare aberr  ation of chro  mo  some 1 a human cell has one pair of identical chro  mo  som  es on chro  mo  some 1 with the 1 q 21 1 deletion syndrome one chro  mo  some of the pair is not complete because a part of the sequence of the chro  mo  some is missing one chro  mo  some has the normal length and the other is too short in 1 q 21 1 the 1 stands for chro  mo  some 1 the q stands for the long arm of the chro  mo  some and 21 1 stands for the part of the long arm in which the deletion is situated the syndrome is a form of the 1 q 21 1 copy number variations and it is a deletion in the dis  tal area of the 1 q 21 1 part the c  nv leads to a very variable phen  o  type and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way while others have symptoms of mental retar  dation and various physical anomalies 1 q 21 1 micro  deletion is a very rare chro  mo  som  al condition only 46 individuals with this deletion have been reported in medical literature as of august 2011
1 q 21 1 duplication syndrome or 1 q 21 1 recurrent micro  duplication is a rare aberr  ation of chro  mo  some 1 unique the international rare chro  mo  some disorder group has 57 genetically confirmed registered cases of this duplication worldwide october 2012 in a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chro  mo  som  es on chro  mo  some 1 with the 1 q 21 1 duplication syndrome one chro  mo  some of the pair is over complete because a part of the sequence of the chro  mo  some is duplic  ated twice or more in 1 q 21 1 the 1 stands for chro  mo  some 1 the q stands for the long arm of the chro  mo  some and 21 1 stands for the part of the long arm in which the duplication is situated next to the duplication syndrome there is also a 1 q 21 1 deletion syndrome while there are two or three copies of a similar part of the dna on a particular spot with the duplication syndrome there is a part of the dna missing with the deletion syndrome on the same spot literature refers to both the deletion and the duplication as the 1 q 21 1 copy number variations c  nv the c  nv leads to a very variable phen  o  type and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable some people who have the syndrome can function in a normal way while others have symptoms of mental retar  dation and various physical anomalies
the 1 st kis  ei was the birth of a new go tournament since this was the first year of the tournament there was no set challenger or holder from the 2 nd edition on there has been a play  off between challeng  ers at the time it was the highest paying tournament there had ever been and would be until the creation of the ing cup fu  j  is  awa hide  y  uki s win would mark the beginning of a six year defense of the kis  ei title from 1977 to 1982
2 4 dien  o  yl co  a reduc  t  ase deficiency is an in  born error of metabol  ism resulting in defective fatty acid oxid  ation caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 2 4 dien  o  yl co  a reduc  t  ase lys  ine degradation is also affected in this disorder leading to hyper  ly  sin  emia the disorder is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner meaning an individual must inherit mutations in nad  k 2 located at 5 p 13 2 from both of their parents nad  k 2 en  codes the mit  och  on  dri  al n  ad kin  ase a defect in this enzyme leads to deficient mit  och  on  dri  al nico  tin  amide aden  ine din  uc  le  o  tide phosphate levels 2 4 dien  o  yl co  a reduc  t  ase but also lys  ine degradation are performed by nad  p dependent ox  ido  reduc  t  ases explaining how nad  k 2 deficiency can lead to multiple enzyme defects 2 4 dien  o  yl co  a reduc  t  ase deficiency was initially described in 1990 based on a single case of a black female who presented with persistent hy  pot  onia laboratory investigations revealed elevated lys  ine low levels of car  nit  ine and an abnormal ac  yl  car  nit  ine profile in urine and blood the abnormal ac  yl  car  nit  ine species was eventually identified as 2 trans 4 cis dec  adi  en  o  yl  car  nit  ine an intermediate of lin  ole  ic acid metabol  ism the index case died of respiratory failure at four months of age post  mortem enzyme analysis on liver and muscle samples revealed decreased 2 4 dien  o  yl co  a reduc  t  ase activity when compared to normal controls a second case with failure to thrive developmental delay lac  tic aci  do  sis and severe encephalopathy was reported in 2014 2 4 dien  o  yl co  a reduc  t  ase deficiency was included as a secondary condition in the american college of medical genetics recommended uniform panel for new  born screening its status as a secondary condition means there was not enough evidence of benefit to include it as a primary target but it may be detected during the screening process or as part of a differential diagnosis when detecting conditions included as primary target despite its inclusion in new  born screening programs in several states for a number of years no cases have been identified via ne  on  atal screening
2 hydroxy  glu  taric ac  id  ur  ia is a group of rare neuro  metabol  ic disorders characterized by the significantly elevated levels of hydroxy  glu  taric acid in ones urine it is either auto  som  al rec  essive or auto  som  al dominant
2 meth  yl  bu  ty  ry  l co  a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency also called 2 meth  yl  bu  ty  ry  l gly  cin  ur  ia or short bran  ched chain ac  yl co  a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency s  b  c  add is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder it causes the body to be unable to process the amino acid iso  le  uc  ine properly initial case reports identified individuals with developmental delay and epi  le  psy however most cases identified through new  born screening have been as  ymp  tomatic
in computer science 2 satis  fi  ability is a compu  tational problem of assigning values to variables each of which has two possible values in order to satisfy a system of constraints on pairs of variables it is a special case of the general boo  lean satis  fi  ability problem which can involve constraints on more than two variables and of constraint satisfaction problems which can allow more than two choices for the value of each variable but in contrast to those more general problems which are n  p complete 2 satis  fi  ability can be solved in poly  no  mi  al time 2 satis  fi  ability is often abbreviated as 2 sat or just 2 sat instances of the 2 satis  fi  ability problem are typically expressed as boo  lean formulas of a special type called con  junc  tive normal form 2 cn  f or kro  m formulas alternatively they may be expressed as a special type of directed graph the implication graph which expresses the variables of an instance and their neg  ations as ver  tices in a graph and constraints on pairs of variables as directed edges both of these kinds of inputs may be solved in linear time either by a method based on back  tracking or by using the strongly connected components of the implication graph resolution a method for combining pairs of constraints to make additional valid constraints also leads to a poly  no  mi  al time solution 2 satis  fi  ability may be applied to geometry and vis  u  alization problems in which a collection of objects each have two potential locations and the goal is to find a placement for each object that avoids overlaps with other objects other applications include clu  stering data to minimize the sum of the diame  ters of the clusters classroom and sports scheduling and recovering shapes from information about their cross sections in compu  tational complexity theory 2 satis  fi  ability provides an example of an nl complete problem one that can be solved non deter  minis  tically using a log  arith  mic amount of storage and that is among the hardest of the problems sol  vable in this resource bound the set of all solutions to a 2 satis  fi  ability instance can be given the structure of a median graph but counting these solutions is p complete and therefore not expected to have a poly  no  mi  al time solution random instances undergo a sharp phase transition from sol  vable to un  sol  vable instances as the ratio of constraints to variables increases past 1 a phenomenon con  jec  tured but un  proven for more complicated forms of the satis  fi  ability problem a compu  t  ationally difficult variation of 2 satis  fi  ability finding a truth assignment that maxim  izes the number of satisfied constraints has an approximation algori  thm whose optim  ality depends on the unique games con  jec  ture and another difficult variation finding a satisfying assignment minim  izing the number of true variables is an important test case for parame  ter  ized complexity
the 2003 mid  west mon  key  pox outbreak marked the first time mon  key  pox infection has appeared in the united states and the first time in the western hemisphere beginning in may 2003 a total of 71 cases of human mon  key  pox were found in five mid  western states including wis  cons  in 39 cases indi  ana 16 illinois 12 kansas 1 mis  sour  i 2 and ohio 1 the cause of the outbreak was traced to gambi  an pou  ched rats imported into the united states by an exotic animal importer in texas the rats were shipped from texas to an illinois distributor who housed them with pr  ai  rie dogs no deaths were reported no human to human transmission was found all cases involved direct contact with infected pr  ai  rie dogs electr  on micro  sco  py and testing by poly  mer  ase chain reaction and immun  o  his  to  chemistry were used to confirm the caus  ative agent was human mon  key  pox
serena williams successfully defended her title beating her older sister venus williams in the final for the second year in a row 4 – 6 6 – 4 6 – 2 this was the first wi  m  ble  don appearance of future world no 1 maria shar  apo  va played in the main draw she would go on to win the title in the following year
the 2005 royal air force hercul  es sho  ot  down was the loss of a royal air force lock  heed c 130 k hercul  es c 3 serial number xv 179 call  sign hil  ton 22 when it was shot down in iraq probably by sunni insurgents on 30 january 2005 killing all 10 personnel on board at the time the incident was the largest single loss of life suffered by the british military during operation tel  ic the board of inquiry report in december 2005 identified the lack of a fire sup  pres  sant system as a contributory factor in september 2006 the british channel 4 news aired an article criticising the ministry of defence for having fitted only one c 130 hercul  es with a foam fire sup  pres  sant system the raf had ordered a retro  fit of this system to all front line c 130 aircraft a system which could well have prevented the loss of aircraft xv 179 and its crew
the 2006 mexico dc 9 drug bust was a 2006 arrest that resulted in the seizure of 5 5 tons of cocaine in the mexican city of ci  u  dad del carmen the drugs were smuggled into the country using a mc  donn  ell douglas dc 9 15 both plane and drugs were seized by mexican authorities according to the united states drug enforcement agency dea it was one of the largest seizures of narcotics in recent mexican history
the 2006 mumbai sweet se  aw  ater incident was a strange phenomenon during which residents of mumbai claimed that the water at ma  him creek had suddenly turned sweet within hours residents of gu  jar  at claimed that se  aw  ater at te  eth  al beach had turned sweet as well this caused a mass hysteria among people who started coming in large numbers to drink the sea water
the western australian gas crisis was a major disruption to natural gas supply in western australia caused by the rupture of a corro  ded pipeline and subsequent explosion at a processing plant on var  an  us island off the state s north west coast on 3 june 2008 the plant operated by ap  ache energy which normally supplied a third of the state s gas was shut down for almost two months while a detailed engineering investigation and major repairs were carried out gas supply from the plant partially resumed in late august by mid october gas production was running at two thirds of normal capacity with 85 of full output restored by december 2008 in a state heavily reliant on continuous supply of gas for industrial processing manufacturing residential use and electricity generation the sudden loss of almost 35 of gas supply had immediate social impacts and significant short and long term economic effects many businesses were forced to curtail or cease operations resulting in workers being stood down or forced to take annual leave and the government requested that businesses and house  holders conserve energy usage an emergency coordination committee of government and industry representatives rati  oned and redirected remaining gas supply sources when many large gas users switched to diesel for power generation the risk of a shortfall in transport fuel led to the federal government authorising the release of emergency fuel reserves stored at the garden island naval facility the incident raised significant public and political issues related to energy security adequacy of existing infrastructure contingency planning and the role of regulatory agencies the plant took three months to repair although partial supplies were restored within six weeks of the explosion a major investigation was launched by the national offshore petroleum safety authority no  p  sa with separate investigations conducted by the plant operator and several other government agencies no  p  sa s report was published on 10 october 2008 and confirmed early suggestions that the explosion was caused by structural failure of the export pipeline due to significant corro  sion a senate committee inquiry was established to investigate the economic impacts and the state government s response to the crisis the committee s report was handed down on 3 december 2008
the 2009 turks and cai  cos islands migrant shipwreck was the loss near the turks and cai  cos islands of a boat carrying migrants from haiti late on the night of 26 july 2009 sixty five persons are still missing earlier figures of 79 missing migrants were reduced as bodies were recovered at least fifteen corp  ses have thus far been located the boat spent three days at sea before it cap  sized one survivor said the craft ended up on a re  ef while attempting to escape a pat  rolling police vessel a turks and cai  cos police sergeant confirmed that the boat hit molasses re  ef near west cai  cos of the 124 people who were rescued 102 were male 22 were female several severely injured migrants were helicop  tered to a hospital in provi  den  ci  ales many were brought ashore aboard small boats whilst five migrants were located alive and well after seemingly having sw  um to safety the incident was reported to the united states coast guard by authorities from turks and cai  cos a spokesperson for the coast guard said they rescued 113 migrants and were assisting in the search for those who were still missing he said they were hopeful of finding more missing migrants alive but that it has been a night and we have not located any additional people a helicopter and a cut  ter were also sent by the united states an investigation is underway to determine the cause the boat had no motor hubert hughes turks and cai  cos deputy police commissioner claimed police had not been chasing the boat and only assisted when it became apparent that it had gotten into trouble repatriation of hai  tians was commenced immediately the incident followed the interception of 124 haitian migrants from what was described as a grossly overloaded boat that was travelling southwest of this incident those migrants were quickly returned to haiti
the 2009 flu pandemic or swine flu was an influenza pandemic and the second of the two pandemics involving h 1 n 1 influenza virus the first of them being the 1918 flu pandemic albeit in a new version first described in april 2009 the virus appeared to be a new strain of h 1 n 1 which resulted when a previous triple re  ass  or  tment of bird swine and human flu viruses further combined with a eurasian pig flu virus leading to the term swine flu unlike most strains of influenza h 1 n 1 does not disproportionately infect adults older than 60 years this was an unusual and characteristic feature of the h 1 n 1 pandemic even in the case of previously very healthy people a small percentage will develop pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome ards this manifests itself as increased breathing difficulty and typically occurs 3 – 6 days after initial onset of flu symptoms the pneumonia caused by flu can be either direct viral pneumonia or a secondary bacterial pneumonia in fact a november 2009 new england journal of medicine article recommends that flu patients whose chest x ray indicates pneumonia receive both anti  vir  als and antibiotics in particular it is a warning sign if a child and presumably an adult seems to be getting better and then relap  ses with high fever as this relap  se may be bacterial pneumonia
the 2009 refugee crisis in pakistan was the massive displacement of civilians in the k  hy  ber pak  h  tun  kh  wa of pakistan that was caused by operation black thunder  storm since the beginning of operation black thunder  storm against the taliban over 1 2 million people have been displaced in across pakistan s k  hy  ber pak  h  tun  kh  wa joined by a further 555 000 pakistanis uprooted by fighting since august 2008 the refugees are known in pakistan as internally displaced persons id  ps most of the 1 2 million people who have escaped the violence were staying with relatives or friends placing tremendous strain on the country while over 300 000 others are seeking refuge in unhcr supported camps by august 22 1 6 million of 2 2 million returned home as per un estimates
in the year 2010 there was a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3 d technology in film  making after the success of av  atar in the format with releases such as alice in wonder  land clash of the tit  ans jack  ass 3 d all animated films with numerous other titles being released in 3 d formats 20 th century fox celebrated its 75 th anniversary in 2010
a novel strain of es  cher  ic  hia coli o 104 h 4 bacteria caused a serious outbreak of food  borne illness focused in northern germany in may through june 2011 the illness was characterized by bloody diarr  hea with a high frequency of serious complications including hem  ol  y  tic u  rem  ic syndrome hus a condition that requires urgent treatment the outbreak was originally thought to have been caused by an enter  o  hemorrha  gic eh  ec strain of e coli but it was later shown to have been caused by an enter  o  aggreg  ative e coli eaec strain that had acquired the genes to produce shi  ga toxins present in organic fen  u  greek spro  uts epidemiological fiel  d  work suggested fresh vegetables were the source of infection the agriculture minister of lower saxony identified an organic farm in bi  en  en  b  ü  t  tel lower saxony germany which produces a variety of s  prou  ted foods as the likely source of the e coli outbreak the farm was shut down although laboratories in lower saxony did not detect the bacter  ium in produce a laboratory in north rhine westphalia later found the outbreak strain in a discarded package of spro  uts from the suspect farm a control investigation confirmed the farm as the source of the outbreak on 30 june 2011 the german bundes  institut für ris  i  ko  bewer  tung b  fr federal institute for risk assessment an institute of the german federal ministry of food agriculture and consumer protection announced that seeds of organic fen  u  greek imported from egypt were likely the source of the outbreak in all 3 950 people were affected and 53 died 51 of whom were in germany 800 people suffered hem  ol  y  tic u  rem  ic syndrome hus which can lead to kidney failure a handful of cases were reported in several other countries including switzerland poland the netherlands sweden denmark the uk canada and the usa essentially all affected people had been in germany or france shortly before becoming ill initially german officials made incorrect statements on the likely origin and strain of es  cher  ic  hia coli the german health authorities without results of ongoing tests incorrectly linked the o 104 sero  type to cucum  bers imported from spain later they recognised that spanish green  houses were not the source of the e coli and cucum  ber samples did not contain the specific e coli variant causing the outbreak spain consequently expressed anger about having its produce linked with the deadly e coli outbreak which cost spanish exporters us 200 million per week russia banned the import of all fresh vegetables from the european union from early june until 22 june 2011
the 2011 nab  ro eruption was an eruption of the nab  ro str  ato  volcano in the southern red sea region of eritrea which began on 12 june 2011 after a series of earthquakes the eruption killed seven and possibly a further 31 people and is estimated to be the highest altitude injection of sul  fur dioxide so 2 ever observed by satellite the mount pin  at  u  bo eruption 20 years earlier emitted ten times more so 2 the ash cloud from the eruption reached al  titu  des which disrupted airline traffic in the region until the eruption began the volcano had no records of historical erup  tions
the 2011 pu  ye  h  ue cord  ón ca  ul  le eruption pu  ˈ  ʝ  e  we was a volcanic eruption that began in the pu  ye  h  ue cord  ón ca  ul  le volcanic complex in chile on 6 june 2011 mis  lead  ingly called by media the pu  ye  h  ue eruption – the eruption is actually from the cord  ón ca  ul  le fis  sure after 51 years of the volcano being inactive at least 3 500 people were evacuated from nearby areas while the ash cloud was blown across cities all around the southern hemisphere including b  ari  lo  che buenos aires monte  video stanley porto alegre cape town ho  bart per  th adel  aide sydney melbourne well  ington and au  ck  land port mo  res  by forcing airlines to cancel hundreds of international and domestic flights and causing travel chaos by 18 june the ash cloud had completed its first circle of the globe the chilean civil aviation authority said that the tip of the cloud that has travelled around the world has more or less reached the town of co  y  hai  que about 600 kilometres south of the pu  ye  h  ue cord  ón ca  ul  le an estimated one hundred million tons of ash sand and pum  ice were e  jected – requiring power equivalent to 70 atomic bombs cord  ón ca  ul  le is a volcanic fis  sure and has erupted many times in recorded history most recently in 1960 following the 1960 val  di  via earthquake days earlier whereas the pu  ye  h  ue str  ato  cone has remained dormant
the 2011 van  cou  ver stanley cup riot was a public disturbance that broke out in the downtown core of van  cou  ver british columbia canada on wednesday june 15 2011 the riot happened immediately after the conclusion of the boston bru  ins win over the van  cou  ver can  uc  ks in game seven of the stanley cup fin  als which won the stanley cup for boston at least 140 people were reported as injured during the incident 1 critically at least 4 people were stabbed 9 police officers were injured and 101 people were arrested that night in july 2015 four years after the riot police finished their investigation and recommended the final charges against two suspects bringing the total to 8  87 charges laid against 301 people
in november 2010 more than 21 204 people were diagnosed with den  gue fever those infected were mainly from pun  jab pakistan patients were admitted to dedicated wards in government hospitals the severity of the epidemic was greatest in la  hor  e the secretary of the pun  jab mineral development corporation at  a  ul  lah sid  di  qui and gh  ias  ud  din a member of the pun  jab public service commission died as a result of the den  gue fever on 30 september 2011 the pun  jab mp  a mum  ta  z ja  j  ja also died of den  gue fever eight chinese engineers were taken ill
the 2011 eruption of gr  í  m  sv  öt  n was an eruption in gr  í  m  sv  öt  n iceland s most active volcano which caused disruption to air travel in north  western europe from 22 – 25 may 2011 the last eruption of gr  í  m  sv  öt  n was in 2004 with the previous most powerful erup  tions in 17  83 18  73 and 19  02 the gr  í  m  sv  öt  n eruption was the largest eruption in iceland for 50 years
the 2012 ker  mad  ec islands eruption was a major under  sea volcanic eruption that was produced by the previously little known hav  re se  amount near the l es  per  ance and l hav  re rocks in the ker  mad  ec islands of new zealand the large volume of low density pum  ice produced by the eruption accumulated as a large area of floating pum  ice a pum  ice raft that was originally covering a surface of 400 km ² spread to a continuous float of between 7 500 and 10 000 square miles 19 000 and 26 000 km 2 and within three month dispersed to an area of more than twice the size of new zealand the thickness of the raft may initially have been as high as 3 5 m and was reduced to around 0 5 m within a month three months after the eruption the mass had dispersed into very dilute raf  ts and rib  b  ons of floating pum  ice cl  asts most pum  ice cl  asts became water  logged and sunk to the sea floor while some flocks have stranded in the tonga islands on the northern shores of new zealand and eventually on the eastern coast of australia one year after the eruption
the 2012 – 13 sw  an  sea meas  les epidemic began in november 2012 and was declared over on 3 july 2013 there were a total of 1 219 meas  les notifications suspected cases in sw  an  sea neath port tal  bot bri  dg  end car  mar  th  en  shire cere  dig  ion p  embro  kes  hire and pow  ys with 1 455 meas  les notifications for the whole of wales 664 of which were in sw  an  sea alone a total of 88 people were hospit  alised for meas  les infection during the epidemic one death was reported a 25 year old man suffering from giant cell pneumonia brought on by meas  les infection died on 18 april 2013 the cost associated with treating the sick and controlling the outbreak exceeded £ 470 000 701 8  98 some sources linked the outbreak with the m  mr vaccine controversy and a campaign in the south wales evening post in the 1990 s against the m  mr vaccine as the majority of those who became infected were not immun  ised as infants during the m  mr scare uptake of the m  mr vaccine fell from 94 of two year olds in wales in 1995 to 78 by 2003 in the sw  an  sea area the uptake fell to 67 5 the south wales evening post was also criticised for appearing to exaggerate the number of confirmed meas  les cases that occurred during the epidemic in the wake of the outbreak m  mr clinics were set up in four hospitals in sw  an  sea and neath port tal  bot and vaccinated over 1 800 people several politicians including welsh first minister car  wy  n jones urged the public to make sure their children were vaccinated politicians and vaccine experts also called for mandatory vaccinations to be implemented the welsh government opposed mandatory vaccination believing that trust in the m  mr vaccine had been regained and could be damaged if it were mandatory hy  wel d  da health board offered the vaccine in april 2013 in the surrounding counties of car  mar  then cere  dig  ion and p  embro  kes  hire in a bid to contain the outbreak vaccinations were held in all comprehensive schools in pow  ys there were concerns that the epidemic could spread to london and infect many more people prompting the department of health to set up a mass vaccination campaign targeted at one million school children throughout england the following table shows meas  les notifications by the n  hs health board reported notifications tend to exceed confirmed cases public health wales issued a statement saying meas  les is one of a number of notifiable diseases doctors in wales have a statutory duty to notify a proper officer of the local authority of suspected cases of meas  les based on clinical symptoms usually before diagnosis has been confirmed by laboratory testing reported notifications of meas  les usually far exceed the actual numbers of confirmed cases other r  ashes are often mistaken for meas  les
the 2014 peninsula malaysia tor  n  ado outbreak malay ser  ang  an pu  ting beli  ung sem  en  an  jung malaysia 2014 is a natural phenomenon that took place in the state of ke  d  ah and sel  ang  or malaysia from 14 october to 12 november 2014
the 2014 – 2015 eruption of b  ár  ð  ar  bun  ga was an eruption in the b  ár  ð  ar  bun  ga volcanic system in iceland that began on august 29 2014 and ended on february 27 2015 the eruption emitted large volumes of sulphur dioxide and imp  acted air quality in iceland there was no effect on flights outside of the immediate vicinity due to a lack of a significant emission of volcanic ash the eruption took place in the lava field of h  olu  hr  au  n northeast of the b  ár  ð  ar  bun  ga calder  a proper
the 2015 texas pool party incident also known as the mc  kin  ney pool party was a civil and domestic disturbance that occurred on june 5 2015 at a pool party in a gated mc  kin  ney texas community a mc  kin  ney police officer was video recorded restraining an unarmed african american fifteen year old girl on the ground he later drew his hand  gun during the same incident the incident was caught on video and was posted on you  tube by another teenage part  y  go  er within hours millions of people had seen the video the officer shown in the video was placed on administrative leave pending an investigation and later resigned the incident sparked protests in mc  kin  ney involving hundreds of people
during the 20 th century there was a vast increase in the variety of music that people had access to prior to the invention of mass market gram  oph  one records developed in 18  92 and radio broadcasting first commercially done ca 19  19 – 20 people mainly listened to music at live classical music concer  ts or musical theatre shows which were too expensive for many lower income people on early phono  graph players a technology invented in 18  77 which was not mass marketed until the mid 1890 s or by individuals performing music or singing songs on an amateur basis at home using sheet music which required the ability to sing play and read music which were skills that tended to be limited to middle class and upper class individuals with the mass market availability of gram  oph  one records and radio broadcasts lis  teners could purchase recordings of or listen on radio to recordings or live broadcasts of a huge variety of songs and musical pieces this enabled a much wider range of the population to listen to performances of classical music symp  hon  ies and oper  as that they would not be able to hear live either due to not being able to afford live concert tickets or because such music was not performed in their region sound recording was also a major influence on the development of popular music gen  res because it enabled recordings of songs and bands to be in  exp  en  sively and widely distributed nationwide or even for some artists worldwide the development of relatively inexpensive reproduction of music via a succession of formats including vinyl records compact cas  set  tes compact dis  cs introduced in 1983 and by the mid 1990 s digital audio recordings and the transmission or broadcast of audio recordings of music performances on radio of video recordings or live performances on television and by the 1990 s of audio and video recordings via the internet using file sharing of digital audio recordings gave individuals from a wide range of socioeconomic classes access to a diverse selection of high quality music performances by artists from around the world the introduction of multi  track recording in 1955 and the use of mixing had a major influence on pop and rock music because it enabled record producers to mix and over  du  b many layers of instrument tracks and voc  als creating new sounds that would not be possible in a live performance the development of sound recording and audio engineering technologies and the ability to ed  it these recordings gave rise to new sub  gen  res of classical music including the mu  si  que con  crè  te 1949 and acous  matic 1955 schools of electronic composition in the 1970 s african american hip hop musicians began to use the record turn  table as a musical instrument creating rhy  th  mic and per  cus  sive scrat  ching effects by manipulating a vinyl record on the turn  table the 20 th century orchestra was far more flexible than its predecessors and used a much wider variety of instruments in be  eth  oven s and felix mend  el  s  sohn s time in the 19 th century the orchestra was composed of a fairly standard core of instruments which was very rarely modified as time progressed and as the romantic period saw changes in accepted modification with compos  ers such as ber  li  oz and mah  ler the 20 th century saw that instrum  entation could practically be hand picked by the compos  er sax  op  hon  es were used in some 20 th century orchestra scores such as v  augh  an williams symp  hon  ies no 6 and 9 and william wal  ton s bel  sh  az  zar s feast and many other works as a member of the orchestr  al ens  emb  le twentieth century orchestr  as generally include a string section wood  winds brass instruments per  cus  sion piano cel  este har  p s with other instruments called for occasionally such as electric guitar and electric bass the 20 th century saw dramatic innovations in musical forms and styles compos  ers and s  ong  writers explored new forms and sounds that challenged the previously accepted rules of music of earlier periods such as the use of altered ch  ords and extended ch  ords in 1940 s era be  b  op jazz the development of powerful loud guitar amp  li  fiers and sound reinforcement systems in the 1960 s and 1970 s permitted bands to hold large concer  ts where even those with the least expensive tickets could hear the show compos  ers and s  ong  writers experim  ented with new musical styles such as gen  re fu  sions e g the late 1960 s fusion of jazz and rock music to create jazz fusion as well compos  ers and musicians used new electric electronic and digital instruments and musical devices in the 1980 s some styles of music such as electronic dance music gen  res such as house music were created largely with synthe  si  zers and drum machines faster modes of transportation such as jet flight allowed musicians and fans to travel more widely to perform or hear shows which increased the spread of musical styles
22 q 11 2 dis  tal deletion syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by a tiny missing part of one of the body ’ s 46 chro  mo  som  es – chro  mo  some 22 22 q 11 2 dis  tal deletion syndrome appears to be a recurrent genom  ic disorder distinct from di  george syndrome dgs 18  8  400 and vel  o  cardi  o  facial syndrome v  cf  s 19  24  30 the first published description of a person with a 22 q 11 2 dis  tal deletion was in 1999 there have since been hundreds of cases reported worldwide 22 q 11 2 dis  tal deletion syndrome seems to occur equally often in males and females there are reports of people who are unaffected by carrying the deletion and only discovered it after their child was diagnosed it seems that the 22 q 11 2 dis  tal deletion can be silent and it is unknown how many people may have a silent form of this syndrome
22 q 11 2 duplication syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a duplication of a segment at the end of chro  mo  some 22
22 q 13 deletion syndrome spoken as twenty two q one three is a genetic disorder caused by dele  tions or re  arrangements on the q terminal end long arm of chro  mo  some 22 any abnormal genetic variation in the q 13 region that presents with significant manifestations phen  o  type typical of a terminal deletion should be diagnosed as 22 q 13 deletion syndrome 22 q 13 deletion syndrome is often placed in the more general category of p  hel  an mc  der  mid syndrome abbreviated p  ms which includes some mutations and micro  dele  tions the p  ms name is less precise since there is disagreement among researchers as to which variants belong in the p  ms category the developmental syn  ap  top  ath  ies consortium defines p  ms as being caused by sh  ank 3 mutations a definition that excludes terminal dele  tions this latter definition of p  ms is incompatible with the definition of 22 q 13 deletion syndrome by those who first described 22 q 13 deletion syndrome a proto  typical terminal deletion of 22 q 13 can be uncovered by kar  yo  type analysis but many terminal and inter  sti  tial dele  tions are too small the availability of dna micro  array technology for revealing multiple genetic problems simultaneously has been the diagnostic tool of choice the falling cost for whole ex  ome sequ  encing and eventually whole genome sequ  encing may replace dna micro  array technology for candidate evaluation however fluores  cence in situ hybri  di  zation fish tests remain valuable for diagno  sing cases of mo  sa  ic  ism mo  saic genetics and chro  mo  som  al re  arrangements e g ring chro  mo  some unbalanced chro  mo  som  al trans  location although early researchers sought a mono  genic single gene genetic disorder explanation recent studies have not supported that hypothesis see eti  ology below
2 p 15 16 1 micro  deletion is a rare genetic disorder caused by a small deletion in the short arm of human chro  mo  some 2 first described in two patients in 2007 by 2013 only 21 missing reference for the other 17 patients people have been reported as having the disorder in the medical literature
2 q 37 deletion syndrome is a disorder caused by the deletion of a small piece of chro  mo  some 2 2 q 37 deletion syndrome describes a disorder in which one or multiple of 3 sub bands 2 q 37 1 2 q 37 2 and 2 q 37 3 of the last band of one of the chro  mo  some 2 ’ s long arms are deleted the first report of this disorder was in 1989
2 q 37 mono  som  y is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of a segment at the end of chro  mo  some 2
3 m syndrome alternative names dol  ic  hosp  on  dyl  ic dys  pl  asia gloomy face syndrome and le mer  r  er syndrome is a rare hereditary growth retar  dation syndrome the name 3 m originates from the initials of the three authors miller mc  k  us  ick and mal  v  aux who first reported the syndrome in literature major symptoms of 3 m syndrome are dwar  f  ism facial dys  mor  phia and sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities no signs of mental retar  dation are reported 3 m syndrome is thought to be inherited as an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic trait
3 meth  yl  cro  ton  yl co  a car  box  yl  ase deficiency 3 mc  c deficiency also known as 3 meth  yl  cro  ton  yl  gly  cin  ur  ia or b  mc  c deficiency is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to process certain proteins properly people with this disorder have inadequate levels of an enzyme that helps break down proteins containing the amino acid le  uc  ine this condition affects an estimated 1 in 50 000 individuals worldwide
3 meth  yl  glu  ta  con  ic ac  id  ur  ia m  ga is used to describe at least five disorders that impair the body s ability to make energy in the mit  och  on  dri  a as a result of this impairment 3 meth  yl  glu  ta  con  ic acid and 3 meth  yl  glu  taric acid build up and can be detected in the urine 3 meth  yl  glu  ta  con  ic acid is classified as an organic acid the double car  box  yl  ic acid functions are the principal cause of the strength of this acid 3 meth  yl  glu  ta  con  ic acid can be detected by the presence of the acid function and the double connection that involves re  activity with some specific substances
3 hydroxy  ac  yl co  enzyme a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency had  h deficiency is a rare condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy particularly during fast  ing normally through a process called fatty acid oxid  ation several enzymes work in a step wise fashion to met  abo  li  ze fats and convert them to energy people with 3 hydroxy  ac  yl co  enzyme a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency have inadequate levels of an enzyme required for a step that met  abo  li  zes groups of fats called medium chain fatty acids and short chain fatty acids for this reason this disorder is sometimes called medium and short chain 3 hydroxy  ac  yl co  enzyme a de  hydro  gen  ase m sc  had deficiency
the 3 partition problem is an n  p complete problem in computer science the problem is to decide whether a given multi  set of inte  gers can be parti  tioned into tri  ples that all have the same sum more precisely given a multi  set s of n 3 m positive inte  gers can s be parti  tioned into m tri  ple  ts s 1 s 2 … sm such that the sum of the numbers in each sub  set is equal the sub  sets s 1 s 2 … sm must form a partition of s in the sense that they are dis  joint and they cover s let b den  ote the desired sum of each sub  set si or equival  ently let the total sum of the numbers in s be m b the 3 partition problem remains n  p complete when every inte  ger in s is strictly between b 4 and b 2 the 3 partition problem is similar to the partition problem which in turn is related to the sub  set sum problem in the partition problem the goal is to partition s into two sub  sets with equal sum in 3 partition the goal is to partition s into m sub  sets or n 3 sub  sets not just two sub  sets with equal sum
3 c syndrome also known as ccc dys  pl  asia cr  ani  oc  ere  bel  lo  cardiac dys  pl  asia or rit  sch  er – sch  in  zel syndrome is a rare condition whose symptoms include heart defects cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia and cran  ial dys  morph  ism it was first described in the medical literature in 1987 by rit  sch  er and sch  in  zel for whom the disorder is sometimes named
3 d pose estimation is the problem of determining the transformation of an object in a 2 d image which gives the 3 d object the need for 3 d pose estimation arises from the limitations of feature based pose estimation there exist environments where it is difficult to extract corners or edges from an image to circumvent these issues the object is dealt with as a whole through the use of free form cont  ours
3 hydroxy  iso  bu  ty  ric ac  id  ur  ia is a disorder of val  ine metabol  ism characterised by ur  inary ex  cre  tion of 3 hydroxy  iso  bu  ty  ric acid
3 q 29 micro  deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disorder resulting from the deletion of a segment of chro  mo  some 3 this syndrome was first described in 2005
45 x 46 xy mo  sa  ic  ism also known as x 0 xy mo  sa  ic  ism and mixed gon  ad  al dys  genesis is a rare disorder of sex development in humans associated with sex chro  mo  some an  eu  plo  id  y and mo  sa  ic  ism of the y chro  mo  some this is called a mo  saic kar  yo  type because like ti  les in mo  saic floors or walls there is more than one type of cell the clinical manifestations are highly variable ranging from partial vi  ri  lis  ation and ambiguous gen  italia at birth to patients with a completely male or female gon  ads most individuals with this kar  yo  type have apparently normal male gen  italia and a minority with female gen  italia with a significant number of individuals showing genital ab  norm  alities or inter  sex characteristics a significantly higher than normal number of other developmental ab  norm  alities are also found in individuals with x 0 xy mo  sa  ic  ism psy  ch  om  o  tor development is normal
46 xx 46 xy is a chim  eric genetic disorder caused by having two distinct cell populations within the body the chim  er  ism arises in uter  o from the combination of an xx zy  go  te and an xy zy  go  te which otherwise would have developed into twins into a single embryo it is not to be confused with mo  sa  ic  ism and hybri  dis  m 46 xx 46 xy is typically associated with inter  sex conditions such as ambiguous gen  italia and her  m  aph  ro  di  tism 46 xx 46 xy chim  er  ism can be identified during pregnancy by pre  natal screening or in early childhood through genetic testing and direct observation
xx  xx syndrome also called te  tras  omy x quadru  ple x or 48 xx  xx is a rare chro  mo  som  al disorder caused by the presence of four x chro  mo  som  es instead of two x chro  mo  som  es this condition occurs only in females as there are no y chro  mo  som  es present te  tras  omy x was first described in 1961 and since then approximately 100 cases have been reported worldwide approximately 60 females have been described in medical literature with this condition
xxxx  x syndrome also called pent  as  omy x or 49 xxxx  x is a type of an  eu  plo  id  y an abnormal number of chro  mo  som  es which results in the presence of three additional x chro  mo  som  es the condition was first described in 1963 it is characterized by severe intellectual disability short stature and ab  norm  alities to the head and face as these features can be seen in other conditions kar  yo  typing must be carried out to confirm diagnosis there have been cases of xxxx  x syndrome being mis  diagnosed as down syndrome it is an extremely rare condition with no more than 30 patients reported in medical literature the exact incidence is not known but it may be similar to the rate of 1 in 85 000 seen in males with 49 xxxx  y syndrome
49 xxxx  y syndrome is an extremely rare an  eu  plo  id  ic sex chro  mo  som  al ab  normality it occurs in approximately 1 out of 85 000 to 100 000 males
the 5 ht 1 a recep  tor is a subtype of 5 ht recep  tor that binds the endo  genous neuro  transmitter sero  ton  in 5 hydroxy  try  pt  amine 5 ht it is a g protein coupled recep  tor g  p  cr that is coupled to gi go and medi  ates inhi  bit  ory neuro  transmission h  tr 1 a den  o  tes the human gene en  coding for the recep  tor
the mammalian 5 ht 2 a recep  tor is a subtype of the 5 ht 2 recep  tor that belongs to the sero  ton  in recep  tor family and is a g protein coupled recep  tor g  p  cr this is the main exc  it  atory recep  tor subtype among the g  p  crs for sero  ton  in 5 ht although 5 ht 2 a may also have an inhi  bit  ory effect on certain areas such as the visual cor  tex and the or  bit  o  frontal cor  tex this recep  tor was first noted for its importance as a target of sero  ton  er  gic psy  ch  edel  ic drugs such as ls  d later it came back to prominence because it was also found to be mediating at least partly the action of many anti  psychotic drugs especially the atypical ones 5 ht 2 a may be a necessary recep  tor for the spread of the human poly  oma virus called j  c virus down  regulation of post syn  ap  tic 5 ht 2 a recep  tor is an adap  tive process provoked by chronic administration of selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris and classical anti  psycho  tics deceased suicidal and otherwise depressed patients have had more 5 ht 2 a recep  tors than normal patients these findings suggest that post syn  ap  tic 5 ht 2 a over  density is involved in the patho  genesis of depression
the 5 ht 2 c recep  tor is a subtype of 5 ht recep  tor that binds the endo  genous neuro  transmitter sero  ton  in 5 hydroxy  try  pt  amine 5 ht it is a g protein coupled recep  tor g  p  cr that is coupled to g  q g 11 and medi  ates exc  it  atory neuro  transmission h  tr 2 c den  o  tes the human gene en  coding for the recep  tor that in humans is located at the x chro  mo  some as males have one copy of the gene and in females one of the two copies of the gene is repressed poly  morph  isms at this recep  tor can affect the two sexes to differing extent
the 5 ht 6 recep  tor is a subtype of 5 ht recep  tor that binds the endo  genous neuro  transmitter sero  ton  in 5 hydroxy  try  pt  amine 5 ht it is a g protein coupled recep  tor g  p  cr that is coupled to gs and medi  ates exc  it  atory neuro  transmission h  tr 6 den  o  tes the human gene en  coding for the recep  tor
5 α reduc  t  ase deficiency 5 ard is an auto  som  al rec  essive inter  sex condition caused by a mutation of the 5 α reduc  t  ase type ii gene
the international 5 5 metre class was created to yield a racing ke  el boat giving a sailing experience similar to that of the international 6 metre class but at a lower cost the main class regulation is a restriction on a single quantity output from a formula involving the boat s rating length l weight expressed as a displacement d and sail area s the regulation states that the output of this formula must not exceed 5 500 metres there is considerable scope for variations in design while still meeting this restriction and as a result each 5 5 metre boat is unique if the design parameters of a proposed new boat result in a formula output exceeding 5 5 metres then one or more of the parameters must be suitably adjusted performance data gained from testing models towed in a long water tank referred to in y  acht design as ship model basin can suggest optimal combinations of parameters the 5 5 metre rule is a variant of the international rule sailing that was established already in 1907 the 5 5 is therefore closely related to larger metre boats such as the 6 mr 8 mr and the 12 mr since 2010 the 5 5 metre is one of the v  int  age y  ach  ting classes at the v  int  age y  ach  ting games
6 py  ru  vo  yl  te  tra  hydro  p  ter  in syn  th  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder that causes m  align  ant hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia due to te  tra  hydro  biop  ter  in deficiency it belongs to the rare diseases it is a rec  essive disorder that is accompanied by hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia commonly reported symptoms are initial trun  cal hy  pot  onia subsequent append  icular hyper  ton  ia brad  y  k  ine  sia co  g  wheel rigidity generalized dy  st  onia and marked di  ur  nal fluctuation other reported clinical features include difficulty in sw  allowing oc  ul  og  y  ric crises som  no  l  ence irrit  ability hyper  ther  mia and seizures cho  rea athe  to  sis hy  pers  ali  vation rash with ecz  ema and sudden death have also been reported patients with mild phen  o  types may deteriorate if given fol  ate antagon  ists such as meth  o  tre  x  ate which can interfere with a salvage path  way through which di  hydro  biop  ter  in is converted into te  tra  hydro  biop  ter  in via di  hydro  fol  ate reduc  t  ase treatment options include substitution with neuro  transmitter precursors le  vo  dop  a 5 hydroxy  try  pt  oph  an mono  amine oxid  ase inhi  bit  ors and te  tra  hydro  biop  ter  in response to treatment is variable and the long term and functional outcome is unknown to provide a basis for improving the understanding of the epidemiology geno  type phen  o  type correlation and outcome of these diseases their impact on the quality of life of patients and for evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies a patient registry was established by the non  commercial international working group on neuro  transmitter related disorders int  d
6 phosp  ho  glu  con  ate de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency 6 p  g  d deficiency or partial deficiency is an auto  som  al hereditary disease characterized by abnormally low levels of 6 phosp  ho  glu  con  ate de  hydro  gen  ase 6 p  g  d a metabol  ic enzyme involved in the pent  ose phosphate path  way it is very important in the metabol  ism of red blood cells er  y  thro  cy  tes 6 p  dg deficiency affects less than 1 of the population and studies suggest that there may be race variant involved in many of the reported cases although it is similar 6 p  dg deficiency is not linked to glucose 6 phosphate de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency as they are located on different chro  mo  som  es however a few people have had both of these metabol  ic diseases
the 774 – 775 carbon 14 spike is an observed increase of 1 2 in the concentration of carbon 14 isot  ope in tree rings dated to the years 774 or 775 ce which is about 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation it was discovered during a study of japanese ce  dar trees with the year of occurrence determined through d  end  ro  chrono  logy a surge in ber  yl  lium isot  ope 10 be detected in antarctic ice co  res has also been associated with the 774 – 775 event the event appears to have been global with the same carbon 14 signal found in tree rings from germany russia the united states and new zealand a red cruci  fix was recorded by the anglo saxon ch  ron  ic  le as appearing in the skies of britain for the year 774 since no super  nova rem  nant has been found for this year it is interpreted as an aur  ora bo  real  is in china there are no clear references to an aur  ora in the mid 770 s ce as happened on 762 and com  et sigh  tings of the 770 s do not match the expected atmospheric phenomena instead an anom  alous thunder  storm was recorded for 775 the signal exhi  bits a sharp increase of 1 2 followed by a slow decline see figure 1 which is typical for an instant production of carbon 14 in the atmosphere indicating that the event was short in duration the globally averaged production of carbon 14 for this event is calculated as q 1 1 1 5 × 108 atoms cm 2
8 p 23 1 duplication syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a duplication of a region from human chro  mo  some 8 this duplication syndrome has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 64 000 births and is the reciprocal of the 8 p 23 1 deletion syndrome the 8 p 23 1 duplication is associated with a variable phen  o  type including one or more of speech delay developmental delay mild dys  morph  ism with prominent fore  head and ar  ched eyebro  ws and con  genital heart disease ch  d
the 993 – 994 carbon 14 spike was a rapid increase in carbon 14 content from tree rings and followed the 774 – 775 carbon 14 spike it may have come from a massive solar storm
9 q 34 deletion syndrome also known as kle  ef  stra syndrome is a rare genetic disorder terminal dele  tions of chro  mo  some 9 q 34 have been associated with childhood hy  pot  onia a distinctive facial appearance and developmental disability the facial features typically described include ar  ched eyebro  ws small head circum  fer  ence mid  face hypo  pl  asia prominent jaw and a pou  ting lower lip individuals with this disease may often have speech impediments such as speech delays other characteristics of this disease include epi  le  psy con  genital and u  ro  genetic defects micro  cephal  y cor  pul  ence and psychiatric disorders from analysis of chro  mo  som  al break  points as well as gene sequ  encing in sugges  tive cases kle  ef  stra and colleagues identified eh  mt 1 as the caus  ative gene this gene is responsible for producing the protein hist  one meth  yl  transfer  ase which functions to alter hist  ones ultimately hist  one meth  yl  transfer  ases are important in de  activating certain genes needed for proper growth and development moreover a fr  am  es  hi  ft mis  sense or nonsense error in the coding sequence of eh  mt 1 can result in this condition in an individual
a not b error also known as stage 4 error or per  sever  ative error is a phenomenon uncovered by the work of jean pi  ag  et in his theory of cognitive development of children the a not b error is a particular error made by infants during sub  stage 4 of their sens  or  im  o  tor stage a typical a not b task goes like this an experim  enter hides an attractive toy under box a within the baby s reach the baby searches for the toy looks under box a and finds the toy this activity is usually repeated several times always with the researcher hiding the toy under box a then in the critical trial the experim  enter moves the toy under box b also within easy reach of the baby babies of 10 months or younger typically make the per  sever  ation error meaning they look under box a even though they saw the researcher move the toy under box b and box b is just as easy to reach this demonstrates a lack of or incomplete schem  a of object perman  ence children of 12 months or older typically do not make this error
the a 3 coupling also known as a 3 coupling reaction or the alde  hyde al  ky  ne amine reaction is a type of multi  component reaction involving an alde  hyde an al  ky  ne and an amine which react to give a pro  par  gy  l amine the reaction proceeds via direct dehydr  ative condens  ation and requires a metal catalyst typically based on ruth  en  ium copper gold or silver chir  al catalyst can be used to give an en  anti  o  selective reaction yielding a chir  al amine the solvent can be water in the catalytic cycle the metal activ  ates the al  ky  ne to a metal ace  ty  li  de the amine and alde  hyde combine to form an im  ine which then reacts with the ace  ty  li  de in an nucle  oph  il  ic addition the reaction type was independently reported by three research groups in 2001 2002 one report on a similar reaction dates back to 1953
a 3 is a structured problem solving and continuous improvement approach first employed at to  yo  ta and typically used by lean manufacturing practitioners it provides a simple and strict approach systematically leading towards problem solving over structured approaches a 3 leads towards problem solving over the structure placed on an iso iso a 3 single sheet paper this is where the process got its name a 3 is also known as sps which stands for systematic problem solving the process is based on the principles of dem  ing s p  d  ca plan do check act
aa amy  lo  ido  sis is a form of amy  lo  ido  sis a disease characterized by the abnormal de  position of fi  bers of in  soluble protein in the ex  trac  ell  ular space of various tissues and organs in aa amy  lo  ido  sis the deposited protein is serum amy  loid a protein saa an acute phase protein which is normally soluble and whose plasma concentration is highest during infl  amm  ation
ab  cd syndrome is the acron  ym for al  bin  ism black lock cell migration disorder of the neuro  cy  tes of the gut and sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness it has been found to be caused by mutation in the endo  th  elin b recep  tor gene ed  n  r  b
arter  ial calci  fication due to deficiency of cd 73 ac  dc is a rare genetic disorder that causes calcium buil  dup in the arter  ies and joints of the hands and feet and other areas below the wa  ist although patients exhi  biting these symptoms have been identified as early as 1914 this disorder had not been studied extensively until recently the identification of the specific ac  dc gene and mutations occurred in 2011 ac  dc is caused by a mutation in the nt 5 e gene which prevents calcium removing agents from functioning patients afflicted with this mutation suffer from chronic pain difficulty moving and increased risk of cardiovascular problems in experiments at the molecular level treatment with aden  os  ine or a phosp  hat  ase inhi  bit  or reversed and prevented calci  fication suggesting they could be used as possible treatment methods there is currently no cure for ac  dc and patients have limited treatment options which focus primarily on removal of blood calcium and improving mobility
ac  r score is a scale to measure change in r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis symptoms it is named after the american college of r  heu  mat  ology different degrees of improvement are referred to as ac  r 20 ac  r 50 ac  r 70 the ac  r score is more often used in clinical trials than in doctor patient relationships as it allows a common standard between researchers the r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis severity scale r  ass is based on sections of the ac  r scoring system the 2010 ac  r e  ular r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis classification criteria which includes anti ccp testing has been developed to focus on early disease and on features that are associated with persistent or ero  sive disease
aids related complex or arc was introduced after discovery of the hiv human immun  o  deficiency virus when the medical community became aware of the inherent difficulties associated with treating patients suffering from an advanced case of hiv which gave rise to the term acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids the necessity for doctors to quickly and accurately understand the special needs of unknown patients suffering from aids in an emergency room situation was addressed with the creation of the term arc arc is a pro  dro  mal phase of infection with the human immun  o  deficiency virus hiv laboratory criteria separating aids related complex arc from aids include elevated or hyper  active b cell hu  moral immune responses compared to depressed or normal anti  body re  activity in aids fol  lic  ular or mixed hyper  pl  asia in arc lymp  h no  des leading to lymp  ho  cy  te de  generation and depletion more typical of aids evolving succession of hist  opath  ological le  sions such as loc  alization of ka  posi s sar  coma sign  aling the transition to the full blown aids clinical use of this term was widely discontinued by the year 2000 in the united states after having been replaced by modern laboratory criteria
aids related lymp  homa describes lymp  hom  as occurring in patients with acquired immun  o  deficiency syndrome aids a lymp  homa is a type of cancer arising from lymp  ho  id cells in aids the incid  ences of non ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa primary cere  br  al lymp  homa and ho  dg  kin s disease are all increased there are three different varieties of aids related lymp  homa diffuse large b cell lymp  homa b cell immun  obl  astic lymp  homa and bur  kit  t s lymp  homa small non cle  a  ved cell lymp  homa
aids fatigue is a phenomenon where  in individuals or societies who had been concerned about the impact of hiv or aids become des  ensi  tized to the having a strong emotional response to hiv issues after receiving continual messages about the danger over a long period of time
an alp  sa an  terior lab  ral perio  steal sleeve av  ul  sion le  sion is an injury at the front of the shoulder associated with shoulder dis  location
amy  loid light chain al amy  lo  ido  sis primary systemic amy  lo  ido  sis p  sa or just primary amy  lo  ido  sis is the most common form of systemic amy  lo  ido  sis in the us the disease is caused when a person s anti  body producing cells do not function properly and produce abnormal protein fi  bers made of components of antibodies called light chains these light chains come together to form amy  loid deposits in different organs which can cause serious damage to these organs abnormal light chains in blood and urine are sometimes referred to as b  ence jones protein
another syndrome consists of al  op  ec  ia nail dy  stro  phy oph  thal  mic complications thyro  id dysfunction hypo  hi  dro  sis ep  heli  des and enter  opathy and respiratory tract infections this is an auto  som  al rec  essive variant of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia
are  dy  ld stands for ac  ral ren  al ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia li  po  atro  ph  ic diabetes are  d  ly  d is categ  orized as a rare disease meaning it affects fewer than 200 000 people in the american population at any given time it was characterized in 1983 a second case was identified in 1992
the as  ci  i rib  bon campaign was an internet phenomenon started in 1998 advocating that email be sent only in plain text because of inefficiencies or dangers of using html email proponents placed as  ci  i art in their signature blocks meant to look like an awareness rib  bon along with a message or link to an advocacy site
the as 700  7 incident was a major disruption of the internet on april 25 1997 that started with a rou  ter operated by autonomous system 700  7 mai network services although sometimes incorrectly attributed to the florida internet exchange accidentally le  aking a substantial part of its entire route table to the internet creating a routing black hole probably because of a bug in the affected rou  ter the routes leaked were de  aggregated to 24 pre  fixes which were more specific than the routes originally present on the internet and had the as path re  written to 700  7 leading the border gateway protocol b  g  p used by the internet s rou  ters to prefer the leaked routes this was then exacerbated by other problems that prevented the routes from disappearing from other networks routing tables even after the original rou  ter that had sent them had been disconnected the combination of these factors resulted in an extended disruption of operations throughout the internet analysis of this event led to major changes in internet service providers b  g  p operations intended to mitigate the effects of any subsequent similar events
at  p hydro  lysis is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high energy phosp  ho  an  hy  dri  de bonds in aden  os  ine tri  phosphate at  p is released for example in muscles by producing work in the form of mechanical energy the product is aden  os  ine di  phosphate ad  p and an in  organic phosphate orth  op  hosp  hate pi ad  p can be further hydro  ly  zed to give energy aden  os  ine mon  op  hosp  hate amp and another orth  op  hosp  hate pi at  p hydro  lysis is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction the establishment of electro  chemical gr  adi  ents across memb  ran  es and bio  synthetic processes necessary to maintain life the description and typical textbook lab  eling an  hy  dri  d  ic bonds as high energy bonds can be very misleading to students these bonds are in fact relatively weak they do involve high energy electron  s but the bonds themselves are quite easy to break as noted below energy is released by the hydro  lysis of at  p when these weak bonds are broken requiring a small input of energy followed by the formation of new bonds and the release of a larger amount of energy as the total energy of the system is lowered and becomes more stable hydro  lysis of the phosphate groups in at  p is especially exer  gon  ic because the resulting orth  op  hosp  hate group is greatly stabilized by multiple resonance structures making the products ad  p and pi much lower in energy than the re  ac  tant at  p the high negative charge density associated with the three adjacent phosphate units of at  p also destabili  zes the mol  ecu  le making it higher in energy hydro  lysis reliev  es some of these electro  static repul  sions liberating useful energy in the process by causing conform  ational changes in enzyme structure hydro  lysis of the terminal phosp  ho  an  hy  dri  d  ic bond is a highly exer  gon  ic process releasing 30 5 k  j mol − 1 energy this reaction can then be coupled with thermo  dynam  ically un  favorable reactions to give an overall negative spontaneous δ  g for the reaction sequence the actual value of δ  g for at  p hydro  lysis varies primarily depending on mg 2 concentration and under normal physi  o  logic conditions is actually closer to 50 k  j mol − 1 in humans approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydro  lysis of one mole of at  p produces metabol  ic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place due to the acid base properties of at  p ad  p and in  organic phosphate the hydro  lysis of at  p has the effect of lowering the ph of the reaction medium under certain conditions high levels of at  p hydro  lysis can contribute to lac  tic aci  do  sis
at  r 16 syndrome also called alpha thal  ass  emia intellectual disability syndrome is a rare disease characterized by mono  som  y on part of chro  mo  some 16
av or arter  io  ven  ous nic  king also known as arter  io  ven  ous nip  ping in the uk is the phenomenon where on examination of the eye a small artery arter  io  le is seen crossing a small vein ven  ule which results in the compression of the vein with bul  ging on either side of the crossing this is most commonly seen in eye disease caused by high blood pressure hyper  ten  sive re  tin  opathy it is thought that since the arter  io  le and ven  ule share a common she  ath the arter  io  le s thick  er walls push against those of the ven  ule forcing the ven  ule to collapse this makes the ven  ule form an hour  glass shape around the arter  io  le other theories suggest that this results not from compression from the arter  io  le but from s  cl  erotic thick  ening or gli  al cell proliferation at the site where the two vessels cross
av no  dal re  entr  ant t  ach  y  car  dia av  n  rt or atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  dal re  entr  ant t  ach  y  car  dia is a type of t  ach  y  car  dia fast rhythm of the heart it is a type of su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia sv  t meaning that it originates from a location within the heart above the bundle of his av no  dal re  entr  ant t  ach  y  car  dia is the most common regular su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia it is more common in women than men approximately 75 of cases occur in females the main symptom is pal  p  itations treatment may be with specific physical maneu  vers medication or rarely synchron  ized cardi  over  sion frequent attacks may require radi  of  requ  ency ab  l  ation in which the abnormally conducting tissue in the heart is destroyed av  n  rt occurs when a re  entry circuit forms within or just next to the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de the circuit usually involves two anatom  ical pathways the fast path  way and the slow path  way which are both in the right atri  um the slow path  way which is usually targeted for ab  l  ation is located inferior and slightly poster  ior to the av no  de often following the an  terior margin of the coron  ary sin  us the fast path  way is usually located just superior and poster  ior to the av no  de these pathways are formed from tissue that behaves very much like the av no  de and some authors regard them as part of the av no  de the fast and slow pathways should not be confused with the accessory pathways that give rise to wol  ff par  kinson white syndrome w  p  w syndrome or atri  o  ven  tric  ular reciproc  ating t  ach  y  car  dia av  rt in av  n  rt the fast and slow pathways are located within the right atri  um close to or within the av no  de and exhibit electro  physi  o  logic properties similar to av no  dal tissue accessory pathways that give rise to w  p  w syndrome and av  rt are located in the atri  o  ven  tric  ular val  vul  ar rings they provide a direct connection between the atri  a and ven  tric  les and have electro  physi  o  logic properties similar to ven  tric  ular my  o  cardi  um
a cal  orie is a cal  orie is a tau  to  logy used to convey the speaker s conviction that the concept of the cal  orie is in fact a sufficient way to describe energy content of food it has been a commonly cited tru  ism since the early 1960 s the tau  to  logical phrase means that regardless of the form of food cal  orie a person consumes whether a carbo  hydrate protein or fat cal  orie the energy chemically extracted from the food or the work necessary to burn such a cal  orie is identical to any other one dietary cal  orie contains 4  184 kilo  jou  les of energy with this knowledge it is easy to assume that all cal  ories have equal value
a  agen  aes syndrome is a syndrome characterised by con  genital hypo  pl  asia of lymp  h vessels which causes lymp  he  dem  a of the legs and recurrent cho  le  st  asis in infancy and slow progress to he  p  atic cir  rho  sis and giant cell hepatitis with fi  bro  sis of the portal tracts the genetic cause is unknown but it is auto  som  al rec  essively inherited and the gene is located to chro  mo  some 15 q 1 2 a common feature of the condition is a generalised lymp  h  atic anomaly which may be indicative of the defect being lymp  han  gi  o  genetic in origin 1 the condition is particularly frequent in southern norway where more than half the cases are reported from but is found in patients in other parts of europe and the u s it is named after oy  stein a  agen  aes a norwegian paedi  at  ric  ian it is also called cho  le  st  asis lymp  he  dem  a syndrome cl  s
aaron s sign is a referred pain felt in the ep  ig  ast  ri  um upon continuous firm pressure over mc  bur  ney s point it is indicative of append  ic  i  tis aaron s sign is named for charles det  tie aaron an american gastro  enter  o  logist
aar  s  ko  g – scott syndrome is a rare disease inherited as auto  som  al dominant or x linked and characterized by short stature facial ab  norm  alities sk  el  etal and genital anomalies the aar  s  ko  g – scott syndrome a  as is also known as the aar  s  ko  g syndrome fac  io  dig  ito  genital syndrome sh  aw  l scro  tum syndrome and fac  io  genital dys  pl  asia
a  ase syndrome or a  ase – smith syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by an  emia with some joint and sk  el  etal de  form  ities a  ase syndrome is thought to be an auto  som  al rec  essive inherited disorder the genetic basis of the disease is not known the an  emia is caused by underdevelopment of the bone marrow which is where blood cells are formed it is named after the american paedi  at  ric  ians jon mor  ton a  ase and david we  y  he smith who characterized it in 1968
abandoned child syndrome is a behavioral or psychological condition that results primarily from the loss of one or both parents or sexual abuse abandonment may be physical the parent is not present in the child s life or emotional the parent with  holds affection nurturing or stimulation parents who leave their children with or without good reason can cause psychological damage to the child this damage is reversible but only with appropriate assistance abandoned children may also often suffer physical damage from neglect malnutrition starvation and abuse abandonment experiences and boundary violations are in no way indic  t  ments of a child s in  nate goodness and value instead they reveal the flawed thinking false beliefs and impaired behaviors of those who hurt them still the wounds are struck deep in their young hearts and minds and the very real pain can still be felt today the causes of emotional injury need to be understood and accepted so they can heal until that occurs the pain will stay with them becoming a driving force in their adult lives the abandoned child syndrome is not recognized as a mental disorder in any of the medical manu  als such as the ic  d 10 or the dsm iv neither is it part of the proposed revision of this manual the dsm 5
ab  ar  og  no  sis origin greek a not bar  os weight g  no  sis knowledge is type of cor  tical sensory defect consisting of a loss of bar  og  no  sis the ability to detect the weight of an object held in the hand or to tell the difference in weight between two objects or more succ  inc  tly loss of the ability to sense weight this deficit may be caused by damage to the par  ie  tal lo  be this condition is also known as bar  agno  sis and bar  o  agno  sis
an ab  bot  t artery is a minor con  genital ab  normality in which there is an anom  alous artery that arises from the poster  om  edi  al aspect of the proxim  al descending a  or  ta its presence is important during the surgical repair of co  arc  tation of the a  or  ta
ab  d  all  at – davis – f  arr  age syndrome is a form of p  ha  kom  at  osis a disease of the central nervous system accompanied by skin ab  norm  alities it is characterized by the out of the ordinary pig  ment of skin that is abnormal to one s genetics or the color perceived on a basis the condition is named after the team of medical professionals who first wrote it up describing the appearance of the syndrome in a family from jordan it was characterized in 1980 by ad  nan ab  d  all  at a jordanian doctor the syndrome is thought to be inherited as an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic trait meaning that in order to manifest symptoms a person must inherit a gene for ab  d  all  at – davis – f  arr  age syndrome from both parents as it is also auto  som  al not linked to either of the genes that determine gender it can manifest in both men and women those with only one gene are carriers and they typically manifest no symptoms in the event that a person inher  its both genes symptoms usually appear before one year of age
ab  der  hal  den – kaufmann – lign  ac syndrome ak  l syndrome also called ab  der  hal  den lign  ac kaufmann disease or ne  ph  ro  path  ic cy  stin  osis is an auto  som  al rec  essive ren  al disorder of childhood comprising cy  stin  osis and ren  al ric  kets
ab  domin  al ang  ina is ab  domin  al pain after eating that occurs in individuals with ongoing poor blood supply to their small intest  ines known as chronic mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia the term ang  ina is used in reference to ang  ina pec  tor  is a similar symptom due to obstruction of the coron  ary artery the american heritage sted  man s medical dic  tionary defines ab  domin  al ang  ina as inter  mit  tent ab  domin  al pain frequently occurring at a fixed time after eating caused by inadequacy of the mes  enter  ic circulation also called intest  inal ang  ina
ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m aaa is a loc  alized enlargement of the ab  domin  al a  or  ta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50 larger than normal diameter they usually cause no symptoms except when rup  tured occasionally ab  domin  al back or leg pain may occur large an  eur  ys  ms can sometimes be felt by pushing on the ab  dom  en rupture may result in pain in the ab  dom  en or back low blood pressure or loss of consciousness and often results in death aa  as occur most commonly in those over 50 years old in men and among those with a family history additional risk factors include smoking high blood pressure and other heart or blood vessel diseases genetic conditions with an increased risk include mar  fan syndrome and eh  lers dan  los syndrome aa  as are the most common form of a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m about 85 occur below the kidneys with the rest either at the level of or above the kidneys in the united states screening with ul  tras  ound is recommended for males between 65 and 75 years of age with a history of smoking in the united kingdom screening all men over 65 is recommended once an an  eur  ys  m is found further ul  tras  ounds are typically done on a regular basis not smoking is the single best way to prevent the disease other methods of prevention include treating high blood pressure treating high blood cho  le  sterol and not being overweight surgery is usually recommended when an aaa s diameter grows to 5 5 cm in males and 5 0 cm in females other reasons for repair include the presence of symptoms and a rapid increase in size more than one centi  meter per year repair may be either by open surgery or endo  vascular an  eur  ys  m repair ev  ar as compared to open surgery ev  ar has a lower risk of death in the short term and a shorter hospital stay but may not always be an option there does not appear to be a difference in longer term outcomes between the two with ev  ar there is a higher need for repeat procedures aa  as affect between 2 and 8 of males over the age of 65 rates among women are one fourth as high in those with an an  eur  ys  m less than 5 5 cm the risk of rupture in the next year is less than 1 among those with an an  eur  ys  m between 5 5 and 7 cm the risk is about 10 while for those with an an  eur  ys  m greater than 7 cm the risk is about 33 mortality if rup  tured is 85 to 90 during 2013 a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms resulted in 152 000 deaths up from 100 000 in 1990 in the united states aa  as resulted in between 10 000 and 18 000 deaths in 2009
ab  domin  al compartment syndrome occurs when the ab  dom  en becomes subject to increased pressure specific cause of ab  domin  al compartment syndrome is not known although some causes can be sep  sis and severe ab  domin  al trauma increasing pressure reduces blood flow to ab  domin  al organs and imp  airs pul  mon  ary cardiovascular ren  al and ga  stro intest  inal gi function causing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death
ab  domin  al epi  le  psy also known as autonom  ic epi  le  psy is a rare condition most frequently found in children consisting of gastro  intest  inal gi disturbances caused by epi  le  p  ti  form seizure activity it has been described as a type of temporal lo  be epi  le  psy responsiveness to anti  con  vul  s  ants can aid in the diagnosis most published medical literature dealing with ab  domin  al epi  le  psy is in the form of individual case reports a 2005 review article found a total of 36 cases described in the medical literature
an ab  domin  al mass is any loc  alized enlargement or sw  elling in the human ab  dom  en depending on its location the ab  domin  al mass may be caused by an enlarged liver he  pat  om  eg  al  y enlarged sp  leen splen  om  eg  al  y pro  tru  ding kidney a pan  cre  atic mass a retro  per  it  one  al mass a mass in the poster  ior of the per  it  on  eu  m an ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m or various tum  ours such as those caused by ab  domin  al carcin  om  at  osis and om  ental me  tast  asis the treatments depend on the cause and may range from watchful waiting to radical surgery
ab  domin  al migr  aine is a disorder primarily of children which presents with episodes of ab  domin  al pain without an accompanying headache it is difficult to confirm the diagnosis as there are not a set of features that is specific and thus it can take time before the diagnosis is made the condition is rare in adults
ab  domin  al mus  cul  ature absent with micro  phthal  mia and joint lax  ity is a rare human disorder characterized mainly by lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity small eyes a lack of ab  domin  al muscles and facial anomalies
ab  domin  al obesity also known as central obesity is when excessive ab  domin  al fat around the stomach and ab  dom  en has built up to the extent that it is likely to have a negative impact on health there is a strong correlation between central obesity and cardiovascular disease ab  domin  al obesity is not confined only to the elderly and ob  ese subjects ab  domin  al obesity has been linked to alzheimer s disease as well as other metabol  ic and vascular diseases vis  cer  al and central ab  domin  al fat and wa  ist circum  fer  ence show a strong association with type 2 diabetes vis  cer  al fat also known as organ fat or intra ab  domin  al fat is located inside the per  it  one  al cav  ity packed in between internal organs and tor  so as opposed to sub  cu  taneous fat ‚ which is found underneath the skin and intr  amus  cular fat ‚ which is found inter  s  pers  ed in sk  el  etal muscle vis  cer  al fat is composed of several adi  pose de  pots including mes  enter  ic epi  di  dy  mal white adi  pose tissue ew  at and peri  ren  al fat an excess of vis  cer  al fat is known as central obesity the pot belly or beer belly effect in which the ab  dom  en pro  tru  des excessively this body type is also known as apple shaped ‚ as opposed to pear shaped ‚ in which fat is deposited on the hips and but  toc  ks researchers first started to focus on ab  domin  al obesity in the 1980 s when they realized that it had an important connection to cardiovascular disease diabetes and dys  li  pi  dem  ia ab  domin  al obesity was more closely related with metabol  ic dys  functions connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s insi  ghtful and powerful imaging techniques were discovered that would further help advance the understanding of the health risks associated with body fat accumulation techniques such as compu  ted tom  o  graphy and magnetic resonance imaging made it possible to categ  ori  ze mass of adi  pose tissue located at the ab  domin  al level into intra ab  domin  al fat and sub  cu  taneous fat
ab  domin  al pain also known as stomach pain is a common symptom associated with both temporary non serious disorders and more serious conditions common causes of pain in the ab  dom  en include gastro  enter  i  tis and irrit  able bo  wel syndrome in a third of cases the exact cause is unclear about 10 of people have a more serious underlying condition such as append  ic  i  tis le  aking or rup  tured ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m diver  tic  u  li  tis or ec  topic pregnancy determining the cause can be difficult because many diseases can cause this symptom
an ab  domin  al pregnancy can be regarded as a form of an ec  topic pregnancy where the embryo or fe  tus is growing and developing outside the wom  b in the ab  dom  en but not in the fall  op  ian tube o  vary or broad lig  ament while rare ab  domin  al pregnancies have a higher chance of maternal mortality per  in  atal mortality and morbi  dity compared to normal and ec  topic pregnancies but on occasion a healthy viable infant can be delivered because tu  bal o  vari  an and broad lig  ament pregnancies are as difficult to diagnose and treat as ab  domin  al pregnancies their exclusion from the most common definition of ab  domin  al pregnancy has been debated others in the minority are of the view that ab  domin  al pregnancy should be defined by a plac  enta impl  anted into the per  it  on  eu  m
ab  domin  al trauma is an injury to the ab  dom  en it may be blunt or penetr  ating and may involve damage to the ab  domin  al organs signs and symptoms include ab  domin  al pain tender  ness rigidity and bru  ising of the external ab  dom  en ab  domin  al trauma presents a risk of severe blood loss and infection diagnosis may involve ul  tras  ono  graphy compu  ted tom  o  graphy and per  it  one  al lav  age and treatment may involve surgery injury to the lower chest may cause splen  ic or liver injuries
ab  domin  al wall defects are a type of con  genital defect that allows the stomach the intest  ines or other organs to pro  tru  de through an unusual opening that forms on the ab  dom  en during the development of the fe  tus many unexpected changes occur inside the wom  b specifically the stomach intest  ines or other organs begin to develop outside the fe  tus ’ ab  dom  en through the abnormal hole in the ab  dom  en and as development progres  ses the ab  domin  al wall eventually en  closes these organs in some cases of defect either the um  bil  ical opening is too over  sized or has developed improperly which allows the organs to remain outside or to squeeze through the ab  domin  al wall there are two main types of ab  domin  al wall defects that result due to the changes during development they are om  p  hal  oce  le and gastro  sch  is  is gastro  sch  is  is develops when the ab  domin  al wall does not completely close and the organs are present outside of the infant ’ s body om  p  hal  oce  le occurs when some of the organs pro  tru  de through the muscles of the ab  dom  en in the area surrounding the um  bil  ical cord om  p  hal  oce  le can be either minor with only some of the organs exposed or severe with most if not all of the ab  domin  al organs being exposed
the ab  elin reaction is a qualitative reaction for demonstrating the presence of ar  sp  hen  amine and neo  ar  sp  hen  amine in blood and urine it is named for iss  ak ab  elin swiss physi  o  logist
ab  ell 2  142 or a 2  142 is a huge x ray lumin  ous galaxy cluster in the con  stell  ation cor  ona bo  real  is it is the result of a still ongoing merger between two galaxy clusters the combined cluster is six million light years across contains hundreds of galax  ies and enough gas to make a thousand more it is one of the most massive objects in the universe
the aber  de  en hospital is a 24 hour emergency level ii trauma service in  patient out  patient and community based services hospital in new glasgow nova sco  tia the hospital has been in existence since 18  95 it serves approximately 48 000 people in pic  tou county nova sco  tia it located at 8  35 east river road route 348 new glasgow it is operated by pic  tou county health authority the hospital currently has 104 beds internationally renowned sculp  tor john wilson donated to the hospital the land on which the gl  en haven man  or was built
the aber  fan disaster was the catastrophic collapse of a colli  ery spoil tip in the welsh village of aber  fan near mer  thy  r ty  d  fil that killed 116 children and 28 adults on 21 october 1966 the collapse was caused by the build up of water in the accumulated rock and shale tip which suddenly sli  d down  hill in the form of sl  urry more than 1 4 million cubic feet 40 000 cu metres of debris covered the village in minutes the class  rooms at pan  t  glas junior school were immediately inund  ated young children and teachers died from impact or suffoc  ation many noted the poign  ancy of the situation if the disaster had struck a few minutes earlier the children would not have been in their class  rooms and if it had struck a few hours later they would have left for the half term holiday rescue efforts were hampered by the large crowd who rushed into the village delaying the arrival of mines rescue workers from mer  thy  r val  e colli  ery the official inquiry blamed the national coal board for extreme negligence and its chairman lord rob  ens for making misleading statements parliament passed new legislation regarding public safety in relation to mines and quar  ries
aberr  ant sub  cl  avian artery or aberr  ant sub  cl  avian artery syndrome is a rare anatom  ical variant of the origin of the right or left sub  cl  avian artery this ab  normality is the most common con  genital vascular anomaly of the a  or  tic arch
the aberr  ation of light also referred to as astro  nom  ical aberr  ation or stell  ar aberr  ation is an astro  nom  ical phenomenon which produces an apparent motion of cel  esti  al objects about their locations dependent on the velocity of the observer aberr  ation causes objects to appear to be ang  led or til  ted towards the direction of motion of the observer compared to when the observer is stationary the change in angle is typically very small on the order of v c where c is the speed of light and v the velocity of the observer in the case of stell  ar or annual aberr  ation the apparent position of a star to an observer on earth varies periodically over the course of a year as the earth s velocity changes as it revolves around the sun by a maximum angle of approximately 20 arc  seconds in right as  cen  sion or dec  lin  ation aberr  ation is historically significant because of its role in the development of the theories of light electro  magne  tism and ultimately the theory of special rel  ativity it was first observed in the late 1600 s by astro  no  mers searching for stell  ar paral  lax in order to confirm the heli  oc  entr  ic model of the solar system however it was not understood at the time to be a different phenomenon in 17  27 james bradley provided a classical explanation for it in terms of the finite speed of light relative to the motion of the earth in its orbit around the sun which he used to make one of the earliest measurements of the speed of light however bradley s theory was incompatible with 19 th century theories of light and aberr  ation became a major motivation for the ae  ther drag theories of aug  us  tin fres  nel in 18  18 and g g st  okes in 18  45 and for hend  rick lo  ren  tz s ae  ther theory of electro  magne  tism in 18  92 the aberr  ation of light together with lo  ren  tz s elaboration of max  well s electro  dynamics the moving magnet and conductor problem the negative ae  ther drift experiments as well as the fi  ze  au experiment led albert einstein to develop the theory of special rel  ativity in 1905 which provided a conclusive explanation for the aberr  ation phenomenon the term aberr  ation has historically been used to refer to a number of related phenomena concerning the propagation of light in moving bodies aberr  ation should not be confused with stell  ar paral  lax the latter is caused by a change in the positions of relatively nearby objects measured by the moving observer assuming far away objects do not move so they define a reference frame the former is related to light time correction and relati  vis  tic be  aming although it is often considered separately from these effects the term aberr  ation may also be used to refer to unrelated phenomena in optical systems — optical aberr  ation
ab  et  ali  po  prote  in  emia or b  ass  en kor  nz  wei  g syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder that interferes with the normal absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins from food it is caused by a mutation in micro  som  al tri  gly  cer  ide transfer protein resulting in deficiencies in the a  poli  po  proteins b 48 and b 100 which are used in the synthesis and exportation of ch  y  lo  mic  ron  s and v  ld  l respectively it is not to be confused with famili  al dys  bet  ali  po  prote  in  emia
ab  him  ā  na san  sk  r  it अ  भ  ि  म  ा  न vari  ously means – pride false prestige desire an impression the conception by self conception from the misconception in hindu philosophy it means – pri  de  ful attachment of i sense i e man to think m  ā  na too much it also means – identify or identification and also refers to selfish conviction for ab  him  ā  na is the function of a  ham  kara ego as the state of mind which interpre  ts experience as mine the psychological sense of i am experience is a  ham  k  ā  ra which comes about as and when owing to avi  dy  a bra  h  man the universal transc  end  ental self is distinguished from the ji  va the empirical individual self sang  a one ’ s associations mam  k  ā  ra attachments and mo  ha attr  actions are the three aspects of ab  him  ā  na ego consciousness which produces kat  rt  va the sense agency as the deliberate consciousness of ni  ś  c  aya decision without which there would be no difference between the self and other material objects budd  hi intell  ect which manifests according to v  ā  san  ā  s impres  sions is deliberate decision अ  न  ्  त  ः  क  र  ण  म  े  त  े  ष  ु च  क  ्  ष  ु  र  ा  द  ि  ष  ु व  र  ्  ष  ्  म  ण  ि अ  ह  म  ि  त  ्  य  भ  ि  म  ा  न  े  न त  ि  ष  ्  ठ  त  ्  य  ा  भ  ा  स  त  े  ज  स  ा the an  tah  kar  ana internal organ the mind has its seat in these the eye and other organs of the body identifying itself with them with the sense of i by reflection of the ā  t  man in it – vi  ve  k  ach  u  dam  ani 105 sh  ankara tells us that the mind or man  as d  wells in the organs and body as ah  am ego with ab  him  ā  na – अ  ह  म  ि  त  ्  य  भ  ि  म  ा  न  े  न in the reflected bri  ght  ness of the at  man as the kar  t  ā do  er and the b  ho  kt  ā enjo  yer experiencing all three states of consciousness but the at  man the witness of everything limited by budd  hi is not tainted by anything that budd  hi does – अ  श  े  ष  स  ा  क  ्  ष  ी for the tain  t of action attaches only to the actor the ā  t  man does not act this ab  him  ā  na or identification with names and forms dependent on the perishable body as also with the subtle body needs to be given up entirely in order to realize ak  han  da ā  n  anda inseparable bliss v  ā  cas  pati mi  ś  ra explains that it is a  ham  k  ā  ra empirical ego which presid  es over the objects intu  ited by the sense organs and then definitely perceived by the mind and that the sense organ intu  its the object man  as reflects on it a  ham  k  ā  ra appropri  ates it and finally budd  hi intell  ect resol  ves which way the intended action must proceed ab  him  ā  na is the false sense of i and mine it is because of the emphatic identity ab  him  ā  na with one ’ s body etc that there is pr  am  ata cogn  ising subject and involvement with pr  am  ā  nas acts or processes of knowing perception infer  ence and the rest owing to functioning of the senses as resulting from avi  dy  ā ignorance and resulting in bond  age examined from the level of social consciousness ā  t  man or the transc  end  ental consciousness is certainly essential for man ’ s being but up  ad  his limitations are its accidental parts the self identification with which gives rise to ab  him  ā  na identification with the body that makes man a socio spiritual being subjective and objective both and becomes the basis for his ad  hi  k  ā  ra social and ritual eligibility according to the sh  ud  ha adv  a  ita school of vall  ab  ha ac  har  ya sag  una means – one having the ab  him  ā  na of gun  as forming part of one ’ s own self the n  ir  gun  a is one having no ab  him  ā  na the la  k  sh  mi tan  tra tells us that a  ham  k  ā  ra which is a cognitive sense is identical with ab  him  ā  na and the awareness of the kno  wer in relating time and place to himself is called ab  him  ā  na for most people desi  ring success incidental gains and weighed down by sense of self respect ab  him  ā  na is a virtue but for those who are wise and cont  ented it is mere pride associated with arrogance b  ho  ja who outlined the theory of ras  a experience of delight attaches great importance to ab  him  ā  na or a  han  k  ā  ra ego he states that the ra  si  ka who has ras  a in him has it because of s  ring  ara peak a  ham  k  ā  ra and ab  him  ā  na enjo  y  able as a gun  a of his at  man he uses the term ab  him  ā  na in a good sense from a  ham  k  ā  ra rises ab  him  ā  na that originates s  ring  ā  ra and from ab  him  ā  na rises rati love amor  ousness and from rati are originated all ras  as
ab  ie  tic acid der  mati  tis is a contact der  mati  tis often seen in association with musical instruments
abnormal or dis  continuous grain growth also referred to as exaggerated or secondary rec  ry  stal  lis  ation grain growth is a grain growth phenomenon through which certain energetically favorable grains cryst  all  ites grow rapidly in a matrix of fin  er grains resulting in a b  im  od  al grain size distribution in ceramic materials this phenomena can result in the formation of el  ong  ated pris  matic ac  icular or needle like grains in a den  si  fied matrix with implications for improved frac  ture tough  ness through the impe  dance of crack propagation
abnormal posturing is an involuntary fl  ex  ion or extension of the arms and legs indicating severe brain injury it occurs when one set of muscles becomes incapac  itated while the opposing set is not and an external stimulus such as pain causes the working set of muscles to contract the posturing may also occur without a stimulus since posturing is an important indicator of the amount of damage that has occurred to the brain it is used by medical professionals to measure the severity of a coma with the glasgow coma scale for adults and the pedi  atric glasgow coma scale for infants the presence of abnormal posturing indicates a severe medical emergency requiring immediate medical attention dec  ere  br  ate and decor  tic  ate posturing are strongly associated with poor outcome in a variety of conditions for example near drowning victims that display dec  ere  br  ate or decor  tic  ate posturing have worse outcomes than those that do not changes in the condition of the patient may cause him or her to alternate between different types of posturing
in finance an abnormal return is the difference between the actual return of a security and the expected return abnormal returns are sometimes triggered by events events can include mergers dividend announcements company earning announcements interest rate increases lawsuits etc all of which can contribute to an abnormal return events in finance can typically be classified as information or occurrences that have not already been priced by the market
abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fe  tus or embryo before it can survive outside the uter  us an abortion which occurs spontaneously is also known as a mis  carriage an abortion may be caused pur  po  sely and is then called an or less frequently induced mis  carriage the word abortion is often used to mean only induced abortions a similar procedure after the fe  tus could potentially survive outside the wom  b is known as a late termination of pregnancy when allowed by local law abortion in the developed world is modern methods use medication or surgery for abortions the drug mi  fe  pr  ist  one in combination with pro  stag  land  in appears to be as safe and effective as surgery during the first and second trim  ester of pregnancy birth control such as the pill or in  trau  ter  ine devices can be used immediately following abortion when performed legally and safely induced abortions do not increase the risk of long term mental or physical problems in contrast unsafe abortions cause 47 000 deaths and 5 million hospital ad  missions each year the world health organization recommends safe and legal abortions be available to all women around 56 million abortions occur each year in the world with a little under half done un  safely abortion rates changed little between 2003 and 2008 before which they decreased for at least two decades as access to family planning and birth control increased as of 2008 40 of the world s women had access to legal abortions without limits as to reason countries that permit abortions have different limits on how late in pregnancy abortion is allowed since ancient times abortions have been done using herbal medicines sharp tools with force or through other traditional methods abortion laws and cultural or religious views of abortions are different around the world in some areas abortion is legal only in specific cases such as rape problems with the fe  tus poverty risk to a woman s health or inc  est in many places there is much debate over the moral ethical and legal issues of abortion those who oppose abortion often maintain that an embryo or fe  tus is a human with a right to life and may compare abortion to murder those who favor the legality of abortion often hold that a woman has a right to make decisions about her own body
an abortion performed by a physician or other trained health professional who has the consent of the woman or her spouse partner intimate family member or legal representative when she is not able to lend her consent is not punishable in the following cases 1 if it the abortion has been provided to avoid danger to life or health of the pregnant woman and if this danger can not be avoided by other means 2 if the pregnancy is a consequence of a rape of a woman who is suffering from a mental disability taken directly verbatim from the latest guidelines on therapeutic abortion set forth by the ministry of public health 20 november 2014
abortion in uganda is generally illegal however it is permissible if performed by a doctor who believes pregnancy places the woman s life at risk the ug  andan ministry of health estimates that as of 2008 26 of all maternal deaths are of abortion related causes this is aggravated by legal socioeconomic and geographical barriers to safe abortion which compel women to use unsafe abortion methods and deter them from seeking post abortion medical care contraception is not commonly used leading to uganda ’ s un  met need for family planning which is the second highest in the world after samoa according to the united nations
ab  ou  lo  mania from greek a – meaning without and b  oul  ē meaning will is a mental disorder in which the patient displays pathological in  decisiveness it is typically associated with anxiety stress depression and mental anguish and can severely affect one ’ s ability to function socially although many people suffer from in  decision it is rarely to the extent of obsession the part of the brain that is tied to making rational choices the pre  frontal cor  tex can hold several pieces of information at any given time this may quickly overwhel  m somebody when trying to make decisions regardless of the importance of that decision they come up with reasons that their decisions will turn out badly causing them to over analyze every situation critically in a classic case of paralysis by analysis lack of information valuation difficulty and outcome uncertainty become an obsession
abra  sion is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element if this force begins at the cem  ent  oen  am  el junction then progression of tooth loss can be rapid since en  am  el is very thin in this region of the tooth once past the en  am  el abra  sion quickly destroys the sof  ter denti  n and cem  ent  um structures possible sources of this wearing of tooth are tooth  bru  shes tooth  picks flo  ss and any dental appliance frequently set in and removed from the mouth the appearance is commonly described as v shaped when caused by excessive pressure during tooth bru  shing abra  sion is seen at a cer  vic  al necks of the teeth as a deep ridge on the buc  cal or lab  ial surfaces the surface is shiny rather than cari  ous and sometimes the ridge is deep enough to see the pulp chamber within the tooth itself the teeth most commonly affected are pre  mol  ars and can  ines
some characteristics of abru  zzo – er  ick  son syndrome include deaf  ness pro  tru  ding ears co  lob  oma a cle  ft pal  ate or pal  atal ru  go  s  ity and short stature it was characterized in 1977
an abs  c  ess latin abs  ces  sus is a collection of p  us that has built up within the tissue of the body signs and symptoms of abs  c  esses include red  ness pain warmth and sw  elling the sw  elling may feel fluid filled when pressed the area of red  ness often extends beyond the sw  elling car  bun  cles and boils are types of abs  c  ess that often involve hair fol  lic  les with car  bun  cles being larger they are usually caused by a bacterial infection often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection in the united states and many other areas of the world the most common bacteria present is meth  ic  ill  in resistant stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us rarely parasites can cause abs  c  esses and this is more common in the developing world diagnosis of a skin abs  c  ess is usually made based on what it looks like and is confirmed by cutting it open ul  tras  ound imaging may be useful in cases in which the diagnosis is not clear in abs  c  esses around the an  us computer tom  o  graphy ct may be important to look for deeper infection standard treatment for most skin or soft tissue abs  c  esses is cutting it open and drainage there does not appear to be any benefit from also using antibiotics for this type of abs  c  ess in most people who are otherwise healthy a small amount of evidence supports not packing the cav  ity that remains with gau  ze after drainage closing this cav  ity right after draining it rather than leaving it open may speed healing without increasing the risk of the abs  c  ess returning sucking out the p  us with a needle is often not sufficient skin abs  c  esses are common and have become more common in recent years risk factors include intra  ven  ous drug use with rates reported as high as 65 in this population in 2005 in the united states 3 2 million people went to the emergency department for an abs  c  ess in australia around 13 000 people were hosp  itali  zed in 2008 with the condition
an abs  c  ess of the th  ym  us also known as du  bo  is abs  c  esses is a condition that is one of many possible causes of cy  sts in the medi  ast  inum it can present with chest pain behind the ster  num it can be associated with con  genital sy  phil  is although the th  ym  us is usually classified with the immune system th  ym  ic diseases are classified with endocrine disorders in ic  d 9 and ic  d 10
abs  cis  sion from the latin ab meaning away and sc  ind  ere meaning to cut is the shedding of various parts of an organism such as a plant dropping a leaf fruit flower or seed in zo  ology abs  cis  sion is the intentional shedding of a body part such as the shedding of a cla  w hus  k or the auto  tomy of a tail to evade a predat  or in my  co  logy it is the liberation of a fun  gal spor  e in cell biology abs  cis  sion refers to the separation of two daughter cells at the completion of cy  to  kin  esis
the ab  sco  pal effect is a phenomenon in the treatment of me  ta  static cancer where loc  alized treatment of a tumor causes not only a shrinking of the treated tumor but also a shrinking of tumors outside the scope of the loc  alized treatment r h mole proposed the term “ ab  sco  pal ” ‘ ab ’ away from ‘ sco  p  us ’ target in 1953 to refer to radiation ’ s effects “ at a distance from the irradiated volume but within the same organism ” initially associated with single tumor loc  alized radiation therapy the term has also come to encompass other types of loc  alized treatments such as electro  por  ation and intra tu  moral injection of therapeu  tics while this phenomenon is extremely rare its effect on the cancer can be stunning leading to the disappearance of m  align  ant grow  ths throughout the entire body such success has been described for a variety of cancers including mel  anom  a cu  taneous lymp  hom  as and kidney cancer scientists are not certain how the ab  sco  pal effect works to eliminate cancer in patients studies in mice suggest that the effect may depend upon activation of the immune system in a case study reported at memorial sloan ket  tering cancer center in new york city changes in a me  ta  static mel  anom  a patient ’ s immune system were measured over the course of treatment the team observed changes in tumor directed anti  body levels and immune cell populations that occurred at the time of the ab  sco  pal effect these findings support the idea that a loc  alized treatment may broadly stimulate the immune system to fight cancer at this time various immune system cells including t cells and d  end  ri  tic cells are believed to play a primary role effects in tissues adjacent to the irradiated area are bystand  er effects and are not necessarily medi  ated by the same mechanisms as ab  sco  pal effects
absence seizures are one of several kinds of seizures these seizures are sometimes referred to as peti  t mal seizures from the french for little illness a term dating from the late 18 th century absence seizures are characterized by a brief loss and return of consciousness generally not followed by a period of leth  ar  gy without a notable pos  tic  tal state
absent adren  al g  land is a rare condition where the adren  al g  land is absent at birth it should not be confused with adren  al in  sufficiency or con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia where the g  land is present but may not be functioning adequately due to the absence of adren  al cor  tex the condition causes extreme symptoms of adren  al in  sufficiency at birth due to very low levels of al  do  ster  one and cor  ti  sol the adren  al med  ul  la can be normally present poorly formed or absent however even so the effects of circul  atory cat  ec  hol  amine deficiency are generally mild due to sympathetic nervous system compensation except in episodes of hypo  gly  cem  ia
ab  sent  ee  ism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation traditionally ab  sent  ee  ism has been viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance as well as a breach of an implicit contract between employee and employer it was seen as a management problem and framed in economic or quasi economic terms more recent scholarship seeks to understand ab  sent  ee  ism as an indicator of psychological medical or social adjustment to work
in ph  on  ology absolute neutr  alization is a phenomenon in which a segment of the underlying representation of a morph  em  e is not realized in any of its ph  one  tic representations surface forms the term was introduced by paul ki  par  sky 1968 and contrasts with contex  tual neutr  alization which is closer to the traditional form of ph  on  ological neutr  alization for example ch  om  sky hal  le 1968 assume that the underlying representation of the word elli  pse contains a final segment e even though this segment is never pronounced but the assumption of this segment in underlying representation explains the exceptional stress pattern of the word i e that of tr  is  y  ll  ab  ic words instead of that of bis  y  ll  ab  ic words i e ell  í  pse instead of é  l  li  pse the segment e is deleted after the assignment of stress thus the opposition between e and zero the absence of a segment is neutr  alized
absolute pitch ap widely referred to as perfect pitch is a rare aud  itory phenomenon characterized by the ability of a person to identify or re create a given musical note without the benefit of a reference tone ap can be demonstrated via linguistic lab  eling naming a note aud  itory imag  ery or sens  or  im  o  tor responses for example an ap poss  essor can accurately reproduce a heard tone on their musical instrument without hunting for the correct pitch researchers estimate the occurrence of ap to be 1 in 10 000 people generally absolute pitch implies some or all of the following abilities achieved without a reference tone identify by name individual pit  ches e g a g c ♯ played on various instruments name the key of a given piece of t  onal music reproduce a piece of t  onal music in the correct key days after hearing it identify and name all the tones of a given ch  ord or other t  onal mass accurately sing a named pitch name the pit  ches of common everyday sounds such as car horns and alarms people may have absolute pitch along with the ability of relative pitch and relative and absolute pitch work together in actual musical listening and practice but strategies in using each skill vary those with absolute pitch may train their relative pitch but there are no reported cases of an adult obtaining absolute pitch ability through musical training adults who possess relative pitch but do not already have absolute pitch can learn pseudo absolute pitch and become able to identify notes in a way that superfic  ially resembles absolute pitch moreover training pseudo absolute pitch requires considerable motivation time and effort and learning is not retained without constant practice and reinforcement
in mathematics an absolute value is a function which measures the size of elements in a field or integral domain more precisely if d is an integral domain then an absolute value is any mapping x from d to the real numbers r satisfying x ≥ 0 x 0 if and only if x 0 xy x y x y ≤ x y it follows from these ax  i  oms that 1 1 and − 1 1 furthermore for every positive inte  ger n n 1 1 n times − 1 − 1 − n times ≤ n note that some authors use the terms valuation norm or magnitude instead of absolute value however the word norm usually refers to a specific kind of absolute value on a field and which is also applied to other vector spaces the classical absolute value is one in which for example 2 2 but many other functions fulfill the requirements stated above for instance the square root of the classical absolute value but not the square thereof
an absorption edge absorption dis  continuity or absorption limit is a sharp dis  continuity in the absorption spectrum of a substance these dis  continu  ities occur at wa  vel  eng  ths where the energy of an absorbed pho  ton corresponds to an electronic transition or ion  ization potential when the quantum energy of the incident radiation becomes smaller than the work required to e  ject an electr  on from one or other quantum states in the constituent absorbing atom the incident radiation ceases to be absorbed by that state for example incident radiation on an atom of a wa  vel  eng  th that has a corresponding energy just below the binding energy of the k shell electr  on in that atom cannot e  ject the k shell electr  on
in the field of nuclear engineering absorption hard  ening is the increase in average energy of neu  tron  s in a population by preferential absorption of lower energy neu  tron  s this occurs because absorption cross sections typically increase for lower neutr  on energies
abstr  action of transport protocol connectivity is the ability to connect to various components or services through multiple protocols without code change or addition via change to a standard configuration file connectivity abstr  action may be achieved through a service transport protocol implementation
abuse of process is a cause of action in tor  t arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or per  version of regularly issued court process civil or criminal not justified by the underlying legal action it is a common law intentional tor  t it is to be distinguished from malicious prosecution another type of tor  t that involves misuse of the public right of access to the courts the elements of a valid cause of action for abuse of process in most common law jurisdictions are as follows 1 the existence of an ul  terior purpose or motive underlying the use of process and 2 some act in the use of the legal process not proper in the regular prosecution of the proceedings abuse of process can be distinguished from malicious prosecution in that abuse of process typically does not require proof of mal  ice lack of probable cause in pro  curing issuance of the process or a termination favorable to the plainti  ff all of which are essential to a claim of malicious prosecution process as used in this context includes not only the service of process i e an official summons or other notice issued from a court but means any method used to acquire jurisdiction over a person or specific property that is issued under the official seal of a court typically the person who abuses process is interested only in accompl  ishing some improper purpose that is collateral to the proper object of the process and that off  ends justice such as an unjustified arrest or an unfounded criminal prosecution sub  po  en  as to testify attachments of property executions on property gar  n  ishments and other provisional remedies are among the types of process considered to be capable of abuse
abusive head trauma ah  t also known as shaken baby syndrome s  bs is a con  stell  ation of medical findings often referred to as a tri  ad sub  d  ural hem  atom  a re  tin  al bleeding and brain sw  elling which some physicians have used to infer child abuse caused by violent shaking in a majority of cases there is no visible sign of external injury it is a sub  set of the broader form of child abuse the centers for disease control and prevention identifies s  bs as an injury to the skull or in  trac  ran  ial contents of an infant or young child 5 years of age due to inflicted blunt impact and or violent shaking the crown prosecution service for england and wales recommended in 2011 that the term shaken baby syndrome be avoided and the term non accidental head injury na  hi be used instead in 2009 the american academy of pedi  at  rics recommended the use of the term abusive head trauma to replace s  bs s  bs is often fatal and can cause severe brain damage resulting in lifelong disability estimated death rates mortality among infants with s  bs range from 15 to 38 the median is 20 – 25 up to half of deaths related to child abuse are reportedly due to shaken baby syndrome non  fatal consequences of s  bs include varying degrees of visual impairment including blindness motor impairment e g cere  br  al pal  sy and cognitive impair  ments
academic publishing is the sub  field of publishing which distribu  tes academic research and scholarship most academic work is published in academic journal article book or thesis form the part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the internet is often called grey literature most scientific and schol  arly journals and many academic and schol  arly books though not all are based on some form of peer review or editorial ref  ere  eing to qualify texts for publication peer review quality and selectivity standards vary greatly from journal to journal publish  er to publish  er and field to field most established academic disciplines have their own journals and other outlets for publication although many academic journals are somewhat inter  disciplinary and publish work from several distinct fields or sub  fields there is also a tendency for existing journals to divide into specialized sections as the field itself becomes more specialized along with the variation in review and publication procedures the kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions to knowledge or research differ greatly among fields and sub  fields academic publishing is undergoing major changes as it makes the transition from the print to the electronic format business models are different in the electronic environment since the early 1990 s licensing of electronic resources particularly journals has been very common currently an important trend particularly with respect to journals in the sciences is open access via the internet in open access publishing a journal article is made available free for all on the web by the publish  er at the time of publication it is typically made possible after the author pays hundreds or thousands of dollars in publication fees thereby shifting the costs from the reader to the researcher or their f  under the internet has facilitated open access self archiving in which authors themselves make a copy of their published articles available free for all on the web
ac  al  cu  lia not to be confused with dys  cal  cu  lia is an acquired impairment in which patients have difficulty performing simple mathematical tasks such as adding sub  tracting multiplying and even simply stating which of two numbers is larger ac  al  cu  lia is distinguished from dys  cal  cu  lia in that ac  al  cu  lia is acquired late in life due to neuro  logical injury such as stroke while dys  cal  cu  lia is a specific developmental disorder first observed during the acquisition of mathematical knowledge the name comes from the greek a meaning not and latin calcul  are which means to count
ac  al  vari  a is a rare mal  formation consisting of absence of the cal  vari  al bones dur  a mat  er and associated muscles in the presence of a normal skull base and normal facial bones the central nervous system is usually unaffected the presumed patho  genesis of ac  al  vari  a is faulty migration of the memb  ran  ous neuro  cran  ium with normal placement of the embryonic ec  to  der  m resulting in absence of the cal  vari  a but an intact layer of skin over the brain paren  ch  y  ma in other words instead of having a skull cap protecting the brain there is only skin covering it the size of the area that is missing the skull cap can vary from case to case in extreme cases the entire top part of the cran  ium that is dom  e shaped may be absent
ac  anth  am  oe  ba infection is a cu  taneous condition resulting from ac  anth  am  oe  ba that may result in various skin le  sions ac  anth  am  oe  ba strains can also infect human eyes causing ac  anth  am  oe  bic ker  ati  tis
ac  anth  am  oe  ba ker  ati  tis is a rare disease in which am  oe  ba  e invade the cor  ne  a of the eye it may result in permanent visual impairment or blindness
ac  anth  o  che  il  on  emi  asis is a rare tropical infectious disease caused by a parasite known as ac  anth  o  che  il  on  ema per  st  ans it can cause skin r  ashes ab  domin  al and chest pains muscle and joint pains neuro  logical disorders and skin lum  ps it is mainly found in africa the parasite is transmitted through the bite of small flies studies show that there are elevated levels of white blood cells ac  anth  o  che  il  on  emi  asis belongs to a group of par  asi  tic diseases known as fil  arial disease nemato  de all of which are classified as neglected tropical diseases fil  arial disease results when micro  fil  ari  ae which are nemato  de lar  v  ae reach the lymp  h  atic system micro  fil  ari  ae reside in the ser  ous ca  vities of humans they have a five stage life cycle that includes birth to thousands of live micro  fil  ari  ae within the host i e human body and then trans  location via blood meal to the der  mis layer of the skin it is here that micro  fil  ari  ae cause major symptoms which are e  dem  a and thick  ening of the skin and underlying connec  tive tissues it can also cause skin r  ashes ab  domin  al and chest pains muscle my  al  gia and joint pains neuro  logical disorders and skin lum  ps in addition it causes sp  leen and liver enlargement which is called he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y studies show elevated levels of leuk  oc  y  tes or white blood cells which is referred to as e  o  sin  ophi  lia it is mainly found in africa the parasite is transmitted through the bite of small flies a co  li  ro  ides
ac  anth  ol  ysis is the loss of inter  cellular connections such as des  mo  som  es resulting in loss of cohesion between ker  at  in  oc  y  tes seen in diseases such as p  emp  hi  gus vul  gar  is it is absent in bull  ous p  emp  hi  go  id making it useful for differential diagnosis this his  to  logical feature is also seen in her  pes simpl  ex infections h  sv 1 and 2 and var  ic  ella zo  ster infections chicken pox and sh  ing  les
linear d  ari  er disease also known as ac  anth  ol  y  tic dy  sk  er  ato  tic ep  id  er  mal nev  us is a cu  taneous condition identical to the generalized form of d  ari  er s disease ac  anth  ol  y  tic dy  sk  er  ato  tic ep  id  er  mal nev  us is probably the same disorder
an ac  an  thom  a is a skin ne  op  las  m composed of squ  am  ous or ep  id  er  mal cells it is located in the pr  ick  le cell layer types of ac  an  thom  a include pil  ar she  ath ac  an  thom  a a benign fol  lic  ular tumor usually of the upper lip clear cell ac  an  thom  a a benign tumor found most frequently on the legs and de  gos ac  an  thom  a often confused with but unrelated to de  gos disease
ac  an  thom  a fis  sur  at  um also known as gran  ul  oma fis  sur  at  um and spectacle frame ac  an  thom  a is a cu  taneous condition characterized by local thick  ening of the skin in response to pressure caused by an eye  glass frame
ac  anth  osis is diffuse ep  id  er  mal hyper  pl  asia thick  ening of the skin it implies increased thickness of the mal  pi  gh  ian layer strat  um bas  ale and strat  um spin  o  sum
ac  anth  osis ni  gr  ic  ans is a brown to black poorly defined vel  ve  ty hyper  pi  gm  entation of the skin it is usually found in body fol  ds such as the poster  ior and lateral fol  ds of the neck the ar  mp  its gro  in na  vel fore  head and other areas
ac  ari  asis is an inf  est  ation with mit  es
ac  at  al  asia also called ac  at  al  as  emia or tak  a  hara s disease is an auto  som  al rec  essive per  ox  isom  al disorder caused by a complete lack of catal  ase
accelerated idio  ven  tric  ular rhythm is ven  tric  ular rhythm with a rate of between 40 and 120 beats per minute idio  ven  tric  ular means “ relating to or affecting the cardiac ven  tric  le alone “ and refers to any ec  topic ven  tric  ular arr  y  th  mia accelerated idio  ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mi  as are distinguished from ven  tric  ular rhy  th  ms with rates less than 40 ven  tric  ular escape and those faster than 120 ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia though some other references limit to between 60 and 100 beats per minute it is also referred to as ai  v  r and slow ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia it can be present at birth however it is more commonly associated with reper  fusion after my  o  cardi  al injury
accelerated phase chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia is a phase of chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia in which the disease is progressing in this phase 10 to 19 of the cells in the blood and bone marrow are blast cells immature blood cells in the accelerated phase these leuk  emia cells grow quickly
in futures studies and the history of technology accelerating change is a perceived increase in the rate of technological change throughout history which may suggest faster and more profound change in the future and it may or may not be accompanied by equally profound social and cultural change
acceleration in human development process is the phenomenon which has been registered in many populations around the world this applies equally to the growth of certain anthropo  metric parameters and the speed of reaching sexual maturity these facts illustrate the results of secular changes in body height and appearance of the first men  str  uation men  arch  e increases in human stature are a main indicator of improvements in the average health of populations the newest data set for the average height of adult male birth cohor  ts from the mid nineteenth century to 1980 in 15 european countries was studied in the populations listed during a century average height increased by 11 cm representing a dramatic improvement of this phenomenon it is interesting that the apparent acceleration of body height occurred during the ĝ also in the mid nineteenth century young european women s men  arch  e occurred at the average age of 16 5 years one hundred years later this age was reduced to under 12 years increase in adult height of birth cohor  ts cm decade
in the fields of physical security and information security access control ac is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource the act of accessing may mean consuming entering or using permission to access a resource is called authorization locks and log  in credentials are two analogous mechanisms of access control
an access method is a function of a main  frame operating system that enables access to data on disk tape or other external devices they were introduced in 1963 in ibm os 360 operating system access methods provide an application programming interface api for program  mers to transfer data to or from device and could be compared to device drivers in non main  frame operating systems
access to finance is the ability of individuals or enterprises to obtain financial services including credit deposit payment insurance and other risk management services those who involun  tarily have no or only limited access to financial services are referred to as the un  ban  ked or under  ban  ked respectively accumulated evidence has shown that financial access promotes growth for enterprises through the provision of credit to both new and existing businesses it benefits the economy in general by accelerating economic growth intensifying competition as well as boosting demand for labor the incomes of those in the lower end of the income ladder will typically rise hence reducing income inequality and poverty the lack of financial access limits the range of services and credits for household and enterprises poor individuals and small enterprises need to rely on their personal wealth or internal resources to invest in their education and businesses which limits their full potential and leading to the cycle of persistent inequality and diminished growth access to finance varies greatly between countries and ranges from about 5 percent of the adult population in papua new guinea and tanzania to 100 percent in the netherlands for a comprehensive list of estimated measures of access to finance across countries see dem  ir  gü  ç k  unt beck hon  o  han 2008 pp 190 – 191
an accessory aur  ic  le is considered a developmental anomaly resulting from the persistence of a structure which vari  ably recapit  ul  ates the normal external ear
accessory breasts also known as poly  mas  tia super  numer  ary breasts or mam  mae er  rati  ca  e is the condition of having an additional breast extra breasts may appear with or without nip  ples or are  ol  ae it is a condition and a form of at  a  vism which is most prevalent in male humans and often goes untreated as it is mostly harmless in recent years many affected women have had a plastic surgery operation to remove the additional breasts for purely aesthetic reasons a related condition in which extra nip  ples form is called super  numer  ary nip  ple or poly  the  lia
the accessory nail of the fifth toe is a physical trait of the small toe where a min  us  cule sixth to  en  ail is present in the outer corner of the nail situated on the smallest toe it is commonly perceived to be especially prevalent amongst han chinese however this is partially due to legend and is not entirely medic  ally proven
injury to the spinal accessory nerve can cause an accessory nerve disorder or spinal accessory nerve pal  sy which results in diminished or absent function of the ster  no  cle  id  om  ast  o  id muscle and upper portion of the tra  pe  zi  us muscle
accessory pan  cre  as is a small cluster of pan  cre  as cells detached from the pan  cre  as and sometimes found in the wall of the stomach or intest  ines
an accessory sp  leen super  numer  ary sp  leen splen  ule or splen  un  cul  us is a small no  dule of splen  ic tissue found apart from the main body of the sp  leen accessory sp  le  ens are found in approximately 10 percent of the population and are typically around 1 centi  meter in diameter they may resemble a lymp  h no  de or a small sp  leen they form either by the result of developmental anomalies or trauma they are medic  ally significant in that they may result in interpretation errors in diagnostic imaging or continued symptoms after therapeutic splen  ec  tomy
in painting acci  d  ent  alism is the effect produced by accidental lights
in astro  physics acc  re  tion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by grav  it  ationally attracting more matter typically gaseous matter in an acc  re  tion disk most astro  nom  ical objects such as galax  ies stars and planets are formed by acc  re  tion processes
a cry  pto  graphic accumul  ator is a one way membership function it answers a qu  ery as to whether a potential candidate is a member of a set without revealing the individual members of the set one trivial example is how large composite numbers accumulate their prime factors as it s currently impractical to factor a composite number but relatively easy to divide a specific prime into another number to see if it is one of the factors and or to factor it out new members may be added or sub  tracted to the set of factors simply by multiplying or fac  tor  ing out the number respectively more practical accumulators use a quasi comm  ut  ative has  h function where the size number of bits of the accumul  ator does not grow with the number of members the concept was introduced by j ben  al  oh and m de mare in 1993 the concept has received renewed interest recently due to the proposed zer  o  coin add on to bit  coin which employs cry  pto  graphic accumulators to eliminate tr  ack  able linkage in the bit  coin block  chain which would make bit  coin anonymous and un  traceable increasing privacy of transactions
ac  ep  hal  gic migr  aine also called ac  ep  hal  al  gic migr  aine migr  aine a  ura without headache ami  gr  ain  ous migr  aine isolated visual migr  aine and optical migr  aine is a neuro  logical syndrome it is a relatively un  common variant of migr  aine in which the patient may experience a  ura naus  ea pho  top  ho  bia hem  ip  a  res  is and other migr  aine symptoms but does not experience headache it is generally classified as an event fulfilling the conditions of migr  aine with a  ura with no or minimal headache it is sometimes distinguished from visual only migr  aine a  ura without headache also called oc  ular migr  aine
ac  er  ul  op  las  min  emia is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder in which iron gradually accumul  ates in the re  tina bas  al gang  lia and other organs iron accumulation in the brain results in neuro  logical problems that generally appear in adul  thood and worsen over time ac  er  ul  op  las  min  emia has been seen worldwide but its overall prevalence is unknown studies in japan have estimated that approximately 1 in 2 million adults in this population are affected ac  er  ul  op  las  min  emia belongs to the group of genetic disorders called neuro  de  generation with brain iron accumulation n  bia
fractu  res of the ace  tab  ul  um occur when the head of the fem  ur is driven into the pel  vis this is caused either by a blow on the side or by a blow in the front of the knee usually in a d  ash  board injury when the fem  ur also may be fractu  red ace  tab  ul  um in latin means a cup that holds vin  eg  ar collins english dic  tionary it is a cav  ity situated on the outer surface of in  nominate bone in  nominate bone is con  flu  ence of 3 bones the ili  um is  chi  um and pu  bis ace  tab  ul  um and ball of fem  ur form the hip joint fractu  res of the ace  tab  ul  um in young individuals usually occur due to high energy injury like vehic  ular accident or fall from the height while in old individuals who have o  ste  op  or  otic fragile bones can occur due to trivial fall the energy is transferred from the fem  oral head to the ace  tab  ul  um resulting in the frac  ture the type of the frac  ture depends on the position of the limb and the direction of the force causing variety of fractu  res the credit of classifying these fractu  res and giving guidelines for surgical management goes to french surgeons rober  tt ju  det jean ju  det and em  ile let  our  nel who in their landmark paper in 1964 described the column concept of the in  nominate bone mechanism of injury classification and surgical management of these complex injuries according to them the ace  tab  ul  um is situated between two columns of in  nominate bone namely an  terior ili  o pu  bic column and poster  ior ili  o is  ch  ial column they classified these fractu  res into elementary simple two part and associated complex three or more part fractu  res
ace  to  acetic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where ethyl ace  to  acetate is al  k  yl  ated at the α carbon to both carbon  yl groups and then converted into a ke  tone or more specifically an α substituted acet  one this is very similar to mal  onic ester synthesis ace  to  acetic ester synthesis
ac  hal  asia e  ɪ  k  ə  ˈ  le  ɪ  ʒ  ə a chal  asia no relaxation is a failure of smooth muscle fi  bers to relax which can cause a sp  h  inc  ter to remain closed and fail to open when needed without a modi  fier ac  hal  asia usually refers to ac  hal  asia of the es  op  ha  gus which is also called es  op  ha  ge  al ac  hal  asia ac  hal  asia cardi  ae cardi  o  sp  asm and es  op  ha  ge  al aper  ist  al  sis ac  hal  asia can happen at various points along the gastro  intest  inal tract ac  hal  asia of the rec  tum for instance in hir  sch  sp  rung s disease es  op  ha  ge  al ac  hal  asia is an es  op  ha  ge  al mo  ti  lity disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the es  op  ha  gus and the lower es  op  ha  ge  al sp  h  inc  ter les it is characterized by incomplete les relaxation increased les tone and lack of per  ist  al  sis of the es  op  ha  gus inability of smooth muscle to move food down the es  op  ha  gus in the absence of other explanations like cancer or fi  bro  sis ac  hal  asia is characterized by difficulty in sw  allowing reg  urg  itation and sometimes chest pain diagnosis is reached with es  op  ha  ge  al man  ome  try and barium swallow radio  graphic studies various treatments are available although none cures the condition certain medications or bo  to  x may be used in some cases but more permanent relief is brought by es  op  ha  ge  al di  lat  ation and surgical cle  aving of the muscle hel  ler my  o  tomy the most common form is primary ac  hal  asia which has no known underlying cause it is due to the failure of dis  tal es  op  ha  ge  al inhi  bit  ory neurons however a small proportion occurs secondary to other conditions such as es  op  ha  ge  al cancer or cha  gas disease an infectious disease common in south america ac  hal  asia affects about one person in 100 000 per year there is no gender predominance for the occurrence of disease
ach  ard syndrome is a syndrome consisting of ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly rec  eding lower jaw and joint lax  ity limited to the hands and feet hyper  mobility and su  blu  x  ations of the joints increased lateral ex  cur  sion of the pat  ell  as and other findings reflect the increased lig  ament lax  ity it is not clear if it is a distinct entity
ach  ard – thi  ers syndrome combines the features of ad  re  no  genital syndrome and cu  shing syndrome it is also known as diabe  tic bear  ded woman syndrome di  ab  è  te des fem  mes à bar  be the disease is named for em  ile ach  ard and joseph thi  ers
ac  hei  ria ə  ˈ  k  ɪ  ə  ri  ə is the con  genital absence of one or both hands
ac  hei  ro  po  dia ach  p also known as horn kol  b syndrome ac  hei  ro  po  dy and al  ei  j  ad  in  hos brazilian type is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder that results in hem  im  eli  a a lack of formation of the dis  tal extre  mi  ties this is a con  genital defect which consists of bilateral ampu  tations of the dis  tal upper and lower extre  mi  ties as well as ap  la  sia of the hands and feet it was first discovered and is prevalent almost exclusively in brazil
an achilles heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength which can actually or potentially lead to downfall while the myth  ological origin refers to a physical vulnerability idi  om  atic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common
achilles tend  initi  s also achilles ten  o  sy  no  vi  tis or achilles tend  in  opathy is tend  initi  s of the achilles tend  on generally caused by over  use of the affected limb and is more common among athletes training under less than ideal conditions it should not be confused with x  an  thom  a of the tend  on which is the accumulation of cho  le  sterol in patients with famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia
achilles tend  on rupture is when the achilles tend  on breaks the achilles is the most commonly injured tend  on rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration such as pushing off or jumping the male to female ratio for achilles tend  on rupture varies between 7 1 and 4 1 across various studies
ach  lor  hy  dri  a e  ɪ  kl  ɔ  ə  r  ˈ  ha  ɪ  dri  ə or hypo  chlor  hy  dri  a refers to states where the production of hydro  chlor  ic acid in ga  str  ic secre  tions of the stomach and other dig  estive organs is absent or low respectively it is associated with various other medical problems
the ac  ho  lia is the lack or absence of bile secre  tion ac  ho  lia is an un  common trouble of the bi  li  ary function in the liver bile flow dissip  ates
ach  on  dro  genesis is a number of disorders that are the most severe form of con  genital ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia mal  formation of bones and car  til  age these conditions are characterized by a small body short limbs and other sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities as a result of their serious health problems infants with ach  on  dro  genesis are usually born prematurely are still  born or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure some infants however have lived for a while with intensive medical support researchers have described at least three forms of ach  on  dro  genesis designated as ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 a ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 b and ach  on  dro  genesis type 2 these types are distinguished by their signs and symptoms inheritance pattern and genetic cause other types of ach  on  dro  genesis may exist but they have not been characterized or their cause is unknown ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 a is caused by a defect in the micro  tu  bul  es of the gol  gi apparatus in mice a nonsense mutation in the thyro  id hormone recep  tor inter  actor 11 gene trip 11 which en  codes the gol  gi micro  tu  bu  le associated protein 210 gm  ap 210 resulted in defects similar to the human disease when their dna was sequ  enced human patients with ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 a also had loss of function mutations in gm  ap 210 gm  ap 210 moves proteins from the end  op  las  mic re  ticul  um to the gol  gi apparatus because of the defect gm  ap 210 is not able to move the proteins and they remain in the end  op  las  mic re  ticul  um which sw  ells up the loss of gol  gi apparatus function affects some cells such as those responsible for forming bone and car  til  age more than others ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 b is caused by a similar mutation in sl  c 26 a 2 which en  codes a sul  fate transporter
ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 b is a severe auto  som  al rec  essive sk  el  etal disorder invari  able fatal in the per  in  atal period it is characterized by extremely short limbs a narrow chest and a prominent rounded ab  dom  en the fingers and toes are short and the feet may be rot  ated inward affected infants frequently have a soft out pou  ching around the belly button an um  bil  ical her  nia or near the gro  in an ingu  inal her  nia ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 b is a rare genetic disorder its incidence is unknown ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 b is the most severe condition in a spectrum of sk  el  etal disorders caused by mutations in the sl  c 26 a 2 gene this gene provides instructions for making a protein that is essential for the normal development of car  til  age and for its conversion to bone mutations in the sl  c 26 a 2 gene disrupt the structure of developing car  til  age preventing bones from forming properly and resulting in the sk  el  etal problems characteristic of ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 b ach  on  dro  genesis type 1 b is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered most often the parents of an individual with an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder
ach  on  dro  pl  asia is a common cause of dwar  f  ism it occurs as a spor  adic mutation in approximately 80 of cases associated with advanced pater  nal age or it may be inherited as an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder people with ach  on  dro  pl  asia have short stature with an average adult height of 131 centi  meters 52 inches for males and 123 centi  meters 48 inches for females ach  on  dro  plastic adults are known to be as short as 62 8 cm 24 7 in if both parents of a child have ach  on  dro  pl  asia and both parents pass on the mut  ant gene then it is very unlikely that the homo  zy  g  ous child will live past a few months of its life the prevalence is approximately 1 in 25 000
ach  ro  mat  op  sia ach  m also known as total color blindness is a medical syndrome that exhi  bits symptoms relating to at least five conditions the term may refer to acquired conditions such as cere  br  al ach  ro  mat  op  sia also known as color agno  sia but it typically refers to an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital color vision condition the inability to perceive color and to achieve satisfactory visual acu  ity at high light levels typically exter  ior daylight the syndrome is also present in an incomplete form which is more properly defined as dy  schro  mat  op  sia it is estimated to affect 1 in 40 000 live births worldwide there is some discussion as to whether ach  ro  mats can see color or not as illustrated in the island of the color  blind by oliver sacks some ach  ro  mats cannot see color only black white and shades of grey with five different genes currently known to cause similar symptoms it may be that some do see marginal levels of color differentiation due to different gene characteristics with such small sample sizes and low response rates it is difficult to accurately diagnose the typical ach  rom  atic conditions if the light level during testing is optimi  zed for them they may achieve corrected visual acu  ity of 20 100 to 20 150 at lower light levels regardless of the absence of color one common trait is h  emer  al  op  ia or blindness in full sun in patients with ach  ro  mat  op  sia the cone system and fibres carrying color information remain intact this indicates that the mechanism used to construct colors is defective
acid erosion also known as dental erosion is a type of tooth wear it is defined as the irreversible loss of tooth structure due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin dental erosion is the most common chronic disease of children ages 5 – 17 although it is only relatively recently that it has been recognised as a dental health problem there is generally widespread ignorance of the damaging effects of acid erosion this is particularly the case with erosion due to fruit juices because they tend to be seen as healthy erosion is found initially in the en  am  el and if unchecked may proceed to the underlying denti  n the most common cause of erosion is by ac  id  ic foods and drinks in general foods and drinks with a ph below 5 0 – 5 7 have been known to trigger dental erosion effects numerous clinical and laboratory reports link erosion to excessive consumption of drinks those thought to pose a risk are soft drinks some alcohol and fruit drinks fruit juices such as orange juice which contain cit  ric acid and carbon  ated drinks such as col  as in which the carbon  ic acid is not the cause of erosion but cit  ric and phosphor  ic acid additionally wine has been shown to erode teeth with the ph of wine as low as 3 0 – 3 8 other possible sources of ero  sive acids are from exposure to chlorinated swimming pool water and reg  urg  itation of ga  str  ic acids
aci  do  sis is an increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue i e an increased hydrogen ion concentration if not further qualified it usually refers to acidity of the blood plasma aci  do  sis is said to occur when arter  ial ph falls below 7 35 except in the fe  tus see below while its counterpart al  k  alo  sis occurs at a ph over 7 45 arter  ial blood gas analysis and other tests are required to separate the main causes the term aci  dem  ia describes the state of low blood ph while aci  do  sis is used to describe the processes leading to these states nevertheless the terms are sometimes used inter  change  ably the distinction may be relevant where a patient has factors causing both aci  do  sis and al  k  alo  sis where  in the relative severity of both determines whether the result is a high or a low ph the rate of cellular metabol  ic activity affects and at the same time is affected by the ph of the body fluids in mammals the normal ph of arter  ial blood lies between 7 35 and 7 50 depending on the species e g healthy human arter  ial blood ph varies between 7 35 and 7 45 blood ph values compatible with life in mammals are limited to a ph range between 6 8 and 7 8 changes in the ph of arter  ial blood and therefore the ex  trac  ell  ular fluid outside this range result in irreversible cell damage
acid – base imbalance is an ab  normality of the human body s normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma ph to deviate out of the normal range 7 35 to 7 45 in the fe  tus the normal range differs based on which um  bil  ical vessel is sampled um  bil  ical vein ph is normally 7 25 to 7 45 um  bil  ical artery ph is normally 7 18 to 7 38 it can exist in varying levels of severity some life threatening
an acid – base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems these are called acid – base theories for example br  ø  n  sted – low  ry acid – base theory their importance becomes apparent in analy  zing acid – base reactions for gaseous or liquid species or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent the first of these concepts was provided by the french chem  ist an  to  ine la  vo  is  ier around 17  76
ac  in  ar aden  o  carcin  oma is a his  to  logical subtype of g  land forming cancer that is diagnosed when cu  bo  idal and or colum  nar shaped m  align  ant cells in the ne  op  l  astic tissue form ac  ini and tu  bul  es it is a common form of cancer occurring in the lung and pro  state g  land
ac  in  ar cell carcin  oma of the pan  cre  as also ac  in  ar cell carcin  oma is a rare m  align  ant exo  cr  ine tum  our of the pan  cre  as it represents 5 of all exo  cr  ine tum  ours of the pan  cre  as making it the second most common type of pan  cre  atic cancer it is abbreviated acc it typically has a guarded prog  no  sis
ac  in  ic cell carcin  oma is a m  align  ant tumor representing 2 of all sali  vary tumors 90 of the time found in the par  o  ti  d g  land 10 intra  orally on buc  cal mu  co  sa or pal  ate the disease presents as a slow growing mass associated with pain or tender  ness in 50 of the cases often appears pseu  do  en  capsul  ated
ack  erman syndrome is a famili  al syndrome of f  used mol  ar roots with a single canal tau  ro  don  tism hypo  tric  ho  sis full upper lip without a cup  id ’ s bow thick  ened and wide phil  tr  um and occasional juvenile gl  au  coma it was described by james l ack  erman a leon ack  erman and a bernard ack  erman it can also refer to inter  sti  tial gran  ul  om  at  ous der  mati  tis
ac  ne a  esti  val  is also known as mall  or  ca ac  ne is a special form of poly  morph  ous light eruption it is a mon  om  orph  ous eruption consisting of multiple uniform red pap  ular le  sions reported to occur after sun exposure
ac  ne con  glob  ata is a highly infl  am  matory disease presenting with com  ed  ones no  d  ules abs  c  esses and draining sin  us tracts this condition generally begins between the ages of 18 and 30 it usually persists for a very long time and often until the patient is around 40 years old although it often occurs where there is already an active ac  ne problem it can also happen to people whose ac  ne has subsid  ed although the cause of this type of ac  ne is unknown it is associated with te  sto  ster  one and thus appears mainly in men it can be caused by an  abol  ic ster  o  id abuse and sometimes appears in men after stopping te  sto  ster  one therapy it can also happen to someone who has a tum  our that is releasing large amounts of and  rog  ens or to people in remission from auto  immune diseases such as leuk  emia in certain persons the condition may be triggered by exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons or ing  estion of hal  ogens
the term ac  ne cosme  tica refers to ac  ne caused by or aggravated by cosmetics the mechanism was presumably a chemically induced plu  gging of the pilo  se  bac  eous ori  fice this became a significant problem for der  mato  logists in the 1970 s and 1980 s but with the improved formulations produced by cosmetic chem  ists over the past thirty years a diagnosis of ac  ne cosme  tica has become relatively rare daily der  mat  ological practice the terms non come  do  genic and non ac  ne i genic appeared on mois  tur  iz  ers and other cosmetic compounds as manufacturers introduced re formulations sometimes associated with claims that the products were oil free or water based although early work produced lists of come  do  genic chemicals in various strengths and vehicles it became apparent that one could not predict the actual come  do  gen  icity of a product from its contents rather the finished product itself needed use testing the production of a low grade fol  lic  u  li  tis by some components of cosmetic products has led to mis  diagnosis on occasion people may not attribute their reactions to their cosmetics at first but may notice worsening symptoms after using certain face makeup sun  block or lip products reactions occur more commonly if applied cosmetics are let to sit and are not stripped after use
ac  ne ful  min  ans also known as acute fe  bri  le ul  cer  ative ac  ne is a severe form of the skin disease ac  ne which can occur after unsuccessful treatment for another form of ac  ne ac  ne con  glob  ata the condition is thought to be an immun  o  logically induced disease in which elevated level of te  sto  ster  one causes a rise in se  bum and population of pro  pi  oni  bacter  ium ac  nes bacteria the increase in the amount of p ac  nes or related antigens may trigger the immun  o  logic reaction in some individuals and lead to an occurrence of ac  ne ful  min  ans in addition to te  sto  ster  one iso  tre  tin  o  in may also precipitate ac  ne ful  min  ans possibly related to highly increased levels of p ac  nes antigens in the patient s immune system ac  ne ful  min  ans is a rare disease over the past several years fewer cases of this disease have occurred possibly because of earlier and better treatment of ac  ne approximately 100 patients with ac  ne ful  min  ans have been described
ac  ne kel  o  id  alis nuc  ha  e also known as ac  ne kel  o  id  alis der  mati  tis pap  il  lar  is cap  il  liti  i fol  lic  u  li  tis kel  o  id  alis fol  lic  u  li  tis kel  o  idis nuc  ha  e and nu  ch  al kel  o  id ac  ne is a destructive scar  ring fol  lic  u  li  tis that occurs almost exclusively on the oc  ci  p  ital scal  p of people of african descent primarily men this is mainly because men often cut their hair very low as opposed to women allowing the hair to prick the oc  ci  p  ital scal  p and upset it ac  ne kel  o  id  alis nuc  ha  e most commonly presents itself in individuals aged 13 to 25 the disease is closely related to pseu  do  fol  lic  u  li  tis bar  ba  e and both occur frequently in black men in the military where it is so common that services often have widely known protocols for management
ac  ne mechan  ica is an ac  nei  form eruption that has been observed after repeti  tive physical trauma to the skin such as rub  bing occurring from clothing belts and str  aps or sports equipment football helmets and shoulder p  ads
ac  ne medic  am  ent  osa commonly referred to as drug induced ac  ne is ac  ne that is caused or aggravated by medication because ac  ne is generally a disorder of the pilo  se  bac  eous units caused by hormones the medications that trigger ac  ne medic  am  ent  osa most frequently are hormone analo  gues it is also often caused by cor  ti  co  ster  oids in this case it is referred to as ster  o  id ac  ne although the mascul  ini  zing hormone te  sto  ster  one is most often blamed and although men with ac  ne secondary to body  building hormones are seen from time to time the major hormonal medications that causes ac  ne are the prog  esti  n analo  gues present in hormonal contraception other medications can produce ac  nei  form erup  tions usually p  imply bu  mps and pu  st  ules that look like ac  ne some conditions mim  ic ac  ne medic  am  ent  osa the most common mim  ic is fol  lic  u  li  tis produced by an over  growth of the mal  as  se  zia species often secondary to oral or systemic cor  ti  co  ster  oids or secondary to broad spectrum antibiotics such as the te  trac  ycl  ine family used in ac  ne this is often misinterpreted as te  trac  ycl  ine resistant ac  ne
ac  ne mili  aris necro  tica also known as ac  ne vari  oli  form  is consists of fol  lic  ular ve  si  co  pu  st  ules sometimes occurring as solitary le  sions that are usually very it  chy
ac  ne vul  gar  is or simply ac  ne is a long term skin disease that occurs when hair fol  lic  les become clo  gged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin ac  ne is characterized by areas of black  heads white  heads p  impl  es and gre  asy skin and may result in scar  ring the resulting appearance can lead to anxiety reduced self esteem and in extreme cases depression or thoughts of suicide genetics is thought to be the cause in 80 of cases the role of diet and cigarette smoking is unclear and neither clean  liness nor sunlight appear to be involved ac  ne primarily affects skin with a greater number of oil g  lands including the face upper part of the chest and back during pu  ber  ty in both sexes ac  ne is often brought on by an increase in and  rog  ens such as te  sto  ster  one excessive growth of the bacteria pro  pi  oni  bacter  ium ac  nes which is normally present on the skin is often involved many treatment options are available to improve the appearance of ac  ne including lifestyle changes procedures and medications eating fewer simple carbo  hydr  ates like sugar may help topical az  el  a  ic acid benzo  yl per  oxide and sal  ic  yl  ic acid are commonly used treatments antibiotics and re  tin  oids are available in both topical and oral formulations to treat ac  ne however resistance to antibiotics may develop a number of birth control pills may be useful for preventing ac  ne in women oral iso  tre  tin  o  in is usually reserved for severe ac  ne due to greater potential side effects early and aggressive treatment is advocated by some to lessen the overall long term impact to individuals in 2013 ac  ne was estimated to affect 660 million people globally making it the 8 th most common disease worldwide ac  ne occurs most commonly during adoles  cence affecting an estimated 80 – 90 of teenagers in the western world lower rates are reported in some rural societies people may also be affected before and after pu  ber  ty though it becomes less common in adul  thood than in adoles  cence nearly half of people in their tw  en  ties and thir  ties continue to have ac  ne about 4 continue to have difficulties into their for  ties
ac  ne with facial e  dem  a also known as solid facial e  dem  a occurs un  commonly and is associated with a peculiar infl  am  matory e  dem  a of the mid third of the face
ac  nei  form eruption refers to a group of der  mato  ses including ac  ne vul  gar  is ro  sac  ea fol  lic  u  li  tis and peri  oral der  mati  tis restated ac  nei  form erup  tions are fol  lic  ular erup  tions characterized by pap  ules and pu  st  ules resembling ac  ne the term ac  nei  form literally refers to an appearance similar to ac  ne the terminology used in this field can be complex and occasionally contradictory some sources consider ac  ne vul  gar  is part of the differential diagnosis for an ac  nei  form eruption other sources classified ac  ne vul  gar  is under ac  nei  form eruption mesh explicitly excludes peri  oral der  mati  tis from the category of ac  nei  form erup  tions though it does group ac  nei  form erup  tions and peri  oral der  mati  tis together under facial der  mato  ses
acous  tic dispersion is the phenomenon of a sound wave separating into its component frequencies as it passes through a material the phase velocity of the sound wave is viewed as a function of frequency hence separation of component frequencies is measured by the rate of change in phase vel  o  cities as the radi  ated waves pass through a given medium
acous  tic emission ae is the phenomenon of radiation of acous  tic elastic waves in soli  ds that occurs when a material under  goes irreversible changes in its internal structure for example as a result of crack formation or plastic de  formation due to aging temperature gr  adi  ents or external mechanical forces in particular ae is occurring during the processes of mechanical loading of materials and structures accompanied by structural changes that generate local sources of elastic waves this results in small surface dis  placements of a material produced by elastic or stress waves generated when the accumulated elastic energy in a material or on its surface is released rapidly the waves generated by sources of ae are of practical interest in the field of structural health monitoring sh  m quality control system feedback process monitoring and others in sh  m applications ae is typically used to detect locate and characterise damage
acous  tic param  ag  ne  tic resonance ap  r is a phenomenon of reson  ant absorption of sound by a system of magnetic particles placed in an external magnetic field it occurs when the energy of the sound wave quantum becomes equal to the splitting of the energy levels of the particles the splitting being induced by the magnetic field ap  r is a variation of electr  on param  ag  ne  tic resonance ep  r where the acous  tic rather than electromagnetic waves are absorbed by the studied sample ap  r was theoretically predicted in 1952 independently by semen alt  sh  ul  er and alfred k  ast  ler and was experim  entally observed by w g proc  tor and w h tant  tila in 1955
acous  tic ph  one  tics is a sub  field of ph  one  tics which deals with acous  tic aspects of speech sounds acous  tic ph  one  tics investig  ates properties like the mean squ  ared am  pl  itude of a wa  ve  form its duration its fundamental frequency or other properties of its frequency spectrum and the relationship of these properties to other branches of ph  one  tics e g artic  ul  atory or aud  itory ph  one  tics and to abstract linguistic concepts like phones phrases or ut  ter  ances the study of acous  tic ph  one  tics was greatly enhanced in the late 19 th century by the invention of the e  dison phono  graph the phono  graph allowed the speech signal to be recorded and then later processed and analyzed by re  playing the same speech signal from the phono  graph several times filtering it each time with a different band pass filter a spec  tro  gram of the speech ut  ter  ance could be built up a series of papers by lu  di  mar her  mann published in p  fl  ü  gers archi  v in the last two decades of the 19 th century investigated the spectr  al properties of vo  wels and cons  on  ants using the e  dison phono  graph and it was in these papers that the term form  ant was first introduced her  mann also played back vo  wel recordings made with the e  dison phono  graph at different speeds to distinguish between will  is and whe  at  stone s theories of vo  wel production further advances in acous  tic ph  one  tics were made possible by the development of the telephone industry incidentally alexander graham bell s father alexander mel  ville bell was a ph  one  tic  ian during world war ii work at the bell telephone laboratories which invented the spec  tro  graph greatly facilitated the systematic study of the spectr  al properties of periodic and ap  eri  od  ic speech sounds vocal tract reson  ances and vo  wel form  ants voice quality pro  so  dy etc on a theoretical level speech acoustics can be model  ed in a way analogous to electrical circuits lord ray  le  igh was among the first to recognize that the new electric theory could be used in acoustics but it was not until 1941 that the circuit model was effectively used in a book by chi  ba and ka  ji  y  ama called the vo  wel its nature and structure this book by japanese authors working in japan was published in english at the height of world war ii in 1952 roman jak  ob  son gun  nar f  ant and morris hal  le wrote prelimin  aries to speech analysis a sem  inal work tying acous  tic ph  one  tics and ph  on  ological theory together this little book was followed in 1960 by f  ant acous  tic theory of speech production which has remained the major theoretical foundation for speech acous  tic research in both the academy and industry f  ant was himself very involved in the telephone industry other important fr  am  ers of the field include kenneth n stevens o  sam  u fujim  ura and peter lad  e  fo  ged
acous  tic radiation pressure is the apparent pressure difference between the average pressure at a surface moving with the displacement of the wave propagation the lag  ran  gian pressure and the pressure that would have existed in the fluid of the same mean density when at rest numerous authors make a distinction between the phenomena of ray  le  igh radiation pressure and lang  ev  in radiation pressure
acous  tic resonance is a phenomenon that consists of a given acous  tic system amp  lif  ying a sound whose frequency matches one of its own natural frequencies of vibration its resonance frequencies the term acous  tic resonance is sometimes used to narrow mechanical resonance to the frequency range of human hearing but since acoustics is defined in general terms concerning vibr  ational waves in matter acous  tic resonance can occur at frequencies outside the range of human hearing an acous  tically reson  ant object usually has more than one resonance frequency especially at harmon  ics of the strongest resonance it will easily vibr  ate at those frequencies and vibr  ate less strongly at other frequencies it will pick out its resonance frequency from a complex exc  itation such as an impulse or a wi  deb  and noise exc  itation in effect it is filtering out all frequencies other than its resonance acous  tic resonance is an important consideration for instrument builders as most acous  tic instruments use reson  ators such as the strings and body of a viol  in the length of tube in a flu  te and the shape of a drum memb  rane acous  tic resonance is also important for hearing for example resonance of a stiff structural element called the basi  l  ar memb  rane within the co  ch  lea of the inner ear allows hair cells on the memb  rane to detect sound for mammals the memb  rane has tap  ering reson  ances across its length so that high frequencies are concentrated on one end and low frequencies on the other like mechanical resonance acous  tic resonance can result in catastrophic failure of the vibr  ator the classic example of this is breaking a wine glass with sound at the precise reson  ant frequency of the glass although this is difficult in practice
acous  tic shock is the symptoms a person may experience after hearing an unexpected loud sound the loud sound called an acous  tic incident can be caused by feedback osci  ll  ation fax tones or signalling tones telem  ar  ke  ters and call centre employees are thought to be most at risk
acous  to electric effect is a non  linear phenomenon of generation of electric current in a pie  zo electric semiconductor by a propagating acous  tic wave the generated electric current is proportional to the intensity of the acous  tic wave and to the value of its electr  on induced atten  uation the effect was theoretically predicted in 1953 by par  m  enter its first experimental observation was reported in 1957 by we  in  reich and white
acquired c 1 est  erase inhi  bit  or deficiency also known as acquired an  gi  oe  dem  a presents with symptoms in  distingu  ishable from hereditary an  gi  oe  dem  a but generally with onset after the fourth decade of life c 4 levels are low and c 3 levels are normal
acquired brain injury ab  i is brain damage caused by events after birth rather than as part of a genetic or con  genital disorder such as fe  tal alcohol syndrome per  in  atal illness or per  in  atal hypo  x  ia ab  i can result in cognitive physical emotional or behavi  our  al impair  ments that lead to permanent or temporary changes in functioning these impair  ments result from either traumatic brain injury e g physical trauma due to accidents assaults neuro  surgery head injury etc or non  traumatic injury derived from either an internal or external source e g stroke brain tum  ours infection poisoning hypo  x  ia is  chem  ia encephalopathy or substance abuse ab  i does not include damage to the brain resulting from neuro  degenerative disorders while research has demonstrated that thinking and behavior may be altered in virtually all forms of ab  i brain injury is itself a very complex phenomenon having dramatically varied effects no two persons can expect the same outcome or resulting difficulties the brain controls every part of human life physical intellectual behavioral social and emotional when the brain is damaged some part of a person s life will be adversely affected consequences of ab  i often require a major life adjustment around the person s new circumstances and making that adjustment is a critical factor in recovery and rehabilitation while the outcome of a given injury depends largely upon the nature and severity of the injury itself appropriate treatment plays a vital role in determining the level of recovery
acquired c  ys  tic kidney disease associated ren  al cell carcin  oma is rare subtype of ren  al cell carcin  oma
an acquired disorder is a medical condition which develops post fet  ally in contrast with a con  genital disorder which is present at birth a con  genital disorder may be an  tec  ed  ent to an acquired disorder such as eisen  m  enger s syndrome the term acquired may also be used to describe permanent or temporary modifications or devices such as a sh  unt which have been placed or created by a medical professional during palli  ation or treatment of a medical condition
acquired generalized li  po  dy  stro  phy also known as lawrence syndrome and lawrence – se  ip syndrome is a rare skin condition that appears during childhood or adoles  cence characterized by fat loss affecting large areas of the body particularly the face arms and legs
acquired hem  ol  y  tic an  emia can be divided into immune and non immune medi  ated forms of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia
acquired idi  opathic generalized an  hi  dro  sis ai  ga is characterized by generalized absence of swe  ating without other autonom  ic and neuro  logic dysfunction ai  ga is classified into 3 sub  groups idi  opathic pure su  dom  o  tor failure ip  sf sweat g  land failure sg  f and su  dom  o  tor neuro  pa  thy with each sub  group presenting a different patho  genesis
acquired non infl  am  matory my  opathy an  im is a neuro  logical disorder primarily affecting sk  el  etal muscle most commonly in the limbs of humans resulting in a weakness or dysfunction in the muscle a my  opathy refers to a problem or ab  normality with the my  o  fi  bri  ls which com  pose muscle tissue in general non infl  am  matory my  opath  ies are a grouping of muscular diseases not induced by an auto  immune medi  ated infl  am  matory path  way these muscular diseases usually arise from a path  ology within the muscle tissue itself rather than the nerves in  nerv  ating that tissue an  im has a wide spectrum of causes which include drugs and toxins nutritional imbalances acquired metabol  ic dys  functions such as an acquired defect in protein structure and infections acquired non infl  am  matory my  opathy is a different diagnosis than infl  am  matory my  opathy infl  am  matory my  opath  ies are a direct result of some type of auto  immune medi  ated path  way whereas an  im is not the result of a dysfunction of the immune system in addition the cause of infl  am  matory my  opathy is relatively unknown whereas many causal agents for an  im have been discovered which typically affect the structural integrity and function of the muscle fi  bers most my  opath  ies are typically first diagnosed and classified as an idi  opathic infl  am  matory my  opathy however a diagnosis of an  im occurs when the cause of the my  opathy is found to not arise from an auto  immune mechanism
acquired progressive lymp  han  gi  oma also known as benign lymp  han  gi  o  endo  the  li  oma is a group of lymp  han  gi  om  as that occur anywhere in young individuals grow slowly and present as bru  ise like le  sions or er  y  them  at  ous mac  ules
ac  ral l  enti  gin  ous mel  anom  a is a kind of l  enti  gin  ous skin mel  anom  a mel  anom  a is a potentially serious skin cancer that arises from pig  ment cells mel  an  oc  y  tes although ac  ral l  enti  gin  ous mel  anom  a is rare in cauca  sians and people with lighter skin types it is the most common subtype in people with darker skins ac  ral l  enti  gin  ous mel  anom  a is observed on the pal  ms sol  es under the nails and in the oral mu  co  sa it occurs on non hair bearing surfaces of the body which may or may not be exposed to sunlight it is also found on mu  co  us memb  ran  es it is the most common form of mel  anom  a diagnosed amongst asian and sub saharan african ethnic groups the average age at diagnosis is between sixty and seventy years
ac  ral necro  sis is a symptom common in bu  bon  ic plague the striking black dis  color  ation of skin and tissue primarily on the extre  mi  ties ac  ral is commonly thought to have given rise to the name black death associated both with the disease and the pandemic which occurred in the 14 th century the term in fact came from the fig  ural sense of black that is gha  stly lu  gu  bri  ous or dreadful clo  tting and bleeding beneath the skin cause an area of hemorrha  ge the presence of red blood cells lying outside of cap  il  lar  ies into the skin and sub  cu  taneous tissue in isolation this is called an ec  ch  y  mo  sis or bru  ise and may be the result of injury or illness however ac  ral necro  sis occurs when blood supply is disrupted for prolonged periods black  ening and damaging the affected area and surrounding tissue with appropriate medical treatment areas with ac  ral necro  sis may be successfully restored to function and lead a normal life untreated cases can lead to death
an ac  ral nev  us also known as a mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us of ac  ral skin and mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us with intra  ep  id  er  mal as  cent of cells mani  acs is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a skin le  sion that is usually mac  ular or only slightly elevated and may display uniform brown or dark brown color but often with linear stri  ations
ac  ral persistent pap  ular m  uc  in  osis is a skin condition caused by fi  bro  bl  asts producing abnormally large amounts of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des characterized by bilaterally symmetr  ical flesh colored pap  ules loc  alized to the hands and w  rists
ac  ran  ia is a rare con  genital disorder that occurs in the human fe  tus in which the flat bones in the cran  ial vault are either completely or partially absent the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es develop completely but abnormally the condition is frequently though not always associated with an  encephal  y the fe  tus is said to suffer from ac  ran  ia if it meets the following criteria the fe  tus should have a perfectly normal facial bone a normal cer  vic  al column but without the fe  tal skull and a volume of brain tissue equivalent to at least one third of the normal brain size
acro  an  gi  o  der  mati  tis of mali also known as mali acro  an  gi  o  der  mati  tis and pseudo ka  posi s sar  coma is a rare cu  taneous condition often characterized by pur  pl  ish blue to brown pap  ules and pl  aqu  es on the medi  al and lateral mal  le  ol  us of both legs acro  an  gi  o  der  mati  tis is a rare skin condition characterised by hyper  pl  asia of pre existing vas  cul  ature due to ven  ous hyper  tension from severe chronic ven  ous st  asis it is associated with ampu  tees ha  emo  dial  ysis hd patients with arter  io  ven  ous av sh  unts and patients with paralysed legs hepatitis c chronic ven  ous in  sufficiency or av mal  formations av  m patients present with it  chy painful con  flu  ent viol  ac  eous or brown black mac  ules pap  ules or pl  aqu  es usually at the dis  tal lower limbs there may be ul  cer  ation and bleeding the his  to  logic features are cap  ill  ary proliferation and peri  vascular infl  amm  ation involving e  o  sin  oph  ils in the der  mis with minimal ep  id  er  mal changes management includes compression therapy wound care and surgical correction of av  m dap  s  one combined with leg elev  ation and compression and er  y  thro  my  cin for hd patients with av f  ist  ul  as have also been reported the le  sions may persist for years with complications like ul  cer  ation bleeding and infection
acro  cal  los  al syndrome also known as ac  ls is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive syndrome characterized by corpus cal  lo  sum agen  esis poly  d  ac  ty  ly multiple dys  morph  ic features motor and mental retar  dation and other symptoms the syndrome was first described by albert sch  in  zel in 1979 it is associated with gli 3
acro  cephal  o  syn  d  ac  ty  lia or acro  cephal  o  syn  d  ac  ty  ly is the common presentation of cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis and syn  d  ac  ty  ly
an acro  ch  ord  on plural acro  ch  ord  a also known as a skin tag or fi  bro  epi  the  li  al poly  p is a small benign tumor that forms primarily in areas where the skin forms cre  ases such as the neck ar  mp  it and gro  in they may also occur on the face usually on the eye  li  ds acro  ch  ord  a are harmless are typically pain  less and usually do not grow or change over time though tags up to a half inch long have been seen they are typically the size of a grain of rice the surface of an acro  ch  ord  on may be smooth or irregular in appearance and is often raised from the surface of the skin on a fles  hy stal  k called a ped  uncle micro  sco  p  ically an acro  ch  ord  on consists of a fi  bro vascular core sometimes also with fat cells covered by an un  remarkable ep  id  er  mis however tags may become irritated by sha  ving clothing je  well  ery or ecz  ema it is believed that skin tags occur from skin rub  bing up against skin since they are so often found in skin cre  ases and fol  ds studies have shown existence of low risk h  p  v 6 and 11 in skin tags hin  ting at a possible role in its patho  genesis acro  ch  ord  a have been reported to have a prevalence of 46 in the general population a causal genetic component is thought to exist they also are more common in women than in men rarely they can be associated with the bir  t – ho  gg – du  b  é syndrome acro  me  gal  y and poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome skin tags may serve as a marker for those people whose carbo  hydrate metabol  ism is impaired and for those who may be at risk for diabetes mell  it  us type 2 although such a link has not been shown elevated blood sugar and insulin increase the incidence of skin tags through an unknown mechanism
acro  cyan  osis is persistent blue or cyan  otic dis  color  ation of the extre  mi  ties most commonly occurring in the hands although it also occurs in the feet and dis  tal parts of face although described over 100 years ago and not un  common in practice the nature of this phenomenon is still uncertain the very term acro  cyan  osis is often applied in  appropriately in cases when blue dis  color  ation of the hands feet or parts of the face is noted the principal primary form of acro  cyan  osis is that of a benign cosmetic condition sometimes caused by a relatively benign neuro  hormonal disorder regardless of its cause the benign form typically does not require medical treatment a medical emergency would ensue if the extre  mi  ties experience prolonged periods of exposure to the cold particularly in children and patients with poor general health however fro  st  bite differs from acro  cyan  osis because pain via thermal no  cic  ep  tors often accompanies the former condition while the latter is very rarely associated with pain there are also a number of other conditions that affect hands feet and parts of the face with associated skin color changes that need to be differentiated from acro  cyan  osis ray  n  aud ’ s phenomenon per  nio ac  r  or  y  go  sis er  y  thro  mel  al  gia blue finger syndrome the diagnosis may be challenging in some cases especially when these syndro  mes co exist acro  cyan  osis may be a sign of a more serious medical problem such as connec  tive tissue diseases and diseases associated with central cyan  osis other caus  ative conditions include infections tox  ic  ities anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome cry  o  glob  ul  in  emia ne  op  las  ms in these cases the observed cu  taneous changes are known as secondary acro  cyan  osis they may have a less sym  metric distribution and may be associated with pain and tissue loss
acro  der  mati  tis ac · ro · der · ma · ti · tis is a childhood form of der  mati  tis selectively affecting the hands and feet and may be accompanied by mild symptoms of fever and malaise it may also be associated with hepatitis b and other viral infections it is a diffuse chronic skin disease usually confined to the limbs seen mainly in women in northern central and eastern europe and characterized initially by an er  y  them  at  ous oe  dem  at  ous pr  uri  tic phase followed by sclerosis and atro  phy it is caused by infection with bor  reli  a burg  dor  fer  i
acro  der  mati  tis ch  ron  ica atro  ph  ic  ans aca also known as her  x  he  imer disease and primary diffuse atro  phy is a skin rash indicative of the third or late stage of european ly  me bor  reli  osis aca is a der  mat  ological condition that takes a chronically progressive course and finally leads to a widespread atro  phy of the skin involvement of the peripheral nervous system is often observed specifically pol  yn  euro  pa  thy this progressive skin process is due to the effect of continuing active infection with the spi  ro  che  te bor  reli  a af  z  eli  i which is the predominant path  op  hy  si  ology b af  z  eli  i may not be the exclusive eti  o  logic agent of aca bor  reli  a gar  ini  i has also been detected
acro  der  mati  tis enter  opath  ica is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder affecting the uptake of zinc characterized by peri  ori  fic  ial around the natural ori  fic  es and ac  ral in the limbs der  mati  tis al  op  ec  ia loss of hair and diarr  hea similar features may be present in acquired zinc deficiency this disease also is related to deficiency of zinc due to con  genital causes other names for acro  der  mati  tis enter  opath  ica include brand  t syndrome dan  bolt – clo  ss syndrome con  genital zinc deficiency
acro  dy  nia is a condition of pain and dus  ky pink dis  color  ation in the hands and feet most often seen in children chronically exposed to heavy metals especially mercury the word acro  dy  nia is derived from the greek where ακ  ρο  ς means high as in in an extre  mity and οδ  υν  η means pain as such it might be errone  ously used to indicate that a patient has pain in the hands or feet however acro  dy  nia is a disease rather than a symptom the condition is known by a large number of other names including pink disease hydr  arg  y  ria mercur  i  alism er  y  thre  dem  a er  y  thre  dem  a pol  yn  euro  pa  thy bil  der  beck s sel  ter s swift s and swift fe  er disease
acro  dy  so  sto  sis also known as ark  less graham syndrome or mar  o  te  aux mal  am  ut syndrome is a rare con  genital mal  formation syndrome which involves shortening of the inter  p  hal  ange  al joints of the hands and feet intellectual disability in approximately 90 of affected children and peculiar fac  ies other common ab  norm  alities include short head as measured front to back small broad up  turned nose with flat nas  al bridge pro  tru  ding jaw increased bone age in  trau  ter  ine growth retar  dation juvenile ar  thri  tis and short stature further ab  norm  alities of the skin gen  itals teeth and skelet  on may occur most reported cases have been spor  adic but it has been suggested that the condition might be genetically related i e in an auto  som  al dominant mode of transmission both males and females are affected the disorder has been associated with the older age of parents at the time of conception a pr  kar 1 a mutation has been identified in acro  dy  so  sto  sis with hormone resistance
acro  geria also known as got  tr  on s syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by premature aging more especially in the form of unusually fragile thin skin on the hands and feet dis  tal extre  mi  ties the pre  fix ac  ro stems from the greek ak  ros which allu  des to extre  mity tip while the suff  ix geria comes from the greek ger  ô  n which means elder this is one of the classic con  genital premature aging syndro  mes occurring early in life among which are p  ang  er  ia wer  ner s syndrome pro  geria hut  chin  son – gil  ford s syndrome and acro  geria got  tr  on s syndrome and was characterized in 1940 onset is in early childhood it progres  ses over the next few years and then remains stable over time with mor  pho  logy colour and site remaining constant a bru  ising tendency has been observed it is believed that got  tr  on syndrome may affect more females than males approximately forty cases have been reported in the medical literature since the discovery of the disorder
acro  ker  ato  el  ast  o  ido  sis of costa also known as ker  ato  el  ast  o  ido  sis margin  alis is a famili  al condition characterized by multiple ker  ato  tic pap  ules on the dor  sum of the hands and feet pal  ms sol  es in which electr  on micro  sco  py shows r  ari  fied abnormal elastic tissue it was characterized in 1953 treatments such as liquid nitrogen sal  ic  yl  ic acid tre  tin  o  in and pred  nis  one have been tried though with limited success
acro  ker  at  osis ver  ru  ci  form  is also known as acro  ker  at  osis ver  ru  ci  form  is of hop  f is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder appearing at birth or in early childhood characterized by skin le  sions that are small ver  ru  co  us flat pap  ules resembling war  ts along with pal  mop  lan  tar pun  ct  ate ker  ato  ses and pits however spor  adic forms whose less than 10 cases have been reported presents at a later age usually after the first decade and generally lack pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  ses whether acro  ker  at  osis ver  ru  ci  form  is and d  ari  er disease are related or distinct entities has been controversial like d  ari  er s disease it is associated with defects in the at  p 2 a 2 gene however the specific mutations found in the at  p 2 a 2 gene in acro  ker  at  osis ver  ru  ci  form  is have never been found in d  ari  er s disease
acro  me  gal  y is a condition that results from excess growth hormone gh after the growth plates have closed the initial symptom is typically enlargement of the hands and feet there may also be enlargement of the fore  head jaw and nose other symptoms may include joint pain thick  er skin deepening of the voice headaches and problems with vision complications of the disease may include type 2 diabetes sleep ap  ne  a and high blood pressure acro  me  gal  y is typically due to the pit  u  itary g  land producing too much growth hormone in more than 95 of people the excess production is due to a benign tumor known as a pit  u  itary aden  oma the condition is not inherited from a person s parents rarely acro  meg  ally is due to tumors in other parts of the body diagnosis is by measuring growth hormone after a person has drunk glucose or measuring insulin like growth factor i in the blood after diagnosis medical imaging of the pit  u  itary is carried out to look for an aden  oma if excess growth hormone is produced during childhood the result is gig  anti  sm treatment option include surgery to remove the tumor medications and radiation therapy surgery is usually the preferred treatment and is most effective when the tumor is smaller in those in whom surgery is not effective medications of the som  ato  stati  n analogue or gh recep  tor antagon  ist type may be used the effects of radiation therapy are more gradual than that of surgery or medication without treatment those affected live on average 10 years less however with treatment life expectancy is typically normal acro  me  gal  y affects about 6 per 100 000 people it is most commonly diagnosed in middle age males and females are affected equally frequently the first medical description of the disorder occurred in 17  72 by nicolas sau  cer  otte the term is from greek ἄ  κ  ρο  ν ak  ron meaning extre  mity and μέ  γ  α mega meaning large
acro  mes  om  el  ic dys  pl  asia is a rare sk  el  etal disorder that causes abnormal bone and car  til  age development leading to shortening of the fore  arms lower legs hands feet fingers and toes five different genetic mutations have been implicated treatment is individu  alized but is generally aimed at palli  ating symptoms for example treatment of ky  pho  sis and lum  bar hyper  lor  do  sis
acro  o  ste  ol  ysis is resor  ption of the dis  tal bon  y p  hal  anges acro  o  ste  ol  ysis has two patterns of resor  ption in adults diffuse and band  like the diffuse pattern of resor  ption has a widely diverse differential diagnosis which includes py  kno  dy  so  sto  sis coll  agen vascular disease and vas  cu  li  tis ray  n  aud s neuro  pa  thy trauma ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a ps  ori  asis fro  st  bite sar  co  ido  sis hyper  troph  ic o  ste  o  ar  thro  pa  thy acro  me  gal  y and advanced leprosy the band  like pattern of resor  ption may be seen with poly  vinyl chloride exposure and h  adju cheney syndrome a m  nem  onic commonly used for ac  ro o  ste  ol  ysis is pin  ch  fo py  kno  dy  so  sto  sis ps  ori  asis injury thermal burn fro  st  bite neuro  pa  thy diabetes coll  agen vascular disease s  cl  ero  der  ma ray  n  aud s hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m famili  al h  adju cheney pro  geria occupational poly  vinyl exposure acro  o  ste  ol  ysis may be associated with minimal skin changes or with is  chem  ic skin le  sions that may result in digital necro  sis
acro  p  ach  y or thyro  id acro  p  ach  y refers to a der  mop  athy associated with graves disease it is characterized by soft tissue sw  elling of the hands and clu  bbing of the fingers radio  graphic imaging of affected extre  mi  ties typically demonstrates perio  sti  tis most commonly the me  tac  ar  pal bones the exact cause is unknown but it is thought to be caused by stimulating auto antibodies that are implicated in the path  op  hy  si  ology of graves thyro  toxico  sis there is no effective treatment for acro  p  ach  y since it is closely associated with graves disease it is associated with other manifestations of graves disease such as graves oph  thal  mop  athy and thyro  id der  mop  athy hereditary acro  p  ach  y also known as isolated con  genital nail clu  bbing may be associated with h  p  g  d
acro  pec  toral syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia syndrome affecting the hands feet ster  num and lum  bo  sac  ral sp  ine a recently proposed candidate gene for pre  ax  ial poly  d  ac  ty  ly is lm  br 1 en  coding a novel trans  memb  rane recep  tor which may be an upstream regulator of shh the lm  br 1 gene is on human chro  mo  some 7 q 36
acro  pho  bia from the greek ἄ  κ  ρο  ν á  kr  on meaning peak summit edge and φ  ό  β  ος ph  ó  bos fear is an extreme or irrational fear or pho  bia of heights especially when one is not particularly high up it belongs to a category of specific pho  bias called space and motion discomfort that share both similar eti  ology and options for treatment most people experience a degree of natural fear when exposed to heights known as the fear of falling on the other hand those who have little fear of such exposure are said to have a head for heights a head for heights is advantageous for those hi  king or climbing in mountainous terrain and also in certain jobs e g steep  le  j  acks or wind turb  ine mechanics acro  pho  bia sufferers can experience a panic attack in high places and become too ag  itated to get themselves down safely approximately two percent of the general population suffers from acro  pho  bia with twice as many women affected as men
acro  pu  st  ul  osis refers to acro  der  mati  tis with pu  st  ular involvement types include pu  st  ul  osis pal  mar  is et plan  tar  is inf  anti  le acro  pu  st  ul  osis
acro  spi  roma also known as hi  dr  aden  oma is a cu  taneous condition primarily occurring in adult women that is a form of benign ad  n  ex  al ne  op  las  m closely related to por  oma
ac  ro – der  ma  to – un  gu  al – lac  ri  mal – tooth adult syndrome is a rare genetic disease adult syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant form of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia a group of disorders that affects the hair teeth nails sweat g  lands and extre  mi  ties the syndrome arises from a mutation in the tp 63 gene this disease was previously thought to be a form of ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly – ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia – cle  ft syndrome eec but was classified as a different disease in 1993 by prop  ping and zer  res
ac  tin  ic ch  ei  li  tis abbreviated to ac also termed ac  tin  ic ch  ei  losis ac  tin  ic ker  at  osis of lip solar ch  ei  losis sailor s lip farmer s lip is ch  ei  li  tis lip infl  amm  ation caused by long term sunlight exposure essentially it is a burn and a variant of ac  tin  ic ker  at  osis which occurs on the lip it is a pre  m  align  ant condition as it can develop into squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma a type of mouth cancer
ac  tin  ic con  junc  ti  vi  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the eye contracted from prolonged exposure to ac  tin  ic ultra  violet rays symptoms are red  ness and sw  elling of the eyes most often the condition is caused by prolonged exposure to k  li  eg lights therapeutic lamps or ace  ty  lene tor  ches other names for the condition include k  li  eg con  junc  ti  vi  tis eye  burn arc flash wel  der s con  junc  ti  vi  tis flash ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis ac  tin  ic ray oph  thal  mia x ray oph  thal  mia and ultra  violet ray oph  thal  mia
ac  tin  ic el  ast  osis also known as solar el  ast  osis is an accumulation of abnormal el  as  tin elastic tissue in the der  mis of the skin or in the con  junc  tiva of the eye which occurs as a result of the cumulative effects of prolonged and excessive sun exposure a process known as photo  aging
ac  tin  ic gran  ul  oma also known as o bri  en gran  ul  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized his  to  logically by a der  mal infiltr  ate of macro  p  ha  ges
ac  tin  ic ker  at  osis also called solar ker  at  osis and sen  ile ker  at  osis abbreviated as ak is a pre can  cer  ous patch of thick scal  y or cru  sty skin these grow  ths are more common in fair skin  ned people and those who are frequently in the sun they usually form when skin gets damaged by ultra  violet u  v radiation from the sun or indoor tann  ing beds aks are considered potentially pre can  cer  ous left untreated they may turn into a type of cancer called squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma untreated le  sions have up to a 20 risk of progression to squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma so treatment by a der  mato  logist is recommended development of these grow  ths occurs when skin is constantly exposed to the sun over time they usually appear as thick scal  y or cru  sty areas that often feel dry or rough in fact aks are often felt before they are seen and the tex  ture is often compared to sand  paper they may be dark light tan pink red a combination of all these or have the same color as the surrounding skin an ac  tin  ic ker  at  osis le  sion commonly ranges between 2 and 6 milli  meters in size but can grow to be a few centi  meters in diameter they often appear on sun exposed areas of the skin such as the face ears neck scal  p chest backs of hands fore  arms or lips because they are related to sun damage on the skin most people who have an ak have more than one often large areas of sun exposed skin are diagnosed with a continu  um of multiple clin  ically visible aks of different sizes and sever  ities typically accompanied by sub  clinical le  sions that become apparent only in biop  sies this concept of a skin area showing multiple aks is termed field can  cer  ization diagnosis is suspected clin  ically on physical exam but can be confirmed by looking at cells from the le  sion under a micro  scope different therapeutic options for ak are available photo  dynamic therapy p  dt is recommended for the treatment of multiple ak le  sions and field can  cer  ization it involves the application of a photo  sensi  tiz  er to the skin followed by illumin  ation with a strong light source topical cre  ams may require daily application to affected skin areas over longer time periods cry  otherapy is frequently used for single le  sions but un  desired hypo  pi  gm  entation may occur at the treatment site by following up with a der  mato  logist aks can be treated before they turn into skin cancer if skin cancer does develop from an ak le  sion it can be caught early with close monitoring at a time when treatment can be cur  ative
ac  tin  ob  ac  il  losis is a zoonotic disease caused by ac  tin  ob  ac  ill  us it is more commonly associated with animals than with humans one of the most commons form seen by veterinarians is the mouth ac  tin  ob  ac  il  losis of cattle due to ac  tin  ob  ac  ill  us lign  i  ere  si  i the most prominent symptom is the sw  elling of the tongue that comes out of the mouth and is very hard at pal  p  ation wooden tongue ac  tin  ob  ac  ill  us su  is is an important disease of pigs of all ages and can lead to severe morbi  dity and sudden death
ac  tin  om  y  co  sis is a rare infectious bacterial disease caused by ac  tin  om  y  ces species about 70 of infections are due to either ac  tin  om  y  ces isra  eli  i or a ger  en  c  seri  ae infection can also be caused by other ac  tin  om  y  ces species as well as pro  pi  oni  bacter  ium pro  pion  ic  us which presents similar symptoms the condition is likely to be poly  micro  bial aer  ob  ic an  aer  ob  ic infection
activated pi 3 k delta syndrome ap  ds also known as pas  li disease is a primary immun  o  deficiency disease caused by activating gain of function mutations in the pi  k 3 cd gene which en  codes the p 110 δ catalytic sub  unit of pi 3 k  δ ap  ds 2 pas  li r 1 is caused by ex  on skip  ping mutations in pi  k 3 r 1 which en  codes for the regulatory sub  unit p 85 α ap  ds and ap  ds 2 patients present with similar symptoms which include increased suscep  tibility to air  way infections bron  chi  ec  tas  is and lymp  ho  proliferation
activated protein c resistance ap  cr is a h  emo  static disorder characterized by a poor anti  co  ag  ul  ant response to activated protein c ap  c this results in an increased risk of ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis which can cause problems with circulation such as pul  mon  ary embol  ism the disorder can be acquired or inherited the hereditary form having an auto  som  al dominant inheritance pattern
active networking is a communication pattern that allows packets flowing through a telecommunications network to dynam  ically modify the operation of the network active network architecture is composed of execution environments similar to a uni  x shell that can execute active packets a no  de operating system capable of supporting one or more execution environments it also consists of active hardware capable of routing or switching as well as executing code within active packets this differs from the traditional network architecture which seeks robu  st  ness and stability by attempting to remove complexity and the ability to change its fundamental operation from underlying network components network processors are one means of implementing active networking concepts active networks have also been implemented as over  lay networks
in software engineering the active record pattern is an architectural pattern found in software that stores in memory object data in rel  ational databases it was named by martin fow  ler in his 2003 book patterns of enterprise application architecture the interface of an object conforming to this pattern would include functions such as insert update and delete plus properties that correspond more or less directly to the columns in the underlying database table the active record pattern is an approach to accessing data in a database a database table or view is wrapped into a class thus an object instance is tied to a single row in the table after creation of an object a new row is added to the table upon save any object loaded gets its information from the database when an object is updated the corresponding row in the table is also updated the wrap  per class implements acc  essor methods or properties for each column in the table or view this pattern is commonly used by object persistence tools and in object rel  ational mapping orm typically foreign key relationships will be exposed as an object instance of the appropriate type via a property
the activity selection problem is a combin  atorial optimi  zation problem concerning the selection of non conflicting activities to perform within a given time frame given a set of activities each marked by a start time si and finish time fi the problem is to select the maximum number of activities that can be performed by a single person or machine assuming that a person can only work on a single activity at a time a classic application of this problem is in scheduling a room for multiple competing events each having its own time requirements start and end time and many more arise within the framework of operations research
the actual gold weight ag  w of a bul  lion coin or bar is the amount of fine pure or intrinsic gold content in troy oun  ces it is typically used to describe gold or silver coins for example if a certain coin weighed one troy ounce and the alloy contained 1 12 part of non gold metals the actual gold weight would be 11 12 troy oun  ces
actual mal  ice in united states law is a condition required to establish li  bel against public officials or public figures and is defined as knowledge that the information was false or that it was published with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not reckless disregard does not encompass mere neglect in following professional standards of fact checking the publish  er must entertain actual doubt as to the statement s truth this is the definition in only the united states and came from the landmark 1964 lawsuit new york times co v sullivan which ruled that public officials needed to prove actual mal  ice in order to recover damages for li  bel this term was not newly invented for the sullivan case but was a term from existing li  bel law in many jurisdictions proof of actual mal  ice was required in order for punitive damages to be awarded or for other increased penalties since proof of the writer s malicious intentions is hard to provide proof that the writer knowingly published a false  hood was generally accepted as proof of mal  ice under the assumption that only a malicious person would knowingly publish a false  hood in the sullivan case the supreme court adopted this term and gave it constitutional significance at the same time defining it in terms of the proof which had previously been usual actual mal  ice is different from common law mal  ice which indicates spite or ill will it may also differ from actual mal  ice as defined in state li  bel law as was confirmed in the case of carol bur  nett v national enqu  ir  er inc 1983 also see herbert v lando 1979 441 u s 153 1979 441 u s 153 f  n 12 the existence of actual mal  ice may be shown in many ways as a general rule any competent evidence either direct or circum  stan  tial can be resorted to and all the relevant circumstances surrounding the transaction may be shown provided they are not too remote including threats prior or subsequent defam  ations subsequent statements of the defendant circumstances indicating the existence of rivalry ill will or hostility between the parties facts tending to show a reckless disregard of the plainti  ff s rights
in medicine describing a disease as acute den  o  tes that it is of short duration and as a corollary of that of recent onset the quanti  tation of how much time constitutes short and recent varies by disease and by context but the core den  o  tation of acute is always qualitatively in contrast with chronic which den  o  tes long lasting disease for example in acute leuk  emia and chronic leuk  emia in addition acute also often con  notes two other meanings sudden onset and severity such as in acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion ami where sudden  ness and severity are both established aspects of the meaning it thus often con  notes that the condition is ful  min  ant as in the ami example but not always as in acute rh  initi  s which is usually synonymous with the common cold the one thing that acute mi and acute rh  initi  s have in common is that they are not chronic they can happen again as in recurrent pneumonia that is multiple acute pneumonia episodes but they are not the same case ongoing for months or years unlike chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease which is a non  count sense of acute disease refers to the acute phase that is a short course of any disease entity for example in an article on ul  cer  ative enter  i  tis in poultry the author says in acute disease there may be increased mortality without any obvious signs referring to the acute form or phase of ul  cer  ative enter  i  tis
an acute ab  dom  en refers to a sudden severe ab  domin  al pain it is in many cases a medical emergency requiring urgent and specific diagnosis several causes need surgical treatment
acute bas  oph  il  ic leuk  emia is a rare form of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia where bl  asts are accompanied by abnormal bas  oph  ils in all stages of differentiation it would most likely be classified as m 0 without electr  on micro  scopic confirmation of bas  ophi  l line  age
acute ber  yl  lium poisoning is acute chemical pneumonia resulting from the toxic effect of ber  yl  lium in its elem  ental form or in various chemical compounds and is distinct from ber  yl  li  osis also called chronic ber  yl  lium disease after occupational safety procedures were put into place following the realization that the metal caused ber  yl  li  osis around 1950 acute ber  yl  lium poisoning became extremely rare
acute bi  phen  o  typ  ic leuk  aemia is a form of leuk  aemia where the line  age is of both lymp  ho  id and my  elo  id origin it is a subtype of leuk  emia of ambiguous line  age
acute bron  chi  tis also known as a chest cold is short term infl  amm  ation of the bron  chi large and medium sized airways of the lungs the most common symptom is a cough other symptoms include cou  gh  ing up m  uc  us whe  e  zing short  ness of breath fever and chest discomfort the infection may last from a few to ten days the cough may persist for several weeks afterwards with the total duration of symptoms usually around three weeks some have symptoms for up to six weeks in more than 90 of cases the cause is a viral infection these viruses may be spread through the air when people cough or by direct contact risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke dust and other air pollution a small number of cases are due to high levels of air pollution or bacteria such as my  co  plasma pneu  mon  i  ae or bor  det  ella per  tus  sis diagnosis is typically based on a person s signs and symptom the color of the sp  u  tum does not indicate if the infection is viral or bacterial determining the underlying organism is typically not needed other causes of similar symptoms include asthma pneumonia bron  chi  oli  tis bron  chi  ec  tas  is and cop  d a chest x ray may be useful to detect pneumonia prevention is by not smoking and avoiding other lung irrit  ants frequent hand washing may also be protective treatment of acute bron  chi  tis typically involves rest par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en and n  s  aids to help with the fever cough medicine has little support for its use and is not recommended in children less than six years of age there is tentative evidence that sal  but  am  ol may be useful in those with whe  e  zing however it may result in nerv  ousness antibiotics should generally not be used an exception is when acute bron  chi  tis is due to per  tus  sis tentative evidence supports honey and pel  arg  on  ium to help with symptoms acute bron  chi  tis is one of the most common diseases about 5 of adults are affected and about 6 of children have at least one episode a year it occurs more often in the winter more than 10 million people in the united states visit a doctor each year for this condition with approximately 70 receiving antibiotics most of which are not needed there are efforts to decrease the use of antibiotics in acute bron  chi  tis
acute cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia of childhood is a childhood condition characterized by an un  steady ga  it most likely secondary to an auto  immune of post  infectious cause drug induced or par  ane  op  l  astic most common virus causing acute cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia are chick  en  pox virus and ep  stein bar  r virus it is a diagnosis of exclusion
the acute chest syndrome is a vas  o oc  clu  sive crisis of the pul  mon  ary vas  cul  ature commonly seen in patients with sick  le cell an  emia this condition commonly manifests with pul  mon  ary infiltr  ate on a chest x ray
acute coron  ary syndrome acs is a syndrome set of signs and symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the coron  ary arter  ies such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies the most common symptom is chest pain often radi  ating to the left arm or angle of the jaw pressure like in character and associated with naus  ea and swe  ating acute coron  ary syndrome is usually caused by one of three problems st elev  ation my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion stem  i 30 non st elev  ation my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion n  stem  i 25 or unstable ang  ina 38 these types are named according to the appearance of the electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g e  kg as non st segment elev  ation my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion and st segment elev  ation my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion there can be some variation as to which forms of my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion mi are classified under acute coron  ary syndrome acs should be distinguished from stable ang  ina which develops during exer  tion and resol  ves at rest in contrast with stable ang  ina unstable ang  ina occurs suddenly often at rest or with minimal exer  tion or at lesser degrees of exer  tion than the individual s previous ang  ina cres  c  endo ang  ina new onset ang  ina is also considered unstable ang  ina since it suggests a new problem in a coron  ary artery though acs is usually associated with coron  ary thro  m  bo  sis it can also be associated with cocaine use cardiac chest pain can also be precipit  ated by an  emia brad  y  cardi  as excessively slow heart rate or t  ach  y  cardi  as excessively fast heart rate
acute cu  taneous lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a bilateral mal  ar rash also known as a butter  fly rash and le  sions that tend to be transi  ent and that follow sun exposure
acute de  compensated heart failure ad  hf is a sudden worsening of the signs and symptoms of heart failure which typically includes difficulty breathing dy  sp  ne  a leg or feet sw  elling and fatigue ad  hf is a common and potentially serious cause of acute respiratory distress the condition is caused by severe congestion of multiple organs by fluid that is inadequately circulated by the failing heart an attack of de  compensation can be caused by underlying medical illness such as my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion infection or thyro  id disease treatment consists of reducing the fluid level with di  u  re  tics and improving heart function with nitrates or le  vo  sim  end  an other treatments such as aqu  ap  her  esis ultra fil  tration may also be required
acute disseminated encephal  om  ye  li  tis ad  em or acute dem  yel  inating encephal  om  ye  li  tis is a rare auto  immune disease marked by a sudden widespread attack of infl  amm  ation in the brain and spinal cord as well as causing the brain and spinal cord to become infl  amed ad  em also attacks the nerves of the central nervous system and damages their my  elin insulation which as a result destroys the white matter it is often triggered after the patient has received a viral infection or perhaps exceedingly rarely specific non routine vaccinations ad  em s symptoms resemble the symptoms of multiple sclerosis ms so the disease itself is sorted into the classification of the multiple sclerosis borderline diseases however ad  em has several features that distinguish it from ms unlike ms ad  em occurs usually in children and is marked with rapid fever although adolescents and adults can get the disease too ad  em consists of a single fl  are up whereas ms is marked with several fl  are ups over a long period of time ad  em is also distinguished by a loss of consciousness coma and death which is very rare in ms except in severe cases the incidence rate is about 8 per 1 000 000 people per year although it occurs in all ages most reported cases are in children and adolescents with the average age around 5 to 8 years old the mortality rate may be as high as 5 however full recovery is seen in 50 to 75 of cases with increase in survival rates up to 70 to 90 with figures including minor residual disability as well the average time to recover from ad  em fl  are ups is one to six months ad  em produces multiple infl  am  matory le  sions in the brain and spinal cord particularly in the white matter usually these are found in the sub  cor  tical and central white matter and cor  tical gray white junction of both cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es cere  bell  um bra  inst  em and spinal cord but peri  ven  tric  ular white matter and gray matter of the cor  tex thal  ami and bas  al gang  lia may also be involved when the patient suffers more than one dem  yel  inating episode of ad  em the disease is then called recurrent disseminated encephal  om  ye  li  tis or multi  ph  as  ic disseminated encephal  om  ye  li  tis m  dem also a ful  min  ant course in adults has been described
acute e  o  sin  oph  il  ic leuk  emia a  el is a rare subtype of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia with 50 to 80 percent of e  o  sin  oph  il  ic cells in the blood and marrow it can arise de novo or may develop in patients having the chronic form of a hyper  e  o  sin  oph  il  ic syndrome patients with acute e  o  sin  oph  il  ic leuk  emia have a propensity for developing bron  cho  sp  asm and heart failure from end  om  yo  cardi  al fi  bro  sis he  pat  om  eg  al  y and splen  om  eg  al  y are more common than in other variants of am  l
acute er  y  thro  id leuk  emia or di gu  gli  el  mo syndrome is a rare form of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia less than 5 of am  l cases where the my  elo  proliferation is of er  y  thro  bl  astic precursors it is defined as type m 6 under the f  ab classification
acute es  op  ha  ge  al necro  sis a  en also known as gur  v  its syndrome black es  op  ha  gus acute necro  tizing es  op  ha  gi  tis and es  op  ha  ge  al inf  arc  tion is a rare es  op  ha  ge  al disorder a  en defines itself with dark pi  gm  entation of the es  op  ha  gus found during an upper gastro  intest  inal endo  sco  py pi  gm  entation is usually black fri  able mu  co  sa the disorder is extremely rare as only 88 patients over a span of 40 years have received this diagnosis specific study of the disorder s mortality rate is mentioned at 31 8 but new research suggests mortality rates vary from 30 50 the exact triggering mechanism for this disorder is still unknown but is likely multi  fac  torial
acute exacerb  ation of cop  d also known as acute exacerb  ations of chronic bron  chi  tis a  ecb is a sudden worsening of cop  d symptoms short  ness of breath quantity and color of ph  leg  m that typically lasts for several days it may be triggered by an infection with bacteria or viruses or by environmental pollutants typically infections cause 75 or more of the exacerb  ations bacteria can roughly be found in 25 of cases viruses in another 25 and both viruses and bacteria in another 25 air  way infl  amm  ation is increased during the exacerb  ation resulting in increased hyper  inflation reduced expir  atory air flow and decreased gas exchange as cop  d progres  ses exacerb  ations tend to become more frequent the average being about three episodes per year
acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare life threatening complic  ation of pregnancy that occurs in the third trim  ester or the immediate period after delivery it is thought to be caused by a dis  ordered metabol  ism of fatty acids by mit  och  on  dri  a in the mother caused by long chain 3 hydroxy  ac  yl co  enzyme a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency the condition was previously thought to be universally fatal but aggressive treatment by stabilizing the mother with intra  ven  ous fluids and blood products in anticipation of early delivery has improved prog  no  sis
acute fl  acci  d m  ye  li  tis formerly described as acute fl  acci  d paralysis with an  terior m  ye  li  tis or polio like syndrome is an acute neuro  logic illness in children with focal limb weakness of unknown eti  ology enter  o  virus 68 which as a member of the enter  o  virus family is related to polio is a leading candidate for the cause of the condition due to the recent emergence of the condition the existing literature about it is tentative and should not be taken as established medical opinion there is no established treatment for the condition or the virus that may cause it
acute generalized ex  an  them  at  ous pu  st  ul  osis ag  ep also known as pu  st  ular drug eruption and toxic pu  st  ul  o  der  ma is a common cu  taneous reaction pattern that in 90 of cases is related to medication administration characterized by a sudden eruption that appears on average five days after the medication is started it is medi  ated by t cells
acute ha  em  mor  rha  gic con  junc  ti  vi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the con  junc  tiva of sudden onset it presents as a red  dening of the eye due to the infection of the con  junc  tiva the con  junc  tiva is a thin transparent tissue that covers the eye from the cor  ne  al lim  bus to the lid margin many conditions can lead to the infl  amm  ation of the con  junc  tiva they include allergies bacterial infection viral infection etc ghana is a country in sub saharan africa it is a former british colony endowed with rich mineral resources there are many eye conditions that affect its citizens one of them that continues to affect gh  an  ai  ans every year is the seasonal con  junc  ti  vi  tis it is popul  arly referred to as apollo every year prior to the rainy season in the country various health warnings are given to remind citizens of the condition
an acute hem  ol  y  tic transfusion reaction ah  tr is a type of transfusion reaction that is associated with hem  ol  ysis it occurs very soon after the transfusion and within 24 h  rs post transfusion it can occur quickly upon transf  using a few milli  lit  ers or up to 1 – 2 hours post transfusion it is also known as an immediate hem  ol  y  tic transfusion reaction this is a medical emergency as it results from rapid destruction of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies ig  g ig  m it is usually related to abo blood group incompatibility the most severe of which often involves group a red cells being given to a patient with group o type blood proper  din then binds to complement c 3 in the donor blood facilitating the reaction through the alternate path  way cas  c  ade the donor cells also become co  ated with ig  g and are subsequently removed by macro  p  ha  ges in the re  ticul  o  endo  the  li  al system res ja  und  ice and disseminated intr  av  ascular co  ag  ulation d  ic may also occur the most common cause is clerical error i e the wrong unit of blood being given to the patient
acute hemorrha  gic e  dem  a of infancy also known as acute hemorrha  gic e  dem  a of childhood fin  kel  stein s disease inf  anti  le post  infectious iris like pur  pur  a and e  dem  a med  al  lion like pur  pur  a pur  pur  a en co  car  de avec oe  dem  a and se  id  l  mayer syndrome is a skin condition that affects children under the age of two with a recent history of upper respiratory illness a course of antibiotics or both the disease was first described in 1938 by fin  kel  stein and later by se  id  l  mayer as “ se  id  l  mayer cock  ade pur  pur  a ”
acute infectious thyro  idi  tis ait also known as sup  pur  ative thyro  idi  tis micro  bial infl  am  matory thyro  idi  tis pyro  genic thyro  idi  tis and bacterial thyro  idi  tis the thyro  id is normally very resistant to infection due to a relatively high amount of i  od  ine in the tissue as well as high vas  cul  arity and lymp  h  atic drainage to the region it is difficult for pathogens to infect the thyro  id tissue despite all this a persistent f  ist  ula from the pi  ri  form sin  us may make the left lo  be of the thyro  id susceptible to infection and abs  c  ess formation ait is most often caused by a bacterial infection but can also be caused by a fun  gal or par  asi  tic infection most commonly in an immun  o  compromised host
acute inter  mit  tent por  phy  ria ai  p is a rare auto  som  al dominant metabol  ic disorder affecting the production of hem  e the oxygen binding pro  s  thetic group of h  emo  glob  in it is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme por  pho  bil  ino  gen de  amin  ase acute inter  mit  tent por  phy  ria is the second most common form of por  phy  ria por  phy  ria cu  tane  a tar  da being the most common its incidence is estimated to be between 5 and 10 in 100 000 but this is likely underestimated because of positive cases not being induced and long periods of lat  ency with an estimation that it is latent in 90 of cases
acute inter  sti  tial pneu  mon  i  tis also known as acute inter  sti  tial pneumonia or ham  man – rich syndrome is a rare severe lung disease that usually affects otherwise healthy individuals there is no known cause or cure acute inter  sti  tial pneu  mon  i  tis is often categ  orized as both an inter  sti  tial lung disease and a form of acute respiratory distress syndrome ards but it is distinguished from the chronic forms of inter  sti  tial pneumonia such as idi  opathic pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis
acute kidney injury aki previously called acute ren  al failure ar  f is an abrupt loss of kidney function that develops within 7 days its causes are numerous generally it occurs because of damage to the kidney tissue caused by decreased kidney blood flow kidney is  chem  ia from any cause e g low blood pressure exposure to substances harmful to the kidney an infl  am  matory process in the kidney or an obstruction of the ur  inary tract that impedes the flow of urine aki is diagnosed on the basis of characteristic laboratory findings such as elevated blood urea nitrogen and cre  at  in  ine or inability of the kidneys to produce sufficient amounts of urine aki may lead to a number of complications including metabol  ic aci  do  sis high potassium levels u  re  mia changes in body fluid balance and effects on other organ systems including death people who have experienced aki may have an increased risk of chronic kidney disease in the future management includes treatment of the underlying cause and supportive care such as ren  al replacement therapy
acute limb is  cha  emia ali occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to a limb acute limb is  cha  emia is caused by embol  ism or thro  m  bo  sis or rarely by dis  section or trauma thro  m  bo  sis is usually caused by peripheral vascular disease a  ther  os  cl  erotic disease that leads to blood vessel block  age while an embol  ism is usually of cardiac origin in the united states ali is estimated to occur in 14 out of every 100 000 people per year with proper surgical care acute limb is  cha  emia is a highly treat  able condition however delayed treatment beyond 6 to 12 hours can result in permanent disability ampu  tation and or death the new latin term is  cha  emia as written is a british version of the word is  chem  ia and stems from the greek terms is  che  in to hold and ha  ima blood in this sense is  cha  emia refers to the inhi  bi  tion of blood flow to through the limb
acute liver failure is the appearance of severe complications rapidly after the first signs of liver disease such as ja  und  ice and indicates that the liver has sustained severe damage loss of function of 80 – 90 of liver cells the complications are he  p  atic encephalopathy and impaired protein synthesis as measured by the levels of serum albumin and the pro  thro  m  bin time in the blood the 1993 classification defines hyper  acute as within 1 week acute as 8 – 28 days and sub  acute as 4 – 12 weeks it reflects the fact that the pace of disease evolution strongly influences prog  no  sis underlying eti  ology is the other significant determinant of outcome
acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emia also known as acute lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia or acute lymp  ho  id leuk  emia all is an acute form of leuk  emia or cancer of the white blood cells characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of can  cer  ous immature white blood cells known as lymp  ho  bl  asts in persons with all lymp  ho  bl  asts are over  produced in the bone marrow and continuously multiply causing damage and death by inhi  biting the production of normal cells such as red and white blood cells and plat  el  ets in the bone marrow and by spreading infiltr  ating to other organs all is most common in childhood with a peak incidence at 2 – 5 years of age and another peak in old age the symptoms of all are indicative of a reduced production of functional blood cells because leuk  emia wastes the resources of the bone marrow that are normally used to produce new functioning blood cells these symptoms can include fever increased risk of infection especially bacterial infections like pneumonia due to neu  tro  pen  ia symptoms of such an infection include short  ness of breath chest pain cough v  om  iting changes in bo  wel or blad  der habits increased tendency to bleed due to thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia and signs indicative of an  emia including p  all  or t  ach  y  car  dia high heart rate fatigue and headache about 6 000 cases are reported in the united states every year internationally all is more common in cauca  sians than in africans it is more common in his  panics and in latin america cure is a realistic goal and is achieved in more than 80 of affected children although only 20 40 of adults are cured acute refers to the relatively short time course of the disease distinguishing it from chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia which has a potential time course of many years all was one of the first cancers for which an effective chem  other  apeu  tic treatment was developed anti  fol  ates like amin  op  ter  in and meth  o  tre  x  ate were developed in the late 1940 s by sid  ney far  ber and y  ell  ap  rag  ada sub  bar  ow at that time a doctor did not need a patient s or parent s consent to try an experimental treatment as the nuremberg code had not yet been signed desperate to save his patients far  ber initially tried fol  ic acid supplem  entation as a treatment for all this had disastrous consequences and he likely accelerated the children s deaths
acute meg  ak  ar  yo  bl  astic leuk  emia am  k  l is a form of leuk  emia where a majority of the bl  asts are meg  ak  ar  yo  bl  astic it is classified under am  l m 7 category of the french american british classification the latest who classification 2008 lyon classi  fies acute my  elo  id leuk  emia into distinct sub  types based on clin  ico pathological and molecular features acute meg  ak  ar  yo  bl  astic leuk  emia is placed under the am  l not otherwise specified sub  category diagnosis requires more than 20 bl  asts in the marrow peripheral blood with more than 50 demonstrating meg  ak  ar  y  oc  y  tic deri  vation by mor  pho  logy immun  op  hen  o  typ  ic or electr  on micro  scopic studies
acute mon  oc  y  tic leuk  emia am  ol or am  l m 5 is considered a type of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia
acute motor ax  onal neuro  pa  thy aman is a variant of guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome it is characterized by acute paralysis and loss of refl  exes without sensory loss patho  logically there is motor ax  onal de  generation with anti  body medi  ated attacks of motor nerves and no  des of ran  vier
acute muscle so  reness is the pain felt in muscles during and immediately after stren  uous physical exercise the pain appears within a minute of contracting the muscle and disappears within two or three minutes or up to several hours after relaxing it the following causes have been proposed for acute muscle so  reness accumulation of chemical end products of exercise in muscle cells such as h tissue e  dem  a caused by the shifting of blood plasma into the muscle tissue during contraction muscle fatigue the muscle tires and cannot contract any more acute muscle so  reness reflects one form of exercise induced muscle damage the other being delayed onset muscle so  reness which appears between 24 and 72 hours after exercise
acute my  elo  bl  astic leuk  emia is a form of my  elo  id leuk  emia affecting my  elo  bl  asts more specifically it can refer to minim  ally differentiated acute my  elo  bl  astic leuk  emia m 0 in f  ab m 98  72 3 acute my  elo  bl  astic leuk  emia without matur  ation m 1 in f  ab m 98  73 3 acute my  elo  bl  astic leuk  emia with matur  ation m 2 in f  ab m 98  74 3
m 2 is a subtype of am  l acute my  elo  id leuk  emia it is also known as acute my  elo  bl  astic leuk  emia with matur  ation
acute my  elo  id d  end  ri  tic cell leuk  emia is an exceedingly rare form of leuk  emia this form of leuk  emia represents only about 0 8 of all cases of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia d  end  ri  tic cells function as antigen presenting cells they process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system d  end  ri  tic cells develop from prog  en  itors in the bone marrow and transform into two sub  types the my  elo  id d  end  ri  tic cell and the plas  mac  y  to  id d  end  ri  tic cell leuk  emic transformation can occur in any of these two cells but transformation of my  elo  id d  end  ri  tic cell is less common and it leads to a form of leuk  emia known as acute my  elo  id d  end  ri  tic cell leuk  emia
acute my  elo  id leuk  emia am  l also known as acute my  elo  genous leuk  emia or acute non  lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia an  ll is a cancer of the my  elo  id line of blood cells characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells am  l is the most common acute leuk  emia affecting adults and its incidence increases with age although am  l is a relatively rare disease accounting for roughly 1 2 of cancer deaths in the united states its incidence is expected to increase as the population ages the symptoms of am  l are caused by replacement of normal bone marrow with leuk  emic cells which causes a drop in red blood cells plat  el  ets and normal white blood cells these symptoms include fatigue short  ness of breath easy bru  ising and bleeding and increased risk of infection several risk factors and chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities have been identified but the specific cause is not clear as an acute leuk  emia am  l progres  ses rapidly and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left untreated am  l has several sub  types treatment and prog  no  sis vary among sub  types am  l is cured in 35 – 40 of people less than 60 years old and 5 – 15 more than 60 years old older people who are not able to withstand intensive chem  otherapy have an average survival of 5 – 10 months am  l is treated initially with chem  otherapy aimed at inducing a remission people may go on to receive additional chem  otherapy or a hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cell transplant recent research into the genetics of am  l has resulted in the availability of tests that can predict which drug or drugs may work best for a particular person as well as how long that person is likely to survive the treatment and prog  no  sis of am  l differ from those of chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia c  ml in part because the cellular differentiation is not the same am  l involves higher percentages of de  differentiated and un  differentiated cells including more bl  asts my  elo  bl  asts mono  bl  asts and meg  ak  ar  yo  bl  asts
acute my  el  om  on  oc  y  tic leuk  emia am  mol is a form of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia that involves a proliferation of c  fu gm my  elo  bl  asts and mono  bl  asts it is classified under m 4 in the french american british classification f  ab it is classified under am  l not otherwise classified in the who classification trans  locations have been observed progression from my  el  odys  plastic syndrome has been reported acute my  elo  bl  astic leuk  emia am  l is a group of m  align  ant bone marrow ne  op  las  ms of my  elo  id  precursors of white blood cells acute my  el  om  on  oc  y  tic leuk  emia am  l m 4 is a common type of pedi  atric am  l however the condition is rare and represents approximately 3 of all leuk  emi  as during childhood and has an incidence of 1 1 – 1 7 per million per year the symptoms may be aspec  i  fic asth  enia p  all  or fever di  zz  iness and respiratory symptoms more specific symptoms are bru  ises and or excessive bleeding co  ag  ulation disorders d  ic neuro  logical disorders and g  ing  i  val hyper  pl  asia diagno  stic  methods include blood analysis bone marrow aspir  ate for cy  to  chemical immun  ological and cy  to  gene  tic  al  analysis and cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf investigations a characteristic chro  mo  som  al ab  normal  it  y  observed in am  l m 4 is inv 16 treatment includes intensive multi  drug chem  otherapy and in selected cases al  log  ene  ic bone marrow transplantation nevertheless outcome of am  l remains poor with an  overall survival of 35 60 children with am  l m 4 carrying the inv 16 ab  normality have a better prog  no  sis 61 5 year overall survival new therapeu  tics are required to increase the probability of cure in this serious disorder
acute necro  tizing ul  cer  ative g  ing  i  vi  tis anu  g col  lo  qu  ially known as tren  ch mouth is a common non contagious infection of the g  ums with sudden onset the main features are painful bleeding g  ums and ul  cer  ation of inter dental pap  il  la  e the sections of gum between adjacent teeth this disease along with necro  tizing ul  cer  ative period  on  ti  tis n  p or n  up is classified as a necro  tizing period  on  tal disease one of the seven general types of period  on  ti  tis the often severe g  ing  i  val pain that characterizes anu  g distinguishes it from the more common chronic period  on  ti  tis which is rarely painful anu  g is the acute presentation of necro  tizing ul  cer  ative g  ing  i  vi  tis nu  g which is the usual course the disease takes if improperly treated or neglected nu  g may become chronic and or recurrent the caus  ative organisms are mostly an  aer  ob  ic bacteria particularly fus  ob  ac  ter  ia and spi  ro  ca  ete species pre  disposing factors include poor oral hygiene smoking malnutrition psychological stress and immun  o  suppression sub optimal functioning of the immune system when the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved the term n  up is used treatment of anu  g is by debri  d  ement although pain may prevent this and antibiotics usually met  ron  id  azole in the acute phase and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence although the condition has a rapid onset and is deb  il  itating it usually resol  ves quickly and does no serious harm the synon  ym tren  ch mouth arose during world war i as many soldiers developed the disease probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress
acute oak decline is a disease that inf  ects oak trees in the uk it mainly affects mature oak trees of over 50 years old of both britain s native oak species the pe  dun  cul  ate oak quer  cus rob  ur and the ses  sile oak quer  cus pe  tra  ea the disease is characterised by the trees bleeding or oo  zing a dark fluid from small le  sions or spl  its in their bark unlike chronic oak decline acute oak decline can lead to the death of trees within 4 to 5 years of symptoms appearing the number of trees affected is thought to number in the low thousands with a higher number of infected trees being found in the midlands it is thought to be caused by a bacter  ium it is currently not known which species is involved but scientists are actively trying to discover what is responsible at least three genera of bacteria are possibly responsible in some instances the disease is accompanied by insects attacking the trees too particularly the oak spl  end  our bee  tle agri  lus bi  gu  tt  atus these are not thought to be the cause of the disease but rather they are opportun  is  tically taking advantage of already weakened trees such inf  est  ations further weaken and can hasten the death of trees
acute pan  cre  ati  tis or acute pan  cre  atic necro  sis is a sudden infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as it can have severe complications and high mortality despite treatment while mild cases are often successfully treated with conservative measures such as fast  ing and aggressive intra  ven  ous fluid re  hydr  ation severe cases may require admission to the intensive care unit or even surgery to deal with complications of the disease process
acute pan  my  el  osis with my  elo  fi  bro  sis ap  m  f it is a poorly defined disorder that arises as either a cl  onal disorder or following toxic exposure to the bone marrow
acute peric  ardi  tis is a type of peric  ardi  tis infl  amm  ation of the s  ac surrounding the heart the peric  ardi  um usually lasting less than 6 weeks it is by far the most common condition affecting the peric  ardi  um
acute pos  them  or  rha  gic an  emia or acute blood loss an  emia is a condition in which a person quickly loses a large volume of circulating h  emo  glob  in acute blood loss is usually associated with an incident of trauma or a severe injury resulting in a large loss of blood it can also occur during or after a surgical procedure
acute prolifer  ative glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is a disorder of the glo  mer  uli glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis or small blood vessels in the kidneys it is a common complic  ation of bacterial infections typically skin infection by st  rep  to  co  cc  us bacteria types 12 4 and 1 impe  ti  go but also after st  rep  to  coc  cal phar  yn  gi  tis for which it is also known as post  infectious or post  st  rep  to  coc  cal glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis it can be a risk factor for future albu  min  ur  ia in adults the signs and symptoms of infection may still be present at the time when the kidney problems develop and the terms infection related glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis or bacterial infection related glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis are also used acute glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis resulted in 19 000 deaths in 2013 down from 24 000 deaths in 1990
acute pro  my  el  oc  y  tic leuk  emia ap  ml ap  l is the m 3 subtype of acute my  elo  genous leuk  emia am  l a cancer of the white blood cells in ap  l there is an abnormal accumulation of immature gran  ul  oc  y  tes called pro  my  el  oc  y  tes the disease is characterized by a chro  mo  som  al trans  location involving the re  tin  o  ic acid recep  tor alpha r  ar  α or r  ara gene and is distinguished from other forms of am  l by its responsiveness to all trans re  tin  o  ic acid atra also known as tre  tin  o  in therapy acute pro  my  el  oc  y  tic leuk  emia was first characterized in 1957 by french and norwegian physicians as a hyper  acute fatal illness with a median survival time of less than a week today prog  noses have drastically improved 10 year survival rates are estimated to be approximately 77 according to one study
acute pro  stati  tis is a serious bacterial infection of the pro  state g  land this infection is a medical emergency it should be distinguished from other forms of pro  stati  tis such as chronic bacterial pro  stati  tis and chronic pel  vic pain syndrome cp  ps
acute radiation syndrome ars also known as radiation poisoning radiation sickness or radiation toxicity is a collection of health effects that are present within 24 hours of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation the radiation causes cellular degradation due to damage to dna and other key molecular structures within the cells in various tissues this destruction particularly because it affects the ability of cells to divide normally in turn causes the symptoms the symptoms can begin within one or two hours and may last for several months the terms refer to acute medical problems rather than ones that develop after a prolonged period the onset and type of symptoms depends on the radiation exposure relatively smaller doses result in gastro  intest  inal effects such as naus  ea and v  om  iting and symptoms related to falling blood counts and pre  disposition to infection and bleeding relatively larger doses can result in neuro  logical effects and rapid death treatment of acute radiation syndrome is generally supportive with blood trans  fu  sions and antibiotics with some more aggressive treatments such as bone marrow trans  fu  sions being required in extreme cases similar symptoms may appear months to years after exposure as chronic radiation syndrome when the dose rate is too low to cause the acute form radiation exposure can also increase the probability of developing some other diseases mainly different types of cancers these diseases are sometimes referred to as radiation sickness but they are never included in the term acute radiation syndrome
acute respiratory distress syndrome ards is a medical condition occurring in critically ill patients characterized by widespread infl  amm  ation in the lungs ards is not a particular disease rather it is a clinical phen  o  type which may be triggered by various patho  logies such as trauma pneumonia and sep  sis the hallmark of ards is diffuse injury to cells which form the al  ve  ol  ar barrier sur  fac  tant dysfunction activation of the in  nate immune response and abnormal co  ag  ulation in effect ards results in impaired gas exchange within the lungs at the level of the micro  scopic al  ve  oli the syndrome is associated with a high mortality rate between 20 and 50 the mortality rate with ards varies widely based on severity the patient s age and the presence of other underlying medical conditions although the terminology of adult respiratory distress syndrome has at times been used to differentiate ards from infant respiratory distress syndrome in ne  on  ates international consensus is that acute respiratory distress syndrome is the best mon  i  ker because ards can affect those of all ages
acute re  tin  al necro  sis ar  n is a medical infl  am  matory condition of the eye the condition presents itself as a necro  tizing ret  initi  s the infl  amm  ation onset is due to certain her  pes viruses var  ic  ella zo  ster virus v  z  v her  pes simpl  ex virus h  sv 1 and h  sv 2 and ep  stein bar  r virus eb  v people with the condition usually display red  ness of the eye white or off white colored pat  ches that are pat  ches of re  tin  al necro  sis ar  n can progress into other conditions such as u  ve  i  tis det  achment of the re  tina and ultimately can lead to blindness the disease was first characterized in 1971 in japan ak  ira ur  ay  ama and his colleagues had six patients whose cases showed signs of acute necro  tizing ret  initi  s re  tin  al ar  er  ti  tis chor  o  idi  tis and late onset re  tin  al det  achment the combination of the conditions was given the name acute re  tin  al necro  sis the first reports of ar  n came about in 1971 it is unclear whether it was previously just reported as something else ur  ay  ama and his colleagues reported the disease that they saw in six japanese patients since then the disease has been seen in patient s with aid s children and people who are immun  o  compromised in 1978 young and bird named the disease when presented in both eyes bilateral acute re  tin  al necro  sis otherwise known as barn
acute severe asthma also referred to in latin as status asth  m  atic  us or asth  matic status is an acute exacerb  ation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments of bron  cho  di  lators inhal  ers and ster  oids symptoms include chest ti  ght  ness rapidly progressive dy  sp  ne  a short  ness of breath dry cough use of accessory respiratory muscles lab  ored breathing and extreme whe  e  zing it is a life threatening episode of air  way obstruction and is considered a medical emergency complications include cardiac and or respiratory arrest it is characterized his  to  logically by smooth muscle hyper  tro  phy and basement memb  rane thick  ening
acute stress reaction also called acute stress disorder psychological shock mental shock or simply shock is a psychological condition arising in response to a terrifying or traumatic event or witnessing a traumatic event it should not be confused with the unrelated circul  atory condition of shock or the concept of shock value acute stress reaction may develop into pt  s  d acute stress response was first described by walter cannon in the 1920 s as a theory that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system the response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebr  ates and other organisms
acute tu  bul  ar necro  sis at  n is a medical condition involving the death of tu  bul  ar epi  the  li  al cells that form the ren  al tu  bul  es of the kidneys at  n presents with acute kidney injury aki and is one of the most common causes of aki common causes of at  n include low blood pressure and use of ne  ph  ro  toxic drugs the presence of mu  ddy brown casts of epi  the  li  al cells found in the urine during ur  in  al  ysis is path  og  no  mon  ic for at  n management relies on aggressive treatment of the factors that precipit  ated at  n e g hydr  ation and cessation of the offending drug because the tu  bul  ar cells continually replace themselves the overall prog  no  sis for at  n is quite good if the cause is corrected and recovery is likely within 7 to 21 days
ac  y  to  si  osis is a rare genetic disorder
the adam s apple or lar  yn  ge  al prominence is a feature of the human neck and is the lump or pro  tru  sion that is formed by the angle of the thyro  id car  til  age surrounding the lar  yn  x
adam y  ves is a 1974 x rated film created for gay male audiences the film is notable for the unauthorized use of footage of gre  ta gar  bo in what turned out to be the legendary actress s final appearance on film set in paris during spring  time adam y  ves is about the french y  ves marcus giov  anni and his pursuit of the american tourist adam michael hard  wick the men have a brief affair but a long lasting relationship is prevented by y  ves insistence that they not share personal information while making the film director peter de rome reportedly stal  ked gre  ta gar  bo around new york city where the retired star was living after much searching de rome located her and was able to shoot footage of gar  bo walking across first avenue the footage was inserted into adam y  ves and its presence was explained by having adam recalling how he once saw the elusive star the gar  bo footage was used without the star s knowledge or permission and she was not paid for her appearance
adam  an  tin  oma from the greek word adam  an  tin  os meaning very hard is a rare bone cancer making up less than 1 of all bone cancers it almost always occurs in the bones of the lower leg and involves both epi  the  li  al and o  ste  o  fi  bro  us tissue the condition was first described by fischer in 19  13
the ad  ams dec  ar  box  yl  ation is a chemical reaction that involved the dec  ar  box  yl  ation of cou  mar  ins which have car  box  yl  ic acid group in the third position the dec  ar  box  yl  ation is achieved by aqu  eous solution of sodium bis  ul  f  ite heat and a concentrated solution of sodium hydrox  ide file ad  ams dec  ar  box  yl  ation p  ng
ad  ams – nance syndrome is a medical condition consisting of persistent t  ach  y  car  dia par  ox  ym  al hyper  tension and seizures it is associated with hyper  gly  cin  ur  ia domin  antly inherited micro  phthal  mia and cat  ar  acts it is thought to be caused by a disturbance in gly  cine metabol  ism
ad  ams – oliver syndrome a  os is a rare con  genital disorder characterized by defects of the scal  p and cran  ium cu  tis ap  la  sia con  gen  ita trans  verse defects of the limbs and mo  tt  ling of the skin
st  okes – ad  ams syndrome alternative ep  ony  ms include ad  ams – st  okes syndrome ger  be  zi  us mor  g  ag  ni ad  ams – st  okes syndrome and ger  b  ec mor  g  ag  ni ad  ams – st  okes syndrome is a periodic fain  ting spell in which there is a periodic onset and offset of block  age of heart due to disorder of heart rhythm that may last for seconds hours days or even weeks before the conduc  tion returns named after two irish physicians robert ad  ams 17  91 – 18  75 and william st  okes 18  04 – 18  77 the first description of the syndrome was published in 17  17 by the carni  ol  an physician of slovene descent mark  o ger  b  ec which was 44 years after its publication quoted by giov  anni bat  ti  sta mor  g  ag  ni it is characterised by decrease in cardiac output and loss of consciousness due to a transi  ent arr  hy  th  mia for example brad  y  car  dia due to complete heart block
in biology an adaptation also called an adap  tive trait is a trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection adaptation refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation adaptations enhance the fitness and survival of individuals organisms face a succession of environmental challenges as they grow and develop and are equipped with an adap  tive plas  tic  ity as the phen  o  type of traits develop in response to the imposed conditions the developmental norm of reaction for any given trait is essential to the correction of adaptation as it affords a kind of biological insurance or resilience to varying environments
in oc  ular physi  ology adaptation is the ability of the eye to adjust to various levels of darkness and light
in software engineering the adap  ter pattern is a software design pattern that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface it is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code
the add on factor is the difference between the usable area and the ren  table area of an office building expressed as a factor of the ren  table area this factor expresses the percentage of floor space for which a tenant pays rent but cannot derive benefit from due to columns corridors elevator sh  af  ts st  air  wells etc within the area leased also called a load factor or partial floor factor or when expressed as a percentage of the net usable area an add on factor
addictive re  directs here for other uses see addiction dis  ambigu  ation and addictive dis  ambigu  ation addiction is a medical condition characterized by compul  sive engagement in rewarding stimul  i despite adverse consequences despite the involvement of a number of psycho  social factors a biological process – one which is induced by repeated exposure to an addictive stimulus – is the core path  ology that drives the development and maintenance of an addiction the two properties that characterize all addictive stimul  i are that they are reinforcing i e they increase the likelihood that a person will seek repeated exposure to them and intrinsically rewarding i e perceived as being positive or desirable addiction is a disorder of the brain s reward system which arises through trans  crip  tional and epi  genetic mechanisms and occurs over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus e g morphine cocaine sexual inter  course gambling etc δ  fo  sb a gene trans  cription factor is a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addic  tions two decades of research into δ  fo  sb s role in addiction have demonstrated that addiction arises and the associated compul  sive behavior intensi  fies or attenu  ates along with the genetic over  expression of δ  fo  sb in the d 1 type medium spin  y neurons of the nucleus accum  b  ens due to the causal relationship between δ  fo  sb expression and addic  tions it is used pre  clin  ically as an addiction biom  ar  ker δ  fo  sb expression in these neurons directly and positively regulates drug self administration and through positive reinforcement while decreasing sensitivity to aversion addiction ex  acts a high toll on individuals and society as a whole through the direct adverse effects of drugs associated healthcare costs long term complications e g lung cancer with smoking tobacco liver cir  rho  sis with drinking alcohol or me  th mouth from intra  ven  ous meth  amp  he  tam  ine the functional consequences of altered ne  ural plas  tic  ity in the brain and the consequent loss of productivity classic hall  marks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior preoccupation with substance or behavior and continued use despite consequences habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate grati  fication short term reward coupled with delayed dele  ter  ious effects long term costs examples of drug and behavioral addic  tions include alcoholism amp  he  tam  ine addiction cocaine addiction nicotine addiction op  iate addiction food addiction gambling addiction and sexual addiction the only behavioral addiction recognized by the dsm 5 is gambling addiction the term addiction is misused frequently to refer to other compul  sive behaviors or disorders particularly dependence in news media
addiction vulnerability is the genetic physiological or psychological pre  disposition to engage in addictive behaviors a vulnerability to addiction may lead to an increased risk for a substance dependence addic  tions can arise in both a chemical and a behavioral manner a chemical addiction refers to a physical substance dependence where a behavioral addiction involves a psychological dependence genetics has been shown to account for 40 60 of a person ’ s likelihood to develop an addiction current research is now working toward establishing a comprehensive picture of the neuro  biology of addiction vulnerability including all factors at work in propensity for addiction
ad  dison ’ s disease also known as primary adren  al in  sufficiency is a long term endocrine disorder in which the adren  al g  lands do not produce enough ster  o  id hormones symptoms generally come on slowly and may include ab  domin  al pain weakness and weight loss dark  ening of the skin in certain areas may also occur under certain circumstances an adren  al crisis may occur with low blood pressure v  om  iting lower back pain and loss of consciousness an adren  al crisis can be triggered by stress such as from an injury surgery or infection ad  dison s disease arises from problems with the adren  al g  land such that not enough of the ster  o  id hormone cor  ti  sol and possibly al  do  ster  one are produced most often due to damage by the body s own immune system in the developed world and tuberculosis in the developing world other causes include certain medications sep  sis and bleeding into both adren  al g  lands secondary adren  al in  sufficiency is caused by not enough ad  re  no  cor  ti  co  tropic hormone ac  th produced by the pit  u  itary g  land or cr  h produced by the hypo  thal  am  us despite this distinction adren  al crises can happen in all forms of adren  al in  sufficiency ad  dison s disease is generally diagnosed by blood tests urine tests and medical imaging treatment involves replacing the absent hormones this involves taking a cor  ti  co  ster  o  id such as hydro  cor  tis  one and flu  dro  cor  tis  one these medications are usually taken by mouth lifelong continuous ster  o  id replacement therapy is required with regular follow up treatment and monitoring for other health problems a high salt diet may also be useful in some people if symptoms worsen an injection of cor  ti  co  ster  o  id is recommended and people should carry a dose with them often large amounts of intra  ven  ous fluids with the sugar d  ext  rose are also required without treatment an adren  al crisis can result in death ad  dison ’ s disease affects about 0 9 to 1 4 per 10 000 people in the developed world it occurs most frequently in middle aged females secondary adren  al in  sufficiency is more common long term outcomes with treatment are typically good it is named after thomas ad  dison a graduate of the university of edinburgh medical school who first described the condition in 18  55 the ad  jec  tive ad  dis  onian is used to describe features of the condition as well as people with ad  dison ’ s disease
in number theory an additive function is an arithmetic function f n of the positive inte  ger n such that whenever a and b are co  prime the function of the product is the sum of the functions f ab f a f b
addres  s  ability is the ability of a digital device to individually respond to a message sent to many similar devices examples include p  agers mobile phones and set top boxes for pay tv computer networks are also addres  sable such as via the mac address on e  ther  net network cards and similar networking protocols like blue  tooth this allows data to be sent in cases where it is impractical or impossible such as with wireless devices to control exactly where or to which devices the message is physically sent in the case of simple hardware devices like the p  ager the address is simply the electronic serial number and later im  ei me  id in its firm  ware or physically manufactured into its circu  it  ry in the case of gsm mobile phones it also includes the subscriber identity module which is also present as a smart card on satellite tv receivers or a different pc  m  cia cab  lec  ard for cable tv addressing and encryption are used together for conditional access to different tv channel bund  les which a pay tv customer has or has not paid for addressing is also done in software at higher levels such as ip addresses which can be dynam  ically allocated even physically separate devices are now addres  sable such as to enforce revocation lists for digital restrictions or to use the former di  v  x dvd video ren  t  als although the latter only used its identity to phone home for billing purposes
ad  duc  ted thumb syndrome rec  essive form also known as christian syndrome or cran  io  sten  osis ar  thro  gry  pos  is cle  ft pal  ate is a rare disease affecting multiple systems which causes mal  formations of the pal  ate thum  bs and upper limbs the name christian syndrome derives from joe c christian the first person to describe the condition christian andrews con  ne  ally mul  ler syndrome is another term named after the other authors p a andrews p m con  ne  ally and j  ans mul  ler of the original publication it is an auto  som  al rec  essive connec  tive tissue disorder characterized by con  genital mal  formations contr  actu  res of the thumb and feet a typical facial appearance and normal cognitive development this is caused by mutation in the ch  st 14 carbo  hydrate sul  fo  transfer  ase 14 gene
ad  duc  ted thum  bs syndrome is a condition inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive fashion characterized by ar  thro  gry  pos  is cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis and my  opathy in association with con  genital generalized hyper  tric  ho  sis
aden  ine phosp  h  ori  bo  syl  transfer  ase deficiency also called ap  rt deficiency or 2 8 di  hydroxy  aden  ine u  ro  li  thi  asis is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder associated with a mutation in the enzyme aden  ine phosp  h  ori  bo  syl  transfer  ase
ad  eni  tis is a general term for an infl  amm  ation of a g  land often it is used to refer to lymp  had  eni  tis which is the infl  amm  ation of a lymp  h no  de
aden  o  carcin  oma ˌ  æ  d  ᵻ  no  ʊ  k  ɑ  ː  r  s  ᵻ  ˈ  no  ʊ  m  ə plural aden  o  carcin  om  as or aden  o  carcin  om  ata ˌ  æ  d  ᵻ  no  ʊ  k  ɑ  ː  r  s  ᵻ  ˈ  no  ʊ  m  ᵻ  t  ə is a type of can  cer  ous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body it is defined as ne  op  la  sia of epi  the  li  al tissue that has g  land  ular origin g  land  ular characteristics or both aden  o  carcin  om  as are part of the larger grouping of carcin  om  as but are also sometimes called by more precise terms om  itting the word where these exist thus invasive duc  tal carcin  oma the most common form of breast cancer is aden  o  carcin  oma but does not use the term in its name — however es  op  ha  ge  al aden  o  carcin  oma does to distinguish it from the other common type of es  op  ha  ge  al cancer es  op  ha  ge  al squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma several of the most common forms of cancer are aden  o  carcin  om  as and the various sorts of aden  o  carcin  oma vary greatly in all their aspects so that few useful gener  alizations can be made about them in the most specific usage narro  west sense the g  land  ular origin or traits are exo  cr  ine endocrine g  land tumors such as a vi  po  ma an insul  in  oma or a p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a are typically not referred to as aden  o  carcin  om  as but rather are often called neuro  endocrine tumors epi  the  li  al tissue sometimes includes but is not limited to the surface layer of skin g  lands and a variety of other tissue that lines the ca  vities and organs of the body epi  the  li  al tissue can be derived embry  o  logically from any of the germ layers ec  to  der  m endo  der  m or mes  o  der  m to be classified as aden  o  carcin  oma the cells do not necessarily need to be part of a g  land as long as they have secre  tory properties aden  o  carcin  oma is the m  align  ant counterpart to aden  oma which is the benign form of such tumors sometimes aden  om  as transform into aden  o  carcin  om  as but most do not well differentiated aden  o  carcin  om  as tend to resemble the g  land  ular tissue that they are derived from while poorly differentiated aden  o  carcin  om  as may not by stain  ing the cells from a biopsy a patho  logist can determine whether the tumor is an aden  o  carcin  oma or some other type of cancer aden  o  carcin  om  as can arise in many tissues of the body owing to the ubiquitous nature of g  lands within the body and more fundamentally to the potency of epi  the  li  al cells while each g  land may not be secre  ting the same substance as long as there is an exo  cr  ine function to the cell it is considered g  land  ular and its m  align  ant form is therefore named aden  o  carcin  oma
in situ pul  mon  ary aden  o  carcin  oma ais previously called bron  chi  olo  al  ve  ol  ar carcin  oma b  ac is a term describing certain variants of lung cancer arising in the dis  tal bron  chi  oles or al  ve  oli that initially exhibit a specific non invasive growth pattern b  ac is a type of non small cell lung cancer n  s  cl  c ais is defined as a small ≤ 3 cm solitary tum  our with pure al  ve  ol  ar epi  the  li  al appearance le  pid  ic growth lacking any invasion of the inter  sti  tium if completely res  ected the prog  no  sis of sur  g  ically treated ais is 100
aden  o  id hyper  tro  phy or enlarged aden  oids is the unusual growth hyper  tro  phy of the aden  o  id ton  sil first described by the danish physician wil  helm me  yer 18  24 18  95 in copenhagen in 1868 he described that a long term aden  o  id hyper  tro  phy will cause an obstruction of the nas  al airways these will lead to a d  ent  o  facial growth anomaly that was defined as aden  o  id fac  ies see long face syndrome there is very little lymp  ho  id tissue in the nas  op  har  yn  x of young babies humans are born without substantial aden  oids the m  at of lymp  ho  id tissue called aden  oids starts to get si  z  able during the first year of life just how big the aden  oids become is quite variable between individual children
aden  o  idi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the aden  o  id tissue usually caused by an infection aden  o  idi  tis is treated using medication antibiotics and or ster  oids or surgical intervention aden  o  idi  tis may produce cold like symptoms however aden  o  idi  tis symptoms often persist for ten or more days and often include p  us like discharge from nose the infection cause is usually viral however if the aden  o  idi  tis is caused by a bacterial infection antibiotics may be prescribed for treatment a ster  o  idal nas  al spray may also be prescribed in order to reduce nas  al congestion severe or recurring aden  o  idi  tis may require surgical removal of the aden  oids aden  o  ton  sill  ec  tomy
an aden  oma from greek α  δ  έν  ας aden  o g  land ώ  μα oma tumor ˌ  æ  d  ᵻ  ˈ  no  ʊ  m  ə plural aden  om  as or aden  om  ata ˌ  æ  d  ᵻ  ˈ  no  ʊ  m  ᵻ  t  ə is a benign tumor of epi  the  li  al tissue with g  land  ular origin g  land  ular characteristics or both aden  om  as can grow from many g  land  ular organs including the adren  al g  lands pit  u  itary g  land thyro  id pro  state and others some aden  om  as grow from epi  the  li  al tissue in n  ong  land  ular areas but express g  land  ular tissue structure as can happen in famili  al poly  pos  is coli although aden  om  as are benign over time they may transform to become m  align  ant at which point they are called aden  o  carcin  om  as most aden  om  as do not transform but even while benign they have the potential to cause serious health complications by com  pressing other structures mass effect and by producing large amounts of hormones in an unregulated non feedback dependent manner causing par  ane  op  l  astic syndro  mes some aden  om  as are too small to be seen macro  sco  p  ically but can still cause clinical symptoms
aden  oma se  bac  eu  m is a mis  named cu  taneous disorder consisting of an  gi  o  fi  bro  mas that begin in childhood generally present between 2 – 5 years of age and appear clin  ically as red pap  ules on the face especially on the nas  ol  ab  ial fol  ds cheek and chin mostly thought to be ac  ne not responding to treatment aden  oma se  bac  eu  m may at times be associated with tuber  ous sclerosis gradually the pap  ules become more prominent with time and persist throughout life cosmetic removal by argon or pulse dy  e laser or scal  pel is indicated
the aden  om  ato  id od  on  to  genic tumor is an od  on  to  genic tumor arising from the en  am  el organ or dental lam  ina
aden  om  ato  id tumor is a benign mes  o  the  li  al tumor it generally presents in the genital tract in regions such as the testi  s and epi  di  dy  mis however it also has been found in the pan  cre  as in the female it has been found in the body of the uter  us and the fall  op  ian tube
an aden  om  yo  epi  the  li  oma of the breast also aden  om  yo  epi  the  li  oma is a rare tum  our in the breast composed of g  land  ular elements aden  o and my  o  epi  the  li  al cells it is usually benign however there are reports of m  align  ant behaviour the hist  om  or  pho  logic appearance can mim  ic invasive duc  tal carcin  oma the most common type of invasive breast cancer
aden  om  y  oma is a tumor oma including components derived from g  lands aden  o and muscle my it is a type of complex and mixed tumor
aden  om  y  om  at  osis is a benign condition characterized by hyper  plastic changes of unknown eti  ology involving the wall of the gall  blad  der
aden  om  y  osis is a medical condition characterized by the presence of ec  topic g  land  ular tissue found in the muscular wall of the uter  us my  ome  tri  a the term aden  om  y  osis is derived from the greek terms aden  o meaning g  land my  o meaning muscle and osis meaning condition previously named as end  ome  tri  osis inter  na but aden  om  y  osis differs from end  ome  tri  osis and these two diseases represent two separate entities they are found together in many cases it usually refers to ec  topic end  ome  trial tissue the inner lining of the uter  us within the my  ome  tri  um the thick muscular layer of the uter  us the term aden  om  y  ome  tri  tis specifically implies involvement of the uter  us the condition is typically found in women between the ages of 35 and 50 but can also be present in younger women patients with aden  om  y  osis often present with painful and or prof  use m  enses dy  sm  en  or  rhe  a men  or  rha  gia respectively other possible symptoms are pain during sexual inter  course chronic pel  vic pain and irritation of the ur  inary blad  der in aden  om  y  osis bas  al end  ome  tri  um penetr  ates into hyper  plastic my  ome  trial fi  bers therefore unlike functional layer bas  al layer does not undergo typical cyclic changes with men  str  ual cycle aden  om  y  osis may involve the uter  us foc  ally creating an aden  om  y  oma with diffuse involvement the uter  us becomes bul  ky and heavier
aden  os  ine de  amin  ase deficiency also called ada deficiency or ada sci  d is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that causes immun  o  deficiency it occurs in fewer than one in 100 000 live births worldwide it accounts for about 15 of all cases of severe combined immun  o  deficiency sci  d ada deficiency may be present in infancy childhood adoles  cence or adul  thood age of onset and severity is related to some 29 known geno  types associated with the disorder
aden  os  ine mon  op  hosp  hate de  amin  ase deficiency type 1 also called my  o  aden  y  late de  amin  ase deficiency mad  d is a rec  essive genetic metabol  ic disorder that affects approximately 1 – 2 of populations of european descent it appears to be considerably r  arer in asian populations the genetic form is caused by a defect in the gene for amp de  amin  ase though there is also an acquired form of amp deficiency
aden  os  qu  am  ous carcin  oma is a type of cancer that contains two types of cells squ  am  ous cells thin flat cells that line certain organs and g  land like cells
aden  os  qu  am  ous lung carcin  oma ad  s  q  lc is a bi  ph  as  ic m  align  ant tumor arising from lung tissue that is composed of at least 10 by volume each of squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma s  q  cc and aden  o  carcin  oma ad  c cells
aden  o  virus infections most commonly cause illness of the respiratory system however depending on the inf  ecting sero  type they may also cause various other illnesses and presentations
aden  y  lo  succ  inate ly  ase deficiency also called aden  y  lo  succ  in  ase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder characterized by the appearance of succ  in  yl  am  ino  im  id  az  ol  ec  ar  box  amide ri  bo  side sa  ica ri  bo  side and succ  in  y  lad  en  os  ine s ado in cere  bro  spinal fluid urine and to a lesser extent in plasma these two succ  in  yl  pur  ines are the dep  hosp  hor  yl  ated derivatives of sa  ica ri  bo  tide sa  ic  ar and aden  y  lo  succ  inate s amp the two sub  str  ates of aden  y  lo  succ  inate ly  ase ad  sl which cataly  zes an important reaction in the de novo path  way of pur  ine bio  synthesis ad  sl cataly  zes two distinct reactions in the synthesis of pur  ine nucle  o  ti  des both of which involve the β elimination of fu  mar  ate to produce either am  ino  im  id  azole car  box  amide ri  bo  tide a  ic  ar from sa  ic  ar or aden  os  ine mon  op  hosp  hate amp from s amp
ad  er  mato  gly  phia is an extremely rare genetic disorder which causes a person to have no fingerprints there are only four known extended families worldwide which are affected by this condition recently the description of a case of a person from switzerland lacking fingerprints as an isolated finding was published the phen  o  type was mapped to chro  mo  some 4 q 22 in the s  plic  e site of a 3 ex  on of the gene for smar  cad 1 hel  ic  ase a point mutation was detected it results in a shortened form of the skin specific protein the hetero  zy  g  ous mode of mutation suggests an auto  som  al dominant mode of inheritance other conditions can cause a lack of fingerprints but unlike them ad  er  mato  gly  phia has no other side effects mutations in hel  ic  ases are involved in other rare genetic diseases for instance wer  ner syndrome
adhe  sions are fi  bro  us bands that form between tissues and organs often as a result of injury during surgery they may be thought of as internal scar tissue that connects tissues not normally connected
adhe  sive cap  su  li  tis also known as frozen shoulder is a painful and disab  ling disorder of unclear cause in which the shoulder cap  su  le the connec  tive tissue surrounding the glen  o  hum  eral joint of the shoulder becomes infl  amed and stiff greatly restricting motion and causing chronic pain pain is usually constant worse at night and with cold weather certain movements or bu  mps can provoke episodes of tremendous pain and cram  ping the condition is thought to be caused by injury or trauma to the area and may have an auto  immune component risk factors for frozen shoulder include tonic seizures diabetes mell  it  us stroke accidents lung disease connec  tive tissue diseases thyro  id disease and heart disease treatment may be painful and taxing and consists of physical therapy occupational therapy medication massage therapy hydro  di  lat  ation or surgery a physician may also perform manipulation under an  esthesia which breaks up the adhe  sions and scar tissue in the joint to help restore some range of motion pain and infl  amm  ation can be controlled with anal  ges  ics and n  s  aids people who suffer from adhe  sive cap  su  li  tis usually experience severe pain and sleep deprivation for prolonged periods due to pain that gets worse when lying still and restricted movement positions the condition can lead to depression problems in the neck and back and severe weight loss due to long term lack of deep sleep people who suffer from adhe  sive cap  su  li  tis may have extreme difficulty concentrating working or performing daily life activities for extended periods of time the condition tends to be self limiting and usually resol  ves over time without surgery most people regain about 90 of shoulder motion over time
adi  e syndrome ˈ  e  ɪ  di sometimes known as holmes – adi  e syndrome or adi  e s tonic pupil is a neuro  logical disorder characterized by a ton  ically dil  ated pupil that reacts slowly to light but shows a more definite response to accommodation i e light near dissoci  ation it is frequently seen in females with absent knee or an  kle jer  ks and impaired swe  ating it is named after the british neuro  logist william john adi  e it is caused by damage to the post  gang  li  onic fi  bers of the paras  ymp  athetic in  ner  vation of the eye usually by a viral or bacterial infection which causes infl  amm  ation and affects the pupil of the eye and the autonom  ic nervous system
an adi  pose tissue ne  op  las  m is a ne  op  las  m derived from adi  pose tissue an example is li  po  ma
adi  pos  is dol  or  osa also known as der  cu  m s disease or anders disease is a rare condition characterized by generalized obesity and fatty tumors in the adi  pose tissue the tumors are normally painful and found in multi  ples on the extre  mi  ties the understanding of the cause and mechanism of der  cu  m disease remains unknown possible causes include nervous system dysfunction mechanical pressure on nerves adi  pose tissue dysfunction and trauma der  cu  m s disease was first described at jefferson medical college by neuro  logist francis x  avi  er der  cu  m in 18  92
adi  pos  o  genital dy  stro  phy is a condition which may be caused by tertiary hypo  gon  ad  ism originating from decreased levels in gn  r  h low levels of gn  r  h has been associated with defects of the feeding centers of the hypo  thal  am  us leading to an increased consumption of food and thus cal  or  ic intake
ad  ip  sia also known as hypo  di  p  sia is a symptom of in  appropriately decreased or absent feelings of thirst it involves an increased o  sm  ol  ality or concentration of solu  te in the urine which stimulates secre  tion of anti  di  u  re  tic hormone adh from the hypo  thal  am  us to the kidneys this causes the person to retain water and ultimately become unable to feel thirst due to its r  arity the disorder has not been the subject of many research studies ad  ip  sia may be seen in conditions such as diabetes insi  pi  dus and may result in hyper  nat  re  mia it can occur as the result of ab  norm  alities in the hypo  thal  am  us pit  u  itary and corpus cal  lo  sum as well as following pit  u  itary hypo  thal  am  ic surgery it is possible for hypo  thal  am  ic dysfunction which may result in ad  ip  sia to be present without physical le  sions in the hypo  thal  am  us although there are only four reported cases of this there are also some cases of patients experiencing ad  ip  sia due to a psychiatric disease in these rare psycho  genic cases the patients have normal levels of urine o  sm  ol  ality as well as typical adh activity
an adjustment disorder ad — sometimes called exo  genous or reactive or situ  ational depression — occurs when an individual is unable to adjust to or cope with a particular stress or a major life event since people with this disorder normally have symptoms that depressed people do such as general loss of interest feelings of hopelessness and crying this disorder is sometimes known as situ  ational depression unlike major depression the disorder is caused by an outside stres  sor and generally resol  ves once the individual is able to adapt to the situation one hypothesis about ad is that it may represent a sub threshold clinical syndrome the condition is different from anxiety disorder which lacks the presence of a stres  sor or post traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder which usually are associated with a more intense stres  sor common characteristics of ad include mild depres  sive symptoms anxiety symptoms and traumatic stress symptoms or a combination of the three there are nine types of ad listed in the dsm iii r according to the dsm iv tr there are six types of ad which are characterized by the following predominant symptoms depressed mood anxiety mixed depression and anxiety disturbance of conduct mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct and unspecified however the criteria for these symptoms are not specified in greater detail ad may be acute or chronic depending on whether it lasts more or less than six months according to the dsm iv tr if the ad lasts less than 6 months then it may be considered acute if it lasts more than six months it may be considered chronic moreover the symptoms cannot last longer than six months after the stres  sor s or its consequences have terminated diagnosis of ad is quite common there is an estimated incidence of 5 – 21 among psychiatric consultation services for adults adult women are diagnosed twice as often as are adult men among children and adolescents girls and boys are equally likely to receive this diagnosis ad was introduced into the psychiatric classification systems almost 30 years ago but similar syndro  mes were recognized for many years before that
the ad  ler 2 5 litre in german ad  ler 2 5 lit  er was a sensation when first presented by ad  ler at the berlin motor show early in 19  37 although this did not convert into correspondingly sensational sales production got under way in november 19  37 seen as a successor for the six cylinder ad  ler diplomat it was an executive se  dan sal  oon featuring a strikingly streamlined body designed by karl j  ens  ch  ke 18  99 – 1969 who till 19  35 had been the director of engineering with ste  y  r d  aim  ler pu  ch j  ens  ch  ke s last creation during his time with ste  y  r had been the ste  y  r 50 which the ad  ler 2 5 litre though larger closely resemb  led both on account of its un  com  promis  ingly stream lined sil  hou  ette and because its launch coincided with germany ’ s first auto  ba  hn construction boom the car was popul  arly known as the auto  ba  hn ad  ler the body for the four door fast back sal  oon came from am  bi bud  d whose berlin based german business made the steel bodies for several of germany ’ s large autom  akers in the decade before the war the two and four door cab  rio  let bodies came from kar  mann of os  nab  rü  ck
administrative resource is the ability of political candidates and parties to use their official positions or connections to government institutions to influence the outcome of elections the term is widely used in russia and other former ussr countries because the practice is widespread is well known and is openly discussed by public and media in these countries the administrative resource is one of the major factors in most elections similar practices are used to a varying degree all over the world including countries that are usually considered democratic the administrative resource is only one part that determines the election outcome two other major factors are the ideology candidate s agenda and the use of political technologies pr campaign organisation etc among many different ways the administrative resource can be applied are mobilisation of organisational and financial resources the authorities can easily pressure businessmen to fund preferred candidates and parties before russian parliamentary elections the money is often used to create authorities parties based not on a particular ideology but on affiliation with the government and easy access to money the laws can be selectively applied to assist friendly candidates by hindering their competition the authorities can use frequent tax inspections police searches and arrests to punish businessmen who fund the competing candidates the authorities can use the election laws to their advantage for example by creating a pretext for appealing the results later if the unfavourable candidate is winning another option is to stop from voting some groups of people who are likely to vote against the preferred candidate government controlled organisations such as the army prisons hospitals public schools etc can be mobilised for signature collection and other goals they can also pressure their employees and customers for voting for particular candidates and exercise control over votes by housing the polling stations redistribution of budget funds the authorities can bribe the electorate indirectly by re  paying pension debts index  ing salaries etc the federal government can control governors by measuring donations to their regions controlling the mass media the heads of states or regions can easily create news topics for media getting free publicity and circumventing the limits for tv advertisements imposed on all candidates this method was used with particular effectiveness in russian presidential election 2004 falsi  fying the election results additional ballots can be introduced under the names of those who didn t vote ballots for wrong candidate can be invali  dated by damaging them ballots can be replaced the authorities can also control the staff of the election committees and prevent control by independent observers
an ad  n  ex  al mass is a lump in tissue of the ad  n  ex  a of uter  us structures closely related structurally and func  tionally to the uter  us such as the ov  aries fall  op  ian tubes or any of the surrounding connec  tive tissue ad  n  ex  al masses can be benign or can  cer  ous and they can be categ  orized as simple or complex one of the most important factors used to determine the clinical suspicion of m  align  ancy of an ad  n  ex  al mass is the son  o  graphic appearance of the mass indications that the mass is at a higher risk of being m  align  ant include presence of loc  ul  ations no  d  ules pap  ill  ary structures sept  ations size greater than 10 cm
a adren  al aden  oma is a benign tumor of the g  land  ular type aden  oma in the adren  al g  land while some adren  al aden  om  as do not secre  te hormones at all non  functional often diagnosed incidentally as incid  ent  al  om  as some secre  te cor  ti  sol causing cu  shing s syndrome al  do  ster  one causing con  n s syndrome or and  rog  ens causing hyper  and  ro  gen  ism
adren  al crisis also known as ad  dis  onian crisis and acute adren  al in  sufficiency is a medical emergency and potentially life threatening situation requiring immediate emergency treatment it is a con  stell  ation of symptoms that indicate severe adren  al in  sufficiency caused by insufficient levels of the hormone cor  ti  sol this may be the result of either previously un  diagnosed or untreated ad  dison s disease a disease process suddenly affecting adren  al function such as bleeding from the adren  al g  lands in water  house fri  der  ich  sen syndrome suddenly stopping intake of glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids or an inter  current problem e g infection trauma in fact any form of physical or mental stress in someone known to have ad  dison s disease or con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia ca  h
adren  al g  land disorders or diseases are conditions that interfere with the normal functioning of the adren  al g  lands adren  al disorders may cause hyper  function or hypo  function and may be con  genital or acquired the adren  al g  land produces hormones that affects growth development and stress and also helps to regulate kidney function there are two parts of the adren  al g  lands the adren  al cor  tex and the adren  al med  ul  la the adren  al cor  tex produces miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  ids which regulate salt and water balance within the body glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids including cor  ti  sol which have a wide number of roles within the body and and  rog  ens hormones with te  sto  ster  one like function the adren  al med  ul  la produces ep  in  eph  rine adren  al  ine and no  rep  in  eph  rine nor  adren  al  ine disorders of the adren  al g  land may affect the production of one or more of these hormones
adren  al in  sufficiency is a condition in which the adren  al g  lands do not produce adequate amounts of ster  o  id hormones primarily cor  ti  sol but may also include impaired production of al  do  ster  one a miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id which regulates sodium conservation potassium secre  tion and water retention cr  aving for salt or sal  ty foods due to the ur  inary losses of sodium is common ad  dison s disease and con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia can manifest as adren  al in  sufficiency if not treated adren  al in  sufficiency may result in severe ab  domin  al pains v  om  iting profound muscle weakness and fatigue depression extremely low blood pressure hypo  tension weight loss kidney failure changes in mood and personality and shock adren  al crisis an adren  al crisis often occurs if the body is subjected to stress such as an accident injury surgery or severe infection death may quickly follow adren  al in  sufficiency can also occur when the hypo  thal  am  us or the pit  u  itary g  land does not make adequate amounts of the hormones that assist in regulating adren  al function this is called secondary or tertiary adren  al in  sufficiency and is caused by lack of production of ac  th in the pit  u  itary or lack of cr  h in the hypo  thal  am  us respectively
an adren  al tumor or adren  al mass is any benign or m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms of the adren  al g  land several of which are notable for their tendency to over  produce endocrine hormones adren  al cancer is the presence of m  align  ant adren  al tumors and includes neuro  bl  ast  oma ad  re  no  cor  tical carcin  oma and some adren  al p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  as most adren  al p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  as and all ad  re  no  cor  tical aden  om  as are benign tumors which do not me  tast  asi  ze or invade nearby tissues but may cause significant health problems by un  balancing hormones
adren  ali  tis also called adren  i  tis is the infl  amm  ation of one or both adren  al g  lands which can lead to an in  sufficiency of ep  in  eph  rine or no  rep  in  eph  rine types can include but are not limited to x  anth  o  gran  ul  om  at  ous adren  ali  tis auto  immune adren  ali  tis a major cause of ad  dison s disease hemorrha  gic adren  ali  tis
an adren  er  gic storm is a sudden and dramatic increase in serum levels of the cat  ec  hol  am  ines adren  al  in and nor  adren  al  in also known as ep  in  eph  rine and no  rep  in  eph  rine respectively with a less significant increase in dop  amine transmission it is a life threatening condition because of extreme t  ach  y  car  dia and hyper  tension and is especially dire for those with prior heart problems if treatment is prompt prog  no  sis is good typically large amounts of di  az  ep  am or other benzo  di  az  ep  ines are administered alongside beta bloc  kers beta bloc  kers are contr  ain  dic  ated in some patients so other anti hyper  ten  sive medication such as cl  on  id  ine may be used it is usually caused by over  dose of stimul  ants especially cocaine but can also arise from improper eating habits while taking mono  amine oxid  ase inhi  bit  ors a sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ge can also cause an adren  er  gic storm and cat  ec  hol  amine storm is part of the normal course of rabies infection and is responsible for the severe feelings of ag  itation terror and dys  autonom  ia present in the pre coma stage of the disease
adren  er  gic ur  tic  aria is a skin condition characterized by an eruption consisting of small 1 5 mm red mac  ules and pap  ules with a pale hal  o appearing within 10 to 15 min after emotional upset
a ad  re  no  cor  tical aden  oma or adren  al cor  tical aden  oma is a benign tumor of the adren  al cor  tex it can present with cu  shing s syndrome or primary al  do  ster  on  ism is a well circum  scri  bed yellow tum  our in the adren  al cor  tex which is usually 2 – 5 cm in diameter the color of the tum  our as with adren  al cor  tex as a whole is due to the stored lip  id mainly cho  le  sterol from which the cor  tical hormones are synthe  sized these tumors are frequent incidental findings at post mortem examination and appear to have produced no significant metabol  ic disorder only a very small percentage lead to cu  shing s syndrome nevertheless these apparently non functioning aden  om  as are most often encountered in elder ob  ese people there is some debate that they may really represent no  d  ules in diffuse no  d  ular cor  tical hyper  pl  asia very occasionally a true adren  al cor  tical aden  oma is associated with the clinical manifestations of con  n s syndrome and can be shown to be ex  cre  ting miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  ids
ad  re  no  cor  tical carcin  oma also adren  al cor  tical carcin  oma acc and adren  al cor  tex cancer is an aggressive cancer originating in the cor  tex ster  o  id hormone producing tissue of the adren  al g  land ad  re  no  cor  tical carcin  oma is a rare tumor with incidence of 1 – 2 per million population annually ad  re  no  cor  tical carcin  oma has a b  im  od  al distribution by age with cases clu  stering in children under 5 and in adults 30 – 40 years old ad  re  no  cor  tical carcin  oma is remarkable for the many hormonal syndro  mes which can occur in patients with ster  o  id hormone producing functional tumors including cu  shing s syndrome con  n syndrome vi  ri  li  zation and fem  ini  zation ad  re  no  cor  tical carcin  oma has often invaded nearby tissues or me  tast  asi  zed to distant organs at the time of diagnosis and the overall 5 year survival rate is only 20 – 35 the widely used an  gi  ot  ens  in ii responsive ster  o  id producing cell line h 295 r was originally isolated from a tumor diagnosed as ad  re  no  cor  tical carcin  oma
ad  re  no  cor  tical hyper  function is a condition where there is an over  expression of products of the adren  al cor  tex when cor  ti  sol is over  produced it is called cu  shing s syndrome when al  do  ster  one is over  produced it is called hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism
ad  re  no  leuko  dy  stro  phy ˌ  lu ko  ʊ ˈ  dis tr  ə fi  ː also known as x linked ad  re  no  leuko  dy  stro  phy ald x ald si  emer  ling – creutz  feldt disease or bron  ze sch  il  der disease is a disease that is linked on the x chro  mo  some it is a result of fatty acid dig  estive enzymes not breaking up the fats these fats build up in the brain they damage the my  elin that surrounds nerves this can cause seizures and hyper  activity it can also cause problems with speaking listening and understanding verbal instructions in more detail it is a disorder of per  ox  isom  al fatty acid beta oxid  ation which results in the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in tissues throughout the body the most severely affected tissues are the my  elin in the central nervous system the adren  al cor  tex and the ley  dig cells in the test  es clin  ically ald is a heterogeneous disorder presenting with several distinct phen  o  types and no clear pattern of geno  type phen  o  type correlation as an x linked disorder ald presents most commonly in males however approximately 50 of hetero  zy  go  te females show some symptoms later in life approximately two thirds of ald patients will present with the childhood cere  br  al form of the disease which is the most severe form it is characterized by normal development in early childhood followed by rapid de  generation to a vegetative state the other forms of ald vary in terms of onset and clinical severity ranging from adren  al in  sufficiency to progressive par  ap  a  res  is in early adul  thood this form of the disease is typically known as ad  re  no  my  el  on  euro  pa  thy ald is caused by mutations in ab  cd 1 a gene located on the x chro  mo  some that codes for ald a per  ox  isom  al memb  rane transporter protein the exact mechanism of the patho  genesis of the various forms of ald is not known bio  chemically individuals with ald show very high levels of un  bran  ched saturated very long chain fatty acids particularly cer  otic acid 26 0 the level of cer  otic acid in plasma does not cor  relate with clinical presentation treatment options for ald are limited dietary treatment is with lo  ren  zo s oil for the childhood cere  br  al form stem cell transplant and gene therapy are options if the disease is detected early in the clinical course adren  al in  sufficiency in ald patients can be successfully treated ald is the most common per  ox  isom  al in  born error of metabol  ism with an incidence estimated between 1 18 000 and 1 50 000 it does not have a significantly higher incidence in any specific ethnic groups
ad  son s sign is the loss of the rad  ial pulse in the arm by rotating head to the ip  si  lateral side with extended neck following deep inspiration it is sometimes used as a sign of thor  ac  ic outlet syndrome tos it is named after alfred washington ad  son
adul  a  res  cence is an optical phenomenon similar to lab  rad  ores  cence and av  entu  res  cence that is produced in gem  stones such as moon  stones
adult onset still s disease a  os  d is a rare systemic infl  am  matory disease characterized by the classic tri  ad of persistent high spi  king fe  vers joint pain and a distinctive salmon colored bumpy rash the disease is considered a diagnosis of exclusion levels of the iron binding protein fer  ri  tin may be elevated with this disorder a  os  d may present in a similar manner to other infl  am  matory diseases and to auto  immune diseases which must be ruled out before making the diagnosis prog  no  sis is usually favorable but manifestations of the disease affecting the lungs heart or kidney may occasionally cause severe life threatening complications it is treated first with ster  oids such as pred  nis  one drugs that block the action of inter  leuk  in 1 particularly il 1 β are effective treatments
adult onset immun  o  deficiency syndrome is a provisional name for a newly diagnosed immun  o  deficiency illness the name is proposed in the first public study to identify the syndrome it appears to be chronic and non contagious affecting mainly people of asian descent aged around 50 cases first started appearing in 2004 primarily in thailand and taiwan
adult t cell leuk  emia lymp  homa at  l or at  ll is a rare cancer of the immune system s own t cells human t cell leuk  emia lymp  ho  tropic virus type 1 ht  lv 1 is believed to be the cause of it in addition to several other diseases
adult attention deficit hyper  activity disorder also referred to as adult ad  hd or simply ad  hd in adults formerly a  add is the neuro  biological condition of attention deficit hyper  activity disorder ad  hd in adults about one third to two thirds of children with symptoms from early childhood continue to demonstrate notable ad  hd symptoms throughout life three sub  types of ad  hd are identified in the dsm 5 as predominantly in  attentive ad  hd pi predominantly hyper  active ad  hd ph combined type ad  hd c in later life the hyper  active impul  sive subtype manifests less frequently the hyper  activity symptoms tend to turn more into inner rest  lessness starting in adoles  cence and carrying on in adul  thood adult ad  hd is typically marked by in  attenti  veness difficulty getting work done procrast  ination and organizational problems specifically adults with ad  hd present with persistent difficulties in following directions remembering information concentrating organizing tasks completing work within specified time frames and appearing timely in appointments these difficulties affect several different areas of an ad  hd adult s life causing emotional social vocational marital legal financial and or academic problems as a result low self esteem is commonly developed however given the right guidance and co  aching these traits of ad  hd could also lead to career success diagnosis of the condition follows after one or several assessment interviews by a clin  ician including examination of personal history observ  ational evidence from family members or close friends academic reports often going back to school years etc as well as evaluation to diagnose additional possible conditions which often coexist with ad  hd called com  or  bi  dities or com  or  bid disorders the condition is highly her  itable and while its exact causes are not fully known genetic or environmental factors are understood to play a part ad  hd is a childhood onset condition usually requiring symptoms to have been present before age 12 for a diagnosis children under treatment will migrate to adult health services if necessary as they transit into adul  thood however diagnosis of adults involves full examination of their history successful treatment of ad  hd is usually based on a combination of medication cognitive behavioral therapy and co  aching or skills training medium to high intensity physical exercise improved sleep and improved and targeted nutrition are also known to have a positive effect within school and work reasonable accommod  ations may be put in place to help the individual work more efficiently and produc  tively
adult blas  ch  ki  tis is a rare infl  am  matory skin condition presenting as pr  uri  tic pap  ules and ves  ic  les along multiple lines of blas  ch  ko
the advanced traffic management system at  ms field is a primary sub  field within the intelligent transportation system its domain the at  ms view is a top down management perspective that integrates technology primarily to improve the flow of vehicle traffic and improve safety real time traffic data from cameras speed sensors etc flows into a transportation management center t  mc where it is integrated and processed e g for incident detection and may result in actions taken e g traffic routing d  ms messages with the goal of improving traffic flow the national its architecture defines the following primary goals and  metr  ics for its increase transportation system efficiency enhance mobility improve safety reduce fuel consumption and environmental cost increase economic productivity and create an environment for an its market
the ad  ms advanced disaster management simul  ator is an emergency and disaster management training simulation system designed to train incident commanders first respon  ders and incident command teams in a real time interactive virtual reality v  r environment ad  ms was first introduced by environmental tec  ton  ics corporation et  cc us in 1992 the development of ad  ms was in response to the crash of british air  t  ours flight 28 m at the manchester airport in 1985 in which 55 people died following the accident research indicated that first respon  der training should include realistic scenarios the first ad  ms system was produced for the uk ministry of defence and delivered to royal air force ’ s raf man  ston facility since its inception ad  ms has evolved into a mod  ular exp  and  able disaster simulation platform with systems in use worldwide
advanced sleep phase disorder asp  d also known as the advanced sleep phase type as  pt of cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorder or advanced sleep phase syndrome as  ps is a condition in which patients feel very sleepy and go to bed early in the evening e g 6 00 – 8 00 p m and wake up very early in the morning e g around 3 00 a m
an adverse drug reaction adr is an injury caused by taking a medication ad  rs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs the meaning of this expression differs from the meaning of side effect as this last expression might also imply that the effects can be beneficial the study of ad  rs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance an adverse drug event ade refers to any injury occurring at the time a drug is used whether or not it is identified as a cause of the injury an adr is a special type of ade in which a caus  ative relationship can be shown
in medicine an adverse effect is an un  desired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery an adverse effect may be termed a side effect when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect if it results from an unsuitable or incorrect do  sage or procedure this is called a medical error and not a complic  ation adverse effects are sometimes referred to as i  atro  genic because they are generated by a physician treatment some adverse effects occur only when starting increasing or dis  continuing a treatment using a drug or other medical intervention which is contr  ain  dic  ated may increase the risk of adverse effects adverse effects may cause complications of a disease or procedure and negatively affect its prog  no  sis they may also lead to non compliance with a treatment regim  en adverse effects of medical treatment resulted in 142 000 deaths in 2013 up from 94 000 deaths in 1990 globally the harmful outcome is usually indicated by some result such as morbi  dity mortality alteration in body weight levels of enzymes loss of function or as a pathological change detected at the micro  scopic macro  scopic or physiological level it may also be indicated by symptoms reported by a patient adverse effects may cause a reversible or irreversible change including an increase or decrease in the suscep  tibility of the individual to other chemicals foods or procedures such as drug interactions
adverse reactions to bio  logic agents such as im  at  ini  b occur in more than 80 of patients and can be characterized by e  dem  a and pr  ur  it  us without der  mati  tis
in aspect and functional programming advice describes a class of functions which modify other functions when the latter are run it is a certain function method or procedure that is to be applied at a given join point of a program the following is taken from a discussion at the mailing list a  os  d discuss pascal co  stan  za contributed the following the term advice goes back to the term advising as introduced by warren te  it  el  man in his ph  d thesis in 1966 here is a quote from chapter 3 of his thesis advising is the basic innovation in the model and in the pilot system advising consists of inserting new procedures at any or all of the entry or exit points to a particular procedure or class of procedures the procedures inserted are called advice procedures or simply advice since each piece of advice is itself a procedure it has its own entries and exits in particular this means that the execution of advice can cause the procedure that it modi  fies to be by  passed completely e g by specifying as an exit from the advice one of the exits from the original procedure or the advice may change essential variables and continue with the compu  tation so that the original procedure is executed but with modified variables finally the advice may not alter the execution or affect the original procedure at all e g it may merely perform some additional compu  tation such as printing a message or recording history since advice can be conditional the decision as to what is to be done can depend on the results of the compu  tation up to that point the principal advantage of advising is that the user need not be concerned about the details of the actual changes in his program nor the internal representation of advice he can treat the procedure to be advised as a unit a single block and make changes to it without concern for the particulars of this block this may be contr  asted with editing in which the program  mer must be cogn  iz  ant of the internal structure of the procedure advising found its way into b  bn lis  p and later into x  ero  x par  c s inter  lis  p it also found its way to flav  ors the first object oriented extension to lis  p developed at mit they were sub  sum  ed under the notion of method combination see for example aim 602 at since method combination and macro  s are closely related it s also interesting to note that the first macro system was described in 1963 three years before warren te  it  el  man s ph  d thesis see aim 57 at
aer  ob  ic vag  initi  s av is a form of vag  initi  s first described by don  ders et al in 2002 it is characterized by a more or less severe disruption of the lac  tob  ac  ill  ary flora along with infl  amm  ation atro  phy and the presence of a predominantly aer  ob  ic micro  flora composed of enter  ic commens  als or pathogens it can be considered the aer  ob  ic counterpart of bacterial vag  in  osis the lack of acknowledgement of the difference between the two conditions might have led to inaccurate conclusions in several studies in the past the entity that has been described as des  qu  am  ative infl  am  matory vag  initi  s probably corresponds to the more severe forms of aer  ob  ic vag  initi  s
aerop  ha  gia var aerop  ha  gy is a condition of excessive air sw  allowing which goes to the stomach aerop  ha  gia may also refer to an unusual condition where the primary symptom is excessive fl  atus bel  ching is not present and the actual mechanism by which air enters the gut is obscure aerop  ha  gia in psychiatry is sometimes attributed to nerv  ousness or anxiety
aero  sin  u  si  tis also called bar  o  sin  u  si  tis sin  us squeeze or sin  us bar  o  trauma is a painful infl  amm  ation and sometimes bleeding of the memb  rane of the par  an  as  al sin  us ca  vities normally the frontal sin  us it is caused by a difference in air pressures inside and outside the ca  vities
an aerosol burn is an injury to the skin caused by the pressur  ized gas within an aerosol spray cooling quickly with the sudden drop in temperature sufficient to cause fro  st  bite to the applied area medical studies have noted an increase of this practice known as fro  sting in pedi  atric and teenage patients adi  ab  atic expansion causes the gas with a low boiling temperature to rapidly cool on exit from the aerosol app  lier according to controlled laboratory experiments the gas from a typical de  od  or  ant spray can reduce skin temperature by up to sixty degrees celsius the form of injury is freezing of the skin a type of fro  st  bite it is highly advised for those who suffer from fro  st  bite to seek medical attention in rare cases aerosol induced burns can be severe enough to necessitate skin graf  ting
aff  ective sensation is a sensation accompanied with a strong compulsion to act on it causing reflex actions such as the scratch reflex ga  g reflex or the withdrawal reflex aff  ective sens  ations are transmitted via the spin  o  thal  am  ic tract through the spinal cord sensory processing of the brain inter  acts with behavioral choices such as decisions to eat or stop eating in healthy individuals and in people with eating disorders taste serves to identify potential nutrients and toxins when subjects ta  sted a potentially nutri  tive stimulus the connectivity between the ins  ula and a feeding network including the hypo  thal  am  us ven  tr  al palli  dum and stri  at  um was greater than when ta  sting a potentially harmful stimulus these results support the existence of an integrated supr  am  od  al flavor system in the an  terior ven  tr  al ins  ula that prefer  entially communic  ates with the circuits guiding feeding when the flavor is potentially nutri  tive aff  ective sensory information is transmitted via the spin  o  thal  am  ic tract the sensation information is then accompanied by a compulsion to act for instance an itch is accompanied by a need to scratch and a painful stimulus makes us want to withdraw from the pain the location of the spin  o  thal  am  ic tract is important clin  ically due of the characteristic sensory deficits that follow certain spinal cord injuries for instance a unilateral spinal le  sion will produce sensory loss of touch pressure vibration and propri  o  ception below the le  sion on the same side the pathways for pain and temperature however cross the mid  line to asc  end on the opposite side of the cord therefore diminished sensation of pain below the le  sion will be observed on the side opposite the mechan  os  ens  ory loss and the le  sion
the aff  ective spectrum is a spectrum of aff  ective disorders mood disorders it is a grouping of related psychiatric and medical disorders which may accompany bipolar uni  polar and schiz  o  aff  ective disorders at statistically higher rates than would normally be expected these disorders are identified by a common positive response to the same types of pharmaco  logic treatments they also aggregate strongly in families and may therefore share common her  itable underlying physi  o  logic anomalies aff  ective spectrum disorders include attention deficit hyper  activity disorder bipolar disorder body dys  morph  ic disorder bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa and other eating disorders cat  ap  l  ex  y dys  thy  mia general anxiety disorder hy  pers  ex  uality irrit  able bo  wel syndrome impulse control disorders kle  p  tom  ania migr  aine major depres  sive disorder obs  essive compul  sive disorder op  posi  tional defi  ant disorder panic disorder post  traumatic stress disorder pre  men  str  ual dy  sp  hor  ic disorder social anxiety disorder fi  bro  my  al  gia the following may also be part of the spectrum accompanying aff  ective disorders chronic pain inter  mit  tent explosive disorder pathological gambling personality disorder py  romania substance abuse and addiction includes alcoholism tric  ho  til  lo  mania also there are now studies linking heart disease many of the terms above overlap the american psychiatric association s definitions of these terms can be found in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm
in catholic can  on law aff  inity is an impediment to marriage of a couple due to the relationship which either party has as a result of a kin  ship relationship created by another marriage or as a result of out of marital inter  course the relationships that give rise to the impediment have varied over time marriages and sexual relations between people in an aff  inity relationship are regarded as inc  est  uous today the relevant principle within the catholic church is that aff  inity does not be  get aff  inity — i e there is no aff  inity between one spouse s relatives and the other spouse s relatives can  on 109 of the code of can  on law of the catholic church provides that aff  inity is an impediment to the marriage of a couple and is a relationship which arises from a valid marriage even if not consum  m  ated and exists between a man and the blood relatives of the woman and between the woman and the blood relatives of the man also aff  inity is reckoned in such a way that the blood relations of the man are related by aff  inity to the woman in the same line and the same degree and vice versa
african black  wood der  mati  tis is a condition characterized by an allergic contact der  mati  tis associated with a musical instrument made of a particular type of wood
african hist  op  las  mo  sis is an infection caused by hist  op  las  ma du  bo  is  ii disease has been most often reported in uganda nigeria zaire and senegal in human disease it manifests differently than hist  op  las  mo  sis caused by hist  op  las  ma capsul  at  um most often involving the skin and bones and rarely involving the lungs
african iron overload also known as ban  tu sid  er  osis or dietary iron overload is an iron overload disorder first observed among people of african descent in southern africa and central africa dietary iron overload is the consumption of large amount of home bre  wed beer with high amount of iron content in it preparing beer in iron pots or drums results in high iron content the iron content in home bre  wed beer is around 46 – 82 mg l compared to 0 5 mg l in commercial beer dietary overload was prevalent in both the rural and urban black african population with the introduction of commercial beer in urban areas the condition has decreased however the condition is still common in rural areas until recently studies have shown that genetics might play a role in this disorder combination of excess iron and functional changes in fer  ro  por  tin seems to be the probable cause this disorder can be treated with ph  le  bo  tomy therapy or iron chel  ation therapy
african tick bite fever is a bacterial infection transmitted by the am  bl  y  om  ma der  mac  ent  or or the r  hi  pic  ep  hal  us family of tic  ks it is caused by the ric  ke  tt  sia afric  ae bacter  ium the incub  ation period of the disease is from 5 to 7 days and symptoms include fever headache and a skin rash the rash is characterized by scant le  sions often mac  ular and or vesicular
african try  pan  o  som  i  asis also known as sleeping sickness is a par  asi  tic disease of humans and other animals it is caused by proto  zo  a of the species try  pan  o  som  a bru  ce  i there are two types that infect humans try  pan  o  som  a bru  ce  i gambi  ense t b g and try  pan  o  som  a bru  ce  i rho  desi  ense t b r t b g causes over 98 of reported cases both are usually transmitted by the bite of an infected t  set  se fly and are most common in rural areas initially in the first stage of the disease there are fe  vers headaches it  chin  ess and joint pains this begins one to three weeks after the bite weeks to months later the second stage begins with confusion poor coordination num  b  ness and trouble sleeping diagnosis is via finding the parasite in a blood sme  ar or in the fluid of a lymp  h no  de a lum  bar punc  ture is often needed to tell the difference between first and second stage disease prevention of severe disease involves screening the population at risk with blood tests for t b g treatment is easier when the disease is detected early and before neuro  logical symptoms occur treatment of the first stage is with the medications pent  amid  ine or sur  am  in treatment of the second stage involves ef  lor  ni  th  ine or a combination of ni  fur  timo  x and ef  lor  ni  th  ine for t b g while mel  ar  so  pro  l works for both stages it is typically only used for t b r due to serious side effects without treatment it typically results in death the disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub saharan africa with the population at risk being about 70 million in 36 countries as of 2010 it caused around 9 000 deaths per year down from 34 000 in 1990 an estimated 30 000 people are currently infected with 7000 new infections in 2012 more than 80 of these cases are in the democratic republic of the congo three major outbreaks have occurred in recent history one from 18  96 to 1906 primarily in uganda and the congo basin and two in 1920 and 1970 in several african countries other animals such as cows may carry the disease and become infected in which case it is known as nag  ana
after  image is a computer graphics effect used by video games the effect takes the bright parts of a rendered image of the scene and then f  ades in a motion blur style fashion as the scene progres  ses the result is that bright areas leave a fading trail when the camera is moving after  image can be used to enhance blo  oming in some games the process is named light trail
after  load is the pressure in the wall of the left ven  tric  le during e  jec  tion in other words it is the end load against which the heart contracts to e  ject blood after  load is readily broken into components one factor is the a  or  tic pressure the left ven  tric  ular muscle must overcome to e  ject blood the greater the a  or  tic pul  mon  ary pressure the greater the after load on the left right ven  tric  le respectively following lap  l  ace s law the tension upon the muscle fi  bers in the heart wall is the pressure within the ven  tric  le multiplied by the volume within the ven  tric  le divided by the wall thickness this ratio is the other factor in setting the after  load therefore when comparing a normal heart to a heart with a dil  ated left ven  tric  le if the a  or  tic pressure is the same in both hearts the dil  ated heart must create a greater tension to overcome the same a  or  tic pressure to e  ject blood because it has a larger internal radius and volume thus the dil  ated heart has a greater total load tension on the my  oc  y  tes i e has a higher after  load this is also true in the ec  centric hyper  tro  phy consequent to high intensity aer  ob  ic training conversely a concentr  ically hyper  tro  phi  ed left ven  tric  le may have a lower after  load for a given a  or  tic pressure when contr  acti  lity becomes impaired and the ven  tric  le dil  ates the after  load rises and limits output this may start a vicious circle in which cardiac output is reduced as oxygen requirements are increased after  load can also be described as the pressure that the chambers of the heart must generate in order to e  ject blood out of the heart and thus is a consequence of the a  or  tic pressure for the left ven  tric  le and pul  mon  ic pressure or pul  mon  ary artery pressure for the right ven  tric  le the pressure in the ven  tric  les must be greater than the systemic and pul  mon  ary pressure to open the a  or  tic and pul  mon  ic valves respectively as after  load increases cardiac output decreases cardiac imaging is a somewhat limited modality in defining after  load because it depends on the interpretation of volu  metric data
the age of the captain is a nonsensical mathematical word problem which cannot be answered even though there seems to be plenty of information supplied it was given for the first time by gust  ave fl  au  bert in a letter to his sister caroline in 18  41 pu  is  que tu fa  is de la gé  om  é  tri  e et de la tri  gon  om  é  tri  e je va  is te donn  er un probl  è  me un navi  re est en mer il est par  ti de boston char  g  é de co  ton il j  au  ge 200 ton  ne  aux il fait vo  ile vers le hav  re le grand m  â  t est cass  é il y a un mous  se sur le g  ail  l  ard d ’ av  ant les pass  agers sont au nom  bre de dou  ze le vent sou  ff  le n e e l ’ hor  lo  ge mar  que 3 heu  res un qu  art d ’ après mid  i on est au mo  is de mai … on deman  de l ’ â  ge du capit  aine since you are now studying geometry and tri  gon  ome  try i will give you a problem a ship sails the ocean it left boston with a cargo of wool it gros  ses 200 tons it is bound for le hav  re the main  m  ast is broken the cabin boy is on deck there are 12 passengers aboard the wind is blowing east north east the clock points to a quarter past three in the afternoon it is the month of may how old is the captain more recently a simpler version has been used to study how students react to word problems a captain owns 26 sheep and 10 goats how old is the captain
age segregation is separation of people based on their age and may be observed in many aspects of some societies examples of institutionalized age segregation include age segregation in schools and age segregated housing there are studies of informal age segregation among adolescents age segregation in schools age grading or graded education is the separation of students into years of education grades forms by approximately the same age in the united states graded education was introduced during 18  48 to 1870 age grading in schools has significant impact on age segregation among adoles  cent peer groups age segregation in the u s was a product of industrialization western formal schooling child labor laws social services agencies and the rise of disciplines such as psychology and education a combination of these caused a shift from family working as a unit to separation of economic activities and childcare emerged some communities have different cultural practices and integrate children into mature activities of the family and community this is common among indigenous american communities
age segregation in schools age grading or graded education is the separation of students into years of education grades forms by approximately the same age in the united states graded education was introduced during 18  48 to 1870 age grading in schools has significant impact on age segregation among adoles  cent peer groups
the ageing of europe also known as the gre  ying of europe is a demographic phenomenon in europe characterised by a decrease in fertility a decrease in mortality rate and a higher life expectancy among european populations
agen  esis of the corpus cal  lo  sum acc is a rare birth defect con  genital disorder in which there is a complete or partial absence of the corpus cal  lo  sum it occurs when the corpus cal  lo  sum the band of white matter connecting the two hemis  ph  er  es in the brain fails to develop normally typically during pregnancy the fi  bers that would otherwise form the corpus cal  lo  sum become longit  u  din  ally oriented within each hemisphere and form structures called prob  st bund  les in addition to agen  esis of the corpus cal  lo  sum other cal  los  al disorders include hypo  genesis partial formation dys  genesis mal  formation of the corpus cal  lo  sum and hypo  pl  asia underdevelopment of the corpus cal  lo  sum
age  o  stro  phy is the real condition that works against geo  stro  ph  ic wind or geo  stro  ph  ic currents in the ocean and works against an exact balance between the c  ori  ol  is force and the pressure gr  adi  ent force while geo  stro  ph  ic currents or winds come from an equilibrium of a particular system age  o  stro  phy is more often observed because of other forces such as friction or the centrifu  gal force from cur  ved fluid flow
ag  eu  sia ə  ˈ  ɡ  ju  ː  zi  ə ə ge  w ze  e ə is the loss of taste functions of the tongue particularly the inability to detect sweet  ness sour  ness bitterness sal  tin  ess and um  ami meaning pleasant sav  ory taste it is sometimes confused with an  os  mia – a loss of the sense of smell because the tongue can only indicate tex  ture and differentiate between sweet sour bitter sal  ty and um  ami most of what is perceived as the sense of taste is actually derived from smell true ag  eu  sia is relatively rare compared to hypo  g  eu  sia – a partial loss of taste – and dys  g  eu  sia – a distortion or alteration of taste
agglomer  ates from the latin agglomer  are meaning to form into a ball are co  arse accumul  ations of large blocks of volcanic material that contain at least 75 bombs volcanic bombs differ from volcanic blocks in that their shape records flu  idal surfaces they may for example have ro  py cau  li  form sc  ori  ac  eous or fol  ded chilled margins and spin  dle sp  at  ter rib  bon rag  ged or am  oe  bo  id shapes glob  ular masses of lava may have been shot from the cr  ater at a time when partly mol  ten lava was exposed and was frequently shattered by sudden out  bursts of steam these bombs were vis  co  us at the moment of e  jec  tion and by rotation in the air acquired their shape they are commonly 1 to 2 feet 30 to 60 cm in diameter but specimens as large as 12 feet 3 7 m have been observed there is less variety in their composition at any one volcanic centre than in the case of the lith  ic blocks and their composition indicates the type of mag  ma being erupted agglomer  ates are typically found near volcanic v  ents and within volcanic condu  its where they may be associated with pyro  cl  astic or intrusive volcanic b  rec  ci  as older pre 1970 publications particularly in scotland referred to any co  arse gr  ained volcan  ic  l  astic rock as agglomer  ate which led to debris flow deposits tal  us deposits and other types of b  rec  cia being mistaken for v  ents agglomer  ates are typically poorly sorted may contain a fine ash or tu  ff matrix and vary from matrix to cl  ast support they may be mono  lith  o  logic or heter  oli  th  ic and may contain some blocks of various ig  ne  ous rocks there are various differences between agglomer  ates and ordinary ash beds or tu  ffs agglomer  ates are co  ar  ser and less frequently well bed  ded agglomer  ates can be non wel  ded or wel  ded such as co  arse bas  al  tic sp  at  ter they typically form proxim  ally during st  rom  boli  an erup  tions and are common at strongly per  al  kal  ine volcan  oes some large agglomer  ate deposits are deposited from pyro  cl  astic density currents during explosive calder  a forming erup  tions such as at san  tor  ini ta  al and camp  i f  leg  re  i they may be massive to cru  dely bed  ded and can attain great thick  nesses cryst  alline masses of a different kind occur in some numbers in certain agglomer  ates they consist of volcanic minerals very much the same as those formed in the lava but exhi  biting certain peculiarities which indicate that they have formed slowly under pressure at considerable depths they bear a resemblance to pluton  ic ig  ne  ous rocks but are more correctly to be regarded as agglomerations of cryst  als formed within the liquid lava as it slowly rose towards the surface and at a subsequent period cast out by violent steam explosions the san  id  in  ites of the ei  fe  l belong to this group at ves  u  vi  us as  cen  sion st vincent and many other volcan  oes they form a considerable part of the co  ar  ser ash beds their common  est minerals are oli  vine an  orth  ite hor  n  bl  ende aug  ite bio  ti  te and le  uc  ite
in database management an aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or measurement such as a set a bag or a list common aggregate functions include average i e arithmetic mean count maximum nan  mean mean ignoring nan values also known as nil or null median minimum mode sum aggregate functions are common in numerous programming languages spre  ad  sheets and rel  ational al  ge  bra
aggregation induced emission ai  e is an abnormal phenomenon for organic lumin  opho  res most organic compounds have a plan  ar structure and higher photo  emission efficiency in solution than in solid states however some organic lumin  opho  res have rotation groups which consume energy after they are excited in solution when these lumin  opho  res crystal  li  ze and the free rotation of groups is restricted in solid state the photo  emission efficiency becomes higher than in solution
aggressive nk cell leuk  emia is a disease with an aggressive systemic proliferation of natural killer cells nk cells and a rapidly declining clinical course it is also called aggressive nk cell lymp  homa
an  gi  om  y  x  oma is a my  x  o  id tumor involving the blood vessels it can affect the vul  va and other parts of the pel  vis the characteristic feature of this tumor is its frequent local recurrence and it is currently regarded as a non me  tast  asi  zing benign tumor
aggressive digital pap  ill  ary aden  o  carcin  oma also known as a digital pap  ill  ary aden  o  carcin  oma and pap  ill  ary aden  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by an aggressive m  align  ancy involving the digit between the n  ail  bed and the dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joint spaces
aggressive fi  bro  mat  osis is a rare condition marked by the presence of des  mo  id tumors des  mo  id tumors can arise in virtually any part of the body and are tumors that arise from cells called fi  bro  bl  asts which are found throughout the body and provide structural support protection to the vital organs and play a critical role in wound healing these tumors tend to occur in women in their thir  ties but can occur in anyone at any age they can be either relatively slow growing or m  align  ant however aggressive fi  bro  mat  osis is locally aggressive when they are aggressive they can cause life threatening problems or even death when they com  press vital organs such as intest  ines kidney lungs blood vessels nerves etc most cases are spor  adic but some are associated with famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is f  ap approximately 10 of individuals with gar  dner s syndrome a type of f  ap with extra  colon  ic features have des  mo  id tumors his  to  logically they resemble very low grade fi  bro  sar  com  as but they are very locally aggressive and tend to recur even after complete res  ection there is a tendency for recurrence in the setting of prior surgery in one study two thirds of patients with des  mo  id tumors had a history of prior ab  domin  al surgery risk factors for des  mo  id disease amongst f  ap patients include female sex a 3 ap  c mutation a positive family history and a history of previous ab  domin  al surgery
aggressive lymp  homa is a type of lymp  homa that grows and spreads quickly and has severe symptoms it is seen frequently in patients who are hiv positive aids related lymp  homa also called intermediate grade lymp  homa and high grade lymp  homa
ag  ility or nim  bl  eness is the ability to change the body s position efficiently and requires the integration of isolated movement skills using a combination of balance coordination speed refl  exes strength and end  ur  ance ag  ility is the ability to change the direction of the body in an efficient and effective manner and to achieve this requires a combination of balance – the ability to maintain equilibrium when stationary or moving i e not to fall over through the coordinated actions of our sensory functions eyes ears and the propri  o  cep  tive organs in our joints static balance – the ability to retain the centre of mass above the base of support in a stationary position dynamic balance – the ability to maintain balance with body movement speed the ability to move all or part of the body quickly strength the ability of a muscle or muscle group to overcome a resistance and lastly coordination – the ability to control the movement of the body in co operation with the body s sensory functions e g in catching a ball ball hand and eye coordination in sports ag  ility is often defined in terms of an individual sport due to it being an integration of many components each used differently specific to all of sorts of different sports shep  pard and young 2006 defined ag  ility as a rapid whole body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus ag  ility is also an important attribute in many role playing games both computer games and pen and paper or tab  let  op games such as dun  geons drag  ons ag  ility may affect the character s ability to evade an enemy s attack or land their own move more quickly navigate uneven terrain or engage in steal  thy activities such as lock  picking or pick  poc  keting
ag  ility dri  lls are used in the aim of improving sports ag  ility which is the ability to change direction and accelerate while in motion the ability to change direction while in motion is very important in many sports but especially in team and dual sports for example a foot  ball  er running back must be able to quickly change direction when he sees an opponent preparing to tackle him and must be able to quickly change directions when dri  b  bling the ball attempting to get back on defense or when trying to beat an opponent to the ball a tennis player must be able to quickly change directions when moving to a position where the ball is expected to go but instead finds the ball going in a different direction
an aging associated disease is a disease that is most often seen with increasing frequency with increasing sen  es  cence essentially aging associated diseases are complications arising from sen  es  cence age associated diseases are to be distinguished from the aging process itself because all adult animals age save for a few rare exceptions but not all adult animals experience all age associated diseases aging associated diseases do not refer to age specific diseases such as the childhood diseases chicken pox and meas  les aging associated disease is used here to mean diseases of the elderly nor should aging associated diseases be confused with accelerated aging diseases all of which are genetic disorders examples of aging associated diseases are a  ther  os  clerosis and cardiovascular disease cancer ar  thri  tis cat  ar  acts o  ste  op  or  osis type 2 diabetes hyper  tension and alzheimer s disease the incidence of all of these diseases increases rapidly with aging increases exponentially with age in the case of cancer of the roughly 150 000 people who die each day across the globe about two thirds — 100 000 per day — die of age related causes in industrialized nations the proportion is higher reaching 90
ag  los  sia ag  los  sia con  gen  ita is a cong  ential defect resulting in a partial development or complete absence of a tongue ag  los  si  ais commonly associated with cran  io  facial and limb defects ad  ac  ty  lia syndrome and is thought to belong to a family of or  om  andi  bul  ar limb hypo  genesis syndrome or ol  hs it is believed to be caused by heat induced vascular disruption near the fourth week of embryonic development the first known case was reported in the early 18 th century by a member of the prominent de jus  si  eu family in france and cases to this day remain rare
ag  na  thia also termed hypo  gn  ath  ous is absence of a portion or the entirety of one or both ja  ws it is a very rare condition
agno  sia is the inability to process sensory information often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects persons sounds shapes or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss it is usually associated with brain injury or neuro  logical illness particularly after damage to the oc  ci  pit  o  temporal border which is part of the ven  tr  al stream agno  sia only affects a single modality such as vision or hearing
ag  onal respir  ation gasping respir  ation or ag  onal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and bra  inst  em reflex characterized by gasping lab  ored breathing accompanied by strange voc  alizations and my  o  cl  onus possible causes include cere  br  al is  chem  ia extreme hypo  x  ia or even an  ox  ia ag  onal breathing is an extremely serious medical sign requiring immediate medical attention as the condition generally progres  ses to complete ap  ne  a and heral  ds death the duration of ag  onal respir  ation can be as brief as two bre  aths or last up to several hours the term is sometimes in  accurately used to refer to lab  ored gasping breathing patterns accompanying organ failure e g liver failure and ren  al failure si  rs se  ptic shock and metabol  ic aci  do  sis see k  us  s  ma  ul breathing or in general any lab  ored breathing including bio  t s respir  ations and at  ax  ic respir  ations correct usage would restrict the term to the last bre  aths before death ag  onal respir  ations are also commonly seen in cases of cardi  ogenic shock or cardiac arrest where ag  onal respir  ations may persist for several minutes after cessation of heartbeat the presence of ag  onal respir  ations in these cases indicates a more favorable prog  no  sis than in cases of cardiac arrest without ag  onal respir  ations in an un  responsive pul  seless patient in cardiac arrest ag  onal gasps are not effective bre  aths ag  onal respir  ation occurs in 40 of cardiac arrests experienced outside a hospital environment ag  onal respir  ation is not the same as and is unrelated to the phenomenon of death r  attle
ag  or  ap  ho  bia is an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety in situations where the person percei  ves the environment to be unsafe with no easy way to get away these situations can include open spaces public transit shopping m  alls or simply being outside the home being in these situations may result in a panic attack the symptoms occur nearly every time the situation is encountered and lasts for more than six months those affected will go to great lengths to avoid these situations in severe cases people may become unable to leave their homes the cause of ag  or  ap  ho  bia is a combination of genetic and environmental factors the condition often runs in families and stressful events such as the death of a parent or being attacked may be a trigger in the dsm 5 ag  or  ap  ho  bia is classified as a pho  bia along with specific pho  bias and social pho  bia other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include separation anxiety post  traumatic stress disorder and major depres  sive disorder those affected are at higher risk of depression and substance use disorder without treatment it is un  common for ag  or  ap  ho  bia to resolve treatment is typically with a type of counselling called cognitive behavioral therapy c  bt c  bt results in resolution for about half of people ag  or  ap  ho  bia affects about 1 7 of adults women are affected about twice as often as men the condition often begins in early adul  thood and becomes less common in old age it is rare in children the term ag  or  ap  ho  bia is from greek ἀ  γ  ορά meaning a public square and φ  ο  β  ία pho  bia meaning fear
ag  or  ap  ho  bia without a history of panic disorder also called primary ag  or  ap  ho  bia is an anxiety disorder where the suffer  er does not meet the dsm 5 criteria for panic disorder ag  or  ap  ho  bia typically develops as a result of having panic disorder in a small minority of cases however ag  or  ap  ho  bia can develop by itself without being triggered by the onset of panic attacks ag  or  ap  ho  bia can be caused by traumatic experiences such as bullying or abuse historically there has been debate over whether ag  or  ap  ho  bia without panic genuinely existed or whether it was simply a manifestation of other disorders such as panic disorder general anxiety disorder avoid  ant personality disorder and social pho  bia one researcher said out of 41 ag  or  ap  hob  ics seen at a clinic during a period of 1 year only 1 fit the diagnosis of ag  or  ap  ho  bia without panic attacks and even this particular classification was questionable do not expect to see too many ag  or  ap  hob  ics without panic in spite of this earlier skepticism current thinking is that ag  or  ap  ho  bia without panic disorder is indeed a valid unique illness which has gone largely unnoticed since its sufferers are far less likely to seek clinical treatment
ag  ran  ul  oc  y  to  sis also known as ag  ran  ul  osis or gran  ul  open  ia is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous leuk  open  ia lowered white blood cell count most commonly of neu  troph  ils causing a neu  tro  pen  ia in the circulating blood it is a severe lack of one major class of infection fighting white blood cells people with this condition are at very high risk of serious infections due to their suppressed immune system in ag  ran  ul  oc  y  to  sis the concentration of gran  ul  oc  y  tes a major class of white blood cells that includes neu  troph  ils bas  oph  ils and e  o  sin  oph  ils drops below 500 cells mm ³ of blood
ag  rap  hes  the  sia is a disorder of direc  tional cu  taneous kin  esthesia or a dis  orientation of the skin s sensation across its space it is a difficulty recognizing a written number or letter traced on the skin after par  ie  tal damage
ag  rap  hia is an acquired neuro  logical disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing either due to some form of motor dysfunction or an inability to spell the loss of writing ability may present with other language or neuro  logical disorders disorders appearing commonly with ag  rap  hia are alex  ia ap  ha  sia dys  ar  thri  a agno  sia and ap  ra  x  ia the study of individuals with ag  rap  hia may provide more information about the pathways involved in writing both language related and motor  ic ag  rap  hia cannot be directly treated but individuals can learn techniques to help regain and rehabilitate some of their previous writing abilities these techniques differ depending on the type of ag  rap  hia ag  rap  hia can be broadly divided into central and peripheral categories central ag  rap  hi  as typically involve language areas of the brain causing difficulty spelling or with spontaneous communication and are often accompanied by other language disorders peripheral ag  rap  hi  as usually target motor and vis  u  o  spatial skills in addition to language and tend to involve motor  ic areas of the brain causing difficulty in the movements associated with writing central ag  rap  hia may also be called ap  has  ic ag  rap  hia as it involves areas of the brain whose major functions are connected to language and writing peripheral ag  rap  hia may also be called non  ap  has  ic ag  rap  hia as it involves areas of the brain whose functions are not directly connected to language and writing typically motor areas the history of ag  rap  hia dates to the mid four  teenth century but it was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that it sparked significant clinical interest research in the twentieth century focused primary on ap  ha  si  ology in patients with le  sions from stro  kes
agr  arian structure is the pattern of land area group distribution among land  holders agricultural households
agre  e  ab  len  ess is a personality trait manifest  ing itself in individual behavioral characteristics that are perceived as kind sympathetic cooperative warm and consider  ate in contemporary personality psychology agre  e  ab  len  ess is one of the five major dimensions of personality structure reflecting individual differences in cooperation and social harmony people who score high on this dimension are emp  athetic and altru  istic while a low agre  e  ab  len  ess score relates to selfish behavior and a lack of emp  athy those who score very low on agre  e  ab  len  ess show signs of dark tri  ad behavior such as manipulation and competing with others rather than cooperating agre  e  ab  len  ess is considered to be a super  ordinate trait meaning that it is a grouping of personality sub traits that cluster together statistically the lower level traits or facets grouped under agre  e  ab  len  ess are trust straight  forwar  dness altruism compliance modesty and tender mindedness
the a  har  on  ov – bo  hm effect sometimes called the eh  ren  berg – sid  ay – a  har  on  ov – bo  hm effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic potential v a despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field b and electric field e are zero the underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle s wave function and the a  har  on  ov – bo  hm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments the most commonly described case sometimes called the a  har  on  ov – bo  hm sol  en  o  id effect takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long sol  en  o  id experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle s wa  ve  function being negligible inside the sol  en  o  id this phase shift has been observed experim  entally there are also magnetic a  har  on  ov – bo  hm effects on bound energies and scat  tering cross sections but these cases have not been experim  entally tested an electric a  har  on  ov – bo  hm phenomenon was also predicted in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical pot  entials but zero electric field but this has no experimental confirmation yet a separate molecular a  har  on  ov – bo  hm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions but this has been argued to be a different kind of geome  tric phase as it is neither non  local nor topo  logical depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path wer  ner eh  ren  berg and raymond e sid  ay first predicted the effect in 1949 and similar effects were later published by yak  ir a  har  on  ov and david bo  hm in 1959 after publication of the 1959 paper bo  hm was informed of eh  ren  berg and sid  ay s work which was acknowledged and credited in bo  hm and a  har  on  ov s subsequent 1961 paper subsequently the effect was confirmed experim  entally by several authors a general review can be found in pes  h  kin and ton  om  ura 1989
the ahmed mohamed clock incident occurred when a 14 year old boy ahmed mohamed was arrested on september 14 2015 at mac  arthur high school in ir  ving texas for bringing an alleged ho  ax bomb to school the incident ign  ited allegations of racial profiling and islam  opho  bia from media and commentators mohamed had re  assembled the parts of a scrapped digital clock in a pencil case and brought it to school to show his teachers his english teacher thought the clock resemb  led a bomb and she confiscated it and reported him to the school s principal local law enforcement was called and mohamed was questioned by police for an hour and a half after being handcu  ffed and taken into custody and without being allowed to see his parents he was transported to a juvenile detention facility where he was finger  printed and his mu  g shot photograph was taken he was then released to his parents the reason for his arrest was allegedly for pur  po  sely trying to cause a bomb scare the case was not pursued further by juvenile justice authorities however mohamed was suspended from school following the incident police determined mohamed had no malicious intent and he was not charged with any crime news of the incident became viral – initially on twitter – with allegations by some commentators that the actions of the school officials and police were due to their stereo  typing of mohamed based on his sudanese ance  stry and muslim faith after u s president barack obama politicians activists technology company executives and media personalities commented about the incident mohamed was invited to participate in a number of high profile events related to encouraging youth interest in science and technology apart from praise for his ingen  u  ity there was also criticism and accusations that the incident was manufactured and a purposeful ho  ax on november 23 2015 ahmed s family threatened to sue the city of ir  ving and the school district for civil rights violations and physical and mental anguish unless they received written apologies and compensation of 15 million in late 2015 his family decided to accept a scholarship from the qatar foundation and move to qatar partially because of un  evidenced accusations of terrorist links and continued harassment from conspiracy theorists they returned to the dallas area on june 27 2016 saying they missed the relatives who had stayed in the u s and they will return to qatar in the fall
not be confused with a  ic  ardi gou  ti  ères syndrome a  ic  ardi syndrome is a rare genetic mal  formation syndrome characterized by the partial or complete absence of a key structure in the brain called the corpus cal  lo  sum the presence of re  tin  al ab  norm  alities and seizures in the form of inf  anti  le sp  as  ms a  ic  ardi syndrome is the  orized to be caused by a defect on the x chro  mo  some as it has thus far only been observed in girls or in boys with k  lin  ef  el  ter syndrome confirmation of this theory awaits the discovery of a caus  ative gene symptoms typically appear before a baby reaches about 5 months of age
a  ic  ardi – gou  ti  ères syndrome ags which is completely distinct from the similarly named a  ic  ardi syndrome is a rare usually early onset childhood infl  am  matory disorder most typically affecting the brain and the skin neuro  developmental disorder the majority of affected individuals experience significant intellectual and physical problems although this is not always the case the clinical features of ags can mim  ic those of in uter  o acquired infection and some characteristics of the condition also overlap with the auto  immune disease systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le following an original description of eight cases in 1984 the condition was first referred to as a  ic  ardi – gou  ti  ères syndrome ags in 1992 and the first international meeting on ags was held in p  avia italy in 2001 ags can occur due to mutations in any one of a number of different genes of which seven have been identified to date namely tre  x 1 r  nas  eh 2 a r  nas  eh 2 b r  nas  eh 2 c which together en  code for the ri  bon  uc  lease h 2 enzyme complex sam  hd 1 ad  ar 1 and i  fi  h 1 coding for m  da 5 this neuro  logical disease occurs in all populations worldwide although it is almost certainly under diagnosed to date 2014 at least 400 cases of ags are known
ain  h  um from portuguese pronounced ī  n yo  om ´ i ´ num or ā  n ´ h  um also known as d  ac  ty  lo  lysis spontane  a is a painful con  stric  tion of the base of the fifth toe frequently followed by bilateral spontaneous auto  ampu  tation a few years later
an air embol  ism also known as a gas embol  ism is an embol  ism or blood vessel block  age caused by one or more bubbles of air or gas in the circul  atory system air embol  isms may also occur in the x  yl  em of vascular plants especially when suffering from water stress di  vers can suffer from arter  ial gas embol  isms ven  ous gas embol  isms usually get blocked by the lungs and so rarely cause a problem
an air lock is a restriction of or complete stop  page of liquid flow caused by gas trapped in a high point of a liquid filled pipe system the gas being less dense than the liquid rises to any high points when pressure is applied instead of the liquid flowing as it would if the system was full of liquid the system behaves like a series of man  ome  ters flu  shing the system with high flow or pressures can help move the gas away from the highest point or a tap or automatic vent valve can be installed to let the gas out air lock problems often occur when one is trying to re  commission a system after it has been deliberately for servicing or accidentally emp  tied for example a central heating system using a circulating pump to pump water through radi  ators when filling such a system air is trapped in the radi  ators this air has to be vented using screw valves built into the radi  ators depending on the pipe layout if there are any upside down u s in the circuit it will be necessary to vent the highest point s if not air lock may stop flow through that part of the circuit completely note that circulating pumps usually do not generate enough pressure to overcome air locks fig 1 shows a reservoir which feeds a gravity distribution system – for drinking water or irrigation if the ground in which the pipe is laid has high points – such as hi 1 2 etc and low points between them such as lo 1 2 etc then if the pipe is filled from the top and was empty the pipe fills ok as far as hi 1 if the water flow velocity is below the rising velocity of air bubbles re  f then water trick  les down to the low point lo 2 and traps the remaining air between hi 1 and lo 2 as more water flows down the upward leg lo 2 to hi 2 fills up this exer  ts a pressure on the trapped air of either h 2 m of water w  g water gauge or h 1 whichever is less if h 2 is greater than h 1 then you have a full air lock and the water level in the up leg lo 2 to hi 2 stops at h 1 and no further water can flow if h 1 is greater than h 2 then some water can flow but the full pipe hydraulic head h 3 will not be reached and so flow is much less than expected if there are further und  ul  ations then the back pressure effects add together obviously long pipelines over fairly level but und  ulating land are bound to have many such high and low points to avoid air or gas lock automatic v  ents are fitted which let air or gas out when above a certain pressure they may also be designed to let air in under vacuum there are many other design considerations for design of water pipeline systems e g the air lock phenomenon can be used in a number of useful ways the diag  ram to the right shows an s trap this has the properties a that liquid can flow from top 1 to bottom 4 un  hindered and b that gas cannot flow through the trap unless it has enough extra pressure to overcome the liquid head of the trap this is usually about 75 to 100 mm of water and prevents foul sm  elling air coming back from foul water drainage systems via connections to toi  lets sinks and so on s traps work well unless the drainage water has sand in it which then collects in the u part of the s
air spar  ging also known as in situ air stripping and in situ volati  li  zation is an in situ remedi  ation technique used for the treatment of saturated soils and groundwater contaminated by volatile organic compounds voc  s like petroleum hydrocarbons which is a widespread problem for the ground water and soil health
air stagnation is a phenomenon which occurs when an air mass remains over an area for an extended period due to light winds and lack of precip  itation pollutants cannot be cleared from the air either gaseous like ozone or particulate like so  ot or dust subsid  ence produced directly under the sub  tropical ridge can lead to a buil  dup of particulates in urban areas under the ridge leading to widespread ha  ze if the low level relative hum  idity rises towards 100 percent overnight fog can form in the united states the national weather service issues an air stagnation advisory when these conditions are likely to occur
air  bag der  mati  tis also known as an air  bag burn is caused skin irritation and trauma secondary to the deployment of air  bags
aircraft hijacking also known as air piracy or aircraft piracy especially within the special aircraft jurisdiction of the united states and informally as sky  j  acking is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group in most cases the pilot is forced to fly according to the orders of the hi  jack  ers occasionally however the hi  jack  ers have flown the aircraft themselves such as the september 11 attacks in at least three cases the plane was hijacked by the official pilot or co pilot unlike the typical hi  jack  ings of land vehicles or ships sky  j  acking is not usually committed for robbery or theft most aircraft hi  jack  ers intend to use the passengers as hostages either for monetary ransom or for some political or administrative concession by authorities various motives have driven such occurrences including demanding the release of certain inmates notably ic 814 highlighting the grievances of a particular community notably af 89  69 or political asylum notably et 9  61 hi  jack  ers also have used aircraft as a weapon to target particular locations notably during the september 11 2001 attacks hi  jack  ings for hostages commonly produce an armed stan  doff during a period of negotiation between hi  jack  ers and authorities followed by some form of settlement settlements do not always meet the hi  jack  ers original demands if the hi  jack  ers demands are deemed too great and the perpetrators show no inclination to surrender authorities sometimes employ armed special forces to attempt a rescue of the hostages notably operation ent  eb  be
aircraft upset is a dangerous condition in aircraft operations in which the flight attitude or air  speed of an aircraft is outside the normal bounds of operation for which it is designed this may result in the loss of control lo  c of the aircraft and sometimes the total loss of the aircraft itself loss of control may be due to turbulent weather pilot dis  orientation or a system failure the u s nasa aviation safety program defines upset prevention and upset recovery as to prevent loss of control accidents due to aircraft upset after inadvertently entering an extreme or abnormal flight attitude a boeing compiled list determined that 2 0  51 lives were lost in 22 accidents in the years 1998 – 2007 due to lo  c accidents n  ts  b data for 1994 – 2003 count 32 accidents and more than 2 100 lives lost worldwide
in mathematics and especially game theory the airport problem is a type of fair division problem in which it is decided how to distribute the cost of an airport run  way among different players who need run  ways of different lengths the problem was introduced by s c lit  t  lec  hi  ld and g owen in 1973 their proposed solution is 1 divide the cost of providing the minimum level of required facility for the smallest type of aircraft equally among the number of landings of all aircraft 2 divide the incremental cost of providing the minimum level of required facility for the second smallest type of aircraft above the cost of the smallest type equally among the number of landings of all but the smallest type of aircraft continue thus until finally the incremental cost of the largest type of aircraft is divided equally among the number of landings made by the largest aircraft type the authors note that the resulting set of landing charges is the shap  ley value for an appropriately defined game
air  sickness is a sensation which is induced by air travel it is a specific form of motion sickness and is considered a normal response in healthy individuals air  sickness occurs when the central nervous system receives conflicting messages from the body including the inner ear eyes and muscles affecting balance and equilibrium the inner ear is particularly important in the maintenance of balance and equilibrium because it contains sensors for both ang  ular rot  ational and linear motion air  sickness is usually a combination of spatial dis  orientation naus  ea and v  om  iting
air  way obstruction is a block  age of respir  ation in the air  way it can be broadly classified into being either in the upper air  way or lower air  way
in mathematics the airy ze  ta function studied by is a function analogous to the ri  emann ze  ta function and related to the zer  os of the airy function
there are several ak  abor  i amino acid reactions which are named after shir  o ak  abor  i 1900 – 1992 a japanese chem  ist in the first reaction an α amino acid is ox  i  dis  ed by heating it with an ox  idi  zing sugar this reaction has been used to synthe  size dic  hlor  oph  thal  im  ido derivatives for the analysis of pep  ti  des since the mass spec  tra of those derivatives are easily recognized file ak  abor  i p  ng in the second reaction an α amino acids and esters are reduced by sodium am  alg  am and ethanol  ic h  cl to give α amino alde  hy  des this process is concep  tually similar to the bou  ve  ault – blanc reduction except that is pa  uses at the alde  hyde stage file ak  abor  i 2 p  ng
the ak  a  ho  ya eruption was the strongest known volcanic eruption of the ki  kai calder  a in ky  ū  sh  ū japan it e  jected about 150 cubic kilometres 36 cu mi of volcanic material giving it a 7 on the volcanic explo  sivity index the ak  a  ho  ya eruption is one of only six known erup  tions reaching that magnitude during the holoc  ene or the last twelve thousand years it dramatically changed vegetation in southern ky  ū  sh  ū archae  o  logically it has been dated around 7 300 cal bp during the earliest j  ō  mon period but it has also been radio  carbon dated to 6 500 bp
ak  any  e or ak  an  je russian а  к  а  н  ь  е russian pron  unciation ˈ  ak  ə  n  ʲ  j  ɪ is a ph  on  ological phenomenon in sla  vic languages in which the ph  on  em  e o or e is realized as more or less close to a it is a case of vo  wel reduction the most familiar example is probably russian ak  any  e pronounced but not represented orth  o  graphically in the standard language ak  any  e is also found in standard belarusian represented orth  o  graphically as well as in northern polis  sian ukrainian dial  ects slovene dial  ects e g lower carni  ol  an dial  ects some sub  groups of the ka  j  k  avian dial  ect of ser  bo croatian and bulgarian dial  ects e g the rho  dope dial  ects including the sm  ol  yan dial  ect
ak  ath  is  ia is a movement disorder characterized by a feeling of inner rest  lessness and a compelling need to be in constant motion as well as by actions such as roc  king while standing or sitting lifting the feet as if marching on the spot and crossing and un  crossing the legs while sitting people with ak  ath  is  ia are unable to sit or keep still complain of rest  lessness fi  d  get rock from foot to foot and pace the term was coined by the czech neuro  psychiatrist lad  islav has  kov  ec 18  66 – 1944 who described the phenomenon in 19  01 anti  psycho  tics also known as neuro  le  p  tics particularly the first generation anti  psycho  tics may cause ak  ath  is  ia other known causes include side effects of certain medications and nearly any physical dependence inducing drug during drug withdrawal it is also associated with par  kinson s disease and related syndro  mes the term is from greek κα  θ  ίζ  ει  ν kath  í  ze  in – to sit a indicating ne  gation or absence lit inability to sit
ak  in  et  op  sia greek a for without k  ine for to move and op  sia for seeing also known as cere  br  al ak  in  et  op  sia or motion blindness is a neuro  psychological disorder in which a patient cannot perceive motion in his or her visual field despite being able to see stationary objects without issue there are varying degrees of ak  in  et  op  sia from seeing motion as a cinema reel to an inability to discriminate any motion there is currently no effective treatment or cure for ak  in  et  op  sia
ak  shar  aa  ab  hy  as  am or ak  shar  a ab  hy  a  as  am or vi  dy  aar  amb  ham is a traditional religious function in which the child is given initiation of education so that the child is ready to receive formal education this ritual involves goddess sar  as  w  ati pu  ja this ritual very common in hindu families of kar  nat  aka and  h  ra pradesh and tel  ang  ana ak  shar  a means letters alphabe  ts and ab  hy  as  am means practice together they mean the study of practical letters the ceremony is performed by the maternal uncle mothers brothers father pater  nal uncle along with the family keeping the child in his lap holding the child ’ s right hand fore  finger and make the child write the om followed by the pan  cha  ak  shar  i mantra nam  ah shi  v  ay  aah om symbol which is treated as a bee  ja  ak  sh  ar bee  ja in san  sk  r  it means the origin gn  ana sar  as  w  ati temple in bas  ar tel  ang  ana is a popular temple where such ceremon  ies are held in large numbers this ceremony can be performed in tem  ples and at the residence also
al  ab  ama rot or idi  opathic cu  taneous and ren  al glo  mer  ular vas  cul  opathy cr  g  v is a condition often fatal in dogs first identified in the usa in the 1980 s it is believed to be caused by toxins produced by bacteria such as es  cher  ic  hia coli commonly known as e coli this has little if any clinical evidence base the c  itation is written by a gre  yh  ound interest group founder and not backed up by any current scientific evidence pure speculation at best the initial symptoms are skin le  sions on the legs chest and ab  dom  en with eventual ren  al failure in about 25 of cases it was first noted in gre  yh  ounds in the us in november 2012 the first cases were identified in the uk in january 2014 the outbreak in england was identified as having the same or similar cause as al  ab  ama rot although a wide range of breeds were affected the disease has continued to spread across england with a case being reported as far north as north yorkshire in march 2015 a uk map posted online shows confirmed with post mortem and un  confirmed without post mortem cases of al  ab  ama rot since december 2012
al  ach  ry  ma is a disease of the autonom  ic nervous system where there is a lack of tear production
al  ac  ri  ma refers to an ab  normality in tear production that could mean reduced tear production or absent tear production because a lack of tears presents in only in a few rare disorders it aids in diagnosis of these disorders including triple a syndrome and n  gly 1 deficiency al  ac  ri  ma can be formally diagnosed through a sch  ir  mer s test
al  ag  ille syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder that affects the liver heart kidney and other systems of the body problems associated with the disorder generally become evident in infancy or early childhood the disorder is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant pattern and the estimated prevalence of al  ag  ille syndrome is 1 in every 100 000 live births it is named for daniel al  ag  ille
al  ay or 4 l 4 y an  ak lay  ang  an or an  ak le  bay is an indonesian pop culture phenomenon it is a stereo  type describing something tack  y and chees  y nor  ak or kam  pun  gan the al  ay culture phenomena sp  ans a wide array of styles in music dress and messaging it has often been compared to that of the je  j  em  on phenomenon originating from the philippines and har  a  ju  ku from japan although the former emerged much later and the latter was even admired in the west
the albanian revolt of 19  10 was reaction to the new centralization policies of the young turk ottoman government in albania it was the first of a series of major uprisings rebels were supported by the kingdom of serbia new taxes levied in the early months of 19  10 led to isa bo  let  ini s activity to convince albanian leaders who had already been involved in a 19  09 uprising to try another revolt against the ottoman empire the albanian attacks on the ottom  ans in pri  ş  tine now pristina and fer  iz  ovi  k now fer  iz  aj the killing of the ottoman commander in i  pe  k now pe  ć and the insurgents blocking of the railway to skopje at the ka  ç  ani  k pass led to the ottoman government s declaration of martial law in the area after two weeks of fierce fighting the albanian forces withdrew to the d  renica region whereas the ottoman army took possession of the cities of pri  z  ren and yak  ova now g  jak  ova the ottom  ans re  took i  pe  k on 1 june 19  10 and two months later they entered sh  ko  d  ë  r the reprisals against the albanian population included several summary executions and the burning of many villages and properties many schools were closed and publications in the albanian alp  ha  bet which had been approved two years earlier in the congress of mon  as  tir were declared illegal journalists and publishers were fin  ed or sentenced to death
albert tou  raine 1883 – 1961 was a french der  mato  logist hypo  hi  dro  tic ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia or christ siemens tou  raine syndrome is named for him tou  raine sol  ente go  le syndrome is also named for him
al  bin  ism in humans is a con  genital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pig  ment in the skin hair and eyes al  bin  ism is associated with a number of vision defects such as pho  top  ho  bia ny  stag  mus and am  bl  y  op  ia lack of skin pi  gm  entation makes for more suscep  tibility to sun  burn and skin cancers in rare cases such as ch  é  di  ak – hig  ashi syndrome al  bin  ism may be associated with deficiencies in the transportation of mel  an  in gran  ules this also affects essential gran  ules present in immune cells leading to increased suscep  tibility to infection al  bin  ism results from inheritance of rec  essive gene all  el  es and is known to affect all vertebr  ates including humans it is due to absence or defect of ty  ro  sin  ase a copper containing enzyme involved in the production of mel  an  in it is the opposite of mel  anism unlike humans other animals have multiple pig  ments and for these al  bin  ism is considered to be a hereditary condition characterised by the absence of mel  an  in in particular in the eyes skin hair scales feathers or cu  tic  le while an organism with complete absence of mel  an  in is called an al  bin  o an organism with only a diminished amount of mel  an  in is described as le  uc  istic or al  bin  o  id the term is from the latin al  bus white
al  bin  ism – deaf  ness syndrome also known as wool  f syndrome and zi  pr  kowski – mar  gol  is syndrome is a condition characterized by con  genital ne  ural deaf  ness and a severe or extreme pie  bald like phen  o  type with extensive areas of hypo  pi  gm  entation a loc  us at x  q 26 3 q 27 i has been suggested it has been suggested that it is a form of waar  denburg syndrome type ii
an al  bin  o is a type of chess problem in which at some stage in the solution a white pawn beginning on its starting square makes each of its four possible moves one square forward two squares forward capture to the left and capture to the right when a black pawn exhi  bits similar activity it is instead termed a pick  an  in  ny a simple example of an al  bin  o is the problem to the right a mate in 2 white moves first and must check  mate black in two moves against any defense it is by cam  il sen  eca and was first published in the april 1949 edition of the bulletin ou  v  rier des ech  ecs the first move of the solution or key is 1 nb 1 this threatens 2 ra 3 black has four ways to defend against this each of which leads to a different move of the white pawn after 1 bb 3 the only move that mates is 2 c  xb 3 the pawn captures to the left after 1 b  d 3 the only mate is 2 c  x  d 3 capturing to the right after 1 bb 5 only 2 c 3 will do forward one square 2 c 4 is no good because the b 4 square needs to be covered by the pawn now the white queen has been cut off after 1 b  d 5 only 2 c 4 will do 2 c 3 is no good because black could play 2 bb 3 the al  bin  o pawn moves need not necessarily be in the post key play of the problem they can instead be tries moves which almost solve a problem but which fail to a single black defense the mate in 2 to the right which combines the al  bin  o with a pick  an  in  ny is an example it is by lev lo  shin  sky and was published in mo  sk  au ro  sto  w in 1930 the key is 1 n  fd 5 threatening 2 q  f 4 with the variations 1 g 5 2 h 8 q 1 r  x  c 3 r  x  d 5 2 q  f 5 and 1 rd 4 2 q  x  g 7 f 5 the main point of the problem however is in the al  bin  o tries each of which is refu  ted by a pick  an  in  ny defense the relevant variations are 1 ex  d 3 capture to the left threatens 2 nd 7 fails to 1 g  x  f 6 capture to the right 1 ex  f 3 capture to the right threatens 2 q  g 5 and 2 f 4 fails to 1 g  x  h 6 capture to the left 1 e 3 one square forward threatens 2 q  f 4 fails to 1 g 5 two squares forward 1 e 4 two squares forward threatens 2 q  f 5 fails to 1 g 6 one square forward in each of these cases there are other ways for black to counter white s threat but the pick  an  in  ny move is the only one that doesn t give white a new mate for example after 1 ex  f 3 bg 6 prevents white s threats but is not any good because it allows 2 r  xe 6 the nature of the al  bin  o theme is such that in orthodox chess there must be at least four variations to show the four different moves of the white pawn however if the rules of cir  ce chess are applied the number of required variations can be reduced to two cir  ce is a chess variant in which captured pieces rather than being removed from the board are returned to their home squares the problem to the right is an example it is by adrian stor  is  te  an  u and was first published in the british chess magazine in 1977 the problem is a help  mate in 2 which means black moves first and cooperates with white to move to a position where black is in check  mate after white s second move this problem features gras  shop  pers represented here by inver  ted queens a fairy chess piece which moves along the same lines as a queen but which must hop over another piece friendly or enemy and land on the square immediately beyond there are two solutions to the problem note that in help  mates black s moves are given first 1 rd 3 c 3 2 ga  x  c 3 pc 2 c  x  d 3 ra 8 1 r  b 3 c 4 2 g  x  c 4 pc 2 c  xb 3 ra 8 the first solution has the white pawn moving forward one square then after its re  birth on c 2 capturing to the right the second solution has the pawn first moving two squares and then capturing to the left problems like this showing an al  bin  o with fewer than four variations are very unusual
al  bright hereditary o  ste  od  y  stro  phy is form of o  ste  od  y  stro  phy otherwise known as pseu  do  hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m type 1 a
albu  min  ur  ia is a pathological condition where  in the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine it is a type of prote  in  ur  ia albumin is one type of plasma protein found in the urine in normal subjects and in larger quantity in patients with kidney disease for a number of reasons clinical terminology is changing to focus on albu  min  ur  ia rather than prote  in  ur  ia
alcohol related brain damage is the damage that occurs to brain structures or function of the central nervous system as a result of the direct neuro  toxic effects of alcohol in  tox  ication or acute withdrawal the frontal lob  es are the most damaged region of the brains of alcohol ab  users but other regions of the brain are also affected the damage that occurs from heavy drinking high blood alcohol levels causes impair  ments in judgement and decision making and social skills these brain changes are linked to poor behavi  our  al control and impul  sivity which tend to worsen the existing addiction problem the problems of alcoholism are well known such as memory disorders liver disease high blood pressure muscle weakness heart problems ana  emia low immune function disorders of the dig  estive system and pan  cre  atic problems as well as depression unemployment and family problems including child abuse recently attention has been increasingly focused on binge drinking by adolescents and young adults due to neuro  chemical changes and brain damage which unlike with alcoholism can occur after a relatively short period of time the damage is particularly evident in the cor  ti  co  lim  bic region this brain damage increases the risk of ab  norm  alities in mood and cognitive abilities increases the risk of dementia and additionally binge drin  kers have an increased risk of developing chronic alcoholism individuals who are impul  sive are at high risk of addiction due to impaired behavi  our  al control and increased sensation seeking behaviour alcohol abuse especially during adoles  cence causes or wor  sens executive functions in the frontal lo  be this brain damage from alcohol actually increases impul  sivity and therefore wor  sens the addictive disorder with prolonged ab  stin  ence neuro  genesis occurs which can potentially reverse the damage from alcohol abuse
alcohol abuse is a previous psychiatric diagnosis in which there is recurring harmful use of ethanol despite its negative consequences in 2013 it was reclassi  fied as alcohol use disorder alcoholism along with alcohol dependence there are two types of alcohol abuse those who have anti social and pleasure seeking tendencies and those who are anxiety ridden people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start binge drinking is another form of alcohol abuse according to surveys the heavi  est drin  kers are the united kingdom s adolescents in 2013 139 000 deaths globally were directly due to alcohol abuse and an additional 384 000 to cir  rho  sis from excess alcohol consumption
excessive alcohol intake is associated with an elevated risk of alcoholic liver disease ald heart failure some cancers and accidental injury and is a leading cause of preventable death in industrialized countries however extensive research has shown that moderate alcohol intake is associated with health benefits including less cardiovascular disease diabetes hyper  tension and lower all cause mortality an understanding of the in  verse relationship between alcohol consumption and a  ther  os  clerosis was understood as early as 19  04 the observation of a lower risk of cardiovascular disease c  vd in france despite a diet rich in saturated fat was labeled the french paradox while much concerning this paradox remains unclear some have suggested that the higher consumption of red wine in france results in lower c  vd although the reduced incidence of c  vd disease associated with moderate alcohol consumption is well established many physicians have been wary of promoting the use of alcohol for this benefit considering the many negative effects of excessive alcohol consumption
alcohol dependence is a previous psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon drinking alcohol in 2013 it was reclassi  fied as alcohol use disorder alcoholism along with alcohol abuse in dsm 5
alcohol flush reaction is a condition in which an individual develops flu  shes or blo  tches associated with er  y  them  a on the face neck shoulders and in some cases the entire body after consuming alcoholic beverages the reaction is the result of an accumulation of ace  tal  de  hyde a metabol  ic by  product of the cat  abol  ic metabol  ism of alcohol and is caused by an ace  tal  de  hyde de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency this syndrome has been associated with an increased risk of es  op  ha  ge  al cancer in those who drink it has also been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol because of the association with asian ance  stry alcohol flush reaction has also been referred to by such informal names as asian flush syndrome asian flush and asian glow approximately 36 of east asians japanese chinese and koreans show a characteristic physiological response to drinking alcohol that includes facial flu  shing naus  ea and t  ach  y  car  dia
alcohol in  tox  ication is a physiological state that may also include psychological alterations of consciousness induced by the ing  estion of ethanol ethyl alcohol commonly known as drinking alcohol or just alcohol or meth  an  ol methyl or wood alcohol though with possibly serious side effects from the latter alcohol in  tox  ication is the result of alcohol entering the blood  stream faster than it can be met  abo  lized by the liver which breaks down the ethanol into non in  tox  ic  ating by  products some effects of alcohol in  tox  ication such as euphoria and lowered social inhi  bi  tions are central to alcohol s desirability as a bever  age and its history as one of the world s most widespread recreational drugs despite this widespread use and alcohol s legality in most countries many medical sources tend to describe any level of alcohol in  tox  ication as a form of poisoning due to ethanol s damaging effects on the body in large doses some religions such as some forms of islam or mor  mon  ism consider alcohol in  tox  ication to be a sin symptoms of alcohol in  tox  ication include euphoria flu  shed skin and decreased social inhi  bi  tion at lower doses with larger doses producing progressively severe impair  ments of balance muscle coordination at  ax  ia and decision making ability potentially leading to violent or erratic behavior as well as naus  ea or v  om  iting from alcohol s disruptive effect on the sem  ic  ir  cular can  als of the inner ear and chemical irritation of the ga  str  ic mu  co  sa sufficiently high levels of blood borne alcohol will cause coma and death from the depres  sive effects of alcohol upon the central nervous system
the direct oxid  ation of primary alcohol  s to car  box  yl  ic acids normally proceeds via the corresponding alde  hyde which is transformed via an alde  hyde hydrate r ch oh 2 by reaction with water before it can be further ox  idi  zed to the car  box  yl  ic acid often it is possible to interrupt the oxid  ation of a primary alcohol at the alde  hyde level by performing the reaction in absence of water so that no alde  hyde hydrate can be formed
alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that can occur when an individual reduces or stops alcohol consumption after long periods of use prolonged and excessive use of alcohol leads to tolerance and physical dependence the withdrawal syndrome is largely a hyper exc  itable response of the central nervous system due to lack of alcohol symptoms typical of withdrawal include ag  itation deli  ri  um trem  ens d  ts and seizures sed  ative hypno  tics such as alcohol are well known for their ability to cause physiological dependence this dependence is due to alcohol induced ne  uro adaptation withdrawal is characterized by neuro  psychiatric exc  itability and autonom  ic disturbances dependence on other sed  ative hypno  tics can increase the severity of the withdrawal syndrome about half of people with alcoholism will develop withdrawal symptoms upon reducing their use of these about three to five percent develop d  ts or have seizures
alcoholic cardi  om  y  opathy is a disease in which the chronic long term abuse of alcohol i e ethanol leads to heart failure alcoholic cardi  om  y  opathy is a type of dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol on heart muscle the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently leading to heart failure it can affect other parts of the body if the heart failure is severe it is most common in males between the ages of 35 50
alcoholic halluc  in  osis or alcohol related psycho  sis or alcohol induced psychotic disorder is a complic  ation of alcohol withdrawal in alcohol  ics descriptions of the condition date back to at least 1907 they can occur during acute in  tox  ication or withdrawal with the potential of having deli  ri  um trem  ens alcohol halluc  in  osis is a rather un  common alcohol induced psychotic disorder only being seen in chronic alcohol  ics who have many consecutive years of severe and heavy drinking during their lifetime alcoholic halluc  in  osis develops about 12 to 24 hours after the heavy drinking stops suddenly and can last for days it involves aud  itory and visual halluc  inations most commonly accus  atory or threatening voices the risk of developing alcoholic halluc  in  osis is increased by long term heavy alcohol abuse and the use of other drugs
alcoholic hepatitis is hepatitis infl  amm  ation of the liver due to excessive intake of alcohol it is usually found in association with fatty liver an early stage of alcoholic liver disease and may contribute to the progression of fi  bro  sis leading to cir  rho  sis signs and symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis include ja  und  ice as  cites fluid accumulation in the ab  domin  al cav  ity fatigue and he  p  atic encephalopathy brain dysfunction due to liver failure mild cases are self limiting but severe cases have a high risk of death severe cases may be treated with glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids
alcoholic liver disease is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol over  consumption including fatty liver alcoholic hepatitis and chronic hepatitis with liver fi  bro  sis or cir  rho  sis it is the major cause of liver disease in western countries although ste  at  osis fatty liver will develop in any individual who consumes a large quantity of alcoholic beverages over a long period of time this process is transi  ent and reversible of all chronic heavy drin  kers only 15 – 20 develop hepatitis or cir  rho  sis which can occur concomit  antly or in succession the mechanism behind this is not completely understood 80 of alcohol passes through the liver to be de  tox  ified chronic consumption of alcohol results in the secre  tion of pro infl  am  matory cy  to  k  ines tn  f alpha inter  leuk  in 6 il 6 and inter  leuk  in 8 il 8 oxid  ative stress lip  id per  oxid  ation and ace  tal  de  hyde toxicity these factors cause infl  amm  ation apop  to  sis and eventually fi  bro  sis of liver cells why this occurs in only a few individuals is still unclear additionally the liver has tremendous capacity to regener  ate and even when 75 of he  pat  oc  y  tes are dead it continues to function as normal
alcoholic lung disease is disease of the lungs caused by excessive alcohol consumption the term alcoholic lung disease is not a generally accepted medical diagnosis and the association between alcohol abuse and acute lung injury remains largely un  recognized even by lung researchers chronic alcohol ing  estion imp  airs multiple critical cellular functions in the lung these cellular impair  ments lead to increased suscep  tibility to serious complications from lung disease recent research cites alcoholic lung disease as comparable to liver disease in alcohol related mortality alcohol  ics have a higher risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome ards and experience higher rates of mortality from ards when compared to non alcohol  ics
alcoholic pol  yn  euro  pa  thy a k a alcohol leg is a neuro  logical disorder in which multiple peripheral nerves throughout the body mal  function simultaneously it is defined by ax  onal de  generation in neurons of both the sensory and motor systems and initially occurs at the dis  tal ends of the longest ax  ons in the body this nerve damage causes an individual to experience pain and motor weakness first in the feet and hands and then progressing centrally alcoholic pol  yn  euro  pa  thy is caused primarily by chronic alcoholism however vitamin deficiencies are also known to contribute to its development this disease typically occurs in chronic alcohol  ics who have some sort of nutritional deficiency treatment may involve nutritional supplem  entation pain management abstaining from alcohol
alcoholic re  directs here for alcoholic beverages see alcoholic bever  age for the song by star  sailor see alcoholic song alcoholism also known as alcohol use disorder aud is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems it was previously divided into two types alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in a medical context alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present a person drinks large amounts over a long time period has difficulty cutting down acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time alcohol is strongly desired usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities usage results in social problems usage results in health problems usage results in risky situations withdrawal occurs when stopping and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use risky situations include drinking and driving or having unsafe sex among others alcohol use can affect all parts of the body but particularly affects the brain heart liver pan  cre  as and immune system this can result in mental illness wer  nic  ke – kor  sak  off syndrome an irregular heart beat liver failure and an increase in the risk of cancer among other diseases drinking during pregnancy can cause damage to the baby resulting in fe  tal alcohol spectrum disorders generally women are more sensitive to alcohol s harmful physical and mental effects than men both environmental factors and genetics are associated with alcoholism with about half the risk attributed to each a person with a parent or si  bling with alcoholism is three to four times more likely to be alcoholic themselves environmental factors include social cultural and behavioral influences high stress levels anxiety as well as inexpensive easily accessible alcohol increases risk people may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal a low level of withdrawal may last for months following stopping medic  ally alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness both questionnaires and certain blood tests may detect people with possible alcoholism further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis prevention of alcoholism is possible by regulating and limiting the sale of alcohol taxing alcohol to increase its cost and providing inexpensive treatment treatment may take several steps because of the medical problems that can occur during withdrawal alcohol de  toxi  fication should be carefully controlled one common method involves the use of benzo  di  az  ep  ine medications such as di  az  ep  am this can be either given while admitted to a health care institution or occasionally while a person remains in the community with close supervision other addic  tions or mental illness may complicate treatment after de  toxi  fication support such as group therapy or support groups are used to help keep a person from returning to drinking one commonly used form of support is the group alcohol  ics anonymous the medications ac  am  pro  sate dis  ul  fir  am or n  al  tre  x  one may also be used to help prevent further drinking the world health organization estimates that as of 2010 there were 208 million people with alcoholism worldwide 4 1 of the population over 15 years of age in the united states about 17 million 7 of adults and 0 7 million 2 8 of those age 12 to 17 years of age are affected it is more common among males and young adults becoming less common in middle and old age it is the least common in africa at 1 1 and has the highest rates in eastern europe at 11 alcoholism directly resulted in 139 000 deaths in 2013 up from 112 000 deaths in 1990 a total of 3 3 million deaths 5 9 of all deaths are believed to be due to alcohol it often reduces a person s life expectancy by around ten years in the united states it resulted in economic costs of 224 billion usd in 2006 many terms some insulting and others informal have been used to refer to people affected by alcoholism including ti  p  pl  er drun  k  ard di  p  som  ani  ac and sou  se in 1979 the world health organization discouraged the use of alcoholism due to its in  exact meaning preferring alcohol dependence syndrome
an al  do  l condens  ation is an organic reaction in which an en  ol or an en  ol  ate ion reacts with a carbon  yl compound to form a β hydroxy  alde  hyde or β hydroxy  ke  tone followed by a dehydr  ation to give a con  ju  gated en  one al  do  l condens  ation overview al  do  l condens  ations are important in organic synthesis providing a good way to form carbon – carbon bonds for example the robinson ann  ulation reaction sequence features an al  do  l condens  ation the wi  eland mi  es  cher ke  tone product is an important starting material for many organic syn  theses al  do  l condens  ations are also commonly discussed in university level organic chemistry classes as a good bond forming reaction that demonstrates important reaction mechanisms in its usual form it involves the nucle  oph  il  ic addition of a ke  tone en  ol  ate to an alde  hyde to form a β hydro  xy ke  tone or al  do  l alde  hyde alcohol a structural unit found in many naturally occurring molecules and pharmaceuticals the al  do  l reaction the name al  do  l condens  ation is also commonly used especially in bio  chemistry to refer to just the first addition stage of the process — the al  do  l reaction itself — as cataly  zed by al  dol  ases however the al  do  l reaction is not formally a condens  ation reaction because it does not involve the loss of a small mol  ecu  le the reaction between an alde  hyde ke  tone and an aromatic carbon  yl compound lacking an alpha hydrogen cross al  do  l condens  ation is called the cla  is  en schmidt condens  ation this reaction is named after two of its pioneering investigators rain  er lud  wig cla  is  en and j g schmidt who independently published on this topic in 18  80 and 18  81 an example is the synthesis of di  ben  zy  li  den  e  acet  one quantitative yields in cla  is  en schmidt reactions have been reported in the absence of solvent using na  oh as the base and cyclo  al  kan  ones benz  alde  hy  des
al  dol  ase a deficiency also called al  do  a deficiency or red cell al  dol  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder resulting in a deficiency of the enzyme al  dol  ase a which is found predominantly in red blood cells and muscle tissue it may lead to hem  ol  y  tic ana  emia as well as my  opathy associated with exercise intolerance and r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis in some cases
the al  do  l – ti  shchenko reaction is a tandem reaction involving an al  do  l reaction and a ti  shchenko reaction in organic synthesis it is a method to convert alde  hy  des and ke  tones into 1 3 hydrox  yl compounds the reaction sequence in many examples starts from conversion of a ke  tone into an en  ol  ate by action of lith  ium di  iso  prop  yl  amide lda the mon  o ester di  ol is then converted into the di  ol by a hydro  lysis step with both the ace  ty  l trim  ethyl  si  lane and pro  pi  op  hen  one as re  ac  tants the di  ol is obtained as a pure di  ast  ere  ois  om  er al  do  l – ti  shchenko reaction starting from ace  ty  l trim  ethyl  si  lane and ace  tal  de  hy  deal  do  l – ti  shchenko reaction starting from pro  pi  op  hen  one and ace  tal  de  hyde
alexander s band or alexander s dark band is an optical phenomenon associated with rain  bows which was named after alexander of aph  ro  dis  ias who first described it in 200 ad it occurs due to the deviation angles of the primary and secondary rain  bows both bows exist due to an optical effect called the angle of minimum deviation the ref  r  active index of water prevents light from being devi  ated at smaller angles the minimum deviation angle for the primary bow is 137 5 ° light can be devi  ated up to 180 ° causing it to be reflected right back to the observer light which is devi  ated at intermediate angles bri  ghtens the inside of the rain  bow the minimum deviation angle for the secondary bow is about 230 ° the fact that this angle is greater than 180 ° makes the secondary bow an inside out version of the primary its colors are reversed and light which is devi  ated at greater angles bri  ghtens the sky outside the bow between the two bows lies an area of un  lit sky referred to as alexander s band light which is reflected by rain  drops in this region of the sky cannot reach the observer though it may contribute to a rain  bow seen by another observer elsewhere
alexander disease also known as fi  br  ino  id leuko  dy  stro  phy is a progressive and fatal neuro  degenerative disease it is a rare genetic disorder and mostly affects infants and children causing developmental delay and changes in physical characteristics
alex  andre lu  iz gou  lar  t commonly known simply as alex  andre born july 24 1976 in são jo  ão del re  i brazil is a brazilian football player alex  andre appearance in two cam  pe  on  ato bra  si  le  iro matches for sport club intern  ac  ional he spent several years playing football for bo  a  vis  ta f c and c d nacional in the portuguese liga
ale  zz  an  drin  i syndrome is a very rare syndrome characterized by a unilateral degenerative ret  initi  s followed after several months by ip  si  lateral viti  li  go on the face and ip  si  lateral poli  osis deaf  ness may also be present
al  ga  emia refers to the condition where green al  ga  e is found in the blood it has been observed in an immun  o  competent patient after removal of a hic  kman cathe  ter in cows it has been observed to be caused by proto  th  eca blas  ch  ke  ae in humans it has been observed to be caused by proto  th  eca wick  er  ham  ii
an al  gal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of al  ga  e in freshwater or marine water systems and are recognized by the dis  color  ation in the water from their pig  ments cyan  ob  ac  ter  ia blo  oms are often called blue green al  ga  e blo  oms which can inj  ure animals or the ecology are called harmful al  gal blo  oms ha  b and can lead to fish die offs cities cutting off water to residents or states having to close fisheries
the al  gar – flynn – oy  am  ada reaction is a chemical reaction whereby a chal  cone under  goes an oxid  ative cy  cli  zation to form a flav  on  ol the al  gar – flynn – oy  am  ada reaction
al  ge  bra  ic enum  eration is a sub  field of enum  eration that deals with finding exact formulas for the number of combin  atorial objects of a given type rather than estimating this number as  ymp  to  tically methods of finding these formulas include generating functions and the solution of recurrence relations
algori  th  mic cooling is a phenomenon in quantum compu  tation in which the processing of certain types of compu  tation results in negative ent  ro  py and thus a cooling effect the phenomenon is a result of the connection between thermo  dynamics and information theory in so far as information is en  coded in physical systems it is subject to the laws of thermo  dynamics certain processes within compu  tation require a change in ent  ro  py within the computing system as data must be stored as some kind of ordered structure like a loc  alized charge in a capac  itor so the eras  ure of data by destroying this order must involve an increase in disorder or ent  ro  py this means that the eras  ure of data releases heat this is land  auer s principle reversible computing or adi  ab  atic computing is a theoretical type of computing in which data is never erased it just changes state or is marked to be ignored in theory such a system would be able to hide data without releasing heat in the case of quantum entang  led data or qu  bits it is possible for a compu  tation to result in negative ent  ro  py actually transferring heat out of the compu  tational system and so cooling it
algori  th  mic information theory is a sub  field of information theory and computer science that concerns itself with the relationship between compu  tation and information according to greg  ory cha  i  tin it is the result of putting shannon s information theory and turing s compu  tability theory into a cocktail shak  er and shaking vigorously
in signal processing and related disciplines ali  asing is an effect that causes different signals to become in  distingu  ishable or ali  ases of one another when sampled it also refers to the distortion or arti  fact that results when the signal re  constructed from samples is different from the original continuous signal ali  asing can occur in signals sampled in time for instance digital audio and is referred to as temporal ali  asing ali  asing can also occur in spati  ally sampled signals for instance mo  ir  é patterns in digital images ali  asing in spati  ally sampled signals is called spatial ali  asing ali  asing is generally avoided by applying low pass filters anti ali  asing filters to the analo  g signal before sampling
alice de lu  sign  an countess of sur  rey 12  24 – 9 february 12  56 was a uter  ine half sister of king henry iii of england and the wife of john de wa  ren  ne 6 th earl of sur  rey shortly after her arrival in england from france in 12  47 her half brother arranged her marriage to the earl which incurred some resentment from the english no  bility
alice in wonder  land syndrome also known as todd s syndrome or li  l  li  pu  tian halluc  inations is a dis  ori  enting neuro  logical condition that affects human perception people experience micro  p  sia macro  p  sia pel  op  sia tele  op  sia or size distortion of other sensory modalities it is often associated with migr  ain  es brain tumors and the use of psychoactive drugs it can also be the initial symptom of the ep  stein – bar  r virus see mon  on  uc  le  osis anec  do  tal reports suggest that the symptoms are fairly common in childhood with many people growing out of them in their teens it appears that ai  ws is also a common experience at sleep onset and has been known to commonly arise due to a lack of sleep ai  ws can be caused by abnormal amounts of electrical activity causing abnormal blood flow in the parts of the brain that process visual perception and tex  ture
alien hand syndrome a  hs is a rare neuro  logical disorder that causes hand movement without the person being aware of what is happening or having control over the action the afflicted person may sometimes reach for objects and manipulate them without wanting to do so even to the point of having to use the controllable hand to restrain the alien hand while under normal circumstances thought as intent and action can be assumed to be deeply mutually entang  led the occurrence of alien hand syndrome can be usefully concep  tu  alized as a phenomenon reflecting a functional dis  entang  lement between thought and action alien hand syndrome is best documented in cases where a person has had the two hemis  ph  er  es of their brain sur  g  ically separated a procedure sometimes used to relieve the symptoms of extreme cases of epi  le  psy it also occurs in some cases after brain surgery stroke infection tumor an  eur  ys  m and specific degenerative brain conditions such as alzheimer s disease and creutz  feldt – jakob disease other areas of the brain that are associated with alien hand syndrome are the frontal oc  ci  p  ital and par  ie  tal lob  es the first known case described in the medical literature appeared in a detailed case report published in german in 19  08 by the pre  eminent german ne  uro psychiatrist kurt gold  stein in this paper gold  stein described a right handed woman who had suffered a stroke affecting her left side from which she had partially recovered by the time she was seen however her left arm seemed as though it belonged to another person and performed actions that appeared to occur independent of her will the patient complained of a feeling of strang  eness in relationship to the goal directed movements of the left hand and insisted that someone else was moving the left hand and that she was not moving it herself gold  stein reported that as a result of this report she was regarded at first as a parano  i  ac when the left hand grasped an object she could not voluntarily release it the som  atic sen  sibility of the left side was reported to be impaired especially with aspects of sensation having to do with the ori  enting of the limb some spontaneous movements were noted to occur involving the left hand such as wiping the face or rub  bing the eyes but these were relatively inf  requ  ent only with significant effort was she able to perform simple movements with the left arm in response to spoken command but these movements were performed slowly and often in  completely even if these same movements had been involun  tarily performed with relative ease before while in the abnormal alien control mode based on these remarkable observations gold  stein developed a doctrine of motor ap  ra  x  ia in which he discussed the process involved in the generation of voluntary action and interpreted these findings in the context of a proposed central structure organized around the perception and internal representation of the space time continu  um encompassing memory will and other higher cognitive processes gold  stein maintained that a unified conceptual organization and general gest  alt of space time in which all aspects of relevant sensory perception of both the physical body i e via inter  o  ception and external space i e via exter  o  ception were integrated was necessary both for object perception as well as for successful goal directed dynamic bodily action in relationship to extr  aper  s  onal space and the objects located therein in his classic papers reviewing the wide variety of dis  connection syndro  mes associated with focal brain path  ology norman ges  ch  wind commented that kurt gold  stein was perhaps the first to stress the non unity of the personality in patients with cal  los  al section and its possible psychiatric effects anarch  ic hand syndrome and alien hand syndrome are two similar but separate disorders in both there are unintended but purposeful and autonomous movements of the upper limb and inter  manual conflict anarch  ic hand is usually diagnosed as opposed to alien hand syndrome because it tends to be more associated with motor impair  ments as the patients acknowledge the hand as theirs but are frustrated by its unintended actions in alien hand syndrome the individual tends to display more sensory deficits as they dissoci  ate themselves from the hand and its actions frequently re  marking on the hand s behaviour as if it does not belong to them
the alkali – silic  a reaction as  r more commonly known as concrete cancer is a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly al  kal  ine cement paste and the reactive non cryst  alline am  orph  ous silic  a found in many common aggregates given sufficient moisture this reaction causes the expansion of the altered aggregate by the formation of a sw  elling gel of calcium silic  ate hydrate c s h this gel increases in volume with water and exer  ts an expansive pressure inside the material causing sp  alling and loss of strength of the concrete finally leading to its failure as  r can cause serious cracking in concrete resulting in critical structural problems that can even force the demolition of a particular structure
al  k  alo  sis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arter  ial blood plasma al  kal  emia in contrast to aci  dem  ia serum ph 7 35 or lower al  kal  emia occurs when the serum ph is higher than normal 7 45 or higher al  k  alo  sis is usually divided into the categories of respiratory al  k  alo  sis and metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis or a combined respiratory metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis
al  kane me  ta  thesis is a class of chemical reaction in which an al  kane is re  arranged to give a longer or shorter al  kane product it is similar to ole  fin me  ta  thesis except that ole  fin me  ta  thesis cle  a  ves and recre  ates a carbon carbon double bond but al  kane meth  ath  esis operates on a carbon carbon single bond
al  kap  ton  ur  ia black urine disease black bone disease or al  cap  ton  ur  ia is a rare inherited genetic disorder in which the body cannot process the amino acids phen  yl  alan  ine and ty  ros  ine which occur in protein it is caused by a mutation in the hg  d gene for the enzyme hom  og  enti  sate 1 2 diox  y  gen  ase ec 1 13 11 5 if a person inher  its abnormal copies from each parent it is a rec  essive condition the body accumul  ates an intermediate substance called hom  og  enti  sic acid in the blood and tissues hom  og  enti  sic acid and its oxid  ated form al  kap  ton are ex  cre  ted in the urine giving it an unusually dark color the accumulating hom  og  enti  sic acid causes damage to car  til  age och  ro  no  sis leading to o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis and heart valves as well as precipit  ating as kidney stones and stones in other organs symptoms usually develop in people over thirty years old although the dark dis  color  ation of the urine is present from birth apart from treatment of the complications such as pain relief and joint replacement for the car  til  age damage vitamin c has been used to reduce the och  ro  no  sis and lowering of the hom  og  enti  sic acid levels may be attempted with a low protein diet recently the drug ni  ti  sin  one has been found to suppress hom  og  enti  sic acid production and research is ongoing as to whether it can improve symptoms al  kap  ton  ur  ia is a rare disease it occurs in one in 250 000 people but is more common in slovakia and the dominican republic
the reaction steps are reversible reactions and the reaction is driven to completion by removal of water by az  e  o  tropic distillation molecular si  eves or titanium tetr  ach  l  oride primary am  ines react through an unstable hem  i  am  inal intermediate which then spl  its off water al  ky  limin  o de ox  o bis  u  b  stitu  tion secondary am  ines do not lose water easily because they do not have a prot  on available and instead they often react further to an am  inal reaction of secondary amine with a carbon  yl group or when an α carbon  yl prot  on is present to an en  amine en  amine formation by reaction of amine with carbon  yl in ac  id  ic environment the reaction product is an im  ini  um salt by loss of water this reaction type is found in many heter  oc  ycle preparations for example the po  var  ov reaction and the fried  länder synthesis to quin  ol  ines because both components are so reactive a mol  ecu  le does not carry an alde  hyde and an amine group at the same time unless the amine group is fitted with a protective group as a further demonstration of re  activity one study explored the properties of an α form  yl azi  ri  dine which was found to di  mer  ize as an ox  az  oli  dine on formation from the corresponding ester by organic reduction with di  bal form  yl azi  ri  dine re  activity im  ini  um ion formation is prohibited in this mol  ecu  le because the az  ir  ine group and the form  yl group are said to be orth  og  onal
al  ky  nation is an addition reaction in organic synthesis where a metal ace  ty  li  de reacts with a carbon  yl group to form an α al  ky  n  yl alcohol when the ace  ty  li  de is formed from ace  ty  lene the reaction forms an α eth  yn  yl alcohol this process is often referred to as eth  yn  yl  ation
al  ky  ne me  ta  thesis is an organic reaction involving the redistribution of al  ky  ne chemical bonds this reaction is closely related to ole  fin me  ta  thesis metal cataly  zed al  ky  ne me  ta  thesis was first described in 1968 by bailey et al the bailey system utilized a mixture of tungsten and silicon oxides at temperatures as high as 450 ° c in 1974 mor  tre  ux reported the use of a homogeneous catalyst — mol  y  b  den  um h  exac  ar  bon  yl at 160 ° c — to observe an al  ky  ne scram  bling phenomenon in which an un  symmetr  ical al  ky  ne equi  libr  ates with its two symmetr  ical derivatives
an al  ky  ne trim  er  isation reaction is a 2 2 2 cy  cli  zation reaction in which three al  ky  ne molecules react to form an aromatic compound the reaction is pseudo peric  ycl  ic since it has not been observed to occur without the assistance of metal catal  ysis and the metal catalyst assemb  les the ring step  wise via intermedi  ates which are not directly in between in a geome  tric sense the starting material and products
the al  ky  ne zip  per reaction is an organic reaction which isom  er  izes an organic compound containing an internal al  ky  ne into a terminal al  ky  ne this was first reported by charles allen brown and ay  ako yam  ash  ita in 1975 the isom  er  ization reaction proceeds for straight chain al  ky  nes and ace  ty  lin  ic alcohol  s and provides a useful approach for remote func  tion  alization in long chain hydrocarbons the reaction requires a strong base the base used by brown and yam  ash  ita was potassium 1 3 diam  ino  pro  pan  ide generated in situ by adding potassium hy  dri  de to the solvent 1 3 diam  ino  pro  pan  e alternative approaches have been investigated due to the expensive and hazardous nature of potassium hy  dri  de ethyl  en  edi  amine has been found to be an unsuitable replacement for 1 3 diam  ino  pro  pan  e as an example for the synthesis of 9 dec  yn 1 ol from 2 dec  yn 1 ol the lith  ium salt of 1 3 diam  ino  pro  pan  e in the presence of potassium ter  t bu  tox  ide affords yields of approximately 85 ho – ch 2 c ≡ c – ch 2 6 ch 3 → ho ch 2 8 – c ≡ ch
all you need is blood is the name of the first single released by mas  h up band beat  al  lic  a a group known for their combination of beat  les music and metal  lic  a ly  rics and ri  ffs the song is a par  ody of the beat  les song all you need is love in the same tradition of the beat  les the cover features the members of beat  al  lic  a holding signs that read the song title in different languages and each track except for the last begins with a musical quote from a different national anthem the max  i single contains fourteen tracks each in a different language except for the last track which is a radio ed  it of the american english version beat  alli  bang  ers fans worldwide submitted the ly  rics which were used and un  ed  ited by the band it was released on may 20 2008 the japanese cd import version which includes a bonus track of the song in japanese was released by s  ony at  v on oct 8 2008 as of oct 2008 beat  al  lic  a has recorded and released 14 different language versions of this song and they have left the project as an on going endeav  or beat  alli  bang  ers worldwide may submit new language versions directly to the band via their website
the al  la  is paradox is a choice problem designed by maurice al  la  is to show an inconsistency of actual observed choices with the predictions of expected utility theory
allan – her  n  don – du  d  ley syndrome is a rare x linked inherited disorder of brain development that causes moderate to severe intellectual disability and problems with movement this condition which occurs almost exclusively in males disrup  ts development from before birth allan – her  n  don – du  d  ley syndrome which is named ep  onym  ously for william allan florence c du  d  ley and c n  ash her  n  don results from a mutation of the thyro  id hormone transporter mc  t 8 also referred to as sl  c 16 a 2 consecu  tively thyro  id hormones are unable to enter the nervous system which depends on thyro  id sign  aling for proper function and development
the allan – robinson reaction is the chemical reaction of o hydrox  yar  yl ke  tones with aromatic an  hy  dri  des to form flav  ones or is  of  lav  ones if ali  ph  atic an  hy  dri  des are used cou  mar  ins can also be formed see ko  stan  ec  ki ac  yl  ation
the alle  e effect is a phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness often measured as per capita population growth rate of a population or species
all  el  ic hetero  geneity is the phenomenon in which different mutations at the same loc  us cause a similar phen  o  type these all  el  ic variations can arise as a result of natural selection processes as a result of exo  genous mut  ag  ens genetic drift or genetic migration many of these mutations take the form of single nucle  o  tide poly  morph  isms in which a single nucle  o  tide base is altered compared to a consensus sequence they can also exist as copy number variants c  nv in which the copies of a gene or dna sequence is different from the population mut  ated all  el  es expressing all  el  ic hetero  geneity can be classified as adap  tive or dis  adap  tive these mutations can occur in the germ line cells som  atic cells or in the mit  och  on  dri  al mutations in germ line cells can be inherited as well as mit  och  on  dri  al all  el  ic mutations the mit  och  on  dri  al all  el  ic mutations are inherited mater  nally typically in the human genome a small amount of alle  le variants account for 75 of the mutations found at a particular loc  us within a population other variants found are considered to be rare or exclusive to a single pedigree the online men  deli  an inheritance of man has a record of over 1000 genes and their associated all  el  ic variants these genes display all  el  ic hetero  geneity at their loc  i and are responsible for distinct disease phen  o  types some of these diseases include al  kap  ton  ur  ia al  bin  ism ach  on  dro  pl  asia and phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia for example β thal  ass  emia may be caused by several different mutations in the β glob  in gene all  el  ic hetero  geneity should not be confused with loc  us hetero  geneity in which a mutation at a different gene causes a similar phen  o  type nor should it be confused with phen  o  typ  ic hetero  geneity in which a mutation within the same gene causes a different phen  o  type other major diseases displaying all  el  ic hetero  geneity are all  el  ic mutations in the dy  stro  ph  in gene which cause du  chen  ne dy  stro  phy and mutations in the cf  tr gene that are known to causes c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis
all  el  opathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more bio  chemicals that influence the germination growth survival and reproduction of other organisms these bio  chemicals are known as all  elo  chemicals and can have beneficial positive all  el  opathy or detrimental negative all  el  opathy effects on the target organisms and the community all  elo  chemicals are a sub  set of secondary metabol  ites which are not required for metabol  ism i e growth development and reproduction of the all  el  opathic organism all  elo  chemicals with negative all  el  opathic effects are an important part of plant defense against her  bi  v  ory the production of all  elo  chemicals are affected by bio  tic factors such as nutrients available and abi  otic factors such as temperature and ph all  el  opathy is characteristic of certain plants al  ga  e bacteria coral and fun  gi all  el  opathic interactions are an important factor in determining species distribution and abundance within plant communities and are also thought to be important in the success of many invasive plants for specific examples see spotted k  nap  weed cen  tau  rea mac  ul  osa garlic mustard alli  aria peti  ol  ata casu  ar  ina alloc  as  u  ar  ina spp and nut  se  dge the process by which a plant acquires more of the available resources such as nutrients water or light from the environment without any chemical action on the surrounding plants is called resource competition this process is not negative all  el  opathy although both processes can act together to enhance the survival rate of the plant species
the allen – mill  ar – tri  p  pe  tt re  arrangement is a ring expansion reaction in which a cyclic phosp  h  ine is transformed into a cyclic phosp  h  ine oxide this name reaction first reported in the 1960 s by david w allen ian t mill  ar and stuart tri  p  pe  tt occurs by al  k  yl  ation or ac  yl  ation of the phosphorus followed by reaction with hydrox  ide to give a re  arranged product the hydrox  ide first attacks the phosp  hon  ium atom followed by collapse to the phosp  h  ine oxide with one of the groups migr  ating off of the phosphorus
allergic bron  chop  ul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis ab  pa is a condition characterised by an exaggerated response of the immune system a hy  pers  ensi  tivity response to the fun  gus asper  gill  us most commonly asper  gill  us fum  ig  atus it occurs most often in patients with asthma or c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis asper  gill  us spo  res are ubiquitous in soil and are commonly found in the sp  u  tum of healthy individuals a fum  ig  atus is responsible for a spectrum of lung diseases known as asper  gil  loses ab  pa causes air  way infl  amm  ation leading to bron  chi  ec  tas  is — a condition marked by abnormal dil  ation of the airways left untreated the immune system and fun  gal spo  res can damage sensitive lung tissues and lead to scar  ring the exact criteria for the diagnosis of ab  pa are not agreed upon chest x rays and ct sc  ans raised blood levels of i  ge and e  o  sin  oph  ils immun  ological tests for asper  gill  us together with sp  u  tum stain  ing and sp  u  tum cultures can be useful treatment consists of cor  ti  co  ster  oids and anti  fun  gal medications
allergic con  junc  ti  vi  tis is infl  amm  ation of the con  junc  tiva the memb  rane covering the white part of the eye due to allergy although aller  gens differ among patients the most common cause is hay fever symptoms consist of red  ness mainly due to vas  o  dil  ation of the peripheral small blood vessels e  dem  a sw  elling of the con  junc  tiva it  ching and increased lac  ri  mation production of tears if this is combined with rh  initi  s the condition is termed allergic rhin  o  con  junc  ti  vi  tis the symptoms are due to release of hist  amine and other active substances by m  ast cells which stimulate dil  ation of blood vessels irrit  ate nerve end  ings and increase secre  tion of tears treatment of allergic con  junc  ti  vi  tis is by avoiding the aller  gen e g avoiding grass in bloom during hay fever season and treatment with anti  hist  am  ines either topical in the form of eye drops or systemic in the form of tablets anti  hist  am  ines medications that stabilize m  ast cells and non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids are generally safe and usually effective
allergic contact der  mati  tis ac  d is a form of contact der  mati  tis that is the manifestation of an allergic response caused by contact with a substance the other type being irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis ic  d although less common than ic  d ac  d is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immun  o  toxicity found in humans by its allergic nature this form of contact der  mati  tis is a hy  pers  ensi  tive reaction that is atypical within the population the mechanisms by which these reactions occur are complex with many levels of fine control their immun  ology centres on the interaction of immun  o  regulatory cy  to  k  ines and dis  crete sub  populations of t lymp  ho  cy  tes
an allergic response is a hy  pers  ensi  tive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone an allergic response may cause harmful symptoms such as it  ching or infl  amm  ation or tissue injury
allergic rh  initi  s also known as hay fever is a type of infl  amm  ation in the nose which occurs when the immune system over  reacts to aller  gens in the air signs and symptoms include a run  ny or stu  ffy nose snee  zing red it  chy and wat  ery eyes and sw  elling around the eyes the fluid from the nose is usually clear symptom onset is often within minutes following exposure and they can affect sleep the ability to work and the ability to concentrate at school those whose symptoms are due to poll  en typically develop symptoms during specific times of the year many people with allergic rh  initi  s also have asthma allergic con  junc  ti  vi  tis or at  op  ic der  mati  tis allergic rh  initi  s is typically triggered by environmental aller  gens such as poll  en pet hair dust or mold inherited genetics and environmental exposures contribute to the development of allergies growing up on a farm and having multiple si  bl  ings decreases the risk the underlying mechanism involves i  ge antibodies attaching to the aller  gen and causing the release of infl  am  matory chemicals such as hist  amine from m  ast cells diagnosis is usually based on a medical history in combination with a skin prick test or blood tests for aller  gen specific i  ge antibodies these tests however are sometimes fal  sely positive the symptoms of allergies resemble those of the common cold however they often last for more than two weeks and typically do not include a fever exposure to animals in early life might reduce the risk of developing allergies to them later a number of medications may improve symptoms including nas  al ster  oids anti  hist  am  ines such as di  phen  hy  dram  ine cro  mol  yn sodium and leuko  tri  ene recep  tor antagon  ists such as mon  tel  uk  ast medications are however not sufficient or associated with side effects in many people exposing people to larger and larger amounts of aller  gen known as aller  gen immun  otherapy is often effective the aller  gen may be given as injections just under the skin or as a tab  let under the tongue treatment typically lasts three to five years after which benefits may be prolonged allergic rh  initi  s is the type of allergy that affects the greatest number of people in western countries between 10 – 30 of people are affected in a given year it is most common between the ages of twenty and forty the first accurate description is from the 10 th century physician r  haz  es poll  en was identified as the cause in 1859 by charles black  ley in 1906 the mechanism was determined by clem  ens von pir  quet the link with hay came about due to an early and incorrect theory that the symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay
allergies also known as allergic diseases are a number of conditions caused by hy  pers  ensi  tivity of the immune system to something in the environment that usually causes little or no problem in most people these diseases include hay fever food allergies at  op  ic der  mati  tis allergic asthma and an  ap  hy  lax  is symptoms may include red eyes an it  chy rash run  ny nose short  ness of breath or sw  elling food intoler  ances and food poisoning are separate conditions common aller  gens include poll  en and certain food metals and other substances may also cause problems food insect st  ings and medications are common causes of severe reactions their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors the underlying mechanism involves immun  o  glob  ulin e antibodies i  ge part of the body s immune system binding to an aller  gen and then to a recep  tor on m  ast cells or bas  oph  ils where it triggers the release of infl  am  matory chemicals such as hist  amine diagnosis is typically based on a person s medical history further testing of the skin or blood may be useful in certain cases positive tests however may not mean there is a significant allergy to the substance in question early exposure to potential aller  gens may be protective treatments for allergies include avoiding known aller  gens and the use of medications such as ster  oids and anti  hist  am  ines in severe reactions injec  table adren  al  ine ep  in  eph  rine is recommended aller  gen immun  otherapy which gradually exposes people to larger and larger amounts of aller  gen is useful for some types of allergies such as hay fever and reactions to insect bites its use in food allergies is unclear allergies are common in the developed world about 20 of people are affected by allergic rh  initi  s about 6 of people have at least one food allergy and about 20 have at  op  ic der  mati  tis at some point in time depending on the country about 1 – 18 of people have asthma an  ap  hy  lax  is occurs in between 0 05 – 2 of people rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing the word allergy was first used by clem  ens von pir  quet in 1906
cat allergy in humans is an allergic reaction to one or more aller  gens produced by cats the most common of these aller  gens are the gly  co  protein fe  l d 1 secre  ted by the cat s se  bac  eous g  lands and fe  l d 4 which is expressed in sali  va an allergic reaction is a hist  amine reaction that is usually characterized by cou  gh  ing whe  e  zing chest tightening it  ching nas  al congestion rash watering eyes snee  zing c  happ  ed lips and similar symptoms in some severe cases reactions may progress rapidly to cause the victim s air  way to become infl  amed and close up requiring emergency medical attention those with severe life threatening cat allergies face tremendous challenges due to lack of public awareness about an  ap  hy  lac  tic cat allergies and do not enjoy the same consci  enti  ousness from the public as those with a food allergy might due to widespread knowledge of allergies to aller  gens such as nuts or dairy
allo  chi  ria from the greek meaning other hand is a neuro  logical disorder in which the patient responds to stimul  i presented to one side of their body as if the stimul  i had been presented at the opposite side it is associated with spatial trans  positions usually symmetr  ical of stimul  i from one side of the body or of the space to the opposite one thus a touch to the left side of the body will be reported as a touch to the right side which is also known as som  at  os  ens  ory allo  chi  ria if the aud  itory or visual senses are affected sounds a person s voice for instance will be reported as being heard on the opposite side to that on which they occur and objects presented vis  ually will be reported as having been presented on the opposite side often patients may express allo  chi  ria in their drawing while copying an image allo  chi  ria often co occurs with unilateral neglect and like hemis  pati  al neglect the disorder arises commonly from damage to the right par  ie  tal lo  be allo  chi  ria is often confused with allo  esthesia also known as false allo  chi  ria true allo  chi  ria is a symptom of dy  schi  ria and unilateral neglect dy  schi  ria is a disorder in the loc  alization of sensation due to various degrees of dissoci  ation and cause impairment in one side causing the inability to tell which side of the body was touched
allo  dy  nia ancient greek ά  λ  λο  ς ál  los other and ο  δύ  ν  η od  ú  n  ē pain refers to central pain sensi  tization increased response of neurons following painful often repeti  tive stimulation allo  dy  nia can lead to the triggering of a pain response from stimul  i which do not normally provoke pain temperature or physical stimul  i can provoke allo  dy  nia which may feel like a burning sensation and it often occurs after injury to a site allo  dy  nia is different from hyper  al  ge  sia an extreme exaggerated reaction to a stimulus which is normally painful
all  op  ur  in  ol hy  pers  ensi  tivity syndrome typically occurs in persons with pre  existing kidney failure weeks to months after all  op  ur  in  ol is begun the patient develops a mor  bil  li  form eruption
allo  recognition is the ability of an individual organism to distinguish its own tissues from those of another it manifests itself in the recognition of antigens expressed on the surface of cells of non self origin allo  recognition has been described in nearly all mul  tic  ell  ular phy  la this article focuses on allo  recognition from the standpoint of its significance in the evolution of mul  tic  ell  ular organisms for other articles which focus on its importance in medicine molecular biology and so forth the following topics are recommended as well as those in the categories links at the bottom of this page immune system immun  ology transplant rejection tissue typing major his  to  compatibility complex mh  c the ability to discriminate between self and non self is a fundamental requirement for life at the most basic level even single cel  led organisms need to be able to distinguish between food and non food to respond appropriately to invading pathogens and to avoid canni  b  alism in sexually reproducing organisms self non self discrimination is essential to ensuring species specific egg sperm interaction during fertili  zation her  m  aph  ro  di  tic organisms such as an  ne  li  ds and certain plants require recognition mechanisms to prevent self fertili  zation such functions are all carried out by the in  nate immune system which employs evolu  tion  arily con  served pattern recognition recep  tors to eliminate cells displaying non  self mark  ers
an allowance is an amount of money given or allotted usually at regular intervals for a specific purpose in the context of children parents may provide an allowance british english pocket money to their child for their miscellaneous personal spending in the construction industry it may be an amount allocated to a specific item of work as part of an overall contract the person providing the allowance is usually trying to control how or when money is spent by the recipient so that it meets the aims of the person providing the money for example an allowance by a parent might be motivated to teach the child money management and may be unconditional or be tied to completion of cho  res or achievement of specific grades the person supplying the allowance usually specifies the purpose and may put controls in place to make sure that the money is spent for that purpose only for example a company employee may be given an allowance or per di  em to provide for meals and travel when working away from home and may then be required to provide receipts as proof or they are provided with specific non money to  k  ens or vouchers that can be used only for a specific purpose such as a meal voucher
all  um  w  and  lung german for complete promotion sometimes abbreviated au  w is a chess problem where at some stage in the solution a pawn or sometimes paw  ns is promoted vari  ously to a queen ro  ok bishop and knight all  um  w  and  lung s main requirement is promotion either a white pawn or a black pawn a bab  son task may appear if both paw  ns are spotted in an individual problem corresponding one another
an all  yl  ic re  arrangement or all  yl  ic shift is an organic reaction in which the double bond in an all  yl chemical compound shifts to the next carbon atom it is encountered in nucle  oph  il  ic substitution in reaction conditions that favor a s  n 1 reaction mechanism the intermediate is a carbo  c  ation for which several resonance structures are possible this explains the product distribution or product spread after re  combination with nucle  ophi  le y this type of process is called an s  n 1 substitution alternatively it is possible for nucle  ophi  le to attack directly at the all  yl  ic position dis  placing the leaving group in a single step in a process referred to as s  n 2 substitution this is likely in cases when the all  yl compound is un  hindered and a strong nucle  ophi  le is used the products will be similar to those seen with s  n 1 substitution thus reaction of 1 chlor  o 2 bu  ten  e with sodium hydrox  ide gives a mixture of 2 bu  ten 1 ol and 3 bu  ten 2 ol reaction of 1 chlor  o 2 bu  ten  e with sodium hydrox  ide nevertheless the product in which the oh group is on the primary atom is minor in the substitution of 1 chlor  o 3 methyl 2 bu  ten  e the tertiary 2 methyl 3 bu  ten 2 ol is produced in a yield of 85 while that for the primary 3 methyl 2 bu  ten 1 ol is 15 in one reaction mechanism the nucle  ophi  le attacks not directly at the electro  phil  ic site but in a con  ju  gate addition over the double bond s  n 2 accent reaction mechanism
in psychology alo  gia greek ἀ “ without ” and λόγ  ος “ speech ” or poverty of speech is a general lack of additional un  prompted content seen in normal speech as a symptom it is commonly seen in patients suffering from schizophrenia and is considered as a negative symptom it can complicate psycho  therapy severely because of the considerable difficulty in holding a flu  ent conversation alo  gia is often considered a form of ap  ha  sia which is a general impairment in linguistic ability it often occurs with intellectual disability and dementia as a result of damage to the left hemisphere of the brain people can revert to alo  gia as a way of reverse psychology or avoiding questions
al  op  ec  ia are  ata also known as spot bal  dness is an auto  immune disease in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body usually from the scal  p due to the body s failure to recognize its own body cells and subsequent destruction of its own tissue often it results in bald spots on the scal  p especially in the first stages in 1 – 2 of cases the condition can spread to the entire scal  p al  op  ec  ia total  is or to the entire skin al  op  ec  ia univer  sal  is there are two types 1 scar  ring al  op  ec  ia where there is fi  bro  sis infl  amm  ation and loss of hair fol  lic  les and 2 non  scar  ring al  op  ec  ia where the hair sh  af  ts are gone but the hair fol  lic  les are preserved making this type of al  op  ec  ia reversible conditions resembling al  op  ec  ia are  ata and having a similar cause occur also in other species
al  op  ec  ia contr  actu  res dwar  f  ism mental retar  dation or ac  d mental retar  dation syndrome is a developmental disorder which causes mainly bal  dness and dwar  f  ism in combination with intellectual disability sk  el  etal anomalies car  ies and near  sightedness are also typical the ac  d mental retar  dation syndrome was first described in 1980 by albert sch  in  zel and only few cases have since been identified in the world at the time dr sch  in  zel made no conclusion of the hereditary pattern of this syndrome but similarities between cases reported by year 2000 seem to suggest auto  som  al or x linked rec  essive inheritance or possibly a dominant mutation caused by mo  sa  ic  ism as causes of this syndrome
al  op  ec  ia is a disease which can affect other animals besides humans development of al  op  ec  ia in animals is usually the sign of an underlying disease some animals may be genetically pre  disposed to hair loss while in some it may be caused by hy  pers  ensi  tivity or nutritional factors can  ine pin  nal al  op  ec  ia is most common in d  ach  sh  unds but others such as chi  hu  a  hu  as boston terri  ers whip  pets and italian gre  yh  ounds may also be vulnerable certain skin conditions in animals can also cause loss of fur ferre  t adren  al disease is extremely common and is the most common cause of al  op  ec  ia in ferre  ts typically affecting middle aged specimens between three and seven years old bacterial py  o  der  ma der  mat  op  hy  to  sis and parasites can also cause the condition in rabbits der  mat  op  hy  to  sis is a prime cause of al  op  ec  ia in young newly we  aned specimens der  mat  op  hy  to  sis as a cause of al  op  ec  ia is common in cats too and in long ha  ired varieties der  mat  op  hy  tic pseu  dom  y  ce  tom  as may be to blame al  op  ec  ia are  ata has been studied on mice in laboratories in horses human contact with the horse and the rub  bing of the saddle across the man  e can cause pat  ches of hair loss
al  op  ec  ia m  uc  in  osa also known as fol  lic  ular m  uc  in  osis m  uc  in  osis fol  lic  ul  aris pin  kus ’ fol  lic  ular m  uc  in  osis and pin  kus ’ fol  lic  ular m  uc  in  osis – benign primary form is a skin disorder that generally presents but not exclusively as er  y  them  at  ous pl  aqu  es or flat pat  ches without hair primarily on the scal  p and face this can also present on the body as a fol  lic  ular m  uc  in  osis and may represent a systemic disease
al  op  ec  ia total  is is the loss of all skull and facial hair its causes are unclear but believed to be auto  immune
al  op  ec  ia univer  sal  is au or al  op  ec  ia are  ata univer  sal  is is a medical condition involving loss of all hair including eyebro  ws and e  yel  ashes it is an advanced form of al  op  ec  ia are  ata
alp  eng  low from german alp  eng  l  ü  hen is an optical phenomenon in which a horizontal red g  lowing band is observed on the horizon opposite to the sun this effect occurs when the sun is just below the horizon alp  eng  low is easiest to observe when mountains are illumin  ated but can also be observed when the sky is illumin  ated through back  scat  tering since the sun is below the horizon there is no direct path for the light to reach the mountain unlike sunset or sun  rise the light that causes alp  eng  low is reflected off airborne snow water or ice particles low in the atmosphere these conditions differentiate between a normal sun  rise or sunset and alp  eng  low although the term may be loosely applied to any sun  rise or sunset light seen on the mountains true alp  eng  low is not direct sunlight and is only observed after sunset or before sun  rise in the absence of mountains the aero  sol  s in the eastern portion of the sky can be illumin  ated in the same way at sunset by the remaining red scattered light straddling the border of the earth s own shadow the termin  ator this back scattered light produces a red band opposite the sun
alp  ers disease also called alp  ers syndrome alp  ers hut  ten  lo  cher syndrome a  hs progressive s  cl  ero  sing poli  od  y  stro  phy and progressive inf  anti  le poli  od  y  stro  phy is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system first recognized by al  f  ons maria jakob a german neuro  patho  logist that occurs mostly in infants and children it is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder caused by certain genetic mutations in the pol  g gene
alpha am  ino  ad  ip  ic and alpha ke  to  ad  ip  ic ac  id  ur  ia is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder characterized by an increased ur  inary ex  cre  tion of alpha ke  to  ad  ip  ic acid and alpha am  ino  ad  ip  ic acid it is caused by mutations in d  ht  k  d 1 which en  codes the e 1 sub  unit of the alpha ke  to  ad  ip  ic acid de  hydro  gen  ase complex
alpha gal allergy or col  lo  qu  ially meat allergy is a reaction to galac  tose alpha 1 3 galac  tose whereby the body is overloaded with immun  o  glob  ulin e antibodies on contact with the carbo  hydrate the alpha gal mol  ecu  le is found in all mammals apart from old world monkeys and the apes including humans bites from the lone star tick or the chi  gger which transfer this carbo  hydrate to the victim have been implicated in the development of this delayed allergic response which is triggered by the consumption of mammalian meat products despite myths to the contrary an alpha gal allergy does not require the afflicted to become a vege  tarian as poultry and fish do not trigger a reaction the allergy most often occurs in the central and southern united states which corresponds to the distribution of the lone star tick in the southern united states where the tick is most prevalent allergy rates are 32 higher than elsewhere however as doctors are not required to report the number of patients suffering the alpha gal allergies the true number of affected individuals is unknown
alpha man  no  sid  osis is a ly  so  som  al storage disorder caused by deficient activity of the enzyme alpha d man  no  sid  ase in humans it is known to be caused by an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic mutation in livestock it is caused by chronic poisoning with sw  ain  son  ine from lo  co  weed
alpha thal  ass  emia α thal  ass  emia α thal  assa  emia is a form of thal  ass  emia involving the genes h  ba 1 and h  ba 2 alpha thal  ass  emia is due to impaired production of alpha chains from 1 2 3 or all 4 of the alpha glob  in genes leading to a relative excess of beta glob  in chains the degree of impairment is based on which clinical phen  o  type is present how many genes are affected
alpha thal  ass  emia mental retar  dation syndrome at  r  x also called alpha thal  ass  emia x linked mental retar  dation non  deletion type or at  r x syndrome is a condition caused by a mut  ated gene females with this mut  ated gene have no specific signs or features but may demonstrate skewed x chro  mo  some in  activation hem  iz  y  g  ous males tend to be moderately intellectually disabled and have physical characteristics including co  arse facial features micro  cephal  y small head size hyper  tel  or  ism widely spac  ed eyes a depressed nas  al bridge a t  ented upper lip and an ever  ted lower lip mild or moderate an  emia associated with alpha thal  ass  emia is part of the condition it is associated with at  r  x
alpha 1 anti  try  p  sin deficiency α 1 anti  try  p  sin deficiency a 1 ad is a genetic disorder that causes defective production of alpha 1 anti  try  p  sin a 1 at leading to decreased a 1 at activity in the blood and lungs and de  position of excessive abnormal a 1 at protein in liver cells there are several forms and degrees of deficiency the form and degree depend on whether the suffer  er has one or two copies of a defective alle  le in the literature it has been described as either a rec  essive or co dominant trait as there is some evidence that smoking hetero  zy  go  tes are affected severe a 1 at deficiency causes pan  ac  in  ar emph  ys  ema or cop  d in adult life in many people with the condition especially if they are exposed to cigarette smoke the disorder can lead to various liver diseases in a minority of children and adults and occasionally more unusual problems it is treated through avoidance of damaging inhal  ants and in severe cases by intra  ven  ous in  fu  sions of the a 1 at protein or by transplantation of the liver or lungs it usually produces some degree of disability and reduces life expectancy
al  port syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting around 1 in 50 000 children characterized by glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis end stage kidney disease and hearing loss al  port syndrome can also affect the eyes though the changes do not usually affect sight except when changes to the lens occur in later life blood in urine is universal prote  in  ur  ia is a feature as kidney disease progres  ses the disorder was first identified in a british family by university of edinburgh medical school graduate cec  il a al  port in 19  27 al  port syndrome once also had the label hereditary ne  ph  ri  tis but this is misleading as there are many other causes of hereditary kidney disease and ne  ph  ri  tis al  port syndrome is caused by an inherited defect in type iv coll  agen — a structural material that is needed for the normal function of different parts of the body since type iv coll  agen is found in the ears eyes and kidneys this explains why al  port syndrome affects different seemingly unrelated parts of the body ears eyes kidneys etc
al  ström syndrome also called al  stro  m hal  gre  n syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene al  ms 1 it is among the ra  rest genetic disorders in the world as currently it has only 266 reported cases in medical literature and over 501 known cases in 47 countries it was first described by carl henry al  ström in sweden in 1959 al  stro  m syndrome is sometimes confused with bar  det bi  ed  l syndrome which has similar symptoms bar  det bi  ed  l syndrome tends to have later onset in its symptoms the likelihood of two carrier parents both passing the gene and therefore having a child affected by the syndrome is 25 with each pregnancy the likelihood of having a child who is only a carrier of the gene is 50 with each pregnancy the likelihood of a child receiving normal genes from both parents and being considered to be genetically normal is 25 the risk for carrying the gene is equivalent for both males and females according to a 2007 article by joy et al published in the orphan  et journal of rare diseases al  ström syndrome as is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disease characterized by multi  organ dysfunction the key features are childhood obesity blindness due to con  genital re  tin  al dy  stro  phy and sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss associated endocr  ino  logic features include hyper  insul  in  emia early onset type 2 diabetes and hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia thus as shares several features with the common metabol  ic syndrome namely obesity hyper  insul  in  emia and hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia mutations in the al  ms 1 gene have been found to be caus  ative for as with a total of 79 disease causing mutations having been described prevalence estimates have rang  ed from 1 in 10 000 to fewer than 1 in 1 000 000 individuals in the general population
altern  aria black spot of can  ola or grey leaf spot is an as  com  y  ce  te fun  gal disease caused by a group of pathogens including altern  aria brass  ic  ae a alter  nat  a and a rap  han  i this pathogen is characterized by dark sun  ken le  sions of various size on all parts of the plant including the leaves stem and pods its primary economic host is can  ola in its early stages it only affects the plants slightly by reducing photo  synthesis however as the plant mat  ures it can cause damage to the seeds and more reducing oil yield as well
altern  ari  osis is an infection by altern  aria presenting cu  tane  ously as focal ul  cer  ated pap  ules and pl  aqu  es treatment with it  ra  con  azole has been reported
altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a refers to a form of hem  ip  legi  a that has an ip  si  lateral and contr  al  ateral presentation in different parts of the body the disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis on one side of the body there are multiple forms of altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a weber s syndrome middle altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a and inferior altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a this type of syndrome can result from a unilateral le  sion in the bra  inst  em affecting both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons the muscles that would receive signals from these damaged upper motor neurons result in sp  astic paralysis with a le  sion in the bra  inst  em this affects the majority of limb and trunk muscles on the contr  al  ateral side due to the upper motor neurons dec  us  s  ation after the bra  inst  em the cran  ial nerves and cran  ial nerve nucle  i are also located in the bra  inst  em making them susceptible to damage from a bra  inst  em le  sion cran  ial nerves iii oc  ul  om  o  tor vi abduc  ens and xii hypo  glos  sal are most often associated with this syndrome given their close proximity with the pyram  idal tract the location which upper motor neurons are in on their way to the spinal cord damages to these structures produce the ip  si  lateral presentation of paralysis or pal  sy due to the lack of cran  ial nerve dec  us  s  ation aside from the tro  ch  lear nerve before in  nerv  ating their target muscles the paralysis may be brief or it may last for several days many times the episodes will resolve after sleep some common symptoms of altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a are mental impairment ga  it and balance difficulties excessive swe  ating and changes in body temperature
altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a of childhood ah  c is a rare neuro  logical disorder of uncertain eti  ology though growing evidence strongly supports mutation of the at  p 1 a 3 gene as the primary cause of this disease ah  c is named for the transi  ent episodes often referred to as attacks or episodes of hem  ip  legi  a from which those with the disorder suffer these hem  ip  leg  ic attacks can cause anything from mild weakness to complete paralysis on one or both sides of the body and they can vary greatly in duration attacks may also alternate from one side of the body to the other or alternate between affecting one or both sides during a single attack ah  c is associated with many symptoms besides hem  ip  legi  a and the majority of these become apparent in early infancy ah  c typically presents before the age of 18 months normally hem  ip  legi  a and other associated symptoms cease completely with sleep but they may recur upon waking the disorder was only recently discovered having first been characterized in 1971 ah  c is also extremely rare – approximately 1 in 1 000 000 people have this disorder besides hem  ip  legi  a symptoms of the disorder include an extremely broad range of neuro  logical and developmental impair  ments which are not well understood much of the literature about ah  c is purpose  fully vague in this respect due to a lack of information on the disorder
in lingu  is  tics an alter  nation is the phenomenon of a ph  on  em  e or morph  em  e exhi  biting variation in its ph  on  ological realization each of the various re  alizations is called an alter  nant the variation may be conditioned by the ph  on  ological mor  pho  logical and or syn  tactic environment in which the morph  em  e finds itself alter  nations provide lingu  ists with data that allow them to determine the all  op  hon  es and allo  morph  s of a language s ph  on  em  es and morph  em  es and to develop analyses determining the distribution of those all  op  hon  es and allo  morph  s
the alti  plan  o de gran  ada gran  ada high plains is a spectrum of landscap  es located in the northern part of the gran  ada province within andalu  cia in southern spain it is made up of two municipal territories baz  a and hu  é  scar
altitude sickness — also known as acute mountain sickness ams is a pathological effect of high altitude on humans caused by acute exposure to low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude although minor symptoms such as breath  lessness may occur at al  titu  des of 1 500 metres 5 000 ft ams commonly occurs above 2 400 metres 8 000 ft it presents as a collection of non  specific symptoms acquired at high altitude or in low air pressure resembling a case of flu carbon monoxide poisoning or a hangover it is hard to determine who will be affected by altitude sickness as there are no specific factors that cor  relate with a suscep  tibility to altitude sickness however most people can asc  end to 2 400 metres 8 000 ft without difficulty acute mountain sickness can progress to high altitude pul  mon  ary e  dem  a ha  pe or high altitude cere  br  al e  dem  a h  ace which are potentially fatal chronic mountain sickness also known as mon  ge s disease is a different condition that only occurs after very prolonged exposure to high altitude
aluminium toxicity is a problem for patients on ha  emo  dial  ysis the dial  ysis process does not efficiently remove excess aluminium from the body so it may build up over time aluminium is a potentially toxic metal and aluminium poisoning may lead to mainly three disorders aluminium induced bone disease micro  cy  tic an  emia and neuro  logical dysfunction encephalopathy such conditions are more prominently observed in patients with chronic ren  al failure and especially in patients on ha  emo  dial  ysis about 5 – 10 mg of aluminium enters our body daily through different sources like water food occupational exposure to aluminium in industries etc in patients with normal ren  al function serum aluminium is normally lower than 6 micro  gram l baseline levels of serum aluminium should be 20 micro  gram l according to a  ami standards aluminum levels in the dial  ysis fluid should be less than 0 01 milli  gram l
alumin  osis is a restrictive lung disease caused by exposure to aluminum bearing dust alumin  osis can be detected by using high resolution compu  ted tom  o  graphy hr  ct
alumin  other  mic reactions are ex  other  mic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature the process is industri  ally useful for production of allo  ys of iron the most prominent example is the ther  m  ite reaction between iron oxides and aluminium to produce iron itself fe 2 o 3 2 al → 2 fe al 2 o 3 this specific reaction is however not relevant to the most important application of alumin  other  mic reactions the production of fer  ro  allo  ys for the production of iron a cheaper reducing agent coke is used instead via the carbo  ther  mic reaction
al  v  arez s syndrome is a medical disorder in which the ab  dom  en becomes bloated without any obvious reason such as intest  inal gas it may be caused when the muscles of the superior ab  domin  al wall contract and push the contents of the ab  dom  en infer  ior  ly and an  ter  ior  ly it may be a psycho  genic disorder it was discovered by and named for dr walter c al  v  arez in the late 1940 s
al  ve  ol  ar cap  ill  ary dys  pl  asia ac  d also con  genital al  ve  ol  ar dys  pl  asia is a very rare con  genital mal  formation involving abnormal development of the cap  ill  ary vascular system around the al  ve  oli of the lungs it is a rare cause of persistent pul  mon  ary hyper  tension in infants it also may be a rare cause of pul  mon  ary hypo  pl  asia babies with ac  d may appear normal at birth but within minutes or hours they develop respiratory distress with persistent pul  mon  ary hyper  tension ac  d does not respond to standard therapies that resolve simple pul  mon  ary hyper  tension the lack of response is an important diagnostic clue
al  ve  ol  ar hy  d  ati  d disease ah  d also known as al  ve  ol  ar echino  coc  co  sis al  ve  ol  ar col  loid of the liver al  ve  olo  coc  co  sis multi  loc  ular echino  coc  co  sis and small fox ta  pe  worm is a form of echino  coc  co  sis and is a disease that originates from a parasite although al  ve  ol  ar echino  coc  co  sis is rarely diagnosed in humans and is not as widespread as c  ys  tic echino  coc  co  sis it is also still a serious disease that not only has a significantly high fat  ality rate but also has the potential to become an emerging disease in many countries
al  ve  ol  ar ost  ei  tis is infl  amm  ation of the al  ve  ol  ar bone i e the al  ve  ol  ar process of the max  illa or man  di  ble class  ically this occurs as a post  operative complic  ation of tooth extraction al  ve  ol  ar ost  ei  tis usually occurs where the blood clo  t fails to form or is lost from the socket i e the defect left in the gum when a tooth is taken out this leaves an empty socket where bone is exposed to the oral cav  ity causing a loc  alized al  ve  ol  ar ost  ei  tis limited to the lam  ina dur  a i e the bone which lines the socket this specific type of al  ve  ol  ar ost  ei  tis is also known as dry socket or less commonly fi  brin  ol  y  tic al  ve  oli  tis and is associated with increased pain and delayed healing time dry socket occurs in about 0 5 – 5 of routine dental extr  actions and in about 25 – 30 of extr  actions of imp  acted man  di  bul  ar third mol  ars wisdom teeth which are buried in the bone
al  ve  ol  ar pressure pal  v is the pressure of air inside the lung al  ve  oli when the glo  t  tis is opened and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs al  ve  ol  ar pressure is equal atmospheric pressure zero c  m  h 2 o
al  ve  ol  ar r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma is a type of r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma characterized by its appearance which is similar to the al  ve  oli of the lungs it can be associated with a fusion protein between pax 3 and f  kh  r now known as fo  x  o 1 it can also be associated with pax 7 f  kh  r
al  ve  ol  ar soft part sar  coma abbreviated as  ps is a very rare type of soft tissue sar  coma that grows slowly and whose cell of origin is unknown it arises mainly in children and young adults as  ps can migrate me  tast  asi  ze into other parts of the body typically the lungs and the brain as  ps is a sar  coma and that indicates that this cancer initially arises from tissue of embryonic mes  en  ch  ym  al origin the fertili  zed egg divides and re  divides forming a sphere early in embry  o  genesis dim  ples appear in the poles of the sphere and bur  row through the sphere forming an inner passage that will ultimately form the gut m  align  ancies arising from cells that were originally part of the outer layer of the sphere and those that were part of the embryonic tunnel are termed carcin  om  as m  align  ancies arising from the cells between the outer layer and the inner bur  row are termed sar  com  as typically as  ps arises in muscles and deep soft tissue of the thi  gh or the leg lower extre  mi  ties but can also appear in the upper extre  mi  ties hands neck and head while as  ps is a soft tissue sar  coma it can also spread and grow inside the bones the term al  ve  ol  ar comes from the micro  scopic pattern visible during the analysis of slides of as  ps under the micro  scope in hist  opath  ology the tumor cells seem to be arranged in the same pattern as the cells of the small air sacks al  ve  oli in the lungs however this is just a structural similarity as  ps was first described and characterized in 1952
alzheimer s disease ad also known as just alzheimer s is a chronic neuro  degenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time it is the cause of 60 to 70 of cases of dementia the most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events short term memory loss as the disease advances symptoms can include problems with language dis  orientation including easily getting lost mood swings loss of motivation not managing self care and behavi  our  al issues as a person s condition declines they often withdraw from family and society gradually bodily functions are lost ultimately leading to death although the speed of progression can vary the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years the cause of alzheimer s disease is poorly understood about 70 of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved other risk factors include a history of head injuries depression or hyper  tension the disease process is associated with pl  aqu  es and tang  les in the brain a probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal ageing examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis mental and physical exercise and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of ad there are no medications or supplements that decrease risk no treatments stop or reverse its progression though some may temporarily improve symptoms affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance often placing a burden on the ca  reg  i  ver the pressures can include social psychological physical and economic elements exercise programmes are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and can potentially improve outcomes treatment of behavi  our  al problems or psycho  sis due to dementia with anti  psycho  tics is common but not usually recommended due to there often being little benefit and an increased risk of early death in 2015 there were approximately 48 million people worldwide with ad it most often begins in people over 65 years of age although 4 to 5 of cases are early onset alzheimer s which begin before this it affects about 6 of people 65 years and older in 2010 dementia resulted in about 486 000 deaths it was first described by and later named after german psychiatrist and patho  logist alo  is alzheimer in 1906 in developed countries ad is one of the most financially costly diseases
am fear li  ath m  ò  r scottish ga  el  ic pron  unciation ə  m f  ɛ  ɾ ʎ  i  ə mo  ː  ɾ also known as the big grey man of ben mac  d  hu  i or simply the gre  yman is the name of a presence or creature which is said to haunt the summit and passes of ben mac  du  i the highest peak of the cair  n  gor  ms and the second highest peak in scotland and also in the british is  les
the am  ad  ori re  arrangement is an organic reaction describing the acid or base cataly  zed isom  er  ization or re  arrangement reaction of the n gly  co  side of an al  dose or the gly  co  sy  lam  ine to the corresponding 1 amino 1 de  ox  y ke  tose the reaction is important in carbo  hydrate chemistry the reaction mechanism is demonstrated starting from the reaction of d man  nose in its closed 1 and open form 2 with ammonia to produce the 1 1 amino alcohol 3 which is unstable and loses water to the gly  co  sy  lam  ine again the open im  ine 5 and the closed form hem  i  am  inal 4 which is the starting point for the actual am  ad  ori re  arrangement the am  ad  ori re  arrangement by treatment of the gly  co  sy  lam  ine with py  ri  dine and acetic an  hy  dri  de the im  ine group re  arrang  es and the intermediate en  ol in turn re  arrang  es to the ke  tone in this particular reaction all the alcohol and amino groups are ac  yl  ated as well the reaction is associated with the ma  ill  ard reaction in which the reagents are naturally occurring sugars and amino acids recent study is revealed the possibility of am  ad  ori re  arrangement during interaction between ox  idi  zed d  extr  an and gelatine
am  alg  am tattoo also termed loc  alized arg  yro  sis or focal arg  yro  sis is a grey blue or black area of dis  color  ation on the mu  co  us memb  ran  es of the mouth typically on the g  ums of the lower jaw it is an i  atro  genic le  sion caused by entry of dental am  alg  am into the soft tissues it is common pain  less and benign but it can be mistaken for mel  anom  a
am  au  ro  sis greek meaning dark  ening dark or obscure is vision loss or weakness that occurs without an apparent le  sion affecting the eye it may result from either a medical condition or from excess acceleration as in flight the term is the same as the latin gu  tta serena
am  au  ro  sis fu  ga  x latin fu  ga  x meaning fle  e  ting greek am  au  ro  sis meaning dark  ening dark or obscure is a pain  less transi  ent mon  oc  ular or bin  oc  ular visual loss i e loss of vision in one or both eyes that is not permanent
amber shift is a phenomenon of incan  descent lamps in which the perceived warmth or colour temperature of the light sources changes as larger amounts of electric current flow through it
the ambient pressure on an object is the pressure of the surrounding medium such as a gas or liquid which comes into contact with the object
ambiguous loss is a loss that occurs without closure or understanding this kind of loss leaves a person searching for answers and thus complicates and delays the process of griev  ing and often results in unresolved grief some examples are in  fertility termination of pregnancy disappearance of a family member death of an ex spouse a family member being physically alive but in a state of cognitive decline due to alzheimer s disease or dementia etc an ambiguous loss can be categ  orized into two types of loss physical or psychological physical loss and psychological loss differ in terms of what is being griev  ed for the loss of the physical body or the psychological mind experiencing an ambiguous loss can lead to personal questions such as am i still married to my missing spouse or am i still a child to a parent who no longer remembers me since the grief process in an ambiguous loss is halted it is harder to cope or move on to acceptance from the type of loss experienced there are various types of grief that can occur due to the type of ambiguity experienced and corresponding therapy techniques to address the certain types of grief the overall goal of therapy to cope with ambiguous loss is to overcome the trauma associated with it and restoring resilience
the ambitious card or elevator card is a magic effect in which a playing card seems to return to the top of the deck after being placed elsewhere in the middle of the deck this is a classic effect in card magic and serves as a study subject for students of magic most performing card mag  icians will have developed their own personal ambitious card routine the effect is often credited to french magician gust  av alber  ti in the mid 19 th century however there is a related idea in pon  sin s nouvelle mag  ie blanche devo  il  ée published in 18  54 that might precede that
am  bl  y  op  ia also called lazy eye is a disorder of sight due to the eye and brain not working well together it results in decreased vision in an eye that otherwise typically appears normal it is the most common cause of decreased vision in a single eye among children and younger adults the cause of am  bl  y  op  ia can be any condition that interferes with focusing during early childhood this can occur from poor alignment of the eyes an eye being ir  regularly shaped such that focusing is difficult one eye being more near  sighted or far  sighted than the other or clou  ding of the lens of an eye after the underlying cause is fixed vision is not fully restored as the mechanism also involves the brain am  bl  y  op  ia can be difficult to detect and therefore vision testing is recommended for all children around the ages of four to five early detection improves treatment success eye glasses may be all the treatment needed for some children if this is not sufficient treatments which force the child to use the weaker eye are used this is done by either using a patch or putting atro  pine in the stronger eye without treatment am  bl  y  op  ia typically persists into adul  thood evidence regarding treatments for adults is poor am  bl  y  op  ia was first described in the 1600 s it begins by the age of five in adults the disorder is estimated to affect 1 – 5 of the population while treatment improves vision it does not typically restore it to normal in the affected eye the condition may make people ineligible to be pilots or police officers the word am  bl  y  op  ia is from greek meaning αμ  β  λ  υ  ω  π  ία blunt vision
ame  bi  asis cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by ul  cers caused by ent  am  oe  ba hist  ol  y  tica
the ame  bom  a may manifest as a right lower quad  rant ab  domin  al mass which may be mistaken for carcin  oma tuberculosis cro  hn s disease ac  tin  om  y  co  sis or lymp  homa
am  el  anism also known as am  el  an  osis is a pi  gm  entation ab  normality characterized by the lack of pig  ments called mel  an  ins commonly associated with a genetic loss of ty  ro  sin  ase function am  el  anism can affect fish am  phi  bians repti  les birds and mammals including humans the appearance of an am  el  anis  tic animal depends on the remaining non mel  an  in pig  ments the opposite of am  el  anism is mel  anism an over  abundance of mel  an  in a similar condition al  bin  ism is a hereditary condition characterised in animals by the absence of pig  ment in the eyes skin hair scales feathers or cu  tic  le this results in an all white animal usually with pink or red eyes
am  el  an  otic mel  anom  a is a type of skin cancer in which the cells do not make mel  an  in they can be pink red purple or of normal skin color hence difficult to recognise it has an asymmetrical shape and an irregular fain  tly pi  gm  ented border their atypical appearance leads to delay in diagnosis the prog  no  sis is poor and the rate of recurrence is high
ame  lia from greek ἀ lack of plus μέ  λο  ς plural μέ  λ  ε  α or μέ  λ  η limb is the birth defect of lacking one or more limbs it can also result in a shrun  ken or de  formed limb for example a child might be born without an el  bow or fore  arm the term may be modified to indicate the number of legs or arms missing at birth such as tetra ame  lia for the absence of all four limbs a related term is mer  om  eli  a which is the partial absence of a limb or limbs
am  elo  bl  astic carcin  oma is a rare form of od  on  to  genic tumor one that develops in the j  aw  bones from the epi  the  li  al cells that generate the tooth en  am  el symptoms include sw  elling in the jaw and pain both of which get worse as the cancer grows it is usually treated with surgery chem  otherapy has not been proven to be effective
an am  elo  bl  astic fi  bro  ma is a fi  bro  ma of the am  elo  bl  astic tissue that is an od  on  to  genic tumor arising from the en  am  el organ or dental lam  ina it may be either truly ne  op  l  astic or merely ham  ar  tom  at  ous an od  on  tom  a in ne  op  l  astic cases it may be labeled an am  elo  bl  astic fi  bro  sar  coma in accord with the termin  ological distinction that reserves the word fi  bro  ma for benign tumors and as  signs the word fi  bro  sar  coma to m  align  ant ones it is more common in the first and second decades of life when od  on  to  genesis is ongoing than in later decades in 50 of cases an un  erupted tooth is involved hist  opath  ology alone is usually not enough to differentiate ne  op  l  astic cases from ham  ar  tom  at  ous ones because the his  to  logy is very similar other clinical and radio  graphic clues are used to narrow the diagnosis
am  elo  bl  ast  oma from the early english word am  el meaning en  am  el the greek word bl  ast  os meaning germ is a rare benign tumor of od  on  to  genic epi  the  lium am  elo  bl  asts or outside portion of the teeth during development much more commonly appearing in the lower jaw than the upper jaw it was recognized in 18  27 by cus  ack this type of od  on  to  genic ne  op  las  m was designated as an adam  an  tin  oma in 18  85 by the french physician louis charles mal  as  se  z it was finally ren  amed to the modern name am  elo  bl  ast  oma in 1930 by i  vey and churchill while these tumors are rarely m  align  ant or me  ta  static that is they rarely spread to other parts of the body and progress slowly the resulting le  sions can cause severe ab  norm  alities of the face and jaw additionally because abnormal cell growth easily infiltr  ates and destroys surrounding bon  y tissues wide surgical exc  ision is required to treat this disorder if an aggressive tumor is left untreated it can obstruct the nas  al and oral airways making it impossible to breathe without or  op  har  yn  ge  al intervention
am  elo  genesis im  perfec  ta ai presents with a rare abnormal formation of the en  am  el or external layer of the crown of teeth en  am  el is composed mostly of mineral that is formed and regulated by the proteins in it am  elo  genesis im  perfec  ta is due to the mal  function of the proteins in the en  am  el am  elo  blas  tin en  am  elin tu  f  tel  in and am  elo  gen  in people afflicted with am  elo  genesis im  perfec  ta have teeth with abnormal color yellow brown or grey this disorder can afflic  t any number of teeth of both denti  tions the teeth have a higher risk for dental ca  vities and are hy  pers  ensi  tive to temperature changes as well as rapid at  tri  tion excessive calcul  us de  position and g  ing  i  val hyper  pl  asia
amen  or  rho  ea be amen  or  rhe  a ame or amen  or  rh  œ  a is the absence of a men  str  ual period in a woman of reproductive age physiological states of amen  or  rho  ea are seen most commonly during pregnancy and lac  tation breastfeeding the latter also forming the basis of a form of contraception known as the lact  ational amen  or  rho  ea method outside of the reproductive years there is absence of m  enses during childhood and after men  op  ause amen  or  rho  ea is a symptom with many potential causes primary amen  or  rho  ea men  str  uation cycles never starting may be caused by developmental problems such as the con  genital absence of the uter  us failure of the o  vary to receive or maintain egg cells also delay in pu  ber  tal development will lead to primary amen  or  rho  ea it is defined as an absence of secondary sexual characteristics by age 14 with no men  arch  e or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no men  arch  e by 16 years of age secondary amen  or  rho  ea men  str  uation cycles ceasing is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypo  thal  am  us and the pit  u  itary g  land from premature men  op  ause or in  trau  ter  ine scar formation it is defined as the absence of m  enses for three months in a woman with previously normal men  str  uation or nine months for women with a history of olig  omen  or  rho  ea
the american folk music revival was a phenomenon in the united states that began during the 1940 s and peaked in popularity in the mid 1960 s its roots went earlier and performers like josh white bur  l i  ves woody gu  thri  e lead belly big bill bro  on  zy richard dy  er ben  net oscar brand jean rit  chie john jacob n  iles susan reed paul rob  es  on and c  isco houston had enjoyed a limited general popularity in the 1930 s and 1940 s the revival brought forward styles of american folk music that had in earlier times contributed to the development of country and western jazz and rock and roll music
american tick bite fever also known as ric  ke  tt  sia par  ker  i infection is a condition that may be characterized by a rash of mac  ul  op  ap  ules
ame  tropic am  bl  y  op  ia is a medical condition in which the re  tina cannot focus on the image of a distant object a condition often described as reduced visual acu  ity this is due to large un  corrected ref  r  active errors in the patient s op  tic system of the eyes as  ti  gm  atism is one of the most frequent causes of ame  tropic am  bl  y  op  ia
amide reduction is a reaction in organic synthesis where an amide is reduced to either an amine or an alde  hyde functional group
amine al  k  yl  ation amino de halo  gen  ation is a type of organic reaction between an al  ky  l hali  de and ammonia or an amine the reaction is called nucle  oph  il  ic ali  ph  atic substitution of the hali  de and the reaction product is a higher substituted amine the method is widely used in the laboratory but is less important industri  ally where al  ky  l hali  des are not preferred al  k  yl  ating agents when the amine is a tertiary amine the reaction product is a qu  ater  n  ary ammonium salt in the men  shut  kin reaction am  ines and ammonia are generally sufficiently basic to undergo direct al  k  yl  ation often under mild conditions the reactions are difficult to control because the reaction product a primary amine or a secondary amine are often more nucle  oph  il  ic than the precursor and will thus prefer  entially react with the al  k  yl  ating agent for example reaction of 1 bromo  oc  tane with ammonia yields almost equal amounts of the primary amine and the secondary amine therefore for laboratory purposes n al  k  yl  ation is often limited to the synthesis of tertiary am  ines a notable exception is the re  activity of alpha hal  o car  box  yl  ic acids that do permit synthesis of primary am  ines with ammonia intr  am  ol  ec  ular reactions of halo  am  ines x ch 2 n n  h 2 give cyclic azi  rid  ines az  eti  d  ines and py  r  ro  li  d  ines n al  k  yl  ation is a general and useful route to qu  ater  n  ary ammonium salts from tertiary am  ines because over  al  k  yl  ation is not possible examples of n al  k  yl  ation with al  ky  l hali  des are the syn  theses of ben  zy  lan  il  ine 1 ben  zy  lin  do  le and az  eti  dine another example is found in the deriv  ati  zation of cycl  en industri  ally ethyl  en  edi  amine is produced by al  k  yl  ation of ammonia with 1 2 dic  hlor  o  ethane
amino acid transport disorders are medical conditions associated with a failure of amino acids to be absorbed from the kidney or intest  ine an example is har  tn  up disease
am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia is the presence of amino acids in the urine small amounts of amino acids are also present in normal urine increased total urine amino acids may result from metabol  ic disorders chronic liver disease or ren  al disorders am  ino  ac  id  ur  ias can be divided into primary and secondary am  ino  ac  id  ur  ias
am  ino  ac  yl  ase 1 deficiency is a rare in  born error of metabol  ism to date only 21 cases have been described
amin  ole  vul  in  ic acid dehydr  at  ase deficiency por  phy  ria also known as do  ss por  phy  ria and plum  b  op  or  phy  ria is a neuro  psychiatric condition disease can present during early childhood as well as in adul  thood with acute neuro  logic symptoms that resemble those encountered in acute inter  mit  tent por  phy  ria the condition is extremely rare with fewer than 10 cases ever reported ala dehydr  at  ase deficiency is a rare cause of he  p  atic por  phy  ria it is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder that results from in  appropriately low levels of the enzyme ala dehydr  at  ase al  ad also called por  pho  bil  ino  gen syn  th  ase which is required for normal hem  e synthesis
am  it  osis a mit  osis is cell proliferation that does not occur by mit  osis the mechanism usually identified as essential for cell division in eu  kar  yo  tes the poly  plo  id mac  ron  uc  le  us found in ci  li  ates divides am  ito  tically while normal mit  osis results in a precise division of parental all  el  es am  it  osis results in a random distribution of parental all  el  es plo  id  y levels of 1000 in some species means both parental all  el  es can be maintained over many generations while species with fewer numbers of each chro  mo  some will tend to become homo  zy  g  ous for one or the other parental alle  le through a process known as phen  o  typ  ic or all  el  ic ass  or  tment it does not involve maxim  al condens  ation of ch  rom  atin into chro  mo  som  es observ  able by light micro  sco  py as they line up in pairs along the metaph  ase plate it does not involve these p  aired structures being pulled in opposite directions by a mit  otic spin  dle to form daughter cells rather it effects nuclear proliferation without the involvement of chro  mo  som  es unsettling for cell biologists who have come to rely on the mit  otic figure as reassurance that ch  rom  atin is being equally distributed into daughter cells the phenomenon of am  it  osis even though it is an accepted as occurring in ci  li  ates continues to meet with skepticism about its role in mammalian cell proliferation perhaps because it lacks the reassuring icon  o  graphy of mit  osis of course the relatively recent discovery of copy number variations c  nv s in mammalian cells within an organ significantly challenges the age old assumption that every cell in an organism must inherit an exact copy of the parental genome to be functional rather than c  nv s resulting from mit  osis gone aw  ry some of this variation may arise from am  it  osis and may be both desirable and necessary furthermore it is well to remember that ci  li  ates possess a mechanism for adjusting copy numbers of individual genes during am  it  osis of the mac  ron  uc  le  us pres  cott 1994 despite the passage of more than a century since its description by wal  ther flemming more celebrated for describing mit  osis and others child 1907 mack  lin 1914 the process has not received much attention using mit  osis in mammalian cells as a search term in the med  line data base calls up more than 10 000 studies dealing with mit  osis whereas am  it  osis in mammalian cells retri  eves the titles of fewer than 50 papers not surprisingly this absence of data has led many scientists to conclude that am  it  osis does not exist or is minim  ally important if any means of proliferation can be deemed minim  ally important while the war on cancer is not yet won accordingly and despite being very much out of fashion a resurgence of interest in the role of am  it  osis in mammalian proliferation has been building over the past two to three decades a review of the resulting literature not only affirms the involvement of am  it  osis in cell proliferation it also explo  res the existence of more than one am  it  otic mechanism capable of producing prog  eny nucle  i without the involvement of mit  otic chro  mo  som  es one form of am  it  osis involves fis  sion  ing a nucleus splitting in two without the involvement of chro  mo  som  es and has been reported in plac  ental tissue as well as in cells grown from that tissue in rats fer  gus  on and palm 1976 in human tro  pho  bl  asts co  tte et al 1980 and in mouse tro  pho  bl  asts ku  hn ther  man and su  sman 1991 am  it  osis by fis  sion  ing has also been reported in mammalian liver cells david and u  er  lings 1992 and human adren  al cells mag  al  ha  es pi  gn  at  elli and mag  al  ha  es 1991 chen and wan 1986 not only reported am  it  osis in rat liver but also presented a mechanism for a four stage am  it  otic process whereby ch  rom  atin th  reads are reproduced and equally distributed to daughter cells as the nucleus spl  its in two additional examples of non mit  otic proliferation and important insights into underlying mechanisms have resulted from extensive work with poly  plo  id cells such cells long acknowledged to exist were once believed simply to be anom  alous accumulating research including in the liver dun  can et al 2010 now suggests that cells containing multiple copies of the genome are importantly involved in a cell s ability to adapt to its environment a couple of decades of research has shown that poly  plo  id cells are frequently reduced to diplo  id cells by am  it  osis zy  b  ina et al for instance naturally occurring poly  plo  id plac  ental cells have been shown capable of producing nucle  i with diplo  id or near diplo  id complements of dna furthermore zy  b  ina and her colleagues have demonstrated that such nucle  i derived from poly  plo  id plac  ental cells receive one or two copies of a micro  sco  p  ically identifiable region of the ch  rom  atin demonstrating that even without the reassuring icon  o  graphy of identical chro  mo  som  es being distributed into identical daughter cells this particular am  it  otic process results in representative transmission of ch  rom  atin studying rat poly  plo  id tro  pho  bl  asts this research group has shown that the nuclear envelope of the giant nucleus is involved in this subdivision of a highly poly  plo  id nucleus into low plo  id  y nucle  i zy  b  ina and zy  b  ina poly  plo  id cells are also at the heart of experiments to determine how some cells may survive chem  otherapy er  en  pre  isa and colleagues have shown that following treatment of cul  tured cells with mit  osis inhi  biting chemicals similar to what is used in some chem  otherapy a small population of induced poly  plo  id cells survives eventually this population can give rise to normal diplo  id cells by formation of poly  plo  id ch  rom  atin bou  qu  ets that return to an inter  phase state and separate into several secondary nucle  i er  en  pre  isa et al 2011 intriguing phenomena including controlled autop  ha  gic degradation of some dna as well as production of nuclear envelope limited sheets accompanies the process er  en  pre  isa et al 2002 since neither of these de  poly  plo  idi  zations involves mit  otic chro  mo  som  es they conform to the broad definition of am  it  osis there are also multiple reports of am  it  osis occurring when nucle  i bud out through the plasma memb  rane of a poly  plo  id cell such a process has been shown to occur in am  ni  otic cells transformed by a virus wal  en 2002 as well as in mouse embryo fi  bro  blast lines exposed to carcinogens sund  ar  am et al 2004 a similar process called ex  tru  sion has been described for min  k tro  pho  bl  asts a tissue in which fis  sion  ing is also observed is  ak  ova and sh  il  a  ova 2002 asymmetric cell division has also been described in poly  plo  id giant cancer cells and low eu  kar  y  otic cells and reported to occur by the am  it  otic processes of splitting bud  ding or burst like mechanisms z  hang wang and z  hang 2012 similarly two different kinds of am  it  osis have been described in mon  ol  ay  ers of is  hi  k  awa end  ome  trial cells flem  ing 2014 an example of am  it  osis particularly suited to the formation of multiple differentiated nucle  i in a reasonably short period of time has been shown to occur during the differentiation of fluid en  closing hemis  ph  er  es called dom  es from adher  ent is  hi  k  awa end  ome  trial mon  ol  ay  er cells during an approximately 20 hour period flem  ing 1995 flem  ing 1999 aggregates of nucle  i from mon  ol  ay  er syn  cy  tia become envelop  ed in mit  och  on  dri  al memb  ran  es forming structures mit  on  uc  le  ons that become elevated as a result of vacu  ole formation during the initial 6 hours of differentiation flem  ing 1998 flem  ing 2015 a over the next 4 or 5 hours ch  rom  atin from these aggregated nucle  i becomes increasingly py  c  no  tic eventually undergoing kar  y  ol  ysis and kar  yor  rh  ex  is in the now elevated pre  dom  e structures flem  ing 2015 b in other systems such changes accompany apop  to  sis but not in the differentiating is  hi  k  awa cells where the processes appear to accompany changes in dna essential for the newly created differentiated dom  e cells finally the ch  rom  atin fil  aments emerging from these processes form a mass from which dozens of dom  e nucle  i are am  ito  tically generated flem  ing 2015 c over a period of approximately 3 hours with the apparent involvement of nuclear envelope limited sheets that all of this may be an iceberg tip is suggested by research from walter th  illy s laboratory examination of fe  tal gut 5 to 7 weeks colon  ic aden  om  as and aden  o  carcin  om  as has revealed nucle  i that look like hollow bells en  c  ased in tu  bul  ar syn  cy  tia these structures can divide symmetr  ically by an am  it  otic nuclear fis  sion process forming new bells or they can fis  sion assy  metr  ically resulting in one of seven other nuclear mor  pho  types five of which appear to be specific to development since they are rarely observed in adult organisms go  st  j  eva et al 2006 the research that is accumulating about am  it  osis suggests that such processes are indeed involved in the production of the breath  taking 37 trillion or so cells in humans perhaps particularly during the fe  tal and embryonic phases of development when the majority of these cells are produced perhaps within the complexity of implan  tation perhaps when large numbers of cells are being differentiated and perhaps in can  cer  ous cells a word of caution some examples of cell division formerly thought to belong to this non mit  otic class such as the division of some unic  ell  ular eu  kar  yo  tes may actually occur by the process of closed mit  osis different from open or semi closed mit  otic processes all involving mit  otic chro  mo  som  es and classified by the fate of the nuclear envelope
ammonia poisoning is a common fish disease in new aqu  ari  ums especially when immediately stoc  ked to full capacity ideally the level of ammonia n  h 3 and ammonium compounds i e those containing n  h 4 should be zero although trace amounts are generally harmless they can still lead to problems over time understanding the nitrogen cycle is essential for the keeping of any aquatic life the amount of ammonia present is usually accompanied by a rise in ph as ammonia is a base it is stabilized by al  kal  ine water it can cause damage to the g  ills at a level as small as 0 25 mg l
amnesia from greek meaning for  get  fulness from ἀ a meaning without and μ  ν  ή  σ  ις m  nes  is meaning memory also known as am  nes  ic syndrome is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage disease or psychological trauma amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sed  atives and hypno  tic drugs the memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused there are two main types of amnesia retrograde amnesia and an  ter  o  grade amnesia retrograde amnesia is the inability to retri  eve information that was acquired before a particular date usually the date of an accident or operation in some cases the memory loss can extend back decades while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory an  ter  o  grade amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store people with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time these two types are not mutually exclusive both can occur within a patient at one time case studies such as that of show that both types of amnesia can occur simultaneously case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medi  al temporal lo  be in addition specific areas of the hippo  campus the ca 1 region are involved with memory research has also shown that when areas of the di  encephal  on are damaged amnesia can occur recent studies have shown a correlation between deficiency of r  b  ap 48 protein and memory loss scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of r  b  ap 48 protein compared to normal healthy mice in people suffering with amnesia the ability to recall immediate information is still retained and they may still be able to form new memories however a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retri  eve old information can be observed patients can learn new procedural knowledge in addition pri  ming both percep  tual and conceptual can assist amne  si  acs in the learning of fresh non declar  ative knowledge am  nes  ic patients also retain substantial intellectual linguistic and social skill despite profound impair  ments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes
am  nes  ic shellfish poisoning as  p is a human illness caused by consumption of the marine bio  toxin called dom  o  ic acid this toxin is produced naturally by marine di  atoms belonging to the genus pseudo nit  z  sch  ia and the species nit  z  sch  ia nav  is var  ing  ica when accumulated in high concentrations by shellfish during filter feeding dom  o  ic acid can then be passed on to humans via consumption of the contaminated shellfish although human illness due to dom  o  ic acid has only been associated with shellfish the toxin can bio  accumulate in many marine organisms that consume phy  top  lan  k  ton such as ancho  vi  es and sardines in  tox  ication by dom  o  ic acid in non human organisms is frequently referred to as dom  o  ic acid poisoning or d  ap in mammals including humans dom  o  ic acid acts as a neuro  toxin causing permanent short term memory loss brain damage and death in severe cases
am  n  ion no  do  sum are no  d  ules on the fe  tal surface of the am  n  ion and is frequently present in oligo  hy  dram  ni  os the no  d  ules are composed of squ  am  ous cell aggregates derived from the vern  ix cas  e  osa on the fe  tal skin am  n  ion no  do  sum and oligo  hydro  m  ni  os are associated with pul  mon  ary hypo  pl  asia and ren  al agen  esis am  n  ion no  do  sum is gran  ules on am  n  ion whereas whi  tish no  d  ules on the cord suggest a candi  dial infection
am  ni  otic band con  stric  tion also known as am  ni  otic band syndrome adam complex am  ni  otic band sequence con  genital con  stric  tion bands and pseu  do  ain  h  um is a con  genital disorder caused by entr  ap  ment of fe  tal parts usually a limb or digits in fi  bro  us am  ni  otic bands while in uter  o
an am  ni  otic fluid embol  ism af  e is a rare childbirth ob  ste  tric emergency in which am  ni  otic fluid fe  tal cells hair or other debris enters the mother s blood stream via the plac  ental bed of the uter  us and triggers an allergic like reaction this reaction then results in cardi  o  respiratory heart and lung collapse and massive hemorrha  ging co  ag  ul  opathy it was first formally characterized in 1941 while it is rare between 1 in 8 000 and 1 in 80 000 deliveries the high mortality makes it the fifth most common cause of maternal mortality in the world in some estimates
am  od  al perception is the perception of the whole of a physical structure when only parts of it affect the sensory recep  tors for example a table will be perceived as a complete volu  metric structure even if only part of it — the facing surface — projects to the re  tina it is perceived as possessing internal volume and hidden rear surfaces despite the fact that only the near surfaces are exposed to view similarly the world around us is perceived as a surrounding plen  um even though only part of it is in view at any time another much quoted example is that of the dog behind a pick  et fence in which a long narrow object the dog is partially oc  clu  ded by fence posts in front of it but is nevertheless perceived as a single continuous object albert b  reg  man noted an aud  itory analogue of this phenomenon when a melody is interrupted by bursts of white noise it is nonetheless heard as a single melody continuing behind the bursts of noise formulation of the theory is credited to the belgian psycho  logist albert mic  ho  tte and fab  io met  elli an italian psycho  logist with their work developed in recent years by e s reed and the gest  al  tists modal completion is a similar phenomenon in which a shape is perceived to be oc  clu  ding other shapes even when the shape itself is not drawn examples include the triangle that appears to be oc  clu  ding three disks and an outlined triangle in the kan  iz  sa triangle and the circles and squares that appear in different versions of the ko  ff  ka cross
am  oe  bi  asis also known as ame  bi  asis or ent  am  oe  bi  asis is an infection caused by any of the am  oe  bas of the ent  am  oe  ba group symptoms are most common upon infection by ent  am  oe  ba hist  ol  y  tica am  oe  bi  asis can present with no mild or severe symptoms symptoms may include ab  domin  al pain mild diarr  ho  ea bloody diarr  hea or severe co  li  tis with tissue death and per  for  ation this last complic  ation may cause per  it  oni  tis people affected may develop an  emia due to loss of blood invasion of the intest  inal lining causes am  oe  bic bloody diarr  hea or am  oe  bic co  li  tis if the parasite reaches the blood  stream it can spread through the body most frequently ending up in the liver where it causes am  oe  bic liver abs  c  esses liver abs  c  esses can occur without previous diarr  hea cy  sts of ent  am  oe  ba can survive for up to a month in soil or for up to 45 minutes under finger  nails it is important to differentiate between am  oe  bi  asis and bacterial co  li  tis the preferred diagnostic method is through fa  ec  al examination under micro  scope but requires a skilled micro  sco  p  ist and may not be reliable when excluding infection this method however may not be able to separate between specific types increased white blood cell count is present in severe cases but not in mild ones the most accurate test is for antibodies in the blood but it may remain positive following treatment prevention of am  oe  bi  asis is by separating food and water from fa  ec  es and by proper sanitation measures there is no vaccine there are two treatment options depending on the location of the infection am  oe  bi  asis in tissues is treated with either met  ron  id  azole tin  id  azole nit  az  ox  an  ide de  hydro  em  et  ine or chloro  qu  ine while lumin  al infection is treated with di  lo  x  an  ide fu  ro  ate or i  odo  quin  oline for treatment to be effective against all stages of the am  oe  ba may require a combination of medications infections without symptoms do not require treatment but infected individuals can spread the parasite to others and treatment can be considered treatment of other ent  am  oe  ba infections apart from e hist  ol  y  tica is not needed am  oe  bi  asis is present all over the world about 480 million people are infected with what appears to be e hist  ol  y  tica and these result in the death of between 40 000 – 110 000 people every year most infections are now ascri  bed to e dispar e dispar is more common in certain areas and symptomatic cases may be fewer than previously reported the first case of am  oe  bi  asis was documented in 18  75 and in 18  91 the disease was described in detail resulting in the terms am  oe  bic dy  sen  tery and am  oe  bic liver abs  c  ess further evidence from the philippines in 19  13 found that upon ing  est  ing cy  sts of e hist  ol  y  tica volunteers developed the disease it has been known since 18  97 that at least one non disease causing species of ent  am  oe  ba existed ent  am  oe  ba coli but it was first formally recognized by the who in 1997 that e hist  ol  y  tica was two species despite this having first been proposed in 19  25 in addition to the now recognized e dispar evidence shows there are at least two other species of ent  am  oe  ba that look the same in humans e mosh  kov  sk  ii and ent  am  oe  ba banglad  es  hi the reason these species haven t been differentiated until recently is because of the reliance on appearance
an am  oe  bic brain abs  c  ess is a brain abs  c  ess caused by am  oe  bas symptoms that accompany this abs  c  ess are collections of immune cells and large groupings of p  us that gather in the brain this very rare case has only been reported and examined on 216 known occurrences dating back to 18  49 diagnosis for this abs  c  ess entails numerous medical tests and studies it can be caused by ent  am  oe  ba hist  ol  y  tica primary am  oe  bic men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis and gran  ul  om  at  ous am  oe  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis can also invade the brain
am  oe  bic dy  sen  tery or ame  bic dy  sen  tery is a type of bloody diarr  hea caused primarily by the am  oe  ba ent  am  oe  ba hist  ol  y  tica am  oe  bic dy  sen  tery is transmitted through contaminated food and water am  oe  ba  e spread by forming infec  tive cy  sts which can be found in sto  ols and spread if whoever touches them does not san  i  tize their hands there are also free am  oe  ba  e or tro  pho  zo  ites that do not form cy  sts however tro  pho  zo  ites do not survive long outside the human gastro  intest  inal tract and are a purely diagnostic observation tro  pho  zo  ites are the agent responsible for symptoms am  oe  bic dy  sen  tery is most common in developing countries although it is occasionally seen in industrialized countries and not just in travellers although it is commonly associated with tropical clim  ates the first documented case was in st petersburg russia am  oe  bic dy  sen  tery is often confused with travel  er s diarr  hea because of the prevalence of both in developing nations in fact most traveller s diarr  hea is bacterial or viral in origin liver infection and subsequent am  oe  bic abs  c  esses can occur blood may be present in sto  ol it can be considered equivalent to intest  inal am  oe  bi  asis
a am  oe  bic liver abs  c  ess is a type of liver abs  c  ess caused by ame  bi  asis it is the involvement of liver tissue by tro  pho  zo  ites of the organism ent  am  oe  ba hist  ol  y  tica and of is abs  c  ess due to necro  sis
amor  ality is an absence of indifference towards or disregard for morality morality and amor  ality in humans and animals is a subject of dispute among scientists and philosophers if morality is intrinsic to humanity then am  oral human beings either do not exist or are only defici  ently human if morality is extr  ins  ic to humanity then am  oral human beings can both exist and be fully human and may be am  oral either by nature or by choice am  oral should not be confused with immoral which refers to an agent doing or thinking something he or she knows or believes to be wrong
amor  pho  synthesis is a medical condition where the patient is unaware of som  atic sens  ations from one side of the body the left side is most commonly affected this condition is usually a sign of a le  sion in the right par  ie  tal lo  be the patient also shows loss of propri  o  ception and spatial relationships additionally when the som  at  os  ens  ory association area is damaged one loses the ability to recognize a complex object on the opposite side of the body
am  o  tiv  ational syndrome is a psychological condition associated with diminished inspiration to participate in social situations and activities with episodes of apathy caused by an external event situation substance or lack of relationship or lack of or other cause while some have claimed that chronic use of cannabis causes am  o  tiv  ational syndrome in some users empirical studies suggest that there is no such thing as am  o  tiv  ational syndrome per se from a world health organization report the evidence for an am  o  tiv  ational syndrome among adults consists largely of case histories and observ  ational reports e g kol  an  sky and moore 1971 mill  man and s  brig  lio 1986 the small number of controlled field and laboratory studies have not found compelling evidence for such a syndrome dorn  bush 1974 ne  gre  te 1983 hol  lis  ter 1986 i t is doubtful that cannabis use produces a well defined am  o  tiv  ational syndrome it may be more par  si  mon  ious to regard the symptoms of impaired motivation as symptoms of chronic cannabis in  tox  ication rather than inventing a new psychiatric syndrome a study done by researchers bar  n  well ear  ley  wine and wil  cox also suggests that cannabis use does not cause an am  o  tiv  ational syndrome the e mail survey showed no significant difference in motivation as measured on the apathy evaluation scale between cannabis users and cannabis abstain  ers other research done by imperial college london has found that long term users of cannabis tend to produce less dop  amine a chemical produced by the brain which plays an important role in executive functions motor control motivation ar  ous  al reinforcement and reward the research also suggests that users of cannabis which started at a younger age may produce even less dop  amine than those that began using later in their life the cannabis users chosen for the study had all experienced psychotic like episodes while using the drug and were selected as such because previous research hypothe  sizes that positive symptoms of psycho  sis are linked to excess dop  amine production however the researchers found that the opposite was the case in these long term cannabis users because dop  amine plays a large role in motivation the research suggests that long term cannabis use may cause am  o  tiv  ational syndrome according to the handbook of clinical psychop  har  maco  logy for therap  ists am  o  tiv  ational syndrome is listed as a possible side effect of ss  ris in the treatment of clinical depression
am  ovi  bility is the condition that applies to roman catholic priests who can be removed from their parish or post by their bishop
amp  he  tam  ine dependence refers to a state of psychological dependence on a drug in the amp  he  tam  ine class in individuals with substance use disorder problematic use or abuse with dependence psycho  therapy is currently the best treatment option as no pharmaco  logical treatment has been approved tolerance is expected to develop with regular substituted amp  he  tam  ine use when substituted amp  he  tam  ines are abused drug tolerance develops rapidly severe withdrawal associated with dependence from recreational substituted amp  he  tam  ine use can be a difficult for a user to cope with long term use of certain substituted amp  he  tam  ines particularly meth  amp  he  tam  ine can reduce dop  amine activity in the brain psycho  stimul  ants that increase dop  amine and mim  ic the effects of substituted amp  he  tam  ines but with lower abuse liability could theoretically be used as replacement therapy in amp  he  tam  ine dependence however the few studies that used amp  he  tam  ine bu  prop  ion meth  yl  phen  id  ate and mod  a  fin  il as a replacement therapy did not result in less meth  amp  he  tam  ine use or cr  aving in 2013 over  dose on amp  he  tam  ine meth  amp  he  tam  ine and other compounds implicated in an amp  he  tam  ine use disorder resulted in an estimated 3 7  88 deaths worldwide 3 425 – 4 145 deaths 95 confidence
am  ph  ist  om  i  asis or param  ph  ist  om  i  asis alternatively spelled am  ph  ist  om  osis or param  ph  ist  om  osis is a par  asi  tic disease of livestock animals more commonly of cattle and sheep and humans caused by immature hel  min  th  ic flat  worms belonging to the order echino  stom  ida the term am  ph  ist  om  i  asis is used for broader conno  tation implying the disease inflicted by members of echino  stom  ida including the family param  ph  ist  om  idae gastro  disci  da  e to be precise the species gastro  dis  co  ides hom  in  is whereas param  ph  ist  om  i  asis is restricted to that of the members of the family param  ph  ist  om  ati  da  e only g dis  co  ides and wat  son  ius wat  son  i are responsible for the disease in humans while most param  ph  ist  om  es are responsible in livestock animals and some wild mammals in livestock industry the disease causes heavy economic back  l  ashes due to poor production of milk meat and wool
amplified mus  cul  osk  el  etal pain syndro  mes are pain syndro  mes where excessive acute and chronic pain are observed for which no over  t primary cause can be found or sur  mis  ed amplified mus  cul  osk  el  etal pain syndro  mes include complex regional pain syndrome types i ii formerly known as reflex sympathetic dy  stro  phy r  s  d fi  bro  my  al  gia diffuse idi  opathic pain also called diffuse amplified pain loc  alized idi  opathic pain also called loc  alized amplified pain neuro  path  ic pain reflex neuro  vascular dy  stro  phy
the am  pl  itude of accommodation is the maximum potential increase in optical power that an eye can achieve in adjusting its focus it refers to a certain range of object distances for which the re  tin  al image is as sharply focussed as possible am  pl  itude of accommodation is measured during routine eye examination the closest that a normal eye can focus is typically about 10 cm for a child or young adult accommodation then decreases gradually with age effectively finishing just after age fifty the average am  pl  itude of accommodation in di  op  ters for a patient of a given age was estimated by ho  f  ste  tter in 1950 to be 18 5 0 30 patient age in years with the minimum am  pl  itude of accommodation as 15 0 25 age in years and the maximum as 25 0 40 age in years however ho  f  ste  tter s work was based on data from two early surveys which although widely cited used methodology with considerable inherent error
the am  pul  la of duc  tus defer  ens is an enlargement of the duc  tus defer  ens at the fun  dus of the blad  der this structure is seen in some mammalian and squ  am  ate species and is sometimes tor  tuous in shape
ampu  tation is the removal of a limb by trauma medical illness or surgery as a surgical measure it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb such as m  align  ancy or gang  rene in some cases it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for such problems a special case is that of con  genital ampu  tation a con  genital disorder where fe  tal limbs have been cut off by con  stric  tive bands in some countries ampu  tation of the hands feet or other body parts is or was used as a form of punishment for people who committed crimes ampu  tation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism it may also occur as a war injury in some cultures and religions minor ampu  tations or mutil  ations are considered a ritual accomplishment unlike some non mammalian animals such as li  z  ards that shed their tails sal  am  anders that can reg  row many missing body parts and hydr  as flat  worms and star  fish that can reg  row entire bodies from small fragments once removed human extre  mi  ties do not grow back unlike portions of some organs such as the liver a transplant or a pro  s  thesis are the only options for recovering the loss in the us the majority of new ampu  tations occur due to complications of the vascular system the blood vessels especially from diabetes between 1988 and 1996 there were an average of 133 7  35 hospital discharges for ampu  tation per year in the us
am  sl  er sign also known as am  sl  er ver  rey sign is the name of the diagnostic finding seen in patients with fu  ch  s heter  och  rom  ic i  ri  do  cy  cli  tis f  hi it is described as presence of blood hy  ph  ema in the aspir  ated vit  re  ous fluid in par  ac  ent  esis of the an  terior chamber and is caused due to iris atro  phy usually seen in f  hi and exposure of the fragile iris vas  cul  ature to the vit  re  ous fluid the sudden change of pressure in the an  terior chamber upon suc  tion induced by the par  ac  ent  esis or during a cat  ar  act surgery causes bursting of the fragile superficial iris cap  il  lar  ies resul  t  sing in micro bleeding this is one clinical diagnostic sign of f  hi
studies have shown that con  genital am  u  sia is a deficit in fine gr  ained pitch discrimination and that 4 of the population suffers from this disorder acquired am  u  sia on the other hand may take several forms patients with brain damage may experience the loss of ability to produce musical sounds while spar  ing speech much like ap  has  ics lose speech selectively but can sometimes still sing other forms of am  u  sia may affect specific sub processes of music processing current research has demonstrated dissoci  ations between rhythm melody and emotional processing of music and am  u  sia may include impairment of any combination of these skill sets
amy  loid cardi  om  y  opathy is heart muscle damage caused by amy  lo  ido  sis e g famili  al amy  loid cardi  om  y  opathy fac or t  tr amy  loid cardi  om  y  opathy attr cm
amy  loid pur  pur  a is a condition marked by bleeding under the skin pur  pur  a in some individuals with amy  lo  ido  sis its cause is unknown but co  ag  ulation defects caused by amy  loid are thought to contribute
amy  lo  ido  sis is a rare and serious disease caused by accumulation of proteins in the form of abnormal in  soluble fibres known as amy  loid fi  bri  ls within the ex  trac  ell  ular space in the tissues of the body amy  loid deposits can be confined to only one part of the body or a single organ system in local amy  lo  ido  sis or they can be widely distributed in organs and tissues throughout the body in systemic amy  lo  ido  sis the symptoms of amy  lo  ido  sis are accordingly highly variable and confirmation of the presence of amy  loid in the tissues can be challenging so that diagnosis is often delayed amy  loid fi  bri  ls are formed by aggregation clum  ping of normally soluble body proteins and accumulate progressively forming amy  loid deposits which disrupt the normal tissue architecture damaging the function of tissues and organs and causing disease in contrast to the normally efficient clearance of abnormal debris from the tissues amy  loid deposits are removed very slowly if at all there are many different types of amy  lo  ido  sis each caused by formation of amy  loid fi  bri  ls from different soluble precursor proteins in different patients about 30 different proteins are known to form amy  loid fi  bri  ls in humans and amy  lo  ido  sis is named and classified according to the identity of the respective fi  bri  l protein
am  yl  op  ha  gia is a condition involving the compul  sive consumption of excessive amounts of pur  ified starch it is a form of pic  a and is often observed in pregnant women
amy  op  la  sia is a condition characterized by a generalized lack in the new  born of muscular development and growth with contrac  ture and de  form  ity at most joints it is the most common form of ar  thro  gry  pos  is it is characterized by the four limbs being involved and by the replacement of sk  el  etal muscle by dense fi  bro  us and adi  pose tissue studies involving amy  op  la  sia have revealed similar findings of the muscle tissue due to various causes including that seen in sac  ral agen  esis and am  yo  tropic lateral sclerosis so amy  op  la  sia may also include an intermediate common path  way rather than the primary cause of the contractors
am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis als also known as lou ge  h  rig s disease and motor neuro  ne disease m  nd is a specific disease that causes the death of neurons which control voluntary muscles some also use the term motor ne  uron disease for a group of conditions of which als is the most common als is characterized by stiff muscles muscle tw  it  ching and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles decreasing in size this results in difficulty in speaking sw  allowing and eventually breathing the cause is not known in 90 to 95 of cases about 5 – 10 of cases are inherited from a person s parents about half of these genetic cases are due to one of two specific genes the diagnosis is based on a person s signs and symptoms with testing done to rule out other potential causes no cure for als is known a medication called ri  lu  zo  le may extend life by about two to three months non invasive ventilation may result in both improved quality and length of life the disease usually starts around the age of 60 and in inherited cases around the age of 50 the average survival from onset to death is two to four years about 10 survive longer than 10 years most die from respiratory failure in much of the world rates of als are unknown in europe and the united states the disease affects about two people per 100 000 per year descriptions of the disease date back to at least 18  24 by charles bell in 18  69 the connection between the symptoms and the underlying neuro  logical problems was first described by jean martin char  cot who in 18  74 began using the term am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis it became well known in the united states in the 20 th century when in 1939 it affected the baseball player lou ge  h  rig and later worldwide when physic  ist stephen haw  king diagnosed in 1963 and expected to die within two years became famous in 2014 videos of the ice bucket challenge went viral on the internet and increased public awareness
am  yo  tro  phy is progressive wasting of muscle tissues muscle pain is also a symptom it can occur in middle aged males with type 2 diabetes it also occurs with motor ne  uron disease
an injury to one is an injury to all is a motto popul  arly used by the industrial workers of the world in his auto  biography bill hay  wood credited david c co  ates with suggesting a labor slogan for the i  ww an injury to one is an injury to all the slogan has since been used by a number of labor organizations the slogan reflects the fact that the i  ww is one big union and organiz  es skilled and unskilled workers despite the reduced number of organized workers today the slogan is still popular with labor unions and other organizations
an ana  col  u  th  on æn  ə  k  ə  ˈ  lu  ː  θ  ɒ  n an ə k  ə lo  o th  on from the greek an  ak  ol  ou  th  on from an not and ἀ  κ  ό  λ  ου  θ  ος ak  ó  lou  th  os following is an unexpected dis  continuity in the expression of ideas within a sentence leading to a form of words in which there is logical in  coherence of thought ana  col  u  tha are often sentences interrupted mid  way where there is a change in the syn  tactical structure of the sentence and of intended meaning following the interruption an example is the italian proverb the good stuff – think about it this proverb urges people to make the best choice when ana  col  u  th  on occurs un  intentionally it is considered to be an error in sentence structure and results in incoherent nonsense however it can be used as a rhetorical technique to challenge the reader to think more deeply or in stream of consciousness literature to represent the dis  join  ted nature of associ  ative thought ana  col  u  th  on is very common in informal speech where a speaker might start to say one thing then break off and abruptly and in  coherently continue expressing a completely different line of thought when such speech is reported in writing a dash — is often included at the point of dis  continuity the lis  tener is expected to ignore the first part of the sentence although in some cases it might contribute to the overall meaning in an impres  sion  istic sense
an  agen efflu  vi  um is the patho  logic loss of an  agen or growth phase ha  irs class  ically it is caused by radiation therapy to the head and systemic chem  otherapy especially with al  k  yl  ating agents
anal cancer is a cancer m  align  ant tumor which arises from the an  us the dis  tal opening of the gastro  intest  inal tract it is a distinct entity from the more common colo  rec  tal cancer anal cancer is typically an anal squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma that arises near the squ  am  o  colum  nar junction often linked to human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v infection it may be ker  at  ini  zing bas  alo  id or non ker  at  ini  zing clo  a  co  genic other types of anal cancer are aden  o  carcin  oma lymp  homa sar  coma or mel  anom  a from data collected 2004 2010 the relative five year survival rate in the united states is 65 5 though individual rates may vary depending upon the stage of cancer at diagnosis and the response to treatment
anal dys  pl  asia is a pre can  cer  ous condition which occurs when the lining of the anal canal under  goes abnormal changes it can be classified as low grade squ  am  ous intra  epi  the  li  al le  sions l  sil and high grade squ  am  ous intra  epi  the  li  al le  sions h  sil most cases are not associated with symptoms but people may notice lum  ps in and around the an  us broken link
an anal fis  sure or rec  tal fis  sure is a break or tear in the skin of the anal canal anal f  issu  res may be noticed by bright red anal bleeding on toilet paper sometimes in the toilet if acute they may cause pain after defec  ation but with chronic f  issu  res pain intensity is often less anal f  issu  res usually extend from the anal opening and are usually located poster  ior  ly in the mid  line probably because of the relatively un  supported nature and poor per  fusion of the anal wall in that location fis  sure depth may be superficial or sometimes down to the underlying sp  h  inc  ter muscle
anal f  ist  ula plural f  ist  ul  ae or f  ist  ula in ano is a chronic abnormal communication between the epi  the  li  alised surface of the anal canal and usually the peri  anal skin an anal f  ist  ula can be described as a narrow tunnel with its internal opening in the anal canal and its external opening in the skin near the an  us anal f  ist  ul  ae commonly occur in people with a history of anal abs  c  esses they can form when anal abs  c  esses do not heal properly anal f  ist  ul  ae originate from the anal g  lands which are located between the internal and external anal sp  h  inc  ter and drain into the anal canal if the outlet of these g  lands becomes blocked an abs  c  ess can form which can eventually extend to the skin surface the tract formed by this process is a f  ist  ula abs  c  esses can recur if the f  ist  ula seals over allowing the accumulation of p  us it can then extends to the surface again repeating the process anal f  ist  ul  ae per se do not generally harm but can be very painful and can be irritating because of the drainage of p  us it is also possible for formed sto  ols to be passed through the f  ist  ula additionally recurrent abs  c  esses may lead to significant short term morbi  dity from pain and importantly create a starting point for systemic infection treatment in the form of surgery is considered essential to allow drainage and prevent infection repair of the f  ist  ula itself is considered an elec  tive procedure which many patients opt for due to the discomfort and inconvenience associated with an actively draining f  ist  ula
an anal s  ac aden  o  carcin  oma is an un  common and aggressive m  align  ant tumor found in dogs that arises from the apo  cr  ine g  land  ular tissue of anal s  ac the disease exists in cats as well but is much less common in that species they are the second most common can  cer  ous cause of hyper  cal  ca  emia high serum calcium in dogs following t cell lymp  homa
anal stric  ture or anal sten  osis is a narrowing of the anal canal it can be cause by a number of surgical procedures including hemor  rho  id removal and following ano  rec  tal wart treatment
anal  ges  ic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is injury to the kidney caused by anal  ges  ic medications such as aspir  in phen  ace  tin and par  acet  am  ol the term usually refers to damage induced by excessive use of combinations of these medications especially combinations that include phen  ace  tin it may also be used to describe kidney injury from any single anal  ges  ic medication the specific kidney injuries induced by anal  ges  ics are ren  al pap  ill  ary necro  sis and chronic inter  sti  tial ne  ph  ri  tis they appear to result from decreased blood flow to the kidney rapid consumption of antioxid  ants and subsequent oxid  ative damage to the kidney this kidney damage may lead to progressive chronic kidney failure abnormal ur  in  al  ysis results high blood pressure and an  emia a small proportion of individuals with anal  ges  ic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy may develop end stage kidney disease anal  ges  ic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy was once a common cause of kidney injury and end stage kidney disease in parts of europe australia and the united states in most areas its incidence has declined sharply since the use of phen  ace  tin fell in the 1970 s and 1980 s
in mathematics an analy  tic function is a function that is locally given by a conver  gent power series there exist both real analy  tic functions and complex analy  tic functions categories that are similar in some ways but different in others functions of each type are infinitely differenti  able but complex analy  tic functions exhibit properties that do not hold generally for real analy  tic functions a function is analy  tic if and only if its taylor series about x 0 conver  ges to the function in some neighborhood for every x 0 in its domain
in mathematics and signal processing an analy  tic signal is a complex valued function that has no negative frequency components the real and imaginary parts of an analy  tic signal are real valued functions related to each other by the hil  bert transform the analy  tic representation of a real valued function is an analy  tic signal comprising the original function and its hil  bert transform this representation facilitates many mathematical manip  ul  ations the basic idea is that the negative frequency components of the fou  rier transform or spectrum of a real valued function are superfluous due to the her  miti  an sym  metry of such a spectrum these negative frequency components can be discarded with no loss of information provided one is willing to deal with a complex valued function instead that makes certain attributes of the function more accessible and facilitates the deri  vation of modulation and demo  d  ulation techniques such as single si  deb  and as long as the manipulated function has no negative frequency components that is it is still analy  tic the conversion from complex back to real is just a matter of discarding the imaginary part the analy  tic representation is a gener  alization of the ph  as  or concept while the ph  as  or is restricted to time invari  ant am  pl  itude phase and frequency the analy  tic signal allows for time variable parameters
analytical skill is the ability to vis  u  alize articulate concep  tu  alize or solve both complex and un  complicated problems by making decisions that are sensible given the available information such skills include demonstration of the ability to apply logical thinking to breaking complex problems into their component parts in 1999 rich  ards j heu  er jr explained that thinking analy  tically is a skill like carp  entry or driving a car it can be taught it can be learned and it can improve with practice but like many other skills such as riding a bike it is not learned by sitting in a classroom and being told how to do it analysts learn by doing to test for analytical skills one might be asked to look for inconsistencies in an advertisement put a series of events in the proper order or critically read an essay usually standardized tests and interviews include an analytical section that requires the examiner to use their logic to pick apart a problem and come up with a solution although there is no question that analytical skills are essential other skills are equally required for instance in systems analysis the systems analyst should focus on four sets of analytical skills systems thinking organizational knowledge problem identification and problem analy  zing and solving
a  ṇ  a  ṅ  ku is a phenomenon of sacred power described in ancient tamil literature such as the sang  am literature
an  ap  hia also known as t  acti  le an  esthesia is a medical symptom in which there is a total or partial absence of the sense of touch an  ap  hia is a common symptom of spinal cord injury and neuro  pa  thy
an  ap  hy  lax  is is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death it typically causes more than one of the following an it  chy rash throat or tongue sw  elling short  ness of breath v  om  iting ligh  the  ad  ed  ness and low blood pressure these symptoms typically come on over minutes to hours common causes include insect bites and st  ings foods and medications other causes include lat  ex exposure and exercise additionally cases may occur without an obvious reason the mechanism involves the release of mediators from certain types of white blood cells triggered by either immun  o  logic or non immun  o  logic mechanisms diagnosis is based on the presenting symptoms and signs after exposure to a potential aller  gen the primary treatment of an  ap  hy  lax  is is ep  in  eph  rine injection into a muscle intra  ven  ous fluids and positioning the person flat additional doses of ep  in  eph  rine may be required other measures such as anti  hist  am  ines and ster  oids are complementary carrying an ep  in  eph  rine auto  injec  tor and identification regarding the condition is recommended in people with a history of an  ap  hy  lax  is worldwide 0 05 – 2 of the population is estimated to experience an  ap  hy  lax  is at some point in life rates appear to be increasing it occurs most often in young people and females of people who go to a hospital with an  ap  hy  lax  is in the united states about 0 3 die the term comes from the ancient greek ἀ  ν  ά ana against and the ancient greek φ  ύ  λα  ξ  ις phy  lax  is protection
an  ap  la  sia from ancient greek ἀ  ν  ά ana backward π  λ  ά  σ  ις plas  is formation is a condition of cells in which they have poor cellular differentiation losing the mor  pho  logical characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endo  the  li  al cells the term also refers to a group of mor  pho  logical changes in a cell nuclear ple  om  orph  ism altered nuclear cy  top  las  mic ratio presence of nucle  oli high proliferation index that point to a possible m  align  ant transformation loss of structural differentiation especially as seen in most but not all m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms sometimes the term also includes an increased capacity for multiplication lack of differentiation is considered a hallmark of aggressive m  align  ancies for example it differenti  ates lei  om  y  os  ar  com  as from lei  om  y  om  as the term an  ap  la  sia literally means to form backward it implies de  differentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells it is now known however that at least some cancers arise from stem cells in tissues in these tumors failure of differentiation rather than de  differentiation of specialized cells account for un  differentiated tumors an  ap  l  astic cells display marked ple  om  orph  ism the nucle  i are characteris  tically extremely hyper  ch  rom  atic dark  ly stained and large the nuclear cy  top  las  mic ratio may approach 1 1 instead of the normal 1 4 or 1 6 giant cells that are considerably larger than their neighbors may be formed and possess either one enormous nucleus or several nucle  i syn  cy  tia an  ap  l  astic nucle  i are variable and bizarre in size and shape the ch  rom  atin is co  arse and clum  ped and nucle  oli may be of astounding size more important mit  o  ses are often numerous and distinctly atypical anarch  ic multiple sp  ind  les may be seen and sometimes appear as tri  polar or quad  ri  polar forms also an  ap  l  astic cells usually fail to develop recogniz  able patterns of orientation to one another i e they lose normal polarity they may grow in sheets with total loss of communal structures such as g  land formation or str  ati  fied squ  am  ous architecture an  ap  la  sia is the most extreme disturbance in cell growth encountered in the spectrum of cellular prolifer  ations
an  ap  las  mo  sis is a disease caused by a ric  ke  tt  si  al parasite of ruminants an  ap  las  ma spp the micro  organism is gram negative and occurs in the red blood cells it is transmitted by natural means through a number of ha  em  at  op  ha  g  ous species of tic  ks an  ap  las  mo  sis can also be transmitted by the use of surgical de  hor  ning castr  ation and tattoo instruments and hypo  der  mic needles that are not disinfected between uses although the term is often associated with animal infection it is also used to describe infection in humans
an  ap  l  astic astro  cy  tom  a is a rare who grade iii type of astro  cy  tom  a which is a type of cancer of the brain in the united states the annual incidence rate for an  ap  l  astic astro  cy  tom  a is 0 44 per 100 000 persons
an  ap  l  astic large cell lymp  homa al  cl is a type of non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa involving aberr  ant t cells it is described in detail in the classification of tumors of the hem  ato  po  ie  tic and lymp  ho  id tissues ed  ited by experts of the world health organisation who the term an  ap  l  astic large cell lymp  homa al  cl encompasses at least 4 different clinical entities all sharing the same name and his  to  logically have also in common the presence of large ple  om  orph  ic cells that express cd 30 and t cell mark  ers two types of al  cl present as systemic disease and are considered as aggressive lymp  hom  as while two types present as loc  alized disease and may progress locally its name derives from an  ap  la  sia and large cell lymp  homa
an  ap  l  astic thyro  id cancer at  c is a form of thyro  id cancer which has a very poor prog  no  sis due to its aggressive behavior and resistance to cancer treatments its an  ap  l  astic cells have poor differentiation including de  differentiation
an  ap  lero  tic reactions from the greek ἀ  ν  ά up and πλη  ρ  ό  ω to fill are chemical reactions that form intermedi  ates of a metabol  ic path  way examples of such are found in the cit  ric acid cycle t  ca cycle in normal function of this cycle for respir  ation concentrations of t  ca intermedi  ates remain constant however many bio  synthetic reactions also use these molecules as a sub  str  ate an  ap  ler  osis is the act of replen  ishing t  ca cycle intermedi  ates that have been extracted for bio  synthesis in what are called cat  ap  lero  tic reactions the t  ca cycle is a hub of metabol  ism with central importance in both energy production and bio  synthesis therefore it is crucial for the cell to regulate concentrations of t  ca cycle metabol  ites in the mit  och  on  dri  a an  ap  lero  tic flux must balance cat  ap  lero  tic flux in order to retain home  ost  asis of cellular metabol  ism
anarchy is the condition of a society entity group of people or a single person that rejects hierarchy the term originally meant lead  er  lessness but in 18  40 pierre joseph pro  ud  hon adopted the term in his tre  ati  se what is property to refer to a new political philosophy anarch  ism which advocates stateless societies based on voluntary associations in practical terms anarchy can refer to the cur  tail  ment or abolition of traditional forms of government
an  as  ar  ca or extreme generalized e  dem  a is a medical condition characterized by widespread sw  elling of the skin due to eff  usion of fluid into the ex  trac  ell  ular space it is usually caused by liver failure cir  rho  sis of the liver ren  al failure disease right sided heart failure as well as severe malnutrition protein deficiency the increase in salt and water retention caused by low cardiac output can also result in an  as  ar  ca as a long term mal  adap  tive response it can also be created from the administration of exo  genous intra  ven  ous fluid certain plant derived antic  an  cer chem  other  apeu  tic agents such as do  ce  tax  el cause an  as  ar  ca through a poorly understood cap  ill  ary leak syndrome in h  b bar  ts the high oxygen aff  inity results in poor oxygen delivery to peripheral tissues resulting in an  as  ar  ca
anato  lia from greek ἀ  ν  ατ  ολ  ή an  atol  ḗ — east or sun rise in modern turkish an  ad  olu in geography known as asia minor from greek μ  ικ  ρ  ὰ ἀ  σ  ία m  ī  kr  á as  ía — small asia in modern turkish k  ü  ç  ü  k as  ya asian turkey anato  lian peninsula or anato  lian pl  ate  au is the western  most pro  tru  sion of asia which makes up the majority of modern day turkey the region is bounded by the black sea to the north the mediterranean sea to the south and the aegean sea to the west the sea of mar  mar  a forms a connection between the black and aegean seas through the bo  sp  hor  us and dar  dan  elles straits and separates anato  lia from th  race on the european mainland according to the traditional definition the eastern boundary of the anato  lian peninsula is a diag  onal line that extends from the gulf of alex  andre  tta on the mediterranean coast of turkey to the shores of art  vin province on the eastern black sea coast of the country the mountainous pl  ate  au to the east of this line was historically known as the armenian highlands armenia major this region is now named and largely situated within the eastern anato  lia region in the far east of turkey and conver  ges with the lesser caucasus — an area that was incorporated in the russian empire region of trans  cauca  sia in the 19 th century thus traditionally anato  lia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two thirds of the asian part of turkey since the early 20 th century anato  lia is often considered to be synonymous with asian turkey which comprises more than 95 of the country s total land area and its eastern and sou  the  astern borders are widely perceived as turkey s borders with neighboring georgia armenia azerbaijan iran iraq and syria in c  lock  wise direction the ancient inhabitants of anato  lia spoke the now extinct anato  lian languages which were largely replaced by the greek language starting from classical antiqu  ity and during the hellen  istic roman and by  z  antine periods the tur  ki  fication of anato  lia began under the sel  ju  k empire in the late 11 th century and continued under the ottoman empire between the early 14 th and early 20 th centuries however various non turk  ic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in anato  lia today including kurdish assy  rian armenian arabic la  z georgian and greek
in ent  om  ology an  auto  gen  y is a reproductive strategy in which an adult female insect must eat a particular sort of meal generally vertebr  ate blood before laying eggs in order for her eggs to mature this behavior is most common among di  p  ter  an insects such as mosquitoes an  auto  genous animals often serve as vectors for infectious disease in their hosts because of their contact with hosts blood the opposite trait needing no special food as an adult to successfully reproduce is known as auto  gen  y
an  cy  lo  stom  i  asis also anch  y  lo  stom  i  asis or an  ky  lo  stom  i  asis is a hook  worm disease caused by infection with an  cy  lo  stom  a hook  worms the name is derived from greek an  cy  los αγ  κ  ύ  λο  ς cro  oked bent and stom  a στ  ό  μα mouth an  cy  lo  stom  i  asis is also known as min  er s ana  emia tunnel disease bric  k  maker s ana  emia and egyptian chlor  osis hel  min  thi  asis may also refer to an  cy  lo  stom  i  asis but this term also refers to all other par  asi  tic worm diseases as well in the united kingdom if acquired in the context of working in a mine the condition is eligible for industrial injuries disability benefit it is a prescribed disease b 4 under the relevant legislation § an  cy  lo  stom  i  asis is caused when hook  worms present in large numbers produce an iron deficiency an  emia by sucking blood from the host s intest  inal walls
ander  sen – ta  wi  l syndrome also called ander  sen syndrome and long q  t syndrome 7 is a form of long q  t syndrome it is a rare genetic disorder and is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant pattern and pre  dis  poses patients to cardiac arr  hy  th  mi  as jer  vel  l and lange ni  el  sen syndrome is a similar disorder which is also associated with sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss
in condens  ed matter physics anderson loc  alization also known as strong loc  alization is the absence of diffusion of waves in a dis  ordered medium this phenomenon is named after the american physic  ist p w anderson who was the first one to suggest the possibility of electr  on loc  alization inside a semiconductor provided that the degree of random  ness of the impurities or defects is sufficiently large anderson loc  alization is a general wave phenomenon that applies to the transport of electromagnetic waves acous  tic waves quantum waves spin waves etc this phenomenon is to be distinguished from weak loc  alization which is the precursor effect of anderson loc  alization see below and from mo  tt loc  alization named after sir nev  ill mo  tt where the transition from metallic to insulating behaviour is not due to disorder but to a strong mutual coul  om  b re  pulsion of electron  s
an and  ro  gen dependent condition disease disorder or syndrome is a medical condition that is in part or full dependent on or is sensitive to the presence of and  ro  genic activity in the body known and  ro  gen dependent conditions include ac  ne se  bor  rhe  a and  ro  genic al  op  ec  ia hir  su  tism hi  dr  ad  eni  tis sup  pur  ativa pre  co  cious pu  ber  ty in boys hy  pers  ex  uality par  ap  hi  li  as benign pro  static hyper  pl  asia b  ph pro  state cancer and hyper  and  ro  gen  ism in women such as in poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome p  cos such conditions may be treated with drugs with anti  and  ro  gen actions including and  ro  gen recep  tor antagon  ists such as cy  pro  ter  one acetate spi  ro  no  lac  tone and bic  al  ut  amide 5 α reduc  t  ase inhi  bit  ors such as fin  aster  ide and du  ta  ster  ide cyp 17 a 1 inhi  bit  ors such as ab  ir  ater  one acetate gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone gn  r  h analo  gues such as leu  proli  de and ce  tro  reli  x and or other anti  gon  ad  o  tro  pins such as me  gest  rol acetate and med  ro  xy  prog  est  er  one acetate
and  ro  gen induced her  m  aph  ro  di  tism is a syndrome resulting from a her  m  aph  ro  di  tic birth defect of the genital organs they are induced in the 46 xx gon  ad  ally female fe  tus this occurs when there is too much mascul  ini  zing hormone transmitted through the plac  enta the external gen  italia are that of a male if there is an excess of and  rog  ens in a male fe  tus it will give rise to infant hercul  es syndrome
and  ro  gen deficiency also known as hypo  and  ro  gen  ism and and  ro  gen deficiency syndrome is a medical condition characterized by not enough and  ro  genic activity in the body
and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ais is a condition that results in the partial or complete inability of the cell to respond to and  rog  ens the un  responsiveness of the cell to the presence of and  ro  genic hormones can impair or prevent the mascul  ini  zation of male gen  italia in the developing fe  tus as well as the development of male secondary sexual characteristics at pu  ber  ty but does not significantly impair female genital or sexual development as such the in  sensitivity to and  rog  ens is clin  ically significant only when it occurs in genetic males i e individuals with a y chro  mo  some or more specifically an s  ry gene clinical phen  o  types in these individuals range from a normal male habit  us with mild sper  mat  ogenic defect or reduced secondary terminal hair to a full female habit  us despite the presence of a y chro  mo  some ais is divided into three categories that are differentiated by the degree of genital mascul  ini  zation complete and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ca  is is indicated when the external gen  italia are that of a normal female mild and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ma  is is indicated when the external gen  italia are that of a normal male and partial and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome pa  is is indicated when the external gen  italia are partially but not fully mascul  ini  zed and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46 xy under  mascul  ini  zed gen  italia
the and  ro  nov – pon  try  ag  in criterion is a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of dynam  ical systems in the plane it was derived by al  ek  sand  r and  ro  nov and lev pon  try  ag  in in 19  37
and  ro  pho  bia is is an abnormal fear of men a type of specific social pho  bia the word is from ancient greek ἀ  ν  ή  ρ an  ē  r gen  itive ἀ  ν  δρ  ός and  ros man and φ  ό  β  ος ph  ó  bos fear in he past the word and  ro  pho  bia also has been used to refer to fear of crowds of people or mankind and  ro  pho  bia was also used in reference of a distress for a woman who was made uncomfortable at the sight of men from hearing their voices or knowing they are in the house
in mathematics the andré – o  or  t con  jec  ture is an open problem in number theory that gener  alises the man  in – mum  ford con  jec  ture a proto  typical version of the con  jec  ture was stated by y  ves andré in 1989 and a more general version was con  jec  tured by fr  ans o  or  t in 1995 the modern version is a natural gener  alisation of these two con  jec  tures
an  elli also known as an  el  let  ti are small thin rings of pasta they are generally used for sou  ps and pasta sal  ads a smaller version of an  elli is an  ell  ini which is about one quarter of the size an  elli pasta is used in the production of campbell s franco american spag  he  tti o s
an an  embryonic gest  ation also known as a b  lighted ov  um is a pregnancy in which the very early pregnancy appears normal on an ul  tras  ound scan but as the pregnancy progres  ses a visible embryo never develops or develops and is re  absorbed in a normal pregnancy an embryo would be visible on an ul  tras  ound by six weeks after the woman s last men  str  ual period an an  embryonic gest  ation is characterized by a normal appearing gest  ational s  ac but the absence of an embryo it likely occurs as a result of early embryonic death with continued development of the tro  pho  blast when small the s  ac cannot be distinguished from the early normal pregnancy as there may be a y  ol  k s  ac though a fe  tal pole is not seen for diagnosis the s  ac must be of sufficient size that the absence of normal embryonic elements is established the criteria depends on the type of ul  tras  ound exam performed a pregnancy is an  embryonic if a trans  vag  inal ul  tras  ound reveals a s  ac with a mean gest  ational s  ac diameter m  g  d greater than 25 mm and no y  ol  k s  ac or an m  g  d 25 mm with no embryo trans  ab  domin  al imaging without trans  vag  inal scanning may be sufficient for diagno  sing early pregnancy failure when  an embryo whose crown – r  ump length is 15 mm or more has no visible cardiac activity rather than do a trans  vag  inal exam at the time of the initial visit many centers prefer to do only a trans  ab  domin  al study and offer mothers a follow up ul  tras  ound 10 days later to see if a normal pregnancy subsequently develops an  embryonic gest  ation is one of the causes of mis  carriage of a pregnancy several management options exist for an  embryonic pregnancies that have not mis  carried on their own
an  emia also spelled ana  emia is usually defined as a decrease in the amount of red blood cells r  b  cs or h  emo  glob  in in the blood it can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen when an  emia comes on slowly the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired weakness short  ness of breath or a poor ability to exercise an  emia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms which may include confusion feeling like one is going to pass out loss of consciousness or increased thirst an  emia must be significant before a person becomes notic  e  ably pale additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause there are three main types of an  emia that due to blood loss that due to decreased red blood cell production and that due to increased red blood cell breakdown causes of blood loss include trauma and gastro  intest  inal bleeding among others causes of decreased production include iron deficiency a lack of vitamin b 12 thal  ass  emia and a number of ne  op  las  ms of the bone marrow causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sick  le cell an  emia infections like malaria and certain auto  immune diseases it can also be classified based on the size of red blood cells and amount of h  emo  glob  in in each cell if the cells are small it is micro  cy  tic an  emia if they are large it is macro  cy  tic an  emia while if they are normal sized it is nor  mo  cy  tic an  emia diagnosis in men is based on a h  emo  glob  in of less than 130 to 140 g l 13 to 14 g dl while in women it must be less than 120 to 130 g l 12 to 13 g dl further testing is then required to determine the cause certain groups of individuals such as pregnant women benefit from the use of iron pills for prevention dietary supplem  entation without determining the specific cause is not recommended the use of blood trans  fu  sions is typically based on a person s signs and symptoms in those without symptoms they are not recommended unless h  emo  glob  in levels are less than 60 to 80 g l 6 to 8 g dl these recommendations may also apply to some people with acute bleeding er  y  thro  po  ies  is stimulating medications are only recommended in those with severe an  emia an  emia is the most common disorder of the blood affecting about a quarter of the people globally iron deficiency an  emia affects nearly 1 billion in 2013 an  emia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183 000 deaths – down from 213 000 deaths in 1990 it is more common in females than males among children during pregnancy and in the elderly an  emia increases costs of medical care and lowers a person s productivity through a decreased ability to work the name is derived from ancient greek ἀ  να  ι  μ  ία an  aim  ia meaning lack of blood from ἀ  ν an not α  ἷ  μα ha  ima blood
an  emia of chronic disease or an  emia of chronic infl  amm  ation is a form of an  emia seen in chronic infection chronic immune activation and m  align  ancy these conditions all produce massive elev  ation of inter  leuk  in 6 which stimulates he  p  ci  din production and release from the liver which in turn reduces the iron carrier protein fer  ro  por  tin so that access of iron to the circulation is reduced other mechanisms may also play a role such as reduced er  y  thro  po  ies  is an  emia of chronic infl  amm  ation is the preferred term since not all chronic diseases are associated with this form of an  emia
an  emia of pre  maturity refers to a form of an  emia affecting pre  term infants with decreased hem  ato  cr  it
anemic inf  arc  ts also called white inf  arc  ts or pale inf  arc  ts are white or pale inf  arc  ts caused by arter  ial oc  clu  sions and are usually seen in the heart kidney and sp  leen these are referred to as white because of the lack of hemorrha  ging and limited red blood cells accumulation compare to hemorrha  gic inf  arc  t the tissues most likely to be affected are solid organs which limit the amount of hemorrha  ge that can se  ep into the area of is  chem  ic necro  sis from adjoining cap  ill  ary beds the organs typically include single blood supply no dual arter  ial blood supply or anast  om  o  ses the inf  arc  t generally results grossly in a wedge shaped area of necro  sis with the ap  ex closest to the oc  clu  sion and the base at the periphery of the organ the margins will become better defined with time with a narrow rim of congestion attributable to infl  amm  ation at the edge of the le  sion relatively few extr  av  as  ated red cells are ly  sed so the resulting h  emo  sid  er  osis is limited and results in a progressively more pale area of inf  arc  tion with time is  chem  ic co  ag  ulative necro  sis results and fi  bro  sis of the affected area develops from the repar  ative response beginning at the preserved margins and working its way in  wards one exception to co  ag  ulative necro  sis is the brain which under  goes lique  fac  tive necro  sis in response to inf  arc  tion
an  encephal  y is the absence of a major portion of the brain skull and scal  p that occurs during embryonic development it is a cephal  ic disorder that results from a ne  ural tube defect that occurs when the ro  str  al head end of the ne  ural tube fails to close usually between the 23 rd and 26 th day following conception strictly speaking the greek term translates as no in head that is totally lacking the inside part of the head i e the brain but it is accepted that children born with this disorder usually only lack a tel  encephal  on the largest part of the brain consisting mainly of the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es including the ne  oc  or  tex which is responsible for cogn  ition the remaining structure is usually covered only by a thin layer of memb  rane — skin bone men  inges etc are all lacking with very few exceptions infants with this disorder do not survive longer than a few hours or possibly days after their birth
an  esthesia dol  or  osa or ana  esthesia dol  or  osa or de  a  ffer  entation pain is pain felt in an area usually of the face which is completely num  b to touch the pain is described as constant burning aching or severe it can be a side effect of surgery involving any part of the tri  gem  inal system and occurs after 1 – 4 of peripheral surgery for tri  gem  inal ne  ur  al  gia no effective medical therapy has yet been found several surgical techniques have been tried with modest or mixed results the value of surgical interventions is difficult to assess because published studies involve small numbers of mixed patient types and little long term follow up gas  seri  an gang  lion stimulation is stimulation of the gas  seri  an gang  lion with electric pul  ses from a small generator impl  anted beneath the skin there are mixed reports including some reports of marked some of moderate and some of no improvement further studies of more patients with longer follow up are required to determine the efficacy of this treatment deep brain stimulation was found in one review to produce good results in forty five percent of 106 cases though relief may not be permanent several years of relief may be achieved with this technique mes  encephal  o  tomy is the damaging of the junction of the tri  gem  inal tract and the peri  aqu  educ  tal gray in the brain and has produced pain relief in a group of patients with cancer pain but when applied to six an  esthesia dol  or  osa patients no pain relief was achieved and the unpleasant sensation was in fact increased dor  sal root entry zone le  sion  ing damaging the point where sensory nerve fi  bers meet spinal cord fi  bers produced favorable results in some patients and poor results in others with incidence of at  ax  ia at 40 patient numbers were small follow up was short and existing evidence does not indicate long term efficacy one surgeon treated thirty five patients using tri  gem  inal nucle  o  tomy damaging the nucleus c  aud  alis and reported 66 abolition of allo  dy  nia and a marked reduction in or less frequently complete abolition of deep background pain
ane  to  der  ma also known as ane  to  der  ma mac  ul  osa ane  to  der  ma mac  ul  osa cu  tis atro  phia mac  ul  osa cu  tis and mac  ular atro  phy is a loc  alized lax  ity of the skin with her  ni  ation or out  pou  ching resulting from abnormal der  mal elastic tissue ane  to  der  ma comes in three types primary ane  to  der  ma j  ad  as  sohn – pel  li  zz  ari ane  to  der  ma is a benign condition with focal loss of der  mal elastic tissue j  ad  as  sohn pel  li  zz  ari is one of two major classifications of primary ane  to  der  ma the other being sch  wen  inger – bu  zzi ane  to  der  ma the difference between the two is that j  ad  as  sohn – pel  li  zz  ari ane  to  der  ma is preceded by infl  am  matory le  sions sch  wen  inger – bu  zzi ane  to  der  ma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by loss of der  mal elastic tissue secondary ane  to  der  ma famili  al ane  to  der  ma
an  eu  plo  id  y is the presence of an abnormal number of chro  mo  som  es in a cell for example a human cell having 45 or 47 chro  mo  som  es instead of the usual 46 it does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chro  mo  som  es which is called eu  plo  id  y an extra or missing chro  mo  some is a common cause of genetic disorders including some human birth defects some cancer cells also have abnormal numbers of chro  mo  som  es an  eu  plo  id  y originates during cell division when the chro  mo  som  es do not separate properly between the two cells different species normally have different numbers of chro  mo  som  es from one another and the terms an  eu  plo  id and poly  plo  id refer to the chro  mo  some number being different from the usual number for that species chro  mo  some ab  norm  alities are detected in 1 of 160 live human births apart from sex chro  mo  some disorders most cases of an  eu  plo  id  y result in death of the developing fe  tus mis  carriage the most common extra auto  som  al chro  mo  som  es among live births are 21 18 and 13
an an  eur  ys  m is a loc  alized blood filled balloon like bul  ge in the wall of a blood vessel an  eur  ys  ms can occur in any blood vessel with examples including an  eur  ys  ms of the circle of will  is in the brain a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms affecting the thor  ac  ic a  or  ta and ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms an  eur  ys  ms can also occur within the heart as an an  eur  ys  m increases in size the risk of rupture increases a rup  tured an  eur  ys  m can lead to bleeding an  eur  ys  ms are a result of a weakened blood vessel wall and can be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease an  eur  ys  ms can also be a ni  dus for clo  t formation thro  m  bo  sis and emb  oli  zation the word is from greek ἀ  ν  ε  ύ  ρ  υ  σ  μα an  eur  y  sma dil  ation from ἀ  ν  ευ  ρ  ύ  ν  ει  ν an  eur  y  ne  in to di  late
an an  eur  ys  m of heart refers to an an  eur  ys  m involving cardiac tissue
an  eur  ys  m of the a  or  tic sin  us also known as the sin  us of val  sal  va is comparatively rare when present it is usually in either the right 65 85 or in the non  coron  ary 10 30 sin  us rarely in the left 5 sin  us
an  eur  y  sm  al bone cyst abbreviated abc is an o  ste  ol  y  tic bone ne  op  las  m characterized by several spon  ge like blood or serum filled generally non endo  the  li  alized spaces of various diame  ters
angel wing also known as airplane wing slipped wing cro  oked wing and dro  op  ed wing is a syndrome that affects primarily aquatic birds such as geese and ducks in which the last joint of the wing is twisted with the wing feathers pointing out lat  er  ally instead of lying against the body males develop it more frequently than females it has also been reported in go  sh  aw  ks bu  st  ard chicks and p  sit  tac  ine birds bud  ger  ig  ars mac  a  ws and con  ures the syndrome manifests as an incur  able anatom  ical condition which is acquired in young birds due to a high cal  orie diet especially one high in proteins and or low in vitamin d vitamin e and man  g  anese one or both carp  us wrist joints are retar  ded in their development relative to the rest of the wing for reasons unknown if only one wing is affected it is usually the left one the result is a wrist which is twisted outw  ards and unable to perform its usual function angel wing symptoms include stripped re  mi  ges flight feathers in the wrist area or re  mi  ges pro  tru  ding from wings at odd angles in extreme cases the stripped feathers may resemble sick  ly blue stra  ws pro  tru  ding from wings in adult birds the disease is incur  able and usually leads to an early death as affected birds are rendered effectively or totally f  ligh  tless in young birds wrapping the wing and binding it against the bird s flank together with feeding the bird a more nutri  tionally balanced diet can reverse the damage the the  orized causes of angel wing are genetics the excessive intake of carbo  hydr  ates and proteins together with insufficient intake of vitamin e low dietary calcium and man  g  anese deficiency angel wing is occasionally observed in water  fowl residing near humans including domestic fowl and the disease can sometimes be observed in areas where geese or ducks are excessively fed bread other examples are not fed bread at all some have refrained from feeding water  fowl white bread pop  corn or other human foodstuffs without a noticeable change in the incidence of the de  form  ity duck seed is an alternative for duck feed  ers
the angel  i – ri  mini reaction is an organic reaction between an alde  hyde and the sul  fon  amide n hydroxy  ben  zen  es  ul  fon  amide in presence of base forming an hydrox  am  ic acid the angel  i ri  mini reaction the other reaction product is a sul  fin  ic acid the reaction was discovered by the two italian chem  ists angel  o angel  i and e ri  mini and was published in 18  96
angel  man syndrome as is a neuro  developmental disorder characterized by severe intellectual and developmental disability sleep disturbance seizures jer  ky movements especially hand fl  apping frequent laughter or smiling and usually a happy deme  anor as is a classic example of genom  ic im  printing in that it is caused by deletion or in  activation of genes on the mater  nally inherited chro  mo  some 15 while the pater  nal copy which may be of normal sequence is im  printed and therefore silenced the sister syndrome pr  ader – will  i syndrome is caused by a similar loss of pater  nally inherited genes and maternal im  printing as is named after a british pedi  at  ric  ian harry angel  man who first described the syndrome in 1965 an older alternative term for as happy puppet syndrome is generally considered pe  jor  ative and stigmati  zing so it is no longer the accepted term people with as are sometimes referred to as angels both because of the syndrome s name and because of their youthful happy appearance
ang  ina bul  los  a haemorrha  g  ica ab  h is a condition of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es characterized by the sudden appearance of one or more blood bl  is  ters within the oral cav  ity the le  sions which may be caused by mild trauma to the mouth tissues such as hot foods typically rupture quickly and heal without scar  ring or further discomfort the condition is not serious except in rare cases where a large bul  la that does not rupture spontaneously may cause air  way obstruction the bl  is  ters usually affect the pal  ate or or  op  har  yn  x and are often long lived to the extent that patients burst them for symptomatic relief
ang  ina pec  tor  is commonly known as ang  ina is the sensation of chest pain pressure or squeezing often due to is  chem  ia of the heart muscle from obstruction or sp  asm of the coron  ary arter  ies while ang  ina pec  tor  is can derive from an  emia abnormal heart rhy  th  ms and heart failure its main cause is coron  ary artery disease an a  ther  os  cl  erotic process affecting the arter  ies feeding the heart the term derives from the latin ang  ere to str  angle and pec  tus chest and can therefore be translated as a strang  ling feeling in the chest there is a weak relationship between severity of pain and degree of oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle i e there can be severe pain with little or no risk of a my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion heart attack and a heart attack can occur without pain in some cases ang  ina can be quite severe and in the early 20 th century this was known to be a signal of impending death however given current medical therapies the outlook has improved substantially people with an average age of 62 years who have moderate to severe degrees of ang  ina grading by classes ii iii and iv have a 5 year mortality rate of approximately 8 worsening cres  c  endo ang  ina attacks sudden onset ang  ina at rest and ang  ina lasting more than 15 minutes are symptoms of unstable ang  ina usually grouped with similar conditions as the acute coron  ary syndrome as these may precede a heart attack they require urgent medical attention and are in general treated in similar fashion to my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion
an ang  inal equivalent is a symptom such as short  ness of breath dy  sp  ne  a di  ap  ho  res  is extreme fatigue or pain at a site other than the chest occurring in a patient at high cardiac risk ang  inal equivalents are considered to be symptoms of my  o  cardi  al is  chem  ia ang  inal equivalents are considered to have the same importance as ang  ina pec  tor  is in patients presenting with elev  ation of cardiac enzymes or certain e  kg changes which are diagnostic of my  o  cardi  al is  chem  ia
in medicine gastro  enter  ology an  gi  odys  pl  asia is a small vascular mal  formation of the gut it is a common cause of otherwise un  explained gastro  intest  inal bleeding and an  emia le  sions are often multiple and frequently involve the cec  um or asc  ending col  on although they can occur at other places treatment may be with colon  o  scopic interventions an  gi  o  graphy and emb  oli  zation medication or occasionally surgery
an  gi  oe  dem  a also known as an  gi  oo  e  dem  a qu  inc  ke s e  dem  a and an  gi  on  euro  tic e  dem  a is the rapid sw  elling e  dem  a of the der  mis sub  cu  taneous tissue mu  co  sa and sub  mu  cos  al tissues it is very similar to ur  tic  aria but ur  tic  aria commonly known as hi  ves occurs in the upper der  mis cases where an  gi  oe  dem  a progres  ses rapidly should be treated as a medical emergency as air  way obstruction and suffoc  ation can occur ep  in  eph  rine may be life saving when the cause of an  gi  oe  dem  a is allergic in the case of hereditary an  gi  oe  dem  a treatment with ep  in  eph  rine has not been shown to be helpful
an  gi  o  immun  obl  astic t cell lymp  homa ait  l sometimes mis  spelled ail  t formerly known as an  gi  o  immun  obl  astic lymp  had  en  opathy with dys  prote  in  emia is a mature t cell lymp  homa of blood or lymp  h vessel immun  obl  asts characterized by a poly  morph  ous lymp  h no  de infiltr  ate showing a marked increase in fol  lic  ular d  end  ri  tic cells f  d  cs and high endo  the  li  al ven  ules he  vs and systemic involvement it is also known as immun  obl  astic lymp  had  en  opathy lu  kes collins classification and ai  ld type lymp  ho  gran  ul  om  at  osis x t cell lymp  homa ki  el classification
an  gi  ok  er  atom  a is a benign cu  taneous le  sion of cap  il  lar  ies resulting in small marks of red to blue color and characterized by hyper  ker  at  osis an  gi  ok  er  atom  a corpor  is diff  usu  m refers to fab  ry s disease but this is usually considered a distinct condition
an  gi  oli  po  ma is a sub  cu  taneous no  dule with vascular structure having all other features of a typical li  po  ma they are commonly painful
an  gi  olymp  ho  id hyper  pl  asia with e  o  sin  ophi  lia also known as epi  the  li  o  id hem  an  gi  oma his  ti  oc  y  to  id hem  an  gi  oma infl  am  matory an  gi  om  at  ous no  dule intra  ven  ous atypical vascular proliferation pap  ular an  gi  op  la  sia infl  am  matory arter  io  ven  ous hem  an  gi  oma and pseu  dop  y  ogenic gran  ul  oma usually presents with pink to red brown dom  e shaped der  mal pap  ules or no  d  ules of the head or neck especially about the ears and on the scal  p it or a similar le  sion has been suggested as a feature of ig  g 4 related skin disease which is the name used for skin manifestations of ig  g 4 related disease
an  gi  om  as are benign tumors derived from cells of the vascular or lymp  h  atic vessel walls endo  the  lium or derived from cells of the tissues surrounding these vessels an  gi  om  as are a frequent occurrence as patients age but they might be an indicator of systemic problems such as liver disease they are not commonly associated with m  align  ancy
an  gi  oma ser  pi  gin  o  sum is characterized by minute copper colored to bright red an  gi  om  at  ous punc  ta that have a tendency to become pap  ular
an  gi  om  ato  id fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  a abbreviated af  h is a rarely me  tast  asi  zing tum  our that affects children and young adults
an  gi  om  at  osis is a non ne  op  l  astic condition presenting with little kno  ts of cap  il  lar  ies in various organs it consists of many an  gi  om  as it is associated with von hip  pel lind  au disease and is a rare genetic multi system disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of tum  ours in the body symptoms may include headaches problems with balance and walking di  zz  iness weakness of the limbs vision problems and high blood pressure prog  no  sis depends on the size and location of the tum  our untreated an  gi  om  at  osis may lead to blindness and or permanent brain damage death may occur with complications in the kidney or brain these tend to be ca  vern  ous hem  an  gi  om  as which are sharply defined spon  ge like tumors composed of large dil  ated ca  vern  ous vascular spaces they often appear in von hip  pel lind  au disease bac  ill  ary an  gi  om  at  osis k  lip  pel tren  a  un  ay weber syndrome st  urge weber syndrome
an  gi  om  yo  fi  bro  bl  ast  oma is an un  common benign mes  en  ch  ym  al tumor it occurs almost in the vul  vo vag  inal area of women but can also be observed in men the gross features of am  f  b are well circum  scri  bed usually most tumors grow slowly and patients do not feel pain it also has low tendency for local recurrence
an  gi  om  y  oli  po  mas are the most common benign tum  our of the kidney and are composed of blood vessels smooth muscle cells and fat cells an  gi  om  y  oli  po  mas are strongly associated with the genetic disease tuber  ous sclerosis in which most individuals will have several an  gi  om  y  oli  po  mas affecting both kidneys they are also commonly found in women with the rare lung disease lymp  han  gi  ole  i  om  y  om  at  osis an  gi  om  y  oli  po  mas are less commonly found in the liver and rarely in other organs whether associated with these diseases or spor  adic an  gi  om  y  oli  po  mas are caused by mutations in either the ts  c 1 or ts  c 2 genes which govern cell growth and proliferation although regarded as benign an  gi  om  y  oli  po  mas may grow such that kidney function is impaired or the blood vessels may di  late and burst leading to haemorrha  ge large an  gi  om  y  oli  po  ma can be treated with embol  isation drug therapy for an  gi  om  y  oli  po  ma is at the research stage the tuber  ous sclerosis alliance has recently published guidelines that provide useful information for the diagnosis surveillance and management of an  gi  om  y  oli  po  mas
an  gi  os  ar  coma is a cancer of the cells that line the walls of blood vessels or lymp  h  atic vessels the lining of the vessel walls is called the endo  the  lium cancers from the walls of blood vessels are called hem  an  gi  os  ar  com  as and cancers from the walls of lymp  h  atic vessels are called lymp  han  gi  os  ar  com  as because the cancers are carried by the blood flow or lymp  h  atic flow they can more easily met  as  ti  size to distant sites particularly the liver and lungs most tumors of vis  cer  al blood and lymp  h  atic vessel walls are can  cer  ous m  align  ant hem  an  gi  os  ar  com  as and lymp  han  gi  os  ar  com  as of the skin are not common ka  posi s sar  coma is a different type of cancer that also involves endo  the  li  al type cells an  gi  os  ar  com  as will show signs of hemorrha  ge and necro  sis patho  logically tumor cells will show increased nuclear to cy  top  las  m ratio nuclear hyper  chro  ma  sia nuclear ple  om  orph  ism and high mit  otic activity will be observed an  gi  os  ar  coma of the liver a rare fatal tumor has been seen in workers intensively exposed to the gas vinyl chloride mon  om  er v  cm for prolonged periods while working in poly  vinyl chloride pvc poly  mer  ization plants it has also been associated with individuals exposed to arsenic containing insectic  ides and thor  o  tr  ast in dogs hem  an  gi  os  ar  coma is relatively common especially in larger breeds such as golden retri  evers and lab  rador retri  evers
an  gi  o  stron  gy  li  asis is an infection by a nemato  de from the an  gi  o  stron  g  yl  us genus of kidney and alim  entary tract round  worms for example infection with an  gi  o  stron  g  yl  us can  ton  ensis can occur after consuming raw giant african land sn  ails great grey slu  gs or other mollus  ks in humans an  gi  o  stron  g  yl  us is the most common cause of e  o  sin  oph  il  ic men  ing  i  tis or men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis frequently the infection will resolve without treatment or serious consequences but in cases with a heavy load of parasites the infection can be so severe it can cause permanent damage to the cns or death
angle tr  is  ection is a classical problem of compass and straigh  te  dge construc  tions of ancient greek mathematics it concerns construction of an angle equal to one third of a given arbitrary angle using only two tools an un  marked straigh  te  dge and a compass the problem as stated is generally impossible to solve as shown by pierre w  ant  zel in 18  37 however although there is no way to tr  is  ect an angle in general with just a compass and a straigh  te  dge some special angles can be tr  is  ected for example it is relatively straightforward to tr  is  ect a right angle that is to construct an angle of measure 30 degrees it is possible to tr  is  ect an arbitrary angle by using tools other than straigh  te  dge and compass for example ne  us  is construction also known to ancient greeks involves simultaneous sliding and rotation of a marked straigh  te  dge which cannot be achieved with the original tools other techniques were developed by mathem  ati  ci  ans over the centuries because it is defined in simple terms but complex to prove un  sol  vable the problem of angle tr  is  ection is a frequent subject of pseu  dom  a  them  atical attempts at solution by naive enthusiasts these solutions often involve mistaken interpretations of the rules or are simply incorrect
the anglo german naval arms race of the early 20 th century preceded and was one of the several intertwined causes for world war i there were also other naval buil  du  ps in several other countries which were emerging as great powers such as the united states and japan and in south america
there are seven known rings of the anglo saxon period 9 th or 10 th century bearing run  ic inscri  ptions the most notable of these are the br  am  ham mo  or ring found in the 18 th century and the king  mo  or ring found 18  17 inscri  bed with a nearly identical magical formula read as ær  kri  u  fl  t  kri  uri  þ  on  gl  æ  st  æ  pon  tol a third ring found before 18  24 perhaps identical with a ring found in 17  73 at lin  stock castle in car  lis  le has a magical ins  cription of a similar type ery ri u  f do  l y  ri þ  ol w  les te po  te no  l the remaining four rings have much shorter inscri  ptions whe  at  ley hill dur  ham found 1993 now in the british museum late 8 th century ins  cription h ring ic hat  t æ i am called a ring co  quet island north  um  ber  land found before 18  66 now lost ins  cription þ  is is this is … cram  ond edinburgh found 18  69 70 now in the national museum of scotland 9 th 10 th century ins  cription ew  or el u th  ames exchange london found 1989 now in the museum of london ins  cription fu  þ  ni ine
ang  or anim  i also referred to as ang  ina anim  i g  air  dner s disease and also ang  ina pec  tor  is sine dol  ore in medicine is a symptom defined as a patient s perception that they are in fact dying most cases of ang  or anim  i are found in patients suffering from acute coron  ary syndrome cardiac related chest pain such as ang  ina it is however occasionally found in patients suffering from other conditions ang  or anim  i is differentiated from a fear or desire for death since ang  or anim  i refers to a patient s actual and genuine belief that they are in the present act of dying
ang  ou  rie point is a surf break in the small town  ship of yam  ba on the north coast of new south wales australia ang  ou  rie point is an exposed point break that has consistent surf and surf offshore winds are from the southwest ground  sw  ells and wind sw  ells are good and the best swell direction is from the east or south east
an  guil  li  form  ity is a mor  pho  logical pattern in fish  es named for and ty  pi  fied by the eels an  guil  li  form fish have a long sl  ender body and travel by an  guil  li  form motion the c  aud  al fin is often emphasized with the other fins reduced absent or f  used with the c  aud  al fin an  guil  li  form  ity has evolved independently in many groups including among others an  guil  li  form  es the eels syn  bran  chi  form  es the swamp eels clari  idae the air  breathing cat  fish  es di  p  no  i the lun  g  fish  es co  bi  ti  da  e the lo  aches g  ym  noti  da  e the kni  fe  fish  es including the electric eel electro  ph  or  us electr  ic  us
ang  ular ch  ei  li  tis ac is infl  amm  ation of one or both corners of the mouth often the corners are red with skin breakdown and cru  sting it can also be it  chy or painful the condition can last for days to years ang  ular ch  ei  li  tis is a type of ch  ei  li  tis infl  amm  ation of the lips ang  ular ch  ei  li  tis can be caused by infection irritation or allergies infections include by the fun  gi such as candi  da al  bic  ans and bacteria such as stap  h au  re  us irrit  ants include poorly fitting d  ent  ures lic  king the lips or dro  oling mouth breathing resulting in a dry mouth sun exposure over  closure of the mouth smoking and minor trauma allergies may include to substances like tooth  paste makeup and food often a number of factors are involved other factors may include poor nutrition or poor immune function diagnosis may be helped by testing for infections and patch testing for allergies treatment for ang  ular ch  ei  li  tis is typically based on the underlying causes along with the use of a barrier cream frequently an anti  fun  gal and anti  bacterial cream is also tried ang  ular ch  ei  li  tis is a fairly common problem with estimates that it affects 0 7 of the population it occurs most often in the 30 s to 60 s although is also relatively common in children in the developing world iron and vitamin deficiencies are a common cause
in wa  ve  guide design and construction ang  ular mis  alignment loss is power loss caused by the deviation from optimum ang  ular alignment of the axes of source to wa  ve  guide wa  ve  guide to wa  ve  guide or wa  ve  guide to detec  tor the wa  ve  guide may be di  electric an optical fiber or metallic ang  ular mis  alignment loss does not include lateral offset loss and longit  ud  inal offset loss source from federal standard 10  37 c
the ang  ular momentum problem is a problem in astro  physics by which the ang  ular momentum of a prot  op  lan  e  tary disk is mis  appropriated when compared to models during stell  ar birth the sun and other stars are predicted by models to be rotating considerably faster than they actually are the sun for example only accounts for about 0 3 percent of the total ang  ular momentum of the solar system while about 60 is attributed to jupiter
an  he  don  ia ˌ  æn  hi  ˈ  do  ʊ  ni  ə an hee do  h nee ə greek ἀ  ν an without and ἡ  δ  ο  ν  ή h  ē  don  ē pleasure is the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjo  y  able e g exercise hob  bies music sexual activities or social interactions while earlier definitions of an  he  don  ia emphasized pleas  urable experience more recent models have highlighted the need to consider different aspects of enjo  y  able behavior such as motivation or desire to engage in activities motiv  ational an  he  don  ia as compared to the level of enjoyment of the activity itself consum  matory an  he  don  ia according to william james the term was coined by th  é  o  dule arm  and ri  bot one can distinguish many kinds of pathological depression sometimes it is mere passive jo  yl  essness and dre  ariness discour  agement de  jec  tion lack of taste and z  est and spring professor ri  bot proposed the name an  he  don  ia to designate this condition the state of an  he  don  ia if i may coin a new word to pair off with anal  ge  sia he writes has been very little studied but it exists an  he  don  ia can be a characteristic of mental disorders including mood disorders attention deficit hyper  activity disorder schiz  o  aff  ective disorder borderline personality disorder schiz  o  id personality disorder dys  thy  mia and schizophrenia for example the 7 th dsm iv criterion for borderline personality disorder chronic feelings of emp  tin  ess results indicate that emp  tin  ess is neg  li  gi  bly related to bore  dom is closely related to feeling hopeless patho  logically lonely and isolated and is a robust predic  tor of depression and suicidal ide  ation but not anxiety or suicide attempts findings are consistent with dsm iv revisions regarding the 7 th criterion for borderline personality disorder in addition findings suggest the emp  tin  ess reflects patho  logically low positive affect and significant psychiatric distress people affected with schizophrenia often describe themselves as feeling emotionally empty mood disturbances are commonly observed in many psychiatric disorders such as major depres  sive disorder disturbing mood changes may occur resultant to stressful life events and they are not un  common during times of physical illness while an  he  don  ia can be a feature of such mood changes they are not mutually inclusive
ani  con  ism is the absence of material representations of the natural and super  natural world in various cultures particularly in the mono  the  istic abra  ham  ic religions it may extend from only god and de  ities to saint characters all living beings and everything that exists the phenomenon is generally codified by the religious traditions and as such becomes a taboo when enforced by the physical destruction of images ani  con  ism becomes icon  o  cl  asm the word itself derives from greek ε  ικ  ων image with the negative pre  fix an greek priv  ative alpha and the suff  ix ism greek ισ  μο  ς
animal type mel  anom  a is a cu  taneous condition and is characterized by no  d  ules and fasc  ic  les of epi  the  li  o  id mel  an  oc  y  tes with ple  om  orph  ic nucle  i and striking hyper  pi  gm  entation d  end  ri  tic cells numerous mel  an  op  ha  ges and sometimes an infl  am  matory infiltr  ate of lymp  ho  cy  tes
animal attacks are a common cause of either human fatalities or injuries the frequency of animal attacks varies with geographical location in the united states a person is more likely to be killed by an animal than they are to die from being hit by lightning animal attacks have been identified as a major public health problem in 1997 it was estimated that up to 2 million animal bites occur each year in the united states injuries caused by animal attacks result in thousands of fatalities worldwide every year all causes of death are reported to the centers for disease control and prevention each year medical injury codes are used to identify specific cases the world health organization uses identical coding though it is unclear whether all countries keep track of fatalities caused by animals
an animal bite is a wound usually lac  er  ations caused by the teeth an animal bite usually results in a break in the skin but also includes con  tu  sions from the excessive pressure on body tissue from the bite the con  tu  sions can occur without a break in the skin bites can be provoked or un  provoked other bite attacks may be apparently un  provoked biting is a physical action not only describing an attack but it is a normal response in an animal as it eats carries objects sof  tens and prepares food for its young removes ec  top  ar  as  ites from its body surface removes plant seeds attached to its fur or hair scrat  ching itself and gro  oming other animals animal bites often result in serious infections and mortality animal bites not only include injuries from the teeth of repti  les mammals but fish and am  phi  bians ar  thro  pods can also bite and leave injuries
animal color  ation is the general appearance of an animal resulting from the reflection or emission of light from its surfaces some animals are brigh  tly coloured while others are hard to see in some species such as the pe  a  cock the male has strong patterns conspicuous colours and is i  ri  descent while the female is far less visible there are several separate reasons why animals have evolved colours cam  ou  fl  age enables an animal to remain hidden from view signalling enables an animal to communicate information such as warning of its ability to defend itself a  pos  em  atism animals also use colour in advertising signalling services such as cleaning to animals of other species to signal sexual status to other members of the same species and in mim  ic  ry taking advantage of another species warning color  ation some animals use colour to divert attacks by star  tle de  im  atic behaviour surprising a predat  or e g with ey  es  pots or other fl  ashes of colour and possibly by motion daz  z  le confusing a predat  or s attack by moving a bold pattern such as ze  bra stri  pes rapidly some animals are coloured for physical protection such as having pig  ments in the skin to protect against sun  burn while some fro  gs can lighten or dar  ken their skin for temperature regulation finally animals can be coloured incidentally for example blood is red because the ha  em pig  ment needed to carry oxygen is red animals coloured in these ways can have striking natural patterns animals produce colour in different ways pig  ments are particles of coloured material chro  mat  opho  res are cells containing pig  ment which can change their size to make their colour more or less visible some animals including many butter  flies and birds have micro  scopic structures in scales br  ist  les or feathers which give them brilliant i  ri  descent colours other animals including squ  id and some deep sea fish can produce light sometimes of different colours animals often use two or more of these mechanisms together to produce the colours and effects they need
animal geography is a sub  field of the nature society human environment branch of geography as well as a part of the larger inter  disciplinary umbrella of human animal studies has animal geography is defined as the study of “ the complex entang  ling s of human animal relations with space place location environment and landscape ” or “ the study of where when why and how non  human animals inter  sect with human societies ” recent work advances these perspectives to argue about an ecology of relations in which humans and animals are en  meshed taking seriously the lived spaces of animals themselves and their senti  ent interactions with not just human but other non  human bodies as well the animal geography specialty group of the association of american geograph  ers was founded in 2009 by monica o  gra and julie urban  ik the animal geography research network was founded in 2011 by daniel allen
animal lead poisoning also known as avian plum  b  ism or avian satur  n  ism for birds is a veterinary condition and path  ology caused by increased levels of the heavy metal lead in animal s body lead interferes with a variety of body and natural processes it is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart bones intest  ines kidneys and reproductive and nervous systems it mainly affects the ha  emato  po  ie  tic system it also affects the sul  f  hydr  yl group containing enzymes and also thi  ol content of er  y  thro  cy  te it inhi  bits the enzyme delta amino lev  amin  ic acid de  hydro  gen  ase enzyme ala which is present in the r  bc it is therefore particularly toxic to young animals mainly dogs and cattle as in humans animal lead poisoning may be acute from intense exposure of short duration or chronic from repeat low level exposure over a prolonged period acute in  tox  ication can quickly lead to death
animal navigation is the ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments birds such as the arctic ter  n insects such as the mon  arch butter  fly and fish such as the salmon regularly migrate thousands of miles to and from their breeding grounds and many other species navigate effectively over shorter distances dead reckoning navi  gating from a known position using only information about one s own speed and direction was suggested by charles darwin in 18  73 as a possible mechanism in the 20 th century karl von fr  isch showed that honey bees can navigate by the sun by the polarization pattern of the blue sky and by the earth s magnetic field of these they rely on the sun when possible william t  ins  ley ke  et  on showed that hom  ing pigeons could similarly make use of a range of navig  ational cu  es including the sun earth s magnetic field ol  faction and vision ronald lock  ley demonstrated that a species of small se  ab  ir  d the man  x sh  ear  water could orient themselves and fly home at full speed when released far from home provided either the sun or the stars were visible several species of animal can integrate cu  es of different types to orient themselves and navigate effectively insects and birds are able to combine learned land  marks with sensed direction from the earth s magnetic field or from the sky to identify where they are and so to navigate internal maps are often formed using vision but other senses including ol  faction and echo  location may also be used the ability of wild animals to navigate may be adversely affected by products of human activity for example there is evidence that pesticides may interfere with bee navigation and that lights may harm turtle navigation
animal african try  pan  o  som  i  asis also known as nag  ana and nag  ana pest is a disease of vertebr  ate animals the disease is caused by try  pan  o  som  es of several species in the genus try  pan  o  som  a such as try  pan  o  som  a bru  ce  i try  pan  o  som  a vi  va  x causes nag  ana mainly in west africa although it has spread to south america the try  pan  o  som  es infect the blood of the vertebr  ate host causing fever weakness and leth  ar  gy which lead to weight loss and an  emia in some animals the disease is fatal unless treated the try  pan  o  som  es are transmitted by t  set  se flies an interesting feature is the remarkable tolerance to nag  ana path  ology shown by some breeds of cattle notably the n dam  a – a west african bos ta  urus breed this contrasts with the suscep  tibility shown by east african bos indic  us cattle such as the ze  bu this disease is the non  human animal counterpart of human african try  pan  o  som  i  asis also known as sleeping sickness
ani  ri  dia is the absence of the iris usually involving both eyes it can be con  genital or caused by a penetr  ant injury isolated ani  ri  dia is a con  genital disorder which is not limited to a defect in iris development but is a pan  oc  ular condition with mac  ular and op  tic nerve hypo  pl  asia cat  ar  act and cor  ne  al changes vision may be severely compromised and the disorder is frequently associated with a number of oc  ular complications ny  stag  mus am  bl  y  op  ia bu  phthal  mos and cat  ar  act ani  ri  dia in some individuals occurs as part of a syndrome such as wag  r syndrome kidney ne  ph  ro  bl  ast  oma wil  ms tum  our gen  it  our  inary anomalies and intellectual disability or gill  es  pie syndrome cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia
ani  ri  dia at  ax  ia ren  al agen  esis psy  ch  om  o  tor retar  dation is a rare genetic disorder characterized by missing ir  ises of the eye at  ax  ia psy  ch  om  o  tor retar  dation and abnormal kidneys
anis  ei  k  onia is an oc  ular condition where there is a significant difference in the perceived size of images it can occur as an overall difference between the two eyes or as a difference in a particular mer  idi  an
anis  mus or dys  syner  gic defec  ation refers to the failure of the normal relaxation of pel  vic floor muscles during attempted defec  ation anis  mus can occur in both children and adults and in both men and women although it is more common in women it can be caused by physical defects or it can occur for other reasons or unknown reasons anis  mus that has a behavioral cause could be viewed as having similarities with par  co  pres  is or psycho  genic f  ec  al retention symptoms include ten  es  mus the sensation of incomplete emp  tying of the rec  tum after defec  ation has occurred and con  sti  p  ation retention of sto  ol may result in f  ec  al loading retention of a mass of sto  ol of any consistency or f  ec  al imp  action retention of a mass of hard sto  ol this mass may stretch the walls of the rec  tum and col  on causing me  ga  rec  tum and or me  ga  col  on respectively liquid sto  ol may leak around a f  ec  al imp  action possibly causing degrees of liquid f  ec  al in  contin  ence this is usually termed en  co  pres  is or so  iling in children and f  ec  al leakage so  iling or liquid f  ec  al in  contin  ence in adults anis  mus is usually treated with dietary adjustments such as dietary fiber supplem  entation it can also be treated with a type of bio  feedback therapy during which a sensor probe is inserted into the person s anal canal in order to record the pressures exerted by the pel  vic floor muscles these pressures are vis  ually fed back to the patient via a monitor who can regain the normal coordinated movement of the muscles after a few sessions some researchers have suggested that anis  mus is an over diagnosed condition since the standard investigations or digital rec  tal examination and ano  rec  tal man  ome  try were shown to cause paradoxical sp  h  inc  ter contraction in healthy controls who did not have con  sti  p  ation or in  contin  ence due to the invasive and perhaps uncomfortable nature of these investigations the pel  vic floor mus  cul  ature is thought to behave differently than under normal circumstances these researchers went on to conclude that paradoxical pel  vic floor contraction is a common finding in healthy people as well as in people with chronic con  sti  p  ation and sto  ol in  contin  ence and it represents a non specific finding or laboratory arti  fact related to un  toward conditions during examination and that true anis  mus is actually rare
anis  oc  oria is a condition characterized by an unequal size of the eyes pupils affecting 20 of the population it can be an entirely harmless condition or a symptom of more serious medical problems
anis  oc  y  to  sis is a medical term meaning that a patient s red blood cells are of unequal size this is commonly found in an  emia and other blood conditions false diagnostic flag  ging may be triggered by an elevated w  bc count agg  lu  tin  ated r  b  cs r  bc fragments giant plat  el  ets or plat  elet clum  ps in addition it is a characteristic feature of bovine blood the red cell distribution width rd  w is a measurement of anis  oc  y  to  sis and is calculated as a coefficient of variation of the distribution of r  bc volumes divided by the mean corp  us  cular volume mc  v
anis  om  as  tia is a medical condition in which there is a severe asymmetry or un  equ  al  ness in the size of the breasts generally related to a difference in volume in other words when one of the breasts is much larger than the other in contrast to anis  om  as  tia a slightly asymmetry of the breasts is common anis  om  as  tia may be corrected by surgical breast aug  mentation or reduction
anis  ome  tro  p  ia is the condition in which the two eyes have unequal ref  r  active power each eye can be near  sighted myop  ia far  sighted hyper  op  ia or a combination of both which is called anti  metro  p  ia generally a difference in power of two di  op  ters or more is the accepted threshold to label the condition anis  ome  tro  p  ia in certain types of anis  ome  tro  p  ia the visual cor  tex of the brain will not use both eyes together bin  oc  ular vision and will instead suppress the central vision of one of the eyes if this occurs often enough during the first 10 years of life while the visual cor  tex is developing it can result in am  bl  y  op  ia a condition where even when correcting the ref  r  active error properly the person is still not correc  table to 20 20 the name is from four greek components an not iso same metr measure ops eye estimated 6 of subjects aged 6 to 18 have anis  ome  tro  p  ia
an an  kle frac  ture is a break of the an  kle bones it is typically diagnosed by x ray treatment is with spl  in  ting casting or surgery in children an  kle fractu  res occur in about 1 per 1000 per year
an  ky  log  los  sia also known as tongue tie is a con  genital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short thick lingual fren  ul  um a memb  rane connecting the under  side of the tongue to the floor of the mouth an  ky  log  los  sia varies in degree of severity from mild cases characterized by mu  co  us memb  rane bands to complete an  ky  log  los  sia whereby the tongue is te  thered to the floor of the mouth
an  ky  losing hyper  o  sto  sis is a form of dor  sop  athy
an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis as is a type of ar  thri  tis in which there is long term infl  amm  ation of the joints of the sp  ine typically where the sp  ine joins the pel  vis is also affected occasionally other joints such as the shoulders or hips are involved eye and bo  wel problems may also occur often the symptom of back pain comes and goes sti  ff  ness of the affected joints generally wor  sens over time the cause of an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis is unknown however it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors the underlying mechanism is believed to be auto  immune or auto  infl  am  matory diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms with support from medical imaging and blood tests it is a type of ser  on  eg  ative spon  dy  lo  ar  thro  path  ies meaning that the person tests negative for the anti  body called r  heu  mato  id factor there is no cure for an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis treatments can improve symptoms and possibly prevent worsening this may include medication exercise and surgery medications used include n  s  aids ster  oids disease modifying anti  r  heu  matic drugs such as meth  o  tre  x  ate and bio  logic agents such as inf  li  xim  ab between 0 1 and 1 8 of people are affected onset is typically in young adults males are more often affected than females the condition was first fully described in the late 1600 s by bernard connor however skelet  ons with an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis are found in egyptian mum  m  ies the word is from greek an  ky  los meaning sti  ff  ening of a joint spon  dy  los meaning verte  bra and i  tis meaning infl  amm  ation
an  ky  losis or anch  y  losis from greek ἀ  γ  κ  ύ  λο  ς bent cro  oked is a sti  ff  ness of a joint due to abnormal adhe  sion and rigidity of the bones of the joint which may be the result of injury or disease the rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to infl  amm  ation of the tend  inous or muscular structures outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself no  ma — a gang  ren  ous disease still widespread among mal  nourished children living on the borders of the sahara desert — can cause an  ky  losis of the max  illa and man  di  ble imp  airing the ability to speak and eat when the structures outside the joint are affected the term false an  ky  losis has been used in contr  ad  ist  inc  tion to true an  ky  losis in which the disease is within the joint when infl  amm  ation has caused the joint ends of the bones to be f  used together the an  ky  losis is termed osse  ous or complete and is an instance of sy  no  sto  sis exc  ision of a completely an  ky  lo  sed shoulder or el  bow may restore free mobility and usefulness to the limb an  ky  losis is also used as an anatom  ical term bones being said to an  ky  lose or anch  y  lose when from being originally distinct they coal  es  ce or become so joined together that no motion can take place between them
ann c pal  men  berg is a professor of viro  logy and bio  chemistry at the university of wis  cons  in madison she received her b s from st lawrence university and her ph d from the university of wis  cons  in madison dr pal  men  berg has been given numerous awards for her research and involvement within the scientific community such as fellow for the american academy of micro  biology news articles have been published about her work within viro  logy including an article in the mil  w  au  kee journal sent  inel on her findings on the common cold
sophie anne hunt known by the name of anna th  illon cal  cut  ta or london 18  19 tor  qu  ay 5 may 19  03 was an oper  atic singing sensation in the united states based in san francisco california and then new york new york she performed in the former city s first professional season she had much of her training in france where she studied with marco bor  do  gni giov  anni t  adol  ini and claude thomas th  illon conductor of the hav  re phil  harmon  ic society whom she married after appearances in the provinces she made her de  but at the paris th  é  â  tre de la renaissance in 17  38 in the title role of albert gr  is  ar s lady mel  vi  l in 17  40 she moved to the op  é  ra com  ique where she created the roles of cat  ar  ina in les diam  ants de la cou  ron  ne 18  41 and ca  sil  da in la part du di  able 18  43 by daniel au  ber who had a passion for her she made her english de  but in 18  44 at the london princess s theatre repeating the role of cat  ar  ina she later sang at the dr  ury lane creating stella in bal  fe s the enchan  tress her american career began in 18  51 but she retired four years later after her relatively early retirement she lived in the english se  aside town of tor  qu  ay census records and died there a widow at 84 there is no record of any children
annual r  ye  grass toxicity arg  t is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacter  ially infected annual r  ye  grass lolium rigi  dum the toxin is produced by the bacter  ium ra  th  ay  i  bac  ter tox  ic  us formerly cl  avi  bac  ter tox  ic  us which is carried into the r  ye  grass by the nemato  de angu  ina fun  esta
ann  ular el  ast  ol  y  tic giant cell gran  ul  oma also known as giant cell el  ast  op  ha  go  cy  to  sis me  is  cher s gran  ul  oma mi  es  cher s gran  ul  oma of the face is a cu  taneous condition characterized his  to  logically by a der  mal infiltr  ate of macro  p  ha  ges
ann  ular er  y  them  a of infancy is a skin condition reported in children roughly six months in age characterized by transitory skin le  sions that resolved without treatment within eleven months
flu  i  dis  ation is a phenomenon whereby solid particulate is placed under certain conditions to cause it to behave like a fluid a flu  idi  zed bed is a system conceived to facilitate the flu  i  dis  ation flu  idi  zed beds have a wide range of applications including but not limited to assisting with chemical reactions heat transfer mixing and drying a recent concept devised and patented by ou  tot  ec an ann  ular flu  idi  zed bed consists of a large central no  zzle surrounded be a stationary flu  idi  zed
ann  ular pan  cre  as is a rare condition in which the second part of the du  o  den  um is surrounded by a ring of pan  cre  atic tissue continuous with the head of the pan  cre  as this portion of the pan  cre  as can con  strict the du  o  den  um and block or impair the flow of food to the rest of the intest  ines it is estimated to occur in 1 out of 12 000 to 15 000 new  bor  ns the ambiguity arises from the fact that not all cases are symptomatic
ann  ular pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis is a rare variant of pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis having an ann  ular or cir  cin  ate le  sion mor  pho  logy that may appear at the onset of pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis with a tendency to spread and form enlarged rings
in organic chemistry ann  ulation from the latin for little ring occasionally ann  el  ation is a chemical reaction in which a new ring is constructed on a mol  ecu  le ann  ulation a intr  am  ol  ec  ular ring closing b trans  ann  ulation c cyclo  addition examples are the robinson ann  ulation dan  he  iser ann  ulation and certain cyclo  additions ann  ular molecules are constructed from side on condens  ed cyclic segments for example hel  ic  en  es and ac  en  es in trans  ann  ulation a bic  ycl  ic mol  ecu  le is created by intr  am  ol  ec  ular carbon carbon bond formation in a large mon  oc  ycl  ic ring an example is the sam  arium ii io  di  de induced ke  tone al  k  ene cy  cli  zation of 5 meth  yl  en  ec  y  clo  oc  tan  one which proceeds through a ke  ty  l intermediate ke  tone ole  fin cy  cli  zation
annul  o  a  or  tic ec  ta  sia is a dil  ation of the proxim  al asc  ending a  or  ta and a  or  tic annul  us it may cause a  or  tic reg  urg  itation thor  ac  ic a  or  tic dis  section an  eur  ys  m and rupture it is often associated with mar  fan syndrome it can also be a complic  ation due to tertiary sy  phil  is in tertiary sy  phil  is the a  or  tic root becomes so dil  ated that the a  or  tic valve becomes incompetent and cor bo  vin  um results
ano  de break exc  itation abe is an electro  physiological phenomenon whereby a ne  uron fires action pot  entials in response to termination of a hyper  pol  ari  zing current when a hyper  pol  ari  zing current is applied across a memb  rane the electrical potential across the memb  rane falls this fall is followed by a drop in the threshold required for action potential since the threshold is directly linked to the potential across the memb  rane they rise and fall together abe arises after the hyper  pol  ari  zing current is terminated the potential across the cell rises rapidly with the absence of hyper  pol  ari  zing stimulus but the action potential threshold stays at its lowered value as a result the potential is su  pra  threshold sufficient to cause an action potential within the cell
in dentistry an  od  on  tia also called an  od  on  tia vera is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the con  genital absence of all primary or permanent teeth it is associated with the group of skin and nerve syndro  mes called the ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asi  as an  od  on  tia is usually part of a syndrome and seldom occurs as an isolated entity con  genital absence of permanent teeth can present as hypo  don  tia usually missing 1 or 2 permanent teeth or oligo  don  tia that is the con  genital absence of more than 6 teeth con  genital absence of all wisdom teeth or third mol  ars is relatively common an  od  on  tia is the con  genital absence of teeth and can occur in some or all teeth partial an  od  on  tia or hypo  don  tia involve two denti  tions or only teeth of the permanent denti  tion dor  land s 1998 approximately 1 of the population suffers from oligo  don  tia many denominations are attributed to this anomaly partial an  od  on  tia hypo  don  tia oligo  don  tia the con  genital absence an  od  on  tia bilateral ap  la  sia an  od  on  tia being the term used in controlled vocabulary medical subject headings mesh from med  line which was developed by the united states national library of medicine the con  genital absence of at least one permanent tooth is the most common dental anomaly and may contribute to mas  tic  ator dysfunction speech impairment aesthetic problems and mal  oc  clu  sion shap  iro and f  arr  ington 1983 absence of lateral incis  ors represents a major stereo  type individuals with this condition are perceived as socially most aggressive compared with people without an  od  on  tia shaw 1981
anom  alous a  or  tic origin of a coron  ary artery aa  oc  a from the inappropriate sin  us of val  sal  va with an inter  arter  ial intra  con  al or intr  am  ural course is a rare heart defect associated with an increased risk of sudden death in children
anom  alous left coron  ary artery from the pul  mon  ary artery al  cap  a or bl  and white gar  land syndrome or white gar  land syndrome is a rare con  genital anomaly in which the left coron  ary artery l  ca branches off the pul  mon  ary artery instead of the a  or  tic sin  us after birth the pressure in other coron  ary arter  ies namely the r  ca will have a pressure that exceeds the l  ca and collateral circulation will increase this ultimately can lead to blood flowing from the r  ca into the l  ca retrograde and into the pul  mon  ary artery thus forming a left to right sh  unt the syndrome is named for edward franklin bl  and paul du  d  ley white and joseph gar  land
anom  alous pul  mon  ary ven  ous connection or anom  alous pul  mon  ary ven  ous drainage or anom  alous pul  mon  ary ven  ous return is a con  genital defect of the pul  mon  ary ve  ins
the term anom  eric effect was introduced in 1958 the name comes from the term used to designate the c 1 carbon of a py  ran  ose the anom  eric carbon isom  ers that differ only in the configuration at the anom  eric carbon are called anom  ers the anom  ers of glu  copy  ran  ose are di  ast  ere  om  ers with the beta anom  er having an oh group pointing up equ  atori  ally and the alpha anom  er having that oh group pointing down ax  ially the anom  eric effect can also be generalized to any cyclo  hex  yl or linear system with the general formula c y c x where y is a hetero  atom with one or more lone pairs and x is an electro  negative atom or group the magnitude of the anom  eric effect is estimated at about 1 – 2 k  cal mol in the case of sugars but is different for every mol  ecu  le in the above case the meth  ox  y group on the cyclo  hex  ane ring top prefers the equatorial position however in the te  tra  hydro  py  ran ring bottom the meth  ox  y group prefers the ax  ial position this is because in the cyclo  hex  ane ring y carbon which is not a hetero  atom so the anom  eric effect is not observed and ster  ics dominates the observed substitu  ent position in the te  tra  hydro  py  ran ring y oxygen which is a hetero  atom so the anom  eric effect contributes and stabili  zes the observed substitu  ent position in both cases x ome the anom  eric effect is most often observed when y oxygen but can also be seen with other lone pair bearing hetero  atoms in the ring such as nitrogen sul  fur and phosphorus the exact method by which the anom  eric effect causes stabilization is a point of controversy and several hypo  theses have been proposed to explain it
anom  ic ap  ha  sia also known as dys  no  mia nominal ap  ha  sia and am  nes  ic ap  ha  sia is a type of ap  ha  sia where an individual has consistent inability to produce words for things that they want to talk about particularly n  oun  s and ver  bs anom  ia is a deficit of expres  sive language the most pervasive deficit in the ap  ha  si  as is anom  ia some level of anom  ia is seen in all of the ap  ha  si  as
an  ony  ch  ia is the absence of nails an anomaly which may be the result of a con  genital ec  to  der  mal defect ich  thy  osis severe infection severe allergic contact der  mati  tis self inflicted trauma ray  n  aud phenomenon lichen plan  us ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a or severe ex  foli  ative diseases
an anonymous birth is a birth where the mother gives birth to a child without dis  closing her identity or where her identity remains un  registered in many countries anonymous births have been leg  alized for centuries in order to prevent formerly frequent killings of new  born children particularly outside of marriage in an anonymous birth the mother s right of inform  ational self determination severely curta  ils the children s right to know about their biological ance  stry therefore going beyond the concept of a confidential birth where the identity of the mother is registered but remains undis  closed unless the grown up child requests disclosure at a later point
an  oph  thal  mia greek αν  ό  φ  θ  α  λ  μο  ς without eye is the medical term for the absence of one or both eyes both the globe human eye and the oc  ular tissue are missing from the orbit the absence of the eye will cause a small bon  y orbit a con  stric  ted mu  cos  al socket short eye  li  ds reduced pal  pe  br  al fis  sure and mal  ar prominence genetic mutations chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities and pre  natal environment can all cause an  oph  thal  mia an  oph  thal  mia is an extremely rare disease and is mostly rooted in genetic ab  norm  alities it can also be associated with other syndro  mes
an an  op  sia or an  op  ia is a defect in the visual field if the defect is only partial then the portion of the field with the defect can be used to isolate the underlying cause types of partial an  op  sia hem  i  an  op  sia hom  onym  ous hem  i  an  op  sia heter  onym  ous hem  i  an  op  sia bin  as  al hem  i  an  op  sia bit  em  por  al hem  i  an  op  sia superior hem  i  an  op  ia inferior hem  i  an  op  ia quad  ran  tan  op  ia the term an  op  sia comes from the ancient greek ἀ  ν an un and ὄ  ψ  ις op  sis sight
an  orch  ia or an  orch  ism is an xy disorder of sex development in which individuals have both test  es absent at birth within a few weeks of fertili  zation the embryo develops ru  dim  entary gon  ads test  es which produce hormones responsible for the development of the reproductive system if the test  es fail to develop within eight weeks the baby will develop female gen  italia see sw  yer syndrome if the test  es begin to develop but are lost or cease to function between eight and 10 weeks the baby will have ambiguous gen  italia when it is born however if the test  es are lost after 14 weeks the baby will have partial male gen  italia with the notable absence of gon  ads tests include observ  able lack of test  es low te  sto  ster  one levels typical female levels elevated fol  lic  le stimulating hormone and lu  te  ini  zing hormone levels xy kar  yo  type ul  tras  ound or magnetic resonance imaging showing absent gon  ad  al tissue low bone density low anti mü  ll  er  ian hormone levels and surgical exploration for evidence of male gon  ad  al tissue
ano  rec  tal abs  c  ess also known as an anal rec  tal abs  c  ess or peri  anal peri  rec  tal abs  c  ess is an abs  c  ess adjacent to the an  us it arises from an infection at one of the anal sin  uses which leads to infl  amm  ation and abs  c  ess formation most cases of peri  anal abs  c  esses are spor  adic though there are certain situations which elev  ate the risk for developing the disease such as diabetes mell  it  us cro  hn s disease chronic ster  o  id treatment and others is  chi  o  rec  tal inter and intr  as  ph  inc  ter  ic abs  c  esses have been described
ano  rec  tal anomalies are medical problems affecting the structure of the an  us and rec  tum a person with an ano  rec  tal problem would have some sort of de  form  ative feature of the an  us or rec  tum collectively known as an ano  rec  tal mal  formation examples of ano  rec  tal anomalies include anal sten  osis imper  for  ate an  us proc  ti  tis anal bleeding anal f  ist  ula anal cancer anal it  ching hemor  rho  id p  iles
ano  rec  tal disorders are painful but common conditions like hemor  rho  ids tears f  ist  ul  as or abs  c  esses that affect the anal region most people experience some form of ano  rec  tal disorder during their lifetime primary care physicians can treat most of these disorders however high risk individuals include those with hiv roughly half of whom need surgery to remedy the disorders because these disorders afflic  t the rec  tum people are often embarrassed or afraid to confer with a medical professional
ano  rec  tal var  ices are the dil  ation of collateral sub  mu  cos  al vessels due to back  flow in the ve  ins of the rec  tum typically this occurs due to portal hyper  tension which sh  unts ven  ous blood from the portal system through the por  to  systemic anast  om  osis present at this site into the systemic ven  ous system this can also occur in the o  es  op  ha  gus causing o  es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices and at the level of the um  bil  ic  us causing cap  ut med  us  ae between 44 and 78 of patients with portal hyper  tension get ano  rec  tal var  ices
an  ore  x  ia is the decreased sensation of appetite while the term in non scientific publications is often used inter  change  ably with an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa many possible causes exist for a decreased appetite some of which may be harmless while others indicate a serious clinical condition or pose a significant risk for example an  ore  x  ia of infection is part of the acute phase response ap  r to infection the ap  r can be triggered by li  po  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des and pep  ti  do  gly  cans from bacterial cell walls bacterial dna double stranded viral r  na and viral gly  co  proteins which can trigger production of a variety of pro  infl  am  matory cy  to  k  ines these can have an indirect effect on appetite by a number of means including peripheral a  ffer  ents from their sites of production in the body by enhancing production of le  p  tin from fat stores infl  am  matory cy  to  k  ines can also signal to the central nervous system more directly by specialized transport mechanisms through the blood – brain barrier via circum  ven  tric  ular organs which are outside the barrier or by triggering production of ei  co  san  oids in the endo  the  li  al cells of the brain vas  cul  ature ultimately the control of appetite by this mechanism is thought to be medi  ated by the same factors normally controlling appetite such as neuro  transmitters sero  ton  in dop  amine hist  amine no  rep  in  eph  rine cor  ti  co  tro  pin releasing factor n  europe  p  tide y and α mel  an  oc  y  te stimulating hormone
an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa often referred to simply as an  ore  x  ia is an eating disorder characterized by a low weight fear of gaining weight a strong desire to be thin and food restriction many people with an  ore  x  ia see themselves as overweight even though they are in fact under  weight if asked they usually deny they have a problem with low weight often they weigh themselves frequently eat only small amounts and only eat certain foods some will exercise excessively force themselves to v  omit or use lax  atives to produce weight loss complications may include o  ste  op  or  osis in  fertility and heart damage among others women will often stop having men  str  ual periods the cause is not known there appear to be some genetic components with identical twins more often affected than non identical twins cultural factors also appear to play a role with societies that value thin  ness having higher rates of disease additionally it occurs more commonly among those involved in activities that value thin  ness such as high level athle  tics modelling and dancing an  ore  x  ia often begins following a major life change or stress inducing event the diagnosis requires a significantly low weight the severity of disease is based on body mass index b  mi in adults with mild disease having a b  mi of greater than 17 moderate a b  mi of 16 to 17 severe a b  mi of 15 to 16 and extreme a b  mi less than 15 in children a b  mi for age per  centi  le of less than the 5 th per  centi  le is often used treatment of an  ore  x  ia involves restoring a healthy weight treating the underlying psychological problems and addressing behaviors that promote the problem while medications do not help with weight gain they may be used to help with associated anxiety or depression a number of types of therapy may be useful including an approach where parents assume responsibility for feeding their child known as ma  ud  sley family therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy sometimes people require admission to hospital to restore weight evidence for benefit from nas  o  ga  str  ic tube feeding however is unclear some people will just have a single episode and recover while others may have many episodes over years many complications improve or resolve with regaining of weight globally an  ore  x  ia is estimated to affect two million people as of 2013 it is estimated to occur in 0 9 to 4 3 of women and 0 2 to 0 3 of men in western countries at some point in their life about 0 4 of young females are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur ten times less commonly in males rates in most of the developing world are unclear often it begins during the teen years or young adul  thood while an  ore  x  ia became more commonly diagnosed during the 20 th century it is unclear if this was due to an increase in its frequency or simply better diagnosis in 2013 it directly resulted in about 600 deaths globally up from 400 deaths in 1990 eating disorders also increase a person s risk of death from a wide range of other causes including suicide about 5 of people with an  ore  x  ia die from complications over a ten year period the term an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa was first used in 18  73 by william gul  l to describe this condition an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder with an s  mr of 5 86
the differential diagnoses of an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa an includes various types of medical and psychological conditions which may be mis  diagnosed as an in some cases these conditions may be com  or  bid with an because the mis  diagnosis of an is not un  common for example a case of ac  hal  asia was mis  diagnosed as an and the patient spent two months confined to a psychiatric hospital a reason for the differential diagnoses that surround an arise mainly because like other disorders it is primarily albeit defen  sively and adap  tive for the individual concerned an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa is a psychological disorder characterized by extremely reduced intake of food people suffering from an  er  ox  ia ner  vo  sa have a low self image and consider themselves overweight common behaviors and signs of someone suffering from an forcing oneself to vigorously exercise even in adverse conditions or when their health does not permit it forcing own self to ur  inate and ex  crete waste product from the body using substituted amp  he  tam  ines stimul  ants that can reduce appetite to reduce appetite skin turning yellow
an  org  as  mia is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve org  asm despite adequate stimulation in males it is most closely associated with delayed e  jac  ulation an  org  as  mia can often cause sexual frustration an  org  as  mia is far more common in females 4 7 percent than in males and is especially rare in younger men the problem is greater in women who are post men  op  ause
ano  so  di  aph  oria is a condition in which a person who suffers disability due to brain injury seems indifferent to the existence of their handicap ano  so  di  aph  oria is specifically used in association with indifference to paralysis it is a som  at  os  ens  ory agno  sia or a sign of neglect syndrome it might be specifically associated with defective functioning of the frontal lo  be of the right hemisphere joseph bab  in  ski first used the term ano  so  di  aph  oria in 1914 to describe a disorder of the body schem  a in which patients verb  ally acknowledge a clinical problem such as hem  ip  a  res  is but fail to be concerned about it ano  so  di  aph  oria follows a stage of ano  so  g  no  sia in which there may be verbal explicit denial of the illness and after several days to weeks develop the lack of emotional response indifference is different from denial because it implies a lack of caring on the part of the patient whom otherwise acknowledges his or her deficit
ano  so  g  no  sia æ  ˌ  n  ɒ  s  ɒ  ɡ  ˈ  no  ʊ  zi  ə æ  ˌ  n  ɒ  s  ɒ  ɡ  ˈ  no  ʊ  ʒ  ə from ancient greek ἀ a without νό  σ  ος no  sos disease and γ  ν  ῶ  σ  ις gn  ō  sis knowledge is a deficit of self awareness a condition in which a person who suffers some disability seems unaware of the existence of his or her disability it was first named by the neuro  logist joseph bab  in  ski in 1914 ano  so  g  no  sia results from physiological damage to brain structures typically to the par  ie  tal lo  be or a diffuse le  sion on the fron  to temporal par  ie  tal area in the right hemisphere while this distinguishes the condition from denial which is a psychological defense mechanism attempts have been made at a unified explanation ano  so  g  no  sia is sometimes accompanied by as  om  at  og  no  sia a form of neglect in which patients deny ownership of their limbs
ano  tia no ear describes a rare con  genital de  form  ity that involves the complete absence of the pin  na the outer projected portion of the ear and narrowing or absence of the ear canal this contrasts with micro  tia in which a small part of the pin  na is present ano  tia and micro  tia may occur unilaterally only one ear affected or bilaterally both ears affected this de  form  ity results in conduc  tive hearing loss deaf  ness
an ano  vul  atory cycle is a men  str  ual cycle during which the ov  aries do not release an o  oc  y  te therefore ov  ulation does not take place however a woman who does not o  vul  ate at each men  str  ual cycle is not necessarily going through men  op  ause chronic an  ov  ulation is a common cause of in  fertility in addition to the alteration of men  str  ual periods and in  fertility chronic an  ov  ulation can cause or exacerbate other long term problems such as hyper  and  ro  gen  ism or o  ste  open  ia it plays a central role in the multiple imbalances and dys  functions of poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome during the first two years after men  arch  e 50 of the men  str  ual cycles could be ano  vul  atories it is in fact possible to restore ov  ulation using appropriate medication and ov  ulation is successfully restored in approximately 90 of cases the first step is the diagnosis of an  ov  ulation the identification of an  ov  ulation is not easy contrary to what is commonly believed women undergoing an  ov  ulation still have more or less regular periods in general patients only notice that there is a problem once they have started trying to conceive temperature char  ting is a useful way of providing early clues about an  ov  ulation and can help gy  na  eco  logists in their diagnosis
an ant mill is an observed phenomenon in which a group of army ants which are blind are separated from the main for  aging party lose the ph  er  om  one track and begin to follow one another forming a continuously rotating circle the ants will eventually die of exhaustion it has been reproduced in laboratories and has been produced in ant colony simul  ations the phenomenon is a side effect of the self organizing structure of ant colonies each ant follows the ant in front of it which works until something goes wrong and an ant mill forms an ant mill was first described by william bee  be in 19  21 who observed a mill 1200 ft in circum  fer  ence it took each ant 2 5 h to make one revolution similar phenomena have been noted in proc  es  sionary cat  er  pillars and fish
ant ven  om is any of or a mixture of irrit  ants and toxins inflicted by ants most ants spray or inject a ven  om the main constituent of which is form  ic acid only in the case of sub  family form  ic  in  ae
in chemistry antagonism is a phenomenon where  in two or more agents in combination have an overall effect that is less than the sum of their individual effects the word is most commonly used in this context in bio  chemistry and toxico  logy interference in the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure for instance a recep  tor antagon  ist is an agent that reduces the response that a lig  and produces when the recep  tor antagon  ist binds to a recep  tor on a cell an example of this is the inter  leuk  in 1 recep  tor antagon  ist the opposite of antagonism is synergy it is a negative type of syner  g  ism experiments with different combinations show that b  inary mixtures of phen  ol  ics can lead to either a syner  ge  tic antioxid  ant effect or to an antagon  istic effect
an  tec  ed  ent contained deletion ac  d also called an  tec  ed  ent contained el  lip  sis is a phenomenon found in contexts containing ver  b phrase el  lip  sis and a quanti  fier the el  lip  sis appears to be contained inside its an  tec  ed  ent which should result in an infinite reg  ress and thus un  gr  amm  atic  ality the problem arises in phrase structure gram  mars that take the constituent to be the fundamental unit of syn  tactic analysis it does not arise if the cat  ena is taken to be the fundamental unit the cat  ena is associated with dependency gram  mars dgs
the antenna effect more formally plasma induced gate oxide damage is an effect that can potentially cause yield and reliability problems during the manufacture of mos integrated circuits fab  s normally supply antenna rules which are rules that must be obeyed to avoid this problem a violation of such rules is called an antenna violation the word antenna is something of a mis  no  mer in this context — the problem is really the collection of charge not the normal meaning of antenna which is a device for converting electromagnetic fields to from electrical currents occasionally the phrase antenna effect is used in this context but this is less common since there are many effects and the phrase does not make clear which is meant figure 1 a shows a side view of a typical net in an integrated circuit each net will include at least one driver which must contain a source or drain diffusion in newer technology implan  tation is used and at least one receiver which will consist of a gate electro  de over a thin gate di  electric see figure 2 for a detailed view of a mos trans  is  tor since the gate di  electric is so thin only a few molecules thick a big worry is breakdown of this layer this can happen if the net somehow acquires a voltage somewhat higher than the normal operating voltage of the chip historically the gate di  electric has been silicon dioxide so most of the literature refers to gate oxide damage or gate oxide breakdown as of 2007 some manufacturers are replacing this oxide with various high κ di  electric materials which may or may not be oxides but the effect is still the same once the chip is fabric  ated this cannot happen since every net has at least some source drain impl  ant connected to it the source drain impl  ant forms a dio  de which breaks down at a lower voltage than the oxide either forward dio  de conduc  tion or reverse breakdown and does so non destruc  tively this protects the gate oxide however during the construction of the chip the oxide may not be protected by a dio  de this is shown in figure 1 b which is the situation while metal 1 is being et  ched since metal 2 is not built yet there is no dio  de connected to the gate oxide so if a charge is added in any way to the metal 1 shape as shown by the lightning bolt it can rise to the level of breaking down the gate oxide in particular reactive ion et  ching of the first metal layer can result in exactly the situation shown the metal on each net is disconnected from the initial global metal layer and the plasma et  ching is still adding charges to each piece of metal leak  y gate oxides although bad for power dissip  ation are good for avoiding damage from the antenna effect a leak  y oxide can prevent a charge from building up to the point of causing oxide breakdown this leads to the somewhat surprising observation that a very thin gate oxide is less likely to be damaged than a thick gate oxide because as the oxide grows thin  ner the leakage goes up exponentially but the breakdown voltage shrin  ks only lin  early
in ob  ste  trics an  te  par  tum haemorrha  ge ap  h also prepar  tum hemorrha  ge is genital bleeding during pregnancy from the 24 th week sometimes defined as from the 20 th week gest  ational age to term it can be associated with reduced fe  tal birth weight in regard to treatment it should be considered a medical emergency regardless of whether there is pain and medical attention should be sought immediately as if it is left untreated it can lead to death of the mother and or fe  tus
an  terior cere  br  al artery syndrome is a condition whereby the blood supply from the an  terior cere  br  al artery aca is restricted leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel the medi  al aspects of the frontal and par  ie  tal lob  es bas  al gang  lia an  terior for  ni  x and an  terior corpus cal  lo  sum depending upon the area and severity of the oc  clu  sion signs and symptoms may vary within the population affected with aca syndrome block  ages to the proxim  al a 1 segment of the vessel produce only minor deficits due to the collateral blood flow from the opposite hemisphere via the an  terior communicating artery oc  clu  sions dis  tal to this segment will result in more severe presentation of aca syndrome contr  al  ateral hem  ip  a  res  is and hemis  ens  ory loss of the lower extre  mity is the most common symptom associated with aca syndrome
a compartment syndrome is an increased pressure within a muscular compartment that compromises the circulation to the muscles
the an  terior cruci  ate lig  ament ac  l is an important internal stabili  zer of the knee joint restraining hyper  extension an  terior cruci  ate lig  ament injury occurs when the lig  ament s biom  ec  han  ical limits are exceeded over stretched often with a hyper  extension mechanism formerly ac  l injuries occurred most often in a sports contact injury when other structures were frequently involved a particularly severe form of the contact injury is called the unhappy tri  ad or o don  ag  h  ue s tri  ad and involves the an  terior cruci  ate lig  ament the medi  al collateral lig  ament and the medi  al men  is  cus presently ac  l injury is more commonly a non contact injury such as a dis  mount from a lay  up in basketball both forms occur more frequently in athletes than in the general population and are prevalent in alpine ski  ing association football american football australian rules football basketball rug  by professional wrestling martial arts and artistic g  ym  nas  tics it is also known to be about three times more common in women than men the consequences of the injury depend on how much the stability of the knee is affected and the extent to which other structures have been involved and this can vary on a case by case basis if instability is evident particularly rot  atory instability then the men  is  ci will get injured sooner or later setting the scene for progressive degenerative ar  thri  tis of the knee
an  terior cu  taneous nerve entr  ap  ment syndrome ac  nes is a condition that causes chronic pain of the ab  domin  al wall it occurs when terminal branches of the lower thor  ac  ic inter  cost  al nerves 7 12 are ‘ entr  apped ’ in ab  domin  al muscles causing a severe loc  alized neuro  path  ic pain that is usually experienced at ven  tr  al portions of the ab  dom  en it is frequently overlooked and un  recognized although the incidence is estimated to be 1 2000 patients the relative un  familiarity with this condition often leads to significant diagnosis delays mis  diagnosis often resulting in unnecessary diagnostic interventions and futile procedures physicians tend to diagnose these patients with alleged irrit  able bo  wel syndrome or functional disorders as symptoms of the condition are not dis  positive
an  terior inter  osse  ous syndrome or kilo  h ne  vin syndrome i is a medical condition in which damage to the an  terior inter  osse  ous nerve ain a motor branch of the median nerve causes pain in the fore  arm and a characteristic weakness of the p  inc  er movement of the thumb and index finger most cases of ain syndrome are due to a transi  ent ne  uri  tis although compression of the ain can happen trauma to the median nerve have also been reported as a cause of ain syndrome although there is still controversy among upper extre  mity surgeons ain syndrome is now regarded as a ne  uri  tis infl  amm  ation of the nerve in most cases this is similar to par  son  age – turner syndrome although the exact eti  ology is unknown there is evidence that it is caused by an immune medi  ated response studies are limited and no random  ized controlled trials have been performed regarding the treatment of ain syndrome while the natural history of ain syndrome is not fully understood studies following patients who have been treated without surgery show that symptoms can resolve starting as late as one year after onset other retrospective studies have shown that there is no difference in outcome in sur  g  ically versus non  sur  g  ically treated patients surgical de  compression is rarely indicated in ain syndrome indications for considering surgery include a known space occupying le  sion that is com  pressing the nerve a mass and persistent symptoms beyond 1 year of conservative treatment
an  terior is  chem  ic op  tic neuro  pa  thy a  ion is a medical condition involving loss of vision due to damage to the op  tic nerve from insufficient blood supply a  ion is generally divided into two types arter  i  tic a  ion or aa  ion and non arter  i  tic a  ion na  ion or simply a  ion this article will focus primarily on non arter  i  tic a  ion
an  terior segment dys  genesis as  d is a failure of the normal development of the tissues of the an  terior segment of the eye it leads to anomalies in the structure of the mature an  terior segment associated with an increased risk of gl  au  coma and cor  ne  al op  acity pe  ters frequently mis  spelled peter s anomaly is a specific type of mes  en  ch  ym  al an  terior segment dys  genesis in which there is central cor  ne  al leuk  oma adhe  sions of the iris and cor  ne  a and ab  norm  alities of the poster  ior cor  ne  al st  roma desc  em  et s memb  rane cor  ne  al endo  the  lium lens and an  terior chamber
an  terior spinal artery syndrome also known as an  terior spinal cord syndrome is a medical condition where the an  terior spinal artery the primary blood supply to the an  terior portion of the spinal cord is interrupted causing is  chem  ia or inf  arc  tion of the spinal cord in the an  terior two thirds of the spinal cord and med  ul  la obl  ong  ata it is characterized by loss of motor function below the level of injury loss of sens  ations carried by the an  terior columns of the spinal cord pain and temperature and preservation of sens  ations carried by the poster  ior columns fine touch vibration and propri  o  ception an  terior spinal artery syndrome is the most common form of spinal cord inf  arc  tion
an  terior u  re  th  ral cancer is a disease in which m  align  ant cancer cells are found in the part of the u  re  th  ra that is closest to the outside of the body
an  ter  o  grade amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past while long term memories from before the event remain intact this is in contrast to retrograde amnesia where memories created prior to the event are lost while new memories can still be created both can occur together in the same patient to a large degree an  ter  o  grade amnesia remains a mysterious ail  ment because the precise mechanism of storing memories is not yet well understood although it is known that the regions involved are certain sites in the temporal cor  tex especially in the hippo  campus and nearby sub  cor  tical regions
an an  the  lion plural an  the  lia from late greek αν  θη  λ  ι  ος opposite the sun is a rare optical phenomenon appearing on the par  hel  ic circle opposite to the sun as a faint white hal  o not unlike a sun  dog how an  the  lions are formed is disputed walter tape among others has argued they are not separate hal  oes but simply where various hal  oes caused by horizon  tally oriented column shaped ice cryst  als coincide on the par  hel  ic circle to create a bright spot if this theory is correct an  the  lia should only appear together with these other hal  oes however an  the  lia occur unaccompanied by other plate crystal hal  oes thus scientists have produced alternative explanations the dutch professor s w vis  ser proposed they form by two exter  ior light reflections in quad  rang  ular pris  ms while robert green  ler has suggested two interior reflection in column shaped cryst  als produces the phenomenon while the an  the  lion area is usually spar  se on hal  oes in a complex display it features various rare op  tic phenomena flan  king the an  the  lion on the par  hel  ic circle are two 120 ° par  he  lia and two li  l  j  equ  ist par  he  lia caused by plate cryst  als the trick  er and diffuse ar  cs are produced in sing  ly oriented column cryst  als and form an an  kh like shape passing through the an  the  lion we  gen  er ar  cs occasionally crosses the sky to converge in the an  the  lion
anthrax is an infection caused by the bacter  ium bac  ill  us anth  rac  is it can occur in four forms skin inhal  ation intest  inal and injection symptoms begin between one day and two months after contracting the infection the skin form presents with a small bl  ister with surrounding sw  elling that often turns into a pain  less ul  cer with a black center the inhal  ation form presents with fever chest pain and short  ness of breath the intest  inal form presents with naus  ea v  om  iting diarr  hea or ab  domin  al pain the injection form presents with fever and an abs  c  ess at the site of drug injection anthrax is spread by contact with the spo  res of the bacteria which are often from infectious animal products contact is by breathing eating or through an area of broken skin it does not typically spread directly between people risk factors include people who work with animals or animal products travel  ers postal workers and military personnel diagnosis can be confirmed based on finding antibodies or the toxin in the blood or by culture of a sample from the infected site anthrax vaccination is recommended for people who are at high risk immun  izing animals against anthrax is recommended in areas where previous infections have occurred two months of antibiotics such as do  xy  cycl  ine or ci  prof  lo  x  ac  in after exposure can also prevent infection if infection occurs treatment is with antibiotics and possibly anti  toxin the type and number of antibiotics used depends on the type of infection anti  toxin is recommended for those with widespread infection anthrax among people is most common in africa and central and southern asia it also occurs fairly regularly in southern europe but is un  common in northern europe and north america globally at least 2 000 cases occur a year with about two cases a year in the united states skin infections represent more than 95 of cases without treatment the risk of death from skin anthrax is 24 for intest  inal infection the risk of death is 25 to 75 while in inhal  ed anthrax despite treatment it is around 50 to 80 until the 20 th century anthrax infections killed hundreds of thousands of people and other animals each year anthrax has been developed as a weapon by a number of countries in plant eating animals infection occurs when they eat or breathe in the spo  res while grazing carni  vores may become infected by eating infected animals
an anthro  pon  otic disease or anthro  pon  osis is an infectious disease in which a disease causing agent carried by humans is transferred to other animals it may cause the same disease or a different disease in other animals since humans do not generally inflict bite wounds on other animals the method of transmissions is always a soft contact such as skin to skin transmission an example is ch  y  tri  di  om  y  co  sis which can be spread by humans with the fun  gus on their skin handling fro  gs with bare hands the reverse situation a disease transmitted from animals to humans is known as zoonotic it can also be defined as a human to human infection with no animal vector
anthropo  pho  bia or anthro  pho  bia literally fear of man from greek άν  θρ  ω  πο  ς án  thro  pos man and φ  ό  β  ος ph  ó  bos fear also called inter  personal relation pho  bia or social pho  bia is pathological fear of people or human company anthropo  pho  bia is an extreme pathological form of sh  y  ness and ti  mid  ity being a form of social pho  bia it may manifest as fears of blu  shing or meeting others gaze awk  war  dness and un  eas  iness when appearing in society etc a specific japanese cultural form is known as tai  jin ky  o  fu  sh  o anthropo  pho  bia can be best defined as the fear of people in crowded situations but can also go beyond and leave the person uncomfortable when being around just one person conditions vary depending on the person some cases are mild and can be handled while more serious cases can lead to complete social withdrawal and the exclusive use of written and electronic communication
anti armenian sentiment also known as anti armen  i  anism and armen  opho  bia is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings dis  likes fears aversion der  ision and or prejudice towards armenians armenia and armenian culture modern anti armen  i  anism is usually expressed by opposition to the actions or existence of armenia aggressive denial of the armenian genocide or belief in an armenian conspiracy to fabric  ate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain
anti catholic riots were a phenomenon particularly in the english speaking world which tended to accompany the lifting of legal sanctions against the catholic minority in these countries examples included philadelphia anti catholic riots bath ma  ine anti catholic riot of 18  54 gordon riots in london 1969 northern ireland riots
anti french sentiment in the united states is the manifestation of fran  cop  ho  bia by americans it signifies a consistent hostility toward the government culture and people of france that employs stereotypes it has a strong relation with inner american political conflicts as french attitudes and status symbols were closely connected with parts of american elites and leaders in some cases anti french sentiment may be driven by xenophobia a general aversion toward foreigners
anti hindu  ism is a negative perception or religious intolerance against the practice and practitioners of hindu  ism anti hindu sentiments have been expressed by muslims in pakistan bangladesh malaysia and india leading to significant persecution of hindus in those regions there are also allegations of anti hindu  ism voiced by members of the hindu diaspora in the west against their host societies notably in the united states where these form part of the so called culture wars with cases such as the california textbook controversy over hindu history
anti n  m  da n methyl d as  part  ate recep  tor en  ce  ph  ali  tis also termed n  m  da recep  tor anti  body en  ce  ph  ali  tis is an acute form of en  ce  ph  ali  tis that is potentially lethal but has a high probability for recovery with treatment it is caused by an auto  immune reaction primarily against the nr 1 sub  unit of the n  m  da recep  tor different descriptions and syndro  mal designations for this disease existed in medical literature prior to 2007 but it was then that the disease was officially categ  orized and named by dr jose  p dal  ma  u and colleagues movement disorder relap  ses after her  pes simpl  ex virus 1 h  sv 1 en  ce  ph  ali  tis have been hypothe  sized to be secondary to post  viral auto  immunity recently a proportion of patients with h  sv 1 en  ce  ph  ali  tis h  se were shown to produce auto  antibodies against n  m  da recep  tors the condition is associated with tum  ours mostly ter  atom  as of the ov  aries and thus can be considered a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome however there are a substantial number of cases with no detec  table tum  our and in fact it appears that most patients do not have a tum  our
anti russian sentiment or rus  s  opho  bia is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings dis  likes fears aversion der  ision and or prejudice of russia russians and or russian culture a wide variety of mass culture clich  és about russia and russians exists many of these stereotypes were developed during the cold war and were used as elements of political war against the soviet union some of these prejudices are still observed in the discussions of the relations with russia negative representation of russia and russians in modern popular culture is also often described as functional as stereotypes about russia may be used for framing reality like creating an image of an enemy or an excuse or an explanation for compensatory reasons decades after the end of the cold war russians are still portrayed as hollywood s go to vill  ains on the other hand russian nationalists and apolog  ists of the politics of russia often use the allegations of rus  s  opho  bia as a form of propaganda to counter the criticism of russia
anti  anal  ge  sia is the ability of some endo  genous chemicals notably chol  ec  y  st  okin  in and n  europe  p  tide y to counter the effects of exo  genous anal  ges  ics such as morphine or endo  genous pain inhi  biting neuro  transmitters mod  ulators such as the endo  genous op  io  ids a learned form can be established using methods similar to the learning principle of conditioned inhi  bi  tion and has been demonstrated in rats
antibiotic candi  di  asis also known as i  atro  genic candi  di  asis is a candi  dal infection caused by antibiotic use
in genetics anticipation is a phenomenon whereby as a genetic disorder is passed on to the next generation the symptoms of the genetic disorder become apparent at an earlier age with each generation in most cases an increase of severity of symptoms is also noted anticipation is common in trin  uc  le  o  tide repeat disorders such as hun  t  ington s disease and my  o  tonic dy  stro  phy where a dynamic mutation in dna occurs all of these diseases have neuro  logical symptoms prior to the understanding of the genetic mechanism for anticipation it was debated whether anticipation was a true biological phenomenon or whether the earlier age of diagnosis was related to heightened awareness of disease symptoms within a family
anti  con  vul  sant sul  fon  amide hy  pers  ensi  tivity syndrome is a potentially serious hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction that can be seen with drugs with an aromatic amine chemical structure such as aromatic anti  con  vul  s  ants e g di  phen  yl  hy  dan  to  in phen  ob  ar  b  ital phen  y  to  in carb  amaz  ep  ine lam  o  tri  gine sul  fon  am  ides or other drugs with an aromatic amine proc  ain  amide cross re  activity should not occur between drugs with an aromatic amine and drugs without an aromatic amine e g sul  fon  y  lu  re  as thi  az  ide di  u  re  tics fu  ro  sem  ide and ace  ta  z  ol  amide therefore these drugs can be safely used in the future the hy  pers  ensi  tivity syndrome is characterized by a skin eruption that is initially mor  bil  li  form the rash may also be a severe stevens johnson syndrome or toxic ep  id  er  mal nec  rol  ysis systemic manifestations occur at the time of skin manifestations and include e  o  sin  ophi  lia hepatitis and inter  sti  tial ne  ph  ri  tis however a sub  group of patients may become hypo  thyro  id as part of an auto  immune thyro  idi  tis up to 2 months after the initiation of symptoms this kind of adverse drug reaction is caused by the accumulation of toxic metabol  ites it is not the result of an i  ge medi  ated reaction the risk of first degree relatives ’ developing the same hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction is higher than in the general population as this syndrome can present secondary to multiple anti  con  vul  s  ants the general term anti  con  vul  sant hy  pers  ensi  tivity syndrome is favored over the original descriptive term dil  anti  n hy  pers  ensi  tivity syndrome
an antic  ycl  one that is opposite to a cyclone is a weather phenomenon defined by the united states national weather service s glos  s  ary as a large scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure c  lock  wise in the northern hemisphere anti c  lock  wise in the southern hemisphere effects of surface based antic  ycl  ones include clearing skies as well as cool  er dri  er air fog can also form overnight within a region of higher pressure mid tro  po  spheric systems such as the sub  tropical ridge defl  ect tropical cycl  ones around their periphery and cause a temperature in  version inhi  biting free conv  ection near their center building up surface based ha  ze under their base antic  ycl  ones al  oft can form within warm core lows such as tropical cycl  ones due to descending cool air from the back  side of upper trou  ghs such as polar high  s or from large scale sinking such as the sub  tropical ridge
anti  depres  sant dis  continuation syndrome is a condition that can occur following the interruption dose reduction or dis  continuation of anti  depres  sant drugs including selective sero  ton  in re uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris or sero  ton  in – no  rep  in  eph  rine re  uptake inhi  bit  ors sn  ris the symptoms can include flu like symptoms and disturbances in sleep senses movement mood and thinking in most cases symptoms are mild short lived and resolve without treatment more severe cases are often successfully treated by reintroduction of the drug which usually leads to resolution within one day
anti  depres  sant treatment t  ach  y  phy  lax  is ad  t t  ach  y  phy  lax  is also known as pro  z  ac po  op out is a medical condition in which progressive or acute tolerance effects are seen following chronic administration of a drug ad  t t  ach  y  phy  lax  is specifically refers to a sudden decrease in response to selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris which are the most commonly prescribed anti  depres  s  ants although less commonly prescribed as anti  depres  s  ants having lost popularity following the introduction of ss  ris mono  amine oxid  ase inhi  bit  ors or ma  ois have also incurred a po  op out effect among depressed patients
in mathematics an anti  hom  om  orph  ism is a type of function defined on sets with multiplication that rever  ses the order of multiplication an anti  au  tomor  ph  ism is a bi  jec  tive anti  hom  om  orph  ism i e an anti  isom  orph  ism from a set to itself from being bi  jec  tive it follows that it has an in  verse and that the in  verse is also an anti  au  tomor  ph  ism
anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome or anti  phosp  holi  pid anti  body syndrome aps or ap  ls or often also hughes syndrome is an auto  immune hyper  co  ag  ul  able state caused by anti  phosp  holi  pid antibodies aps provo  kes blood clo  ts thro  m  bo  sis in both arter  ies and ve  ins as well as pregnancy related complications such as mis  carriage still  birth pre  term delivery and severe pre  ec  lam  p  sia the diagnostic criteria require one clinical event i e thro  m  bo  sis or pregnancy complic  ation and two anti  body blood tests spac  ed at least three months apart that confirm the presence of either lup  us anti  co  ag  ul  ant or anti β 2 gly  co  protein i since β 2 gly  co  protein i antibodies are a sub  set of anti cardi  oli  pin antibodies an anti cardi  oli  pin ass  ay can be performed as a less specific proxy anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome can be primary or secondary primary anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome occurs in the absence of any other related disease secondary anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome occurs with other auto  immune diseases such as systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le in rare cases aps leads to rapid organ failure due to generalised thro  m  bo  sis this is termed catastrophic anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome caps and is associated with a high risk of death anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome often requires treatment with anti  co  ag  ul  ant medication such as he  par  in to reduce the risk of further episodes of thro  m  bo  sis and improve the prog  no  sis of pregnancy war  far  in co  um  ad  in is not used during pregnancy because it can cross the plac  enta unlike he  par  in and is ter  ato  genic
anti  social personality disorder asp  d also known as dis  social personality disorder dp  d and soci  opathy is a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for or violation of the rights of others an impoverished moral sense or conscience is often apparent as well as a history of crime legal problems or impul  sive and aggressive behavior anti  social personality disorder is the name of the disorder as defined in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm dis  social personality disorder dp  d is the name of a similar or equivalent concept defined in the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems ic  d where it states that the diagnosis includes anti  social personality disorder both manu  als have similar but not identical criteria for diagno  sing the disorder both have also stated that their diagnoses have been referred to or include what is referred to as psychop  athy or soci  opathy but distinctions have been made between the concep  tu  alizations of anti  social personality disorder and psychop  athy with many researchers arguing that psychop  athy is a disorder that overlaps with but is distingu  ishable from asp  d
anti synthe  t  ase syndrome is a rare medical syndrome associated with inter  sti  tial lung disease der  mat  om  yo  si  tis and poly  my  osi  tis and other auto  immune diseases
anti  thro  m  bin iii deficiency abbreviated ati  ii deficiency is a deficiency of anti  thro  m  bin iii it is a rare hereditary disorder that generally comes to light when a patient suffers recurrent ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis and pul  mon  ary embol  ism and repeti  tive in  trau  ter  ine fe  tal death iu  fd inheritance is usually auto  som  al dominant though a few rec  essive cases have been noted the disorder was first described by e  ge  berg in 1965 the patients are treated with anti  co  ag  ul  ants or more rarely with anti  thro  m  bin concentrate in kidney failure especially ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome anti  thro  m  bin is lost in the urine leading to a higher activity of factor ii and factor x and in increased tendency to thro  m  bo  sis
ant  ley – bi  x  ler syndrome also called tra  pe  zo  ido  cephal  y sy  no  sto  sis syndrome is a rare very severe auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder characterized by mal  formations and de  form  ities affecting the majority of the skelet  on and other areas of the body
anton – bab  in  ski syndrome also known as visual ano  so  g  no  sia is a rare symptom of brain damage occurring in the oc  ci  p  ital lo  be those who suffer from it are cor  tically blind but affirm often quite adam  antly and in the face of clear evidence of their blindness that they are capable of seeing failing to accept being blind the suffer  er dismisses evidence of their condition and employs conf  ab  ulation to fill in the missing sensory input it is named after gabriel anton and joseph bab  in  ski
an an  tr  al fol  lic  le or secondary fol  lic  le is an o  vari  an fol  lic  le during a certain latter stage of fol  lic  ul  o  genesis definitions differ in where the shift into an an  tr  al fol  lic  le occurs in the staging of fol  lic  ul  o  genesis with some stating that it occurs when entering the secondary stage and others stating that it occurs when entering the tertiary stage
anxiety aggression driven depression also known as 5 ht related depression is a proposed subtype of major depres  sive disorder first proposed by the dutch psychiatrist herman m van pra  ag in 1996 van pra  ag has continued to write on this topic in subsequent academic articles
anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events these feelings may cause physical symptoms such as a fast heart rate and shak  iness there are a number of anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder specific pho  bia social anxiety disorder separation anxiety disorder ag  or  ap  ho  bia and panic disorder the disorder differs by what results in the symptoms people often have more than one anxiety disorder the cause of anxiety disorders is a combination of genetic and environmental factors risk factors include a history of child abuse a family history of mental disorders and poverty they often occur with other mental disorders particularly major depres  sive disorder personality disorder and substance use disorder to be diagnosed symptoms typically need to be present at least six months be more than would be expected for the situation and decrease functioning other psychiatric and medical problems that may result in similar symptoms including hyper  thyro  i  dis  m heart disease caff  eine alcohol or cannabis use and withdrawal from certain drugs without treatment anxiety disorders tend to remain treatment may include lifestyle changes counselling and medications counselling is typically with a type of cognitive behavi  our  al therapy medications such as anti  depres  s  ants or beta bloc  kers may improve symptoms about 12 of people are affected by an anxiety disorder in a given year they occur about twice as often in females as males and generally begin before the age of 25 the most common are specific pho  bia which affects nearly 12 and social anxiety disorder which affects 10 at some point in their life they affect those between the ages of 15 and 35 the most and become less common after the age of 55 rates appear to be higher in the united states and europe
an a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m is an enlargement dil  ation of the a  or  ta to greater than 1 5 times normal size they usually cause no symptoms except when rup  tured occasionally there may be ab  domin  al back or leg pain they are most commonly located in the ab  domin  al a  or  ta but can also be located in the thor  ac  ic a  or  ta a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms cause weakness in the wall of the a  or  ta and increase the risk of a  or  tic rupture when rupture occurs massive internal bleeding results and unless treated immediately shock and death can occur screening with ul  tras  ound is indicated in those at high risk prevention is by decreasing risk factors such as smoking treatment is either by open or endo  vascular surgery a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms resulted in about 152 000 deaths in 2013 up from 100 000 in 1990
a  or  tic dis  section occurs when a tear in the inside of the a  or  ta causes blood to flow between the layers of the wall of the a  or  ta forcing the layers apart in most cases this is associated with a sudden onset of severe chest or back pain often described as tearing in character there may also be v  om  iting swe  ating and ligh  the  ad  ed  ness other symptoms may result from decreased blood supply to other organs such as stroke or mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia a  or  tic dis  section can quickly lead to death as a result of not enough blood flow to the heart or rupture of the a  or  ta a  or  tic dis  section is more common in those with a history of high blood pressure a number of connec  tive tissue diseases that affect blood vessel wall strength such as mar  fan syndrome a bic  us  pid a  or  tic valve and previous heart surgery major trauma smoking cocaine use pregnancy a thor  ac  ic a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m infl  amm  ation of arter  ies and abnormal lip  id levels also increase the risk the diagnosis is confirmed with medical imaging such as compu  ted tom  o  graphy magnetic resonance imaging or ul  tras  ound there are two main types stanford type a which involve the first part of the a  or  ta and type b which do not prevention is by blood pressure control and not smoking the treatment of a  or  tic dis  section depends on the part of the a  or  ta involved surgery is usually required for dis  sections that involve the first part of the a  or  ta while those that do not can typically be treated with blood pressure and heart rate lowering unless complications result surgery may be done either by an opening in the chest or by endo  vascular an  eur  ys  m repair carried out from inside the blood vessels a  or  tic dis  section is relatively rare occurring at an estimated rate of 3 per 100 000 people every year it is more common in males than females the typical age at diagnosis is 63 with about 10 of cases occurring before 40 without treatment about half of people with type a die within three days and about 10 of people with type b die within a month the first case of a  or  tic dis  section described was in the examination of king george ii of great britain following his death in 1760 surgery for a  or  tic dis  section was introduced in the 1950 s by michael e deb  a  key
a  or  tic in  sufficiency ai also known as a  or  tic reg  urg  itation ar is the le  aking of the a  or  tic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ven  tric  ular di  ast  ole from the a  or  ta into the left ven  tric  le as a consequence the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal
central a  or  tic blood pressure cap or cas  p is the blood pressure at the root of a  or  ta studies have shown the importance of central a  or  tic pressure and its implications in assessing the efficacy of anti  hyper  ten  sive treatment with respect to cardiovascular risk factors the traditional method of measuring blood pressure in the arms has been shown to underestimate the efficacy of drugs such as am  lo  di  pine and overestimate the efficacy of those like at  en  olo  l a clinical trial demonstrated that different medications for lowering blood pressure have different effects on the central a  or  tic pressure and blood flow characteristics despite producing similar bran  ch  ial blood pressure readings the study also indicated that the cap is a better independent predic  tor of cardiovascular and ren  al outcome
a  or  tic rupture is the rupture or break  age of the a  or  ta the largest artery in the body a  or  tic rupture is a rare extremely dangerous condition the most common cause is an ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m that has rup  tured spontaneously a  or  tic rupture is distinct from a  or  tic dis  section which is a tear through the inner wall of the a  or  ta that can block the flow of blood through the a  or  ta to the heart or ab  domin  al organs an a  or  tic rupture can be classified according to its cause into one of the following main types traumatic a  or  tic rupture a  or  tic rupture secondary to an a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m
a  or  tic sten  osis as or a  os is the narrowing of the exit of the left ven  tric  le of the heart where the a  or  ta begins such that problems result it may occur at the a  or  tic valve as well as above and below this level it typically gets worse over time symptoms often come on gradually with a decreased ability to exercise often occurring first if heart failure loss of consciousness or heart related chest pain occurs due to as the outcomes are worse loss of consciousness typically occurs with standing or exercise signs of heart failure include short  ness of breath especially when lying down at night or with exercise and sw  elling of the legs thick  ening of the valve without narrowing is known as a  or  tic sclerosis causes include being born with a bic  us  pid a  or  tic valve and r  heu  matic fever a bic  us  pid a  or  tic valve affects about one to two percent of the population while r  heu  matic heart disease mostly occurring in the developing world a normal valve however may also har  den over the decades risk factors are similar to those of coron  ary artery disease and include smoking high blood pressure high cho  le  sterol diabetes and being male the a  or  tic valve usually has three leaf  lets and is located between the left ven  tric  le of the heart and the a  or  ta as typically results in a heart mur  m  ur its severity can be divided into mild moderate severe and very severe based on ul  tras  ound of the heart findings a  or  tic sten  osis is typically followed using repeated ul  tras  ounds once it has become severe treatment primarily involves valve replacement surgery with trans  cathe  ter a  or  tic valve replacement ta  v  r being an option in some who are at high risk from surgery valves may either be mechanical or bio  pro  s  thetic with each having risks and benefits another less invasive procedure balloon a  or  tic val  vul  op  la  sty b  av may result in benefit but this is for only for a few months complications like heart failure may be treated as per normal in those with mild to moderate as in those with severe disease a number of medications should be avoided including ace inhi  bit  ors nitro  gly  cer  in and some beta bloc  kers nitro  prus  side or phen  y  le  phr  ine may be used in those with de  compensated heart failure depending on the blood pressure a  or  tic sten  osis is the most common val  vul  ar heart disease in the developed world it affects about 2 of people who are over 65 years of age estimated rates are not known in most of the developing world as of 2014 in those who have symptoms without repair the chance of death at five years is about 50 and at 10 years is about 90 a  or  tic sten  osis was first described by french physician la  z  are ri  vi  ère in 16  63
a  or  ti  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the a  or  tic wall the disorder is potentially life threatening and rare it is reported that there are only 1 – 3 new cases of a  or  ti  tis per year per million people in the united states and europe a  or  ti  tis is most common in people 10 to 40 years of age
an a  or  to  enter  ic f  ist  ula is a connection between the a  or  ta and the intest  ines stomach or es  op  ha  g  eus there can be significant blood loss into the intest  ines resulting in bloody sto  ol and death it is usually secondary to an ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m repair
in medicine a  or  to  ili  ac oc  clu  sive disease also known as ler  iche s syndrome and ler  iche syndrome is a form of peripheral artery disease involving the block  age of the ab  domin  al a  or  ta as it transitions into the common ili  ac arter  ies
an a  or  top  ul  mon  ary sep  tal defect is a group of rare con  genital heart disorders that result from errors in the development of the a  or  ti  co  pul  mon  ary sep  tum there are numerous types types include persistent trun  cus arter  io  sus double outlet right ven  tric  le transposition of the great vessels tetr  alo  gy of fal  lot
a  os  ag  ino  hi or a  os  ag  i  bi 青  鷺  火 blue her  on fire is a phenomenon illustrated by tori  y  ama se  ki  en in his kon  jak  u gaz  u z  ok  u hy  ak  ki it depic  ts a night her  on with a myster  iously illumin  ated body fol  kl  ore built around the phenomenon tells a story of an old black crowned night her  on transforming into a y  ok  ai the her  ons feathers fuse into shining scales that give off an i  ri  descent blue light in the dark of night the y  ok  ai s breath is also said to release golden powder into the air that collects to form a heat less fi  ery light though this light eventually dissip  ates in the wind the harmless creature is said to flee from human contact retaining a normal her  on s sh  y  ness legend also warns to not confuse the glim  mering blue white light with oni  bi lights
ape hand de  form  ity also known as si  mi  an hand is a de  form  ity in humans who cannot move the thumb away from the rest of the hand it is an inability to abduc  t the thumb abduction of the thumb refers to the specific capacity to orient the thumb per  pend  ic  ularly to the ven  tr  al pal  mar surface of the hand opposition refers specifically the ability to swing the first me  tac  ar  pal such that the tip of the thumb may touch the dis  tal end of the 5 th p  hal  an  x and if we put the hand on the table as the palm upward the thumb can not point to the sky the ape hand de  form  ity is caused by damage to the proxim  al median nerve and subsequent loss of oppon  ens pol  lic  is muscle function the name ape hand de  form  ity is misleading as apes have op  pos  able thum  bs it can occur with an injury of the median nerve either at the el  bow or the wrist imp  airing the th  en  ar muscles and oppon  ens pol  lic  is muscle ape hand de  form  ity is one aspect of median nerve pal  sy which is usually caused by deep injuries to the arm fore  arm and wrist area
ap  ert syndrome is a form of acro  cephal  o  syn  d  ac  ty  ly a con  genital disorder characterized by mal  formations of the skull face hands and feet it is classified as a bran  ch  ial arch syndrome affecting the first bran  ch  ial or phar  yn  ge  al arch the precursor of the max  illa and man  di  ble disturbances in the development of the bran  ch  ial ar  ches in fe  tal development create lasting and widespread effects in 1906 eu  g  ène ap  ert a french physician described nine people sharing similar attributes and characteristics lingu  is  tically ac  ro is greek for peak referring to the peaked head that is common in the syndrome cephal  o also from greek is a combining form meaning head syn  d  ac  ty  ly refers to web  bing of fingers and toes in embry  ology the hands and feet have selective cells that die called selective cell death or apop  to  sis causing separation of the digits in the case of acro  cephal  o  syn  d  ac  ty  ly selective cell death does not occur and skin and rarely bone between the fingers and toes fuses the cran  ial bones are affected as well similar to c  rou  z  on syndrome and p  fe  i  ffer syndrome cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis occurs when the fe  tal skull and facial bones fuse too soon in uter  o disrupting normal bone growth fusion of different su  tures leads to different patterns of growth on the skull examples include tri  gon  o  cephal  y fusion of the me  topic su  ture br  ach  y  cephal  y fusion of the cor  onal su  ture and lam  b  do  id su  ture bilaterally dol  ic  ho  cephal  y fusion of the sag  it  tal su  ture pl  ag  io  cephal  y fusion of cor  onal and lam  b  do  idal su  tures unilaterally and oxy  cephal  y or tur  ric  ep  hal  y fusion of cor  onal and lam  b  do  id su  tures findings for the incidence of the syndrome in the population have varied with estimates as low as 1 birth in 200 000 provided and 160 000 given as an average by older studies a study conducted in 1997 however by the california birth defects monitoring program found an incidence rate of 1 in 80 645 out of almost 2 5 million live births another study conducted in 2002 by the cran  io  facial center north texas hospital for children found a higher incidence of about 1 in 65 000 live births
in telecommunication aper  ture to medium coupling loss is the difference between the theoretical antenna gain of a very large antenna such as the anten  nas in beyond the horizon microwave links and the gain that can be realized in practice note 1 aper  ture to medium coupling loss is related to the ratio of the scat  ter angle to the antenna be  am  width note 2 the very large anten  nas are referred to in wa  vel  eng  ths thus this loss can apply to line of sight systems also
ap  ha  k  ia is the absence of the lens of the eye due to surgical removal a per  for  ating wound or ul  cer or con  genital anomaly it causes a loss of accommodation far sightedness hyper  op  ia and a deep an  terior chamber complications include det  achment of the vit  re  ous or re  tina and gl  au  coma babies are rarely born with ap  ha  k  ia occurrence most often results from surgery to remove con  genital cat  ar  acts clou  ding of the eyes lens which can block light from entering the eye and focusing clearly con  genital cat  ar  acts usually develop as a result of infection of the fe  tus or genetic reasons it is often difficult to identify the exact cause of these cat  ar  acts especially if only one eye is affected people with ap  ha  k  ia have relatively small pupils and their pupils di  late to a lesser degree
ap  hal  an  gia is a syndrome with the characteristic absence of the p  hal  an  x bone on one or more digits
ap  hal  lia is a con  genital mal  formation in which the ph  all  us penis or cl  it  or  is is absent it is the female counterpart of pen  ile agen  esis and tes  tic  ular agen  esis the word is derived from the greek a for not and p  hal  los for penis it is classified as an inter  sex condition
ap  han  ta  sia is the suggested name for a condition where one does not possess a functioning mind s eye and cannot vis  u  alize imag  ery the phenomenon was first described by francis gal  ton in 18  80 but remained largely un  studied since interest in the phenomenon renewed after the publication of a study by a team led by pr  of adam z  eman of the university of ex  eter which also coined the term ap  han  ta  sia research on the subject is still scarce but further studies are being planned
ap  ha  sia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions caused either by a cere  br  al vascular accident c  va which is also known as a stroke or head trauma such as with a con  cus  sion ap  ha  sia can cause impair  ments in speech and language modalities to be diagnosed with ap  ha  sia a person s speech or language must be significantly impaired in one or several of the four communication modalities following acquired brain injury or have significant decline over a short time period progressive ap  ha  sia the four communication modalities are aud  itory comprehension verbal expression reading and writing and functional communication the difficulties of people with ap  ha  sia can range from occasional trouble finding words to losing the ability to speak read or write intelligence however is unaffected ap  ha  sia also affects visual language such as sign language in contrast the use of formul  a  ic expressions in everyday communication is often preserved one prevalent deficit in the ap  ha  si  as is anom  ia which is a deficit in word finding ability the term ap  ha  sia implies that one or more communication modalities have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly ap  ha  sia does not refer to damage to the brain that results in motor or sensory deficits as it is not related to speech which is the verbal aspect of communicating but rather the individual s language an individual s language is the socially shared set of rules as well as the thought processes that go behind verb  alized speech it is not a result of a more peripheral motor or sensory difficulty such as paralysis affecting the speech muscles or a general hearing impairment ap  ha  sia is from greek a without ph  á  sis φά  σ  ις speech the word ap  ha  sia comes from the word ἀ  φα  σ  ία ap  ha  sia in ancient greek which means spe  ech  lessness derived from ἄ  φ  ατ  ος ap  hat  os spe  ech  less from ἀ a not un and φ  η  μ  ί ph  emi i speak
in ph  one  tics ap  her  esis ə  ˈ  f  ɛ  r  ᵻ  s  ɪ  s ə  ˈ  f  ɪ  ə  r  ᵻ  s  ɪ  s british english ap  ha  er  esis is the loss of one or more sounds from the beginning of a word especially the loss of an un  stressed vo  wel thus producing a new form called an ap  he  tism ˈ  æ  f  ɪ  t  ɪ  z  ᵊ  m
aph  th  ous stom  ati  tis is a common condition characterized by the repeated formation of benign and non contagious mouth ul  cers aph  th  ae in otherwise healthy individuals the informal term can  ker so  res is also used mainly in north america although this may also refer to any mouth ul  cer the cause is not completely understood but involves a t cell medi  ated immune response triggered by a variety of factors different individuals have different triggers which may include nutritional deficiencies local trauma stress hormonal influences allergies genetic pre  disposition or other factors these ul  cers occur periodically and heal completely between attacks in the majority of cases the individual ul  cers last about 7 – 10 days and ul  cer  ation episodes occur 3 – 6 times per year most appear on the non ker  at  ini  zing epi  the  li  al surfaces in the mouth i e anywhere except the attached g  ing  iva the hard pal  ate and the dor  sum of the tongue although the more severe forms which are less common may also involve ker  at  ini  zing epi  the  li  al surfaces symptoms range from a minor nuisance to interfering with eating and drinking the severe forms may be deb  il  itating even causing weight loss due to malnutrition the condition is very common affecting about 20 of the general population to some degree the onset is often during childhood or adoles  cence and the condition usually lasts for several years before gradually disappearing there is no cure and treatments aim to manage pain reduce healing time and reduce the frequency of episodes of ul  cer  ation the term is from from greek αφ  θα aph  tha meaning mouth ul  cer
ap  ical dominance is the phenomenon whereby the main central stem of the plant is dominant over i e grows more strongly than other side stems on a branch the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its own side bran  ch  lets plant physi  ology describes ap  ical dominance as the control exerted by the terminal bud and shoot ap  ex over the out  growth of lateral bu  ds
ap  i  co  phil  icity is the phenomenon in which electro  negative substitu  ents of tri  g  onal bi  pyram  idal pen  ta  coordinate compounds prefer to occupy ap  ical positions lap the term ap  i  co  phil  icity was first proposed by earl l mu  et  ter  ties in 1963 for the structural analysis of pen  ta  coordinate phosphorus flu  ori  des by 19 f n  mr since the ap  ical bon  ding of a pen  ta  coordinate typical group 1 2 13 18 element compound consists of a 3 center 4 electr  on bond in which the electr  on density is loc  alized on two ap  ical substitu  ents an arrangement in which electro  negative substitu  ents occupy ap  ical positions is more stable the ap  i  co  phil  icity of a substitu  ent is defined as the difference in energy between two isom  eric structures in which the substitu  ent occupies an ap  ical position and an equatorial position le  q experim  entally instead of direct measurement of the energy difference which is usually difficult to measure the relative energy barriers for pseu  doro  tation of isom  ers are used for determination of the ap  i  co  phil  icity scale some experimental and theoretical studies have been made to measure relative ap  i  co  phil  ic  ities for various substitu  ents the ap  i  co  phil  icity of a substitu  ent mainly depends on its electro  neg  ativity but some other factors can also have an effect a bul  ky substitu  ent prefers equatorial positions which are more distant from other substitu  ents a substitu  ent with π bon  ding ability also prefers equatorial positions the use of multi  d  ent  ate lig  ands can also control the arrangement of substitu  ents for example a bi  d  ent  ate lig  and with a five memb  ered ring structure greatly stabili  zes the arrangement in which their two coordination sites occupy an ap  ical and an equatorial position p  cl  f 4 pc  l 2 f 3 pc  l 3 f 2 pc  l 4 f
ap  la  sia from greek a not no plas  is mol  ding is defined in general as defective development or con  genital absence of an organ or tissue in the field of hem  at  ology the term refers to incomplete retar  ded or defective development or cessation of the usual regener  ative process
ap  la  sia cu  tis con  gen  ita also known as cu  tis ap  la  sia con  genital absence of skin and con  genital scars is the most common con  genital cic  at  ric  ial al  op  ec  ia and is a con  genital focal absence of ep  id  er  mis with or without evidence of other layers of the skin it can be associated with jo  han  son bli  zz  ard syndrome ad  ams oliver syndrome tr  is  omy 13 and wolf hir  sch  horn syndrome it can also seen with exposure to meth  im  azole and carb  im  azole in uter  o this der  mat  ological manifestation has been linked to pep  ti  d  ase d hap  lo  in  sufficiency and a deletion in chro  mo  some 19
ap  l  astic an  emia is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and the hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cells that reside there are damaged this causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types pan  cy  top  enia red blood cells an  emia white blood cells leuk  open  ia and plat  el  ets thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia ap  l  astic refers to inability of the stem cells to generate mature blood cells it is most prevalent in people in their teens and tw  en  ties but is also common among the elderly it can be caused by exposure to chemicals drugs radiation immune disease and here  dity however in about half the cases the cause is unknown the definitive diagnosis is by bone marrow biopsy normal bone marrow has 30 – 70 blood stem cells but in ap  l  astic an  emia these cells are mostly gone and replaced by fat first line treatment for ap  l  astic an  emia consists of immun  o  sup  pres  sive drugs typically either anti lymp  ho  cy  te glob  ulin or anti thy  mo  cy  te glob  ulin combined with cor  ti  co  ster  oids and cic  los  por  in hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cell transplantation is also used especially for patients under 30 years of age with a related matched marrow donor
ap  ne  a of pre  maturity is defined as cessation of breathing by a premature infant that lasts for more than 20 seconds and or is accompanied by hypo  x  ia or brad  y  car  dia ap  ne  a is traditionally classified as either obstruc  tive central or mixed obstruc  tive ap  ne  a may occur when the infant s neck is hyper  fl  ex  ed or conversely hyper  extended it may also occur due to low phar  yn  ge  al muscle tone or to infl  amm  ation of the soft tissues which can block the flow of air though the phar  yn  x and vocal cords central ap  ne  a occurs when there is a lack of respiratory effort this may result from central nervous system im  maturity or from the effects of medications or illness many episodes of ap  ne  a of pre  maturity may start as either obstruc  tive or central but then involve elements of both becoming mixed in nature
ap  ne  us  tic respir  ation a k a ap  ne  us  is is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief insufficient release accompanying signs and symptoms may include dec  ere  br  ate posturing fixed dil  ated pupils coma or profound stu  por quad  ri  pa  res  is absent cor  ne  al reflex negative oc  ul  o  cephal  ic reflex and obliter  ation of the ga  g reflex
in ph  on  ology apo  cope ə  ˈ  p  ɒ  k  ə  pi  ː is the loss of one or more sounds from the end of a word and especially the loss of an un  stressed vo  wel
apo  cr  ine g  land carcin  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by skin le  sions which form in the ax  illa or ano  genital regions
an apo  cr  ine nev  us is an extremely rare cu  taneous condition that is composed of hyper  plastic mature apo  cr  ine g  lands
a  poli  po  protein b deficiency also known as famili  al defective a  poli  po  protein b 100 is an auto  som  al dominant disorder resulting from a mis  sense mutation which reduces the aff  inity of apo  b 100 for the low density li  po  protein recep  tor ld  l recep  tor see native ld  l apo  b structure at 37 ° c on you  tube this causes impair  ments in ld  l cat  abol  ism resulting in increased levels of low density li  po  protein in the blood the clinical manifestations are similar to diseases produced by mutations of the ld  l recep  tor such as famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia treatment may include ni  ac  in or stati  n or e  ze  timi  be it is also known as nor  mo  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ic hypo  bet  ali  po  prote  in  emia
a  pol  ysis ancient greek ἀ  π  ό  λ  υ  σ  ις discharge lit ab  solution is the separation of the cu  tic  ula from the ep  id  er  mis in ar  thro  pods and related groups ec  dy  so  zo  a since the cu  tic  ula of these animals is also the sk  el  etal support of the body and is in  elastic it is shed during growth and a new covering of larger dimensions is formed during this process an ar  thro  pod becomes dormant for a period of time enzymes are secre  ted to dig  est the inner layers of the existing cu  tic  le det  aching the animal from the outer cu  tic  le this allows the new cu  tic  le to develop without being exposed to the environmental elements after a  pol  ysis ec  d  ysis occurs ec  d  ysis is the actual emergence of the ar  thro  pod into the environment and always occurs directly after a  pol  ysis the newly emerged animal then hard  ens and continues its life
an apor  im  e is a problem difficult to resolve and which has never been resolved though it may not be in itself impossible the word is derived from the greek ἄ  πο  ρο  ν which signifies something very difficult and impracticable being formed from the priv  ative α and π  ό  ρο  ς passage when a question was proposed to any of the ancient greek philosophers especially of the sect of academ  ists if he could not give a solution his answer was ἀ  πο  ρο  ῶ q d i do not conceive it i cannot see through it i am not able to clear it up
a  pos  thia is a rare con  genital condition in humans in which the fores  kin of the penis is missing toward the end of the nineteenth century e s tal  bot claimed in medicine that a  pos  thia among jews was evidence for the now discredited lam  ar  ck  ian theory of evolution in his work the variation of animals and plants under domes  tication charles darwin also mentioned cases of born circum  c  ised babies as conclusive evidence for the now discredited blending inheritance it is likely that the cases he described were actually hypo  sp  adi  as a condition in which the ur  inary me  atus is on the under  side of the penis neither condition has been shown to have a higher frequency in jews or muslims
a  pot  em  no  phi  lia is a neuro  logical disorder characterized by the intense and long standing desire for ampu  tation of a specific limb or a need to become paralyzed blind or deaf another more recent term for it is body integrity identity disorder bi  id in which otherwise san  e and rational individuals express a strong and specific desire for the ampu  tation of a healthy limb or limbs a  pot  em  no  phi  lia has features in common with som  at  op  ar  aph  ren  ia some a  pot  em  no  ph  iles seek surgeons to perform an ampu  tation or purpose  fully inj  ure a limb in order to force emergency medical ampu  tation a separate definition of a  pot  em  no  phi  lia is erotic interest in being or looking like an ampu  tee this separate definition should not be confused with acro  tom  ophi  lia which is the erotic interest in people who are ampu  tees a  pot  em  no  phi  lia was first described in a 1977 article by psychologists greg  g fur  th and john money a  pot  em  no  phi  lia two cases of self demand ampu  tation as par  ap  hi  lia more recently 2008 v s ram  ach  andr  an david bran  g and paul d mc  geo  ch have proposed that it is a neuro  logical disorder caused by an incomplete body image map in the right par  ie  tal lo  be however the notion of a body image map loc  alized to one area of the brain is not supported by contemporary neuro  science the par  ie  tal cor  tex has widely distributed functional neuro  nal networks and the prospect that the body image in the brain could be loc  alized to some specific cere  br  al location has not stood the test of time with our changing views of ne  ural activity and integration from the neuro  anatom  ical point of view there can be no strict loc  alization of the perceived body the study carried out david bran  g paul mc  geo  ch and v s ram  ach  andr  an in 2008 was only able to work with two subjects in 2011 paul mc  geo  ch et al published the results of an experiment in which they were able to obtain meg images of the par  ie  tal lob  es for four research subjects three of whom desired ampu  tation mc  geo  ch and his co researchers concluded that the images suggest that inadequate activation of the right superior par  ie  tal lo  be sp  l leads to the unnatural situation in which the sufferers can feel the limb in question being touched without it actually incorporating into their body image with a resulting desire for ampu  tation michael first a psychiatrist at columbia university has pointed out that the theory advanced by ram  ach  andr  an and his colleagues fails to account for the fact that people who desire ampu  tation of a limb sometimes change their preference as to which limb they would like to have am  put  ated in 2011 a group of researchers at the university of southern california brain and creativity institute proposed an alternative hypothesis these researchers proposed that individuals with bi  id may have a discrepancy between the commands from the motor cor  tex to the par  ie  tal lo  be and from the sensory feedback to the same regions in the par  ie  tal lo  be this theory was based on the discovery that individuals who desire ampu  tation sometimes experience phantom limbs after ampu  tation
apparent leuk  ony  ch  ia is a cu  taneous condition characterized by white dis  color  ation of the nail that f  ades with pressure
apparent life threatening events al  te also known as a brief resolved un  explained event bru  e is when a baby for less than a minute has one or more of blu  ish skin poor breathing weakness or poor responsiveness by the time they are assessed in a healthcare environment they must be back to normal
apparent miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id excess ame is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder causing hyper  tension high blood pressure and hypo  kal  emia abnormally low levels of potassium the condition responds to glu  co  cor  ti  co  id treatment it results from mutations in the h  s  d 11 b 2 gene which en  codes the kidney iso  zy  me of 11 β hydroxy  ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase type 2 in an unaffected individual this iso  zy  me in  activ  ates circulating cor  ti  sol to the less active metabol  ite cor  tis  one the in  activating mutation leads to elevated local concentrations of cor  ti  sol in the kidney cor  ti  sol at high concentrations can cross react and activate the miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id recep  tor leading to al  do  ster  one like effects in the kidney this is what causes the hypo  kal  emia hyper  tension and hyper  nat  re  mia associated with the syndrome other conditions such as li  ddle s syndrome can mim  ic the clinical features of ame so diagnosis can be made by calculating the ratio of free ur  inary cor  ti  sol to free ur  inary cor  tis  one since ame patients create less cor  tis  one the ratio will much be higher than non affected patients alternatively one could differentiate between the two syndro  mes by administering a potassium spar  ing di  u  re  tic patients with li  ddle s syndrome will only respond to a di  u  re  tic that binds the en  ac channel whereas those with ame will respond to a di  u  re  tic that binds to en  ac or the miner  al  cor  ti  co  id recep  tor ame is exceedingly rare with fewer than 100 cases recorded worldwide liqu  or  ice consumption may also cause a temporary form of ame due to its ability to block 11 β hydroxy  ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase type 2 in turn causing increased levels of cor  ti  sol cessation of lic  or  ice consumption will reverse this form of ame
in freshwater or marine systems apparent oxygen utilisation a  ou is the difference between the measured dissolved oxygen concentration and its equilibrium satur  ation concentration in water with the same physical and chemical properties such differences typically occur when biological activity acts to change the ambient concentration of oxygen for example primary production liber  ates oxygen and increases its concentration while respir  ation consumes it and decreases its concentration consequently the a  ou of a water sample represents the sum of the biological activity that the sample has experienced since it was last in equilibrium with the atmosphere in shallow water systems e g lakes the full water column is generally in close contact with the atmosphere so oxygen concentrations are typically close to satur  ation a  ou values are low in deep water systems e g oceans water can be out of contact with the atmosphere for extremely long periods of time years decades centuries and large a  ou values are possible
appeal to motive is a pattern of argument which consists in challenging a thesis by calling into question the motives of its propos  er it can be considered as a special case of the ad hom  in  em circum  stan  tial argument as such this type of argument may be an informal fall  acy a common feature of appeals to motive is that only the possibility of a motive however small is shown without showing the motive actually existed or if the motive did exist that the motive played a role in forming the argument and its conclusion indeed it is often assumed that the mere possibility of motive is evidence enough
the appe  l reaction is an organic reaction that conver  ts an alcohol into an al  ky  l chloride using tri  phen  yl  phosp  h  ine and carbon tetr  ach  l  oride the use of carbon tetr  ab  ro  mi  de or bro  mine as a hali  de source will yield al  ky  l bromi  des whereas using carbon tetr  ai  o  di  de methyl io  di  de or i  od  ine gives al  ky  l io  di  des the reaction is credited to and named after ro  lf appe  l it had however been described earlier the use of this reaction is becoming less common due to carbon tetr  ach  l  oride being restricted under the montreal protocol the appe  l reaction drawbacks to the reaction are the use of toxic halo  gen  ating agents and the co  production of organ  op  hosp  hor  us product that must be separated from the organic product the phosphorus re  agent can be used in catalytic quantities the corresponding al  ky  l bromide can also be syn  thes  ised by addition of lith  ium bromide as a source of bromide ions catalytic appe  l reaction scheme
append  ic  i  tis is infl  amm  ation of the appendix append  ic  i  tis commonly presents with right lower ab  domin  al pain naus  ea v  om  iting and decreased appetite however approximately 40 of people do not have these typical signs and symptoms severe complications of a rup  tured appendix include widespread painful infl  amm  ation of the inner lining of the ab  domin  al wall and sep  sis append  ic  i  tis is caused by a block  age of the hollow portion of the appendix most commonly by a calci  fied stone made of f  ec  es infl  amed lymp  ho  id tissue from a viral infection parasites gall  stone or tumors may also cause the block  age this block  age leads to increased pressures in the appendix decreased blood flow to the tissues of the appendix and bacterial growth inside the appendix causing infl  amm  ation the combination of infl  amm  ation reduced blood flow to the appendix and dist  ention of the appendix causes tissue injury and tissue death if this process is left untreated the appendix may burst releasing bacteria into the ab  domin  al cav  ity leading to severe ab  domin  al pain and increased complications the diagnosis of append  ic  i  tis is largely based on the person s signs and symptoms in cases where the diagnosis cannot be made based on the person s history and physical exam close observation radio  graphic imaging and laboratory tests can be helpful the two most common imaging tests used are ul  tras  ound and compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct scan ct scan has been shown to be more accurate than ul  tras  ound in detecting acute append  ic  i  tis however ul  tras  ound may be preferred as the first imaging test in children and pregnant women because of the risks associated with radiation exposure from ct sc  ans the standard treatment for acute append  ic  i  tis is surgical removal of the appendix this may be done by an open inc  ision in the ab  dom  en l  apar  o  tomy or through a few smaller incis  ions with the help of cameras l  apar  o  sco  py surgery decreases the risk of side effects or death associated with rupture of the appendix antibiotics may be equally effective in certain cases of non rup  tured append  ic  i  tis it is one of the most common and significant causes of severe ab  domin  al pain that comes on quickly worldwide in 2013 about 16 million cases of append  ic  i  tis occurred this resulted in 72 000 deaths globally in the united states append  ic  i  tis is the most common cause of acute ab  domin  al pain requiring surgery each year in the united states more than 300 000 people with append  ic  i  tis have their appendix sur  g  ically removed reg  in  ald fit  z is credited with being the first person to describe the condition in a paper published in 18  86
appendix cancer or append  ice  al cancers are rare m  align  ancies of the ver  mi  form appendix gastro  intest  inal st  rom  al tumors are rare tumors with m  align  ant potential primary lymp  hom  as can occur in the appendix breast cancer col  on cancer and tumors of the female genital tract may me  tast  asi  ze to the appendix
appetite is the desire to eat food sometimes due to hunger appealing foods can stimulate appetite even when hunger is absent appetite exists in all higher life forms and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabol  ic needs it is regulated by a close interplay between the dig  estive tract adi  pose tissue and the brain appetite has a relationship with every individual s behavior appeti  tive and consum  matory behavi  ours are the only processes that involve energy intake whereas all other behavi  ours affect the release of energy when stressed appetite levels may increase and result in an increase of food intake decreased desire to eat is termed an  ore  x  ia while poly  p  ha  gia or hyper  p  ha  gia is increased eating dys  regulation of appetite contributes to an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa c  ach  ex  ia over  eating and binge eating disorder
an apple doll is a north american cultural phenomenon where the doll s head is made from dried apples the apple is peeled then carved with the facial features of the doll next the apple is left to dry for several days or weeks when completely dry the apple is positioned on the top of a wire frame which is shaped into the rest of the doll s body the rest of the wire frame is covered up by the doll s clothing which is usually se  wn by hand in modern times apple dol  ls are mostly used as decor  ations or to display craf  ts  manship rather than as children s toys because of the different effects drying produces no two dol  ls are alike
apple sc  ab is a disease of mal  us trees such as apple trees caused by the as  com  y  ce  te fun  gus vent  ur  ia in  a  equ  alis the disease manifests as dull black or grey brown le  sions on the surface of tree leaves bu  ds or fruits le  sions may also appear less frequently on the woody tissues of the tree fruits and the under  sides of leaves are especially susceptible the disease rarely kills its host but can significantly reduce fruit yields and fruit quality affected fruits are less marketable due to the presence of the black fun  gal le  sions
applied ecology is a sub  field within ecology which considers the application of the science of ecology to real world usually management questions it is an integrated treatment of the ecological social and biotechnological aspects of natural resource conservation and management it is also called ecological or environmental technology applied ecology typically focuses on ge  om  or  pho  logy soils and plant communities as the underpin  nings for vegetation and wildlife both game and non game management aspects of applied ecology include agro ecosystem management biodiversity conservation biotechnology conservation biology ecosystem restoration habitat management invasive species management protected areas management rang  eland management restoration ecology major journals in the field include journal of applied ecology ecological applications applied ecology and environmental research related organizations include institute for applied ecology usa kazak  h agency of applied ecology ö  ko institut institute for applied ecology in germany
in mathematics and computer science apply is a function that applies functions to arguments it is central to programming languages derived from lam  b  da calcul  us such as lis  p and scheme and also in functional languages it has a role in the study of the den  ot  ational sem  an  tics of computer programs because it is a continuous function on complete partial orders apply is also a continuous function in hom  ot  op  y theory and indeed underpins the entire theory it allows a hom  ot  op  y de  formation to be viewed as a continuous path in the space of functions likewise valid mutations ref  ac  tor  ings of computer programs can be seen as those that are continuous in the scott topo  logy the most general setting for apply is in category theory where it is right ad  joint to cur  rying in closed mono  idal categories a special case of this are the car  te  sian closed categories whose internal language is simply ty  ped lam  b  da calcul  us
ap  ra  x  ia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain specifically the poster  ior par  ie  tal cor  tex in which the individual has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked provided that the request or command is understood and he she is willing to perform the task a person with ap  ra  x  ia cannot move his or her lips or tongue to the right place to say sounds correctly because even though the muscles are not weak the messages from the brain to the mouth are disrupted the nature of the brain damage determines the severity
ap  ra  x  ia of speech a  os is an acquired oral motor speech disorder affecting an individual s ability to translate conscious speech plans into motor plans which results in limited and difficult speech ability by the definition of ap  ra  x  ia a  os affects vo  li  tional will  ful or purposeful movement patterns however a  os usually also affects automatic speech individuals with a  os have difficulty connecting speech messages from the brain to the mouth a  os is a loss of prior speech ability resulting from a brain injury such as a stroke or progressive illness developmental verbal dy  spra  x  ia dvd also known as childhood ap  ra  x  ia of speech cas and developmental ap  ra  x  ia of speech das is an inability to utili  ze motor planning to perform movements necessary for speech during a child s language learning process although the causes differ between a  os and dvd the main characteristics and treatments are similar
a  pro  so  dia is a neuro  logical condition characterized by the inability of a person to properly convey or interpret emotional pro  so  dy pro  so  dy in language refers to the ranges of rhythm pitch stress int  on  ation etc these neuro  logical deficits can be the result of damage of some form to the non dominant hemisphere areas of language production the prevalence of a  pro  so  di  as in individuals is currently unknown as testing for a  pro  so  dia secondary to other brain injury is only a recent occurrence
ap  tery is the anatom  ical condition of an animal completely lacking any kind of wings an animal with this condition is said to be ap  ter  ous most animal species belong to and are phy  log  ene  tic descendants of ap  ter  ous tax  a these groups are said to be primarily ap  ter  ous ap  ter  ous animals which belong to or are phy  log  ene  tic descendants of wing  ed tax  a are said to be secon  d  arily ap  ter  ous
in path  ology an ap  u  dom  a is an endocrine tum  our that arises from an ap  ud cell from structures such as the am  pul  la of v  ater they are derived from ne  ural c  rest cells the term dates back to at least 1975 because the label ap  u  dom  a is very general it is preferred to use a more specific term when possible
aqu  ad  y  nia is a variant of aqu  agen  ic pr  ur  it  us and characterized by a widespread burning pain that lasts 15 to 45 minutes after water exposure
aqu  agen  ic pr  ur  it  us is a skin condition characterized by the development of severe intense pr  ick  ling like ep  id  er  mal it  ching without observ  able skin le  sions and ev  oked by contact with water
aqu  agen  ic ur  tic  aria also known as water allergy and water ur  tic  aria is a rarely diagnosed form of physical ur  tic  aria the defining symptom is a painful skin reaction resulting from contact with water it is sometimes described as an allergy although it is not a true hist  amine releasing allergic reaction like other forms of ur  tic  aria this seems to not be affected by different temperatures of water such as cold or hot or chemicals such as fluor  ine and chlorine since it is reproduced with distilled water and medical sal  ine
aqu  arium gran  ul  oma also known as fish tank gran  ul  oma and swimming pool gran  ul  oma is a skin condition caused by my  co  bacter  ium marin  um characterized by a skin le  sion that presents roughly three weeks after exposure
aqu  educ  tal sten  osis is a narrowing of the aqu  educ  t of syl  vi  us which blocks the flow of cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf in the ven  tric  ular system block  age of the aqu  educ  t can lead to hydro  cephal  us specifically as a common cause of con  genital and or obstruc  tive hydro  cephal  us the aqu  educ  t of syl  vi  us is the channel which connects the third ven  tric  le to the fourth ven  tric  le and is the narro  west part of the c  sf path  way with a mean cross sectional area of 0 5 mm 2 in children and 0 8 mm 2 in adults because of its small size the aqu  educ  t is the most likely place for a block  age of c  sf in the ven  tric  ular system this block  age causes ven  tric  le volume to increase because the c  sf cannot flow out of the ven  tric  les and cannot be effectively absorbed by the surrounding tissue of the ven  tric  les increased volume of the ven  tric  les will result in higher pressure within the ven  tric  les and cause higher pressure in the cor  tex from it being pushed into the skull a person may have aqu  educ  tal sten  osis for years without any symptoms and a head trauma hemorrha  ge or infection could suddenly invoke those symptoms and worsen the block  age
ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly spider fingers or ach  rom  achi  a is a condition in which the fingers and toes are abnormally long and sl  ender in comparison to the palm of the hand and arch of the foot also the individual s thum  bs tend to also be pulled in  wards towards the palm it can be present at birth or develop in later life
ar  ach  no  id cy  sts are cere  bro  spinal fluid covered by ar  ach  no  idal cells and coll  agen that may develop between the surface of the brain and the cran  ial base or on the ar  ach  no  id memb  rane one of the three memb  ran  es that cover the brain and the spinal cord ar  ach  no  id cy  sts are a con  genital disorder and most cases begin during infancy however onset may be delayed until adoles  cence
ar  ach  no  idi  tis is an infl  am  matory condition of the ar  ach  no  id mat  er or ar  ach  no  id one of the memb  ran  es known as men  inges that surround and protect the nerves of the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord the ar  ach  no  id can become infl  amed because of adverse reactions to chemicals infection from bacteria or viruses as the result of direct injury to the sp  ine chronic compression of spinal nerves complications from spinal surgery or other invasive spinal procedures or the accidental intra  th  ec  al injection of ster  oids intended for the ep  id  ural space infl  amm  ation can sometimes lead to the formation of scar tissue and adhe  sion that can make the spinal nerves stick together a condition where such tissue develops in and between the le  p  tom  en  inges the condition can be extremely painful especially when progressing to adhe  sive ar  ach  no  idi  tis another form of the condition is ar  ach  no  idi  tis os  si  fic  ans in which the ar  ach  no  id becomes os  si  fied or turns to bone and is thought to be a late stage complic  ation of the adhe  sive form of ar  ach  no  idi  tis
ar  ach  no  pho  bia or ar  ach  ne  pho  bia is a specific pho  bia the fear of sp  id  ers and other ar  ach  ni  ds such as s  corp  ions the word is from from greek ἀ  ρ  ά  χ  ν  η ar  á  ch  n  ē meaning spider and φ  ό  β  ος ph  ó  bos meaning fear
ar  ago s ro  tations is an observ  able phenomenon and effect discovered by françois ar  ago in 18  24 in the effect as a copper dis  c is rot  ated in its own plane and if a magnetic needle be freely suspended on a pivo  t over the dis  c the needle will rot  ate with the dis  c on the other hand if the needle is fixed it will tend to ret  ard the motion of the dis  c
ar  ak  awa s syndrome ii is an auto  som  al dominant metabol  ic disorder that causes a deficiency of the enzyme te  tra  hydro  fol  ate meth  yl  transfer  ase affected individuals cannot properly met  abo  li  ze meth  yl  co  bal  am  in a type of vitamin b 12 it is also called meth  ion  ine syn  th  ase deficiency te  tra  hydro  fol  ate meth  yl  transfer  ase deficiency syndrome and n 5 meth  yl  hom  oc  y  ste  ine transfer  ase deficiency
ar  bo  virus is a term used to refer to a group of viruses that are transmitted by ar  thro  pod vectors the word ar  bo  virus is an acron  ym ar  thro  pod borne virus symptoms of ar  bo  virus infection generally occur 3 – 15 days after exposure to the virus and last 3 or 4 days the most common clinical features of infection are fever headache and malaise but en  ce  ph  ali  tis and hemorrha  gic fever may also occur the word ti  bo  virus tick borne virus is sometimes used to describe viruses transmitted by tic  ks a super  order within the ar  thro  pods
ar  bo  virus en  ce  ph  ali  tis refers to en  ce  ph  ali  tis that is caused by ar  bo  virus infection there are many types of ar  bo  viral en  ce  ph  ali  ti  des found in the united states examples include california en  ce  ph  ali  tis japanese en  ce  ph  ali  tis st louis en  ce  ph  ali  tis tick borne en  ce  ph  ali  tis west nile fever murray valley en  ce  ph  ali  tis
an ar  can  ob  ac  ter  ium ha  emol  y  tic  um infection is any of several types of infection with the gram positive bac  ill  us ar  can  ob  ac  ter  ium ha  emol  y  tic  um it can cause an acute phar  yn  gi  tis and it may cause an ex  anthem characterized by an er  y  them  at  ous mor  bil  li  form or scar  lat  ini  form eruption involving the trunk and extre  mi  ties
architectural design optimi  zation ado is a sub  field of engineering that uses optimi  zation methods to study aid and solve architectural design problems such as optimal flo  or  plan layout design optimal circulation paths between rooms and the like
an archive is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization s lifetime and are kept to show the function of that person or organization professional archi  vis  ts and historians generally understand archives to be records that have been naturally and necessarily generated as a product of regular legal commercial administrative or social activities they have been met  aphor  ically defined as the secre  tions of an organism and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created to communicate a particular message to po  sterity in general archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural historical or evi  denti  ary value archi  val records are normally un  published and almost always unique unlike books or magazines for which many identical copies exist this means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization although archi  val collections can often be found within library buildings a person who works in archives is called an archi  vist the study and practice of organizing preserving and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archi  val science the physical place of storage can be referred to as an archive more usual in the uk an archives more usual in the usa or a repos  itory when referring to historical records or the places they are kept the plural form archives is chiefly used the computing use of the term archive should not be confused with the record keeping meaning of the term
the arctic di  pole anomaly is a pressure pattern characterized by high pressure on the arctic regions of north america and a low pressure on the eur  asia region this pattern sometimes replaces the arctic osci  ll  ation and the north atlantic osci  ll  ation it was observed for the first time in the first decade of 2000 s and is perhaps linked to recent climate change the arctic di  pole lets more southern winds into the arctic ocean resulting in more ice melting the summer 2007 event played an important role in the record low sea ice extent which was recorded in september the arctic di  pole has also been linked to changes in arctic circulation patterns that cause dri  er w  inters in northern europe but much wet  ter w  inters in southern europe and col  der w  inters in east asia europe and the eastern half of north america
arctic ha  ze is the phenomenon of a visible red  dish brown spring  time ha  ze in the atmosphere at high lati  tudes in the arctic due to anthropogenic air pollution a major distinguishing factor of arctic ha  ze is the ability of its chemical ingredients to persist in the atmosphere for an extended period of time compared to other pollutants due to limited amounts of snow rain or turbulent air to dis  place pollutants from the polar air mass in spring arctic ha  ze can linger for more than a month in the northern atmosphere
arctic sea ice decline is the sea ice loss observed in recent decades in the arctic ocean the intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc fourth assessment report states that greenhouse gas forcing is largely but not wholly responsible for the decline in arctic sea ice extent a study from 2011 suggested that internal vari  ability enhanced the greenhouse gas forced sea ice decline over the last decades a study from 2007 found the decline to be faster than forec  asted by model simul  ations the ipcc fifth assessment report concluded with high confidence that sea ice continues to decrease in extent and that there is robust evidence for the downward trend in arctic summer sea ice extent since 1979 it has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 40 000 years and the arctic wide melt season has leng  th  ened at a rate of 5 days per decade from 1979 to 2013 dominated by a later autumn free  z  eup sea ice changes have been identified as a mechanism for polar amp  lification
the ar  cu  ate uter  us is a form of a uter  ine anomaly or variation where the uter  ine cav  ity displays a con  cave cont  our towards the fun  dus normally the uter  ine cav  ity is straight or conv  ex towards the fun  dus on an  terior poster  ior imaging but in the ar  cu  ate uter  us the my  ome  tri  um of the fun  dus di  ps into the cav  ity and may form a small sep  tation the distinction between an ar  cu  ate uter  us and a sept  ate uter  us is not standardized
arc  us sen  il  is or arc  us sen  il  is cor  ne  ae is a white grey or blue opaque ring in the cor  ne  al margin peripheral cor  ne  al op  acity or white ring in front of the periphery of the iris it is present at birth but then f  ades however it is quite commonly present in the elderly it can also appear earlier in life as a result of hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia arc  us sen  il  is can be confused with the lim  bus sign which reflects calcium rather than lip  id deposits
ard  alan – sho  ja – ki  ur  u syndrome is a clinical syndrome featuring hereditary gel  sol  in amy  lo  ido  sis and ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa this syndrome was first recognized by two iranian physicians mohammad ard  alan and moham  mad  ali sho  ja and finnish neuro  logist sar  i ki  ur  u en  ari in an iranian family hereditary gel  sol  in amy  lo  ido  sis has originally been reported by finnish oph  thal  mo  logist jou  ko mere  to  ja and is known as mere  to  ja syndrome or famili  al amy  lo  ido  sis finnish type in addition to the classic manifestations of finnish type famili  al amy  lo  ido  sis cu  tis la  xa progressive peripheral neuro  pa  thy and cor  ne  al lat  tice dy  stro  phy some of the afflicted members of the iranian family have ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa this feature had not been previously reported with this type of amy  lo  ido  sis ard  alan – sho  ja – ki  ur  u syndrome or hereditary gel  sol  in amy  lo  ido  sis plus re  tin  tis pi  gm  ent  osa has not been found outside this single iranian family
ard  cl  ough se  dition case was a complaint and threat of prosecution level  ed against “ nor  a j murray ” 18  88 – 1955 an irish poet and school teacher during the revolutionary period
one athlete from argentina compe  ted at the 19  08 summer olympics in london england it was the second appearance of the nation as another argent  inian athlete had previously compe  ted at the 1900 summer olympics
argentine hemorrha  gic fever ah  f or o higgins disease also known in argentina as mal de los ra  stro  jos stub  ble disease is a hemorrha  gic fever and zoonotic infectious disease occurring in argentina it is caused by the jun  ín virus an aren  avi  rus closely related to the mach  up  o virus caus  ative agent of bolivian hemorrha  gic fever its vector is a species of ro  dent the corn mouse
arg  ill  ic alteration is hydro  thermal alteration of wall rock which introduces clay minerals including ka  ol  in  ite sm  ec  ti  te and ill  ite the process generally occurs at low temperatures and may occur in atmospheric conditions arg  ill  ic alteration is representative of super  gene environments where low temperature groundwater becomes ac  id  ic arg  ill  ic assemb  l  ages include ka  ol  in  ite replacing pl  ag  io  cl  ase and mont  mor  ill  on  ite replacing am  phi  bo  le and pl  ag  io  cl  ase orth  o  cl  ase is generally stable and unaffected arg  ill  ic grades into phy  ll  ic alteration at higher temperatures in an ore deposit hydro  thermal system advanced arg  ill  ic alteration occurs under lower ph and higher temperature conditions ka  ol  in  ite and dick  ite occur at lower temperatures whereas pyro  phy  ll  ite and and  al  us  ite occur under high temperature conditions t 300 ° c quar  tz de  position is common al  unite top  az z  un  y  ite tour  mal  ine en  arg  ite and ten  n  anti  te may also occur gre  is  en alteration is similar
ar  gin  in  emia also called ar  gin  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive urea cycle disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme ar  gin  ase causes a buil  dup of ar  gin  ine and ammonia in the blood ammonia which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body is toxic if levels become too high the nervous system is especially sensitive to the effects of excess ammonia
ar  gin  ino  succ  in  ic ac  id  ur  ia also called ar  gin  ino  succ  in  ic aci  dem  ia is an inherited disorder that causes the accumulation of ar  gin  ino  succ  in  ic acid also known as asa in the blood and urine some patients may also have an elev  ation of ammonia a toxic chemical which can affect the nervous system ar  gin  ino  succ  in  ic ac  id  ur  ia may become evident in the first few days of life because of high blood ammonia or later in life presenting with spar  se or brit  tle hair developmental delay and tre  mors an infant with ar  gin  ino  succ  in  ic ac  id  ur  ia may seem leth  arg  ic or be unwilling to eat have poorly controlled breathing rate or body temperature experience seizures or unusual body movements or go into a coma complications from ar  gin  ino  succ  in  ic ac  id  ur  ia may include developmental delay and mental retar  dation progressive liver damage skin le  sions and brit  tle hair may also be seen immediate treatment and lifelong management following a strict diet and using appropriate supplements may prevent many of these complications occasionally an individual may inherit a mild form of the disorder in which ammonia accumul  ates in the blood  stream only during periods of illness or other stress
argon 2 is a key deri  vation function that was selected as the winner of the password h  ashing competition in july 2015 it was designed by alex bir  yu  kov daniel din  u and dmit  ry kho  v  r  ato  v  ich from university of luxembourg argon 2 is released under a creative commons cc 0 license and provides two related versions argon 2 d maxim  izes resistance to g  pu cracking attacks argon 2 i is optimi  zed to resist side channel attacks both allow specification by three parameters that control execution time memory required degree of parall  el  ism
in mathematics ar  g is a function operating on complex numbers vis  u  alized in a complex plane it gives the angle between the positive real axis to the line joining the point to the origin shown as φ in figure 1 known as an argument of the point
arg  y  ll rober  t  son pupils ar pupils or col  lo  qu  ially prostitute s pupils are bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object i e they accommodate but do not con  strict when exposed to bright light i e they do not react to light they are a highly specific sign of neuro  sy  phil  is however arg  y  ll rober  t  son pupils may also be a sign of diabe  tic neuro  pa  thy in general pupils that accommodate but do not react are said to show light near dissoci  ation i e it is the absence of a mi  otic reaction to light both direct and consensual with the preservation of a mi  otic reaction to near stimulus accommodation convergence ar pupils are extremely un  common in the developed world there is continued interest in the underlying path  op  hy  si  ology but the scarcity of cases makes ongoing research difficult
arg  y  ria or arg  yro  sis from ancient greek ἄ  ργ  υ  ρο  ς arg  y  ros silver is a condition caused by inappropriate exposure to chemical compounds of the element silver or to silver dust the most dramatic symptom of arg  y  ria is that the skin turns blue or blu  ish grey it may take the form of generalized arg  y  ria or local arg  y  ria generalized arg  y  ria affects large areas over much of the visible surface of the body local arg  y  ria shows in limited regions of the body such as pat  ches of skin parts of the mu  co  us memb  rane or the con  junc  tiva the terms arg  y  ria and arg  yro  sis have long been used inter  change  ably with arg  y  ria being used more frequently arg  yro  sis has been used particularly in referring to arg  y  ria of the con  junc  tiva but the usage has never been consistent and cannot be relied on except where it has been explicitly specified
in number theory the lag  arias arithmetic derivative or number derivative is a function defined for inte  gers based on prime fac  tori  zation by analogy with the product rule for the derivative of a function that is used in mathematical analysis remark there are many versions of arithmetic derivatives there are the ones as in this article lag  arias arithmetic derivative i  hara s arithmetic derivative and bu  ium s arithmetic derivatives
the term arithmetic under  flow or floating point under  flow or just under  flow is a condition in a computer program where the result of a calculation is a number of smaller absolute value than the computer can actually store in memory arithmetic under  flow can occur when the true result of a floating point operation is smaller in magnitude that is closer to zero than the smallest value represent  able as a normal floating point number in the target dat  aty  pe under  flow can in part be regarded as negative over  flow of the expon  ent of the floating point value for example if the expon  ent part can represent values from − 128 to 127 then a result with a value less than − 128 may cause under  flow
in mathematics the arithmetic ze  ta function is a ze  ta function associated with a scheme of finite type over inte  gers the arithmetic ze  ta function gener  alizes the ri  emann ze  ta function and de  de  kind ze  ta function to higher dimensions the arithmetic ze  ta function is one of the most fundamental objects of number theory
arith  mom  ania is a mental disorder that may be seen as an expression of obs  essive – compul  sive disorder oc  d individuals suffering from this disorder have a strong need to count their actions or objects in their surroundings sufferers may for instance feel compelled to count the steps while asc  ending or descending a flight of stairs or to count the number of letters in words they often feel it is necessary to perform an action a certain number of times to prevent alleged calam  ities other examples include counting ti  les on the floor or ceiling the number of lines on the highway or simply the number of times one breath  es or blin  ks or touching things a certain number of times such as a door kno  b or a table arith  mom  ania sometimes develops into a complex system in which the suffer  er as  signs values or numbers to people objects and events in order to de  duce their coherence counting may be done al  oud or in thought
the arm s length principle al  p is the condition or the fact that the parties to a transaction are independent and on an equal footing such a transaction is known as an arm s length transaction it is used specifically in contract law to arrange an agreement that will stand up to legal scrutiny even though the parties may have shared interests e g employer employee or are too closely related to be seen as completely independent e g the parties have famili  al ties it is also one of the key elements in international taxation as it allows to an adequate allocation of profit taxation rights among countries that conclude double tax conventions through transfer pricing among each other transfer pricing and the arm s length principle was one of the focal points of the base erosion and profit shifting be  ps project developed by the oecd and endorsed by the g 20
in the racial anthropo  logy of the early 20 th century the armen  o  id type is a subtype of the caucasian race according to anthropo  logist car  leton co  on the countries of the northern part of western asia namely anato  lia the caucasus iran and the lev  ant were considered the center of distribution of the armen  o  id race
in applied mathematics arnold diffusion is the phenomenon of instability of integr  able hamil  ton  ian systems the phenomenon is named after vladimir arnold who was the first to publish a result in the field in 1964 more precisely arnold diffusion refers to results asserting the existence of solutions to nearly integr  able hamil  ton  ian systems that exhibit a significant change in the action variables
chi  ari mal  formation also known as arnold – chi  ari mal  formation is a mal  formation of the skull it consists of a downward displacement of the cere  bell  ar ton  si  ls through the for  amen magn  um the opening at the base of the skull sometimes causing non communicating hydro  cephal  us as a result of obstruction of cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf outflow the cere  bro  spinal fluid outflow is caused by phase difference in outflow and influx of blood in the vas  cul  ature of the brain it can cause headaches fatigue muscle weakness difficulty sw  allowing sometimes accompanied by g  agging choking and v  om  iting di  zz  iness naus  ea tin  nit  us impaired coordination neck pain un  steady ga  it problems with balance poor hand coordination fine motor skills num  b  ness and ting  ling of the hands and feet and speech problems such as ho  arsen  ess less often people with chi  ari mal  formation may experience ringing or buz  zing in the ears tin  nit  us weakness slow heart rhythm cur  v  ature of the sp  ine sco  li  osis related to spinal cord impairment abnormal breathing such as central sleep ap  ne  a characterized by periods of breathing cessation during sleep and in severe cases paralysis
arom  at  ase deficiency is a condition resulting from insufficient production of the enzyme arom  at  ase which can result in inappropriate vi  ri  li  zation of female fet  uses and delayed pu  ber  ty as well as inappropriate vi  ri  li  zation of the mother during pregnancy
arom  at  ase excess syndrome aes or a  ex  s also sometimes referred to as famili  al hyper  estro  gen  ism or famili  al gy  ne  com  as  tia is a rare genetic and endocrine syndrome which is characterized by an over  expression of arom  at  ase the enzyme responsible for the bio  synthesis of the estro  gen sex hormones from the and  rog  ens in turn resulting in excessive levels of circulating est  rog  ens and accordingly symptoms of hyper  estro  gen  ism it affects both sexes manifest  ing itself in males as marked or complete phen  o  typical fem  ini  zation with the exception of the gen  italia i e no pseu  do  her  m  aph  ro  di  tism in whom it fits the definition of a form of inter  sex and in females as hy  perf  em  ini  zation to date 30 males and 8 females among 15 and 7 families respectively have been described in the medical literature
an aromatic ring current is an effect observed in aromatic molecules such as benzene and nap  h  thal  ene if a magnetic field is directed per  pend  icular to the plane of the aromatic system a ring current is induced in the del  oc  alized π electron  s of the aromatic ring this is a direct consequence of amp  ère s law since the electron  s involved are free to circulate rather than being loc  alized in bonds as they would be in most non aromatic molecules they respond much more strongly to the magnetic field aromatic ring currents are relevant to n  mr spec  tro  sco  py as they dramatically influence the chemical shifts of 1 h nucle  i in aromatic molecules the effect helps distinguish these nuclear environments and is therefore of great use in molecular structure determination in benzene the ring prot  ons experience des  hi  el  ding because the induced magnetic field has the same direction as the external field and their chemical shift is 7 3 ppm compared to 5 6 to the vin  yl  ic prot  on in cyclo  hex  ene in contrast any prot  on inside the aromatic ring experiences shiel  ding because both fields are in opposite direction this effect can be observed in cyclo  oc  t  ad  ec  an  on  a  ene 18 annul  ene with 6 inner prot  ons at − 3 ppm the situation is reversed in anti  aromatic compounds in the di  an  ion of 18 annul  ene the inner prot  ons are strongly des  hi  el  ded at 20 8 ppm and 29 5 ppm with the outer prot  ons significantly shiel  ded with respect to the reference at − 1 1 ppm hence a diam  ag  ne  tic ring current or di  atro  pic ring current is associated with arom  atic  ity whereas a par  atro  pic ring current signals anti  arom  atic  ity a similar effect is observed in three dimensional ful  ler  en  es in this case it is called a sphere current
aromatic sul  fon  ation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an aren  e is replaced by a sul  fon  ic acid functional group in an electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution ar  yl sul  fon  ic acids are used as detergents dy  e and drugs
arr  hin  ia ə  ˈ  r  ɪ  ni  ə or ə  ˈ  ra  ɪ  ni  ə also called nas  al agen  esis is the con  genital partial or complete absence of the nose at birth it is an extremely rare condition with few reported cases in the history of modern medicine it is generally classified as a cran  io  facial ab  normality
arr  hy  th  mo  genic right ven  tric  ular dys  pl  asia ar  vd is an inherited heart disease ar  vd is caused by genetic defects of the parts of heart muscle also called my  o  cardi  um or cardiac muscle known as des  mo  som  es areas on the surface of heart muscle cells which link the cells together the des  mo  som  es are composed of several proteins and many of those proteins can have harmful mutations the disease is a type of non  is  chem  ic cardi  om  y  opathy that involves primarily the right ven  tric  le it is characterized by hypo  k  ine  tic areas involving the free wall of the right ven  tric  le with fi  bro  fatty replacement of the right ven  tric  ular my  o  cardi  um with associated arr  hy  th  mi  as originating in the right ven  tric  le ar  vd can be found in association with diffuse pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma and wool  ly hair in an auto  som  al rec  essive condition called na  x  os disease because this genetic ab  normality can also affect the integrity of the superficial layers of the skin most exposed to pressure stress ar  v  c d is an important cause of ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mi  as in children and young adults it is seen predominantly in males and 30 – 50 of cases have a famili  al distribution
the arrow information paradox information paradox for short and occasionally referred to as arrow s disclosure paradox named after kenneth arrow american economist and joint winner of the nobel memorial prize in economics with john hic  ks is a problem that companies face when managing intellectual property across their boundaries this happens when they seek external technologies for their business or external markets for their own technologies it has implications for the value of technology and innovations as well as their development by more than one firm and for the need for and limitations of patent protection arrow s information paradox theory was set out in a 1962 paper corn  ell law school professor osk  ar li  iv  ak has written in a paper for a conference at stanford university that arrow s paper has been one of the found  ational theoretical pillars of the incentive based theory of patents as arrow ’ s work is thought to rule out a strictly market based solution a fundamental ten  et of the paradox is that the customer i e the potential purchaser of the information describing a technology or other information having some value such as facts wants to know the technology and what it does in sufficient detail as to understand its capabilities or have information about the facts or products to decide whether or not to buy it once the customer has this detailed knowledge however the seller has in effect transferred the technology to the customer without any compensation this has been argued to show the need for patent protection if the buyer trusts the seller or is protected via contract then they only need to know the results that the technology will provide along with any cave  ats for its usage in a given context a problem is that sellers lie they may be mistaken one or both sides overlook side consequences for usage in a given context or some unknown unknown affects the actual outcome discussions of the value of patent rights have taken arrow s information paradox into account in their evaluations the theory has been the basis for many later economic studies these include theories that pre patent innovation can be carried out only by a single firm
arsenic poisoning is a medical condition caused by elevated levels of arsenic in the body the dominant basis of arsenic poisoning is from groundwater that naturally contains high concentrations of arsenic a 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning from drinking water
arsenic and many of its compounds are especially potent pois  ons arsenic disrup  ts at  p production through several mechanisms at the level of the cit  ric acid cycle arsenic inhi  bits py  ru  v  ate de  hydro  gen  ase and by competing with phosphate it un  couples oxid  ative phosphor  yl  ation thus inhi  biting energy linked reduction of n  ad mit  och  on  dri  al respir  ation and at  p synthesis hydrogen per  oxide production is also increased which might form reactive oxygen species and oxid  ative stress these metabol  ic interfer  ences lead to death from multi system organ failure see arsenic poisoning probably from necro  tic cell death not apop  to  sis a post mortem reveals brick red colored mu  co  sa due to severe hemorrha  ge although arsenic causes toxicity it can also play a protective role
an arsen  ical ker  at  osis is a growth of ker  atin on the skin caused by arsenic which occurs naturally in the earth s cr  ust and is widely distributed in the environment arsen  ical compounds are used in industrial agricultural and medicinal substances arsenic is also found to be an environmental contamin  ant in drinking water well water and an occupational hazard for min  ers and glass workers arsenic may also causes other conditions including bow  en s disease cardiovascular diseases developmental ab  norm  alities neuro  logic and neuro  behavioral disorders diabetes hearing loss hem  ato  logic disorders and various types of cancer arsen  ical ker  ato  ses may persist indefinitely and some may develop into invasive squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma me  ta  static arsenic squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma and arsenic induced m  align  ancies in internal organs such as the blad  der kidney skin liver and col  on may result in death
arter  ial blood is the oxy  genated blood in the circul  atory system found in the lungs the left chambers of the heart and in the arter  ies it is bright red in color while ven  ous blood is dark red in color but looks purple through the trans  luc  ent skin it is the contr  al  ateral term to ven  ous blood framed in the cardiac cycle often historically accredited to the wi  ggers diag  ram arter  ial blood has just passed through the lungs and is ready to boost oxygen to sustain the peripheral organs the essential difference between ven  ous and arter  ial blood is the curve of the oxygen satur  ation of h  emo  glob  in the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arter  ial blood and the ven  ous blood is known as the arter  io  ven  ous oxygen difference
arter  ial embol  ism is a sudden interruption of blood flow to an organ or body part due to an embol  us adhering to the wall of an artery blocking the flow of blood the major type of embol  us being a blood clo  t thro  m  bo  embol  ism sometimes pul  mon  ary embol  ism is classified as arter  ial embol  ism as well in the sense that the clo  t follows the pul  mon  ary artery carrying de  oxy  genated blood away from the heart however pul  mon  ary embol  ism is generally classified as a form of ven  ous embol  ism because the embol  us forms in ve  ins arter  ial embol  ism is the major cause of inf  arc  tion which may also be caused by e g arter  ial compression rupture or pathological vas  o  con  stric  tion
arter  ial tor  tu  osity syndrome ats is a rare con  genital connec  tive tissue condition disorder characterized by el  on  gation and generalized tor  tu  osity of the major arter  ies including the a  or  ta it is associated with hyper  exten  sible skin and hyper  mobility of joints however symptoms vary depending on the patient because ats is so rare not much is known about the disease it exhi  bits auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance and the responsible gene is located at chro  mo  some 20 q 13 it is associated with glut 10 also known as sl  c 2 a 10 and t  gf  br 2
arter  io  los  clerosis is a form of cardiovascular disease affecting the small arter  ies and arter  i  oles types include hy  al  ine arter  io  los  clerosis and hyper  plastic arter  io  los  clerosis both associated with vessel wall thick  ening and lumin  al narrowing that may cause downstream is  chem  ic injury arter  io  los  clerosis is most often associated with hyper  tension and or diabetes mell  it  us the following terms are similar yet distinct in both spelling and meaning and can be easily confused arter  i  os  clerosis arter  io  los  clerosis and a  ther  os  clerosis arter  i  os  clerosis is a general term describing any hard  ening and loss of el  as  tic  ity of medium or large arter  ies from the greek arter  ia meaning artery and sclerosis meaning hard  ening arter  io  los  clerosis is any hard  ening and loss of el  as  tic  ity of arter  i  oles small arter  ies a  ther  os  clerosis is a hard  ening of an artery specifically due to an a  ther  om  at  ous pla  que the term a  ther  ogenic is used for substances or processes that cause a  ther  os  clerosis
arter  i  os  clerosis is the thick  ening hard  ening and loss of el  as  tic  ity of the walls of arter  ies this process gradually restricts the blood flow to one s organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks brought on by a  ther  os  clerosis which is a specific form of arter  i  os  clerosis caused by the buil  dup of fatty pl  aqu  es cho  le  sterol and some other substances in and on the artery walls
arter  i  os  clerosis obliter  ans is an oc  clu  sive arter  ial disease most prominently affecting the ab  domin  al a  or  ta and the small and medium sized arter  ies of the lower extre  mi  ties which may lead to absent dor  sal  is ped  is poster  ior ti  bial and or po  pl  ite  al artery pul  ses it is characterized by fi  bro  sis of the tun  ica intim  a and calci  fication of the tun  ica media
an arter  io  ven  ous f  ist  ula is an abnormal connection or pass  age  way between an artery and a vein it may be con  genital sur  g  ically created for h  emo  dial  ysis treatments or acquired due to patho  logic process such as trauma or erosion of an arter  ial an  eur  ys  m
arter  io  ven  ous mal  formation av  m is an abnormal connection between arter  ies and ve  ins bypassing the cap  ill  ary system this vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system but can appear in any location although many av  ms are as  ymp  tomatic they can cause intense pain or bleeding or lead to other serious medical problems av  ms are usually con  genital and belong to the ras  opath  ies the genetic transmission patterns of av  m if any are unknown av  m is not generally thought to be an inherited disorder unless in the context of a specific hereditary syndrome
the arter  io  ven  ous oxygen difference or a vo 2 di  ff is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arter  ial blood and the ven  ous blood it is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in cap  il  lar  ies as the blood circul  ates in the body the a vo 2 di  ff and cardiac output are the main factors that allow variation in the body s total oxygen consumption and are important in measuring vo 2 the a vo 2 di  ff is usually measured in milli  litres of oxygen per 100 milli  litres of blood ml 100 ml
arter  i  tic an  terior is  chem  ic op  tic neuro  pa  thy aa  ion or arter  i  tic a  ion is the cause of vision loss that occurs in temporal arter  i  tis aka giant cell arter  i  tis temporal arter  i  tis is an infl  am  matory disease of medium sized blood vessels that happens especially with advancing age aa  ion occurs in about 15 20 percent of patients with temporal arter  i  tis damage to the blood vessels supplying the op  tic nerves leads to insufficient blood supply is  chem  ia to the nerve and subsequent op  tic nerve fiber death most cases of aa  ion result in nearly complete vision loss first to one eye if the temporal arter  i  tis is left untreated the fellow eye will likely suffer vision loss as well within 1 – 2 weeks arter  i  tic a  ion falls under the general category of an  terior is  chem  ic op  tic neuro  pa  thy which also includes non arter  i  tic a  ion a  ion is considered an eye emergency immediate treatment is essential to rescue remaining vision an exhaustive review article published in march 2009 described the latest information on arter  i  tic and non arter  i  tic is  chem  ic op  tic neuro  pa  thy both an  terior a a  ion and na a  ion and poster  ior a p  ion na p  ion and surgical
arter  i  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the walls of arter  ies usually as a result of infection or auto  immune response arter  i  tis a complex disorder is still not entirely understood arter  i  tis may be distinguished by its different types based on the organ systems affected by the disease a complic  ation of arter  i  tis is thro  m  bo  sis which can be fatal arter  i  tis and ph  le  bi  tis are forms of vas  cu  li  tis
ar  thr  al  gia from greek arth  ro joint al  gos pain literally means joint pain it is a symptom of injury infection illnesses in particular ar  thri  tis or an allergic reaction to medication according to mesh the term ar  thr  al  gia should only be used when the condition is non infl  am  matory and the term ar  thri  tis should be used when the condition is infl  am  matory
ar  thri  tis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints symptoms generally include joint pain and sti  ff  ness other symptoms may include red  ness warmth sw  elling and decreased range of motion of the affected joints in some types other organs are also affected onset can be gradual or sudden there are over 100 types of ar  thri  tis the most common forms are o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis degenerative joint disease and r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers knees and hips r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis is an auto  immune disorder that often affects the hands and feet other types include g  out lup  us fi  bro  my  al  gia and se  ptic ar  thri  tis they are all types of r  heu  matic disease treatment may include resting the joint and altern  ating between applying ice and heat weight loss and exercise may also be useful pain medications such as i  bu  prof  en and acet  amin  oph  en par  acet  am  ol may be used in some a joint replacement may be useful o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis affects more than 3 8 of people while r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis affects about 0 24 of people g  out affects about 1 to 2 of the western population at some point in their lives in australia and the united states more than 20 of people have a type of ar  thri  tis overall the disease becomes more common with age ar  thri  tis is a common reason that people miss work and can result in a decreased quality of life the term is from greek arth  ro meaning joint and i  tis meaning infl  amm  ation
ar  thro  fi  bro  sis from greek arth  ro joint fib  r fi  bro  us and osis ab  normality is a complic  ation of injury or trauma where an excessive scar tissue response leads to painful restriction of joint motion with scar tissue forming within the joint and surrounding soft tissue spaces and persisting despite rehabilitation exercises and stretches scar  ring adhe  sions has been described in most major joints including knees shoulders hips an  kles and w  rists as well as spinal verte  bra  e
ar  thro  gry  pos  is multi  pl  ex con  gen  ita am  c or simply ar  thro  gry  pos  is describes con  genital joint contr  actu  res in two or more areas of the body it derives its name from greek literally meaning cur  ving of joints arth  ron joint gr  ȳ  p  ō  sis late latin form of late greek gr  ū  p  ō  sis hoo  king children born with one or more joint contr  actu  res have abnormal fi  bro  sis of the muscle tissue causing muscle shortening and therefore are unable to perform passive extension and fl  ex  ion in the affected joint or joints am  c has been divided into three groups amy  op  la  sia dis  tal ar  thro  gry  pos  is and syndro  mic amy  op  la  sia is characterized by severe joint contr  actu  res and muscle weakness dis  tal ar  thro  gry  pos  is mainly involves the hands and feet types of ar  thro  gry  pos  is with a primary neuro  logical or muscle disease belong to the syndro  mic group
ar  thro  gry  pos  is – ren  al dysfunction – cho  le  st  asis syndrome also known as arc syndrome is a cu  taneous condition caused by a mutation in the v  ps 33 b gene most of the cases have been survived for infancy recently college of medical sciences in nepal reports a case of arc syndrome in a girl at the age of more than 18 years
an ar  thro  pa  thy is a disease of a joint
ar  thro  pod assault is a medical term describing a skin reaction to an insect bite characterized by infl  amm  ation and e  o  sin  oph  il  ic response
many species of ar  thro  pods insects ar  ach  ni  ds and others regularly or occasionally bite or sting human beings insect sali  va contains anti  co  ag  ul  ants and enzymes that cause local irritation and allergic reactions insect ven  oms can be delivered by their st  ing  ers which often are modified ovi  pos  itors or by their mouth  parts insect spider and s  corp  ion ven  om can cause serious injury or death di  p  ter  ans account for the majority of insect bites while hy  men  op  ter  ans account for the majority of st  ings among ar  ach  ni  ds spider bites are the most common ar  thro  pods bite or sting humans for a number of reasons including feeding or defense ar  thro  pods are major vectors of human disease with the pathogens typically transmitted by bites
in immun  ology the ar  thus reaction ˌ  ɑ  ː  r  ˈ  tu  ː  s ˌ  ɑ  ː  r  ˈ  t  ju  ː  s is a type of local type iii hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction type iii hy  pers  ensi  tivity reactions are immune complex medi  ated and involve the de  position of antigen anti  body complex  es mainly in the vascular walls ser  osa ple  ura peric  ardi  um sy  no  vi  um and glo  mer  uli this reaction is usually encountered in experimental settings following the injection of antigens
the field of artic  ul  atory ph  one  tics is a sub  field of ph  one  tics in studying artic  ulation ph  one  tic  ians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures generally artic  ul  atory ph  one  tics is concerned with the transformation of aerod  y  nam  ic energy into acous  tic energy aerod  y  nam  ic energy refers to the air  flow through the vocal tract its potential form is air pressure its k  ine  tic form is the actual dynamic air  flow acous  tic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves which are then perceived by the human aud  itory system as sound
artificial gravity is an acceleration resulting from the application of a force in the context of manned spac  ef  light artificial gravity may alleviate the adverse health effects of prolonged wei  ght  lessness astron  auts routinely experience inter  mit  tent acceler  ations caused by the force of a rocket engine however the term artificial gravity usually refers to a sustained normal force provided by a rigid structure in uniform circular motion practical outer space applications of artificial gravity for humans have not yet been built and flown principally because of the large size of the spacecraft required to produce a useful centri  pe  tal acceleration comparable to little g
artificial intelligence and law ai and law is a sub  field of artificial intelligence ai mainly concerned with applications of ai to legal inform  atics problems and original research on those problems it is also concerned to contribute in the other direction to export tools and techniques developed in the context of legal problems to ai in general for example theories of legal decision making especially models of arg  um  entation have contributed to knowledge representation and reasoning models of social organization based on norms have contributed to multi agent systems reasoning with legal cases has contributed to case based reasoning and the need to store and retri  eve large amounts of tex  tual data has resulted in contributions to conceptual information retri  eval and intelligent databases
an artificial ne  uron is a mathematical function conceived as a model of biological neurons artificial neurons are the constitu  tive units in an artificial ne  ural network depending on the specific model used they may be called a semi linear unit nv ne  uron b  inary ne  uron linear threshold function or mc  cul  lo  ch – pit  ts mc  p ne  uron the artificial ne  uron receives one or more inputs representing d  end  rit  es and sums them to produce an output representing a ne  uron s ax  on usually the sums of each no  de are weighted and the sum is passed through a non linear function known as an activation function or transfer function the transfer functions usually have a sig  mo  id shape but they may also take the form of other non linear functions piec  e  wise linear functions or they are also often mono  ton  ically increasing continuous differenti  able and bounded the thre  sh  ol  ding function is inspired to build logic gates referred to as threshold logic with a renewed interest to build logic circuit resembling brain processing for example new devices such as mem  ris  tors have been extensively used to develop such logic in the recent times the artificial ne  uron transfer function should not be confused with a linear system s transfer function
artistic freedom is the extent of freedom of an artist to produce art to his her own insight the extent can deviate to customs in a certain school of art directives of the assign  er etc artistic freedom should not be confused to the freedom of art e g kun  st  fre  i  heit in ger  man  ic countries where it is a constitutional provision to prevent political censorship software patents are often seen as an example of one of these restrictions a related col  lo  qu  ial term is artistic license the distortion of fact alteration of the conventions of gr  ammar or language or re  wording of pre existing text made by an artist for artistic effect
ar  um type refers to the mor  pho  logy of fun  gal hyp  ha  e living in or around plant root cells forms in ar  bus  cular or tree like fashion bran  ching off dic  ho  tom  ously at predetermined junc  tions this is a type of my  cor  r  hi  z  al infection whereby the fun  gus in question inv  ag  in  ates the cell memb  rane of a plant cell and branches in ar  bus  cular manner ar  um type growth of hyp  ha  e is used in end  om  y  cor  r  hi  z  al symbio  sis with a plant often but not always accompanied by inter  cellular hy  ph  al growth
asbestos related diseases are disorders of the lung and ple  ura caused by the inhal  ation of asbestos fibres asbestos related diseases include non m  align  ant disorders such as as  besto  sis pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis due to asbestos diffuse ple  ural thick  ening ple  ural pl  aqu  es ple  ural eff  usion rounded at  elect  asis and m  align  ancies such as lung cancer and m  align  ant mes  o  the  li  oma people who worked in jobs with high asbestos dust exposure are at the highest risk of developing asbestos related disease however exposure to asbestos may also occur in the worker ’ s home due to dust that has accumulated on the worker s clothing para occupational exposure asbestos related diseases can also occur as a result of non occupational environmental exposure asbestos was extensively used in many building materials therefore large quantities of asbestos still remain in buildings that were built prior to the restriction of asbestos use that applies in many countries the wea  thering and aging of such buildings may cause asbestos fragments to be released in the air and create a potential hazard anyone who distur  bs the asbestos containing material during home maintenance and renovation can be affected although the exact risks are difficult to quantify
as  besto  sis is a chronic infl  am  matory and scar  ring disease affecting the tissue of the lungs people with the condition may experience severe short  ness of breath and are at an increased risk for certain cancers including lung cancer and less commonly mes  o  the  li  oma as  besto  sis specifically refers to fi  bro  sis within the lung tissue from asbestos and not scar  ring around the outside of the lungs it is caused by the breathing in and retention of asbestos fi  bers it usually occurs after high intensity and or long term exposure to asbestos particularly in those individuals working on the production or end use of products containing asbestos and is therefore regarded as an occupational lung disease people with extensive occupational exposure to the mining manufacturing handling or removal of asbestos are at risk of developing as  besto  sis
as  cari  asis is a disease caused by the par  asi  tic round  worm as  car  is lum  bri  co  ides infections have no symptoms in more than 85 of cases especially if the number of worms is small symptoms increase with the number of worms present and may include short  ness of breath and fever in the beginning of the disease these may be followed by symptoms of ab  domin  al sw  elling ab  domin  al pain and diarr  hea children are most commonly affected and in this age group the infection may also cause poor weight gain malnutrition and learning problems infection occurs by eating food or drink contaminated with as  car  is eggs from f  ec  es the eggs hatch in the intest  ines bur  row through the gut wall and migrate to the lungs via the blood there they break into the al  ve  oli and pass up the trac  hea where they are cou  gh  ed up and swallowed the lar  v  ae then pass through the stomach for a second time into the intest  ine where they become adult worms as  cari  asis is classified as a neglected tropical disease as it is a type of soil transmitted hel  min  thi  asis these diseases are in turn part of a group of diseases called hel  min  thi  asis prevention is by improved sanitation which includes improving access to toi  lets and proper disposal of f  ec  es hand  washing with soap appears protective in areas where more than 20 of the population is affected treating everyone at regular intervals is recommended re  occurring infections are common there is no vaccine treatments recommended by the world health organization are the medications al  bend  azole me  bend  azole lev  am  iso  le or py  ran  tel pam  o  ate other effective agents include tri  ben  di  mid  ine and nit  az  ox  an  ide about 0 8 to 1 2 billion people globally have as  cari  asis with the most heavily affected populations being in sub saharan africa latin america and asia this makes as  cari  asis the most common form of soil transmitted hel  min  thi  asis as of 2010 it caused about 2 700 deaths a year down from 3 400 in 1990 another type of as  car  is inf  ects pigs
asc  ending chol  an  gi  tis also known as acute chol  an  gi  tis or simply chol  an  gi  tis is an infection of the bile duc  t chol  an  gi  tis usually caused by bacteria asc  ending from its junction with the du  o  den  um first part of the small intest  ine it tends to occur if the bile duc  t is already partially obstructed by gall  stones chol  an  gi  tis can be life threatening and is regarded as a medical emergency characteristic symptoms include yellow dis  color  ation of the skin or whites of the eyes fever ab  domin  al pain and in severe cases low blood pressure and confusion initial treatment is with intra  ven  ous fluids and antibiotics but there is often an underlying problem such as gall  stones or narrowing in the bile duc  t for which further tests and treatments may be necessary usually in the form of endo  sco  py to relieve obstruction of the bile duc  t the word is from greek cho  l bile ang vessel i  tis infl  amm  ation
as  cher s syndrome or la  ffer as  cher syndrome is a rare disorder first described in 1920 it is characterized by repeated episodes of lip and eye  lid e  dem  a and occasionally eu  thyro  id go  iter the syndrome generally occurs within the first 20 years of life about 100 cases had been described by 1998
as  cites is a gastro  enter  ological term for an accumulation of fluid in the per  it  one  al cav  ity that exceeds 25 ml although most commonly due to cir  rho  sis severe liver disease or me  ta  static cancer its presence can be a sign of other significant medical problems such as bud  d – chi  ari syndrome diagnosis of the cause is usually with blood tests an ul  tras  ound scan of the ab  dom  en and direct removal of the fluid by needle or par  ac  ent  esis which may also be therapeutic treatment may be with medication di  u  re  tics par  ac  ent  esis or other treatments directed at the cause the term is from greek as  k  í  tes meaning bag  like
an example is along the cal  aver  as fault in hol  lis  ter california streets crossing the fault in hol  lis  ter show significant offset and several houses sitting at  op the fault are notably twisted yet habit  able the city attracts geo  logists and geo  logy students almost weekly there is also significant ase  is  mic creep along the hay  ward fault in and north of hay  ward california but this is insufficient to prevent a substantial earthquake
as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis or sterile men  ing  i  tis is a condition in which the layers lining the brain the men  inges become infl  amed and a py  ogenic bacterial source is not to blame men  ing  i  tis is diagnosed on a history of characteristic symptoms and certain examination findings e g ker  ni  g s sign investigations should show an increase in the number of leuk  oc  y  tes present in the cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf obtained via lum  bar punc  ture normally being fewer than five visible leuk  oc  y  tes per micro  scopic high power field the term as  ep  tic is frequently a mis  no  mer implying a lack of infection on the contrary many cases of as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis represent infection with viruses or my  co  bacteria that cannot be detected with routine methods while the advent of poly  mer  ase chain reaction has increased the ability of clin  icians to detect viruses such as enter  o  virus cy  tom  eg  alo  virus and her  pes virus in the c  sf many viruses can still escape detection additionally my  co  bacteria frequently require special stain  s and culture methods that make their detection difficult when c  sf findings are consistent with men  ing  i  tis and micro  bio  logic testing is un  revealing clin  icians typically assign the diagnosis of as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis — making it a relative diagnosis of exclusion as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis can result from non infectious causes it is a relatively inf  requ  ent side effect of medications and can be an early finding in auto  immune disease there is no formal classification system it is usually by the caus  ative organism if identified as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis like non gon  o  coc  cal u  re  thri  tis non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa and atypical pneumonia merely states what a condition is not not what a condition is terms such as viral men  ing  i  tis bacterial men  ing  i  tis fun  gal men  ing  i  tis ne  op  l  astic men  ing  i  tis and drug induced as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis can provide more information about the condition and without using one of these more specific terms it is difficult to describe treatment options or prog  no  sis
as  ex  uality is the lack of sexual attraction to anyone or low or absent interest in or desire for sexual activity it may be considered the lack of a sexual orientation or one of the variations thereof alongside heter  osex  uality homosexuality and bis  ex  uality it may also be an umbrella term used to categ  ori  ze a broader spectrum of various as  ex  ual sub identities a study in 2004 placed the prevalence of as  ex  uality at 1 in the british population as  ex  uality is distinct from abstention from sexual activity and from ce  lib  acy which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual s personal or religious beliefs sexual orientation unlike sexual behavior is believed to be enduring some as  ex  ual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex due to a variety of reasons such as a desire to pleasure themselves or romantic partners or a desire to have children acceptance of as  ex  uality as a sexual orientation and field of scientific research is still relatively new as a growing body of research from both soci  ological and psychological perspectives has begun to develop while some researchers assert that as  ex  uality is a sexual orientation other researchers disagree various as  ex  ual communities have started to form since the advent of the world wide web and social media the most proli  fic and well known of these communities is the as  ex  ual visibility and education network av  en which was founded in 2001 by david jay
ash yel  lows candidat  us phy  top  las  ma fra  x  ini is a disease in ash trees caused by phy  top  las  ma a specialized group of bacteria which lack a cell wall and attack the ph  lo  em of trees this disease is relatively new so the disease cycle is mostly unknown although it is thought that insect vectors are used as the mode of transmission the disease is difficult to diagnose because some symptoms match those of stressed environmental conditions such as drought flooding or shallow soil when trees become infected they can survive for many years or immediately die depending on the environmental conditions and health of the tree the major symptom of this disease is wit  ches bro  om which causes branches in tu  f  ts unfortunately there are not many strategies for controlling the disease besides avoiding areas where it is more prevalent
as  herman syndrome as or fr  it  sch syndrome is a condition characterized by adhe  sions and or fi  bro  sis of the end  ome  tri  um particularly but can also affect the my  ome  tri  um it is often associated with dil  ation and cu  re  tt  age of the in  trau  ter  ine cav  ity a number of other terms have been used to describe the condition and related conditions including in  trau  ter  ine adhe  sions i  ua uter  ine cer  vic  al at  re  sia traumatic uter  ine atro  phy s  cl  erotic end  ome  tri  um end  ome  trial sclerosis and in  trau  ter  ine sy  nec  hi  ae
ashi mag  ari 足  ま  が  り leg turner is a gho  stly phenomenon from the fol  kl  ore of k  ag  awa pref  ecture on shi  ko  ku japan it is a soft thing like a kit  ten or a w  ad of cotton which is felt wrapping itself around a person s leg at night impeding the ability to walk while it is not generally visible it is often believed to be the trick of a tan  uki
ash  man phenomenon also known as ash  man beats describes a particular type of wide q  rs complex often seen isolated that is typically seen in atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation it is more often misinterpreted as a premature ven  tric  ular complex it is named for dr richard ash  man of new orleans 1890 – 1969 after first being described by gou  aux and ash  man in 1947
ash  ta b  hair  ava eight b  hair  av  as are eight manifestations of the hindu god b  hair  ava a fer  o  cious aspect of the god shi  va they guard and control the eight directions each b  hair  ava has eight sub b  hair  av  as under him all of the b  hair  av  as are ruled and controlled by ma  ha sw  ar  na kal  a b  hair  ava who is considered the supreme ruler of time of the universe and the chief form of b  hair  ava mo  ola mantra tamil ம  ூ  ல ம  ந  ்  த  ி  ர  ம  ் ஓ  ம  ் ஸ  ்  ர  ீ  ம  ் க  ்  ல  ீ  ம  ் ஸ  ்  ர  ீ  ம  ் ச  ொ  ர  ்  ண  ப  ்  ர  த  ா  ய  ி ந  ம  ஸ  ்  ர  ீ  ம  ் க  ்  ல  ீ  ம  ் ஸ  ்  ர  ீ  ம  ்  om s  re  em kle  em s  re  em  sw  ar  an  ap  ra  th  a  ay  i nam  as  re  em kle  em s  re  em ash  ta b  hair  ava with their consor  t va  han  a mount direction he guards are given below also given the con  sec  rated tem  ples in tamil nad  u india where people born on the listed nak  shat  ras get his favours th  osa ni  var  th  i remedy for th  os  am and their lucky stones ra  asi stone
asian dust also yellow dust yellow sand yellow wind or china dust storms is a meteorological phenomenon which affects much of east asia year round but especially during the spring months the dust originates in the deser  ts of mongolia northern china and kazakhstan where high speed surface winds and intense dust storms kick up dense clouds of fine dry soil particles these clouds are then carried eastward by prevailing winds and pass over china north and south korea and japan as well as parts of the russian far east sometimes the airborne particulates are carried much further in significant concentrations which affect air quality as far east as the united states since the turn of the 21 st century it has become a serious problem due to the increase of industrial pollutants contained in the dust and intensified desertification in china causing longer and more frequent occurrences as well as in the last few decades when the ar  al sea of kazakhstan and uzbekistan started drying up due to the diversion of the am  u river and sy  r river following a soviet agricultural program to irri  gate central asian deser  ts mainly for cotton plantations
the as  kar  yan effect is the phenomenon whereby a particle traveling faster than the phase velocity of light in a dense di  electric such as salt ice or the lun  ar reg  oli  th produces a shower of secondary charged particles which contain a charge anis  o  tro  py and thus emits a cone of coherent radiation in the radio or microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum it is similar to the cher  en  kov effect it is named after g  urg  en as  kar  yan a soviet armenian physic  ist who post  ulated it in 1962 the effect was first observed experim  entally in 2000 38 years after its theoretical prediction so far the effect has been observed in silic  a sand rock salt ice and earth s atmosphere the effect is of primary interest in using bulk matter to detect ultra high energy neutr  inos the antarctic impulse transi  ent antenna anita experiment uses anten  nas attached to a balloon flying over antarc  tica to detect the as  kar  yan radiation produced as co  sm  ic neutr  inos travel through the ice several experiments have also used the moon as a neutr  ino detec  tor based on detection of the as  kar  yan radiation
as  part  yl  glu  co  sam  in  ur  ia ag  u is an inherited disease that is characterized by a decline in mental functioning accompanied by an increase in skin bone and joint issues the disease is caused by a defect in an enzyme known as as  part  yl  glu  co  sam  in  id  ase this enzyme plays a significant role in our bodies because it aids in breaking down certain sugars for example oligo  sac  ch  ari  des that are attached to specific proteins for example gly  co  proteins as  part  yl  glu  co  sam  in  ur  ia itself is characterized as a ly  so  som  al disease because it does deal with inadequate activity in an enzyme s function as  part  yl  glu  co  sam  in  id  ase functions to break down gly  co  proteins these proteins are most abundant in the tissues of the body and in the surfaces of major organs such as the liver sp  leen thyro  id and nerves when gly  co  proteins are not broken down as  part  yl  glu  co  sam  in  id  ase backs up in the ly  so  som  es along with other substances this backup causes progressive damage to the tissues and organs
asp  en trunk rot is a fun  gal disease that causes stem decay heart rot of living asp  en trees the pathogen that causes this disease is the fun  gus p  hel  lin  us tre  mul  ae most of the symptoms of this disease are internal with the only external signs of a dise  ased asp  en being fru  iting bodies called con  ks a single con  k found on an asp  en can indicate advanced decay of up 82 of the tree volume internal dec  ayed wood of fresh  ly cut asp  ens is spon  gy yellow white colored surrounded by black zones of dis  color  ation and contains a distinct winter  green smell the fun  gus is spread via airborne spo  res released from the fru  iting body which can infect through dead branches branch stu  bs or wounds in the tree although no direct management control is known harvesting asp  en stands that have been damaged or harvesting stands before decay becomes advanced minim  izes tree loss asp  en wood is white mal  le  able but strong and heat tolerant and therefore has many commercial uses including matches packing paper lum  ber pl  ywood pulp and animal beds asp  en trees dise  ased with asp  en trunk rot decrease the economic value of the lum  ber
asper  ger syndrome as also known as asper  ger s is a developmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and non  verbal communication along with restricted and repeti  tive patterns of behavior and interests as a mil  der au  tism spectrum disorder as  d it differs from other as  ds by relatively normal language and intelligence although not required for diagnosis physical clum  sin  ess and unusual use of language are common symptoms usually begin before two years old and typically last for a person s entire life the exact cause of asper  ger s is unknown while it is likely partly inherited the underlying genetics have not been determined conclu  sively environmental factors are also believed to play a role brain imaging has not identified a common underlying problem the diagnosis of asper  ger s was removed in the 2013 fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 and people with these symptoms are now included within the au  tism spectrum disorder along with au  tism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified it remains within the tenth edition of the international classification of diseases ic  d 10 as of 2015 there is no single treatment and the effectiveness of particular interventions is supported by only limited data treatment is aimed at improving poor communication skills obs  essive or repeti  tive rou  tines and physical clum  sin  ess interventions may include social skills training cognitive behavioral therapy physical therapy speech therapy parent training and medications for associated problems such as mood or anxiety most children improve as they grow up but social and communication difficulties usually persist some researchers and people on the au  tism spectrum have advocated a shift in attitudes toward the view that au  tism spectrum disorder is a difference rather than a disease that must be treated or cured in 2013 asper  ger s was estimated to affect 31 million people globally the syndrome is named after the austrian pedi  at  ric  ian hans asper  ger who in 1944 described children in his practice who lacked non  verbal communication had limited understanding of others feelings and were physically clumsy the modern conception of asper  ger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popul  arization it became a standardized diagnosis in the early 1990 s many questions and controversies remain about aspects of the disorder there is doubt about whether it is distinct from high functioning au  tism h  fa partly because of this the percentage of people affected is not firmly established
an asper  gil  lo  ma also known as a my  ce  tom  a or fun  gus ball is a cl  ump of mold which exists in a body cav  ity such as a par  an  as  al sin  us or an organ such as the lung by definition it is caused by fun  gi of the genus asper  gill  us
asper  gil  losis is the name given to a wide variety of diseases caused by infection by fun  gi of the genus asper  gill  us the majority of cases occur in people with underlying illnesses such as tuberculosis or chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease cop  d but with otherwise healthy immune systems most commonly asper  gil  losis occurs in the form of chronic pul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis cpa asper  gil  lo  ma or allergic bron  chop  ul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis ab  pa some forms are intertwined for example ab  pa and simple asper  gil  lo  ma can progress to cpa other non invasive manifestations include fun  gal sin  u  si  tis both allergic in nature and with established fun  gal balls o  tom  y  co  sis ear infection ker  ati  tis eye infection and ony  ch  om  y  co  sis nail infection in most instances these are less severe and cur  able with effective anti  fun  gal treatment people with deficient immune systems — such as patients undergoing hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cell transplantation chem  otherapy for leuk  aemia or aids — are at risk of more disseminated disease acute invasive asper  gil  losis occurs when the immune system fails to prevent asper  gill  us spo  res from entering the blood  stream via the lungs without the body mounting an effective immune response fun  gal cells are free to disseminate throughout the body and can infect major organs such as the heart and kidneys the most frequently identified pathogen is asper  gill  us fum  ig  atus — a ubiquitous organism that is capable of living under extensive environmental stress it is estimated that most humans inhal  e thousands of asper  gill  us spo  res daily but they do not affect most people ’ s health due to effective immune responses taken together the major chronic invasive and allergic forms of asper  gil  losis account for around 600 000 deaths annually worldwide
asper  mia is the complete lack of semen with e  jac  ulation not to be confused with az  o  os  per  mia the lack of sperm cells in the semen it is associated with in  fertility one of the causes of asper  mia is retrograde e  jac  ulation which can be brought on by excessive drug use or as a result of pro  state surgery it can also be caused by alpha bloc  kers such as tam  sul  os  in and si  lo  do  sin another cause of asper  mia is e  jac  ul  atory duc  t obstruction which may result in a complete lack of or a very low concentration semen oligo  sper  mia in which the semen contains only the secre  tion of accessory pro  state g  lands downstream to the ori  fice of the e  jac  ul  atory duc  ts asper  mia can be caused by and  ro  gen deficiency this can be the result of absence of pu  ber  ty in which the pro  state g  land and sem  inal ves  ic  les which are the main sources of semen remain small due to lack of and  ro  gen exposure and do not produce sem  inal fluid or of treatment for pro  state cancer such as maxim  al and  ro  gen blockade
as  phy  x  ia or as  phy  xi  ation is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing an example of as  phy  x  ia is choking as  phy  x  ia causes generalized hypo  x  ia which affects primarily the tissues and organs there are many circumstances that can induce as  phy  x  ia all of which are characterized by an inability of an individual to acquire sufficient oxygen through breathing for an extended period of time as  phy  x  ia can cause coma or death in 2013 about 1 6 million cases of un  intentional suffoc  ation occurred the word as  phy  x  ia is from ancient greek α without and σ  φ  ύ  ξ  ις sp  hy  x  is squeeze thro  b of heart
as  phy  xi  ating thor  ac  ic dys  pl  asia or je  une syndrome is a ci  li  opathy it is also known as je  une syndrome it was described in 1955 types include je  une syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the way a child ’ s car  til  age and bones develop it begins before the child is born je  une syndrome affects the child s ri  b cage pel  vis arms and legs usually problems with the ri  b cage cause the most serious health problems for children with je  une syndrome their ri  b cages thor  ax are smaller and narrower than usual this can keep the child s lungs from developing fully or expanding when the child inhal  es the child may breathe rapidly and sh  allow  ly they may have trouble breathing when they have an upper or lower respiratory infection like pneumonia breathing trouble can range from mild to severe in some children it is not noticeable aside from fast breathing in most children breathing problems are serious about 60 to 70 of children with this condition die from respiratory failure as babies or young children children with je  une syndrome who survive often develop problems with their kidneys another serious feature of je  une syndrome over time they may experience ren  al failure as a result few children with je  une syndrome live into their teen years children with je  une syndrome have a form of dwar  f  ism they are short in stature and their arms and legs are shorter than most people ’ s another name for je  une syndrome is as  phy  xi  ating thor  ac  ic dy  stro  phy this diagnosis is grouped with other chest problems called thor  ac  ic in  sufficiency syndrome tis
aspiration pneumonia is bron  chop  neu  monia that develops due to the entrance of foreign materials into the bron  ch  ial tree usually oral or ga  str  ic contents including food sali  va or nas  al secre  tions depending on the acidity of the aspir  ate a chemical pneu  mon  i  tis can develop and bacterial pathogens particularly an  aer  ob  ic bacteria may add to the infl  amm  ation
aspir  in induced asthma is also termed sam  ter s tri  ad sam  ter s syndrome aspir  in exacerbated respiratory disease aer  d and recently by an appointed task force of the european academy of allergy and clinical immun  ology world allergy organization ea  ac  i wa  o non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs exacerbated respiratory disease n erd the syndrome which ea  ac  i who classi  fies as one of 5 types of non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drug hy  pers  ensi  tivity or n  said hy  pers  ensi  tivity reactions is a medical condition initially defined as consisting of three key features vi  z asthma respiratory symptoms exacerbated by aspir  in and nas  al eth  mo  idal poly  pos  is however the syndrome s symptoms are exacerbated by a large variety of other n  said besides aspir  in the symptoms of respiratory reactions in this syndrome are hy  pers  ensi  tivity reactions to n  s  aids rather than the typically described true allergic reactions that trigger other common aller  gen induced asthma rh  initi  s or hi  ves the n  said induced reactions do not appear to involve the common mediators of true allergic reactions immun  o  glob  ulin e or t cells rather aer  d is a type of n  said induced hy  pers  ensi  tivity syndrome
aspir  in poisoning or sal  ic  y  lis  m is acute or chronic poisoning with aspir  in or other sal  ic  yl  ates a single over  dose may cause acute poisoning continuous usage of an elevated do  sage over long periods of time may cause chronic poisoning acute over  dose has a mortality rate of 2 chronic over  dose is more commonly lethal with a mortality rate as high as 25 chronic over  dose may be especially severe in children no anti  do  tes currently exist for aspir  in poisoning signs and symptoms may range from mild naus  ea and v  om  iting ab  domin  al pain leth  ar  gy tin  nit  us and di  zz  iness to severe such as seizure or cere  br  al e  dem  a depending on the dose consumed toxicity is managed with a number of potential treatments including activated char  coal intra  ven  ous d  ext  rose and normal sal  ine sodium bic  ar  bon  ate and dial  ysis
as  plen  ia refers to the absence of normal sp  leen function and is associated with some serious infection risks hy  pos  plen  ism is used to describe reduced hy  po splen  ic functioning but not as severely affected as with as  plen  ism
as  plen  ia with cardiovascular anomalies also known as i  vem  ark syndrome and right atri  al isom  er  ism is an example of a hetero  tax  y syndrome these un  common con  genital disorders are characterized by defects in the heart sp  leen and p  aired organs such as the lungs and kidneys another name is as  plen  ia cardiovascular defect hetero  tax  y right atri  al isom  er  ism is named for its discover  er swedish patho  logist bi  ör  n i  vem  ark
asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent and prevalent than income poverty it can be defined as a household ’ s inability to access wealth resources that are sufficient to provide for basic needs for a period of three months basic needs refer to the minimum standards for consumption and acceptable needs wealth resources consist of home ownership other real estate second home rented properties etc net value of farm and business assets stocks checking and savings accounts and other savings money in savings bonds life insurance policy cash values etc wealth is measured in three forms net worth net worth minus home equity and liquid assets net worth consists of all the aspects mentioned above net worth minus home equity is the same except it does not include home ownership in asset calculations liquid assets are resources that are readily available such as cash checking and savings accounts stocks and other sources of savings there are two types of assets tangible and intangible tangible assets most closely resemble liquid assets in that they include stocks bonds property natural resources and hard assets not in the form of real estate intangible assets are simply the access to credit social capital cultural capital political capital and human capital there are trends in the development of asset poverty over time and several factors that cause certain groups to fall into asset poverty more easily than others changes in these factors and structures have occurred over the years but asset poverty is continually higher than other forms of poverty such as income poverty the reason for this difference is that asset poverty accounts for a household ’ s total wealth and not just the current income level it provides a more accurate description of a household ’ s true financial state wealth leads to increased economic security and assets create a form of security during hardship one can use assets to pay for further education better housing or to maintain a certain standard of living after retirement households lacking sufficient assets are forced to live from pay  check to pay  check and face economic hardship when changes in income occur those who lack adequate assets are unable to seek a better lifestyle and improve their quality of life because they lack the financial resources to do so by any measure poverty in the united states is increasing in 2010 the country saw the poverty rate for individuals rise to 15 1 percent the highest level in nearly two decades more than 46 million people now live below the federal poverty line of 22 350 for a family of four however the official poverty rate released annually by the census bureau highlights just one aspect of household finances namely the percentage of people with insufficient income to cover their day to day expenses it does not count the number of families who have insufficient resources – money in the bank or assets such as a home or a car – to meet emergencies or longer term needs when these longer term needs are fac  tored in substantially more people in the united states today are facing a future of limited hope for long term financial security according to the cf  ed 2013 assets opportunity sco  rec  ard 44 percent of households – nearly half of americans – are living in liquid asset poverty these families do not have the savings or other assets to cover basic expenses equivalent to what could be purchased with a poverty level income for three months if a lay  off or other emergency leads to loss of income the term asset poverty is also used in a low income poor countries context where the poverty line may be taken at the international standard of 1 25 per day or sometimes 2 per day poor rural families in particular do not receive say 1 each day but rather this is a daily average or corresponds to a yearly average of 365 the asset poor might by chance have income above the poverty line for a time like a month but their level of assets predict they will be poor in an average month
asset price inflation is an economic phenomenon den  oting a rise in price of assets as opposed to ordinary goods and services typical assets are financial instruments such as bonds shares and their derivatives as well as real estate and other capital goods although the values of such assets are often cas  ually said to infl  ate this should not be confused with inflation as a defined term a more accurate description for an increase in the value of a capital asset is appreciation
the assignment problem is one of the fundamental combin  atorial optimi  zation problems in the branch of optimi  zation or operations research in mathematics it consists of finding a maximum weight matching or minimum weight perfect matching in a weighted bi  partite graph in its most general form the problem is as follows the problem instance has a number of agents and a number of tasks any agent can be assigned to perform any task incurring some cost that may vary depending on the agent task assignment it is required to perform all tasks by assigning exactly one agent to each task and exactly one task to each agent in such a way that the total cost of the assignment is minimized if the numbers of agents and tasks are equal and the total cost of the assignment for all tasks is equal to the sum of the costs for each agent or the sum of the costs for each task which is the same thing in this case then the problem is called the linear assignment problem commonly when speaking of the assignment problem without any additional qualification then the linear assignment problem is meant
ass  or  tative m  ating is a m  ating pattern and a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar phen  o  types mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random m  ating pattern examples of similar phen  o  types include but are not limited to body size skin color  ation pi  gm  entation and age ass  or  tative m  ating also referred to as positive ass  or  tative m  ating or hom  og  amy may increase genetic rel  ate  dness within the family ass  or  tative m  ating can be contr  asted with dis  ass  or  tative m  ating also known as negative ass  or  tative m  ating or heter  og  amy in which individuals with dis  similar geno  types and or phen  o  types mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under random m  ating dis  ass  or  tative m  ating reduces the genetic similarities within the family positive ass  or  tative m  ating occurs more frequently than negative ass  or  tative m  ating in both cases due to the non  random m  ating pattern there is a deviation from the hardy – we  in  berg principle which states that geno  type frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences
ast  asia ab  asia refers to the inability to either stand or walk in a normal manner ast  asia refers to the inability to stand u  pri  ght un  assisted ab  asia refers to lack of motor coordination in walking the term ab  asia literally means that the base of ga  it the lateral distance between the two feet is in  constant or un  measurable when seen in conversion disorder the ga  it is bizarre and is not sugges  tive of a specific organic le  sion often the patient s  ways wildly and nearly falls recovering at the last moment an acquired total inability to stand and walk can be seen in true neuro  logical diseases including stroke par  kinson s disease damage to the cere  bell  um guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome normal pressure hydro  cephal  us and many others in normal pressure hydro  cephal  us for example when the condition remains untreated the patient s ga  it becomes shortened with frequent shuff  ling and falls eventually standing sitting and even rolling over in bed become impossible this advanced state is referred to as hydro  cephal  ic ast  asia ab  asia
aster yel  lows is a chronic systemic plant disease caused by a bacter  ium like organism called a phy  top  las  ma the aster yel  lows phy  top  las  ma ay  p affects 300 species in 38 families of broad leaf her  bac  eous plants primarily in the aster family as well as important cereal crops such as wheat and barley symptoms are variable and can include ph  yl  lo  dy vi  res  cence chlor  osis stun  ting and ster  ility of flowers the aster leaf  hop  per vector macro  st  el  es quad  ri  line  atus moves the aster yel  lows phy  top  las  ma from plant to plant its economic burden is primarily felt in the carrot d  au  cus car  ota s  sp sati  v  us crop industry as well as the nursery industry no cure is known for plants infected with aster yel  lows infected plants should be removed immediately to limit the continued spread of the phy  top  las  ma to other susceptible plants however in agricultural settings such as carrot fields some application of chemical insectic  ides has proven to minimize the rate of infection by killing the vector
ast  ere  og  no  sis or t  acti  le agno  sia if only one hand is affected is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input such as visual or sensory information an individual with ast  ere  og  no  sis is unable to identify objects by handling them despite intact elementary t  acti  le propri  o  cep  tive and thermal sensation with the absence of vision i e eyes closed an individual with ast  ere  og  no  sis is unable to identify what is placed in their hand based on cu  es such as tex  ture size spatial properties and temperature as opposed to agno  sia when the object is observed vis  ually one should be able to successfully identify the object individuals with t  acti  le agno  sia may be able to identify the name purpose or origin of an object with their left hand but not their right or vice versa or both hands ast  ere  og  no  sis refers specifically to those who lack t  acti  le recognition in both hands in the affected hand s they may be able to identify basic shapes such as pyram  ids and spheres with abnormally high difficulty but still not t  acti  le  ly recognize common objects by easily recogniz  able and unique features such as a fork by its pron  gs though the individual may report feeling a long metal rod with multiple poin  ty rods stemming off in uniform direction these symptoms suggest that a very specific part of the brain is responsible for making the connections between t  acti  le stimul  i and functions relationships of that stimul  i which along with the relatively low impact this disorder has on a person s quality of life helps explain the r  arity of reports and research of individuals with t  acti  le agno  sia ast  ere  og  no  sis is associated with le  sions of the par  ie  tal lo  be or dor  sal column or par  ie  to tempor  o oc  ci  p  ital lo  be poster  ior association areas of either the right or left hemisphere of the cere  br  al cor  tex despite cross talk between the dor  sal and ven  tr  al cor  tices f  m  ri results suggest that those with ven  tr  al cor  tex damage are less sensitive to object 3 d structure than those with dor  sal cor  tex damage unlike the ven  tr  al cor  tex the dor  sal cor  tex can compu  te object representations thus those with object recognition impair  ments are more likely to have acquired damage to the dor  sal cor  tex those suffering from alzheimer ’ s disease show a reduction in stere  og  no  sis the ability to perceive and recognize the form of an object in the absence of visual and aud  itory information this supports the notion that ast  ere  og  no  sis appears to be an associ  ative disorder in which the connections between t  acti  le information and memory is disturbed while ast  ere  og  on  sis is characterized by the lack of t  acti  le recognition in both hands it seems to be closely related to t  acti  le agno  sia impairment connected to one hand t  acti  le agno  sia observations are rare and case specific jose  f ger  st  mann re  counts his experience with patient j  h a 34 year old inf  an  try  man who suffered a le  sion to the poster  ior par  ie  tal lo  be due to a gunshot following the injury j  h was unable to recognize or identify everyday objects by their meaning origin purpose and use with his left hand using t  acti  le sensation alone his mo  ti  lity performance elementary sensitivity and speech were intact and he lacked ab  norm  alities in brain nerves the majority of all objects j  h touched with his left hand went un  recognized but very simple objects i e glob  es pyram  ids cu  be etc were regularly recognized based on form alone for more complex objects his behavior and recognition varied daily based on his t  acti  le resources that changed over time and depended on his fatigue that is j  h ’ s ability to recognize depended on his concentration and ability to recognize simple forms and single qualities like size shape etc with further interrogation and greater effort he was able to correctly identify more specific features of an object ie sof  tness rounded or corn  ered broad or narrow and could even draw a copy of it but he was often left unable to identify the object by name use or origin this behavioral deficit occurred even if j  h had handled the object in his fully intact right hand
in astro  no  my an aster  ism is any pattern of stars recognized in the earth s night sky it may be part of an official con  stell  ation or it may be composed of stars from more than one con  stell  ation aster  isms are composed of stars which although visible in the same general area of the sky as viewed from earth are located at very different distances from earth at great distances from each other many aster  isms are simple shapes composed of a few bright stars making them easy to identify and particularly useful to people who are famili  ari  zing themselves with the night sky in col  lo  qu  ial usage con  stell  ation is a synon  ym of aster  ism but in astro  no  my a con  stell  ation is an officially recognized area of the sky surrounding certain aster  isms for example the aster  ism known as the big di  pper comprises the seven brightest stars in the international astro  nom  ical union i  au con  stell  ation ur  sa major aster  ism is the more general term referring to any identified pattern of stars
ast  eri  x  is also called the fl  apping trem  or or liver fl  ap is a trem  or of the hand when the wrist is extended sometimes said to resemble a bird fl  apping its wings this motor disorder is characterized by an inability to actively maintain a position which is demonstrated by jer  king movements of the out  stretched hands when bent upward at the wrist the trem  or is caused by abnormal function of the di  encephal  ic motor centers in the brain which regulate the muscles involved in maintaining position ast  eri  x  is is associated with various encephalopathies due especially to faulty metabol  ism the term derives from the greek a not and st  ē  ri  x  is fixed position ast  eri  x  is is the inability to maintain posture due to a metabol  ic encephalopathy this can be elicited on physical exam by having the patient extend their arms and bend their hands back with a metabol  ic encephalopathy the patient is unable to hold their hands back resulting in a “ fl  apping ” motion consistent with ast  eri  x  is it can be seen in any metabol  ic encephalopathy e g chronic ren  al failure severe cong  estive heart failure acute respiratory failure and commonly in de  compensated liver failure
an asteroid body is a micro  scopic finding seen within the giant cells of gran  ul  om  as in diseases such as sar  co  ido  sis and foreign body giant cell reactions there is controversy about what they are composed of traditionally they were thought to be cy  to  sk  el  etal elements and to consist primarily of v  im  entin however more recent research suggested that that was incorrect and that they may be composed of li  pi  ds arranged into bil  ay  er memb  ran  es they were also once thought to be related to centri  oles an organ  elle involved in cell division in eu  kar  yo  tes
asteroid hy  alo  sis is a degenerative condition of the eye involving small white op  ac  ities in the vit  re  ous humor it is known to occur in humans dogs cats and chin  ch  illas clin  ically these op  ac  ities are quite ref  r  acti  le giving the appearance of stars or astero  ids shining in the night sky — except that oc  ular astero  ids are often quite mobile oc  ular astero  ids must be distinguished from the more common typical vit  re  ous flo  at  ers which are usually fi  bri  ll  ar or cellular condens  ates the cause of asteroid hy  alo  sis is unknown but it has been associated with diabetes mell  it  us hyper  tension hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia and in certain animals tumors of the ci  li  ary body in dogs asteroid hy  alo  sis is considered to be an age related change the asteroid bodies are made up of hydrox  yl  ap  ati  te which in turn consists of calcium and phosp  hates or phosp  holi  pi  ds while asteroid hy  alo  sis does not usually severely affect vision the floating op  ac  ities can be quite annoying and may interfere significantly with vis  u  alization and testing of the re  tina while treatment of asteroid hy  alo  sis is usually unnecessary vit  rec  tomy may occasionally be indicated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
in medicine asth  en  ization is a condition experienced by astron  auts following long term space flight in which following return to earth the astronaut experiences symptoms such as fatigue irrit  ability lack of appetite and sleep disorders the condition s name derives from asth  enia which is a medical term den  oting a feeling of weakness without actual loss of strength it is suspected to be a psycho  som  atic effect of the result of over  achieving astron  auts no longer having a goal after becoming astron  auts or potentially a neuro  logical effect of micro  gravity buzz al  drin the second man to walk on the moon was afflicted with this condition after returning from the moon
asth  en  o  zo  os  per  mia or asth  en  os  per  mia is the medical term for reduced sperm mo  ti  lity complete asth  en  o  zo  os  per  mia that is 100 im  mo  tile sper  mato  zo  a in the e  jac  ulate is reported at a frequency of 1 of 5000 men causes of complete asth  en  o  zo  os  per  mia include metabol  ic deficiencies ultra  structural ab  norm  alities of the sperm flag  ell  um see primary ci  li  ary dy  sk  ine  sia and necro  zo  os  per  mia it decreases the sperm quality and is therefore one of the major causes of in  fertility or reduced fertility in men a method to increase the chance of pregnancy is ic  si the percentage of viable sper  mato  zo  a in complete asth  en  o  zo  os  per  mia varies between 0 and 100
asthma is a common long term infl  am  matory disease of the airways of the lungs it is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms reversible air  flow obstruction and bron  cho  sp  asm symptoms include episodes of whe  e  zing cou  gh  ing chest ti  ght  ness and short  ness of breath these episodes may occur a few times a day or a few times per week depending on the person they may become worse at night or with exercise asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and aller  gens other potential triggers include medications such as aspir  in and beta bloc  kers diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms response to therapy over time and spi  ro  metry asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms forced expir  atory volume in one second f  ev 1 and peak expir  atory flow rate it may also be classified as at  op  ic or non at  op  ic where at  op  y refers to a pre  disposition toward developing a type 1 hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction there is no cure for asthma symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers such as aller  gens and irrit  ants and by the use of inhal  ed cor  ti  co  ster  oids long acting beta agon  ists lab  a or anti  leuko  tri  ene agents may be used in addition to inhal  ed cor  ti  co  ster  oids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhal  ed short acting beta 2 agon  ist such as sal  but  am  ol and cor  ti  co  ster  oids taken by mouth in very severe cases intra  ven  ous cor  ti  co  ster  oids magnesium sul  fate and hosp  itali  zation may be required in 2013 242 million people globally had asthma up from 183 million in 1990 it caused about 489 000 deaths in 2013 most of which occurred in the developing world it often begins in childhood the rates of asthma have increased significantly since the 1960 s asthma was recognized as early as ancient egypt the word asthma is from the greek ἅ  σ  θ  μα á  s  th  ma which means p  anting
as  ti  gm  atism is a type of ref  r  active error in which the eye does not focus light evenly on the re  tina this results in distorted or blurred vision at all distances other symptoms can include eye  strain headaches and trouble driving at night if it occurs early in life it can result in am  bl  y  op  ia the cause of as  ti  gm  atism is unclear it is believed to be partly related to genetic factors the underlying mechanism involves an irregular cur  v  ature of the cor  ne  a or ab  norm  alities in the lens of the eye diagnosis is by an eye exam three options exist for the treatment glasses contact l  enses and surgery glasses are the simplest contact l  enses can provide a wider field of vision ref  r  active surgery permanently changes the shape of the eye in europe and asia as  ti  gm  atism affects between 30 and 60 of adults people of all ages can be affected as  ti  gm  atism was first reported by thomas young in the early 1800 s
astro  bl  ast  oma is a rare gli  al tumor derived from the astro  blast a type of cell that closely resembles spongi  obl  ast  oma and astro  cy  tes astro  bl  ast  oma cells are most likely found in the supr  at  ent  orial region of the brain that houses the cere  bru  m an area responsible for all voluntary movements in the body it also occurs significantly in the frontal lo  be par  ie  tal lo  be and temporal lo  be areas where movement language creation memory perception and environmental surroundings are expressed these tumors can be present in major brain areas not associated with the main cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es including the cere  bell  um op  tic nerve c  aud  a equ  ina hypo  thal  am  us and brain stem the most defining physical symptom of astro  bl  ast  oma regardless of location is elevated in  trac  ran  ial pressure occurring when cere  bro  spinal fluid in the sub  ar  ach  no  id space exhi  bits heavy pressure and decreased blood flow resulting in th  robbing headache or naus  ea for the patient despite widespread loc  alization in the brain astro  bl  ast  oma is rarely reported in on  co  logical studies accounting for only 0 45 – 2 8 of all brain gli  om  as since its discovery in 19  26 without a doubt astro  bl  ast  oma remains one of the most challenging and problematic tumors to diagnose and treat among all nervous system cancers
astro  cy  tom  as are a type of cancer of the brain they originate in a particular kind of gli  al cells star shaped brain cells in the cere  bru  m called astro  cy  tes this type of tumor does not usually spread outside the brain and spinal cord and it does not usually affect other organs astro  cy  tom  as are the most common gli  oma and can occur in most parts of the brain and occasionally in the spinal cord within the astro  cy  tom  as there are two broad classes recognized in literature those with narrow zones of infiltr  ation mostly non  invasive tumors e g pi  loc  y  tic astro  cy  tom  a su  be  pend  ym  al giant cell astro  cy  tom  a ple  om  orph  ic x  anth  o  astro  cy  tom  a that often are clearly outlined on diagnostic images diffuse zones of infiltr  ation e g high grade astro  cy  tom  a an  ap  l  astic astro  cy  tom  a gli  obl  ast  oma that share various features including the ability to arise at any location in the cns central nervous system but with a preference for the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es they occur usually in adults and an intrinsic tendency to progress to more advanced grades people can develop astro  cy  tom  as at any age the low grade type is more often found in children or young adults while the high grade type are more prevalent in adults astro  cy  tom  as in the base of the brain are more common in young people and account for roughly 75 of neuro  epi  the  li  al tumors
astro  gli  osis also known as astro  cy  to  sis or referred to as reactive astro  cy  to  sis is an abnormal increase in the number of astro  cy  tes due to the destruction of nearby neurons from cns trauma infection is  chem  ia stroke auto  immune responses and neuro  degenerative disease in healthy ne  ural tissue astro  cy  tes play critical roles in energy provision regulation of blood flow home  ost  asis of ex  trac  ell  ular fluid home  ost  asis of ions and transmitters regulation of syn  ap  se function and syn  ap  tic remo  deling astro  gli  osis changes the molecular expression and mor  pho  logy of astro  cy  tes causing scar formation and in severe cases inhi  bi  tion of ax  on regeneration
an astro  physical jet hereafter jet is a phenomenon often seen in astro  no  my where streams of matter are emitted along the axis of rotation of a compact object while it is still the subject of ongoing research to understand how jets are formed and powered the two most often proposed origins are dynamic interactions within the acc  re  tion disk or a process associated with the compact central object such as a black hole or neutr  on star when matter is emitted at speeds approaching the speed of light these jets are called relati  vis  tic jets because the effects of special rel  ativity become important the largest jets are those from black holes in active galax  ies such as qu  as  ars and radio galax  ies other systems which often contain jets include cat  ac  ly  sm  ic variable stars x ray bin  aries and t ta  uri stars her  big – har  o objects are caused by the interaction of jets with the inter  stell  ar medium bipolar outflows or jets may also be associated with proto  stars young forming stars or with evolved post ag  b stars often in the form of bipolar ne  bul  ae many stell  ar objects with acc  re  tion disks have jets although those from super massive black holes are generally the fastest and most active while it is not known exactly how acc  re  tion disks would accelerate jets or produce pos  it  ron electr  on plasma they are generally thought to generate tang  led magnetic fields that cause the jets to accelerate and col  lim  ate the hydro  dynamics of a de laval no  zzle may also give a hint to the mechanisms involved
the asymmetric k  eck all  yl  ation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of all  yl group to an alde  hyde
asymmetric addition of al  ken  yl  metals to alde  hy  des is a chemical reaction in en  anti  o  selective synthesis that reacts an al  ken  yl  metal with an alde  hyde to give an all  yl alcohol figure asymmetric addition of al  ken  yl  metals to alde  hy  des the stereo  selectivity in the reaction is typically controlled by the asymmetric lig  ands used providing a strategy to introduce controlled asymmetry into the mol  ecu  le controlled molecular asymmetry or en  anti  o  selectivity is crucial for controlling the bio  activity of the synthe  sized molecules and demanded by drug authorities in drug synthesis in this case the lig  ands chel  ate to the transition metal to create a chir  al environment which enables the selective formation of a particular en  anti  om  er various transition metals such as zinc nickel chromium and rho  dium have been used in this reaction asymmetric addition of al  ken  yl  metals to alde  hy  des has been widely used in total synthesis of natural product for example the key cy  cli  zation step in the total synthesis of r mus  cone was an intr  am  ol  ec  ular asymmetric addition of a vin  yl  zinc derivative to an alde  hyde using a chir  al amino is  ob  or  ne  ol lig  and figure a asymmetric addition of al  ken  yl  zinc to alde  hyde in the total synthesis of mus  cone the reaction used a terminal al  ky  ne a as the sub  str  ate which generated al  ken  yl  bor  ate re  agent b through mono  hydro  bor  ation reaction after trans  metal  ation with di  ethyl  zinc the generated al  ken  yl  zinc re  agent c further reacted with the alde  hyde d through exclusive addition to the π face under the control of 3 ex  o di  meth  yl  amino is  ob  or  ne  ol dai  b as a lig  and figure b detailed steps for the reaction
asymmetric addition of al  ky  n  yl  zinc compounds to alde  hy  des is an en  anti  o  selective chemical reaction where al  ky  n  yl  zinc reagents react with alde  hy  des to generate pro  par  gy  l alcohol  s pro  par  gy  l alcohol  s are vers  ati  le precursors to various complex molecules making the asymmetric addition of al  ky  n  yl  zinc compounds to alde  hy  des a particularly useful method for the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs for example car  re  ira and co workers have used this asymmetric reaction for the synthesis of natural product le  uc  as  can  dro  li  de a one of the first powerfully bio  active metabol  ites isolated from a cal  care  ous spon  ge various chir  al lig  ands have been developed for the asymmetric addition of al  ky  n  yl  zinc compounds to alde  hy  des because of the acidity of the terminal al  ky  n  yl prot  on the al  ky  n  yl  zinc compounds can be generated in situ from reaction of terminal al  ky  nes with al  k  yl  z  inc  s or z  n ot  f 2 the first example of catalytic asymmetric addition of al  ky  n  yl  zinc compounds to alde  hy  des was reported by ken  so so  ai and co workers in 1990 in their experiments chir  al amino alcohol  s and am  ines a to c in figure examples of lig  ands used in asymmetric addition of al  ky  n  yl  zinc compounds to alde  hy  des were used as lig  ands and the al  ky  n  yl  zinc re  agent was prepared from reaction of al  ky  ne with di  ethyl  zinc although the yields were high but the highest en  anti  om  eric excess achieved was only 34 with 5 mol lig  and loading er  ick car  re  ira and co workers reported high en  anti  om  eric excess using a chir  al amino alcohol n meth  y  le  p  he  dr  ine d sto  ic  hi  ome  tric amount of d was used in their reactions and up to 99 of en  anti  om  eric excess was achieved at room temperature for a broad range of alde  hy  des in car  re  ira ’ s experiments the al  ky  n  yl  zinc re  agent was generated from the reaction of al  ky  ne with z  n ot  f 2 in the presence of an amine base
asymmetric crying fac  ies ac  f also called c  ay  ler cardi  o  facial syndrome partial unilateral facial pa  res  is and hypo  pl  asia of depres  sor ang  ula or  is muscle is a minor con  genital anomaly caused by agen  esis or hypo  pl  asia of the depres  sor ang  uli or  is muscle one of the muscles that control the movements of the lower lip this unilateral facial weakness is fi  r  st noticed when the infant cries or smiles affecting only one corner of the mouth and occurs on the left side in nearly 80 of cases it is associated with other birth defects in more than 50 of cases when the hypo  pl  asia of the depres  sor ang  uli or  is muscle is associated with con  genital cardiac defects the term c  ay  ler cardi  o  facial syndrome is used c  ay  ler syndrome is part of 22 q 11 2 deletion syndrome it was characterized by c  ay  ler in 1969
asymmetric hydro  gen  ation is a chemical reaction that adds two atoms of hydrogen prefer  entially to one of two faces of an un  saturated sub  str  ate mol  ecu  le such as an al  k  ene or ke  tone the selectivity derives from the manner that the sub  str  ate binds to the chir  al cataly  sts in jargon this binding trans  mits spatial information what chem  ists refer to as chir  ality from the catalyst to the target favoring the product as a single en  anti  om  er this enzyme like selectivity is particularly applied to bio  active products such as pharmaceutical agents and agro  chemicals a generic asymmetric hydro  gen  ation of n ace  ty  l de  hydro  am  ino  acids
asymmetric peri  fl  ex  ural ex  anthem of childhood ap  ec also known as unilateral lat  ero  thor  ac  ic ex  anthem is a rare self limited and spontaneously resolving skin rash of the ex  anthem type with unknown eti  ology that occurs in children it occurs primarily in the late winter and early spring most common in europe and affecting girls more often than boys it is probably viral but no virus has yet been associated with the condition
asymmetry is the absence of or a violation of sym  metry the property of an object being invari  ant to a transformation such as reflection sym  metry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in precise terms or in more aesthetic terms the absence of violation of sym  metry that are either expected or desired can have important consequences for a system
as  ymp  tomatic infl  am  matory pro  stati  tis is a pain  less infl  amm  ation of the pro  state g  land where there is no evidence of infection it should be distinguished from the other categories of pro  stati  tis characterised by either pel  vic pain or evidence of infection such as chronic bacterial pro  stati  tis acute bacterial pro  stati  tis and chronic pel  vic pain syndrome cp  ps it is a common finding in men with benign pro  static hyper  pl  asia
in mathematics an as  ymp  to  tic formula for a quantity function or expression depending on natural numbers or on a variable taking real numbers as values is a function of natural numbers or of a real variable whose values are nearly equal to the values of the former when both are evaluated for the same large values of the variable an as  ymp  to  tic formula for a quantity is a function which is as  ymp  to  tically equivalent to the former more generally an as  ymp  to  tic formula is a statement of equality between two functions which is not a true equality but which means the ratio of the two functions approaches 1 as the variable approaches some value usually infin  ity
as  y  stole also known as flat  line is a state of no electrical activity from the heart and therefore no blood flow it results in cardiac arrest as  y  stole is found initially in about 28 of people in cardiac arrest as  y  stole is treated by cardi  op  ul  mon  ary resusc  itation c  pr combined with an intra  ven  ous vas  op  res  sor such as ep  in  eph  rine aka adren  al  ine sometimes an underlying reversible cause can be detected and treated the so called hs and ts an example of which is hypo  kal  aemia several interventions previously recommended — such as defi  bri  ll  ation known to be ineffective on as  y  stole but previously performed in case the rhythm was actually very fine ven  tric  ular fi  bri  ll  ation and intra  ven  ous atro  pine — are no longer part of the routine protocols recommended by most major international bodies as  y  stole may be treated with 1 mg ep  in  eph  rine by iv every 3 – 5 minutes as needed vas  op  res  sin 40 units by iv every 3 – 5 minutes may be used in place of the first and or second doses of ep  in  eph  rine but doing so does not enhance outcomes survival rates in a cardiac arrest patient with as  y  stole are much lower than a patient with a rhythm amenable to defi  bri  ll  ation as  y  stole is itself not a shoc  k  able rhythm out of hospital survival rates even with emergency intervention are less than 2 percent
in a variety of computer languages the function at  an 2 is the arc  tang  ent function with two arguments the purpose of using two arguments instead of one is to gather information on the signs of the inputs in order to return the appropriate quad  rant of the compu  ted angle which is not possible for the single argument arc  tang  ent function it also avoids the problems of division by zero for any real number e g floating point arguments x and y not both equal to zero at  an 2 y x is the angle in radi  ans between the positive x axis of a plane and the point given by the coordinates x y on it the angle is positive for counter c  lock  wise angles upper half plane y 0 and negative for c  lock  wise angles lower half plane y 0
at  a  que de ner  vi  os spanish pron  unciation a  ˈ  take ð  e ˈ  ner  β  jos portuguese at  a  que de ner  vos pronounced ɐ  ˈ  tak  i d  ʒ  i ˈ  ne  ʁ  v  us or ɐ  ˈ  tak  ɨ ð  ɨ ˈ  ne  ɾ  vu  ʃ also known as puerto ric  an syndrome is a psychological syndrome most associated in the united states with spanish speaking people from the caribbean although commonly identified among all iberian descended cultures at  a  que de ner  vi  os translates into english as attack of nerves although it is used in its common cultural form to refer to a specific pattern of symptoms rather than being a general term for feeling nervous the condition appears in appendix i of the revised fourth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iv tr as a culture bound syndrome
at  ax  ia tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia a t also referred to as louis – bar syndrome is a rare neuro  degenerative auto  som  al rec  essive disease causing severe disability at  ax  ia refers to poor coordination and tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia to small dil  ated blood vessels both of which are hall  marks of the disease a t affects many parts of the body it imp  airs certain areas of the brain including the cere  bell  um causing difficulty with movement and coordination it weakens the immune system causing a pre  disposition to infection it prevents repair of broken dna increasing the risk of cancer symptoms most often first appear in early childhood the to  dd  ler stage when children begin to walk though they usually start walking at a normal age they wob  ble or sway when walking standing still or sitting and may appear almost as if they are drunk in late pre school and early school age they develop difficulty moving their eyes in a natural manner from one place to the next oc  ul  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia they develop sl  ur  red or distorted speech and sw  allowing problems some have an increased number of respiratory tract infections ear infections sin  u  si  tis bron  chi  tis and pneumonia because not all children develop in the same manner or at the same rate it may be some years before a t is properly diagnosed most children with a t have stable neuro  logic symptoms for the first 4 – 5 years of life but begin to show increasing problems in early school years a t is caused by a defect in the atm gene which is responsible for managing the cell ’ s response to multiple forms of stress including double strand breaks in dna in simple terms the protein produced by the atm gene recognizes that there is a break in dna recruits other proteins to fix the break and stops the cell from making new dna until the repair is complete
at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sy is clin  ically observed in approximately 5 10 of all cases of cere  br  al pal  sy making it the least frequent form of cere  br  al pal  sy diagnosed at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sy is caused by damage to cere  bell  ar structures differentiating it from the other two forms of cere  br  al pal  sy which are sp  astic cere  br  al pal  sy damage to cor  tical motor areas and underlying white matter and athe  to  id cere  br  al pal  sy damage to bas  al gang  lia because of the damage to the cere  bell  um which is essential for coordinating muscle movements and balance patients with at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sy experience problems in coordination specifically in their arms legs and trunk at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sy is known to decrease muscle tone the most common manifestation of at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sy is intention action trem  or which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements such as tying shoe lac  es or writing with a pencil this symptom gets progressively worse as the movement persists causing the hand to shake as the hand gets closer to accompl  ishing the intended task the trem  bling intensi  fies which makes it even more difficult to complete like all forms of cp there is no cure for at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sy however there are a number of diverse treatments which together have been used to limit the negative effects of the condition like all forms of cp it is most common for at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sy to be con  genital resulting from errors in the development of the cere  bell  um and conn  ex  ins during pregnancy however it is also possible to be acquired via men  ing  i  tis or even by head trauma although the latter more often leads to one of the many forms of traumatic brain injury which is categorically separate from cere  br  al pal  sy as a class
at  ax  ic respir  ation is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by complete irregularity of breathing with irregular pa  uses and increasing periods of ap  ne  a as the breathing pattern deterior  ates it mer  ges with ag  onal respir  ations it is caused by damage to the med  ul  la obl  ong  ata due to stro  kes or trauma it generally indicates a poor prog  no  sis and usually progres  ses to complete ap  ne  a the term is sometimes used inter  change  ably with bio  t s respir  ations
at  elect  asis is the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange it may affect part or all of a lung it is usually not bilateral it is a condition where the al  ve  oli are defl  ated down to little or no volume as distinct from pul  mon  ary consolidation in which they are filled with liquid it is a very common finding in chest x rays and other radiological studies it may be caused by normal ex  hal  ation or by several medical conditions although frequently described as a collapse of lung tissue at  elect  asis is not synonymous with a pneu  mo  thor  ax which is a more specific condition that features at  elect  asis acute at  elect  asis may occur as a post operative complic  ation or as a result of sur  fac  tant deficiency in premature ne  on  ates this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome
ate  li  osis or at  el  ei  osis is a diagnosis used in the early 1900 s to describe patients with short stature ate  li  osis literally means failure to achieve perfection and was used to describe proportional dwar  f  ism the term was popul  ar  ised by hast  ings gil  ford who used the term to refer to forms of dwar  f  ism associated with and without sexual matur  ation ate  li  osis was reported as early as 19  04 in relation to pro  geria a syndrome of premature aging according to the merri  am web  ster dic  tionary it is “ dwar  f  ism associated with an  terior pit  u  itary deficiencies and marked by essentially normal intelligence and proportions though often retar  ded sexual development ” the physical characteristics include normal facial features child  like high pitched voice proportion  ed body and abnormal gen  italia their mental development is normal to slightly delayed hast  ings gil  ford originated the term to describe patients with continuous youth
at  elo  ste  o  genesis type ii is a severe disorder of car  til  age and bone development it is extremely rare and infants with the disorder are usually still  born however those who survive birth die soon after from respiratory failure
the ath  ab  as  ca oil sands are large deposits of bit  umen or extremely heavy crude oil located in nor  the  astern alber  ta canada – roughly centred on the boom  town of fort mc  murray these oil sands hosted primarily in the mc  murray formation consist of a mixture of crude bit  umen a semi solid rock like form of crude oil silic  a sand clay minerals and water the ath  ab  as  ca deposit is the largest known reservoir of crude bit  umen in the world and the largest of three major oil sands deposits in alber  ta along with the nearby peace river and cold lake deposits the latter stretching into sas  kat  che  wan together these oil sand deposits lie under 141 000 square kilometres 54 000 s  q mi of bo  real forest and mus  ke  g peat bo  gs and contain about 1 7 trillion barrels 270 × 109 m 3 of bit  umen in place comparable in magnitude to the world s total proven reserves of conventional petroleum the international energy agency i  ea lists the economically recoverable reserves at 2006 prices and modern unconventional oil production technology to be 178 billion barrels 28 3 × 109 m 3 or about 10 of these deposits these contribute to canada s total proven reserves being the third largest in the world after saudi arabia and venezuela s or  in  oc  o belt by 2009 the two extraction methods used were in situ extraction when the bit  umen occurs deeper within the ground which will account for 80 percent of oil sands development and surface or open pit mining when the bit  umen is closer to the surface only 20 percent of bit  umen can be extracted using open pit mining methods which involves large scale exc  av  ation of the land with huge hydraulic power sho  vel  s and 400 ton heavy haul  er trucks surface mining leaves toxic ta  ilings pon  ds in contrast in situ uses more specialized techniques such as steam assisted gravity drainage sag  d eighty percent of the oil sands will be developed in situ which accounts for 97 5 percent of the total surface area of the oil sands region in alber  ta in 2006 the ath  ab  as  ca deposit was the only large oil sands reservoir in the world which was suitable for large scale surface mining although most of this reservoir can only be produced using more recently developed in situ technology critics contend that government and industry measures taken to reduce environmental and health risks posed by large scale mining operations are inadequate causing unacceptable damage to the natural environment and human welfare objective discussion of the environmental impacts has often been clou  ded by pol  arized arguments from industry and from advocacy groups
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy ro  le  playing game an ath  ach is a giant like aberr  ation
athe  lia is the con  genital absence of one or both nip  ples it is a rare condition it sometimes occurs on one side in children with the poland sequence and on both sides in certain types of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia
an a  ther  oma plural a  ther  om  ata or a  ther  om  as is an accumulation of degenerative material in the tun  ica intim  a inner layer of artery walls the material consists of mostly macro  p  ha  ge cells or debris containing li  pi  ds cho  le  sterol and fatty acids calcium and a variable amount of fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue the accumulated material forms a sw  elling in the artery wall which may intru  de into the channel of the artery narrowing it and restricting blood flow a  ther  oma occurs in a  ther  os  clerosis which is one of the three sub  types of arter  i  os  clerosis which are a  ther  os  clerosis mon  c  ke  berg s arter  i  os  clerosis and arter  io  los  clerosis in the context of heart or artery matters a  ther  om  ata are commonly referred to as a  ther  om  at  ous pl  aqu  es it is an unhealthy condition found in most humans ve  ins do not develop a  ther  om  ata unless sur  g  ically moved to function as an artery as in bypass surgery the accumulation sw  elling is always in the tun  ica intim  a between the endo  the  lium lining and the smooth muscle tun  ica media middle layer of the artery wall while the early stages based on gross appearance have traditionally been termed fatty stre  aks by patho  logists they are not composed of fat cells i e adi  pose cells but of accumul  ations of white blood cells especially macro  p  ha  ges that have taken up ox  idi  zed low density li  po  protein ld  l after they accumulate large amounts of cy  top  las  mic memb  ran  es with associated high cho  le  sterol content they are called foam cells when foam cells die their contents are released which attracts more macro  p  ha  ges and creates an ex  trac  ell  ular lip  id core near the center to inner surface of each a  ther  os  cl  erotic pla  que conversely the outer older portions of the pla  que become more calci  fied less metabol  ically active and more physically stiff over time
a  ther  os  clerosis also known as arter  i  os  cl  erotic vascular disease or as  vd is a specific form of arter  i  os  clerosis in which an artery wall thick  ens as a result of invasion and accumulation of white blood cells w  b  cs foam cell and proliferation of intim  al smooth muscle cell creating a fi  bro  fatty pla  que the accumulation of the white blood cells is termed fatty stre  aks early on because of the appearance being similar to that of mar  bled steak these accumul  ations contain both living active w  b  cs producing infl  amm  ation and remnants of dead cells including cho  le  sterol and tri  gly  cer  ides the remnants eventually include calcium and other crystal  lized materials within the outermost and oldest pla  que the fatty stre  aks reduce the el  as  tic  ity of the artery walls however they do not affect blood flow for decades because the artery muscular wall enlar  ges at the locations of pla  que the wall sti  ff  ening may eventually increase pulse pressure widened pulse pressure is one possible result of advanced disease within the major arter  ies a  ther  os  clerosis is therefore a syndrome affecting arter  ial blood vessels due to a chronic infl  am  matory response of w  b  cs in the walls of arter  ies this is promoted by low density li  po  proteins ld  l plasma proteins that carry cho  le  sterol and tri  gly  cer  ides without adequate removal of fats and cho  le  sterol from the macro  p  ha  ges by functional high density li  po  proteins h  dl it is commonly referred to as a hard  ening or fur  ring of the arter  ies it is caused by the formation of multiple a  ther  om  at  ous pl  aqu  es within the arter  ies the pla  que is divided into three distinct components 1 the a  ther  oma lump of gru  el from greek ἀ  θή  ρ  α a  ther  a meaning gru  el which is the no  d  ular accumulation of a soft fla  ky yel  low  ish material at the center of large pl  aqu  es composed of macro  p  ha  ges nearest the lum  en of the artery 2 underlying areas of cho  le  sterol cryst  als 3 calci  fication at the outer base of older or more advanced le  sions a  ther  os  clerosis is a chronic disease that remains as  ymp  tomatic for decades a  ther  os  cl  erotic le  sions or a  ther  os  cl  erotic pl  aqu  es are separated into two broad categories stable and unstable also called vulnerable the path  obi  ology of a  ther  os  cl  erotic le  sions is very complicated but generally stable a  ther  os  cl  erotic pl  aqu  es which tend to be as  ymp  tomatic are rich in ex  trac  ell  ular matrix and smooth muscle cells on the other hand unstable pl  aqu  es are rich in macro  p  ha  ges and foam cells and the ex  trac  ell  ular matrix separating the le  sion from the arter  ial lum  en also known as the fi  bro  us cap is usually weak and prone to rupture rup  tures of the fi  bro  us cap expose thro  m  bo  genic material such as coll  agen to the circulation and eventually induce thro  m  bus formation in the lum  en upon formation intr  alumin  al thro  m  bi can oc  clu  de arter  ies outright e g coron  ary oc  clu  sion but more often they det  ach move into the circulation and eventually oc  clu  de smaller downstream branches causing thro  m  bo  embol  ism apart from thro  m  bo  embol  ism chronically expanding a  ther  os  cl  erotic le  sions can cause complete closure of the lum  en chronically expanding le  sions are often as  ymp  tomatic until lum  en sten  osis is so severe usually over 80 that blood supply to downstream tissue s is insufficient resulting in is  chem  ia these complications of advanced a  ther  os  clerosis are chronic slowly progressive and cumulative most commonly soft pla  que suddenly rup  tures see vulnerable pla  que causing the formation of a thro  m  bus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow leading to death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately five minutes this catastrophic event is called an inf  arc  tion one of the most common recognized scenarios is called coron  ary thro  m  bo  sis of a coron  ary artery causing my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion a heart attack the same process in an artery to the brain is commonly called stroke another common scenario in very advanced disease is clau  dic  ation from insufficient blood supply to the legs a  ther  os  clerosis affects the entire artery tree but mostly larger high pressure vessels such as the coron  ary ren  al fem  oral cere  br  al and caro  ti  d arter  ies these are termed clin  ically silent because the person having the inf  arc  tion does not notice the problem and does not seek medical help or when they do physicians do not recognize what has happened
athe  to  id cere  br  al pal  sy or dy  sk  ine  tic cere  br  al pal  sy sometimes abbreviated ad  cp is a type of cere  br  al pal  sy primarily associated with damage like other forms of cp to the bas  al gang  lia in the form of le  sions that occur during brain development due to bi  li  rubin encephalopathy and hypo  x  ic is  chem  ic brain injury unlike sp  astic or at  ax  ic cere  br  al pal  sies ad  cp is characterized by both hyper  ton  ia and hy  pot  onia due to the affected individual s inability to control muscle tone clinical diagnosis of ad  cp typically occurs within 18 months of birth and is primarily based upon motor function and neuro  imaging techniques while there are no cures for ad  cp some drug therapies as well as speech occupational therapy and physical therapy have shown capacity for treating the symptoms classification of cere  br  al pal  sy can be based on severity topo  graphic distribution or motor function severity is typically assessed via the gross motor function classification system gm  f  cs or the international classification of functioning disability and health described further below classification based on motor characteristics classi  fies cp as occurring from damage to either the cor  ti  co  spinal path  way or extr  ap  y  ram  idal regions athe  to  id dy  sk  ine  tic cere  br  al pal  sy is a non sp  astic extr  ap  y  ram  idal form of cere  br  al pal  sy sp  astic cere  br  al pal  sy in contrast results from damage to the brain ’ s cor  ti  co  spinal pathways non sp  astic cere  br  al pal  sy is divided into two groups at  ax  ic and dy  sk  ine  tic dy  sk  ine  tic cere  br  al pal  sy is separated further into two different groups cho  re  o  athe  to  id and dy  st  onic cho  re  o athe  to  tic cp is characterized by involuntary movements most predominantly found in the face and extre  mi  ties dy  st  onic ad  cp is characterized by slow strong contr  actions which may occur locally or encompass the whole body clin  ically physicians have also classified cere  br  al pal  sy according to the topo  graphic distribution of muscle sp  as  tic  ity this method classi  fies children as di  p  leg  ic bilateral involvement with leg involvement greater than arm involvement hem  ip  leg  ic unilateral involvement or quad  rip  leg  ic bilateral involvement with arm involvement equal to or greater than leg involvement
athe  to  sis is a symptom characterized by slow involuntary con  volu  ted w  ri  thing movements of the fingers hands toes and feet and in some cases arms legs neck and tongue movements typical of athe  to  sis are sometimes called athe  to  id movements le  sions to the brain are most often the direct cause of the symptoms particularly to the corpus stri  at  um this symptom does not occur alone and is often accompanied by the symptoms of cere  br  al pal  sy as it is often a result of this disease treatments for athe  to  sis are not very effective and in most cases are simply aimed at the uncontrollable movement rather than the cause itself
athlete s foot known medic  ally as tin  ea ped  is is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fun  gus signs and symptoms often include it  ching scaling and red  ness in severe cases the skin may bl  ister athlete s foot fun  gus may infect any part of the foot but most often grows between the toes the next most common area is the bottom of the foot the same fun  gus may also affect the nails or the hands it is a member of the group of diseases known as tin  ea tin  ea ped  is is caused by a number of different fun  gi these include species of tric  hop  hy  ton ep  id  er  mop  hy  ton and micro  spor  um the condition is typically acquired by coming into contact with infected skin or fun  gus in the environment common places where the fun  gi can survive are around swimming pools and in locker rooms they may also be spread from other animals usually diagnosis is made based on signs and symptoms however it can be confirmed either by culture or seeing hyp  ha  e using a micro  scope some methods of prevention include avoiding walking ba  ref  oot in public sho  wers keeping the to  en  ails short wearing big enough shoes and changing socks daily when infected the feet should be kept dry and clean and wearing sand  als may help treatment can be either with anti  fun  gal medication applied to the skin such as clo  trim  azole or for persistent infections anti  fun  gal medication that are taken by mouth such as ter  bin  a  fine the use of the cream is typically recommended for four weeks athletes foot was first medic  ally described in 19  08 globally athlete s foot affects about 15 of the population males are more often affected than females it occurs most frequently in older children or younger adults historically it is believed to have been a rare condition that became more frequent in the 1900 s due to the great use of shoes health clubs war and travel
athle  tic heart syndrome a  hs also known as athlete s heart athle  tic brad  y  car  dia or exercise induced cardi  om  eg  al  y is a non  pathological condition commonly seen in sports medicine in which the human heart is enlarged and the resting heart rate is lower than normal athlete s heart is common in athletes who routinely exercise more than an hour a day and occurs primarily in end  ur  ance athletes though it can occasionally arise in heavy weight trainers the condition is generally considered benign but may occasionally hide a serious medical condition or may even be mistaken for one athlete s heart most often does not have any physical symptoms although an indicator would be a consistently low resting heart rate athletes with a  hs often do not realize they have the condition unless they undergo specific medical tests because athlete s heart is a normal physiological adaptation of the body to the stresses of physical conditioning and aer  ob  ic exercise people diagnosed with athlete ’ s heart commonly display three signs that would usually indicate a heart condition when seen in a regular person brad  y  car  dia cardi  om  eg  al  y and cardiac hyper  tro  phy brad  y  car  dia is a slower than normal heartbeat at around 40 – 60 beats per minute cardi  om  eg  al  y is the state of an enlarged heart and cardiac hyper  tro  phy the thick  ening of the muscular wall of the heart specifically the left ven  tric  le which pumps oxy  genated blood to the a  or  ta especially during an intensive work  out more blood and oxygen are required to the peripheral tissues of the arms and legs in highly trained athletes bodies a larger heart results in higher cardiac output which also allows it to beat more slowly as more blood is pumped out with each beat another sign of athlete s heart syndrome is an s 3 gall  op which can be heard through a st  eth  o  scope this sound can be heard as the di  ast  ol  ic pressure of the ir  regularly shaped heart creates a dis  ordered blood flow however if an s 4 gall  op is heard the patient should be given immediate attention an s 4 gall  op is a stronger and louder sound created by the heart if dise  ased in any way and is typically a sign of a serious medical condition
athle  tic pu  bal  gia also called sports her  nia hockey her  nia hockey gro  in gil  more s gro  in or gro  in disruption is a medical condition of the pu  bic joint affecting athletes it is a syndrome characterized by chronic gro  in pain in athletes and a dil  ated superficial ring of the ingu  inal canal football and ice hockey players are affected most frequently and both recreational and professional athletes may be affected
ath  ym  hor  mia is a disorder of motivation one of that class of ne  uro psychiatric conditions marked by ab  norm  alities or deficiencies in motivation symptoms include the loss or reduction of desire and interest toward previous motivations loss of drive and the desire for satisfaction curiosity the loss of tastes and preferences and flat affect in ath  ym  hor  mia however these phenomena are not accompanied by the character  izing features of depression nor by any notable ab  normality in intellectual or cognitive function
ath  ym  horm  ic syndrome or psychic ak  ine  sia is a rare neuro  logical syndrome characterized by extreme passivity apathy bl  unted affect and a profound generalized loss of self motivation and conscious thought for example a patient with this syndrome might sustain severe burns on contact with a hot stove due to lacking the will to move away despite experiencing severe pain the existence of such symptoms in patients after damage to certain structures in the brain has been used in support of a physical model of motivation in human beings where  in the lim  bic loop of the bas  al gang  lia is the initi  ator of directed action and thought the word ath  ym  horm  ic is derived from the greek greek thu  mos which means mood or affect and greek hor  me which means impulse drive or appetite first described by french neuro  logist dominique lap  lane in 1982 as p  ap syndrome french per  te d auto activation psychi  que or loss of psychic auto  activation the syndrome is believed to be due to damage to areas of the bas  al gang  lia or frontal cor  tex specifically the stri  at  um and glo  bus palli  dus responsible for motivation and executive functions it may occur without any pre  existing psychiatric condition
the atlanta race riot of 1906 was a mass civil disturbance in atlanta georgia united states which began the evening of september 22 and lasted until september 24 1906 it was characterized at the time by le peti  t journal and other media outlets as a racial massacre of ne  gro  es the death toll of the conflict is to this day unknown and disputed but officially at least 25 african americans along with two confirmed european americans unofficial reports rang  ed from 10 100 african americans and 2 european americans were killed during the riots according to the atlanta history center some african americans were hanged from lam  posts during the actual riot the main cause of the race riot was newspaper publicized rapes of four white women in separate incidents allegedly by african american men
the atlantic equatorial mode or atlantic ni  ño is a qu  asi  periodic inter  annual climate pattern of the equatorial atlantic ocean it is the dominant mode of year to year vari  ability that results in altern  ating warming and cooling episodes of sea surface temperatures accompanied by changes in atmospheric circulation the term atlantic ni  ño comes from its close similarity with the el ni  ño southern osci  ll  ation en  so that dominates the tropical pacific basin the atlantic ni  ño is not the same as the atlantic mer  idi  onal inter  hemis  ph  eric mode that consists of a north south di  pole and operates more on dec  ad  al timescales the equatorial warming and cooling events associated with the atlantic ni  ño are known to be strongly related to atmospheric climate anomalies especially in african countries bordering the gulf of guinea therefore understanding of the atlantic ni  ño or lack thereof has important implications for climate prediction in those regions although the atlantic ni  ño is an intrinsic mode to the equatorial atlantic there may be a ten  uous causal relationship between en  so and the atlantic ni  ño in some circumstances
the atmospheric dynam  o is a pattern of electrical currents that are set up in the earth s ion  o  sphere by multiple effects mostly the sun s solar wind but also the ti  des of the moon and sun the currents flow in circuits between the poles and the equ  ator but they are not well understood
atmospheric electricity is the pattern of electrical charges in the earth s atmosphere or less commonly that of another planet the normal movement of electric charges among the earth s surface the various layers of the atmosphere and especially the ion  o  sphere taken together are known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit much of the reasoning required to explain these currents lies within the field of electro  st  atics but also requires understanding of other disciplines within earth science eliminating for the moment consideration of the extremely dense charge populations that exist in the upper reaches of the atmosphere a region called the ion  o  sphere filled with hot dense plasma gas whose ions give the ion  o  sphere its name we note that there is always some amount of un  bound positive and negative but net positive electric charge in the atmosphere closest to the surface of the negatively charged earth on a fine day when days are not so fine the net un  bound charge that exists in the clouds of thunder  storms can be exceedingly negative the fine day net positive charge sets up an electric field between the negative earth and the net positive charge in the air and this electric field stores electrical energy the positive charge acts by induc  tion on the earth and electromagnetic devices experiments have shown that the intensity of this electric field is greater in the middle of the day than at morning or night and is also greater in winter than in summer in fine weather the potential aka voltage increases with altitude at about 30 vol  ts per foot 100 v m when climbing against the gr  adi  ent of the electric field this electric field gr  adi  ent continues up into the atmosphere to a point where the voltage reaches its maximum in the neighborhood of 300 000 vol  ts this occurs at approximately 30 – 50 km above the earth s surface from that point in the atmosphere up to its outer limit nearly 1 000 km the electric field gr  adi  ent produced in the lower atmosphere either ceases or has reversed global daily cycles with a minimum around 03 ut and pe  aking roughly 16 hours later were researched by the car  ne  gie institution of washington in the 20 th century this car  ne  gie curve variation has been described as the fundamental electrical heartbeat of the planet the phenomena character  izing atmospheric electricity are of at least three kinds there are thunder  storms which create lightning bol  ts that instan  tane  ously discharge huge amounts of atmospheric charge to ground in a rapid release of energy stored in the electric field that built up to a particularly extreme degree in the storm clouds there is a related phenomenon of continual electri  fication re charging of the air in the lower atmosphere a third phenomenon is that of the polar aur  or  as most authorities agree that whatever may be the origin of the net un  bound positive charge in the atmosphere the generation of enormous currents flow of electron  s negative charges that flow between clouds and ground during a lightning discharge begins with condens  ation of water vap  or within the clouds each minute water dro  p  let moving through the air collects upon its surface a certain amount of negative charge by collecting free electron  s as these tiny drops coal  es  ce into larger drops and still larger drops there is a corresponding decrease in the total exposed surface upon which the collected electronic charges can be carried raising the negative voltage as dro  ple  ts combine this is because an object s potential rises as the electrical capac  it  ance of the object holding the charge is decreased the combined negative electric potential of all the coal  es  cing water drops rises until it over  comes the breakdown voltage of the usually non conduc  tive air and jumps to earth as a lightning bolt the similarity of lightning to the discharge of accumulated electron  s developed on an electrical machine was demonstrated by franklin in his memor  able k  ite experiments
atmospheric escape is the loss of plan  e  tary atmospheric gases to outer space a number of different mechanisms can be responsible for atmospheric escape operating at different time scales the most prominent is jeans escape named after british astro  no  mer sir james jeans who described the process of atmospheric loss to the molecular k  ine  tic energy
atmospheric instability is a condition where the earth s atmosphere is generally considered to be unstable and as a result the weather is subjected to a high degree of vari  ability through distance and time atmospheric stability is a measure of the atmosphere s tendency to encourage or deter vertical motion and vertical motion is directly correlated to different types of weather systems and their severity in unstable conditions a lifted thing such as a parcel of air will be warmer than the surrounding air at altitude because it is warmer it is less dense and is prone to further as  cent in meteor  ology instability can be described by various indices such as the bulk ric  hard  son number lifted index k index conv  ective available potential energy cape the sho  walter and the vertical totals these indices as well as atmospheric instability itself involve temperature changes through the tro  po  sphere with height or lapse rate effects of atmospheric instability in mo  ist atmospheres include thunder  storm development which over warm oceans can lead to tropical cyclo  genesis and turbulence in dry atmospheres inferior mir  ages dust dev  ils steam dev  ils and fire whir  ls can form stable atmospheres can be associated with dri  zzle fog increased air pollution a lack of turbulence and und  ular bore formation
atmospheric pressure sometimes also called barome  tric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere of earth or that of another planet in most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approxim  ated by the hydro  static pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point low pressure areas have less atmospheric mass above their location whereas high pressure areas have more atmospheric mass above their location likewise as elev  ation increases there is less over  lying atmospheric mass so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elev  ation on average a column of air one square centi  metre cm 2 0 16 s  q in in cross section measured from sea level to the top of the atmosphere has a mass of about 1 03 kilograms 2 3 lb and weight of about 10 1 new  tons 2 3 l  b  f that force across one square centi  meter is a pressure of 10 1 n cm 2 or 101 000 n m 2 a column 1 square inch 6 5 cm 2 in cross section would have a weight of about 14 7 lb 6 7 kg or about 65 4 n
atmospheric temperature range is the numerical difference between the minimum and maximum values of temperature observed in a given location during a period of time e g in a given day month year century or the average average of all temperature ranges in a period of time the variation in temperature that occurs from the high  s of the day to the cool of nights is called di  ur  nal temperature variation
an atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables like surface pressure or geo  potential height temperature or wind velocity which may either propag  ate traveling wave or not standing wave atmospheric waves range in spatial and temporal scale from large scale plan  e  tary waves ros  s  by waves to minute sound waves atmospheric waves with periods which are harmon  ics of 1 solar day e g 24 hours 12 hours 8 hours etc are known as atmospheric ti  des
in quantum mechanics an atomic orb  ital is a mathematical function that describes the wave like behavior of either one electr  on or a pair of electron  s in an atom this function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electr  on of an atom in any specific region around the atom s nucleus the term atomic orb  ital may also refer to the physical region or space where the electr  on can be calculated to be present as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orb  ital each orb  ital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers n ℓ and m which respectively correspond to the electr  on s energy ang  ular momentum and an ang  ular momentum vector component the magnetic quantum number each such orb  ital can be occupied by a maximum of two electron  s each with its own spin quantum number s the simple names s orb  ital p orb  ital d orb  ital and f orb  ital refer to or  bit  als with ang  ular momentum quantum number ℓ 0 1 2 and 3 respectively these names together with the value of n are used to describe the electr  on configur  ations of atoms they are derived from the description by early spec  tro  sco  p  ists of certain series of alkali metal spec  tro  scopic lines as sharp principal diffuse and fundamental or  bit  als for ℓ 3 continue alphabe  tically om  itting j g h i k … atomic or  bit  als are the basic building blocks of the atomic orb  ital model alternatively known as the electr  on cloud or wave mechanics model a modern framework for vis  u  alizing the sub  micro  scopic behavior of electron  s in matter in this model the electr  on cloud of a multi electr  on atom may be seen as being built up in approximation in an electr  on configuration that is a product of simpler hydrogen like atomic or  bit  als the repeating periodic  ity of the blocks of 2 6 10 and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electron  s that occupy a complete set of s p d and f atomic or  bit  als respectively although for higher values of the quantum number n particularly when the atom in question bears a positive charge the energies of certain sub shells become very similar and so the order in which they are said to be populated by electron  s e g cr ar 4 s 13 d 5 and cr 2 ar 3 d 4 can only be ration  alized somewhat arbitrarily
at  onic seizures also called drop seizures ak  ine  tic seizures or drop attacks are a type of seizure that consist of a brief lapse in muscle tone that are caused by temporary alterations in brain function the seizures are brief usually less than fifteen seconds they begin in childhood and may persist into adul  thood the seizure itself causes no damage but the loss of muscle control can result in indirect damage from falling electro  encephal  o  graphy can be used to confirm diagnosis it is rare and can be indicative of lennox gast  aut syndrome see henri gast  aut at  onic seizures can occur while standing walking or sitting and are often noticeable by a head drop the neck muscles relaxing and damage sometimes results from hitting the face or head as with common epi  le  ptic occurrences no first aid is needed post seizure except in the instances where falling injuries have occurred in some cases a person may become temporarily paralyzed in part of his or her body this usually does not last longer than 3 minutes
in medicine at  ony ˈ  æ  ˌ  to  ʊ ni also at  onia is a condition in which a muscle has lost its strength it is frequently associated with the conditions at  onic seizure at  onic col  on uter  ine at  ony gastro  intest  inal at  ony occurs post  oper  atively and cho  re  atic at  onia at  ony can also refer to the paralyzed or extremely relaxed state of sk  el  etal muscles in rapid eye movement sleep rem sleep in most warm bloo  ded animals the term at  ony comes from the ancient greek ἀ  το  ν  ία at  onia sl  ack  ness deb  ility
at  op  ic der  mati  tis ad also known as at  op  ic ecz  ema is a type of infl  amm  ation of the skin der  mati  tis it results in it  chy red sw  oll  en and cracked skin clear fluid may come from the affected areas which often thick  en over time the condition typically starts in childhood with changing severity over the years in children under one year of age much of the body may be affected as people get older the back of the knees and front of the el  bows are the most common areas affected in adults the hands and feet are the most commonly affected areas scrat  ching wor  sens symptoms and affected people have an increased risk of skin infections many people with at  op  ic der  mati  tis develop hay fever or asthma the cause is unknown but believed to involve genetics immune system dysfunction environmental exposures and difficulties with the perme  ability of the skin if one identical twin is affected there is an 85 chance the other also has the condition those who live in cities and dry clim  ates are more commonly affected exposure to certain chemicals or frequent hand washing makes symptoms worse while emotional stress may make the symptoms worse it is not a cause the disorder is not contagious the diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms other diseases that must be excluded before making a diagnosis include contact der  mati  tis ps  ori  asis and se  bor  rhe  ic der  mati  tis treatment involves avoiding things that make the condition worse daily bathing with application of a mois  tur  ising cream afterwards applying ster  o  id cre  ams when fla  res occur and medications to help with it  chin  ess things that commonly make it worse include wool clothing so  aps perf  umes chlorine dust and cigarette smoke photo  therapy may be useful in some people ster  o  id pills or cre  ams based on cal  cin  eur  in inhi  bit  ors may occasionally be used if other measures are not effective antibiotics either by mouth or top  ically may be needed if a bacterial infection develops dietary changes are only needed if food allergies are suspected at  op  ic der  mati  tis affects about 20 of people at some point in their lives it is more common in younger children males and females are equally affected many people out  grow the condition at  op  ic der  mati  tis is sometimes called ecz  ema a term that also refers to a larger group of skin conditions other names include inf  anti  le ecz  ema fl  ex  ural ecz  ema pr  uri  go bes  nier allergic ecz  ema and neuro  der  mati  tis
at  op  y ˈ  æ  t  ə  pi  ː from greek ἀ  το  π  ία plac  elessness or at  op  ic syndrome is a pre  disposition toward developing certain allergic hy  pers  ensi  tivity reactions at  op  y may have a hereditary component although contact with the aller  gen or irrit  ant must occur before the hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction can develop the term at  op  y was coined by coca and coo  ke in 19  23 many physicians and scientists use the term at  op  y for any i  ge medi  ated reaction even those that are appropriate and proportional to the antigen but many pedi  at  ric  ians reserve the word at  op  y for a genetically medi  ated pre  disposition to an excessive i  ge reaction
at  ran  s  ferr  in  emia also called famili  al hypo  transfer  rin  emia is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder in which there is an absence of transfer  rin a plasma protein that transports iron through the blood at  ran  s  ferr  in  emia is characterized by an  emia and h  emo  sid  er  osis in the heart and liver the iron damage to the heart can lead to heart failure the an  emia is typically micro  cy  tic and hypo  ch  rom  ic the red blood cells are abnormally small and pale at  ran  s  ferr  in  emia is extremely rare with only eight cases documented worldwide
at  re  sia is a condition in which an ori  fice or passage in the body is usually abnormally closed or absent examples of at  re  sia include imper  for  ate an  us mal  formation of the opening between the rec  tum and an  us micro  tia absence of the ear canal or failure of the canal to be tu  bul  ar or fully formed can be related to micro  tia a con  genital de  form  ity of the pin  na or outer ear bi  li  ary at  re  sia a condition in new  bor  ns in which the common bile duc  t between the liver and the small intest  ine is blocked or absent cho  anal at  re  sia block  age of the back of the nas  al passage usually by abnormal bon  y or soft tissue es  op  ha  ge  al at  re  sia which affects the alim  entary tract and causes the es  op  ha  gus to end before connecting normally to the stomach intest  inal at  re  sia mal  formation of the intest  ine usually resulting from a vascular accident in uter  o o  vari  an fol  lic  le at  re  sia the de  generation and subsequent resor  ption of one or more immature o  vari  an fol  lic  les pul  mon  ary at  re  sia mal  formation of the pul  mon  ary valve in which the valve ori  fice fails to develop tric  us  pid at  re  sia a form of con  genital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tric  us  pid valve and consequently an absence of the right atri  o  ven  tric  ular connection vag  inal at  re  sia a con  genital oc  clu  sion of the vag  ina or subsequent adhe  sion of the walls of the vag  ina resulting in its oc  clu  sion ren  al agen  esis only having one kidney pot  ter sequence con  genital decreased size of the kidney leading absolutely no functionality of the kidney usually related to a single kidney
atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation af or a fi  b is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating often it starts as brief periods of abnormal beating which become longer and possibly constant over time most episodes have no symptoms occasionally there may be heart pal  p  itations fain  ting short  ness of breath or chest pain the disease is associated with an increased risk of heart failure dementia and stroke it is a type of su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia hyper  tension and val  vul  ar heart disease are the most common alter  able risk factors for af other heart related risk factors include heart failure coron  ary artery disease cardi  om  y  opathy and con  genital heart disease in the developing world val  vul  ar heart disease often occurs as a result of r  heu  matic fever lung related risk factors include cop  d obesity and sleep ap  ne  a other factors include excess alcohol intake diabetes mell  it  us and thyro  toxico  sis however half of cases are not associated with one of these risks a diagnosis is made by feeling the pulse and may be confirmed using an electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g a typical ec  g in af shows no p waves and an irregular ven  tric  ular rate af is often treated with medications to slow the heart rate to a near normal range known as rate control or to convert the rhythm to normal sin  us rhythm known as rhythm control electrical cardi  over  sion can also be used to convert af to a normal sin  us rhythm and is often used emerg  ently if the person is unstable ab  l  ation may prevent recurrence in some people depending on the risk of stroke either aspir  in or anti clo  tting medications such as war  far  in or a novel oral anti  co  ag  ul  ant may be recommended while these medications reduce this risk they increase rates of major bleeding atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation is the most common serious abnormal heart rhythm in europe and north america as of 2014 it affects about 2 to 3 of the population this is an increase from 0 4 to 1 of the population around 2005 in the developing world about 0 6 of males and 0 4 of females are affected the percentage of people with af increases with age with 0 14 under 50 years old 4 between 60 and 70 years old and 14 over 80 years old being affected a fi  b and atri  al fl  utter resulted in 112 000 deaths in 2013 up from 29 000 in 1990 the first known report of an irregular pulse was by jean bap  ti  ste de s  én  ac in 17  49 this was first documented by ec  g in 19  09 by thomas lewis
atri  al fl  utter af  l is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atri  a of the heart when it first occurs it is usually associated with a fast heart rate or t  ach  y  car  dia beats over 100 per minute and falls into the category of supra ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  cardi  as while this rhythm occurs most often in individuals with cardiovascular disease e g hyper  tension coron  ary artery disease and cardi  om  y  opathy and diabetes mell  it  us it may occur spontaneously in people with otherwise normal hearts it is typically not a stable rhythm and frequently de  generates into atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation af however it does rarely persist for months to years atri  al fl  utter was first identified as an independent medical condition in 1920 by the british physician sir thomas lewis 18  81 – 1945 and colleagues
atri  al sep  tal defect as  d is a con  genital heart defect in which blood flows between the atri  a upper chambers of the heart normally the atri  a are separated by a dividing wall the inter  atri  al sep  tum if this sep  tum is defective or absent then oxygen rich blood can flow directly from the left side of the heart to mix with the oxygen poor blood in the right side of the heart or vice versa this can lead to lower than normal oxygen levels in the arter  ial blood that supplies the brain organs and tissues however an as  d may not produce noticeable signs or symptoms especially if the defect is small a sh  unt is the presence of a net flow of blood through the defect either from left to right or right to left the amount of sh  unting present if any determines the hem  od  y  nam  ic significance of the as  d a right to left sh  unt typically poses the more dangerous scenario during development of the fe  tus the inter  atri  al sep  tum develops to separate the left and right atri  a however a hole in the sep  tum called the for  amen o  val  e allows blood from the right atri  um to enter the left atri  um during fe  tal development this opening allows blood to bypass the non  functional fe  tal lungs while the fe  tus obtains its oxygen from the plac  enta a layer of tissue called the sep  tum pri  mum acts as a valve over the for  amen o  val  e during fe  tal development after birth the pressure in the right side of the heart drops as the lungs open and begin working causing the for  amen o  val  e to close entirely in approximately 25 of adults the for  amen o  val  e does not entirely seal in these cases any elev  ation of the pressure in the pul  mon  ary circul  atory system due to pul  mon  ary hyper  tension temporarily while cou  gh  ing etc can cause the for  amen o  val  e to remain open this is known as a patent for  amen o  val  e p  fo a type of atri  al sep  tal defect
atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia is a type of heart rhythm problem in which the heart s electrical impulse comes from an ec  topic pac  emaker that is an abnormally located cardiac pac  emaker in the upper chambers atri  a of the heart rather than from the sin  o  atri  al no  de the normal origin of the heart s electrical activity atri  al t  ach  y  cardi  as can exhibit very regular consistent heart rates ranging typically from 140 to 220 beats per minute as with any other form of t  ach  y  car  dia rapid heart beat the underlying mechanism can be either the rapid discharge of an abnormal focus the presence of a ring of cardiac tissue that gives rise to a circle movement re  entry or a triggered rapid rhythm due to other pathological circumstances as would be the case with some drug tox  ic  ities such as di  go  x  in toxicity atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia is a risk factor for atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation as the rapid rhythm can trigger or de  grade into the lack of a rhythm all atri  al t  ach  y  cardi  as are by definition su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  cardi  as forms of atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia at  ach include multi  focal atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia m  at ec  topic atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia eat uni  focal atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia u  at and par  oxy  sm  al atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia pat the tax  on  omy varies somewhat between users regarding names that mean the same versus those that label sub  sets the codification of the terms first detected par  oxy  sm  al persistent and permanent in the classification of atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation should be compared for reference
at  ric  hia with pap  ular le  sions aka pap  ular at  ric  hia is a diffuse hair loss caused by an ab  normality of the human homo  logue of the mouse hair  less gene it is associated with hr
atri  o  ven  tric  ular block av block is a type of heart block in which the conduc  tion between the atri  a and ven  tric  les of the heart is impaired under normal conditions the sin  o  atri  al no  de sa no  de in the atri  a sets the pace for the heart and these impul  ses travel down to the ven  tric  les in an av block this message does not reach the ven  tric  les or is impaired along the way the ven  tric  les of the heart have their own pac  ing mechanisms which can maintain a lowered heart rate in the absence of sa stimulation the causes of pathological av block are varied and include is  cha  emia inf  arc  tion fi  bro  sis or drugs and the blocks may be complete or may only impair the sign  aling between the sa and av no  des certain av blocks can also be found as normal variants such as in athletes or children and are benign strong vag  al stimulation may also produce av block the chol  iner  gic recep  tor types affected are the muscar  in  ic recep  tors there are three types first degree atri  o  ven  tric  ular block pr interval greater than 0 20 sec second degree atri  o  ven  tric  ular block type 1 aka mo  bit  z 1 wen  c  ke  bach progressive prolongation of pr interval with dropped beats the pr interval gets longer and longer finally one beat drops type 2 aka mo  bit  z 2 hay pr interval remains unchanged prior to the p wave which suddenly fails to conduct to the ven  tric  les third degree atri  o  ven  tric  ular block no association between p waves and q  rs complex  es sin  us rhythm with acute inferior inf  arc  tion complicated by type i a v block manifest in the form of 5 4 wen  c  ke  bach periods r p p r reciprocity sin  us rhythm rate 100 min with 3 2 and 2 1 type ii a v block r  b  bb sin  us t  ach  y  car  dia with complete a v block and resulting junc  tional escape
an atri  o  ven  tric  ular f  ist  ula is a f  ist  ula between an atri  um and a ven  tric  le of the heart clin  ically thri  lls can be felt on the arm of the patient if pal  p  ated at the f  ist  ula
atri  o  ven  tric  ular re  entr  ant t  ach  y  car  dia atri  o  ven  tric  ular reciproc  ating t  ach  y  car  dia or av  rt is a su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia sv  t most commonly associated with wol  ff par  kinson white syndrome in which an accessory path  way allows electrical signal from the ven  tric  les to enter the atri  a and cause premature contraction and repeat stimulation of the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de
atri  o  ven  tric  ular sep  tal defect av  s  d or atri  o  ven  tric  ular canal defect av  cd previously known as common atri  o  ven  tric  ular canal cav  c or endo  cardi  al cushion defect is characterized by a deficiency of the atri  o  ven  tric  ular sep  tum of the heart it is caused by an abnormal or inadequate fusion of the superior and inferior endo  cardi  al cush  ions with the mid portion of the atri  al sep  tum and the muscular portion of the ven  tric  ular sep  tum
atro  phia mac  ul  osa vari  oli  form  is cu  tis am  v  c is a condition involving spontaneous scar  ring specifically depressed scars on the face occurring over a period of months to years it appears to only affect children and young adults is considered to be quite rare normally occurs on the cheeks temple area and fore  head and is not well understood nor presently treat  able case reports indicate the scars deepen over time but remain relatively superficial and with the frequency of new scar appearance diminishing over time am  v  c is quite difficult to diagnose for reasons including the depressed box and ice pick scars being very similar to that caused by ac  ne vul  gar  is a confident diagnosis can be made if such scars recently appeared without present ac  ne and without a history of ac  ne otherwise the correct diagnosis is usually not made and even doing so provides little benefit as there is no treatment it has been suggested in case reports that the condition although rare is likely under  reported
atro  ph  ic connec  tive tissue pann  ic  u  li  tis is a rare condition and often occurs on the upper or lower extre  mi  ties
atro  ph  ic gast  ri  tis also known as type a or type b gast  ri  tis more specifically is a process of chronic infl  amm  ation of the stomach mu  co  sa leading to loss of ga  str  ic g  land  ular cells and their eventual replacement by intest  inal and fi  bro  us tissues as a result the stomach s secre  tion of essential substances such as hydro  chlor  ic acid pep  sin and intrinsic factor is impaired leading to dig  estive problems the most common are vitamin b 12 deficiency which results in a meg  alo  bl  astic an  emia and mal  absor  b  tion of iron leading to iron deficiency ana  emia it can be caused by persistent infection with heli  co  bac  ter p  yl  ori or can be auto  immune in origin those with the auto  immune version of atro  ph  ic gast  ri  tis are statistically more likely to develop ga  str  ic carcin  oma hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis and ach  lor  hy  dri  a type a gast  ri  tis primarily affects the body fun  dus of the stomach and is more common with pernicious an  emia type b gast  ri  tis primarily affects the an  tr  um and is more common with h p  yl  ori infection
atro  ph  ic vag  initi  s also known as vag  inal atro  phy vul  vo  vag  inal atro  phy or u  ro  genital atro  phy is an infl  amm  ation of the vag  ina and the outer ur  inary tract due to the thin  ning and shrinking of the tissues as well as decreased lubric  ation these symptoms are due to a lack of the reproductive hormone estro  gen the most common cause of vag  inal atro  phy is the decrease in estro  gen which happens naturally during perim  en  op  ause and increasingly so in post men  op  ause however this condition can occur in other circumstances that result in decreased estro  gen such as breastfeeding and the use of medications intended to decrease estro  gen to for example treat end  ome  tri  osis the symptoms can include vag  inal so  reness and it  ching as well as painful inter  course and bleeding after sexual inter  course the shr  ink  age of the tissues and loss of flexibility can be extreme enough to make inter  course impossible
atro  pho  der  ma refers to conditions involving skin atro  phy types include fol  lic  ular atro  pho  der  ma linear atro  pho  der  ma of moul  in atro  pho  der  ma of pas  ini and pier  ini
atro  pho  der  mia ver  mic  ul  ata also known as ac  ne ver  mou  lan  te ac  ne ver  moul  anti atro  pho  der  ma re  ticul  ata sym  me  tric  a fac  ie  i atro  pho  der  ma re  ticul  at  um atro  pho  der  ma ver  mic  ul  ata atro  pho  der  ma ver  mic  ul  at  um atro  pho  der  mia re  ticul  ata sym  me  tric  a fac  ie  i atro  pho  der  mia ul  er  y  them  at  osa atro  pho  der  mie ver  mic  ul  ée des jou  es avec k  ér  ato  ses fol  lic  ul  aires fol  lic  u  li  tis ul  er  y  them  a re  ticul  ata fol  lic  u  li  tis ul  er  y  them  at  ous re  ticul  ata fol  lic  u  li  tis ul  er  y  them  osa honey  comb atro  phy ul  er  y  them  a ac  ne  forme and ul  er  y  them  a ac  nei  forme presents with er  y  them  at  ous fol  lic  ular pap  ules on the cheeks in childhood and with time the le  sions develop into pit like depres  sions
atro  phy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body causes of atro  phy include mutations which can destroy the gene to build up the organ poor nour  ishment poor circulation loss of hormonal support loss of nerve supply to the target organ excessive amount of apop  to  sis of cells and dis  use or lack of exercise or disease intrinsic to the tissue itself in medical practice hormonal and nerve inputs that maintain an organ or body part are said to have troph  ic effects a diminished muscular troph  ic condition is designated as atro  phy atro  phy is the general physiological process of re  absorption and breakdown of tissues involving apop  to  sis when it occurs as a result of disease or loss of troph  ic support due to other disease it is termed pathological atro  phy although it can be a part of normal body development and home  ost  asis as well
attention deficit hyper  activity disorder ad  hd is a mental disorder of the neuro  developmental type it is characterized by problems paying attention excessive activity or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person s age these symptoms begin by age six to twelve are present for more than six months and cause problems in at least two settings such as school home or recreational activities in children problems paying attention may result in poor school performance although it causes impairment particularly in modern society many children with ad  hd have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting despite being the most commonly studied and diagnosed mental disorder in children and adolescents the cause is unknown in the majority of cases the world health organization who estimated that it affected about 39 million people as of 2013 it affects about 5 – 7 of children when diagnosed via the dsm iv criteria and 1 – 2 when diagnosed via the ic  d 10 criteria rates are similar between countries and depend mostly on how it is diagnosed ad  hd is diagnosed approximately three times more often in boys than in girls about 30 – 50 of people diagnosed in childhood continue to have symptoms into adul  thood and between 2 – 5 of adults have the condition the condition can be difficult to tell apart from other disorders as well as to distinguish from high levels of activity that are still within the normal range ad  hd management recommendations vary by country and usually involve some combination of counsel  ing lifestyle changes and medications the british guideline only recommends medications as a first line treatment in children who have severe symptoms and for medication to be considered in those with moderate symptoms who either refuse or fail to improve with counsel  ing though for adults medications are a first line treatment canadian and american guidelines recommend that medications and behavioral therapy be used together as a first line therapy except in pres  cho  ol aged children stimul  ant medication therapy is not recommended as a first line therapy in pres  cho  ol aged children in either guideline treatment with stimul  ants is effective for up to 14 months however its long term effectiveness is unclear adolescents and adults tend to develop coping skills which make up for some or all of their impair  ments the medical literature has described symptoms similar to ad  hd since the 19 th century ad  hd its diagnosis and its treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970 s the controversies have involved clin  icians teachers policymakers parents and the media topics include ad  hd s causes and the use of stimul  ant medications in its treatment most healthcare providers accept ad  hd as a genuine disorder in children and adults and the debate in the scientific community mainly centers on how it is diagnosed and treated the condition was officially known as attention deficit disorder add from 1980 to 1987 while before this it was known as hyper  k  ine  tic reaction of childhood
attention deficit hyper  activity disorder predominantly in  attentive ad  hd pi formerly attention deficit disorder without hyper  activity is one of the three presentations of attention deficit hyper  activity disorder ad  hd the term was formally changed in 1994 in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition dsm iv to ad  hd predominantly in  attentive ad  hd pi the predominantly in  attentive subtype is similar to the other presentations of ad  hd except that it is characterized primarily by problems with in  attention or a deficit of sustained attention such as procrast  ination hesitation and for  get  fulness it differs in having fewer or no typical symptoms of hyper  activity or impul  siveness leth  ar  gy and fatigue are sometimes reported but ad  hd pi is a separate condition from the proposed cluster of symptoms known as sluggish cognitive temp  o sc  t
attention span is the amount of concentrated time one can spend on a task without becoming distracted most educ  ators such as psychologists agree that the ability to focus attention on a task is crucial for the achievement of one s goals
attenti  onal blink ab is a phenomenon that reflects the temporal costs in the allocating selective attention the ab is typically measured by using rapid serial visual presentation r  sv  p tasks where participants often fail to detect a second salient target occurring in succession if it is presented between 180 450 ms after the first one also the ab has been observed using two backward masked targets and aud  itory stimul  i the term attenti  onal blink was first used in 1992 although the phenomenon was probably known before
in physics atten  uation in some contexts also called extinction is the gradual loss in intensity of any kind of flux through a medium for instance dark glasses attenu  ate sunlight lead attenu  ates x rays and water attenu  ates both light and sound in electrical engineering and telecommunications atten  uation affects the propagation of waves and signals in electrical circuits in optical fi  bers and in air radio waves electrical attenu  ators and optical attenu  ators are commonly manufactured components in this field
attitude polarization also known as belief polarization and polarization effect is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue it is one of the effects of confirmation bias the tendency of people to search for and interpret evidence selectively to reinforce their current beliefs or attitudes when people encounter ambiguous evidence this bias can potentially result in each of them interpreting it as in support of their existing attitudes widening rather than narrowing the disagreement between them the effect is observed with issues that activate emotions such as political hot button issues for most issues new evidence does not produce a polarization effect for those issues where polarization is found mere thinking about the issue without contemplating new evidence produces the effect social comparison processes have also been invoked as an explanation for the effect which is increased by settings in which people repeat and validate each other s statements this apparent tendency is of interest not only to psychologists but also to socio  logists and philosophers
in epidemiology attributable risk or excess risk is the difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an un  exposed population attributable risk is mostly calculated in cohor  t studies where individuals are assembled on exposure status and followed over a period of time investigators count the occurrence of the diseases the cohor  t is then subdivided by the level of exposure and the frequency of disease is compared between sub  groups one is considered exposed and another un  exposed the formula commonly used in epidemiology books for attributable risk is ie i  u ar where ie incidence in exposed and i  u incidence in un  exposed once the ar is calculated then the ar percent can be determined the formula for that is 100 ie i  u ie population attributable risk par is the reduction in incidence that would be observed if the population were entirely un  exposed compared with its current actual exposure pattern the concept was first proposed by le  vin in 1953
atypical aden  om  at  ous hyper  pl  asia is a subtype of pneu  mo  cy  tic hyper  pl  asia in the lung it can be a precursor le  sion of in situ aden  o  carcin  oma of the lung bron  chi  olo  al  ve  ol  ar carcin  oma in pro  state tissue biopsy it can be confused for aden  o  carcin  oma of the pro  state the needle biopsy rate is less than 1
atypical chronic my  elo  id leuk  emia ac  ml is a type of leuk  emia it is a heterogeneous disorder belonging to the group of my  el  odys  plastic my  elo  prolifer  ative m  ds mp  n syndro  mes in ac  ml many clinical features splen  om  eg  al  y my  elo  id predominance in the bone marrow with some dys  plastic features but without a differentiation block and laboratory ab  norm  alities my  elo  id proliferation low leuk  oc  y  te al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase values suggest the diagnosis of chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia c  ml however the lack of the path  og  no  mon  ic philadelphia chro  mo  some and of the resulting b  cr abl 1 fusion point to a different patho  genetic process since no specific recurrent genom  ic or kar  yo  typ  ic ab  norm  alities have been identified in ac  ml the molecular patho  genesis of this disease has remained elusive and the outcome dismal median survival 37 months with no improvement over the last 20 years this sharply contrasts with the outcome for c  ml for which the prog  no  sis was dramatically improved by the development of im  at  ini  b as a specific inhi  bit  or of the b  cr abl protein and in particular for c  ml in 2012 set  bp 1 was identified as a novel on  co  gene in ac  ml specific som  atic mutations of this gene were discovered in people with ac  ml and related diseases these mutations which are identical to the ones present in s  gs as ger  m  line mutations impair the degradation of set  bp 1 and therefore cause increased cellular levels of the protein
atypical depression or depression with atypical features as it has been known in the dsm iv is depression that shares many of the typical symptoms of the psychiatric syndro  mes major depression or dys  thy  mia but is characterized by improved mood in response to positive events in contrast people with mel  anch  ol  ic depression generally do not experience an improved mood in response to normally pleas  urable events atypical depression also features significant weight gain or an increased appetite hyper  som  nia a heavy sensation in the limbs and inter  personal rejection sensitivity that results in significant social or occupational impairment despite its name atypical depression does not mean it is un  common or unusual the reason for its name is twofold 1 it was identified with its unique symptoms subsequent to the identification of mel  anch  ol  ic depression and 2 its responses to the two different classes of anti  depres  s  ants that were available at the time were different from mel  anch  ol  ic depression i e ma  ois had clin  ically significant benefits for atypical depression while tric  ycl  ics did not atypical depression is two to three times more common in women than in men individuals with atypical features tend to report an earlier age of onset e g while in high school of their depres  sive episodes which also tend to be more chronic and only have partial remission between episodes younger individuals may be more likely to have atypical features whereas older individuals may more often have episodes with mel  anch  ol  ic features atypical depression has high com  or  bi  dity of anxiety disorders carries more risk of suicidal behavior and has distinct personality psychop  ath  ology and biological traits atypical depression is more common in individuals with bipolar i bipolar ii cyclo  thy  mia and seasonal aff  ective disorder depres  sive episodes in bipolar disorder tend to have atypical features as does depression with seasonal patterns
atypical duc  tal hyper  pl  asia abbreviated adh is the term used for a benign le  sion of the breast that indicates an increased risk of breast cancer the name of the entity is descriptive of the le  sion adh is characterized by cellular proliferation hyper  pl  asia within one or two breast duc  ts and hist  om  or  pho  logic architectural ab  norm  alities i e the cells are arranged in an abnormal or atypical way in the context of a core needle biopsy adh is considered an indication for a breast lum  pec  tomy also known as a surgical exc  is  ional biopsy to exclude the presence of breast cancer
atypical facial pain af  p also termed atypical facial ne  ur  al  gia chronic idi  opathic facial pain or psycho  genic facial pain is a type of chronic facial pain which does not fulfill any other diagnosis there is no consensus as to a globally accepted definition and there is even controversy as to whether the term should be continued to be used both the international headache society i  hs and the international association for the study of pain ias  p have adopted the term persistent idi  opathic facial pain pi  fp to replace af  p in the 2 nd edition of the international classification of headache disorders ic  hd 2 pi  fp is defined as persistent facial pain that does not have the characteristics of the cran  ial ne  ur  al  gi  as and is not attributed to another disorder however the term af  p continues to be used by the world health organization s 10 th revision of the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems and remains in general use by clin  icians to refer to chronic facial pain that does not meet any diagnostic criteria and does not respond to most treatments the main features of af  p are no objective signs negative results with all investigations tests no obvious explanation for the cause of the pain and a poor response to attempted treatments af  p has been described vari  ably as a medic  ally un  explained symptom a diagnosis of exclusion a psycho  genic cause of pain e g a manifestation of som  ato  form disorder and as a neuro  pa  thy af  p is usually burning and continuous in nature and may last for many years depression and anxiety are often associated with af  p which are either described as a contributing cause of the pain or the emotional consequences of suffering with un  relieved chronic pain for unknown reasons af  p is significantly more common in middle aged or elderly people and in females atypical od  on  tal  gia ao also termed phantom tooth pain psycho  genic tooth  ache or persistent d  ent  o  al  ve  ol  ar pain disorder is very similar in many respects to af  p with some sources treating them as the same entity and others describing the former as a sub type of af  p generally the term ao may be used where the pain is confined to the teeth or g  ums and af  p when the pain involves other parts of the face as with af  p there is a similar lack of standardization of terms and no consensus regarding a globally accepted definition surrounding ao generally definitions of ao state that it is pain with no demonstrable cause which is perceived to be coming from a tooth or multiple teeth and is not relieved by standard treatments to alleviate dental pain depending upon the exact presentation of atypical facial pain and atypical od  on  tal  gia it could be considered as cran  io  facial pain or oro  facial pain it has been suggested that in truth af  p and ao are umbrella terms for a hetero  genous group of mis  diagnosed or not yet fully understood conditions and they are unlikely to each represent a single dis  crete condition
atypical fi  bro  x  an  thom  a of the skin is a low grade m  align  ancy related to m  align  ant fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  a which it resembles his  to  logically
atypical hem  ol  y  tic u  rem  ic syndrome ah  us is an extremely rare life threatening progressive disease that frequently has a genetic component in most cases it is caused by chronic uncontrolled activation of the complement system a branch of the body ’ s immune system that destroys and removes foreign particles the disease affects both children and adults and is characterized by systemic thro  m  bo  tic micro  an  gi  opathy t  ma the formation of blood clo  ts in small blood vessels throughout the body which can lead to stroke heart attack kidney failure and death the complement system activation may be due to mutations in the complement regulatory proteins factor h factor i or memb  rane co  factor protein or is occasionally due to acquired neutr  alizing auto  anti  body inhi  bit  ors of these complement system components for example anti – factor h antibodies despite the use of supportive care historically an estimated 33 – 40 of patients died or developed end stage ren  al disease es  rd with the first clinical bout of ah  us including subsequent relap  ses a total of approximately two thirds 65 of patients died required dial  ysis or had permanent ren  al damage within the first year after diagnosis despite plasma exchange or plasma in  fusion pe pi
atypical hyper  pl  asia is a benign non  can  cer  ous cellular hyper  pl  asia in which cells show some aty  p  ia in this condition cells look abnormal under a micro  scope and are increased in number
atypical lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus also known as intermediate lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus is a skin condition caused by fi  bro  bl  asts producing abnormally large amounts of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des
atypical pneumonia also known as walking pneumonia is the type of pneumonia not caused by one of the more traditional pathogens its clinical presentation contrasts to that of typical pneumonia a variety of micro  organisms can cause it when it develops independently from another disease it is called primary atypical pneumonia p  ap the term was introduced in the 1930 sand was contr  asted with the bacterial pneumonia caused by st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae at that time the best known and most commonly occurring form of pneumonia the distinction was historically considered important as it differentiated those more likely to present with typical respiratory symptoms and lob  ar pneumonia from those more likely to present with atypical generalized symptoms such as fever headache swe  ating and my  al  gia and bron  chop  neu  monia distinction between atypical and typical pneumonia is however medic  ally insufficient for the treatment of pneumonia it is important to know the exact causal organism
atypical poly  po  id aden  om  y  oma abbreviated ap  a is a rare un  common benign tum  our of the uter  us
atypical pul  mon  ary carcin  o  id tum  our is a subtype of pul  mon  ary carcin  o  id tumor it is an un  common low grade m  align  ant lung mass that is most often in the central airways of the lung it is also known as atypical lung carcin  o  id tum  our atypical lung carcin  o  id or moderately differentiated neuro  endocrine carcin  oma it is a more aggressive than typical carcin  o  id tumors no  dal me  tast  ases in 70 vs 5 the 5 year survival is 49 69 atypical carcin  o  id tumors have increased mit  otic activity 2 10 per 10 h  pf nuclear ple  om  orph  ism or foc  i of necro  sis
in u  ro  logic path  ology atypical small ac  in  ar proliferation abbreviated as  ap is a collection of small pro  static g  lands on pro  state biopsy whose significance is uncertain and cannot be determined to be benign or m  align  ant as  ap generally is not considered a pre m  align  ancy or a carcin  oma in situ it is an expression of diagnostic uncertainty and analogous to the diagnosis of as  cus atypical squ  am  ous cells of un  determined significance on the p  ap test
atypical ter  ato  id r  hab  do  id tumor at rt is a rare tumor usually diagnosed in childhood although usually a brain tumor at rt can occur anywhere in the central nervous system cns including the spinal cord about 60 will be in the poster  ior cran  ial fo  ssa particularly the cere  bell  um one review estimated 52 poster  ior fo  ssa 39 sp  net supr  at  ent  orial primitive neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumors 5 pine  al 2 spinal and 2 multi focal in the united states three children per 1 000 000 or around 30 new at rt cases are diagnosed each year at rt represents around 3 of pedi  atric cancers of the cns around 17 of all pedi  atric cancers involve the cns it is the most common childhood solid tumor the survival rate for cns tumors is around 60 pedi  atric brain cancer is the second leading cause of childhood death just after leuk  emia recent trends suggest that the rate of overall cns tumor diagnosis is increasing by about 2 7 per year as diagnostic techniques using genetic mark  ers improve and are used more often the proportion of at rt diagnoses is expected to increase at rt was only recognized as an entity in 1996 and added to the world health organization who brain tumor classification in 2000 grade iv the relatively recent classification and r  arity has contributed to initial mis  diagnosis and non optimal therapy this has led to a historically poor prog  no  sis current research is focusing on using chem  otherapy protocols that are effective against r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma in combination with surgery and radiation therapy recent studies using multi modal therapy have shown significantly improved survival data in 2008 the dana far  ber cancer institute in boston reported two year overall survival of 53 and event free survival of 70 median age at diagnosis of 26 months in 2013 the medical university of vienna reported five year overall survival of 100 and event free survival of 89 median age at diagnosis of 24 months survival rates can be significantly improved when the correct genetic diagnosis is made at the outset followed with specific multi modal treatment
atypical tri  gem  inal ne  ur  al  gia at  n or type 2 tri  gem  inal ne  ur  al  gia is a form of tri  gem  inal ne  ur  al  gia a disorder of the fifth cran  ial nerve this form of nerve pain is difficult to diagnose as it is rare and the symptoms overlap with several other disorders the symptoms can occur in addition to having migr  aine headache or can be mistaken for migr  aine alone or dental problems such as tempor  om  andi  bul  ar joint disorder mus  cul  osk  el  etal issues or hypo  ch  on  dri  asis at  n can have a wide range of symptoms and the pain can fluctu  ate in intensity from mild aching to a crushing or burning sensation and also to the extreme pain experienced with the more common tri  gem  inal ne  ur  al  gia
atypical tuber  ous my  x  e  dem  a also known as j  ad  as  sohn – do  s  se  ker syndrome is thought to represent a pure no  d  ular variant of lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus
audio signal processing or audio processing is the intentional alteration of audio signals often through an audio effect or effects unit as audio signals may be electronically represented in either digital or analo  g format signal processing may occur in either domain analo  g processors operate directly on the electrical signal while digital processors operate mathem  atically on the digital representation of that signal
a par  acu  sia or aud  itory halluc  ination is a form of halluc  ination that involves percei  ving sounds without aud  itory stimulus aud  itory halluc  inations need to be distinguished from end  a  ural phenomena in which sounds are heard without any external acous  tic stimulation but arise from disorders of the frontal lo  be temporal lo  be language processing system ear or aud  itory system a common form of aud  itory halluc  ination involves hearing one or more talking voices this may be associated with psychotic disorders and holds special significance in diagno  sing these conditions however individuals without any psychiatric disease whatsoever may hear voices there are three main categories into which the hearing of talking voices often fall a person hearing a voice speak one s thoughts a person hearing one or more voices arguing or a person hearing a voice narr  ating his her own actions these three categories do not account for all types of aud  itory halluc  inations other types of aud  itory halluc  ination include exploding head syndrome and musical ear syndrome in the latter people will hear music playing in their mind usually songs they are familiar with this can be caused by le  sions on the brain stem often resulting from a stroke also sleep disorders such as narco  le  psy tumors en  ce  ph  ali  tis or abs  c  esses this should be distinguished from the commonly experienced phenomenon of getting a song stuck in one s head reports have also mentioned that it is also possible to get musical halluc  inations from listening to music for long periods of time other reasons include hearing loss and epi  le  ptic activity
aud  itory processing disorder ap  d also known as central aud  itory processing disorder cap  d is an umbrella term for a variety of disorders that affect the way the brain processes aud  itory information individuals with ap  d usually have normal structure and function of the outer middle and inner ear peripheral hearing however they cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do which leads to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds especially the sounds com  posing speech it is thought that these difficulties arise from dysfunction in the central nervous system the american academy of audi  ology notes that ap  d is diagnosed by difficulties in one or more aud  itory processes known to reflect the function of the central aud  itory nervous system ap  d can affect both children and adults although the actual prevalence is currently unknown it has been suggested that males are twice as likely to be affected by the disorder as females but there are no good epidemiological studies
the au  ger effect is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electr  on from the same atom when a core electr  on is removed leaving a vacancy an electr  on from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy resulting in a release of energy although most often this energy is released in the form of an emitted pho  ton the energy can also be transferred to another electr  on which is e  jected from the atom this second e  jected electr  on is called an au  ger electr  on the effect was first discovered by lis  e me  it  ner in 19  22 pierre victor au  ger independently discovered the effect shortly after and is credited with the discovery in most of the scientific community upon e  jec  tion the k  ine  tic energy of the au  ger electr  on corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial electronic transition into the vacancy and the ion  ization energy for the electr  on shell from which the au  ger electr  on was e  jected these energy levels depend on the type of atom and the chemical environment in which the atom was located au  ger electr  on spec  tro  sco  py involves the emission of au  ger electron  s by bombar  ding a sample with either x rays or energetic electron  s and measures the intensity of au  ger electron  s that result as a function of the au  ger electr  on energy the resulting spec  tra can be used to determine the identity of the emitting atoms and some information about their environment au  ger re  combination is a similar au  ger effect which occurs in semi  conductors an electr  on and electr  on hole electr  on hole pair can re  combine giving up their energy to an electr  on in the conduc  tion band increasing its energy the reverse effect is known as impact ion  ization
in music an aug  mented tri  ad is a tri  ad or ch  ord consisting of two major thirds an aug  mented fifth the term aug  mented tri  ad arises from an aug  mented tri  ad being considered a major ch  ord whose top note fifth is raised or aug  mented it can be represented by the inte  ger no  tation 0 4 8
the august curse is a perceived phenomenon in russia in which tragic events are felt to occur unusually often in the month of august many possible explanations have been presented for the phenomenon
an a  ura is a percep  tual disturbance experienced by some with migr  ain  es or seizures before either the headache or seizure begins it often manifests as the perception of a strange light an unpleasant smell or confusing thoughts or experiences some people experience a  ura without a subsequent migr  aine or seizure see silent migr  aine aur  as vary by individual experience some people experience smells lights or halluc  inations less known symptoms of the eye include disturbances where the eyes roll in the back of the head caused by photo  sensitivity a suffer  er of this type of a  ura may experience te  ar  fulness of the eyes and uncontrollable sens  ations of light followed by reduced symptoms after approximately 20 minutes it is the ra  rest type of a  ura when occurring aur  as allow people who have epi  le  psy time to prevent injury to themselves and or others the time between the appearance of the a  ura and the migr  aine lasts from a few seconds up to an hour the a  ura can stay with a migr  aine suffer  er for the duration of the migr  aine depending on the type of a  ura it can leave the person dis  oriented and confused it is not un  common for migr  aine sufferers to experience more than one type of a  ura during the migr  aine most people who have aur  as have the same type of a  ura every time aur  as can also be confused with sudden onset of panic panic attacks or anxiety attacks creating difficulties in diagnosis the differential diagnosis of patients who experience symptoms of pa  res  the  si  as dere  alization di  zz  iness chest pain tre  mors and pal  p  itations can be quite challenging
the au  re  ole effect or water au  re  ole is an optical phenomenon similar to hei  lig  ens  che  in creating sparkling light and dark rays radi  ating from the shadow of the vie  wer s head this effect is seen only over a rip  pling water surface the waves act as l  enses to focus and de  focus sunlight focused sunlight produces the lighter rays while de  focused sunlight produces the darker rays suspended particles in the water help make the au  re  ole effect more pronounced the effect extends a greater ang  ular distance from the vie  wer s shadow when the vie  wer is higher above the water and can sometimes be seen from a plane although the focused light ray con  es are actually more or less parallel to each other the rays from the au  re  ole effect appear to be radi  ating from the shadow of the vie  wer ’ s head due to perspective effects the vie  wer s line of sight is parallel and lies within the con  es so from the vie  wer s perspective the rays seem to be radi  ating from the anti  solar point within the vie  wer s shadow as in similar anti  solar optical effects such as a glory or hei  lig  ens  che  in each observer will see an au  re  ole effect radi  ating only from their own head ’ s shadow similarly if a photographer holds their camera at arm s length the au  re  ole effect appearing in the picture will be seen radi  ating from the shadow of the camera although the photographer would still see it around their head s shadow while taking the picture this happens because the au  re  ole effect always appears directly opposite the sun centered at the anti  solar point the anti  solar point itself is located within the shadow of the vie  wer whatever this is the eyes of the vie  wer or the camera s lens as a matter of fact when au  re  ole effects are photograph  ed from a plane it is possible to tell where the photographer was seated
aur  icular hyper  tric  ho  sis hyper  tric  ho  sis lan  u  gin  osa acquis  ita hyper  tric  ho  sis pin  na  e aur  is is a genetic condition expressed as long and strong ha  irs growing from the heli  x of the pin  na
aus  pit  z s sign is the appearance of pun  ct  ate bleeding spots when ps  ori  asis scales are scrap  ed off named after hein  rich aus  pit  z this happens because there is thin  ning of the ep  id  er  mal layer over  lying the tips of the der  mal pap  il  la  e and blood vessels within the pap  il  la  e are dil  ated and tor  tuous which bleed readily when the scale is removed
the australian mul  tic  am cam  ou  fl  age uniform am  cu is the battle  dress cam  ou  fl  age pattern for the australian defence force issued in 2014 the am  cu replaced the previously used disruptive pattern combat uniform and australian mul  tic  am pattern operational combat uniform cam  ou  fl  age patterns
during the australian gold ru  shes significant numbers of workers both from other areas within australia and from overseas relocated to areas in which gold had been discovered a number of gold finds occurred in australia prior to 18  51 but only the gold found from 18  51 onwards created gold ru  shes this is mainly because prior to 18  51 the colonial government of new south wales victoria did not become a separate colony until 1 july 18  51 and tas  mania did not become a separate colony until 18  56 had suppressed news of gold finds which it believed would reduce the workforce and destabilise the economy after the california gold rush began in 18  48 causing many people to leave australia for california to look for gold there the new south wales government re  thought its position and sought approval from the colonial office in england to allow the exploitation of the mineral resources and also offered rewards for the finding of payable gold the first gold rush in australia began in may 18  51 after prospec  tor edward har  graves claimed to have discovered payable gold near orange at a site he called oph  ir har  graves had been to the califor  ni  an gold  fields and had learned new gold prospec  ting techniques such as p  anning and crad  ling har  graves was offered rewards by the colony of new south wales and the colony of victoria before the end of the year the gold rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found not just to the west but also to the south and north of sydney the australian gold ru  shes changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free emigrants these hope  ful  s termed di  ggers brought new skills and professions contributing to a burgeoning economy the mat  eship that evolved between these di  ggers and their collective resistance to authority led to the emergence of a unique national identity although not all di  ggers found riches on the gold  fields many decided to stay and integrate into these communities in july 18  51 victoria s first gold rush began on the cl  un  es gold  field in august the gold rush had spread to include the gold  field at bun  in  y  ong today a subur  b of ball  ar  at 45 km 28 m away and by early september 18  51 to the nearby gold  field at ball  ar  at then also known as yu  ille s di  gg  ings followed in early september to the gold  field at cast  lem  aine then known as forest creek and the mount alexander gold  field and the gold  field at ben  di  go then known as ben  di  go creek in november 18  51 gold just as in new south wales was also found in many other parts of the state the victori  an gold discovery committee wrote in 18  54 the discovery of the victori  an gold  fields has converted a remote dependency into a country of world wide fame it has attracted a population extraordinary in number with unprecedented rap  idity it has enhanced the value of property to an enormous extent it has made this the richest country in the world and in less than three years it has done for this colony the work of in age and made its impul  ses felt in the most distant regions of the earth when the rush began at ball  ar  at di  ggers discovered it was a prosperous gold  field lieutenant governor charles la tro  be visited the site and watched five men uncover 136 oun  ces of gold in one day mount alexander was even more rich than ball  ar  at with gold sitting just under the surface the sh  allow  ness allowed di  ggers to easily un  earth gold nu  g  gets in 7 months 2 4 million pounds of gold was transported from mount alexander to nearby capital cities the gold ru  shes caused a huge influx of people from overseas australia s total population more than tripled from 430 000 in 18  51 to 1 7 million in 18  71 australia first became a multicultural society during the gold rush period between 18  52 and 18  60 290 000 people migrated to victoria from the british is  les 15 000 came from other european countries and 18 000 emigr  ated from the united states non european immigrants however were unwelcome especially the chinese the chinese were particularly industri  ous with techniques that differ  ed widely from the europeans this and their physical appearance and fear of the unknown led to them to being persecuted in a racist way that would be regarded as untenable today in 18  55 11 493 chinese arrived in melbourne chinese travelling outside of new south wales had to obtain special re entry certificates in 18  55 victoria enacted the chinese immigration act 18  55 severely limiting the number of chinese passengers permitted on an arriving vessel to evade the new law many chinese were landed in the south east of south australia and travelled more than 400 km across country to the victori  an gold  fields along tracks which are still evident today in 18  85 following a call by the western australian government for a reward for the first find of payable gold a discovery was made at h  alls creek spar  king a gold rush in that state
the australian government debt is the amount owed by the australian federal government the australian office of financial management which is part of the treasury portfolio is the agency which manages the government debt and does all the borrowing on behalf of the australian government australian government borrowings are subject to limits and regulation by the loan council unless if the borrowing is for defence purposes or is a temporary borrowing government debt and borrowings and repayments have national macroeconomic implications and are also used as one of the tools available to the national government in the macroeconomic management of the national economy enabling the government to create or dampen liquidity in financial markets with flow on effects on the wider economy as of 27 february 2014 the gross australian government debt was a 300 63 billion at 15 august 2014 it was a 326 55 billion and at 13 march 2015 it was 361 09 billion an increase of aud 2 05 billion from 6 march 2015 at 22 january 2016 it was a 405 9  88 billion the government debt fluctu  ates from week to week depending on government receipts general outlays and large sum outlays australian government debt does not take into account government funds held in reserve within statutory authorities such as the australian government future fund which at 30 september 2015 was valued at a 117 83 billion and the reserve bank of australia nor is the net income of these statutory authorities taken into account for example the future fund net income in 2014 15 was a 15 61 billion which went directly into the fund s reserves also guarantees offered by the government do not figure in the government debt level for example on october 12 2008 in response to the economic crisis of 2008 the government offered to guarantee 100 of all bank deposits this was subsequently reduced to a maximum of 1 million per customer per institution from 1 february 2012 the guarantee was reduced to 250 000 and is ongoing australia s net international investment liability position government debt and private debt was a 9  22 8 billion at 30 september 2015 an increase of a 18 2 billion 2 on the liability position at 30 june 2015 according to the australian bureau of statistics australia s bond credit rating was rated aaa by all three major credit rating agencies as at december 2012 at the time of the 2015 budget the treas  ur  er discounted any chance of a rating downgrade around two thirds of australian government debt is held by non resident investors a share that has risen since 2009 and remains historically high
austrian syndrome is a medical condition first described by robert austrian in 1957 the classical tri  ad consists of pneumonia endo  cardi  tis and men  ing  i  tis all caused by st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae it is associated with alcoholism due to the presence of hy  pos  plen  ia reduced splen  ic functioning and can be seen in males between 40 and 60 years old
the authorised capital of a company sometimes referred to as the authorised share capital registered capital or nominal capital particularly in the united states is the maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised by its constitutional documents to issue allocate to shareholders part of the authorised capital can and frequently does remain un  issued the authorised capital can be changed with shareholders approval the part of the authorised capital which has been issued to shareholders is referred to as the issued share capital of the company the device of the authorised capital is used to limit or control the ability of the directors to issue or al  lot new shares which may have consequences in the control of a company or otherwise alter the balance of control between shareholders such an issue of shares to new shareholders may also shift the profit distribution balance for example if new shares are issued at face value and not at market value the requirement for a company to have a set authorised capital was abolished in australia in 2001 and in the united kingdom it was abolished under the companies act 2006
authorization or authorisation is the function of specifying access rights to resources related to information security and computer security in general and to access control in particular more formally to authorize is to define an access policy for example human resources staff is normally authorized to access employee records and this policy is usually form  alized as access control rules in a computer system during operation the system uses the access control rules to decide whether access requests from authenticated consumers shall be approved granted or dis  approved rejected resources include individual files or an item s data computer programs computer devices and functionality provided by computer applications examples of consumers are computer users computer programs and other devices on the computer
au  tism is a neuro  developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction verbal and non verbal communication and restricted and repeti  tive behavior parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child s life these signs often develop gradually though some children with au  tism reach their developmental milestones at a normal pace and then reg  ress the diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become apparent in early childhood typically before age three while au  tism is highly her  itable researchers suspect both environmental and genetic factors as causes in rare cases au  tism is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects controversies surround other proposed environmental causes for example the vaccine hypo  theses which have since been dis  proven au  tism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their syn  ap  ses connect and organize how this occurs is not well understood in the dsm v it is one of three recognized disorders in the au  tism spectrum as  ds the other two being asper  ger syndrome which lacks delays in cognitive development and language and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified commonly abbreviated as p  dd nos which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for au  tism or asper  ger syndrome are not met early speech or behavioral interventions can help children with au  tism gain self care social and communication skills although there is no known cure there have been reported cases of children who recovered not many children with au  tism live independently after reaching adul  thood though some become successful an au  tis  tic culture has developed with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing au  tism should be accepted as a difference and not treated as a disorder globally au  tism is estimated to affect 21 7 million people as of 2013 as of 2010 the number of people affected is estimated at about 1 – 2 per 1 000 worldwide it occurs four to five times more often in boys than girls about 1 5 of children in the united states one in 68 are diagnosed with as  d as of 2014 a 30 increase from one in 88 in 2012 the rate of au  tism among adults aged 18 years and over in the united kingdom is 1 1 the number of people diagnosed has been increasing dramatically since the 1980 s partly due to changes in diagnostic practice and government subsidized financial incentives for named diagnoses the question of whether actual rates have increased is unresolved
the term au  tism spectrum or au  tism spectrum disorder describes a range of conditions classified as neuro  developmental disorders in the fifth and most recent revision of the american psychiatric association s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 published in 2013 individuals diagnosed with au  tism spectrum disorder must present two types of symptoms deficits in social communication and social interaction restricted repeti  tive patterns of behavior interests or activities the dsm 5 redefined the au  tism spectrum disorders to encompass the previous dsm iv tr diagnoses of au  tism asper  ger syndrome pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified p  dd nos and childhood dis  integr  ative disorder features of these disorders include social deficits and communication difficulties stereo  ty  ped or repeti  tive behaviors and interests sensory issues and in some cases cognitive delays
au  tis  tic enter  o  co  li  tis is the name of a non  existent medical condition proposed by discredited british gastro  enter  o  logist andrew wa  ke  field when he suggested a link between a number of common clinical symptoms and signs which he cont  ended were distinctive to au  tism the existence of such an enter  o  co  li  tis has been dismissed by experts as having not been established wa  ke  field s now re  tracted and fraudulent report used inadequate controls and suppressed negative findings and multiple attempts to replic  ate his results have been unsuccessful reviews in the medical literature have found no link between the m  mr vaccine and au  tism or with bo  wel disease most of wa  ke  field s co  authors later re  tracted the conclusions of the original paper proposing the hypothesis and the general medical council found wa  ke  field guilty of manipulating patient data and mis  reporting results his work has been exposed as falsified and described as an elaborate fraud
auto brew  ery syndrome also known as gut fermentation syndrome is a rare medical condition in which in  tox  ic  ating quantities of ethanol are produced through endo  genous fermentation within the dig  estive system one gastro  intest  inal organism sac  char  om  y  ces cere  visi  ae a type of ye  ast has been identified as a pathogen for this condition claims of endo  genous fermentation of this type have been used as a defense against drunk driving charges one case went un  detected for 20 years it has also been investigated but eliminated as a possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome a variant occurs in persons with liver ab  norm  alities that prevent them from ex  cre  ting or breaking down alcohol normally patients with this condition can develop symptoms of auto brew  ery syndrome even when the gut ye  ast produces a quantity of alcohol that is too small to in  tox  ic  ate a healthy individual
auto segregation or self segregation is the separation of a religious or ethnic group from the rest of society in a state by the group itself this could also mean inability for a normal social interaction and a form of social exclusion through auto segregation the members of the separate group can establish their own services and maintain their own traditions and customs for example some of the world s un  contacted peoples have preferred not to interact with the rest of the globally integrated human population by remaining in a reserve and in isolation they can preserve their cultures intact as long as they choose and the surrounding states protect them on the other hand some groups self segreg  ate to avoid integrating with other groups either to protect their culture or some may self segreg  ate from others that they consider intellectually and or socially inferior nationalists non rac  ists or rac  ists ul  tran  ation  alists different hindu castes and other supre  mac  ist or eth  no centric groups commonly segreg  ate themselves from other communities through various practices like endo  gam  y the apartheid system in south africa was an example of this trend
auto independence is the ability to get around without having to own a car it can also be called car  free mobility an auto independent or car  free society has at least five options of travel these include at least the following 1 a system of buses trains and aircraft for passengers to travel from town to town reliably and safely 2 availability of car rental by the hour or more if the driver has a valid driving license 3 availability of convenient economical fast reliable safe transport without driving oneself 4 safe reliable mass public transit 5 shuttle service in large high traffic areas such as shopping m  alls and city centers currently many towns in the u s have no public transport and walking and bic  ycl  ing is not practical because of time and physical constraints where public transportation is available it may not be close enough to access without a car or the schedules are not compatible with the schedule of the rider for long distances e g new york city to chicago personal accommod  ations of scheduling is not too difficult to go from roc  k  ville mary  land to alex  andria virginia mass transit is not available at all times and not convenient unless the rider is close to the metr  or  ail station going to a destination that is close to another metr  or  ail station if the rider has a car or other means to get to the station of origin s he would still have to find a means to get from the station to the desired destination a ri  des  har  ing service with a communication system that could handle the riders requirements fast enough is possible such a ri  des  har  ing service would only be attractive to a market if it could assure the ride of quality service airline reservation systems provide this service for air travel because those systems are expensive they have never been adopted by bus companies for inter  urban travel less expensive systems can be set up if they are limited to a region and a time frame for these systems matching origins and destinations is different from the process for a system to meet the needs of the third designated system above mass public transit could better serve the public if it used the usage data available at its entry and exit gates some public mass transit systems do not keep track of ex  iting passengers the lack of such data makes it more difficult to determine how to run the trains when the coming and going data is known the scheduling can be more precisely matched to the need public mass transit thinks always in terms of the number of trains to run and not in terms of the precision of timing
text replacement replace as you type or auto  correct is an automatic data validation function commonly found in word processors and text editing interfaces for smar  t  phones and tab  let computers its principal purpose is as part of the spell chec  ker to correct common spelling or typing errors saving time for the user it is also used to automatically format text or insert special characters by recognizing particular character usage saving the user from having to use more tedious functions additional options include recognizing words with two initial capital letters e g example and correcting them capitali  zing the first letters of sentences and correcting accidental use of caps lock e g example the replacement list for text replacement can also be modified by the user allowing the user to use short  cuts if for example the user is writing an essay on the industrial revolution a replacement key can be set up to replace ir with industrial revolution saving the user time whenever they want to type it for users with the patience this facility can even be used to create a complete key  board shor  th  and system along lines similar to those of du  tton spe  ed  words but with short forms instantly replaced by full forms some stand alone programs allow global text replacement across the operating system and apply to text ty  ped into any other application the list of terms within the default microsoft auto  correct application in microsoft word can be replaced by words terms expressions etc other than the default set doing so in a wise comprehensive and strategic manner can immensely improve the key  boarding productivity and accuracy in high production work settings to get the most from the auto  correct routine one may best exploit the fact that the most common words ty  ped are the best candidates for which to deploy short  cuts for example using t for the w for with etcetera can maximize the key  stroke to production ratio any system such as developing a technique requires a learning curve to achieve mastery but experience in developing a database of expressions has proven that to ensure most effective use of auto  correct short  cuts must be easy to recall for example the threshold of characters in the chosen word is no less than three 3 except when the 2 letter word is within a longer expression e g a  am  of for as a matter of fact one technique in developing a system of large database of terms is using pre  fixes and suff  i  xes in the formation of a short  cut for example using the suff  ix z m  nem  onic exp  and  z for the as  ap  z to expand to as as soon as possible whether one requires either a robust or moderate exploitation of the auto  correct this feature may be best used by first deleting the default terms that are supplied by the manufacturer those default terms typically include those words most commonly mis ty  ped including those terms e g te  h for the invites careless and or thought  less actions whereas excluding them invites a learning process or greater productivity in a robust exploitation of auto  correct including chemical no  tation the deployment could transcends the perceived disadvantage of auto  correct the simple use of a short  cut suff  ix den  oting chemical glos  s  aries would be deployed for example using camp  x for camp and camp ¥ for cyclic aden  os  ine mon  op  hosp  hate and camp ¥ x for c 10 h 12 n 5 o 6 p with corresponding sub script or super script as needed the short  cut camp  x with camp furthermore if when the full expression was needed the develop  er could invoke ¥ to be the suff  ix for chemical no  tation e g substitute
auto  fill is a function in some computer applications or programs typically those containing forms which fills in a field automatically most of the time such as in internet explor  er and google tool  bar the entries depend on the form field s name so as to not enter street names in a last name field or vice versa for this use proposed names for such form fields but in the html 5 specification this r  fc is no longer referenced thus leaving the selection of names up to each brow  ser s implementation companies which speci  alise in auto  fill are google auto  fill saf  ari auto  fill d  ash  lane fill  r auto  fill for mobile compare auto  type compare auto  complete
auto  immune infl  am  matory syndrome induced by adju  v  ants also known as sho  en  feld s syndrome or asia is an alleged auto  immune disorder first proposed by israeli immun  o  logist ye  hu  da sho  en  feld in 2011 according to sho  en  feld the syndrome includes four conditions post vaccination symptoms macro  p  ha  gic my  of  as  ci  i  tis gulf war syndrome and sili  con  osis sho  en  feld alleges that the syndrome is caused by adju  v  ants such as sili  cone tetr  ame  th  yl  pent  ad  ec  ane pr  ist  ane and aluminum however caus  ality is difficult to prove because asia only occurs in a small fraction of patients exposed to these adju  v  ants sho  en  feld has also named sjö  gre  n s syndrome as potentially being another fac  et of asia in 2013 the authors of a textbook on auto  immune diseases concluded that there exists persuasive evidence for asia but noted that several academic and governmental agencies had dismissed the possibility of a link between sili  cone and auto  immune disease
auto  immune o  oph  ori  tis is an auto  immune disease caused when the immune system attacks the ov  aries
auto  immune autonom  ic gang  lion  opathy a  ag is an extremely rare form of dys  autonom  ia in which the patients immune system produces gang  li  onic ach  r antibodies inhi  biting gang  li  onic ach  r currents and imp  airing transmission in autonom  ic gang  lia approximately 100 americans are diagnosed with a  ag each year symptoms onset can be acute sub  acute or gradual
an auto  immune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part there are at least 80 types of auto  immune diseases nearly any body part can be involved commons symptoms include low grade fever and feeling tired often symptoms come and go the cause is generally unknown some auto  immune diseases run in families such as lup  us and certain cases may be triggered by infections or other environmental factors some common auto  immune disease include ce  li  ac disease diabetes mell  it  us type 1 graves disease infl  am  matory bo  wel disease multiple sclerosis ps  ori  asis r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis and systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus the diagnosis can be difficult to determine treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids and immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants are often used intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin may also occasionally be used while treatment usually improves symptoms they do not typically cure the disease about 24 million 7 of people in the united states are affected by an auto  immune disease women are more commonly affected than men often they start during adul  thood the first auto  immune diseases were described in the early 1900 s
auto  immune en  ce  ph  ali  tis or auto  immune encephalopathy is a diverse group of ne  uro psychiatric disorders recognized recently presenting acutely or sub  acutely with alteration of consciousness cognitive decline seizure abnormal movements associated with systemic auto  immune disorders cns auto  immune disorders and par  ane  op  l  astic syndro  mes patho  genesis is likely to be medi  ated by antibodies abs to cns proteins the abs are directed against memb  rane recep  tors and ion channel associated proteins that are expressed on the surface of neurons in the cns such as n methyl d as  part  ate recep  tors and le  uc  ine rich gli  oma in  activated protein and cont  acti  n associated protein like that are associated with voltage gated potassium channels the diseases are not invariably cancer related and are therefore different from the classical par  ane  op  l  astic neuro  logical diseases that are associated with but not caused by abs to in  trac  ell  ular proteins diagnosis of auto  immune encephalopathy is based on the clinical course sero  logic evidence of auto  immunity severe but non  specific slowing on electro  encephal  o  graphy and evidence of intra  th  ec  al infl  amm  ation in the cere  bro  spinal fluid and neuro  imaging by m  ri treatment include first line ster  oids intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ul  ins i  vig and plasma exchange and second line rit  u  xim  ab and cycl  op  hosp  ham  ide followed in many cases by ster  o  id spar  ing agents in the long term
auto  immune enter  opathy ai  e is a rare disorder of the immune system condition that affects infants young children and rarely adults causing severe diarr  hea v  om  iting and other morbi  dities of the dig  estive tract ai  e causes mal  absorption of food vitamins and minerals often necess  itating replacement fluids and total paren  ter  al nutrition some disorders such as ip  ex syndrome include auto  immune enter  opathy as well as auto  immune path  ies of the skin thyro  id other g  lands or kidneys
auto  immune estro  gen der  mati  tis presents as a cyclic skin disorder that may appear ec  zem  at  ous pap  ular bull  ous or ur  tic  arial with pr  ur  it  us typically present skin erup  tions that may be chronic but which are exacerbated pre  men  str  ually or occur immediately following m  enses
auto  immune gastro  intest  inal dys  mo  ti  lity ag  id is an auto  immune disease autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy affecting the gastro  intest  inal organs and dig  estive system of the body dys  mo  ti  lity is when the strength or coordination of the es  op  ha  gus stomach or intest  ines muscles do not work as they should
auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia or auto  immune ha  emol  y  tic ana  emia ai  ha occurs when antibodies directed against the person s own red blood cells r  b  cs cause them to burst ly  se leading to insufficient plasma concentration the lifetime of the r  b  cs is reduced from the normal 100 – 120 days to just a few days in serious cases the in  trac  ell  ular components of the r  b  cs are released into the circulating blood and into tissues leading to some of the characteristic symptoms of this condition the antibodies are usually directed against high incidence antigens therefore they also commonly act on al  log  en  ic r  b  cs r  b  cs originating from outside the person themselves e g in the case of a blood transfusion ai  ha is a relatively rare condition affecting one to three people per 100 000 per year the terminology used in this disease is somewhat ambiguous although mesh uses the term auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia some sources prefer the term immun  o  hem  ol  y  tic an  emia so drug reactions can be included in this category the national cancer institute considers immun  o  hem  ol  y  tic an  emia auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia and immune complex hem  ol  y  tic an  emia to all be synon  y  ms
auto  immune hepatitis formerly called lu  po  id hepatitis is a chronic auto  immune disease of the liver that occurs when the body s immune system attacks liver cells causing the liver to be infl  amed common initial symptoms include fatigue or muscle aches or signs of acute liver infl  amm  ation including fever ja  und  ice and right upper quad  rant ab  domin  al pain individuals with auto  immune hepatitis often have no initial symptoms and the disease is detected by abnormal liver function tests anom  alous presentation of human leuk  oc  y  te antigen h  la class ii on the surface of liver cells possibly due to genetic pre  disposition or acute liver infection causes a cell medi  ated immune response against the body s own liver resulting in auto  immune hepatitis this abnormal immune response results in infl  amm  ation of the liver which can lead to further symptoms and complications such as fatigue and cir  rho  sis the disease may occur in any ethnic group and at any age but is most often diagnosed in patients between age 40 and 50
auto  immune hypo  physi  tis or lymp  ho  cy  tic hypo  physi  tis is defined as infl  amm  ation of the pit  u  itary g  land due to auto  immunity
auto  immune inner ear disease ai  ed was first defined by dr brian mc  ca  be in a landmark paper describing an auto  immune loss of hearing the disease results in progressive sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss sn  hl that acts bilaterally and asymmetr  ically and sometimes affects an individual s vesti  bul  ar system ai  ed is used to describe any disorder in which the inner ear is damaged as a result of an auto  immune response some examples of auto  immune disorders that have presented with ai  ed are co  gan s syndrome relap  sing poly  ch  on  dri  tis systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus we  gen  er s gran  ul  om  at  osis ol  yar  ter  i  tis no  do  sa s  jo  gre  n s syndrome and ly  me disease research has come to the consensus that ai  ed is the result of antibodies or other immune cells that cause damage to structures of the inner ear such as the co  ch  lea and vesti  bul  ar system of note ai  ed is the only known sn  hl that responds to medical treatment but withholding treatment for longer than three months may result in permanent hearing loss and the need for co  ch  lear impl  ant installation although ai  ed has been studied extensively over the past 25 years no clear mechanism of patho  genesis has emerged a recent paper performed a literature review of all relevant articles dating back to 1980 and proposed a mechanism of patho  genesis which includes an infl  am  matory response and immune cell attack on inner ear structures this response leads to an over activation of other immune cells such as t hel  per cells resulting in vascular changes and co  ch  lear harm ai  ed appears to be a consequence of damaged sens  or  in  eur  al hearing due to electro  chemical disturbances micro  thro  m  bo  sis and immune cell de  position additionally self reactive antibodies and t cells contribute to the aforementioned damage research has suggested a valuable next step in un  covering ai  ed patho  genesis is inquiry into the role of inter  leuk  in 1 β il 1 β
auto  immune lymp  ho  prolifer  ative syndrome alps also known as can  ale smith syndrome is a form of lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorder l  p  ds it affects lymp  ho  cy  te apop  to  sis it is a ras  opathy it is a rare genetic disorder of abnormal lymp  ho  cy  te survival caused by defective f  as medi  ated apop  to  sis normally after infectious insult the immune system down regulates by increasing f  as expression on activated b and t lymp  ho  cy  tes and f  as lig  and on activated t lymp  ho  cy  tes f  as and f  as lig  and interact to trigger the cas  p  ase cas  c  ade leading to cell apop  to  sis patients with alps have a defect in this apop  to  tic path  way leading to chronic non m  align  ant lymp  ho  proliferation auto  immune disease and secondary cancers
auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia is a form of neu  tro  pen  ia which is most common in infants and young children where the body identifies the neu  troph  ils as enemies and makes anti  body to destroy them primary auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia ain is an auto  immune disease first reported in 1975 that primarily occurs in infancy in auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia the immune system produces auto  antibodies directed against the neu  tro  phil  ic protein antigens in white blood cells known as gran  ul  oc  y  tic neu  troph  ils gran  ul  oc  y  tes segm  ented neu  troph  ils se  gs poly  segm  ented neu  troph  ils pol  ys these antibodies destroy gran  ul  oc  y  tic neu  troph  ils consequently patients with auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia have low levels of gran  ul  oc  y  tic neu  tro  phil  ic white blood cells causing a condition of neu  tro  pen  ia neu  tro  pen  ia causes an increased risk of infection from organisms that the body could normally fight easily who is affected primary auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia has been reported as early as the second month of life although most cases are diagnosed in children between 5 and 15 months of age girls have a slightly higher risk of developing ain than boys in neu  tro  pen  ia discovered at birth or shortly after birth a diagnosis of allo immune neu  tro  pen  ia from maternal white blood cell antibodies passively transferred to the infant is more likely neu  tro  pen  ia in infants neu  tro  pen  ia is defined by absolute neu  tro  phil counts less than 1000 ul after the first year of life neu  tro  pen  ia is defined by absolute counts less than 1500 ul neu  tro  pen  ia may be primary in which is the only blood ab  normality seen in secondary neu  tro  pen  ia other primary conditions occur including other auto  immune diseases infections and m  align  ancies neu  tro  pen  ia is considered chronic when it persists for more than 6 months symptoms and disease course neu  tro  pen  ia which may be discovered on routine blood tests typically causes benign infections even when the condition is severe ear infections o  ti  tis media are the most common infection seen in auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia and typically infection responds to antibiotic treatment alone infections associated with primary ain are usually mild and limited including skin infections such as impe  ti  go gastro  enter  i  tis upper respiratory tract infections and ear infections rarely cell  u  li  tis and abs  c  esses may occur studies of children studied for up to six years showed that most cases of auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia resolved spontaneously after a median of 17 months in 80 percent of patients neu  tro  pen  ia persisted for 7 to 24 months diagnosis patients with auto  immune neu  tro  pen  ia are diagnosed on the basis of blood tests showing neu  tro  pen  ia and the presence of gran  ul  oc  y  te specific antibodies in some cases tests for gran  ul  oc  y  te specific antibodies need to be repeated several times before a positive result is seen bone marrow aspiration if performed is typically normal or it can show increased cell production with a vari  ably diminished number of segm  ented gran  ul  oc  y  tes s association with prior par  vo  virus b 19 has been made but this hasn ’ t been confirmed similar to the plat  elet deficiency idi  opathic thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a vaccines are suspected of triggering this disorder treatment treatment consists of cor  ti  co  ster  oids to reduce auto  anti  body production antibiotics to prevent infection and gran  ul  oc  y  te colony stimulating factor g c  sf to temporarily increase neu  tro  phil counts in cases of severe infection or the need for surgery intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin therapy may be used
in medicine auto  immune poly  endocrine syndro  mes ap  ss also called auto  immune poly  g  land  ular syndro  mes ap  ss poly  g  land  ular auto  immune syndro  mes p  g  ass or poly  endocrine auto  immune syndro  mes are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by auto  immune activity against more than one endocrine organ although non endocrine organs can be affected there are three types of aps or in terms that mean the same thing three ap  ss and there are a number of other diseases which have endocrine auto  immunity as one of their features
auto  immune poly  endocrine syndrome type 1 aps 1 also known as auto  immune poly  endocr  in  opathy candi  di  asis – ec  to  der  mal dy  stro  phy dys  pl  asia ap  ec  ed auto  immune poly  g  land  ular syndrome type 1 whit  aker syndrome or candi  di  asis hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m – ad  dison s disease syndrome is a subtype of auto  immune poly  endocrine syndrome auto  immune poly  g  land  ular syndrome in which multiple endocrine g  lands dysfunction as a result of auto  immunity it is a genetic disorder inherited in auto  som  al rec  essive fashion due to a defect in the aire gene auto  immune regulator which is located on chro  mo  some 21 and normally confers immune tolerance
auto  immune poly  endocrine syndrome type 2 a form of auto  immune poly  endocrine syndrome also known as schmidt s syndrome or aps ii is the most common form of the poly  g  land  ular failure syndro  mes it is heterogeneous and has not been linked to one gene rather patients are at a higher risk when they carry a particular human leuk  oc  y  te antigen geno  type h  la d  q 2 h  la d  q 8 and h  la dr 4 aps ii affects women to a greater degree than men 75 of cases occur in women features of this syndrome are ad  dison s disease primary hypo  thyro  i  dis  m graves disease pernicious ana  emia primary hypo  gon  ad  ism less common diabetes mell  it  us type 1 viti  li  go less common co  eli  ac disease my  asth  enia grav  is
auto  immune prog  est  er  one der  mati  tis may appear as ur  tic  arial pap  ules deep gy  rate le  sions pap  ul  o  vesicular le  sions an ec  zem  at  ous eruption or as targe  to  id le  sions auto  immune prog  est  er  one der  mati  tis initially manifests with eye symptoms e g burning and progres  ses into r  ashes its relap  sing re  mitting pattern in women correspond to the prog  est  er  one levels during the men  str  ual cycle which spike twice a month it is an extremely rare disease only perhaps 50 cases have ever been reported
auto  immune re  tin  opathy is a rare disease in which the patient s immune system attacks proteins in the re  tina leading to loss of eye  sight the disease is poorly understood but may be the result of cancer or cancer chem  otherapy
auto  immune thyro  idi  tis or chronic auto  immune thyro  idi  tis is a disease in which the body interpre  ts the thyro  id g  lands and its hormone products t 3 t 4 and ts  h as threats therefore producing special antibodies that target the thyro  id ’ s cells thereby destroying it it presents with hypo  thyro  i  dis  m or hyper  thyro  i  dis  m and the presence or absence of go  iters
auto  immunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues any disease that results from such an aberr  ant immune response is termed an auto  immune disease prominent examples include ce  li  ac disease diabetes mell  it  us type 1 sar  co  ido  sis systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le sjö  gre  n s syndrome e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis graves disease idi  opathic thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a ad  dison s disease r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis ra an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis poly  my  osi  tis pm and der  mat  om  yo  si  tis dm auto  immune diseases are very often treated with ster  oids the misconception that an individual s immune system is totally incapable of recognizing self antigens is not new paul e  hr  lich at the beginning of the twentieth century proposed the concept of horror auto  tox  ic  us where  in a normal body does not mount an immune response against its own tissues thus any auto  immune response was perceived to be abnormal and post  ulated to be connected with human disease now it is accepted that auto  immune responses are an integral part of vertebr  ate immune systems sometimes termed natural auto  immunity normally prevented from causing disease by the phenomenon of immun  ological tolerance to self antigens auto  immunity should not be confused with allo  immunity
the auto  k  ine  tic effect also referred to as auto  kin  esis is a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary small point of light in an otherwise dark or fe  at  u  reless environment appears to move it was first recorded by a russian officer keeping watch who observed illusory movement of a star near the horizon it presumably occurs because motion perception is always relative to some reference point in darkness or in a fe  at  u  reless environment there is no reference point so the movement of the single point is un  defined the direction of the movements does not appear to be correlated with the involuntary eye movements but may be determined by errors between eye position and that specified by eff  er  ence copy of the movement signals sent to the extra  oc  ular muscles several researchers including richard greg  ory have shown that auto  kin  esis occurs when no eye movements are recorded greg  ory has suggested that with lack of peripheral information correcting movements that prevent eye movements due to muscle fatigue are wrongly interpreted as movement of the light the am  pl  itude of the movements is also un  defined individual observers set their own frames of reference to judge am  pl  itude and possibly direction because the phenomenon is lab  ile it has been used to show the effects of social influence or suggestion on judgements for example if an observer who would otherwise say the light is moving one foot over  hears another observer say the light is moving one yard then the first observer will report that the light moved one yard discovery of the influence of suggestion on the auto  k  ine  tic effect is often attributed to sher  if 19  35 but it was recorded by ad  ams 19  12 if not others alexander von hum  bol  dt observed the phenomenon in 17  99 while looking at stars with the naked eye but thought it was a real movement of the stars thus he named them ster  n  sch  wan  ken i e swinging stars it was not until 18  57 that g sch  we  it  zer sch  we  it  zer 18  57 an early german psycho  logist discovered that it was a subjective phenomenon the us navy started studying this in 1945 in order to explain ver  ti  go experiences related by pilots today this k  ine  tic illusion is categ  orized as a vesti  bul  ar induced illusion see vesti  bul  ar system many sigh  tings of u  fos have also been attributed to the auto  k  ine  tic effect s action on looking at stars or planets
automated theore  m proving also known as at  p or automated deduction is a sub  field of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theore  ms by computer programs automated reasoning over mathematical proof was a major impetus for the development of computer science
automatic index  ing is the ability for a computer to scan large volumes of documents against a controlled vocabulary tax  on  omy thes  aur  us or on  to  logy and use those controlled terms to quickly and effectively index large document depos  itories as the number of documents exponentially increases with the proliferation of the internet automatic index  ing will become essential to maintaining the ability to find relevant information in a sea of irrelevant information
automatic target recognition at  r is the ability for an algori  thm or device to recognize targets or objects based on data obtained from sensors target recognition was initially done by using an audible representation of the received signal where a trained operator who would dec  ip  her that sound to classify the target illumin  ated by the radar while these trained operators had success automated methods have been developed and continue to be developed that allow for more accuracy and speed in classification at  r can be used to identify man made objects such as ground and air vehicles as well as for biological targets such as animals humans and vegetative clu  tter this can be useful for everything from recognizing an object on a battlefield to filtering out interference caused by large flocks of birds on dop  pl  er weather radar possible military applications include a simple identification system such as an i  ff transp  onder and is used in other applications such as un  manned aerial vehicles and cruise missiles there has been more and more interest shown in using at  r for domestic applications as well research has been done into using at  r for border security safety systems to identify objects or people on a subway track automated vehicles and many others
automatic writing or psycho  graphy is an alleged psychic ability allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing the words are claimed to arise from a sub  conscious spiritual or super  natural source
autom  atic  ity ˌ  ɔ  ː  t  ə  m  ə  ˈ  t  ɪ  s  ᵻ  ti is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low level details required allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit it is usually the result of learning repetition and practice examples of autom  atic  ity are common activities such as walking speaking bicycle riding assembly line work and driving a car the last of these sometimes being termed highway hypno  sis after an activity is sufficiently practiced it is possible to focus the mind on other activities or thoughts while undertaking an autom  ati  zed activity for example holding a conversation or planning a speech while driving a car
autom  ation bias – sometimes referred to by other terms such as autom  ation induced complacency or over reliance on autom  ation – is the propensity for humans to favor suggestions from automated decision making systems and to ignore contradictory information made without autom  ation even if it is correct this bias takes the form of errors of exclusion and inclusion an autom  ation bias of exclusion takes place when humans rely on an automated system that does not inform them of a problem while an error of inclusion arises when humans make choices based on incorrect suggestions rel  ayed by automated systems autom  ation bias has been examined across many research fields some factors leading to an over reliance on autom  ation include in  experience in a task though inexperienced users tend to be most benefited by automated decision support systems lack of confidence in one ’ s own abilities a refl  exi  ve trust of the automated system a lack of readily available alternative information or as a way of saving time and effort on complex tasks or high work  loads autom  ation bias can be mitigated by the design of automated systems such as reducing the prominence of the display decreasing detail or complexity of information displayed or cou  ching automated assistance as supportive information rather than as directives or commands training on an automated system which includes introducing deliberate errors has been shown to be significantly more effective at reducing autom  ation bias than just informing users that errors can occur however excessive checking and questioning automated assistance can increase time pressures and complexity of tasks thus reducing the benefits of automated assistance so design of an automated decision support system can balance positive and negative effects rather than attempt to eliminate negative effects
in medicine autom  atism refers to a set of brief unconscious behaviors these typically last for several seconds to minutes or sometimes longer a time during which the subject is unaware of his her actions this type of automatic behaviour often occurs in certain types of epi  le  psy such as complex partial seizures in those with temporal lo  be epi  le  psy or as a side effect of certain medications such as z  ol  pid  em
in mathematics an au  tomor  ph  ic function is a function on a space that is invari  ant under the action of some group in other words a function on the quo  ti  ent space often the space is a complex mani  fold and the group is a dis  crete group
auton  oe  tic consciousness is the human ability to mentally place ourselves in the past in the future or in counter  factual situations and to thus be able to examine our own thoughts our sense of self affects our behavior in the present past and future it relates to how we reflect on our own past behavior how we feel about it and this in turn determines if we do it again p it is ep  is  od  ic memory that deals with self awareness memories of the self p and inward thoughts that may be projected onto future actions of an individual p it was “ proposed by en  del tul  ving for self awareness allowing the rememb  er  er to reflect on the contents of ep  is  od  ic memory ” p moreover auton  oe  tic consciousness involves behaviors such as mental time travel sch  ac  ter et al 2007 sud  d  endorf and cor  ball  is 2007 self projection buck  ner and car  roll 2007 and ep  is  od  ic future thinking at  ance and o neill 2001 all of which have often been proposed as exclusively human capacities
autonom  ic dys  refl  ex  ia ad also known as autonom  ic hyper  refl  ex  ia is a potentially life threatening condition which can be considered a medical emergency requiring immediate attention ad occurs most often in individuals with spinal cord injuries with spinal le  sions above the t 6 spinal cord level although it has been known to occur in patients with a le  sion as low as t 10 acute ad is a reaction of the autonom  ic involuntary nervous system to over  stimulation it is characterized by par  oxy  sm  al hyper  tension the sudden onset of severe high blood pressure associated with th  robbing headaches prof  use swe  ating nas  al stu  ff  iness flu  shing of the skin above the level of the le  sion slow heart rate anxiety and sometimes by cognitive impairment the sympathetic discharge that occurs is usually in association with spinal cord injury sc  i or diseases such as multiple sclerosis ad is believed to be triggered by a  ffer  ent stimul  i nerve signals that send messages back to the spinal cord and brain which originate below the level of the spinal cord le  sion it is believed that these a  ffer  ent stimul  i trigger and maintain an increase in blood pressure via a symp  athe  tically medi  ated vas  o  con  stric  tion in muscle skin and s  plan  ch  nic gut vascular beds
autop  hon  y or ty  mp  an  op  hon  y is the unusually loud hearing of a person s own voice possible causes the oc  clu  sion effect caused by an object such as an un  vented hearing aid or a plug of ear wax blocking the ear canal and reflecting sound vibration back towards the ear  drum ser  ous o  ti  tis media open or pat  ulous eu  st  achi  an tube allowing vocal and or breathing sounds to be conducted into the middle ear superior canal de  his  cence which can lead to an abnormally amplified bone conduc  tion of sound into the inner ear persons with superior canal de  his  cence syndrome sc  ds typically hear not only their own voice but also heartbeat footsteps chewing intest  inal sounds and possibly even the sound of their eye movements when reading
auto  save is a function in many computer applications or programs which saves an opened document automatically helping to reduce the risk or impact of data loss in case of a crash or freeze auto  saving is typically done either in predetermined intervals or before a complex editing task is begun it has traditionally been seen as a feature to protect documents in an application or system failure crash and auto  save back  ups are often pur  ged whenever the user finishes his or her work an alternative paradigm is to have all changes saved continuously as with pen and paper and all versions of a document available for review this would remove the need for saving documents entirely there are challenges to implementation at the file application and operating system levels for example in microsoft exce  l 2003 this option is called auto  recover and by default saves the document every ten minutes in the temporary file directory re  starting exce  l after crashing promp  ts the user to save the last recovered version however this does not protect users who mistakenly click no when asked to save their changes if exce  l closes normally mac os 10 7 lion added an auto  save feature that is available to some applications and works in conjunction with time machine like functionality to periodically save all versions of a document this eliminates the need for any manual saving as well as providing ver  sion  ing support through the same system a version is saved every five minutes during any extended periods of idle time or when the user uses save a version which replaces the former save menu item and takes its command s short  cut saves are made on snap  shots of the document date and occur in a separate thread so the user is never pa  used during this process applications need to be updated to take advantage of this functionality and a number of apple s built in programs were updated with the release auto  save cannot be disabled in lion auto  save is common in video games many video games have an auto  save feature that saves progress during a session for example in an adventure game it may auto  save after completing a level or mission or in fighting games it might save after winning a match some games use auto  save as the only method of saving data and the player must complete a set amount of the game before saving takes place still another use of auto  saving is as an anti cheating device for example in all me  gam  an battle network games except the first the chip trader machines auto  save upon giving out a new battle chip so the player can t cheat by soft rese  tting after each try of the chip trader until the desired chip is received one of the first implementation of this feature appears in the text editor el  vis
auto  sensi  tization der  mati  tis or cu  taneous auto  sensi  tization presents with the development of widespread der  mati  tis or der  mati  tis distant from a local infl  am  matory focus a process referred to as auto  ec  zem  ati  zation
auto  som  al dominant cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia ad  ca is a form of spin  oc  ere  bell  ar at  ax  ia inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner ad  ca is a genetically inherited condition that causes deterioration of the nervous system leading to disorder and a decrease or loss of function to regions of the body de  generation occurs at the cellular level and in certain sub  types results in cellular death cellular death or dysfunction causes a break or faulty signal in the line of communication from the central nervous system to target muscles in the body when there is impaired communication or a lack of communication entirely the muscles in the body do not function correctly muscle control complications can be observed in multiple balance speech and motor or movement impairment symptoms ad  ca is divided into three types and further subdivided into sub  types known as sc  as spin  oc  ere  bell  ar at  ax  ias
auto  som  al dominant hypo  phosp  hat  emic ric  kets ad  hr is a rare hereditary disease in which excessive loss of phosphate in the urine leads to poorly formed bones ric  kets bone pain and tooth abs  c  esses ad  hr is caused by a mutation in the fi  bro  blast growth factor 23 f  g  f 23 ad  hr affects men and women equally symptoms may become apparent at any point from childhood through early adul  thood blood tests reveal low levels of phosphate hypo  phosp  hat  emia and in  appropriately normal levels of vitamin d occasionally hypo  phosp  hat  emia may improve over time as urine losses of phosphate partially correct ad  hr may be lum  ped in with x linked hypo  phosp  hat  emia under general terms such as hypo  phosp  hat  emic ric  kets hypo  phosp  at  emic ric  kets are associated with at least nine other genetic mutations clinical management of hypo  phosp  at  emic ric  kets may differ depending on the specific mutations associated with an individual case but treatments are aimed at raising phosphate levels to promote normal bone formation
auto  som  al dominant no  c  tur  nal frontal lo  be epi  le  psy ad  n  f  le is an epi  le  ptic disorder that causes frequent violent seizures during sleep these seizures often involve complex motor movements such as hand cl  en  ching arm raising lowering and knee b  ending voc  alizations such as shouting mo  aning or crying are also common ad  n  f  le is often mis  diagnosed as nightmares attacks often occur in clusters and typically first manifest in childhood there are four known loc  i for ad  n  f  le three with known caus  ative genes these genes chr  na 4 chr  nb 2 and chr  na 2 en  code various nico  tin  ic ace  ty  l  ch  oline recep  tor α and β sub  units
auto  som  al dominant poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease ad  p  k  d auto  som  al dominant p  k  d or adult onset p  k  d is the most prevalent potentially lethal mono  genic human disorder it is associated with large inter  famili  al and intr  af  am  ili  al vari  ability which can be explained to a large extent by its genetic hetero  geneity and modi  fier genes it is also the most common of the inherited c  ys  tic kidney diseases — a group of disorders with related but distinct patho  genesis characterized by the development of ren  al cy  sts and various extr  aren  al manifestations which in case of ad  p  k  d include cy  sts in other organs such as the liver sem  inal ves  ic  les pan  cre  as and ar  ach  no  id memb  rane as well as other ab  norm  alities such as in  trac  ran  ial an  eur  ys  ms and dol  ic  ho  ec  ta  si  as a  or  tic root di  lat  ation and an  eur  ys  ms mit  ral valve pro  lapse and ab  domin  al wall her  ni  as over 50 of patients with ad  p  k  d eventually develop end stage kidney disease and require dial  ysis or kidney transplantation ad  p  k  d is estimated to affect at least 1 in every 1000 individuals worldwide making this disease the most common inherited kidney disorder with a diagnosed prevalence of 1 2000 and incidence of 1 3000 1 8000 in a global scale
auto  som  al rec  essive cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia type 1 ar  ca 1 is a condition characterized by progressive problems with movement signs and symptoms of the disorder first appear in early to mid adul  thood people with this condition initially experience impaired speech dys  ar  thri  a problems with coordination and balance at  ax  ia or both they may also have difficulty with movements that involve judging distance or scale dys  me  tri  a other features of ar  ca 1 include abnormal eye movements ny  stag  mus and problems following the movements of objects with their eyes the movement problems are slowly progressive often resulting in the need for a cane walker or wheelchair
auto  som  al rec  essive multiple ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia armed also called ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia multiple 4 ed  m 4 multiple ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia with clu  b  foot or – with bil  ay  ered pat  el  la  e is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder affecting car  til  age and bone development the disorder has relatively mild signs and symptoms including joint pain sco  li  osis and mal  formations of the hands feet and knees some affected individuals are born with an inward and downward turning foot a clu  b  foot an ab  normality of the kne  ec  ap called a double lay  ered pat  ella is also relatively common although some people with rec  essive multiple ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia have short stature as adults most are of normal height the incidence is unknown as many cases are not diagnosed due to mild symptoms
auto  som  al rec  essive poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease ar  p  k  d is the rec  essive form of poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease it is associated with a group of con  genital fi  bro  c  ys  tic syndro  mes mutations in the p  kh  d 1 chro  mo  som  al loc  us 6 p 12 2 cause ar  p  k  d
auto  top  agno  sia from the greek a and g  no  sis meaning without knowledge to  pos meaning place and auto meaning oneself auto  top  agno  sia virtually translates to the lack of knowledge about one s own space and is clin  ically described as such auto  top  agno  sia is a form of agno  sia characterized by an inability to loc  alize and orient different parts of the body the psy  ch  on  euro  logical disorder has also been referred to as body image agno  sia or som  at  ot  op  agno  sia som  at  ot  op  agno  sia has been argued to be a better suited term to describe the condition while auto  top  agno  sia emphasizes the deficiencies in loc  alizing only one s own body parts and orientation som  at  ot  op  agno  sia also considers the inability to orient and recognize the body parts of others or representations of the body e g man  ik  ins diag  r  ams typically the cause of auto  top  agno  sia is a le  sion found in the par  ie  tal lo  be of the left hemisphere of the brain however it as also been noted that patients with generalized brain damage present with similar symptoms of auto  top  agno  sia as a concept auto  top  agno  sia has been criticized as non  specific some claim that this is a manifestation of a greater symptomatic complex of anom  ia marked by an inability to name things in general — not just parts of the human body
auto  type is a function in some computer applications or programs typically those containing forms which fills in a field once you have ty  ped in the first few letters most of the time such as in a web brow  ser the entries that appear in the list depend on the form s name so as to not propose street names in a last name field or vice versa auto  type can also refer to automatically determining a peripheral s configuration or a program s variables auto  type is defined as a true representation of the original see o e d the term auto  type was coined in the late 19 th century and referred to a process for making photo  graphic prints using a carbon process many auto  type prints were produced and the process was popular well into the 20 th century particularly since auto  type prints are very long lasting it is said that an auto  type could last up to 500 years without fading auto  type may also refer to half  tone printing the term may also apply to the auto  type company founded in london in 1868 as the auto  type fine art company which was one of the pioneers in the carbon print and auto  type reproduction process and which still exists as a supplier of co  ated films auto  type is now part of the platform speciality products group of companies
autumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deci  duous trees and sh  ru  bs by which they take on during a few weeks in the autumn season various shades of red yellow purple black orange pink mag  enta blue and brown the phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foli  age in british english and fall colors fall foli  age or simply foli  age in american english in some areas of canada and the united states leaf pe  eping tourism is a major contribution to economic activity this tourist activity occurs between the beginning of color changes and the onset of leaf fall usually around september and october in the northern hemisphere and april to may in the southern hemisphere
auxiliary japanese arm  ours are optional armour items worn by the sam  ur  ai class of feu  dal japan in addition to the traditional six armour components
the availability factor of a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period divided by the amount of the time in the period occasions where only partial capacity is available may or may not be deducted where they are the metric is tit  led equivalent availability factor e  af the availability factor should not be confused with the capacity factor the capacity factor for a period will always be less than the equivalent availability factor for the same period the difference depends on the utilization of the power plant the availability of a power plant varies greatly depending on the type of fuel the design of the plant and how the plant is operated everything else being equal plants that are run less frequently have higher availability factors because they require less maintenance most thermal power stations such as coal geothermal and nuclear power plants have availability factors between 70 and 90 newer plants tend to have significantly higher availability factors but preventive maintenance is as important as improvements in design and technology gas turbines have relatively high availability factors ranging from 80 to 99 gas turbines are commonly used for pe  aking power plants co generation plants and the first stage of combined cycle plants the availability factor of wind and solar power plants depends on whether periods when the plant is operational but there is no wind or sunlight are counted as available unavailable or disregarded if they are only counted as available during favorable times photovoltaic plants have an availability factor approaching or equal to 100 modern wind turbines also have very high availability factors about 98 however solar and wind plants have relatively low capacity factors wind capacity factors range from 20 – 40 and solar capacity factors in arizona are about 19 this makes wind and solar availability factors much lower if times when sunlight or wind are not available are taken into account
available to promise at  p is a business function that provides a response to customer order enquiries based on resource availability it generates available quantities of the requested product and delivery due dates therefore at  p supports order promising and ful  fill  ment aiming to manage demand and match it to production plans available to promise functions are it enabled and usually integrated in enterprise management software packages however at  p execution may need to be adjusted for the way a certain company operates
in the wireless industry available revenue time art is the amount of user time available from which mobile carriers may generate revenue for example using a wireless mobile device for 60 minutes has enabled the carrier on whose telecommunications network the user s device is operating to generate revenue for 60 minutes revenue is typically generated by billing for services such as s  ms mobile video mobile tv or other multi media options typical in modern conver  gent devices
an avalanche b  oul  der tongue is an accumulation of debris produced by snow avalan  ches well developed avalanche b  oul  der tongue usually develop below avalanche gul  lies due to successive avalan  ches over a long time span the avalanche b  oul  der tongues were first intensively investigated by anders rap  p in the areas of ab  is  ko and ke  b  ne  ka  ise in swedish l  appl  and
avalanche breakdown is a phenomenon that can occur in both insulating and semi  conducting materials it is a form of electric current multiplication that can allow very large currents within materials which are otherwise good insul  ators it is a type of electr  on avalanche the avalanche process occurs when carriers in the transition region are accelerated by the electric field to energies sufficient to create mobile or free electr  on hole pairs via collis  ions with bound electron  s
av  ascular necro  sis av  n also called o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis bone inf  arc  tion as  ep  tic necro  sis and is  chem  ic bone necro  sis is cellular death necro  sis of bone components due to interruption of the blood supply without blood the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses if av  ascular necro  sis involves the bones of a joint it often leads to destruction of the joint artic  ular surfaces see o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans
avel  lis syndrome is a neuro  logical disorder characterized by a peculiar form of altern  ating paralysis there is paralysis of the soft pal  ate and vocal cords on one side and loss of pain sensation and temperature sense on the other side including the extre  mi  ties trunk and neck it usually results from oc  clu  sion of the vertebr  al artery in le  sions of the nucleus ambiguous and pyram  idal tract hor  ner s syndrome may be associated in the original description the vag  us and glos  sop  har  yn  ge  al nerves were involved concomitant involvement of the neighbouring cran  ial nerves was observed later
in gem  ology av  entu  res  cence sometimes called av  ent  ur  ization is an optical refl  ec  tance effect seen in certain g  ems the effect amounts to a metallic g  litter arising from minute prefer  entially oriented mineral plat  el  ets within the material these plat  el  ets are so numerous that they also influence the material s body colour in av  ent  urine quar  tz ch  rome bearing fu  ch  site produces a green stone and various iron oxides produces a red stone the words av  ent  urine and av  entu  res  cence derive from the italian a vent  ura meaning by chance this is an all  usion to the chance discovery of av  ent  urine glass or goldstone at some point in the 18 th century goldstone is still manufactured today as an artificial imitation of later discoveries av  ent  urine quar  tz and av  ent  urine fel  d  spar sun  stone
in compu  tational complexity theory the average case complexity of an algori  thm is the amount of some compu  tational resource typically time used by the algori  thm averaged over all possible inputs it is frequently contr  asted with worst case complexity which considers the maxim  al complexity of the algori  thm over all possible inputs there are three primary motivations for studying average case complexity first although some problems may be intractable in the worst case the inputs which elic  it this behavior may rarely occur in practice so the average case complexity may be a more accurate measure of an algori  thm s performance second average case complexity analysis provides tools and techniques to generate hard instances of problems which can be utilized in areas such as cry  pto  graphy and der  an  dom  ization third average case complexity allows discriminating the most efficient algori  thm in practice among algori  th  ms of equivalent based case complexity for instance quick  sort average case analysis requires a notion of an average input to an algori  thm which leads to the problem of devising a probability distribution over inputs alternatively a random  ized algori  thm can be used the analysis of such algori  th  ms leads to the related notion of an expected complexity
avian malaria is a par  asi  tic disease of birds
avian vacu  ol  ar my  el  in  opathy av  m is a fatal neuro  logical disease that affects various water  birds and rap  tors it is most common in the bald eagle and american co  ot and it is known in the kill  deer buff  le  head northern sho  vel  er american wi  geon canada goose great hor  ned ow  l mall  ard and ring nec  ked duck avian vacu  ol  ar my  el  in  opathy is a newly discovered disease that was first identified in the field in 1994 when dead bald eagles were found near de  gray lake in ar  kansas in the united states since then it has spread to four more states and infested multiple aquatic systems including 10 reservoirs the cause of death is le  sions on the brain and spinal cord but the exact caus  ative agent is still being investigated by researchers an infectious cyan  ob  ac  ter  ium is suspected
avo  c  ado sun  blo  tch viro  id as  bv is an important disease affecting avo  c  ado trees infections result in lower yields and poorer quality fruit as  bv is the smallest known viro  id that inf  ects plants and is transmitted by poll  en and infected seeds or bud  wood trees infected with the viro  id often show no symptoms other than a reduction in yield by 30 or more however they are still carriers and can pass the disease onto other plants symptoms in more serious infections include depressed longit  ud  inal stre  aks of yellow in the fruit the fruit may also become red or white in colour symptoms in the leaf are un  common but include ble  ached ve  ins and peti  oles rec  tang  ular cracking patterns also occur in the bark of older branches the amount titre of viro  id particles present in avo  c  ado trees varies a great deal viro  ids levels can vary by 1000 times between branches on the same tree and by 10000 times between trees infected but symp  tom  less trees have a higher concentration of viro  id particles than those showing symptoms symp  tom  less trees also represent a greater danger in terms of spread of the viro  id p  cr is used to detect infection
avoid  ant restrictive food intake disorder ar  fid also previously known as selective eating disorder sed is a type of eating disorder where the consumption of certain foods is limited based on the food s appearance smell taste tex  ture or a past negative experience with the food
avoid  ant personality disorder av  pd also known as anxious personality disorder is a cluster c personality disorder those affected display a pattern of social inhi  bi  tion feelings of inadequacy and infer  iority extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire to be close to others individuals with the disorder tend to describe themselves as uneasy anxious lonely unwanted and isolated from others the behavior typically begins by early adul  thood and occurs across a variety of situations the cause is unknown it is recognized by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders people with avoid  ant personality disorder often consider themselves to be socially inept or personally un  appealing and avoid social interaction for fear of being ridic  ul  ed humiliated rejected or dis  liked as the name suggests the main coping mechanism of those with avoid  ant personality disorder is avoidance of feared stimul  i avoid  ant personality disorder is usually first noticed in early adul  thood with both childhood emotional neglect — in particular the rejection of a child by one or both parents — and peer group rejection being associated with an increased risk for its development
avo  lition as a symptom of various forms of psychop  ath  ology is the decrease in the motivation to initiate and perform self directed purposeful activities such activities that appear to be neglected usually include routine activities including hob  bies going to work and or school and most notably engaging in social activities a person experiencing avo  lition may stay at home for long periods of time rather than seeking out work or peer relations
an av  ul  sion frac  ture is a bone frac  ture which occurs when a frag  ment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma this can occur at the lig  ament due to the application forces external to the body such as a fall or pull or at the tend  on due to a muscular contraction that is stronger than the forces holding the bone together generally muscular av  ul  sion is prevented due to the neuro  logical limitations placed on muscle contr  actions highly trained athletes can overcome this neuro  logical inhi  bi  tion of strength and produce a much greater force output capable of breaking or av  ul  sing a bone
in medicine an av  ul  sion is an injury in which a body structure is forcibly detached from its normal point of insertion by either trauma or surgery from the latin avel  l  ere meaning to tear off the term most commonly refers to a surface trauma where all layers of the skin have been torn away exposing the underlying structures i e sub  cu  taneous tissue muscle tend  ons or bone this is similar to an abra  sion but more severe as body parts such as an eye  lid or an ear can be partially or fully detached from the body
awareness is the ability to directly know and perceive to feel or to be of events more broadly it is the state or quality of being conscious of something
ax  en  feld syndrome also known as ax  en  feld ri  e  ger syndrome or ha  ge  doom syndrome is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder which affects the development of the teeth eyes and ab  domin  al region
ax  ial o  ste  om  al  ac  ia is a rare o  ste  os  cl  erotic disorder characterized by ax  ial skelet  on pain co  arsen  ing of the tr  ab  ec  ular bone pattern on radio  graphs of the ax  ial but not append  icular skelet  on
ax  ill  ary lymp  had  en  opathy is lymp  had  en  opathy of the ax  ill  ary lymp  h no  des
ax  ill  ary nerve pal  sy is a neuro  logical condition in which the ax  ill  ary also called circum  flex nerve has been damaged by shoulder dis  location it can cause weak del  to  id and sensory loss below the shoulder since this is a problem with just one nerve it is a type of peripheral neuro  pa  thy called mon  on  euro  pa  thy of all br  achi  al plex  us injuries ax  ill  ary nerve pal  sy represents only 3 to 6 of them
ax  on guidance also called ax  on path  finding is a sub  field of ne  ural development concerning the process by which neurons send out ax  ons to reach the correct targets ax  ons often follow very precise paths in the nervous system and how they manage to find their way so accurately is being researched
ax  on  ot  mes  is is a disruption of nerve cell ax  on with wall  er  ian de  generation occurring below and slightly proxim  al to the site of injury if ax  ons and their my  elin she  ath are damaged but schw  ann cells the end  on  eur  ium per  in  eur  ium and ep  in  eur  ium remain intact it is called ax  on  ot  mes  is ax  on  ot  mes  is is usually the result of a more severe crush or con  tu  sion than neuro  pra  x  ia in ax  on  ot  mes  is the proxim  al section is repaired by creating a spro  ut with its growth cone but in the dis  tal section occurs ax  onal de  generation the rate of out  growth of regener  ating nerve fi  bers is about 1 mm to 2 mm per day so that the recovery of conduc  tion to a target structure depends on not only reg  row  th into the appropriate end  on  eur  ial tube end  on  eur  ium but also on the distance involved
ay  az  i syndrome or chro  mo  some 21 x  q 21 deletion syndrome is a syndrome characterized by chor  o  id  er  emia con  genital deaf  ness and obesity
an az  o coupling is an organic reaction between a di  az  on  ium compound and another aromatic compound that produces an az  o compound in this electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution reaction the ar  yl  di  az  on  ium c  ation is the electro  phi  le and the activated aren  e is a nucle  ophi  le in most cases including the examples below the di  az  on  ium compound is also aromatic
az  o  os  per  mia is the medical condition of a man when sperm count is equal or less then 15 million ml in his semen it is associated with very low levels of fertility or even ster  ility but many forms are amenable to medical treatment in humans az  o  os  per  mia affects about 1 of the male population and may be seen in up to 20 of male in  fertility situations
az  o  tem  ia az  ot nitrogen emia blood condition is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen containing compounds such as urea cre  at  in  ine various body waste compounds and other nitrogen rich compounds in the blood it is largely related to insufficient or dysfunctional filtering of blood by the kidneys it can lead to u  re  mia if not controlled
az  u  ki  ar  ai 小  豆  洗  い az  uki bean washing or az  uk  it  og  i 小  豆  と  ぎ az  uki bean grinding is a gho  stly phenomenon in japanese fol  kl  ore in which a mysterious noise that sounds like az  uki beans being washed or ground is heard it usually occurs near a river or other body of water sometimes the creature or spirit responsible am  uses itself by singing az  uki to  g  ou ka hi  to tot  te ku  ou ka sho  ki sho  ki will i grind my az  uki beans or will i get a person to eat sho  ki sho  ki and anyone who approaches will inevitably fall into the water while the perpetrator is seldom seen he is often described as a short statu  red man of grotesque appearance with a large bal  ding head cro  oked teeth thin mou  stache large bul  ging yellow eyes wearing rag  ged clothes and bent over a p  ail washing az  uki beans az  u  ki  ar  ai is sometimes blamed on a rac  co  on dog or we  as  el
the az  z  op  ardi phenomenon or az  z  op  ardi effect is the presence of dna in necro  tic ven  ules it can occur in small cell carcin  om  as and in some high grade m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms the effect is well known in diagnostic surgical path  ology the phenomenon is named after the patho  logist john g az  z  op  ardi az  z  op  ardi was able to correctly characterize the effect as due to dna it had been thought previously but incorrectly to be calcium necro  sis results in the release of cellular dna which adheres in pat  ches to the walls of blood vessels showing as intensely bas  oph  il  ic material on hem  at  ox  yl  in e  os  in stain the az  z  op  ardi phenomenon is distinguished from the similar bas  oph  il  ic hem  at  ox  yl  in body add ref  s
b cell chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia b c  ll also known as chronic lymp  ho  id leuk  emia c  ll is the most common type of leuk  emia a type of cancer of the white blood cells in adults c  ll affects b cell lymp  ho  cy  tes which originate in the bone marrow develop in the lymp  h no  des and normally fight infection by producing antibodies in c  ll b cells grow in an uncontrolled manner and accumulate in the bone marrow and blood where they crowd out healthy blood cells c  ll is a stage of small lymp  ho  cy  tic lymp  homa s  ll a type of b cell lymp  homa which presents primarily in the lymp  h no  des c  ll and s  ll are considered the same underlying disease just with different appearances c  ll is a disease of adults most 75 people newly diagnosed with c  ll are over the age of 50 and the majority are men however in rare cases it can occur in teenagers and occasionally in children some of these may relate to an inherited pre  disposition most people are diagnosed without symptoms as the result of a routine blood test that returns a high white blood cell count but as it advances c  ll results in sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des sp  leen and liver and eventually an  emia and infections early c  ll is not treated and late c  ll is treated with chem  otherapy and mono  cl  onal antibodies dna analysis has distinguished two major types of c  ll with different survival times c  ll that is positive for the marker z  ap 70 has an average survival of 8 years while c  ll negative for z  ap 70 has an average survival of more than 25 years many patients especially older ones with slowly progressing disease can be reassured and may not need any treatment in their life  times
a b cell leuk  emia is any of several types of lymp  ho  id leuk  emia which affect b cells types include with ic  d o code 98  23 3 b cell chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia small lymp  ho  cy  tic lymp  homa 98  26 3 acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emia mature b cell type 98  33 3 b cell pro  lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia 98  35 3 98  36 3 precursor b lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emia 99  40 3 ha  iry cell leuk  emia
the b cell lymp  hom  as are types of lymp  homa affecting b cells lymp  hom  as are blood cancers in the lymp  h no  des they develop more frequently in older adults and in immun  o  compromised individuals b cell lymp  hom  as include both ho  dg  kin s lymp  hom  as and most non ho  dg  kin lymp  hom  as they are typically divided into low and high grade typically corresponding to ind  ol  ent slow growing lymp  hom  as and aggressive lymp  hom  as respectively as a gener  alisation ind  ol  ent lymp  hom  as respond to treatment and are kept under control in remission with long term survival of many years but are not cured aggressive lymp  hom  as usually require intensive treatments with some having a good prospect for a permanent cure prog  no  sis and treatment depends on the specific type of lymp  homa as well as the stage and grade treatment includes radiation and chem  otherapy early stage ind  ol  ent b cell lymp  hom  as can often be treated with radiation alone with long term non recurrence early stage aggressive disease is treated with chem  otherapy and often radiation with a 70 90 cure rate late stage ind  ol  ent lymp  hom  as are sometimes left untreated and monitored until they progress late stage aggressive disease is treated with chem  otherapy with cure rates of over 70
b cell pro  lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia is a more aggressive but still treat  able form of leuk  emia the m  align  ant b cells are larger than average the name is commonly abbreviated b pl  l it can involve dele  tions from chro  mo  some 11 and chro  mo  some 13 it has been suggested that some cases may represent a variant of man  tle cell lymp  homa it has a relatively poor prog  no  sis
in the mathematical sub  field of numerical analysis a b spl  ine or basis spl  ine is a spl  ine function that has minimal support with respect to a given degree smoo  th  ness and domain partition any spl  ine function of given degree can be expressed as a linear combination of b spl  ines of that degree cardinal b spl  ines have kno  ts that are equi  distant from each other b spl  ines can be used for curve fitting and numerical differentiation of experimental data in the computer aided design and computer graphics spl  ine functions are constructed as linear combinations of b spl  ines with a set of control points
b  c  g disease is an adverse effect of the bac  ill  us cal  met  te gu  ér  in vaccine the vaccine contains living my  co  bacter  ium bo  vis b  c  g and in b  c  g disease the bacter  ium causes a disease in persons vaccinated between 2000 and 2006 several hundred children in finland had serious adverse events from the vaccine including ost  ei  tis and o  ste  om  ye  li  tis disseminated usually fatal b  c  g infection ar  thri  tis and lymp  h no  de abs  c  esses four deaths were registered in the official adverse event register and while in only two cases a clear causal link was considered to be in place two other cases were diagnosed with a disease which in scientific peer reviewed articles case descriptions have been mistakenly first made and after  ward have been noticed to be disseminated b  c  g infections one death with a causal link considered established by the adverse event monitoring agency was vaccinated with pre august 2002 vaccine evans while the three other registered deaths were with the new post august 2002 vaccine b  c  g vaccine ssi
b  enta disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system b  enta stands for b cell expansion with n  f κ  b and t cell an  er  gy and is caused by ger  m  line hetero  zy  g  ous gain of function mutations in the gene card 11 see om  im entry 607  210 this disorder is characterized by pol  ycl  onal b cell lymp  ho  cy  to  sis with onset in infancy splen  om  eg  al  y lymp  had  en  opathy mild immun  o  deficiency and increased risk of lymp  homa investigators andrew l snow and michael j len  ardo at the national institute of allergy and infectious disease at the u s national institutes of health first characterized b  enta disease in 2012 dr snow s current laboratory at the uni  formed services university of the health sciences is now actively studying this disorder
be is pain of salvation s fifth studio album released by in  side  out  music in september 2004 it is a concept album focusing on the existence of god and humankind along with the band it features a nine part orchestra the orchestra of eternity which features prominently throughout the album this is the last album to feature kris  to  ffer gil  den  l  ö  w on bass the album is the first pain of salvation album to be divided into more than three chapters the band performed it live as a rock opera it was released as be original stage production
be original stage production is swedish progressive metal band pain of salvation s first live dvd and second live cd docum  enting one of the performances of their 2004 album be in its entirety in es  kil  st  una sweden on september 12 2003 in contrast to the studio album the orchestra of eternity a nine piece orchestra accompanying the band are given credit on the front cover of the album though they weren t shown on the initial pro  mo release
the nass  au street loop also called the nass  au loop was a service pattern of the brooklyn – manhattan transit corporation b  mt inaugur  ated in 1931 when the b  mt nass  au street line was completed providing a physical link that allowed a train to originate in brooklyn run through lower manhattan and return to brooklyn without having to terminate and reverse the direction of the train nass  au loop services have not been able to operate since 1967 when the loop line s connection to the manhattan bridge was severed the centre street loop was a similar service proposal that was never completed together they are referred to as the b  mt brooklyn lo  ops
in compu  tational complexity theory b  pp which stands for bounded error prob  abil  istic poly  no  mi  al time is the class of decision problems sol  vable by a prob  abil  istic turing machine in poly  no  mi  al time with an error probability bounded away from 1 3 for all instances b  pp is one of the largest practical classes of problems meaning most problems of interest in b  pp have efficient prob  abil  istic algori  th  ms that can be run quickly on real modern machines b  pp also contains p the class of problems sol  vable in poly  no  mi  al time with a deter  minis  tic machine since a deter  minis  tic machine is a special case of a prob  abil  istic machine informally a problem is in b  pp if there is an algori  thm for it that has the following properties it is allowed to flip coins and make random decisions it is guaranteed to run in poly  no  mi  al time on any given run of the algori  thm it has a probability of at most 1 3 of giving the wrong answer whether the answer is yes or no
in compu  tational complexity theory b  q  p bounded error quantum poly  no  mi  al time is the class of decision problems sol  vable by a quantum computer in poly  no  mi  al time with an error probability of at most 1 3 for all instances it is the quantum analogue of the complexity class b  pp in other words there is an algori  thm for a quantum computer a quantum algori  thm that solves the decision problem with high probability and is guaranteed to run in poly  no  mi  al time on any given run of the algori  thm it has a probability of at most 1 3 that it will give the wrong answer similarly to other bounded error prob  abil  istic classes the choice of 1 3 in the definition is arbitrary we can run the algori  thm a constant number of times and take a majority vote to achieve any desired probability of correctness less than 1 using the cherno  ff bound detailed analysis shows that the complexity class is unchanged by allowing error as high as 1 2 − n − c on the one hand or requiring error as small as 2 − nc on the other hand where c is any positive constant and n is the length of input
b  z  lf 1 also known as z  ta eb 1 associated with its product gene ze  bra is an immediate early viral gene of the ep  stein – bar  r virus eb  v of the her  pes virus family which induc  es cancers and inf  ects primarily the b cells of 95 of the human population this gene along with others produces the expression of other eb  v genes in other stages of disease progression and is involved in converting the virus from the latent to the ly  tic form
b type inclu  sions formerly known as guar  ni  eri bodies ɡ  w  ɑ  ː  r  ˈ  n  j  ɛ  ri are cellular features found upon micro  scopic inspection of epi  the  li  al cells of individuals suspected of having po  x  virus e g small  pox or vacc  in  ia in cells stained with e  os  in they appear as pink b  lob  s in the cy  top  las  m of affected epi  the  li  al cells the absence of guar  ni  eri bodies cannot be used as to rule out small  pox however as more sensitive test need to be performed b type inclu  sions are the sites of viral replic  ation and are found in all po  x  virus infected cells unlike a type inclu  sions which are more strongly e  o  sin  oph  il  ic and only found in infections with certain po  x  viruses they are named after the italian physician gius  ep  pe guar  ni  eri
in high energy physics b − l pronounced bee minus ell is the difference between the bar  yon number b and the le  pton number l
ba  astr  up s sign or kissing sp  ine is an orth  o  ped  ic and radio  graphic disorder that often occurs in elderly humans it is characterized by enlargement of the poster  ior spin  ous projections of the lum  bar sp  ine with normal inter  vertebr  al dis  c height and neuro  for  am  ina the reason it is referred to as kissing sp  ine is because the poster  ior spin  ous processes kiss and touch one another as the individual goes into lum  bar extension for example when flat on their stomach the condition has been seen in humans can  ines particularly with box  er breeds and certain breeds of horses this disorder is named after christian ing  er  sle  v ba  astr  up
b  ab er rob  b arabic ب  ا  ب ا  ل  ر  ب is a southern gate exit to the city of marrak  ech morocco near b  ab ag  na  ou it leads to the roads that lead to the mountain towns of am  iz  mi  z and as  ni rob  b is a bever  age produced from figs and rasp  berries
bab  esi  osis is a malaria like par  asi  tic disease caused by infection with bab  e  sia a genus of ap  i  complex  a human bab  esi  osis is an un  common but emerging disease in the nor  the  astern and mid  western united states and parts of europe and spor  adic throughout the rest of the world it occurs in warm weather tic  ks transmit the human strain of bab  esi  osis so it often presents with other tick borne illnesses such as ly  me disease after try  pan  o  som  es bab  e  sia is thought to be the second most common blood parasite of mammals and they can have a major impact on health of domestic animals in areas without severe w  inters in cattle a major host the disease is known as texas cattle fever red  water or pi  ro  plas  mo  sis
bab  in  ski – n  age  otte syndrome sometimes called bab  in  ski syndrome is an altern  ating bra  inst  em syndrome it occurs when there is damage to the dor  sol  ateral or poster  ior lateral med  ul  la obl  ong  ata hence it is also called the altern  ating med  ul  la obl  ong  ata syndrome the rare disorder is caused by damage to a part of the brain med  ul  lob  ul  bar transitional area which causes a variety of neuro  logical symptoms some of which affect only one side of the body symptoms include ip  si  lateral cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia ses  n  ory deficits of the face and hor  ner s syndrome contr  al  eter  al there is body hem  ip  legi  a and hem  i  an  esthesia it was first described in 19  02 and later named after the neuro  logists who initially investigated it joseph bab  in  ski and jean n  age  otte
symmetr  ical drug related inter  tri  gin  ous and fl  ex  ural ex  an  them  a s  dri  fe more popul  arly known as b  abo  on syndrome because of its resemblance to the distinctive red but  toc  ks displayed by some male b  abo  on species is a systemic contact der  mati  tis characterized by well demarc  ated pat  ches of er  y  them  a distributed symmetr  ically on the but  toc  ks the cause of the syndrome may be drug related i e induced by systemic administration of hydrox  yz  ine pen  ic  ill  in i  od  inated radio contrast media and others
baby col  ic also known as inf  anti  le col  ic is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day for more than three days a week for three weeks in an otherwise healthy child often crying occurs in the evening it typically does not result in long term problems the crying can cause frustration for the parents depression following delivery excess visits to the doctor and child abuse the cause of col  ic is unknown some believe it is due to gastro  intest  inal discomfort like intest  inal cram  ping diagnosis requires ruling out other possible causes concerning findings include a fever poor activity or a sw  oll  en ab  dom  en fewer than 5 of infants with excess crying have an underlying organic disease treatment is generally conservative with little to no role for either medications or alternative therapies extra support for the parents may be useful tentative evidence supports pro  bio  tics in those who are breast  feed and hydro  ly  zed formula in those who are bott  le  feed col  ic affects 10 – 40 of children it is most common at six weeks of age and typically goes away by six months of age it rarely lasts up to one year of age it occurs at the same rate in boys and in girls the first detailed medical description of the problem occurred in 1954
bac  ill  ary an  gi  om  at  osis ba is a form of an  gi  om  at  osis associated with bacteria of the bar  ton  ella genus
bac  ill  ary dy  sen  tery is a type of dy  sen  tery and is a severe form of shi  gel  losis bac  ill  ary dy  sen  tery is associated with species of bacteria from the enter  ob  ac  ter  i  ace  ae family the term is usually restricted to shi  g  ella infections shi  gel  losis is caused by one of several types of shi  g  ella bacteria three species are associated with bac  ill  ary dy  sen  tery shi  g  ella son  ne  i shi  g  ella fl  ex  ner  i and shi  g  ella dy  sen  ter  i  ae a study in china indicated that shi  g  ella fl  ex  ner  i 2 a was the most common sero  type salmon  ellosis caused by salmonella enter  ica ser  ov  ar ty  ph  im  ur  ium has also been described as a cause of bac  ill  ary dy  sen  tery though this definition is less common it is sometimes listed as an explicit differential diagnosis of bac  ill  ary dy  sen  tery as opposed to a cause bac  ill  ary dy  sen  tery should not be confused with diarr  hea caused by a bacterial infection one characteristic of bac  ill  ary dy  sen  tery is blood in sto  ol which is the result of invasion of the mu  co  sa by the pathogen
bac  ill  ary pe  li  osis is a form of pe  li  osis hepati  s that has been associated with bacteria in the genus bar  ton  ella
back off pattern is a behavioral software design pattern that is used when the software develop  er wants to reduce the usage of system resources
back pain is pain felt in the back episodes of back pain may be acute sub acute or chronic depending on the duration the pain may be characterized as a dull ache shooting or pier  cing pain or a burning sensation the pain may radi  ate into the arms and hands as well as the legs or feet and may include pa  res  the  sia ting  ling with no apparent cause weakness or num  b  ness in the legs and arms the an  atomic classification of back pain follows the segments of the sp  ine neck pain cer  vic  al middle back pain thor  ac  ic lower back pain lum  bar or coc  cy  dy  nia tail  bone or sac  ral pain with the lum  bar verte  bra  e area most common for pain the pain may originate from the muscles nerves bones joints or other structures in the vertebr  al column sp  ine internal structures such as the gall  blad  der and pan  cre  as may also cause referred pain in the back back pain is common with about nine out of ten adults experiencing it at some point in their life and five out of ten working adults having it every year however it is rare for it to be permanently disab  ling and in most cases of her  ni  ated disks and sten  osis rest injections or surgery have similar general pain resolution outcomes on average after one year in the united states acute low back pain is the fifth most common reason for physician visits and causes 40 of missed days off work additionally it is the single leading cause of disability worldwide
background independence is a condition in theoretical physics that requires the defining equations of a theory to be independent of the actual shape of the spac  e  time and the value of various fields within the spac  e  time in particular this means that it must be possible not to refer to a specific coordinate system — the theory must be coordinate free in addition the different spac  e  time configur  ations or backgrounds should be obtained as different solutions of the underlying equations
a backlash is an adverse reaction to something which has gained popularity prominence or influence although it can sometimes represent a categorical rejection of the idea aesthetic product or f  ad in question it is usually a reflection of a collective resentment of that thing s ubi  qu  ity in culture and media rather than a denial of its existence the term is commonly applied to gender and racial discrimination and religious discrimination against minority groups as well such as in response to certain events or circumstances
back  pack pal  sy b  pp — or r  uc  k  sack pal  sy or r  uc  k  sack paralysis — is a type of br  achi  al plex  us injury associated with carrying a heavy back  pack or similar load with excessive compression of the shoulder areas by str  aps it is a known hazard for r  uc  k  marching soldiers and for certain outdoor recre  ation  alists hi  kers tre  k  kers mountain  e  ers etc and certain lab  ors e g those carrying sand  bags a particular risk factor is bearing heavy back  pack loads without any wa  ist support i e all the weight borne by the shoulders
a back  water valve is a back  flow prevention device used to prevent out  bound water through a dwelling s drain pipes from re entering back flowing — into a home the valve contains a fl  ap that allows water to exit the home but closes to prevent the back flow into the home back  water valves commonly activate when a city s se  wer lines are unable to handle a large amount of falling precip  itation this puts homes that are tied into the storm lines at risk of having water back flow into them there is a big difference between back  water valves and back  flow preven  ters a back  water valve prevents raw sewage from backing up into your home through your toi  lets sho  wers etc a back  flow prev  enter deals with protecting your potable water source from being contaminated by a reverse flow of foul water ex isolating your toilet s flush cis  ter  n and water supply from the toilet bowl water itself
bacter  emia also bacter  aemia is the presence of bacteria in the blood blood is normally a sterile environment so the detection of bacteria in the blood most commonly accomplished by blood cultures is always abnormal bacteria can enter the blood  stream as a severe complic  ation of infections like pneumonia or men  ing  i  tis during surgery especially when involving mu  co  us memb  ran  es such as the gastro  intest  inal tract or due to cathe  ters and other foreign bodies entering the arter  ies or ve  ins including during intra  ven  ous drug abuse bacter  emia can have several consequences the immune response to the bacteria can cause sep  sis and se  ptic shock which has a relatively high mortality rate bacteria can also use the blood to spread to other parts of the body which is called hem  ato  genous spread causing infections away from the original site of infection examples include endo  cardi  tis or o  ste  om  ye  li  tis treatment is with antibiotics and prevention with antibiotic pro  phy  lax  is can be given in situations where problems are to be expected
bacterial b  light is a disease of barley caused by the bacterial pathogen x  an  thom  onas cam  pe  str  is p  v trans  luc  ens syn x trans  luc  ens it has been known as a disease since the late 19 th century it has a worldwide distribution
bacterial b  light of cotton is a disease affecting the cotton plant resulting from infection by x  an  thom  onas cit  ri path  ov  ar mal  vac  ear  um x  cm bacteria it is the most important bacterial disease on cotton which inf  ects all aerial parts of the host loss due to this disease was estimated for about 10 to 30 on different cultiv  ars
bacterial b  light of so  y  bean is a widespread disease caused by pseu  dom  onas syr  ing  ae p  v gly  c  ine  a
bacterial cold water disease b  cw  d is a bacterial disease of salmon  id fish it is caused by flav  ob  ac  ter  ium psy  chro  phil  um previously classified in the genus cy  top  ha  ga a gram negative rod shaped bacter  ium of the family flav  ob  ac  ter  i  ace  ae the disease typically occurs at temperatures below 13  ⁰ c and it can be seen in any area with water temperatures consistently below 15  ⁰ c salmon are the most commonly affected species this disease is not zoonotic as  ymp  tomatic carrier fish and contaminated water provide reservoirs for disease transmission is mainly horizontal but vertical transmission can also occur b  cw  d may be referred to by a number of other names including cold water disease ped  uncle disease fit rot tail rot and rain  bow trou  t fry mortality syndrome
bacterial genetics is the sub  field of genetics devoted to the study of bacteria bacterial genetics are sub  tly different from eu  kar  y  otic genetics however bacteria still serve as a good model for animal genetic studies one of the major distinctions between bacterial and eu  kar  y  otic genetics stems from the bacteria s lack of memb  rane bound organ  elles this is true of all pro  kar  yo  tes while it is a fact that there are pro  kar  y  otic organ  elles they are never bound by a lip  id memb  rane but by a shell of proteins necess  itating protein synthesis occur in the cy  top  las  m like other organisms bacteria also breed true and maintain their characteristics from generation to generation yet at same time exhibit variations in particular properties in a small proportion of their prog  eny though herit  ability and variations in bacteria had been noticed from the early days of bacteri  ology it was not realised then that bacteria too obey the laws of genetics even the existence of a bacterial nucleus was a subject of controversy the differences in mor  pho  logy and other properties were attributed by nag  eli in 18  77 to bacterial ple  om  orph  ism which post  ulated the existence of a single a few species of bacteria which possessed a protein capacity for a variation with the development and application of precise methods of pure culture it became apparent that different types of bacteria retained constant form and function through successive generations this led to the concept of mon  om  orph  ism
bacterial kidney disease b  k  d also known as white boil disease is a systemic infection caused by the bacter  ium ren  i  bacter  ium salmon  in  ar  um the disease affects populations of wild salmon  id b  k  d was originally discovered in the scottish rivers of dee and spe  y in 1933
bacterial leaf stre  ak bl  s also known as black cha  ff is a common bacterial disease of wheat the disease is caused by the bacterial species x  an  thom  onas trans  luc  ens p  v und  ul  osa the pathogen is found globally but is a primary problem in the us in the lower mid south and can reduce yields by up to 40 percent 6 bl  s is primarily seed borne the disease is transmitted by seed and survives in and on the seed but may also survive in crop residue in the soil in the off season during the growing season the bacteria may transfer from plant to plant by contact but it is primarily spread by rain wind and insect contact the bacteria thri  ves in mo  ist environments and produces a cream to yellow bacterial oo  ze which when dry appears light colored and scale like resulting in a stre  ak on the leaves the invasion of the head of wheat causes bands of necro  tic tissue on the aw  ns which is called black cha  ff 14 the disease is not easily managed as there are no pesticides on the market for treatment of the infection there are some resistant cultiv  ars available but no seed treatment exists some integrated pest management ip  m techniques may be used to assist with preventing infection although none will completely prevent the disease 2
bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection
bacterial vag  in  osis bv is a disease of the vag  ina caused by excessive growth of bacteria common symptoms include increased vag  inal discharge that often smells like fish the discharge is usually white or gray in color burning with ur  ination may occur it  ching is un  common occasionally there may be no symptoms having bv approximately dou  bles the risk of infection by a number of other sexually transmitted infections including hiv aids it also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women bv is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vag  ina there is a change in the most common type of bacteria and a hundred to thous  and  fold increase in total numbers of bacteria present typically bacteria other than lac  tob  ac  ill  i become more common risk factors include dou  ching new or multiple sex partners antibiotics and using an in  trau  ter  ine device among others however it is not considered a sexually transmitted infection diagnosis is suspected based on the symptoms and may be verified by testing the vag  inal discharge and finding a higher than normal vag  inal ph and large numbers of bacteria bv is often confused with a vag  inal ye  ast infection or infection with tric  hom  onas usually treatment is with an antibiotic such as clin  dam  y  cin or met  ron  id  azole these medications may also be used in the second or third trim  esters of pregnancy however the condition often rec  urs following treatment pro  bio  tics may help prevent re occurrence it is unclear if the use of pro  bio  tics or antibiotics affects pregnancy outcomes bv is the most common vag  inal infection in women of reproductive age the percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5 and 70 bv is most common in parts of africa and least common in asia and europe in the united states about 30 of women between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected rates vary considerably between ethnic groups within a country while bv like symptoms have been described for much of recorded history the first clearly documented case occurred in 18  94
bacterial wil  t is a cuc  ur  bit disease caused by the pathogen er  win  ia trac  he  ip  hil  a a gram negative bacter  ium in the family enter  ob  ac  ter  i  ace  ae cucum  ber and mus  k  mel  on plants are most susceptible but squ  ash pum  p  kins and g  our  ds may also become infected water  mel  ons are immune to the disease
bacterial wil  t of carnations is a bacterial disease caused by the plant pathogen burk  hol  der  ia car  y  op  hy  lli previously named pseu  dom  onas car  y  oph  ill  i the pathogen is a aer  ob  ic gram negative bacteria known for only being capable of entering its host through wounds once inside the host it colon  izes the vascular system and roots causing symptoms such as internal stem cracking yel  lowing of the leaves wil  ting and the development of can  kers as a bacterial disease bacterial wil  t of carnations can also be characterized by signs such as bacterial streaming and bacterial oo  ze
in medicine bacteri  ur  ia den  o  tes the presence of bacteria in urine but not if the bacteria s presence is due to contamination from urine sample collection
a bad debt is an amount owed to a creditor that is unlikely to be paid and which the creditor is not willing to take action to collect because of various reasons for example due to a company going into liquidation or insolvency there are various technical definitions of what constitutes a bad debt depending on accounting conventions regulatory treatment and the institution provision  ing in the usa bank loans with more than ninety days arrears become problem loans accounting sources advise that the full amount of a bad debt be written off to the profit and loss account or a provision for bad debts as soon as it is foreseen
a bad habit is a negative behaviour pattern common examples include procrast  ination fi  dge  ting over  spending stereo  typing gossi  ps bullying and nail biting
the baden 9 kre  u  zer error is a postage stamp error produced by the historical german state of baden in 18  51 baden s first postage stamps were issued on 1 may 18  51 the 9 kre  u  zer green stamp was a color mis  print of the 9 kre  u  zer denomination that was printed in green instead of pink the green color was intended for the 6 kre  u  zer value but apparently the paper sheets were mis  matched only three cancelled copies and one unused copy of this error are known but more sheets of paper may have been printed the cancellations recorded have the numbers 4 for ach  ern 41 for et  ten  heim and 106 for or  sch  wei  er today mah  l  berg two of the known copies are on letters
the ba  e  yer – dre  w  son indi  go synthesis 1882 is an organic reaction in which indi  go is prepared from 2 nitro  benz  alde  hyde and acet  one ba  e  yer dre  w  son indi  go synthesis the reaction is classified as an al  do  l condens  ation as a practical route to indi  go this method was displaced by routes from an  il  ine
the ba  e  yer vil  li  ger oxid  ation also called ba  e  yer vil  li  ger re  arrangement is an organic reaction that forms an ester from a ke  tone or a lac  tone from a cyclic ke  tone per  oxy  acids or per  oxides are used as the oxid  ant the reaction is named after adol  f ba  e  yer and victor vil  li  ger who first reported the reaction in 18  99
bag  as  so  sis an inter  sti  tial lung disease is a type of hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis attributed to exposure to mol  dy molasses bag  asse
on the commercial transportation mostly with airlines the baggage allowance is the amount of checked or carry on luggage the airline will allow per passenger on some airlines this is the amount that is allowed free of charge in other cases this is the firm limit and carrying additional weight for an extra payment is not an option
the bag  gio – yo  shin  ari syndrome b  ys formerly known as the brazilian ly  me like disease and brazilian human bor  reli  osis is a disease transmitted by the am  bl  y  om  ma ca  jen  n  ense tick but the organism that causes the infection is still unknown clinical features resemble those of ly  me disease ld
ba  him  a disease is a birth defect caused by iron deficiency in infants which are fed exclusively on cow s milk it is characterized by a tower shaped skull di  lat  ation of the diplo  e and no signs of thal  assa  emia sick  le cell or other ha  emol  y  tic ana  emia it occurs most frequently in the ba  him  a people in an  ko  le uganda from which it derives its name the ba  him  a are a tribe that relies heavily on her  ding of long hor  ned cattle for survival
the b  ain  bridge reflex also called the atri  al reflex is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central ven  ous pressure increased blood volume is detected by stretch recep  tors cardiac recep  tors located in both atri  a at the ven  o  atri  al junc  tions
bak  an  ae バ  カ  ナ  エ pronounced ba ka na eh or bak  an  ae disease 馬  鹿  苗  病 バ  カ  ナ  エ  ビ  ョ  ウ bak  an  ae b  you from the japanese for foolish se  ed  ling is a disease that inf  ects the rice plant it is caused by the fun  gus gib  ber  ella fu  ji  ku  ro  i the metabol  ism of which produces a surplus of gib  ber  ell  ic acid in the plant this acts as a growth hormone causing hyper  tro  phy the afflicted plants which are visibly eti  ol  ated and chlor  otic are at best in  fertile with empty panic  les producing no edible grains at worst they are incapable of supporting their own weight topple over and die hence foolish se  ed  ling disease the earliest known report of bak  an  ae is from 18  28 it was first described scientifically in 1898 by japanese researcher sho  tar  o hor  i who showed that the caus  ative agent was fun  gal the fun  gus affects rice crops in asia africa and north america in epidemic cases yield losses may reach up to 20 or more a 2003 publication from the international rice research institute estimated that outbreaks of bak  an  ae caused crop losses that were 20 to 50 in japan 15 in thailand and 3 7 in india
a baker s cyst also known as a po  pl  ite  al cyst is a benign sw  elling of the sem  im  emb  ran  o  sus or more rarely some other sy  no  vi  al bur  sa found behind the knee joint it is named after the surgeon who first described it william mor  rant baker 18  38 – 18  96 this is not a true cyst as an open communication with the sy  no  vi  al s  ac is often maintained
baker s itch is a cu  taneous reaction caused by bites of ac  ar  us si  ro the flour m  ite
the baker – ven  kat  ar  aman re  arrangement is the chemical reaction of 2 ace  tox  y  acet  op  hen  ones with base to form 1 3 di  ke  tones the baker ven  kat  ar  aman re  arrangement this re  arrangement reaction proceeds via en  ol  ate formation followed by ac  yl transfer it is named after the scientists wilson baker and kr  ish  nas  ami ven  kat  ar  aman the baker – ven  kat  ar  aman re  arrangement is often used to synthe  size chro  mon  es and flav  ones
bal  am  u  thia infection is a cu  taneous condition resulting from bal  am  u  thia that may result in various skin le  sions bal  am  u  thia man  dri  l  lar  is  is a free living am  oe  ba a single cel  led living organism found in the environment it is one of the causes of gran  ul  om  at  ous am  oe  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis ga  e a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord bal  am  u  thia is thought to enter the body when soil containing it comes in contact with skin wounds and cuts or when dust containing it is breath  ed in or gets in the mouth the bal  am  u  thia am  oe  ba  e can then travel to the brain through the blood stream and cause ga  e ga  e is a very rare disease that is usually fatal scientists at the centers for disease control and prevention c  dc first discovered bal  am  u  thia man  dri  l  lar  is in 1986 the am  oe  ba was found in the brain of a dead man  drill after extensive research b man  dri  l  lar  is was declared a new species in 1993 since then more than 200 cases of bal  am  u  thia infection have been diagnosed worldwide with at least 70 cases reported in the united states little is known at this time about how a person becomes infected
in biom  ec  han  ics balance is an ability to maintain the line of gravity vertical line from centre of mass of a body within the base of support with minimal post  ural sway sway is the horizontal movement of the centre of gravity even when a person is standing still a certain amount of sway is essential and inevitable due to small per  turb  ations within the body e g breathing shifting body weight from one foot to the other or from fo  ref  oot to re  ar  foot or from external triggers e g visual distortions floor translations an increase in sway is not necessarily an indicator of dysfunctional balance so much as it is an indicator of decreased sens  or  im  o  tor control maintaining balance requires coordination of input from multiple sensory systems including the vesti  bul  ar som  at  os  ens  ory and visual systems vesti  bul  ar system sense organs that regulate equilibrium equilibri  o  ception direc  tional information as it relates to head position internal grav  it  ational linear and ang  ular acceleration som  at  os  ens  ory system senses of propri  o  ception and kin  esthesia of joints information from skin and joints pressure and vibr  atory senses spatial position and movement relative to the support surface movement and position of different body parts relative to each other visual system reference to ver  tic  ality of body and head motion spatial location relative to objects the senses must detect changes of spatial orientation with respect to the base of support regardless of whether the body moves or the base is altered there are environmental factors that can affect balance such as light conditions floor surface changes alcohol drugs and ear infection there are balance impair  ments associated with aging age related decline in the ability of the above systems to receive and integrate sensory information contributes to poor balance in older adults as a result the elderly are at an increased risk of falls in fact one in three adults aged 65 and over will fall each year in the case of an individual standing quietly u  pri  ght the limit of stability is defined as the amount of post  ural sway at which balance is lost and corrective action is required body sway can occur in all planes of motion which make it an increasingly difficult ability to rehabilitate there is strong evidence in research showing that deficits in post  ural balance is related to the control of medi  al lateral stability and an increased risk of falling to remain balanced a person standing must be able to keep the vertical projection of their center of mass within their base of support resulting in little medi  al lateral or an  terior poster  ior sway an  kle spra  ins are one of the most frequently occurring injuries among athletes and physically active people the most common residual disability post an  kle sp  rain is instability along with body sway mechanical instability includes insufficient stabilizing structures and mobility that exceed the physiological limits functional instability involves recurrent spra  ins or a feeling of giving way of the an  kle it is found that nearly 40 of patients with an  kle spra  ins suffer from instability and an increase in body sway injury to the an  kle causes a propri  o  cep  tive deficit and impaired post  ural control individuals with muscular weakness oc  cult instability and decreased post  ural control are more susceptible to an  kle injury than those with better post  ural control balance can be severely affected in individuals with neuro  logical conditions patients who suffer a stroke or a spinal cord injury for example can struggle with this ability it has also been determined that impaired balance is strongly associated with future function and recovery in some cases particularly in stroke patients additionally balance problems have been identified as the strongest predic  tor of falls another population where balance is severely affected is par  kinson s disease patients a study done by nar  done and schi  ep  pati 2006 showed that individuals with par  kinson s disease problems in balance have been related to a reduced limit of stability and an impaired production of anticip  atory motor strategies and abnormal calibration balance can also be negatively affected in a normal population through fatigue in the mus  cul  ature surrounding the an  kles knees and hips studies have found however that muscle fatigue around the hips glu  te  als and lum  bar ext  ens  ors and knees have a greater effect on post  ural stability sway it is thought that muscle fatigue leads to a decreased ability to contract with the correct amount of force or accuracy as a result propri  o  ception and kin  esthetic feedback from joints are altered so that conscious joint awareness may be negatively effected
in banking and accountancy the outstanding balance is the amount of money owed or due that remains in a deposit account balancing the books refers to the primary balance sheet equation of a l oe or assets liabilities plus owner s equity the first balancing of books or of the balance sheet financial statement in accounting is to check iter  ations test balances to be sure the equation above applies and where assets and liabilities are unequal to equ  alize them by deb  iting or crediting owner s equity i e if assets exceed liabilities equity is increased if liabilities exceed assets equity is decreased both in the amount needed to balance the equation in addition to the balance sheet the other primary financial statement the p l or profit and loss statement also is balanced against the balance sheet generally by use of a plug such as impu  ted interest no balan  se ø  kon  omi
a balance disorder is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel un  steady for example when standing or walking it may be accompanied by feelings of gi  d  din  ess or woo  z  iness or having a sensation of movement spinning or floating balance is the result of several body systems working together the visual system eyes vesti  bul  ar system ears and propri  o  ception the body s sense of where it is in space de  generation or loss of function in any of these systems can lead to balance deficits
the commercial balance or net exports sometimes symbo  lized as n  x is the difference between the monetary value of a nation s exports and imports over a certain period if a country exports a greater value than it imports it is called a trade surplus positive balance or a favourable balance and conversely if a country imports a greater value than it exports it is called a trade deficit negative balance unfavourable balance or informally a trade gap sometimes a distinction is made between a balance of trade for goods vs one for services
in mathematics and computer science a balanced boo  lean function is a boo  lean function whose output yields as many 0 s as 1 s over its input set this means that for a uniformly random input string of bits the probability of getting a 1 is 1 2 an example of a balanced boo  lean function is the function that as  signs a 1 to every even number and 0 to all odd numbers likewise the other way around the same applies for functions assigning 1 to all positive numbers and 0 otherwise a boo  lean function of n bits is balanced if it takes the value 1 with probability 1 ⁄ 2
a balanced field take  off is a condition where the accelerate stop distance required as  dr is equal to the take  off distance required to  dr for the aircraft weight engine thrust aircraft configuration and run  way condition for a given aircraft weight engine thrust aircraft configuration and run  way condition the shortest run  way length that complies with safety regulations is the balanced field length the rejected take  off initial actions speed v 1 or critical engine failure recognition speed v  ce  f is the fastest speed at which the pilot must take the first actions to reject the take  off r  to at speeds below v 1 the aircraft may be brought to a halt before the end of the run  way at v 1 the pilot must continue the take  off even if an emergency is recognized to achieve a balanced field take  off engine power is selected to provide enough acceleration so that at the lowest possible speed to continue the take  off the remaining necessary take  off distance with one engine not working is equal to the remaining necessary accelerate stop distance the balanced field length is the shortest field length at which a balanced field take  off can be performed factors affecting the balanced field length include the mass of the aircraft – higher mass results in slower acceleration and higher take  off speed engine thrust – affected by temperature and air pressure but reduced thrust can also be deliberately selected by the pilot density altitude – reduced air pressure or increased temperature increases minimum take off speed aircraft configuration such as wing fl  ap position run  way slope and run  way wind component run  way conditions – a rough or soft field slows acceleration a wet or icy field reduces braking calculation of the balanced field length traditionally involves relying on an expansion program model where the various forces are evaluated as a function of speed and step wise integrated using an estimate for v 1 the process is iter  ated with different values for the engine failure speed until the accelerate stop and accelerate go distances are equal this process suffers from the inherently slow and repeti  tive approach which is also subject to round off errors if the speed incre  ment between the steps is not carefully selected which could cause some issues in first principle aircraft performance models provided to airlines for day to day operations alternate approaches using a more mathem  atically complex but inherently more accurate and faster al  ge  bra  ic integration method have however been developed
in mathematics the generalized poly  gam  ma function or balanced neg  a  poly  gam  ma function is a function introduced by olivier es  pin  osa al  dun  ate and victor h mo  ll it gener  alizes the poly  gam  ma function to negative and frac  tional order but remains equal to it for inte  ger positive orders
balan  i  tis is infl  amm  ation of the gl  ans penis when the fores  kin is also affected it is termed balan  o  pos  thi  tis balan  i  tis on boys still in di  ap  ers must be distinguished from red  ness caused by ammon  i  ac  al der  mati  tis the word is from the greek βά  λ  αν  ος balan  os ac  orn
balan  i  tis cir  cin  ata also known as cir  cin  ate balan  i  tis is a der  mato  logic manifestation of reactive ar  thri  tis sometimes also referred to as re  iter syndrome comprising a ser  pi  gin  ous ann  ular der  mati  tis of the gl  ans penis cir  cin  ate balan  i  tis is the most common cu  taneous manifestation of reactive ar  thri  tis however cir  cin  ate balan  i  tis can also occur independently topical cor  ti  co  ster  o  id therapy is the most commonly used treatment and topical cal  cin  eur  in inhi  bit  ors have also been used successfully reactive ar  thri  tis is characterized by n  ong  ono  coc  cal u  re  thri  tis con  junc  ti  vi  tis and ar  thri  tis reactive ar  thri  tis belongs to the group of ar  thri  ti  des known as the spon  dy  lo  ar  thri  ti  des there are two main types of reactive ar  thri  tis post ven  ere  al and post enter  ic ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis is felt to be the most common cause of reactive ar  thri  tis in general until recently even the terminology for the condition itself was unclear as multiple ep  ony  ms and names have been associated with reactive ar  thri  tis in recent years a great deal has been learnt about the epidemiology path  op  hy  si  ology and treatment of reactive ar  thri  tis and ch  lam  y  dia induced reactive ar  thri  tis specifically prospective epidem  io  logic data suggest that ch  lam  y  dia induced reactive ar  thri  tis is under  diagnosed other truths being actively revealed include data suggesting that the pathogen itself i e ch  lam  y  dia might play an equally important role or perhaps even more important than the host with disease suscep  tibility as  ymp  tomatic ch  lam  y  dial infections might be a common cause of reactive ar  thri  tis and the two variants of reactive ar  thri  tis might respond differently to treatment in spite of the con  gru  ent clinical presentation however much about this syndrome remains shrou  ded in mystery recent data has been suggesting that ch  lam  y  dia induced reactive ar  thri  tis might be a common condition that clin  icians are simply failing to recognise therefore an emphasis is placed on disease awareness since viable treatment options are emerging
balan  i  tis plas  mac  ell  ul  aris also known as balan  o  pos  thi  tis ch  ron  ica circum  s  crip  ta plas  mac  ell  ul  aris balan  i  tis circum  s  crip  ta plas  mac  ell  ul  aris plasma cell balan  i  tis plasma cell vul  vi  tis vul  vi  tis circum  s  crip  ta plas  mac  ell  ul  aris zo  on s balan  i  tis zo  on s er  y  thro  pl  asia and zo  on s vul  vi  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a benign infl  am  matory skin le  sion characterized his  to  logically by a plasma cell infiltr  ate a similar condition has been described in women i e zo  on s vul  vi  tis although its existence is controversial due to the possibility of diagnostic error in many of the cases that have been reported in the medical literature it is named for j j zo  on who characterized it in 1952
balan  i  tis x  ero  tica obliter  ans b  x  o also known as lichen s  cl  ero  sus of penis is a der  mat  ological skin condition affecting the male gen  italia it was first described by stu  h  mer in 19  28 though earlier reports describe what may have been the same condition b  x  o commonly occurs on the fores  kin and gl  ans penis atro  ph  ic white pat  ches appear on the affected area and commonly a whi  tish ring of ind  ur  ated hardened tissue usually forms near the tip that may prevent re  traction it has been regarded as identical to lichen s  cl  ero  sus of penis though this may be incorrect it has also been named leuk  op  la  k  ia of penis and kr  au  ro  sis of penis
bal  anti  di  asis is a proto  zo  an infection caused by infection with bal  anti  dium coli
bald sea ur  chin disease is a bacterial disease known to affect several species of sea ur  chin  s on mediterranean sea north atlantic and california coastlines research suggests two pathogens are responsible for the disease lis  ton  ella an  guil  lar  um and aer  om  onas salmon  ic  ida infection generally occurs at the site of an existing physical injury the affected area turns green and sp  ines and other append  ages are lost if the le  sion remains shallow and covers less than 30 of the animal s surface area the animal tends to survive and eventually regener  ates any lost tissue however if the damage is more extensive or so deep that the hard inner test is per  for  ated the disease is fatal
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game a bal  han  no  th is an aberr  ation they are hor  rid hul  king aberr  ation that hunt underground they can blend into ceilings using their cam  ou  fl  age and they attack using their tent  acles anti magic aur  as surround them making them particularly dangerous to player characters that are dependent on magic to survive
balkan endemic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy — also called danu  bian endemic famili  al ne  ph  ro  pa  thy def  n — is a form of inter  sti  tial ne  ph  ri  tis it was first identified in the 1920 s among several small dis  crete communities along the danube river and its major tribu  taries in the modern countries of croatia bosnia and herzegovina serbia romania and bulgaria
the bal  king pattern is a software design pattern that only execu  tes an action on an object when the object is in a particular state for example if an object reads z  ip files and a calling method inv  okes a get method on the object when the z  ip file is not open the object would bal  k at the request in the j  ava programming language for example an il  leg  al  state  exception might be thrown under these circumstances there are some specialists in this field who think this is more of an anti pattern than a design pattern if an object cannot support its api it should either limit the api so that the offending call is not available or so that the call can be made without limitation it should be created in a san  e state not make itself available until it is in a san  e state become a fac  ade and answer back an object that is in a san  e state
ball lightning is an un  explained atmospheric electrical phenomenon the term refers to reports of lumin  ous spher  ical objects which vary from pea sized to several meters in diameter though usually associated with thunder  storms it lasts considerably longer than the split second flash of a lightning bolt many early reports say that the ball eventually explo  des sometimes with fatal consequences leaving behind the od  or of sul  fur until the 1960 s most scientists argued that ball lightning was not a real phenomenon but an urban myth despite numerous reports from throughout the world laboratory experiments can produce effects that are vis  ually similar to reports of ball lightning but how these relate to the natural phenomenon remains unclear scientists have proposed many hypo  theses about ball lightning over the centuries scientific data on natural ball lightning are scarce owing to its inf  requ  ency and un  predictability the presumption of its existence depends on reported public sigh  tings and has therefore produced somewhat inconsistent findings due to inconsistencies and to the lack of reliable data the true nature of ball lightning remains unknown the first ever optical spectrum of what appears to have been a ball lightning event was published in january 2014 and included a video at high frame rate
ball possession is the amount of time a team possesses the ball during a game of football possession is usually expressed as a percentage for example 60 for team a 40 for team b historically dutch clubs especially a  ja  x were famous for domin  ating ball possession but more recently fc barcelona of the liga san  tan  der became the best in maintaining ball possession germany s fc bayern munich came out second x  avi her  nan  dez is considered to be the most poss  essive player in recent years teams that play possession football often try to press their opponents high in the pitch so to recover the ball rapidly as a result the defensive line of team that play possession football is usually place very high in the pitch around the halfway line and not unusually in the opponents half when the team loses the ball the defensive line must move rapidly otherwise the team may be subject to dangerous counter attacks because of their high defensive line supremacy in ball possession is generally seen as desirable and useful by coaches but it is by no means certain that it can guarantee victory for example italian clubs are extremely successful in european football without putting much emphasis on ball possession
ball  er – ger  old syndrome b  gs is a rare genetic syndrome that involves premature fusion of the skull bones and mal  formations of facial fore  arm and hand bones the symptoms of ball  er – ger  old syndrome overlap with features of a few other genetics disorders roth  m  und thom  son syndrome and rap  ad  il  ino syndrome the prevalence of b  gs is unknown as there have only been a few reported cases but it is estimated to be less than 1 in a million the name ball  er ger  old comes from the researchers ball  er and ger  old who discovered the first three cases
ball  on french pron  unciation ​ bal  ɔ  ̃ is the appearance of being lightweight and light fo  oted while jumping it is a desirable aesthetic in ballet and other dance gen  res making it seem as though a dancer effor  t  lessly becomes airborne flo  ats in the air and lands softly the name is widely thought to be derived from the french word ball  on meaning balloon though it has been du  bi  ously claimed that the name was inspired by french ballet dan  se  ur claude bal  on who was known for performing exceptionally light leaps
a balloon carried light effect is a special effect carried by a balloon which can be fixed with a rope to the ground or free flying
balloon cell ne  vi are a cu  taneous condition characterized his  to  logically by large pale poly  he  dr  al balloon cells
the balls into bins problem is a classic problem in probability theory that has many applications in computer science the problem involves m balls and n boxes or bins each time a single ball is placed into one of the bins after all balls are in the bins we look at the number of balls in each bin we call this number the load on the bin and ask what is the maximum load on a single bin obviously it is possible to make the load as small as m n by putting each ball into the least loaded bin the interesting case is when the bin is selected at random or at least partially at random
bal  mer jump or bal  mer dis  continuity is the difference of intensity of the stell  ar continu  um spectrum on both sides of the limit of the bal  mer series of hydrogen at 364 6 nm it is caused by electron  s being completely ion  ized directly from the second energy level of a hydrogen atom bound free absorption which creates a continu  um absorption at wa  vel  eng  ths shorter than 364 6 nm in some cases the bal  mer dis  continuity can show continu  um emission usually when the bal  mer lines themselves are strongly in emission other hydrogen spectr  al series also show bound free absorption and hence a continu  um dis  continuity but the bal  mer jump in the near u  v has been the most observed the strength of the continu  um absorption and hence the size of the bal  mer jump depends on temperature and density in the region responsible for the absorption at cool  er stell  ar temperatures the density most strongly affects the strength of the dis  continuity and this can be used to classify stars on the basis of their surface gravity and hence lumin  osity this effect is strongest in a class stars but in hotter stars temperature has a much larger effect on the bal  mer jump than surface gravity
bal  o concentr  ic sclerosis is a disease in which the white matter of the brain appears damaged in concentr  ic layers leaving the axis cylinder intact it was described by jo  sz  ef bal  o who initially named it leuk  o en  ce  ph  ali  tis peri  ax  i  alis concentr  ica from the previous definition and it is currently considered one of the borderline forms of multiple sclerosis bal  o concentr  ic sclerosis is a dem  yel  inating disease similar to standard multiple sclerosis but with the particul  arity that the dem  yel  inated tissues form concentr  ic layers scientists used to believe that the prog  no  sis was similar to mar  burg multiple sclerosis but now they know that patients can survive or even have spontaneous remission and as  ymp  tomatic cases it is also common that the clinical course is primary progressive but a relap  sing re  mitting course has been reported it seems that the course gets better with pred  nis  one therapy although evidence of this is anec  do  tal and such conclusions are difficult to accept given that there are cases where patients spontaneously recover whether the patient was on ster  o  id therapy or not
the baltic fleet б  а  л  т  и  й  с  к  и  й ф  л  о  т is the russian federation navy s presence in the baltic sea in previous historical periods it has been part of the navy of imperial russia and later the union of soviet socialist republics soviet union the fleet gained the twice red banner appell  ation during the soviet period indicating two awards of the order of the red banner it is head  quar  tered in kaliningrad formerly kö  ni  gs  berg in east prus  sia of imperial germany with its main base in balti  ys  k and another base at kron  sh  t  ad  t in the gulf of finland established 18 may 17  03 under cz  ar peter the great the fleet is the oldest russian navy formation
the baltimore bank riot of 18  35 in the major port city of mary  land was a violent reaction to the failure of the bank of mary  land in 18  34 thousands of citizens had lost millions of dollars in savings the riot which lasted from 6 – 9 august attacked the homes and property of a number of former directors of the bank who had been accused of financial misconduct and fraud as well as the federal district cour  thouse located on battle monument square the baltimore bank riot was one of the most violent and destructive events of civic unrest in any american city prior to the civil war rio  ters destroyed many of the homes of the city s wealthiest and most prominent citizens and much valuable property was smashed or burned but was later restored the authorities were unable to control the violence and effectively surrendered the city to the mob which was actively or passively supported by numerous bystand  ers the state of mary  land later paid 100 000 in compensation to persons who had lost property in the ri  oting
the schi  emann reaction also called the bal  z – schi  emann reaction is a chemical reaction in which an  il  ines 1 are transformed to ar  yl flu  ori  des 3 via di  az  on  ium fluor  ob  or  ates 2 named after the german chem  ists gün  ther schi  emann and gün  ther bal  z this reaction is the preferred route to fluor  ob  enz  ene and some related derivatives including 4 fluor  ob  enzo  ic acid the reaction is similar to the sand  me  yer reaction which conver  ts di  az  on  ium salts to other ar  yl hali  des
the bam  berger re  arrangement is the chemical reaction of n phen  yl  hydrox  yl  am  ines with strong aqu  eous acid which will re  arrange to give 4 amin  op  hen  ols it is named for the german chem  ist eu  gen bam  berger 18  57 – 19  32 the bam  berger re  arrangement n phen  yl  hydrox  yl  am  ines are typically synthe  sized from nitro  ben  zen  es by reduction using rho  dium or zinc
bam  boo blos  som is a natural phenomenon in which the bam  bo  os in a location blos  som and become hung with bam  boo seeds in china myanmar and india bam  boo blos  som was traditionally seen as a curse or an indication of a starvation coming
the bam  ford – stevens reaction is a chemical reaction whereby treatment of to  syl  hydra  zones with strong base gives al  ken  es it is named for the british chem  ist william randall bam  ford and the scottish chem  ist thomas stevens stevens 1900 – 2000 the usage of a  pro  tic solvents gives predominantly z al  ken  es while pro  tic solvent gives a mixture of e and z al  ken  es as an al  k  ene generating transformation the bam  ford – stevens reaction has broad utility in synthetic methodology and complex mol  ecu  le synthesis the bam  ford stevens reaction the treatment of to  syl  hydra  zones with al  ky  l lith  ium reagents is called the shap  iro reaction
bam  forth – la  zar  us syndrome is a genetic condition that results in thyro  id dys  genesis it is due to rec  essive mutations in for  k  head wing  ed heli  x domain trans  cription factor f  kl  h 15 or tt  f 2 it is associated with fo  xe 1
banana x  an  thom  onas wil  t b  x  w or banana bacterial wil  t b  b  w or en  set wil  t is a bacterial disease caused by x  an  thom  onas cam  pe  str  is p  v mus  ac  ear  um after being originally identified on a close relative of banana en  se  te ven  tri  co  sum in ethiopia in the 1960 s b  x  w eman  ated in uganda in 2001 affecting all types of banana cultiv  ars since then b  x  w has been diagnosed in central and east africa including banana growing regions of rwanda democratic republic of the congo tanzania kenya burundi and uganda of the numerous diseases inf  ecting bananas b  x  w alongside banana bun  chy top virus has been the most devastating in recent years global concern arose over the livelihoods of african banana farmers and the millions relying on bananas as a staple food when the disease was at its worst between the years 2001 and 2005 it was estimated that in central uganda from 2001 and 2004 there was a 30 52 decrease in banana yield due to b  x  w infection although extensive management of the disease outbreaks has helped reduce the impact of banana x  an  thom  onas wil  t even today b  x  w continues to a pose a real problem to the banana farmer of central and east africa
banana f  reck  le is a disease caused by the fun  gus gu  ign  ar  dia mus  ae tel  om  or  ph or ph  yl  los  tic  ta mus  ar  um an  amor  ph generally the causal agent of disease is referred to as gu  ign  ar  dia ph  yl  los  tic  ta sp there are several different strains of the fun  gus that exist to infect different banana varieties around the globe symptoms include yel  lowing of the tissue and formation of small dark brown spots on the leaves and fruit within the spots con  idi  a or py  c  ni  dia can be found banana f  reck  le is easily propag  ated and spread from plant to plant by rain spl  ash and movement of infected tissue or fruit management of the disease consists of cutting out infected leaves the paper bag method fun  g  icide application and proper sanitation techniques this devastating disease is extremely relevant for the major banana exporting countries of the world in the absence of chemical control there is about a 78 yield loss banana f  reck  le disease needs to be carefully monitored in order to prevent further spread of the disease
band ker  at  opathy is a cor  ne  al disease derived from the appearance of calcium on the central cor  ne  a this is an example of me  ta  static calci  fication which by definition occurs in the presence of hyper  cal  cem  ia
band rejection is a phenomenon in wa  ve  form signals where a certain frequency or range of frequencies are lost or removed from a source signal the term band rejection when used in electronic signal processing refers to the deliberate removal of a known frequency range for instance to compensate for a known source of interference such as noise from main  s household electricity a specific frequency is removed using a not  ch filter in most other senses band rejection is the un  intentional loss of signal caused by imperfections in the recording storage or reproduction of a wa  ve  form
ban  dem  ia refers to an excess of band cells immature white blood cells released by the bone marrow into the blood the ic  d diagnosis code for ban  dem  ia is 288 66 it is a signi  fier of infection or sep  sis or infl  amm  ation measurement of it can play a role in the approach to append  ic  i  tis
the band  wagon effect is a phenomenon whereby the rate of uptake of beliefs ideas f  ads and trends increases the more that they have already been adopted by others in other words the band  wagon effect is characterized by the probability of individual adoption increasing with respect to the proportion who have already done so as more people come to believe in something others also hop on the band  wagon regardless of the underlying evidence the tendency to follow the actions or beliefs of others can occur because individuals directly prefer to conform or because individuals derive information from others both explanations have been used for evidence of conformity in psychological experiments for example social pressure has been used to explain as  ch s conformity experiments and information has been used to explain sher  if s auto  k  ine  tic experiment according to this concept the increasing popularity of a product or phenomenon encourages more people to get on the band  wagon too the band  wagon effect explains why there are fashion trends when individuals make rational choices based on the information they receive from others economists have proposed that information cas  c  ades can quickly form in which people decide to ignore their personal information signals and follow the behavior of others cas  c  ades explain why behavior is fragile — people understand that they are based on very limited information as a result f  ads form easily but are also easily dis  lodged such inform  ational effects have been used to explain political band  wagons
band  width is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous set of frequencies it is typically measured in her  tz and may sometimes refer to pass  band band  width sometimes to base  band band  width depending on context pass  band band  width is the difference between the upper and lower cu  to  ff frequencies of for example a band pass filter a communication channel or a signal spectrum in the case of a low pass filter or base  band signal the band  width is equal to its upper cu  to  ff frequency band  width in her  tz is a central concept in many fields including electronics information theory digital communications radio communications signal processing and spec  tro  sco  py and is one of the determin  ants of the capacity of a given communication channel a key characteristic of band  width is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of information regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum for example a 3 kh  z band can carry a telephone conversation whether that band is at base  band as in a pots telephone line or mod  ulated to some higher frequency
band  width sme  aring is a ch  rom  atic aberr  ation of the re  constructed image of a cel  esti  al body observed by an astro  nom  ical interfer  ome  ter that occurs because of the frequency band  width in fou  rier terms the different frequencies of the band  width probe different spatial frequencies which results in a reconstruct map containing el  ong  ated rad  ial features it is overcome by going to higher spectr  al resolutions or in radio  astro  no  my by using different centres of phase for image reconstruction
the ban  ert cas  c  ade is an organic reaction in which an n  h 1 2 3 tri  azole is prepared from a pro  par  gy  l hali  de or sul  fate and sodium az  ide in a diox  ane water mixture at elevated temperatures this cas  c  ade reaction is unusual because it consists of two consecutive re  arrangement reactions ban  ert cas  c  ade the starting material is prepared from pro  par  gy  l chloride and an alde  hyde or ke  tone such as ace  tal  de  hyde in the first step an azi  do compound is formed in situ in a nucle  oph  il  ic displacement of chloride by the az  ide ion a 3 3 sig  mat  ro  pic reaction takes place between the az  ide and the al  ky  ne to the all  en  yl az  ide this all  ene re  arrang  es to the tri  az  af  ul  ven  e in a 6 pi electro  cy  cli  zation the ex  oc  ycl  ic al  k  ene in this intermediate is very electro  phil  ic because the tri  azole group has a di  pole moment of 5 deb  ye the reaction sequence concludes with nucle  oph  il  ic attack of a second az  ide ion on this al  k  ene with more double bond re  arrangements and prot  on abstr  action from a prot  on source
bang  st  ad syndrome is a severe inherited con  genital disorder associated with ab  norm  alities of the cell memb  rane it was characterized in 1989
in blu  egr  ass music a ban  jo roll or roll is an ac  comp  anim  ent pattern played by the ban  jo that uses a repeating eighth note ar  pe  g  gio – a broken ch  ord – that by sub  dividing the beat keeps time each standard roll pattern is a right hand finger  ing pattern consisting of eight eighth notes which can be played while holding any ch  ord position with the left hand when used as back up the same pattern can be repeated over and over throughout an entire song with ch  ord changes as required or the roll patterns can be combined with one another and with back up lic  ks the roll patterns can also be used to emb  el  lish the vam  ping style of back up especially when the ch  ords are played high these roll patterns can be used as back up for any song played at any temp  o the ban  jo is commonly played in open tun  ings such as open g as are all of the examples g dg  b  d allowing rolls to be practiced on all open strings without fre  tting rolls are a distinguishing characteristic of scru  ggs style ban  jo playing with older styles being more mel  od  ic the older style of ban  jo playing has been described as in phrases and with really no connec  tive tissue between four notes and next four notes sor  ta like a gall  op snu  ffy jen  kins was a little like that old sounding chop  py ban  jo rolls serve a variety of functions within an ens  emb  le the blu  egr  ass ban  jo roll is a subdivided rhythm that by dis  solving the metro  no  mic footing of the music comple  tes the un  coupling of rhythm and meter monroe s string band was already congested with acc  ents and with the rhy  th  ms those acc  ents redund  antly enforced with its un  broken and continuous stream of notes sharply voiced in bright acid tones the ban  jo roll broke up this congestion bringing about a kind of rhy  th  mic division of labor in which several strata of rhythm were distributed among the instruments this is not to say that the ban  jo player does not call upon rhy  th  mic acc  ents if he sic did not his music would seem little more than the mechanical ratt  a tat tat of a machine gun but he always does so in a matrix which is consistently and thoroughly subdivided from which the idea of the subdivided rhythm is never absent and which has by virtue of its african inspired amal  gam  ation to mel  od  ic movement an unusual power to im  part the idea to other musicians like the bones of the min  stre  l band whose precision lent artic  ulation to the ens  emb  le the ban  jo s flowing sin  uous tw  isting rib  bon of notes fills the entire length and breadth of the music outlining its rhy  th  mic infrastructure shar  pen  ing and bri  ghtening its image running within the music like a stream of water now in a broad tor  rent now in intricate ri  vul  ets below ground — the activity of the roll patterns creates a counter melody which enhances the effectiveness of the melody — ban  jo rolls the basis of the scru  ggs style pione  ered by earl scru  ggs were undoubtedly based on classic or finger  picking ban  jo itself based upon and simultaneous with mid 18  60 s par  lor style guitar the word roll has different meanings for different kinds of musicians to guitar players a roll is a broken ch  ord to blu  egr  ass ban  jo players rolls may start at any point in the pattern or in other words on any finger
a bank  art le  sion is an injury of the an  terior inferior glen  o  id lab  rum of the shoulder due to an  terior shoulder dis  location when this happens a pocket at the front of the glen  o  id forms that allows the hum  eral head to dis  locate into it it is an indication for surgery and often accompanied by a hill sachs le  sion damage to the poster  ior hum  eral head the bank  art le  sion is named after english orth  o  ped  ic surgeon arthur sydney bl  und  ell bank  art 18  79 – 1951 a bon  y bank  art is a bank  art le  sion that includes a frac  ture in of the an  terior inferior glen  o  id cav  ity of the s  cap  ula bone bank  art le  sion seen at ar  thro  sco  py radio  graph showing a bon  y bank  art le  sion with stationary frag  ment at the inferior glen  o  id ct scan showing a bon  y bank  art le  sion at the an  ter  o inferior glen  o  id 3 d ct reconstruction of a bank  art le  sion which occurred post an  terior shoulder dis  location this subject s hum  er  us remains mildly superi  or  ly su  blu  x  ated frac  ture marked by a black arrow m  ri of the shoulder after an an  terior dis  location showing a hill sachs le  sion and lab  ral bank  art le  sion
bankruptcy tourism is the phenomenon whereby residents of one country move to another jurisdiction in order to declare a personal bankruptcy there before returning to their original country of residence this is done in order facilitate bankruptcy in a new jurisdiction where the insolvency laws are deemed to be more favourable it is most prevalent in europe where eu laws allow the free movement of residents to other eurozone countries once in the new jurisdiction a person seeking bankruptcy must establish their centre of main interests there in order to qualify as a resident and therefore petition for a successful bankruptcy the issue of bankruptcy tourism has gained not  ori  ety in the republic of ireland due to the recession and property crash there resulting in high levels of debt and personal in  solven  cies however the phenomenon first emerged in the uk in 2009 when it was reported that german and austrian nationals were moving to kent in order to take advantage of bankruptcy laws in england and wales whilst residing close to euro  star for a discussion of how the english courts have sought to tackle the phenomenon of bankruptcy tourism see bankruptcy tourism is now more synonymous with the republic of ireland where it has become a high profile issue with one uk based insolvency solicitor steve thatcher claiming recently that he had recently written off € 1 bn in irish debt for his irish clients in the uk the level of irish debt being written off in the uk has prompted the government there to seek to have eu law amended in order to make it harder for irish residents to move to the uk and take advantage of more lenient bankruptcy laws there where bankruptcy lasts for a period of twelve months but salary instalments can required for up to three years as opposed to twelve years in the republic of ireland though thatcher dismisses the validity of the term bankruptcy tourism and instead calls it bankruptcy emigration as he says people have to emigrate to the uk in order to go bankrupt with the majority of his clients remaining in the uk once their bankruptcy is complete since ireland has reduced the duration of its insolvency procedures and since 2016 has a 1 year bankruptcy procedure as well however access to such procedures may still be restricted due to barriers such as requirement to pay for legal procedures limited size of the debt or if one already went through a procedure before still england and wales have among the shortest and most accessible procedures in the eu and continues attracting bankruptcy tourism in particular among over indebted people with assets
bann  ay  an – ri  ley – ru  val  cab  a syndrome br  rs is a rare over  growth syndrome and ham  ar  tom  at  ous disorder with occurrence of multiple sub  cu  taneous li  po  mas macro  cephal  y and hem  an  gi  om  as the disease is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant form but spor  adic cases have been reported the disease belongs to a family of ham  ar  tom  at  ous poly  pos  is syndro  mes which also includes pe  ut  z – je  gh  ers syndrome juvenile poly  pos  is and cow  den syndrome mutation of the p  ten gene underlies this syndrome as well as cow  den syndrome prot  eus syndrome and prot  eus like syndrome collectively these four syndro  mes are referred to as p  ten ham  ar  tom  a tumor syndro  mes ph  ts
banner blindness is a phenomenon in web us  ability where visitors to a website consciously or sub  consciously ignore banner like information which can also be called ad blindness or banner noise the term banner blindness was coined by ben  way and lane as a result of website us  ability tests where a majority of the test subjects either consciously or un  consciously ignored information that was presented in bann  ers subjects were given tasks to search information on a website the information that was overlooked included both external advertisement bann  ers and internal navig  ational bann  ers e g quick links the placement of the bann  ers on a web page had little effect on whether or not the subjects noticed them the result of the study contradicted the popular web design guideline that larger colour  ful and animated elements on a website are more likely to be seen by users however in older experiment by bay  les the results showed that users generally noticed web bann  ers this was proven by eye tracking tests and other means the experiment concentrated on how users perceived a single web page and what they could recognise and recall of it afterwards it has been argued that experiments like this without real world tasks have poor methodology and produce poor results other eye tracking tests showed different results pag  end  arm and scha  um  burg argued that a possible explanation for the banner blindness phenomenon lay in the way users inter  acted with websites users tend to either search for specific information or aim  lessly brow  se from one page to the next users have constructed web related cognitive schem  ata for different tasks on the web when searching for specific information on a website users focus only on the parts of the page where they assume the relevant information will be e g small text and hyper  links in particular the study of her  vet et al shows a new methodological view which must be taken into account they focus on whether participants actually fix  ated the ads and how their gaze behaviour is related to memory for the ad they investigated whether internet users avoid looking at ads inserted on a non search website using an analysis of eye movements and if the ad content is kept in memory their results show that most participants fix  ate the ads at least once during their website visit moreover even though the con  gru  ency between the ad and the editorial content had no effect on fixation duration on the ad con  gru  ent ads were better memor  ised than in  con  gru  ent ads later empirical studies focus on e g the role of anim  ation or effects of person  alized banner ads lee an  h and park find that anim  ations signal the users the existence of ads and lead to ad avoidance behavior but after repeti  tive exposures they induce positive user attitude through the mere exposure effect results of the study ko  ster et al confirm that person  alization enhances recognition for the content of bann  ers while the effect on attention was weaker and partially non  significant in contrast overall exploration of web pages and recognition of task relevant information was not influenced the temporal course of fix  ations revealed that visual exploration of bann  ers typically proceeds from the picture to the logo and finally to the slogan bad marketing and ads that are not correctly targeted make it more likely for consumers to ignore bann  ers that aim at capturing their attention this phenomenon called purposeful blindness shows that consumers can adapt fast and become good at ignoring marketing messages that are not relevant to them it is a by  product of in  attenti  onal blindness large colour  ful or animated bann  ers and other graphics are in this case ignored us  ability tests that compared the perception of bann  ers between groups of subjects searching for specific information and subjects aim  lessly brow  sing seem to support this theory see study a similar conclusion can be drawn from the study of or  tiz cha  ves et al dealt with how right side graphic elements in contrast to purely tex  tual in google ad  words affect users visual behavior so the study is focused on people that search something the analysis concludes that the appearance of images does not change user interaction with ads in the scientific literature there are also suggestions how to tackle banner blindness z  ou  har  ova z  ou  har and s  mut  ny present approach using cognitive behavioral assumption on the basis of which banner display strategy is adapted
b  anti s syndrome also known as b  anti s disease is a chronic cong  estive enlargement of the sp  leen resulting in premature destruction of the red blood cells by the sp  leen it is named for guido b  anti
the ban  zai pipeline or simply pipeline or pipe is a surf re  ef break located in hawaii off e  hu  kai beach park in pu  pu  ke  a on o ahu s north shore a re  ef break is an area in the ocean where waves start to break once they reach the sh  allows of a re  ef pipeline is notorious for huge waves which break in shallow water just above a sharp and ca  vern  ous re  ef forming large hollow thick cur  ls of water that sur  f  ers can tube ride there are three reefs at pipeline in progressively deeper water further out to sea that activate according to the increasing size of approaching ocean sw  ells
bar  ak  at syndrome is a rare disease characterized by hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness and ren  al disease and hence also known as h  dr syndrome it was first described by am  in j bar  ak  at et al in 1977
the barber – lay  den – power effect bl  p effect or col  lo  qu  ially ble  ep is a blast wave phenomenon observed in the immediate aftermath of the successful functioning of air delivered high drag ord  nance at the target in common with a typical blast wave the flow field can be approxim  ated as a lead shock wave followed by a self similar subs  onic flow field the phenomenon appears to adhere to the basic principles of the se  do  v solution
examples of bar  bi  er reactions are the reaction of pro  par  g  yl  ic bromide with bu  tan  al with zinc metal in water bar  bi  er re  action  with a substituted al  ky  ne instead of a terminal al  ky  ne the all  ene product is favoured the intr  am  ol  ec  ular bar  bi  er reaction with sam  arium ii io  di  de bar  bi  er reaction the reaction of an all  yl bromide with form  alde  hyde in th  f with indi  um powder bar  bi  er re  action  the bar  bi  er reaction is accompanied by an all  yl  ic re  arrangement to a terminal al  k  ene or another all  yl bromide in a reaction with benz  alde  hyde and zinc powder in water bar  bi  er re  action  the observed di  ast  ere  o  selectivity for this reaction is er  y  th  ro thre  o 83 17
bar  bit  urate dependence develops with regular use of bar  bit  ur  ates this in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the drug to get the original desired pharmaco  logical or therapeutic effect bar  bit  urate use can lead to both addiction and physical dependence and as such they have a high potential for abuse psychological addiction to bar  bit  ur  ates can develop quickly the gab  aa recep  tor one of bar  bit  ur  ates main sites of action is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance to and dependence on bar  bit  ur  ates as well as the euph  or  ic high that results from their abuse the mechanism by which bar  bit  urate tolerance develops is believed to be different from that of ethanol or benzo  di  az  ep  ines even though these drugs have been shown to exhibit cross tolerance with each other the management of a physical dependence on bar  bit  ur  ates is stabilisation on the long acting bar  bit  urate phen  ob  ar  b  ital followed by a gradual ti  tration down of dose the slowly eliminated phen  ob  ar  b  ital less  ens the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and reduces the chances of serious bar  bit  urate withdrawal effects such as seizures anti  psycho  tics are not recommended for bar  bit  urate withdrawal or other cns depres  sant withdrawal states especially clo  zap  ine ol  an  zap  ine or low potency phen  o  thi  az  ines e g chlor  pro  ma  zine as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects if used extreme caution is required
a bar  bit  urate over  dose results when a person takes excessive doses of bar  bit  ur  ates symptoms of an over  dose typically include slugg  ishness in  coordination difficulty in thinking slowness of speech faulty judgment drow  sin  ess shallow bre  aths and staggering in severe cases coma and death can result the lethal do  sage of bar  bit  ur  ates varies greatly with tolerance and from one individual to another bar  bit  urate over  dose with other cns central nervous system depres  s  ants such as alcohol op  i  ates or benzo  di  az  ep  ines is even more dangerous due to additive cns and respiratory depres  sant effects in the case of benzo  di  az  ep  ines bar  bit  ur  ates also increase the binding aff  inity of the benzo  di  az  ep  ine binding sites thus leading to an exaggerated benzo  di  az  ep  ine effect this makes predicting the effect of combinations difficult and the same dose of the same drugs will not always produce the same degree of se  dation and respiratory depression from one day to the next benzo  di  az  ep  ines increase the frequency of chloride channel opening while bar  bit  ur  ates increase the duration that the chloride por  e remains open if a normal por  e opened once every 30 seconds to pass one chloride ion a benzo  di  az  ep  ine may cause it to open once every ten seconds while a bar  bit  urate may cause it to remain open until three ions have passed through separately both of these increase the effect of the por  e threefold but together the channel would allow three ions to pass every 10 seconds this would exponentially increase the effect of the por  e nine  fold greater than the sum of the two drugs effects
bar  co  o fever is an illness once common in the australian out  back that is now virtually unknown it was characterised by naus  ea and v  om  iting exacerbated by the sight or smell of food and unlike the usual ga  stro intest  inal infections by con  sti  p  ation rather than diarr  ho  ea fever and my  al  gia were also symptoms severe cases developed in  an  ition and even death it was seen in travel  ers in the out  back rather than in cities or towns but occasionally entire settlements were affected such as occurred in too  wo  om  ba in 19  03 the ab  original population knew to avoid the ail  ment by not drinking from certain water sources and by taking water from so  aks or pits dug in the dry sandy bed of a stream it is post  ulated that the disease may be due to ing  estion of cyan  ob  ac  ter  ial blue green al  gal toxins in particular cylin  dro  sper  mop  sin a toxin from cylin  dro  sper  mop  sis rac  i  bor  sk  ii and other cyan  ob  ac  ter  ia which is a he  pat  o  toxin the symptoms of the disease are consistent with a hepatitis or liver disorder and cylin  dro  sper  mop  sis is known to be widespread in inland australian water sources the toxin is not destroyed by boiling and although it would flavor water this flavor would be masked by tea the common bever  age in the australian bush provision of safe drinking water sources in australia with the development of bo  res and covered tanks to collect rain  water explain the demise of a once common illness
bar  det – bi  ed  l syndrome bbs is a ci  li  opathic human genetic disorder that produces many effects and affects many body systems it is characterized principally by obesity ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa poly  d  ac  ty  ly hypo  gon  ad  ism and ren  al failure in some cases historically slower mental processing has also been considered a principal symptom but is now not regarded as such
bare metal st  ent is a st  ent without a coating or covering as used in covered st  ents drug elu  ting st  ents it is a mesh like tube of thin wire the first st  ents licensed for use in cardiac arter  ies were bare metal – often 316 l stainless steel more recent 2 nd generation st  ents use co  bal  t chromium alloy the first st  ents used in gastro  intest  inal conditions of the es  op  ha  gus gastro  du  o  den  um bi  li  ary duc  ts and col  on were plastic bare metal st  ents were first brought the clinic in the 1990 s drug elu  ting st  ents are often preferred over bare metal st  ents because the latter carry a higher risk of rest  en  osis the growth of tissue into the st  ent resulting in vessel narrowing
bare lymp  ho  cy  te syndrome is a condition caused by mutations in certain genes of the major his  to  compatibility complex or involved with the processing and presentation of mh  c molecules it is a form of severe combined immun  o  deficiency
bargaining power is the relative ability of parties in a situation to exert influence over each other if both parties are on an equal footing in a debate then they will have equal bargaining power such as in a perfectly competitive market or between an evenly matched monopoly and mon  op  s  ony there are a number of fields where the concept of bargaining power has proven crucial to coherent analysis game theory labour economics collective bargaining arrangements diplomatic negotiations settlement of litigation the price of insurance and any negotiation in general
the two person bargaining problem is a problem of understanding how two agents should cooperate when non cooperation leads to p  are  to inefficient results it is in essence an equilibrium selection problem many games have multiple equilibri  a with varying pay  offs for each player forcing the players to negotiate on which equilibrium to target solutions to bargaining come in two flav  ors an ax  i  om  atic approach where desired properties of a solution are satisfied and a strategic approach where the bargaining procedure is model  ed in detail as a sequ  ential game
the bar  g  ell  ini reaction is a chemical reaction discovered in 1906 by italian chem  ist guido bar  g  ell  ini 18  79 – 1963 the original reaction was a mixture of the reagents phen  ol chloro  form and acet  one in the presence of a sodium hydrox  ide solution prior to bar  g  ell  ini s research the product attributed to this multi component reaction or mc  r had been described as a phen  ol derivative in chemistry texts at the time however bar  g  ell  ini demonstrated that a car  box  yl  ic acid derivative was actually the correct structure later organic chem  ists have used the reaction as a general method of organic synthesis for highly hindered or bul  ky morph  ol  in  ones or pi  per  az  in  ones from ke  tones particularly acet  one and either β amino alcohol  s or diam  ines
bar  it  osis is a benign type of pneu  mo  con  i  osis which is caused by long term exposure to barium dust barium has a high radio op  acity and the disease may develop after few months of exposure extremely dense dis  crete small op  ac  ities of 2 – 4 mm diameter sometimes of a star like configuration are seen on the radio  graph their distribution is uniform when they are very numerous super  imposition may give the impression of con  flu  ency but this does not seem to occur in reality the hil  ar lymp  h no  des can be very opaque but not enlarged after cessation of exposure there is a gradual clearing of the op  ac  ities
bark binding is a disease in trees cured by s  lit  ting the bark or cutting it along the grain of the tree
the barking dog is an ex  other  mic chemical reaction that results from the ignition of a mixture of carbon dis  ul  fide and nit  rous oxide it has been known for centuries in 18  53 just  us von lie  big was using the bright blue flash and the distinctive ‘ wo  of ’ sound of the demonstration to en  thr  all his students in simple terms the ‘ barking dog ’ reaction is a combustion process in which a fuel carbon dis  ul  fide cs 2 reacts with an ox  idi  zing agent nit  rous oxide n 2 o producing heat and elem  ental sul  fur the flame front in the reaction is a zone of very hot lumin  ous gas produced by the re  ac  tants de  com  posing 8 n 2 o 4 cs 2 → s 8 4 co 2 8 n 2
barley yellow dwarf is a plant disease caused by the barley yellow dwarf virus and is the most widely distributed viral disease of cereals it affects the economically important crop species barley oats wheat maize tritic  ale and rice
bar  nette s con  jec  ture is an unsolved problem in graph theory a branch of mathematics concerning hamil  ton  ian cycles in graphs it is named after david w bar  nette a professor emer  it  us at the university of california davis it states that every bi  partite poly  he  dr  al graph with three edges per ver  tex has a hamil  ton  ian cycle
bar  od  on  tal  gia commonly known as tooth squeeze and previously known as aerod  on  tal  gia is a pain in tooth caused by a change in atmospheric pressure the pain usually ceases at ground level the most common victims are s  cuba di  vers because in deep dives pressures can increase by several atmospheres and military pilots because of rapid changes in pilots bar  od  on  tal  gia may be severe enough to cause premature cessation of flights most of the available data regarding bar  od  on  tal  gia is derived from high altitude chamber simul  ations rather than actual flights bar  od  on  tal  gia prevalence was between 0 7 and 2 in the 1940 s and 0 3 in the 1960 s similarly cases of bar  od  on  tal  gia were reported in 0 3 of high altitude chamber simul  ations in the lu  f  tw  aff  e the rate of bar  od  on  tal  gia was about 1 case per 100 flight years in the israeli air force during world war ii about one tenth of american air  crews had one or more episodes of bar  od  on  tal  gia in a recent study 8 2 of 331 israeli air force air  crews reported at least one episode of bar  od  on  tal  gia bar  od  on  tal  gia is a symptom of dental disease for example infl  am  matory cyst in the man  di  ble indeed most of the common oral patho  logies have been reported as possible sources of bar  od  on  tal  gia dental car  ies defective tooth restoration pul  pi  tis pulp necro  sis ap  ical period  on  ti  tis period  on  tal pockets imp  acted teeth and mu  co  us retention cy  sts one exception is bar  od  on  tal  gia manifested as referred pain from bar  o  sin  u  si  tis or bar  o  ti  tis media the latter two conditions are generated from pressure changes rather than pressure related fl  are up of pre existing conditions a me  ta analysis of studies conducted between 2001 and 2010 revealed a rate of 5 episodes 1 000 flight years max  ill  ary and man  di  bul  ar denti  tions were affected equally in flight but in diving max  ill  ary denti  tion was affected more than the man  di  bul  ar denti  tion which can indicate a greater role for max  ill  ary sin  us path  ology in diving bar  od  on  tal  gia surprisingly despite cabin pressur  ization the current in flight bar  od  on  tal  gia incidence is similar to the incidence in the first half of the 20 th century also despite the greater fluctuation in di  vers pressures the weighted incidence of bar  od  on  tal  gia among air  crews is similar to the weighted incidence among di  vers furthermore contrary to common belief and in contrast to diving conditions the role of facial bar  o  trauma in the eti  ology of in flight bar  od  on  tal  gia is only minor about one tenth of cases
bar  og  no  sis or ba  res  the  sia is the ability to evaluate the weight of objects or to differentiate objects of different weights by holding or lifting them it is the opposite of bar  agno  sis the inability of evaluating the weight of objects this sensory information is transmitted by the poster  ior column medi  al lem  nis  cus path  way of the spinal cord which also carries the sens  ations of fine touch stere  og  no  sis t  acti  le pressure graph  esthesia tex  ture recognition kin  esthesia two point discrimination propri  o  ception and vibration to test for intact bar  og  no  sis a set of small objects with the same size and shape but of graduated weight is used a series of different weights can be placed one at a time in the same hand and the patient is asked to identify the comparative weight of the objects i e by saying whether the object is heavier or lighter other methods for testing include different weights being placed in each hand simultaneously or having the patient pick up each weight using a finger  tip grip
bar  o  trauma is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between a gas space inside or in contact with the body and the surrounding fluid bar  o  trauma typically occurs when the organism is exposed to a significant change in ambient pressure such as when a s  cuba di  ver a free di  ver or an airplane passenger asc  ends or desc  ends or during uncontrolled de  compression of a pressure vessel but can also be caused by a shock wave whales and dolphins are also vulnerable to bar  o  trauma if exposed to rapid and excessive changes in diving pressures bats can be killed by bar  o  trauma due to lung damage when flying in low pressure regions close to operating wind turb  ine bl  ades
bar  ra  quer – sim  ons syndrome or acquired partial li  po  dy  stro  phy cephal  o  thor  ac  ic li  po  dy  stro  phy and progressive li  po  dy  stro  phy is a rare form of li  po  dy  stro  phy which usually first affects the head and then spreads to the thor  ax it is named for luis bar  ra  quer ro  vir  alta 18  55 – 19  28 a spanish physician and arthur sim  ons 18  79 – 19  42 a german physician some evidence links it to lm  nb 2
bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus british english bar  rett s o  es  op  ha  gus sometimes called bar  rett syndrome bar  rett es  op  ha  gus or colum  nar epi  the  lium lined lower o  es  op  ha  gus cell  o refers to an abnormal change met  ap  la  sia in the cells of the lower portion of the es  op  ha  gus it is characterized by the replacement of the normal str  ati  fied squ  am  ous epi  the  lium lining of the es  op  ha  gus by simple colum  nar epi  the  lium with gob  let cells which are usually found lower in the gastro  intest  inal tract the medical significance of bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus is its strong association about 0 5 per patient year with es  op  ha  ge  al aden  o  carcin  oma a very often deadly cancer because of which it is considered to be a pre  m  align  ant condition the main cause of bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus is thought to be an adaptation to chronic acid exposure from ref  lux es  op  ha  gi  tis the incidence of es  op  ha  ge  al aden  o  carcin  oma has increased substantially in the western world in recent years the condition is found in 5 – 15 of patients who seek medical care for heart  burn gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease although a large sub  group of patients with bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus do not have symptoms diagnosis requires endo  sco  py more specifically es  op  ha  go  gastro  du  o  den  o  sco  py a procedure in which a fi  bre  op  tic cable is inserted through the mouth to examine the es  op  ha  gus stomach and du  o  den  um and biopsy the cells of bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus after biopsy are classified into four general categories non  dys  plastic low grade dys  pl  asia high grade dys  pl  asia and frank carcin  oma high grade dys  pl  asia and early stages of aden  o  carcin  oma can be treated by endo  scopic res  ection and new endo  scopic therapies such as radi  of  requ  ency ab  l  ation whereas advanced stages sub  mu  cos  al are generally advised to undergo surgical treatment non  dys  plastic and low grade patients are generally advised to undergo annual observation with endo  sco  py with radi  of  requ  ency ab  l  ation as a therapeutic option in high grade dys  pl  asia the risk of developing cancer might be at 10 per patient year or greater the condition is named after the australian born british thor  ac  ic surgeon norman bar  rett 19  03 – 1979 who described it in 1950
in constrained optimi  zation a field of mathematics a barrier function is a continuous function whose value on a point increases to infin  ity as the point approaches the boundary of the feasible region of an optimi  zation problem such functions are used to replace inequality constraints by a pen  alizing term in the objective function that is easier to handle the two most common types of barrier functions are in  verse barrier functions and log  arith  mic barrier functions resumption of interest in log  arith  mic barrier functions was motivated by their connection with pri  mal dual interior point methods
barrier grid anim  ation also known as pick  et fence anim  ation and often referred to by the gener  ic  ized trademark scan  im  ation is an anim  ation effect created by moving a stri  ped acetate over  lay across an inter  lac  ed image
barrier resilience is an algori  th  mic optimi  zation problem in compu  tational geometry motivated by the design of wireless sensor networks in which one seeks a path through a collection of barriers often model  ed as unit disks that passes through as few barriers as possible
barry co  hen born c 1938 is a criminal personal injury civil and qui t  am attorney in florida s tam  pa bay area co  hen was hired by the council on american – islamic relations c  air to represent the family of i  br  ag  im to  das  hev an unarmed chechen shot to death while being questioned by the fbi in relation to the boston marathon bombing he has been characterized as a fighter for his aggressive legal tactics according to the tam  pa tribune “ the most telling indication of barry ’ s courtroom reputation is this when judges and lawyers need an attorney it is barry they often hire ”
bart syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the association of con  genital loc  alized absence of skin ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a le  sions of the mouth mu  co  sa and dy  stro  ph  ic nails
bar  th syndrome b  ths also known as 3 meth  yl  glu  ta  con  ic ac  id  ur  ia type ii is an x linked genetic disorder the disorder which affects multiple body systems is diagnosed almost exclusively in males it is named after dutch pedi  atric neuro  logist peter bar  th
a bar  th  olin s cyst also known as bar  th  ol  initi  s occurs when a bar  th  olin s g  land is blocked and the g  land becomes infl  amed sizes range from that of a pea to that of an egg and form just within each side of the lower part of the opening of the vag  ina an abs  c  ess may form if the cyst becomes infected in this case it often becomes red and painful when touched a bar  th  olin s cyst is not an infection although it can be caused by an infection infl  amm  ation or physical block  age m  uc  us or other impediment to the bar  th  olin s duc  ts tubes which lead from the g  lands to the vul  va if infection sets in the result is a bar  th  olin s abs  c  ess cy  sts are not sexually transmitted there is no known reason for their development and infection is rare with an abs  c  ess a bacterial infection but usually not an st  d is the cause treatment depends on the severity of symptoms if there are no symptoms no treatment may be needed if a cyst is causing problems drainage is recommended the preferred method of drainage is the insertion of a word cathe  ter for four weeks simple inc  ision and drainage may allow the cyst to reform a surgical procedure known as mar  sup  i  alization may be used for cy  sts but should not be used if they are infected if the problems persist the entire g  land may be removed removal is sometimes recommended in those older than 40 to ensure cancer is not present antibiotics are not generally needed bar  th  olin s cy  sts are most likely in women of child  bearing age about two percent of women have the problem at some point in their life
bar  th  olin g  land carcin  oma is an un  common type of m  align  ancy in the bar  th  olin g  land that accounts for 1 of all vul  var m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms it is most common in women in their mid 60 s the tumor can become large before a woman is aware of symptoms one of the first symptoms can be dy  sp  are  un  ia in other instances a woman may find a mass or ul  cer in the vul  va area many cl  inci  ans assume that an enlarged bar  th  olin g  land is m  align  ant in post  men  opa  usal woman until proven otherwise the growth of the tumor can spread to nearby areas such as the is  chi  o  rec  tal fo  ssa and ingu  inal lymp  h no  des approximately 50 of bar  th  olin g  land carcin  om  as originate from squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as another un  common characteristic of bar  th  olin g  land m  align  ancies is that the growth of a le  sion originates from the three types of epi  the  li  al tissue present in the g  land m  uc  inous transitional and squ  am  ous
the bar  tol  i in  do  le synthesis also called the bar  tol  i reaction is the chemical reaction of orth  o substituted nitro  aren  es with vinyl gri  gn  ard reagents to form substituted ind  oles the bar  tol  i in  do  le synthesis the reaction is unsuccessful without substitution orth  o to the nit  ro group three equivalents of the vinyl gri  gn  ard re  agent are also necessary for good yields this method has become one of the shortest and most flexible routes to 7 substituted ind  oles the le  im  gru  ber bat  cho in  do  le synthesis gives similar flexibility and reg  io  specificity to in  do  le derivatives one advantage of the bar  tol  i in  do  le synthesis is the ability to produce ind  oles substituted on both the carbo  cyclic ring and the py  r  role ring which is difficult to do with the le  im  gru  ber bat  cho in  do  le synthesis
a bar  ton s frac  ture is an intra artic  ular frac  ture of the dis  tal radius with dis  location of the radio  car  pal joint there exist two types of bar  ton s frac  ture dor  sal and pal  mar the latter being more common the bar  ton s frac  ture is caused by a fall on an extended and pron  ated wrist increasing car  pal compression force on the dor  sal rim intra artic  ular component distinguishes this frac  ture from a smith s or a col  les frac  ture treatment of this frac  ture is usually done by open reduction and internal fixation with a plate and screws but occasionally the frac  ture can be treated conserv  atively
the bar  ton dec  ar  box  yl  ation is a radical reaction in which a car  box  yl  ic acid is first converted to a thi  o  hydrox  am  ate ester commonly referred to as a bar  ton ester the product is then heated in the presence of a radical initi  ator and a suitable hydrogen donor to complete the reduc  tive dec  ar  box  yl  ation of the initial car  box  yl  ic acid using this reaction it is possible to remove a car  box  yl  ic acid mo  i  ety from an al  ky  l group and replace it with other functional groups see scheme 1 this reaction is named after its develop  er the british chem  ist and nobel laureate sir derek bar  ton 1918 – 1998
the bar  ton reaction also known as the bar  ton nit  r  ite ester reaction is a photo  chemical reaction that involves the pho  tol  ysis of an al  ky  l nit  r  ite to form a δ nitro  so alcohol discovered in 1960 the reaction is named for its discover  er nobel laureate sir derek bar  ton bar  ton ’ s nobel prize in chemistry in 1969 was awarded for his work on understanding conform  ations of organic molecules work which was key to realizing the utility of the bar  ton reaction the bar  ton reaction involves a hom  ol  y  tic ro – no cle  av  age followed by δ hydrogen abstr  action free radical re  combination and tau  tom  er  ization to form an ox  im  e selectivity for the δ hydrogen is a result of the conform  ation of the 6 memb  ered radical intermediate often the site of hydrogen atom abstr  action can be easily predicted this allows the regio and stere  o selective introduction of functionality into complicated molecules with high yield due to its then unique ability to deri  vi  tize otherwise inert sub  str  ates bar  ton used this reaction extensively in the 1960 s to create a number of unnatural ster  o  id analo  gues while the bar  ton reaction has not enjoyed the popularity or widespread use of many other organic reactions together with the mechanis  tically similar ho  f  mann – l  ö  ff  ler reaction it represents one of the first examples of c h activation chemistry a field which is now the topic of much front  line research in industrial and academic chemistry circles
bar  ton  ellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus bar  ton  ella bar  ton  ella species cause diseases such as carri  ón ´ s disease tren  ch fever cat scratch disease bac  ill  ary an  gi  om  at  osis pe  li  osis hepati  s chronic bacter  emia endo  cardi  tis chronic lymp  had  en  opathy and neuro  logical disorders
the bar  ton – kel  log  g reaction is a coupling reaction between a di  az  o compound and a thi  o  ke  tone through a di  az  o intermediate forming an al  k  ene the bar  ton – kel  log  g reaction is also known as bar  ton – kel  log  g ole  fin  ation and bar  ton ole  fin synthesis the bar  ton kel  log  g reaction this reaction was pione  ered by her  mann st  aud  inger and the reaction also goes by the name st  aud  inger type di  az  o thi  o  ke  tone coupling
the bar  ton – mc  com  bie de  oxy  gen  ation is an organic reaction in which an hydro  xy functional group in an organic compound is replaced by a hydrogen to give an al  ky  l group it is named for the british chem  ists sir derek harold richard bar  ton 1918 – 1998 and stuart w mc  com  bie the bar  ton mc  com  bie de  oxy  gen  ation this de  oxy  gen  ation reaction is a radical substitution in the related bar  ton dec  ar  box  yl  ation the re  ac  tant is a car  box  yl  ic acid
bar  tter syndrome is a rare inherited defect in the thick asc  ending limb of the loop of hen  le it is characterized by low potassium levels hypo  kal  emia increased blood ph al  k  alo  sis and normal to low blood pressure there are two types of bar  tter syndrome ne  on  atal and classic a closely associated disorder git  el  man syndrome is mil  der than both sub  types of bar  tter syndrome
bart – pum  ph  rey syndrome also known as pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma with knuc  kle p  ads and leuk  ony  ch  ia and deaf  ness is a cu  taneous condition characterized by hyper  ker  ato  ses knuc  kle p  ads over the me  tac  ar  pop  hal  ange  al proxim  al and dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joints it was characterized in 1967 it can be associated with g  j  b 2
bas  al cell carcin  oma b  cc also known as bas  ali  oma or bas  al cell cancer is the most common skin cancer and one of the most common cancers in the united states while b  cc has a very low me  ta  static risk this tumor can cause significant dis  figu  rement by invading surrounding tissues
bas  al gang  lia disease refers to a group of physical dys  functions that occur when the group of nucle  i in the brain known as the bas  al gang  lia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor ne  uron circuits to initiate motor function research indicates that increased output of the bas  al gang  lia inhi  bits thal  am  oc  or  tical projection neurons proper activation or de  activation of these neurons is an integral component for proper movement if something causes too much bas  al gang  lia output then the thal  am  oc  or  tical projection neurons become too inhi  bited and one cannot initiate voluntary movement these disorders are known as hypo  k  ine  tic disorders however a disorder leading to abnormally low output of the bas  al gang  lia leads to relatively no inhi  bi  tion of the thal  am  oc  or  tical projection neurons this situation leads to an inability to suppress unwanted movements these disorders are known as hyper  k  ine  tic disorders currently reasons for abnormal increases or decreases of bas  al gang  lia output are poorly understood one possible factor could be the natural accumulation of iron in the bas  al gang  lia causing neuro  de  generation due to its involvement in toxic free radical reactions though motor disorders are the most common associated with the bas  al gang  lia recent research shows that bas  al gang  lia disorders can lead to other dys  functions such as obs  essive compul  sive disorder oc  d and tou  ret  te syndrome
a bas  alo  id fol  lic  ular ham  ar  tom  a is a cu  taneous condition characterized as distinctive benign ad  n  ex  al tumor that has several described variants
basic aromatic rings are aromatic rings in which the lone pair of electron  s of a ring nitrogen atom is not part of the aromatic system and extends in the plane of the ring this lone pair is responsible for the bas  icity of these nitro  genous bases similar to the nitrogen atom in am  ines in these compounds the nitrogen atom is not connected to a hydrogen atom basic aromatic compounds get pro  ton  ated and form aromatic c  ations e g py  rid  ini  um under ac  id  ic conditions typical examples of basic aromatic rings are py  ri  dine or quin  oline several rings contain basic as well as non basic nitrogen atoms e g im  id  azole and pur  ine in non basic aromatic rings the lone pair of electron  s of the nitrogen atom is del  oc  alized and contributes to the aromatic pi electr  on system in these compounds the nitrogen atom is connected to a hydrogen atom examples of non basic nitrogen containing aromatic rings are py  r  role and in  do  le the basic aromatic rings pur  ines and py  ri  mid  ines are nucle  ob  ases found in dna and r  na
basi  dio  bo  lo  my  co  sis is a fun  gal disease it is caused by basi  di  ob  ol  us ran  ar  um treatment with it  ra  con  azole has been described
a basi  l  ar skull frac  ture or bas  al skull frac  ture is a frac  ture of the base of the skull typically involving the temporal bone oc  ci  p  ital bone sp  hen  o  id bone and or eth  mo  id bone this type of frac  ture is rare occurring as the only frac  ture in just 4 of severe head injury patients such fractu  res can cause tears in the memb  ran  es surrounding the brain or men  inges with resultant leakage of the cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf the le  aking fluid may accumulate in the middle ear space and dri  bble out through a per  for  ated ear  drum c  sf o  tor  rhe  a or into the nas  op  har  yn  x via the eu  st  achi  an tube causing a sal  ty taste c  sf may also drip from the nose c  sf rhin  or  rhe  a in fractu  res of the an  terior skull base yielding a hal  o sign these signs are characteristic for basi  l  ar skull fractu  res
basketball at the 1936 summer olympics was the first appearance of the sport as an official medal event the tournament was played between 7 august and 14 august 1936 in berlin germany 23 nations entered the competition making basketball the largest tournament of the team sports the international basketball federation which is the governing body of international basketball used the 1936 tournament to experiment with outdoor basketball lawn tennis courts were used for the competition this caused problems when the weather was adverse especially during the final game the medals were awarded by james na  is  mi  th the invent  or of basketball all went to north american teams
basketball at the 1948 summer olympics was the second appearance of the sport as an official medal event a total number of 23 nations entered the competition olympic basketball returned to indoor competition in har  ring  ay arena after the disastrous weather conditions of the final game in the 1936 summer olympics
basketball at the 1952 summer olympics was the third appearance of the sport 23 nations entered the competition the top six teams at the 1948 summer olympics qualified automatically as did the 1950 world champion argentina the top two at the 1951 european champion  ships ussr and czechoslovakia and the host country finland thirteen other nations compe  ted in a preliminary round to determine the last six places in the sixteen team olympic tournament basketball
basketball at the 1956 summer olympics was the fourth appearance of the sport in olympic competition fifteen nations an unusually low number for the basketball tournament compe  ted in the event with 174 participants a total number of 56 games of basketball were played the teams were divided into four pools with four teams in three of the pools and only three in the fourth every team played against each other team in its pool once the top two teams from each pool advanced to the quarter  fin  als where again they were split into pools of four teams again played every other team in their pool with the top two in each advancing to the semi  final and the bottom two entering a pool for 5 th through 8 th places eliminated teams also played in consolation matches with the same structure as the quarter  fin  als and fin  als but for 9 th through 15 th places the games were held at the royal exhibition building
basketball at the 1960 summer olympics was the fifth appearance of the sport in olympic competition 16 nations were admitted into the olympic tournament with many others being eliminated in a pre olympic tournament held earlier in the year from 13 to 20 august 1960 at the sports palace at bologna 64 games of basketball were played in the olympic tournament that was held at the sports arena and sports palace both in rome the 16 teams were split up into four groups for the preliminary round each team played every other team in its group once the top two teams in each group advanced to the semi  fin  als in two pools of four while the lower two teams were sent to a consolation semi  final for 9 th through 16 th place in the semi  final each team again played every other team in its pool none of which it had played against previously the top two teams in each of the two semi  fin  als moved on to the final with the lower two teams in each playing in a classification for 5 th through 8 th place the consolation semi  final worked the same way with the top two teams moving into a classification for 9 th through 12 th place and the lower two playing in classification for 13 th through 16 th places for the final each of the four teams had already played against one of the other three in the semi  final the results of those games carried over into the final and each team played the remaining two fin  alists once even though the teams may have played each other in the preliminary round those results were not carried over the results of that pool determined final ranking each of the classifications worked iden  tically to the final
bas  open  ia or bas  oc  y  top  enia is a form of ag  ran  ul  oc  y  to  sis associated with a deficiency of bas  oph  ils one cause is ur  tic  aria it has been proposed as an indicator of ov  ulation it is difficult to detect without flow cy  tom  e  try because normal levels are so low it can be defined as less than 0 01 x 10 − 9 l
bas  ophi  lia is a condition where the bas  ophi  l quantity is abnormally elevated more than 1010 bas  oph  ils per lit  er of blood bas  ophi  lia is associated with pr  uri  tis it  ching due to the bas  oph  ils release of hist  amine
in sch  en  ker  ian analysis the bass ar  pe  g  gi  ation de b  ass  bre  ch  ung is the bass pattern forming the deep background of t  onal musical works it consists in scale steps de stu  fen i v i each of which may span hundreds of measures of music in the foreground the bass pattern is an ar  pe  g  gi  ation in the sense that its middle note v first arises as the fifth of the elaborated ch  ord i of which it is the upper fifth divi  der it is only when it meets with the passing note scale degree 2 of the fundamental line that v becomes an independent ch  ord within the first one see also sch  en  ker  ian analysis the ar  pe  g  gi  ation of the bass and the divi  der at the fifth the bass ar  pe  g  gi  ation properly speaking consists in the three scale steps i v i exclusively but it may be elaborated at a remote level see sch  en  ker  ian analysis elaboration of the bass ar  pe  g  gi  ation
a bass chorus is an electronic effect used with the electric bass it creates the same shim  mering sound as a chorus effect for electric guitar chorus ped  als the difference is that bass chorus ped  als are modified in various ways to suit the low pitch register of the electric bass while several bass chorus pe  dal manufacturers have modified the chorus circuit so that it does not affect the lower register others have designed the effect so that it can have an effect on even very low pit  ches the requirements for a chorus effect using a pe  dal or effect unit can vary depending on the type of instrument being used bass is a perfect example because it operates at a lower frequency range than a guitar as such a standard multi level chorus can make the sound of the bass notes much thin  ner this problem can be corrected by either mixing more of the un affected signal into the mix or by increasing the amount of bass frequency chor  used in the sound ped  als such as the i 90 chorus from bass amp  li  fier manufacturer eden electronics allow the mus  ician to control both of these elements
bas  so prof  ondo italian deep bass sometimes bas  so pro  fund  o or contr  ab  ass is the bass voice subtype with the lowest vocal range while the new grove dic  tionary of opera defines a typical bass as having a range that is limited to the second e below middle c e 2 oper  atic bas  so prof  on  dos can be called on to sing low c c 2 such as in the role of baron och  s in der ro  sen  k  av  alier often ch  oral compos  ers make use of lower notes such as g 1 or even f 1 in such rare cases the cho  ir relies on exceptionally deep rang  ed bas  so prof  on  dos termed ok  ta  vist or octa  vist who sometimes sing an octa  ve below the bass part
bast  ar dus  se  h  ra is the unique cultural trait of ch  hat  tis  gar  h celebrated by the local people of the state with sufficient vigor the festival of dus  se  h  ra con  notes to the supreme power of goddess dan  tes  war  i during dus  ser  a the inhabitants of bast  ar organiz  es special worship ceremon  ies at the dan  tes  war  i temple of j  ag  ad  al  pur
the bas  tian – brun  s sign or bas  tian brun  s law is the loss of tone and deep tend  on refl  exes in the lower limbs in the presence of complete tran  section of the spinal cord above the level of the lum  bar enlargement the sign was named after henry char  l  ton bas  tian and lud  wig brun  s
bathroom singing also known as singing in the bathroom singing in the bath or singing in the shower is a widespread phenomenon many people sing in the bathroom because the hard wall surfaces often ti  les or wooden panels and lack of soft furn  ish  ings create an aur  ally pleasing acous  tic environment the multiple reflections from walls enrich the sound of one s voice small dimensions and hard surfaces of a typical bathroom produce various kinds of standing waves rever  ber  ation and echoes giving the voice ful  l  ness and depth this habit was reported with an attempt of explanations centuries ago for example i  bn khal  du  n in chapter 1 of his mu  q  addi  ma  h writes likewise when those who enjoy a hot bath inhal  e the air of the bath so that the heat of the air enters their spirits and makes them hot they are found to experience joy it often happens that they start singing as singing has its origin in glad  ness the bathroom singer is an ironic reference to mediocre or amateur sing  ers jon anderson had ti  les installed in the studio to simul  ate the echo effect of one s voc  als in a bathroom this effect was not used only by sing  ers paul simon wrote the main thing about playing the guitar though was that i was able to sit by myself and play and dream and i was always happy doing that i used to go off in the bathroom because the bathroom had ti  les so it was a slight echo chamber i d turn on the f  auc  et so that water would run – i like that sound it s very soo  thing to me – and i d play in the dark hello darkness my old friend i ve come to talk with you again weird al yan  kov  ic in fact in 1979 recorded his first single my bologna in the bathroom across from the california poly  techn  ic state university student radio station where he was dj  ing at the time there s more to life than this the fourth track on b  jör  k s 1993 album de  but was recorded live in the toi  lets of the milk bar clu  b  night london
b  atten disease is an extremely rare and fatal auto  som  al rec  essive neuro  degenerative disorder that begins in childhood it is the most common form of a group of disorders called the neuro  nal cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin  o  ses n  cl  s although b  atten disease is usually regarded as the juvenile form of nc  l or type 3 some physicians use the term b  atten disease to describe all forms of nc  l historically the n  cl  s were classified by age of disease onset as inf  anti  le nc  l inc  l late inf  anti  le nc  l lin  cl juvenile nc  l j  nc  l or adult nc  l anc  l at least twenty genes have been identified in association with b  atten disease but juvenile nc  l the most prevalent form of b  atten disease has been linked to mutations in the cl  n 3 gene
batt  enburg markings or batt  en  berg markings are a pattern of high visibility markings used primarily on the sides of emergency service vehicles in several european countries australia new zealand and hong kong the name comes from the similarity in appearance to the cross section of a batt  en  berg cake
battered person syndrome is a physical and psychological condition of a person who has suffered usually persistent emotional physical or sexual abuse from another person it is classified as ic  d 9 code 9  95 81 battered person syndrome not elsewhere classified n  ec the condition is the basis for the battered spouse defense that has been used in cases of physically and psychologically abused spouses who have killed their ab  users the condition was first researched extensively by len  ore e walker who used martin se  lig  man s learned helplessness theory to explain why abused spouses stayed in destructive relationships
the battle of gar  isi was fought between the georgian and saf  avi  d iranian armies at the village of gar  isi present day tetr  its  q aro in 15  56 or 15  58 and resulted in a py  r  rh  ic victory of the georgians this conflict was an immediate consequence of the treaty of am  as  ya signed between the ottoman and saf  avi  d empires in 15  55 this peace deal left a fragm  enti  zed kingdom of georgia divided into spheres of influence the king  doms of kar  t  li and kak  he  ti and the eastern part of the principality of sam  t  sk  he were allotted to the saf  avi  ds which had already gar  ris  oned the georgian capital of tbilisi lu  ar  sab i the in  dom  itable king of kar  t  li refused to recognize the terms of the am  as  ya treaty and continued to worry tbilisi this provoked another iranian expedi  tion the fourth in lu  ar  sab ’ s reign the saf  avi  d forces the q  iz  il  bas  h placed by shah tah  mas  p i under the command of sh  ā  h  ver  d  ī kh  ā  n zi  y  ā  do  gh  l  ū q  ā  j  ā  r bey  ler  bey of karabakh crossed into kar  t  li in 15  56 or 15  58 lur  sab and his son sv  im  on met the inv  aders at gar  isi in a pitched battle the georgians managed to beat off the q  iz  il  bas  h but lu  ar  sab was killed in action
the battle of se  acro  ft mo  or on 30 march 16  43 was a decisive loss for the parliamentary forces during the first english civil war it took place near se  acro  ft north east of le  eds west yorkshire england the battle reportedly turned the cock beck which ran through the battlefield red with the casualties blood for several days
batt  les  hor  t sometimes battle short is a condition in which some military equipment can be placed so it does not shut down when circumstances would be damaging to the equipment or personnel the origin of the term is to bridge or short the fuses of an electrical apparatus before entering combat so that the fuse blowing will not stop the equipment from operating according to allied ord  nance publication a  op 38 3 a nato publication a batt  les  hor  t is the capability to bypass certain safety features in a system to ensure completion of the mission without interruption due to the safety feature it also says examples of by  passed safety features are circuit overload protection and protection against overheating in peaceful situations one would want equipment to shut down so it is not damaged in a battle or emergency where the survival of the vessel or other vehicle is dependent upon the continued operation of the equipment it is sometimes wiser to risk equipment damage than have the equipment shut down when it is needed for example the electrical drives to elev  ate and tra  verse the guns of a combat war  ship may have batt  les  hor  t fuses which are simply copper bars of the correct size to fit the fuse holders as failure to return fire in a combat situation may cause loss of the ship and crew and damaging or overheating of the electrical motors is a preferable alternative batt  les  hor  ts have been used in some non combat situations as well including the firing room mission control spaces at nasa during the manned apollo missions — specifically the moon landings
bau  mol s cost disease or the bau  mol effect is a phenomenon described by william j bau  mol and william g bow  en in the 1960 s it involves a rise of salaries in jobs that have experienced no increase of labor productivity in response to rising salaries in other jobs that have experienced the labor productivity growth this pattern seemingly goes against the theory in classical economics for which real wage growth is closely tied to labor productivity changes the rise of wages in jobs without productivity gains is from the requirement to compete for employees with jobs that have experienced gains and so can naturally pay higher salaries just as classical economics predicts for instance if the retail sector pays its managers 19 th century style salaries the managers may decide to quit to get a job at an automobile factory where salaries are higher because of high labor productivity thus managers salaries are increased not by labor productivity increases in the retail sector but by productivity and corresponding wage increases in other industries the original study was conducted for the performing arts sector bau  mol and bow  en pointed out that the same number of musicians is needed to play a be  eth  oven string quartet today as was needed in the 19 th century the productivity of classical music performance has not increased on the other hand the real wages of musicians like in all other professions have increased greatly since the 19 th century in a range of businesses such as the car manufacturing sector and the retail sector workers are continually becoming more productive by technological innovations to their tools and equipment in contrast in some labor intensive sectors that rely heavily on human interaction or activities such as nursing education or the performing arts there is little or no growth in productivity over time as with the string quartet example it takes nurses the same amount of time to change a band  age or college professors the same amount of time to mark an essay in 2006 as it did in 1966 as those types of activities rely on the movements of the human body which cannot be engineered to perform more quickly accurately or efficiently in the same way that a machine such as a computer can bau  mol s cost disease is often used to describe consequences of the lack of growth in productivity in the qu  ater  n  ary sector of the economy and public services such as public hospitals and state colleges since many public administration activities are heavily labor intensive there is little growth in productivity over time because productivity gains come essentially from a better capital technology
b  aux  ite pneu  mo  con  i  osis also known as sha  ver s disease cor  un  dum sm  el  ter s lung b  aux  ite lung or b  aux  ite sm  el  ters disease is a progressive form of pneu  mo  con  i  osis caused by exposure to b  aux  ite f  umes which contain aluminium and silic  a particulates it is typically seen in workers involved in the sm  el  ting of b  aux  ite to produce cor  un  dum
ba  you  d disease is an ep  ip  hy  tic fun  gal disease of date palm the pathogen responsible for the disease is fus  arium ox  ys  por  um f sp al  be  din  is the disease was first reported from morocco in 1870 the word ba  you  d is derived from the arabic abi  adh white and is a reference to the whi  tish dis  color  ation of dise  ased fron  ds
baz  ex – du  pr  é – chris  tol syndrome also known as baz  ex syndrome and fol  lic  ular atro  pho  der  ma and bas  al cell carcin  om  as is a very rare condition inherited in an x linked dominant fashion physical findings typically include fol  lic  ular atro  pho  der  ma multiple bas  al cell carcin  om  as hypo  tric  ho  sis and hypo  hi  dro  sis this condition should not be confused with the unrelated condition acro  ker  at  osis par  ane  op  las  tica of baz  ex which may also be referred to baz  ex syndrome
b  cry  pt is a password h  ashing function designed by ni  els provo  s and david ma  zi  ères based on the blow  fish ci  p  her and presented at us  en  ix in 1999 besides incorporating a salt to protect against rain  bow table attacks b  cry  pt is an adap  tive function over time the iter  ation count can be increased to make it slower so it remains resistant to brute force search attacks even with increasing compu  tation power the b  cry  pt function is the default password has  h algori  thm for open  bs  d and other systems including some lin  ux distribu  tions such as su  se lin  ux the pre  fix 2 a or 2 b or 2 y in a has  h string in a shadow password file indicates that has  h string is a b  cry  pt has  h in mod  ular cry  pt format the rest of the has  h string includes the cost parameter a 128 bit salt base 64 en  coded as 22 characters and 184 bits of the resulting has  h value base 64 en  coded as 31 characters the cost parameter specifies a key expansion iter  ation count as a power of two which is an input to the cry  pt algori  thm for example the shadow password record 2 a 10 n 9 q  o 8 ul  o  ick  g  x 2 z  mr  zom  ye  ij  z  ag  cfl 7 p 92 ld  g  x  ad 68 l  j  z  dl 17 l  h  wy specifies a cost parameter of 10 indicating 210 key expansion rounds the salt is n 9 q  o 8 ul  o  ick  g  x 2 z  mr  zom  ye and the resulting has  h is ij  z  ag  cfl 7 p 92 ld  g  x  ad 68 l  j  z  dl 17 l  h  wy per standard practice the user s password itself is not stored there are implement  ations of b  cry  pt for c c j  ava jav  as  cript per  l php py  th  on ruby no  de  j  s and other languages
be  are – stevenson cu  tis gy  rata syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis premature fusion of certain bones of the skull sometimes resulting in a characteristic clo  ver  leaf skull further growth of the skull is prevented and therefore the shape of the head and face is abnormal and a specific skin ab  normality called cu  tis gy  rata characterized by a fur  ro  wed and wr  ink  led appearance particularly in the face and on the pal  ms and sol  es of the feet thick dark vel  ve  ty areas of skin ac  anth  osis ni  gr  ic  ans are sometimes found on the hands and feet and in the gro  in additional signs and symptoms of be  are – stevenson cu  tis gy  rata syndrome can include a block  age of the nas  al passages cho  anal at  re  sia over  growth of the um  bil  ical st  ump and ab  norm  alities of the gen  italia and an  us the medical complications associated with this condition are often severe and may well be life threatening in infancy or early childhood
in acoustics a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies perceived as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two frequencies when tuning instruments that can produce sustained tones beats can readily be recognized tuning two tones to a unison will present a peculiar effect when the two tones are close in pitch but not identical the difference in frequency generates the beating the volume varies like in a tre  mol  o as the sounds altern  ately interfere constructively and destruc  tively as the two tones gradually approach unison the beating slows down and may become so slow as to be imper  cep  tible
beau s lines are deep gro  o  ved lines that run from side to side on the finger  nail or the to  en  ail they may look like ind  ent  ations or ri  dges in the nail plate this condition of the nail was named by a french physician joseph honor  é simon beau 18  06 – 18  65 who first described it in 18  46 beau s lines are horizontal going across the nail and should not be confused with vertical ri  dges going from the bottom cu  tic  le of the nail out to the finger  tip these vertical lines are usually a natural consequence of aging and are harmless beau s lines should also be distinguished from mu  e  hr  c  ke s lines of the finger  nails while beau s lines are actual ri  dges and ind  ent  ations in the nail plate mu  e  hr  c  ke lines are areas of hypo  pi  gm  entation without palpable ri  dges they affect the underlying nail bed and not the nail itself beau s lines should also be distinguished from me  es lines of the finger  nails which are areas of dis  color  ation in the nail plate there are several causes of beau s lines it is believed that there is a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix this may be caused by an infection or problem in the nail fold where the nail begins to form or it may be caused by an injury to that area some other reasons for these lines include trauma coron  ary oc  clu  sion hypo  cal  ca  emia and skin disease they may be a sign of systemic disease or may also be caused by an illness of the body as well as drugs used in chem  otherapy or malnutrition beau s lines can also be seen one to two months after the onset of fever in children with k  aw  as  aki disease human nails grow at a rate which varies with many factors age sex and the finger or toe in question as well as nutrition however typically in healthy populations finger  nails grow at about 0 1 mm day and to  en  ails at about 0 05 mm day with this in mind the date of the stress causing beau s lines and other identifiable marks on nails can be estimated as the nail grows out the ridge visibly moves upwards toward the nail edge when the ridge reaches the nail edge the finger  tips can become quite sore due to the mis shap  en nail pressing into the flesh deeper than usual exposing the sensitive nail bed the quick at the nail edge a researcher found beau s lines in the finger  nails of two of six di  vers following a deep satur  ation dive to a pressure equal to 305 meters of sea water and in six of six di  vers following a similar dive to 335 meters they have also been seen in öt  zi the ice man
beauty white  wash is a phenomenon in the inter  section of fashion industry digital photo  graphy mass media marketing and advertising it describes a situation when the skin tone of black or lat  ina women less often of men – when depicted in magazine covers advertisements commerci  als music videos etc – is dig  it  ally re  touched to appear whit  er probably the most cited and notorious example of beauty white  washing is a l o  real advertising campaign featuring bey  on  c  é know  les other examples include cel  e  bri  ties hal  le berry brandy mari  ah care  y ri  h  anna fre  ida p  into jennifer lo  pez ty  ra banks le  ona lewis jennifer hudson gab  ou  rey si  di  be and queen lati  f  ah among others reasons for doing so are believed to be marketing more specifically appealing to the white ethnicity which is generally in most cases the strongest target group for whichever advertisement that is and which creates certain beauty ideal or standard in concert with being on the same wi  be with the target audience the extent of beauty white  wash may vary for example the same picture on a magazine cover would have a different extent of bri  ghtening the skin tone depending on the country where the magazine is sold beauty white  wash seems to be a part of conforming to those ideals or distorted images thereof – accompanying signs of which could be strai  ghtening of otherwise naturally cur  vy hair or excessive strive to become sl  ender even for naturally thick  er body constitution not scar  sely resulting to eating disorders beauty white  wash is therefore criticized for distorting the perception of reality exu  ding a twisted sense of beauty and not lastly having a bad influence on young girls
bec  ker muscular dy  stro  phy is an x linked rec  essive inherited disorder characterized by slowly progressive muscle weakness of the legs and pel  vis it is a type of dy  stro  ph  in  opathy this is caused by mutations in the dy  stro  ph  in gene which en  codes the protein dy  stro  ph  in bec  ker muscular dy  stro  phy is related to du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy in that both result from a mutation in the dy  stro  ph  in gene
bec  ker s nev  us also known as bec  ker s mel  an  osis bec  ker s pi  gm  entary ham  ar  tom  a ne  void mel  an  osis and pi  gm  ented ha  iry ep  id  er  mal nev  us is a skin disorder predominantly affecting males the nev  us generally first appears as an irregular pi  gm  entation mel  an  osis or hyper  pi  gm  entation on the tor  so or upper arm though other areas of the body can be affected and gradually enlar  ges ir  regularly becoming thick  ened and often ha  iry hyper  tric  ho  sis the nev  us is due to an over  growth of the ep  id  er  mis pig  ment cells mel  an  oc  y  tes and hair fol  lic  les this form of nev  us was first documented in 1948 by american der  mato  logist samuel william bec  ker 18  94 – 1964
bec  ker s sign or bec  ker s phenomenon is the presence of visible through an oph  thal  mo  scope pul  s  ation of re  tin  al arter  ies found in patients with a  or  tic in  sufficiency or graves disease the sign was named after otto hein  rich en  och bec  ker
bec  k  with – wi  e  deman  n syndrome ˈ  b  ɛ  k  ˌ  w  ɪ  θ ˈ  vi  ː  d  ə m  ə  n abbreviated b  ws is an over  growth disorder usually present at birth characterized by an increased risk of childhood cancer and certain con  genital features bec  k  with syndrome can also cause child behavior problems common features used to define b  ws are macro  glos  sia large tongue macro  som  ia above average birth weight and length mid  line ab  domin  al wall defects om  p  hal  oce  le ex  om  p  hal  os um  bil  ical her  nia di  ast  asis rec  ti ear cre  ases or ear pits ne  on  atal hypo  gly  cem  ia low blood sugar after birth he  pat  obl  ast  oma
a bed bug can individually and collectively cause a number of health effects including skin r  ashes psychological effects and allergic symptoms bed bug bites or ci  mi  co  sis may lead to a range of skin manifestations from no visible effects to prominent bl  is  ters diagnosis involves both finding bed bugs and the occurrence of compatible symptoms treatment involves the elimination of the insect but is otherwise symptomatic because inf  est  ation of human habitats has been on the increase in developed countries bed bug bites and related conditions have been on the rise as well since the 1980 s – 1990 s the exact causes of this resurgence remain unclear it is vari  ously ascri  bed to greater foreign travel more frequent exchange of second hand furn  ish  ings among homes a greater focus on control of other pests resulting in neglect of bed bug countermeasures and increasing resistance to pesticides bed bugs have been known human parasites for thousands of years
bed  nar s aph  th  ae is a type of oral ul  cer  ation mouth ul  cers which occurs in infants the le  sions are located on the pal  ate and are caused by trauma no treatment is required since the le  sions heal within a few days the condition was first described in 18  50 by the austrian physician alo  is bed  nar 18  16 18  88
a bee sting is a sting from a bee honey bee bum  ble  bee sweat bee etc the st  ings of most of these species can be quite painful and are therefore keenly avoided by many people bee st  ings differ from insect bites and the ven  om or toxin of st  inging insects is quite different therefore the body s reaction to a bee sting may differ significantly from one species to another the most aggressive st  inging insects are ves  pid was  ps including bald faced hor  nets and other yellow jackets and hor  nets especially the asian giant hor  net all of these insects aggressively defend their ne  sts in people with insect sting allergy a bee sting may trigger a dangerous an  ap  hy  lac  tic reaction that is potentially deadly honey bee st  ings release ph  er  om  ones that prompt other nearby bees to attack
be  ech bark disease is a disease that causes mortality and defects in be  ech trees in the eastern united states and europe in north america the disease results when the be  ech scale insect cry  pto  co  cc  us fag  is  u  ga attacks the bark creating a wound later two different fun  gi ne  on  ec  tri  a fag  in  ata previously nec  tri  a co  cc  ine  a var fag  in  ata and ne  on  ec  tri  a di  tis  si  ma previously nec  tri  a gal  lig  ena common to north america can invade the tree through the wound causing a can  ker to form in subsequent years new can  kers will continue to form ultimately leading to the death of the tree in europe n co  cc  ine  a is the primary fun  gus causing the infection infection in european trees occurs in the same manner as it does in north american trees though the disease still appears in europe it is less serious today than it once was
beet vascular necro  sis and rot is a soft rot disease caused by the bacter  ium pec  tob  ac  ter  ium caro  to  vor  um sub  sp be  ta  vas  cul  orum which has also been known as pec  tob  ac  ter  ium be  ta  vas  cul  orum and er  win  ia caro  to  vor  a sub  sp be  ta  vas  cul  orum it was classified in the genus er  win  ia until genetic evidence suggested that it belongs to its own group however the name er  win  ia is still in use as such the disease is sometimes called er  win  ia rot today it is a very destructive disease that has been reported across the united states as well as in egypt symptoms include wil  ting and black stre  aks on the leaves and peti  oles it is usually not fatal to the plant but in severe cases the be  ets will become hol  lowed and un  marketable the bacteria is a gener  alist species which rots be  ets and other plants by secre  ting dig  estive enzymes that break down the cell wall and paren  ch  y  ma tissues the bacteria thrive in warm and wet conditions but cannot survive long in f  allow soil however it is able to persist for long periods of time in the r  hi  zo  sphere of weeds and non host crops while it is difficult to eradicate there are cultural practices that can be used to control the spread of the disease such as avoiding injury to the plants and reducing or eliminating application of nitrogen fertilizer
in software engineering behavioral design patterns are design patterns that identify common communication patterns between objects and realize these patterns by doing so these patterns increase flexibility in carrying out this communication examples of this type of design pattern include chain of responsibility pattern command objects are handled or passed on to other objects by logic containing processing objects command pattern command objects en  capsul  ate an action and its parameters extern  alize the stack turn a recur  sive function into an iter  ative one that uses a stack interpreter pattern implement a specialized computer language to rapidly solve a specific set of problems iter  ator pattern iter  ators are used to access the elements of an aggregate object sequ  entially without exposing its underlying representation mediator pattern provides a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem mem  ento pattern provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state roll  back null object pattern designed to act as a default value of an object observer pattern aka publish subscribe or event lis  tener objects register to observe an event that may be raised by another object weak reference pattern de couple an observer from an observ  able protocol stack communications are handled by multiple layers which form an en  cap  s  ulation hierarchy scheduled task pattern a task is scheduled to be performed at a particular interval or clock time used in real time computing single serving visitor pattern optimise the implementation of a visitor that is allocated used only once and then deleted specification pattern re  combin  able business logic in a boo  lean fashion state pattern a clean way for an object to partially change its type at run  time strategy pattern algori  th  ms can be selected on the fly tem  plate method pattern describes the program skelet  on of a program visitor pattern a way to separate an algori  thm from an object
beh  r syndrome is characterized by the association of early onset op  tic atro  phy with spin  oc  ere  bell  ar de  generation resulting in at  ax  ia pyram  idal signs peripheral neuro  pa  thy and developmental delay although it is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder hetero  zy  go  tes may still manifest much attenu  ated symptoms auto  som  al dominant inheritance also being reported in a family recently a variant of op  a 1 mutation with phen  o  typ  ic presentation like beh  r syndrome is also described some reported cases have been found to carry mutations in the op  a 1 op  a 3 or c 12 or  f 65 genes which are known causes of pure op  tic atro  phy or op  tic atro  phy complicated by movement disorder
in statistics the behren  s – fisher problem named after walter ul  rich behren  s and ronald fisher is the problem of interval estimation and hypothesis testing concerning the difference between the means of two normally distributed populations when the vari  ances of the two populations are not assumed to be equal based on two independent samples
beh  ç  et s disease is a rare immune medi  ated small vessel systemic vas  cu  li  tis that often presents with mu  co  us memb  rane ul  cer  ation and oc  ular problems the disease was named in 19  37 after the turkish der  mato  logist hul  u  si beh  ç  et who first described the triple symptom complex of recurrent oral aph  th  ous ul  cers genital ul  cers and u  ve  i  tis – a disease of the eye as a systemic disease it can also involve vis  cer  al organs such as the gastro  intest  inal tract pul  mon  ary mus  cul  osk  el  etal cardiovascular and neuro  logical systems this syndrome can be fatal due to rup  tured vascular an  eur  ys  ms or severe neuro  logical complications
belgium compe  ted at the 1900 summer olympics in paris france it was the first appearance of the european nation belgium was represented in france by 78 athletes all of them male who compe  ted in 11 disciplines they comprised 95 entries in 28 events
belgium compe  ted at the 19  08 summer olympics in london england it was the second appearance of the european nation which had previously compe  ted at the 1900 summer olympics
bell s pal  sy is a type of facial paralysis that results in an inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side symptoms can vary from mild to severe they may include muscle tw  it  ching weakness or total loss of the ability to move one or rarely both sides of the face other symptoms include dro  oping of the eye  lid a change in taste pain around the ear and increased sensitivity to sound typically symptoms come on over 48 hours the cause of bell s pal  sy is unknown risk factors include diabetes and a recent upper respiratory tract infection it results from a dysfunction of cran  ial nerve vii the facial nerve many believe that this is due to a viral infection that results in sw  elling diagnosis is based on a person s appearance and ruling out other possible causes other conditions that can cause facial weakness include brain tumor stroke ram  say hunt syndrome and ly  me disease the condition normally gets better by itself with most achieving normal or near normal function cor  ti  co  ster  oids have been found to improve outcomes while anti  viral medications may be of a small additional benefit the eye should be protected from drying up with the use of eye drops or an eye  patch surgery is generally not recommended often signs of improvement begin within 14 days with complete recovery within six months a few may not recover completely or have a recurrence of symptoms bell s pal  sy is the most common cause of one sided facial nerve paralysis 70 it occurs in 1 to 4 per 10 000 people per year about 1 5 of people are affected at some point in their life it most commonly occurs in people between ages 15 and 60 males and females are affected equally it is named after scottish surgeon charles bell 1774 – 18  42 who first described the connection of the facial nerve to the condition
a bell pattern is a rhy  th  mic pattern often a key pattern also known as a guide pattern phr  asing refer  ent tim  eline or asymmetrical tim  eline struck on an idi  oph  one in most cases a metal bell such as an agog  ô gan  ko  qui or cow  bell or a hol  lowed piece of wood or wooden cla  ves in contemporary music bell patterns are also played on the metal shell of the tim  bal  es and drum kit cy  m  b  als
a bell  man equation named after its discover  er richard bell  man also known as a dynamic programming equation is a necessary condition for optim  ality associated with the mathematical optimi  zation method known as dynamic programming it writes the value of a decision problem at a certain point in time in terms of the payoff from some initial choices and the value of the remaining decision problem that results from those initial choices this breaks a dynamic optimi  zation problem into simpler sub  problems as bell  man s principle of optim  ality prescribes the bell  man equation was first applied to engineering control theory and to other topics in applied mathematics and subsequently became an important tool in economic theory though the basic concepts of dynamic programming are pre  figured in john von neu  mann and osk  ar mor  gen  stern s theory of games and economic behavior and abraham wald s sequ  ential analysis almost any problem which can be solved using optimal control theory can also be solved by analy  zing the appropriate bell  man equation however the term bell  man equation usually refers to the dynamic programming equation associated with dis  crete time optimi  zation problems in continuous time optimi  zation problems the analogous equation is a partial differential equation which is usually called the hamilton – jaco  bi – bell  man equation
the belt of venus or venus s gir  dle is an atmospheric phenomenon seen at sun  rise and sunset shortly after sunset or shortly before sun  rise the observer is or is very nearly surrounded by a pin  k  ish glow or anti twilight arch that extends roughly 10 ° – 20 ° above the horizon it is similar to alp  eng  low as they both are caused by back  scat  tering of red  dened sunlight the only difference is that alp  eng  low is characterized by after  glow and is a red horizontal band visible just after sunset or before sun  rise due to direct illumin  ation of clouds and aero  sol  s low in the atmosphere whereas the belt of venus is a rosy pin  k  ish arch visible long after sunset or long before sun  rise caused by back  scat  tering of refrac  ted sunlight due to fine dust particles high in the atmosphere in a way the belt of venus is a true alp  eng  low visible at twilight near the anti solar point often the glow is separated from the horizon by a dark layer the earth s shadow or dark segment the arch s light pink color is due to back  scat  tering of red  dened light from the rising or setting sun a very similar effect can be seen during a total solar ec  li  pse the zo  di  ac  al light which is caused by reflection of sunlight from the inter  plan  e  tary dust in the solar system is also a similar phenomenon the name of the phenomenon allu  des to the c  est  us a gir  dle or breast band of the ancient greek goddess aph  rod  ite custom  arily equ  ated with the roman goddess venus
the belt problem is a mathematics problem which requires finding the length of a crossed belt that connects two circular pul  leys with radius r 1 and r 2 whose centers are separated by a distance p the solution of the belt problem requires tri  gon  ome  try and the concepts of the bit  ang  ent line the vertical angle and con  gru  ent angles
ben jacob s bacteria are two pattern forming social bacteria strains the pa  eni  bac  ill  us d  end  ri  ti  form  is and the pa  eni  bac  ill  us vor  tex discovered in the early 1990 s by es  hel ben jacob these bacteria are widely known for their ability to generate large colonies with the number of bacteria exceeding many fol  ds the number of people on earth with highly complex organization
the ben franklin effect is a proposed psychological phenomenon a person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they would be if they had received a favor from that person an explanation for this would be that we intern  alize the reason that we helped them was because we liked them the opposite case is also believed to be true namely that we come to hate a person whom we did wrong to we de human  ize them to justify the bad things we did to them
the ben  ary reaction is an organic reaction in 1931 er  ich b  én  ary discovered that β n n dial  k  yl  amino vinyl ke  tones reacted with gri  gn  ard reagents in a 1 4 addition to give α β un  saturated ke  tones α β un  saturated alde  hy  des and α β un  saturated esters as well as poly un  saturated ke  tones and alde  hy  des after hydro  lysis of the reaction intermediate and elimination of a dial  k  yl  ated amine mechanism of the ben  ary reaction
a b  ending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend the most common or simplest structural element subjected to b  ending moments is the beam the example shows a beam which is simply supported at both ends simply supported means that each end of the beam can rot  ate therefore each end support has no b  ending moment the ends can only react to the she  ar load other be  ams can have both ends fixed therefore each end support has both b  ending moment and she  ar reaction loads be  ams can also have one end fixed and one end simply supported the simplest type of beam is the canti  lever which is fixed at one end and is free at the other end neither simple or fixed in reality beam supports are usually neither absolutely fixed nor absolutely rotating freely the internal reaction loads in a cross section of the structural element can be resolved into a resultant force and a resultant couple for equilibrium the moment created by external forces and external moments must be balanced by the couple induced by the internal loads the resultant internal couple is called the b  ending moment while the resultant internal force is called the she  ar force if it is trans  verse to the plane of element or the normal force if it is along the plane of the element the b  ending moment at a section through a structural element may be defined as the sum of the moments about that section of all external forces acting to one side of that section the forces and moments on either side of the section must be equal in order to counteract each other and maintain a state of equilibrium so the same b  ending moment will result from sum  ming the moments regardless of which side of the section is selected if c  lock  wise b  ending moments are taken as negative then a negative b  ending moment within an element will cause sag  ging and a positive moment will cause ho  gging it is therefore clear that a point of zero b  ending moment within a beam is a point of contr  af  l  ex  ure — that is the point of transition from ho  gging to sag  ging or vice versa moments and tor  ques are measured as a force multiplied by a distance so they have as unit newton metres n · m or pound foot or foot pound ft · lb the concept of b  ending moment is very important in engineering particularly in civil and mechanical engineering and physics
bene  di  kt syndrome also called bene  di  kt s syndrome or parame  dian mid  brain syndrome is a rare type of poster  ior circulation stroke of the brain with a range of neuro  logical symptoms affecting the mid  brain cere  bell  um and other related structures
benign cephal  ic his  ti  oc  y  to  sis also known as his  ti  oc  y  to  sis with in  trac  y  top  las  mic worm like bodies and not to be confused with ne  on  atal cephal  ic pu  st  ul  osis is a rare cu  taneous condition affecting boys and girls equally characterized by skin le  sions that initially present on the head in all cases often the cheeks eye  li  ds fore  head and ears
benign famili  al inf  anti  le epi  le  psy b  fi  e also known as benign famili  al inf  anti  le seizures b  f  is or benign famili  al inf  anti  le con  vul  sions b  fic is an epi  le  psy syndrome affected children who have no other health or developmental problems develop seizures during infancy these seizures have focal origin within the brain but may then spread to become generalised seizures the seizures may occur several times a day often grouped in clusters over one to three days followed by a gap of one to three months treatment with anti  con  vul  sant drugs is not necessary but they are often prescribed and are effective at controlling the seizures this form of epi  le  psy resol  ves after one or two years and appears to be completely benign the eeg of these children between seizures is normal the brain appears normal on m  ri scan a family history of epi  le  psy in infancy distinguishes this syndrome from the non famili  al classification see benign inf  anti  le epi  le  psy though the latter may be simply spor  adic cases of the same genetic mutations the condition is inherited with an auto  som  al dominant transmission there are several genes responsible for this syndrome on chro  mo  som  es 2 16 and 19 it is generally described as idi  opathic meaning that no other neuro  logical condition is associated with it or causes it however there are some forms that are linked to neuro  logical conditions one variant known as inf  anti  le con  vul  sions and cho  re  o  athe  to  sis ic  ca forms an association between b  fi  e and par  oxy  sm  al k  ine  si  genic cho  re  o  athe  to  sis and has been linked to the pr  rt 2 gene on chro  mo  some 16 an association with some forms of famili  al hem  ip  leg  ic migr  aine f  hm has also been found benign famili  al inf  anti  le epi  le  psy is not genetically related to benign famili  al ne  on  atal epi  le  psy b  f  ne which occurs in ne  on  ates however a variation with seizure onset between two days and seven months called benign famili  al ne  on  atal – inf  anti  le seizures b  f  nis has been described which is due to a mutation in the s  cn 2 a gene
benign famili  al ne  on  atal seizures b  f  ns formerly called benign famili  al ne  on  atal con  vul  sions b  f  nc is a rare auto  som  al dominant inherited form of seizures it manifests in new  bor  ns normally within the first 7 days of life as tonic cl  onic seizures infants are otherwise normal between attacks and develop without incident attacks normally spontaneously cease within the first 15 weeks of life lifetime suscep  tibility to seizures is increased as 16 of those diagnosed with b  f  ne earlier in life will go on to have seizures versus a 2 lifetime risk for the general population there are three known genetic causes of b  f  ne two being the voltage gated potassium channels k  cn  q 2 b  f  nc 1 and k  cn  q 3 b  f  nc 2 and the third being a chro  mo  som  al in  version b  f  nc 3 there is no obvious correlation between most of the known mutations and clinical vari  ability seen in b  f  ne
benign fasc  ic  ulation syndrome b  fs is a neuro  logical disorder characterized by fasc  ic  ulation tw  it  ching of various voluntary muscles in the body the tw  it  ching can occur in any voluntary muscle group but is most common in the eye  li  ds arms legs and feet even the tongue may be affected the tw  it  ching may be occasional or may go on nearly continuously usually intentional movement of the involved muscle causes the fasc  icul  ations to cease immediately but they may return once the muscle is at rest again
benign fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  as also known as der  mal d  end  ro  cy  tom  a der  mato  fi  bro  ma fi  bro  us der  mato  fi  bro  ma fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  a fi  bro  ma simpl  ex no  d  ular su  be  pid  er  mal fi  bro  sis and s  cl  ero  sing hem  an  gi  oma are benign skin grow  ths
benign hereditary cho  rea b  hc also known as benign famili  al cho  rea is a rare auto  som  al dominant neuro  genetic syndrome it typically presents in childhood with isolated cho  rea unlike other neuro  genetic causes of cho  rea such as hun  t  ington s disease b  hc is not progressive and not associated with cognitive decline or psychiatric problems in the vast majority of cases b  hc is caused by a single nucle  o  tide insertion mutation in tit  f 1 which en  codes thyro  id trans  cription factor 1 tt  f 1 this gene is also known as nk 2 home  o  box 1 n  k  x 2 1 in some cases additional developmental ab  norm  alities of lung and thyro  id tissue are found in b  hc leading to the suggested alternative name brain lung thyro  id syndrome
benign hyper  tension or benign essential hyper  tension are historical terms that are considered misleading and have fallen out of use see history of hyper  tension the terminology persists in the international classification of disease ic  d 9 which dates from the 1970 s but is still used in the usa ic  d 9 is due to be replaced in usa by ic  d 10 cm on october 1 2015
benign inf  anti  le epi  le  psy bie also known as benign inf  anti  le seizures bis is an epi  le  psy syndrome of which several forms have been described the international league against epi  le  psy il  ae classify two main forms of the syndrome famili  al and non  famili  al though several other forms have been described in the academic literature affected children who have no other health or developmental problems develop seizures during infancy these seizures have focal origin within the brain but may then spread to become generalised seizures the seizures may occur several times a day often grouped in clusters over one to three days followed by a gap of one to three months treatment with anti  con  vul  sant drugs is not necessary but they are often prescribed and are effective at controlling the seizures this form of epi  le  psy resol  ves after one or two years and appears to be completely benign the eeg of these children between seizures is normal the brain appears normal on m  ri scan the famili  al and non  famili  al forms have overlapping features and the presence of a family history of inf  anti  le seizures may be the only distinguishing criterion the non  familiar form has a larger range of the onset of seizures from three to twenty months with most occurring between five and six months there is no difference between the sexes with benign famili  al inf  anti  le epi  le  psy the seizures onset from four to eight months of age some cases of non  famili  al benign inf  anti  le seizures occur during a case of mild gastro  enter  i  tis called benign inf  anti  le seizures associated with mild gastro  enter  i  tis bis with mg the seizures only occur during this illness and no not recur infection with ro  ta  virus is the most common cause although children with benign inf  anti  le epi  le  psy typically have a normal eeg between seizures some infants have been found to have a characteristic abnormal eeg during sleep called benign inf  anti  le focal epi  le  psy with mid  line spi  kes and waves during sleep these infants have few seizures and there may often be a family history
benign lymp  ho  epi  the  li  al le  sion is a type of benign enlargement of the par  o  ti  d and or lac  ri  mal g  lands this patho  logic state is sometimes but not always associated with sjö  gre  n s syndrome
a benign mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us also known as a ban  al nev  us common acquired mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us mole ne  voc  ell  ular nev  us and ne  vo  cy  tic nev  us is a cu  taneous condition characterised by well circum  scri  bed round or o  void le  sions generally measuring from 2 to 6 mm in diameter
benign ne  on  atal hem  an  gi  om  at  osis is a cu  taneous condition in infants characterized by multiple cu  taneous le  sions without evident vis  cer  al hem  an  gi  om  as
benign ne  on  atal sleep my  o  cl  onus bn  sm is the occurrence of my  o  cl  onus jer  ky movements during sleep it is not associated with seizures occurs in the first few weeks of life usually resol  ves in first 2 – 3 months of life often worries parents because they appear like seizures but they are not features that can help distinguish this condition from seizures include the my  o  cl  onic movements only occur during sleep when baby is w  oken up the my  o  cl  onic movements stop normal eeg normal neuro  logical examination normal developmental examination the my  o  cl  onic jer  ks occur during non rem sleep
benign par  oxy  sm  al posi  tional ver  ti  go b  pp  v is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear symptoms are repeated brief periods of ver  ti  go with movement that is of a spinning sensation caused by changes in the position of the head this can occur with turning in bed or changing position each episode of ver  ti  go typically lasts less than one minute naus  ea is commonly associated b  pp  v is one of the most common causes of ver  ti  go b  pp  v can result from a head injury or simply occur among those who are older a specific cause is often not found the underlying mechanism involves a small calci  fied o  to  li  th moving around loose in the inner ear it is a type of balance disorder along with labyrin  thi  tis and mé  ni  ère s disease diagnosis is typically made when the di  x hall  pi  ke maneuver results in ny  stag  mus a specific movement pattern of the eyes and other possible causes have been ruled out in typical cases medical imaging is not needed b  pp  v is often treated with a number of simple movements such as the ep  ley maneuver or brand  t dar  off exercises medications may be used to help with naus  ea there is tentative evidence that be  ta  hist  ine may help with the ver  ti  go but its use is not generally needed b  pp  v is not a serious condition typically it resol  ves in one to two weeks it however may recur in some people the first medical description of the condition occurred in 19  21 by robert bar  any about 2 4 of people are affected at some point in time among those who live until their 80 s 10 have been affected b  b  p  v affects females twice as often as males onset is typically in the person s 50 s to 70 s
benign par  oxy  sm  al tor  ti  coll  is b  pt is a rare medical disorder affecting infants
benign par  oxy  sm  al ver  ti  go of childhood is an un  common disorder which presents with recurrent episodes of di  zz  iness the presentation is usually between the ages of 2 years and 7 years of age and is characterised by short episodes of ver  ti  go of sudden onset when the child appears distressed and un  well he or she may cling to something or someone for support the episode lasts only minutes and resol  ves suddenly and completely it is a self limiting condition and usually resol  ves after about eighteen months although many go on to experience migr  ain  ous ver  ti  go or ver  ti  gin  ous migr  aine when older benign par  oxy  sm  al ver  ti  go of childhood is a migr  ain  ous phenomenon with more than 50 of those affected having a family history of migr  aine affecting a first degree relative it has no relationship to benign par  oxy  sm  al posi  tional ver  ti  go which is a different condition entirely
benign pro  static hyper  pl  asia b  ph also called benign enlargement of the pro  state be  p or b  pe is a non  can  cer  ous increase in size of the pro  state b  ph involves hyper  pl  asia of pro  static st  rom  al and epi  the  li  al cells resulting in the formation of large fairly dis  crete no  d  ules in the transition zone of the pro  state when sufficiently large the no  d  ules imp  inge on the u  re  th  ra and increase resistance to flow of urine from the blad  der this is commonly referred to as obstruction although the u  re  th  ral lum  en is no less patent only compressed resistance to urine flow requires the blad  der to work harder during vo  i  ding possibly leading to progressive hyper  tro  phy instability or weakness at  ony of the blad  der muscle b  ph involves hyper  pl  asia an increase in the number of cells rather than hyper  tro  phy a growth in the size of individual cells but the two terms are often used inter  change  ably even among u  ro  logists although pro  state specific antigen levels may be elevated in these patients because of increased organ volume and infl  amm  ation due to ur  inary tract infections b  ph does not lead to cancer or increase the risk of cancer aden  om  at  ous pro  static growth is believed to begin at approximately age 30 an estimated 50 of men have his  to  logic evidence of b  ph by age 50 and 75 by age 80 in 40 – 50 of these men b  ph becomes clin  ically significant b  ph was one of the ten most prominent and costly diseases in men older than 50 years of age in a study in the united states
benign sym  metric li  po  mat  osis also known as benign sym  metric li  po  mat  osis of laun  ois – b  ens  au  de mad  el  ung s disease multiple sym  metric li  po  mat  osis and cephal  o  thor  ac  ic li  po  dy  stro  phy is a cu  taneous condition characterized by extensive sym  metric fat deposits in the head neck and shoulder gir  dle area the german surgeon otto wil  helm mad  el  ung was the first to give a detailed description of the disorder this condition is very rare with an estimated incidence rate of 1 in 25 000 and affects males up to 30 times more frequently than females the cause of the disease remains unknown but there is a strong correlation with alcohol abuse ab  stin  ence from alcohol prevents disease progression defects in the adren  er  gic stimulated li  pol  ysis and accumulation of embry  ological brown fat has also been reported cosmetic dis  figu  rement due to the fat de  position in the cer  vi  co  thor  ac  ic region results in a pseu  do  athle  tic appearance this resembles the italian statue warrior of ca  pe  str  ano and car  v  ings of queen of pun  t egypt traditionally the treatment is mainly surgical consisting of the removal of the li  po  mas although recent study has proposed li  po  suc  tion and phosp  h  ati  dyl  ch  oline injection as possible alternatives
a benign tumor is a mass of cells tumor that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or me  tast  asi  ze these characteristics are required for a tumor to be defined as can  cer  ous and therefore benign tumors are non can  cer  ous also benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate than m  align  ant tumors and the tumor cells are usually more differentiated cells have normal features benign tumors are typically surrounded by an outer surface fi  bro  us she  ath of connec  tive tissue or remain with the epi  the  lium common examples of benign tumors include mol  es and uter  ine fi  bro  ids although benign tumors will not me  tast  asi  ze or locally invade tissues some types may still produce negative health effects the growth of benign tumors produces a mass effect that can com  press tissues and may cause nerve damage reduction of blood to an area of the body is  cha  emia tissue death necro  sis and organ damage the mass effect of tumors are more prominent if the tumor is within an enclosed space such as the cran  ium respiratory tract sin  us or inside bones tumors of endocrine tissues may over  produce certain hormones especially when the cells are well differentiated examples include thyro  id aden  om  as and ad  re  no  cor  tical aden  om  as although most benign tumors are not life threatening many types of benign tumors have the potential to become can  cer  ous m  align  ant through a process known as tum  our progression for this reason and other possible negative health effects some benign tumors are removed by surgery
benjamin syndrome or benjamin an  emia is a type of multiple con  genital anomaly mental retar  dation mc  a mr syndrome it is characterized by hypo  ch  rom  ic an  emia with mental deficiency and various cran  io  facial and other anomalies it can also include heart mur  m  ur dental car  ies and splen  ic tumors it was first described in the medical literature in 19  11 symptoms include meg  alo  cephal  y external ear de  form  ities dental car  ies micro  me  lia hypo  plastic bone de  form  ities hypo  gon  ad  ism hypo  ch  rom  ic an  emia with occasional tumors and mental retar  dation
ben  nett frac  ture is a frac  ture of the base of the first me  tac  ar  pal bone which extends into the car  po  me  tac  ar  pal c  mc joint this intra artic  ular frac  ture is the most common type of frac  ture of the thumb and is nearly always accompanied by some degree of su  blu  x  ation or frank dis  location of the car  po  me  tac  ar  pal joint
b  ently nevada is a condition monitoring instrum  entation company providing services for sensors systems and monitoring machinery vibration the offer  ings are primarily intended for assessing the mechanical condition of rotating equipment found in machinery intensive industries such as oil and gas production hydrocarbon processing electric power generation pulp paper water and wastewater treatment mining and the like b  ently was a privately held us corporation between 1961 and 2002 during which time it pione  ered the ed  dy current proximity probe a sensor that revolution  ized the measurement of vibration in high speed tur  bom  ach  in  ery by allowing the direct observation of the rotating shaft the company also performed significant research in the field of rot  ord  y  nam  ics furthering knowledge of machinery mal  functions such as shaft cracks and fluid induced inst  abilities its research also helped refine the equations used to describe vibr  atory behavior in rot  ord  y  nam  ic systems the company was acquired by ge energy in february 2002 and continues to design manufacture and market these products and services using the b  ently nevada name
the benz  il  ic acid re  arrangement is the re  arrangement reaction of benz  il with potassium hydrox  ide to benz  il  ic acid first performed by just  us lie  big in 18  38 this reaction type is displayed by 1 2 di  ke  tones in general the reaction product is an α hydro  xy – car  box  yl  ic acid scheme 1 benz  il  ic acid re  arrangement certain ac  y  lo  ins also re  arrange in this fashion this di  ke  tone reaction is related to other re  arrangements the corresponding ke  to alde  hyde one al  ky  l group replaced by hydrogen re  arrang  es in a cann  iz  zar  o reaction the corresponding 1 2 di  ol reacts in a pin  a  col re  arrangement
benzo  di  az  ep  ine dependence or benzo  di  az  ep  ine addiction is when one has developed one or more of either tolerance withdrawal symptoms drug seeking behaviors such as continued use despite harmful effects and mal  adap  tive pattern of substance use according to the dsm iv in the case of benzo  di  az  ep  ine dependence however the continued use seems to be associated with the avoidance of unpleasant withdrawal reaction rather than from the pleas  urable effects of the drug benzo  di  az  ep  ine dependence develops with long term use even at low therapeutic doses without the described dependence behavior addiction or what is sometimes referred to as psychological dependence includes people mis  using or cr  aving the drug not to relieve withdrawal symptoms but to experience its euph  or  ic or in  tox  ic  ating effects it is important to distinguish between addiction and drug abuse of benzo  di  az  ep  ines and normal physical dependence on benzo  di  az  ep  ines the increased gab  aa inhi  bi  tion caused by benzo  di  az  ep  ines is counter  acted by the body s development of tolerance to the drug s effects the development of tolerance occurs as a result of neuro  adaptations which result in decreased gab  a inhi  bi  tion and increased exc  itability of the glu  tam  ate system these adaptations occur as a result of the body trying to overcome the central nervous system depres  sant effects of the drug to restore home  ost  asis when benzo  di  az  ep  ines are stopped these neuro  adaptations are un  masked leading to hyper exc  itability of the nervous system and the appearance of withdrawal symptoms therapeutic dose dependence is the largest category of people dependent on benzo  di  az  ep  ines these individuals typically do not escalate their doses to high levels or abuse their medication smaller groups include patients escalating their do  sage to higher levels and drug mis  users as well it is unclear exactly how many people illic  itly abuse benzo  di  az  ep  ines tolerance develops within days or weeks to the anti  con  vul  sant hypno  tic muscle relax  ant and after 4 months there is little evidence that benzo  di  az  ep  ines retain their anxi  ol  y  tic properties some authors however disagree and feel that benzo  di  az  ep  ines retain their anxi  ol  y  tic properties long term benzo  di  az  ep  ine treatment may remain necessary in certain clinical conditions dependence and misuse of benzo  di  az  ep  ines have been of concern since 2002 based on findings in the us from the treatment episode data set te  ds an annual compilation of patient characteristics in substance abuse treatment facilities in the united states ad  missions due to primary tranqu  ili  zer including but not limited to benzo  di  az  ep  ine type drug use increased 79 from 1992 to 2002 thus the dawn and te  ds data sets demonstrate clearly that the misuse of these sed  ative hypno  tics is on the rise and cause for concern numbers of benzo  di  az  ep  ine prescriptions have been declining due primarily to concerns of dependence in the short term benzo  di  az  ep  ines can be effective drugs for acute anxiety or in  som  nia with longer term use other therapies both pharmaco  logical and psycho  therapeutic become more effective this is in part due to the greater effectiveness over time of other forms of therapy and also due to the eventual development of pharmaco  logical benzo  di  az  ep  ine tolerance
benzo  di  az  ep  ine over  dose describes the ing  estion of one of the drugs in the benzo  di  az  ep  ine class in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced death as a result of taking an excessive dose of benzo  di  az  ep  ines alone is un  common versus combined drug in  tox  ication but does occasionally happen deaths after hospital admission are considered to be low however combinations of high doses of benzo  di  az  ep  ines with alcohol bar  bit  ur  ates op  io  ids or tric  ycl  ic anti  depres  s  ants are particularly dangerous and may lead to severe complications such as coma or death the most common symptoms of over  dose include central nervous system cns depression and in  tox  ication with impaired balance at  ax  ia and sl  ur  red speech severe symptoms include coma and respiratory depression supportive care is the main  stay of treatment of benzo  di  az  ep  ine over  dose there is an antidote flu  ma  zen  il but its use is controversial as benzo  di  az  ep  ines are one of the most highly prescribed classes of drugs they are commonly used in self poisoning by drug over  dose the various benzo  di  az  ep  ines differ in their toxicity since they produce varying levels of se  dation in over  dose a 1993 british study of deaths during the 1980 s found fl  ur  az  ep  am and tem  az  ep  am more frequently involved in drug related deaths causing more deaths per million prescriptions than other benzo  di  az  ep  ines fl  ur  az  ep  am now rarely prescribed in the united kingdom and australia had the highest fatal toxicity index of any benzo  di  az  ep  ine 15 0 followed by tem  az  ep  am 11 9 versus benzo  di  az  ep  ines overall 5 9 taken with or without alcohol an australian 1995 study found ox  az  ep  am less toxic and less sed  ative and tem  az  ep  am more toxic and more sed  ative than most benzo  di  az  ep  ines in over  dose an australian study 2004 of over  dose ad  missions between 1987 and 2002 found al  pr  az  ol  am which happens to be the most prescribed benzo  di  az  ep  ine in the u s by a large margin to be more toxic than di  az  ep  am and other benzo  di  az  ep  ines they also cited a review of the annual reports of the american association of poison control centers national data collection system which showed al  pr  az  ol  am was involved in 34 fatal deliberate self pois  on  ings over 10 years 1992 – 2001 compared with 30 fatal deliberate self pois  on  ings involving di  az  ep  am in a new zealand study 2003 of 200 deaths z  op  ic  lone a benzo  di  az  ep  ine recep  tor agon  ist had similar over  dose potential as benzo  di  az  ep  ines
benzo  di  az  ep  ine use disorder also called misuse or abuse is the use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines without a prescription often for recreational purposes which poses risks of dependence withdrawal and other long term effects benzo  di  az  ep  ines are one of the more common prescription drugs used recre  ationally when used recre  ationally benzo  di  az  ep  ines are usually administered orally but sometimes they are taken in  tran  as  ally or intra  ven  ously recreational use produces effects similar to alcohol in  tox  ication in tests in pent  ob  ar  b  ital trained r  hes  us monkeys benzo  di  az  ep  ines produced effects similar to bar  bit  ur  ates in a 1991 study tri  az  ol  am had the highest self administration rate in cocaine trained b  abo  ons among the five benzo  di  az  ep  ines examined al  pr  az  ol  am bro  ma  z  ep  am chlor  di  az  epo  x  ide lor  az  ep  am tri  az  ol  am a 1985 study found that tri  az  ol  am and tem  az  ep  am maintained higher rates of self injection than a variety of other benzo  di  az  ep  ines a 1991 study indicated that di  az  ep  am in particular had a greater abuse liability among people who were drug ab  users than did many of the other benzo  di  az  ep  ines some of the available data also suggested that lor  az  ep  am and al  pr  az  ol  am are more di  az  ep  am like in having relatively high abuse liability while ox  az  ep  am hal  az  ep  am and possibly chlor  di  az  epo  x  ide are relatively low in this regard a 1991 – 1993 british study found that the hypno  tics fl  ur  az  ep  am and tem  az  ep  am were more toxic than average benzo  di  az  ep  ines in over  dose a 1995 study found that tem  az  ep  am is more rapidly absorbed and ox  az  ep  am is more slowly absorbed than most other benzo  di  az  ep  ines benzo  di  az  ep  ines have been abused both orally and intra  ven  ously different benzo  di  az  ep  ines have different abuse potential the more rapid the increase in the plasma level following ing  estion the greater the in  tox  ic  ating effect and the more open to abuse the drug becomes the speed of onset of action of a particular benzo  di  az  ep  ine cor  relates well with the ‘ popularity ’ of that drug for abuse the two most common reasons for preference were that a benzo  di  az  ep  ine was ‘ strong ’ and that it gave a good ‘ high ’ according to dr chris ford former clinical director of substance misuse management in general practice among drugs of abuse benzo  di  az  ep  ines are often seen as the bad guys by drug and alcohol workers illicit users of benzo  di  az  ep  ines have been found to take higher meth  ad  one doses as well as showing more hiv h  c  v risk taking behaviour greater poly drug use higher levels of psychop  ath  ology and social dysfunction however there is only limited research into the adverse effects of benzo  di  az  ep  ines in drug mis  users and further research is needed to demonstrate whether this is the result of cause or effect
benzo  di  az  ep  ine withdrawal syndrome — often abbreviated to ben  zo withdrawal — is the cluster of symptoms that emerge when a person who has taken benzo  di  az  ep  ines either medic  ally or recre  ationally and has developed a physical dependence under  goes do  sage reduction or dis  continuation development of physical dependence and or addiction and the resulting withdrawal symptoms some of which may last for years may result from either drug seeking behaviors or from taking the medication as prescribed benzo  di  az  ep  ine withdrawal is characterized by sleep disturbance irrit  ability increased tension and anxiety panic attacks hand trem  or swe  ating difficulty with concentration confusion and cognitive difficulty memory problems dry ret  ching and naus  ea weight loss pal  p  itations headache muscular pain and sti  ff  ness a host of percep  tual changes halluc  inations seizures psycho  sis and suicide see signs and symptoms section below for full list further these symptoms are notable for the manner in which they wax and w  ane and vary in severity from day to day or week by week instead of steadily decreasing in a straightforward mono  tonic manner it is a potentially serious condition and is complex and often protracted in time course long term use defined as daily use for at least three months is not desirable because of the associated increased risk of dependence dose escalation loss of efficacy increased risk of accidents and falls particularly for the elderly as well as cognitive neuro  logical and intellectual impair  ments use of short acting hypno  tics while being effective at initiating sleep worsen the second half of sleep due to withdrawal effects nevertheless long term users of benzo  di  az  ep  ines should not be forced to withdraw against their will benzo  di  az  ep  ine withdrawal can be severe and can provoke life threatening withdrawal symptoms such as seizures particularly with abrupt or overly rapid do  sage reduction from high doses or long time users a severe withdrawal response can nevertheless occur despite gradual dose reduction or from relatively low doses in short time users even after a single large dose in animal models a minority of individuals will experience a protracted withdrawal syndrome whose symptoms may persist at a sub acute level for months or years after cessation of benzo  di  az  ep  ines the likelihood of developing a protracted withdrawal syndrome can be minimized by a slow gradual reduction in do  sage chronic exposure to benzo  di  az  ep  ines causes ne  ural adaptations that counteract the drug s effects leading to tolerance and dependence despite taking a constant therapeutic dose long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines may lead to the emergence of withdrawal like symptoms particularly between doses when the drug is discontinued or the do  sage reduced withdrawal symptoms may appear and remain until the body rever  ses the physiological adaptations these rebound symptoms may be identical to the symptoms for which the drug was initially taken or may be part of dis  continuation symptoms in severe cases the withdrawal reaction may exacerbate or resemble serious psychiatric and medical conditions such as mania schizophrenia and especially at high doses seizure disorders failure to recognize dis  continuation symptoms can lead to false evidence for the need to take benzo  di  az  ep  ines which in turn leads to withdrawal failure and reinstatement of benzo  di  az  ep  ines often to higher doses awareness of the withdrawal reactions individu  alized tap  er strategies according to withdrawal severity the addition of alternative strategies such as reassurance and referral to benzo  di  az  ep  ine withdrawal support groups all increase the success rate of withdrawal
the benzo  in condens  ation is a reaction often called a condens  ation reaction for historical reasons between two aromatic alde  hy  des particularly benz  alde  hyde the reaction is cataly  zed by a nucle  ophi  le such as the cyanide an  ion or an n heter  oc  ycl  ic car  bene the reaction product is an aromatic ac  y  lo  in with benzo  in as the parent compound an early version of the reaction was developed in 18  32 by just  us von lie  big and friedrich wo  e  hler during their research on bitter al  mond oil the catalytic version of the reaction was developed by nikol  ay zin  in in the late 18  30 s and the reaction mechanism for this organic reaction was proposed in 19  03 by a j lap  worth
benz  yl  pen  ic  ill  in inn aan ban also known as pen  ic  ill  in g us  an is a narrow spectrum pen  ic  ill  in antibiotic that is given intra  ven  ously or intr  amus  cul  arly as a treatment for sy  phil  is men  ing  i  tis endo  cardi  tis pneumonia lung abs  c  esses and sep  tic  aemia in children pen  ic  ill  in g is typically given by injection paren  ter  ally bypassing the intest  ines because it is unstable in the highly ac  id  ic stomach because the drug is given paren  ter  ally higher tissue concentrations of pen  ic  ill  in g can be achieved than is possible with phen  oxy  meth  yl  pen  ic  ill  in these higher concentrations translate to increased anti  bacterial activity it is on the world health organization s list of essential medicines a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system
ber  don syndrome also called meg  ac  y  stis micro  col  on intest  inal hypo  per  ist  al  sis syndrome m  mi  h syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive fatal genetic disorder affecting new  bor  ns in a 2011 study of 227 children with the syndrome the oldest survivor was 24 years old the ann ar  bor news reported a five year old survivor at the end of 2015 it is more prevalent in females 7 females to 3 males and is characterized by con  sti  p  ation and ur  inary retention micro  col  on giant blad  der meg  ac  y  stis intest  inal hypo  per  ist  alis hydro  ne  ph  ro  sis and dil  ated small bo  wel the pathological findings consist of an abundance of gang  lion cells in both dil  ated and narrow areas of the intest  ine it is a famili  al disturbance of unknown ae  ti  ology walter ber  don et al in 1976 first described the condition in five female infants two of whom were sisters all had marked di  lat  ation of the blad  der and some had hydro  ne  ph  ro  sis and the external appearance of pr  une belly the infants also had micro  col  on and dil  ated small intest  ines
the ber  gman cy  cli  zation or ber  gman reaction or ber  gman cyclo  aromati  zation is an organic reaction and more specifically a re  arrangement reaction taking place when an en  edi  y  ne is heated in presence of a suitable hydrogen donor scheme 1 it is the most famous and well studied member of the general class of cyclo  aromati  zation reactions it is named for the american chem  ist robert george ber  gman b 19  42 the reaction product is a derivative of benzene scheme 1 ber  gman cy  cli  zation the reaction proceeds by a thermal reaction or pyro  lysis above 200 ° c forming a short lived and very reactive para ben  zy  ne bir  ad  ical species it will react with any hydrogen donor such as 1 4 cyclo  hex  adi  ene which conver  ts to benzene when qu  en  ched by tetr  ach  lor  omethane the reaction product is a 1 4 dic  hlor  ob  enz  ene and with meth  an  ol the reaction product is ben  zy  l alcohol when the en  y  ne mo  i  ety is incorporated into a 10 memb  ered hydrocarbon ring e g cyclo  dec  a 3 ene 1 5 di  y  ne in scheme 2 the reaction taking advantage of increased ring strain in the re  ac  tant is possible at the much lower temperature of 37 ° c scheme 2 ber  gman reaction of cyclo  dec  a 3 ene 1 5 di  y  ne naturally occurring compounds such as cal  iche  am  ic  in contain the same 10 memb  ered ring and are found to be cy  to  toxic these compounds generate the di  radical intermediate described above which can cause single and double stranded dna cuts there are novel drugs which attempt to make use of this property including mono  cl  onal antibodies such as my  lo  tar  g a bir  ad  ical mechanism is also proposed for the formation of certain biom  ol  ec  ules found in marine spor  oli  des that have a chlor  ob  enz  ene unit as part of their structure in this mechanism a hali  de salt provides the halo  gen a model reaction with the en  edi  y  ene cyclo  dec  a 1 5 di  yn 3 ene lith  ium bromide as halo  gen source and acetic acid as hydrogen source in d  m  so at 37 ° c supports the theory ber  gman cy  cli  zation with capture by lith  ium bromide the reaction is found to be first order in en  edi  y  ne with the formation of p ben  zy  ne a as the rate limiting step the hali  de ion then don  ates its two electron  s in the formation of a new br c bond and radical electr  on involved is believed to shuttle over a transi  ent c 1 c 4 bond forming the an  ion intermediate b the an  ion is a powerful base stripping prot  ons even from d  m  so to final product the di  bromide or di  hydrogen product tetr  al  in never form as reported in nature chemistry scientists from ibm research and ci  qu  s at the university of santiago de com  post  ela demonstrated a reversible ber  gman cycl  isation for the first time using an atomic force micro  scope when learning about the demonstration ber  gman commented when we first reported this reaction i had no idea that it would be bio  logically relevant or that the reaction could someday be vis  u  alized at the molecular level
berg  mann gli  osis is hyper  pl  asia of berg  mann glia in the cere  bell  um due to pur  k  inj  e cell death as may occur in a hypo  x  ic is  chem  ic insult or per  it  u  moral compression
ber  iber  i refers to a cluster of symptoms caused primarily by thi  amine vitamin b 1 deficiency ber  iber  i has conventi  onally been divided into three separate entities relating to the body system mainly involved peripheral nervous system or cardiovascular or age of person like inf  anti  le ber  iber  i is one of several thi  amine deficiency related conditions which may occur con  currently including wer  nic  ke s encephalopathy mainly affecting the central nervous system kor  sak  off s syndrome amnesia with additional psychiatric manifestations and wer  nic  ke kor  sak  off syndrome with both neuro  logic and psychiatric symptoms historically ber  iber  i has been common in regions where what is vari  ously referred to as polis  hed or white rice forms a major part of the diet which has its hus  k removed to extend its shelf life and pal  at  ability but has the side effect of removing the primary source of thi  amine it was not known until the end of the 19 th century that polis  hing rice was associated with ber  iber  i
ber  k – tab  at  z  nik syndrome is a condition with an unknown cause that shows symptoms of short stature con  genital op  tic atro  phy and br  ach  y  telep  hal  an  gy this condition is extremely rare with only two cases being found
berlin s e  dem  a commo  tio re  tin  ae is a common condition caused by blunt injury to the eye it is characterized by decreased vision in the injured eye a few hours after the injury under examination the re  tina appears opaque and white in colour in the periphery but the blood vessels are normally seen this whit  ening is indicative of cell damage which occurs in the re  tin  al pig  ment epi  the  lium and outer segment layer of photo  recep  tors damage to the outer segment often results in photo  recep  tor death through uncertain mechanisms usually there is no leakage of fluid and therefore it is not considered a true e  dem  a the chor  o  idal fluores  cence in fluorescent an  gi  o  graphy is absent visual acu  ity ranges from 20 20 to 20 400 the prog  no  sis is excellent except in case of complications of chor  o  idal rupture hemorrha  ge or pig  ment epi  the  li  al damage but damage to the mac  ula will result in poorer recovery the outcome can be worsened in the case of re  tin  al det  achment atro  phy or hyper  pl  asia visual field defects can occur in late cases cy  sto  id mac  ular e  dem  a sometimes develops which can further lead to mac  ular destruction commo  tio re  tin  ae is usually self limiting and there is no treatment as such it usually resol  ves in 3 4 weeks without any complications and sequ  el  ae
bernard – sou  lier syndrome b  ss also called hemorrha  gi  par  ous thro  m  bo  cy  tic dy  stro  phy is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive co  ag  ul  opathy bleeding disorder that causes a deficiency of gly  co  protein ib g  pi  b the recep  tor for von wil  le  brand fac  tor  the incidence of b  ss is estimated to be less than 1 case per million persons based on cases reported from europe north america and japan b  ss is a giant plat  elet disorder meaning that it is characterized by abnormally large plat  el  ets
the bern  th  sen ac  ri  dine synthesis is the chemical reaction of a di  ar  yl  amine heated with a car  box  yl  ic acid or acid an  hy  dri  de and zinc chloride to form a 9 substituted ac  ri  dine the bern  th  sen ac  ri  dine synthesis using zinc chloride one must heat the reaction to 200 270 ° c for 24 h  rs the use of poly  phosphor  ic acid will give ac  ri  dine products at a lower temperature but also with decreased yields
ber  ser  k ll  ama syndrome or ber  ser  k male syndrome as it is more pronounced in males is a psychological condition suffered by human raised ll  am  as and alp  ac  as that can cause them to exhibit dangerously aggressive behavior toward humans the term has been over  used however and is sometimes in  appropriately applied to ll  am  as with aggressive personalities that are not truly ber  ser  k the condition is a result of the ll  ama im  printing on its human hand  lers to such a degree that it considers them to be fellow ll  am  as im  printing can be caused by bottle feeding and by isolation from other ll  am  as adult male inter ll  ama interaction can be rough including chest ram  ming and biting and they are strongly territorial male ll  am  as suffering from this condition become dangerous when this behavior is directed toward humans and they usually have to be eu  th  anis  ed female ll  am  as can also suffer from ber  ser  k ll  ama syndrome but their behavior is usually limited to sp  itting and difficult handling ber  ser  k ll  ama syndrome can be prevented in males through castr  ation before pu  ber  ty
the ber  th allocation problem also known as the ber  th scheduling problem is a n  p complete problem in operations research regarding the allocation of ber  th space for vessels in container terminals vessels arrive over time and the terminal operator needs to assign them to ber  ths to be served loading and unloading containers as soon as possible different factors affect the ber  th and time assignment of each vessel among models found in the literature there are four most frequently observed cases 1 a dis  crete vs continuous ber  thing space 2 b static vs dynamic vessel arrivals 3 c static vs dynamic vessel handling times and 4 d variable vessel arrivals in the dis  crete problem the qu  ay is viewed as a finite set of ber  ths in the continuous problem vessels can ber  th anywhere along the qu  ay and the majority of research deals with the former case in the static arrival problem all vessels are already at the port whereas in the dynamic only a portion of the vessels to be scheduled are present the majority of the published research in ber  th scheduling considers the latter case in the static handling time problem vessel handling times are considered as input whereas in the dynamic they are decision variables finally in the last case the vessel arrival times are considered as variables and are optimi  zed technical restrictions such as ber  thing draft and inter vessel and end ber  th clearance distance are further assumptions that have been adopted in some of the studies dealing with the ber  th allocation problem bringing the problem formulation closer to real world conditions introducing technical restrictions to existing ber  th allocation models is rather straightforward and it may increase the complexity of the problem but simplify the use of me  ta  he  ur  is  tics decrease in the feasible space some of the most notable objectives addressed in the literature are 1 minim  ization of vessel total service times waiting and handling times 2 minim  ization of early and delayed departures 3 optimi  zation of vessel arrival times 4 optimi  zation of emissions and fuel consumption problems have been formulated as single and multi objective as well as single and bi level
ber  ti  elli  asis is the infection of ber  ti  ella a c  est  ode ta  pe  worm parasite that primarily inf  ects non  human pri  mates ro  dents and australian mar  sup  ials occasionally human infections have been documented by one of two species ber  ti  ella stu  der  i or ber  ti  ella m  uc  ron  ata these infections present with symptoms similar to most ta  pe  worm cases and are frequently mis  diagnosed ber  ti  ella transmission is through ori  b  ati  d mit  es that are present in the soil of problem areas and can be easily prevented by avoiding contact with non  human pri  mates ro  dents and soil in these areas
the ber  tr  and paradox is a problem within the classical interpretation of probability theory joseph ber  tr  and introduced it in his work cal  cu  l des prob  abil  ités 18  89 as an example to show that prob  abilities may not be well defined if the mechanism or method that produces the random variable is not clearly defined
ber  yl  li  osis or chronic ber  yl  lium disease c  b  d is a chronic allergic type lung response and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to ber  yl  lium and its compounds a form of ber  yl  lium poisoning it is distinct from acute ber  yl  lium poisoning which became rare following occupational exposure limits established around 1950 ber  yl  li  osis is an occupational lung disease the condition is incur  able but symptoms can be treated
ber  yl  lium gran  ul  om  as is a skin condition caused by gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation of the skin which may follow accident lac  eration usually in the occupational setting
β hy  dri  de elimination is a reaction in which an al  ky  l group bon  ded to a metal centre is converted into the corresponding metal bon  ded hy  dri  de and an al  k  ene the al  ky  l must have hydro  gens on the β carbon for instance bu  ty  l groups can undergo this reaction but methyl groups cannot the metal complex must have an empty or vacant site cis to the al  ky  l group for this reaction to occur the β hy  dri  de elimination can either be a vital step in a reaction or an unproductive side reaction the shell higher ole  fin process relies on β hy  dri  de elimination to produce α ole  fins which are used to produce detergents illustr  ative of a sometimes undesirable β hy  dri  de elimination β hy  dri  de elimination in zi  eg  ler – n  att  a poly  mer  ization results in pol  ym  ers of decreased molecular weight in the case of nickel and p  all  adi  um cataly  zed cou  pl  ings of ar  yl hali  des with al  ky  l gri  gn  ard reagents the β hy  dri  de elimination can lower the yield the production of bran  ched pol  ym  ers from ethylene relies on chain walking a key step of which is β hy  dri  de elimination in some cases β hy  dri  de elimination is the first in a series of steps for instance in the synthesis of ru  h  cl co pp  h 3 3 from ruth  en  ium tric  hl  oride tri  phen  yl  phosp  h  ine and 2 meth  ox  ye  than  ol an intermediate al  ko  x  ide complex under  goes a β hy  dri  de elimination to form the hy  dri  de lig  and and the pi bon  ded alde  hyde which then is later converted into the carbon  yl carbon monoxide lig  and
beta ke  to  thi  ol  ase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder in which the body cannot properly process the amino acid iso  le  uc  ine or the products of lip  id breakdown the typical age of onset for this disorder is between 6 months and 24 months
beta man  no  sid  osis also called ly  so  som  al beta man  no  sid  ase deficiency is a disorder of oligo  sac  ch  ari  de metabol  ism caused by decreased activity of the enzyme beta man  no  sid  ase this enzyme is coded for by the gene man  ba located at 4 q 22 25 beta man  no  sid  osis is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner affected individuals appear normal at birth and can have a variable clinical presentation inf  anti  le onset forms show severe neuro  de  generation while some children have intellectual disability hearing loss and an  gi  ok  er  atom  as are common features of the disease however because it is so rare the full phen  o  type associated with the disease is not fully understood beta man  no  sid  osis was identified as a neuro  degenerative disorder in goats in 1981 five years before the first case was described in a human patient the initial patient described in 1986 had a complex phen  o  type and was later found to have both beta man  no  sid  osis and san  fili  pp  o syndrome patients have been described with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations from infants and children with intellectual disability to adults who present with isolated skin findings an  gi  ok  er  atom  as most cases are identified in the first year of life with respiratory infections hearing loss and intellectual disability affected patients with beta man  no  sid  osis differ from those affected with other ly  so  som  al storage disorders in the absence of co  arse fac  ies organ  om  eg  al  y and dy  so  sto  sis multi  pl  ex because of its r  arity and non specific clinical findings beta man  no  sid  osis can go un  diagnosed until adul  thood where it can present with intellectual disability and behavioral problems including aggression a diagnosis of beta man  no  sid  osis is suspected based on the patients clinical presentation urine testing to identify abnormal oligo  sac  ch  ari  des is a useful screening test and enz  ym  atic analysis or molecular testing can be used for confirmation currently there is no treatment for individuals affected with beta man  no  sid  osis
beta dispersion is the phenomenon associated with the ability of a biological cell memb  rane to filter out low frequency currents and allow high frequency currents to pass through it was originally hypothe  sized by ru  dol  f hö  ber in 19  10
beta sc  is  sion is an important reaction in the chemistry of thermal cracking of hydrocarbons and the formation of free radicals free radicals are formed upon splitting the carbon carbon bond free radicals are extremely reactive and short lived when a free radical in a poly  mer chain under  goes a beta sc  is  sion the free radical breaks two carbons away from the charged carbon producing an ole  fin ethylene and a primary free radical which has two fewer carbon atoms in organic synthesis beta sc  is  sion can be used to direct multi  step radical transformations for example beta sc  is  sion of a weak c s bond was used to favor one of two equi  libr  ating radicals in metal free conversion of phen  ols to aromatic esters and acids via c o transposition
beta thal  ass  emi  as β thal  ass  emi  as are a group of inherited blood disorders they are forms of thal  ass  emia caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the beta chains of h  emo  glob  in that result in variable outcomes ranging from severe an  emia to clin  ically as  ymp  tomatic individuals global annual incidence is estimated at 1 in 100 000 beta thal  ass  emi  as are caused by mutations in the h  bb gene on chro  mo  some 11 inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive fashion the severity of the disease depends on the nature of the mutation h  bb block  age over time leads to decreased beta chain synthesis the body s inability to construct new beta chains leads to the under  production of h  ba reductions in h  ba available overall to fill the red blood cells in turn leads to micro  cy  tic an  emia micro  cy  tic an  emia ultimately develops in respect to inadequate h  bb for sufficient red blood cell functioning due to this factor the patient may require blood trans  fu  sions to make up for the block  age in the beta chains repeated blood trans  fu  sions can lead to build up of iron overload ultimately resulting in iron toxicity this iron toxicity can cause various problems including my  o  cardi  al sid  er  osis and heart failure leading to the patient ’ s death
beth  lem my  opathy is an auto  som  al dominant my  opathy classified as a con  genital form of muscular dy  stro  phy that is caused by a mutation in one of the three genes coding for type vi coll  agen these include col 6 a 1 col 6 a 2 and col 6 a 3
the bet  ti reaction is a chemical addition reaction of alde  hy  des primary aromatic am  ines and phen  ols producing α amin  ob  enz  yl  phen  ols overview of the bet  ti reaction the bet  ti reaction is a special case of the mann  ich reaction
bet  we  en  ness is an algori  th  mic problem in order theory about ordering a collection of items subject to constraints that some items must be placed between others it has applications in bio  inform  atics but was shown to be n  p complete by
a be  zo  ar ˈ  bi  ː  z  ɔ  ə  r is a mass found trapped in the gastro  intest  inal system though it can occur in other locations a pseu  do  be  zo  ar is an indi  g  esti  ble object introduced intentionally into the dig  estive system there are several varieties of be  zo  ar some of which have in  organic constituents and others organic the term has both a modern medical scientific and a traditional usage
bez  old s abs  c  ess is an abs  c  ess in the ster  no  cle  id  om  ast  o  id muscle where p  us from a ma  sto  idi  tis escapes into the ster  no  cle  id  om  ast  o  id it is a rare complic  ation of acute o  ti  tis media
b  has  kar – j  ag  ann  athan syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder and there is a limited amount of information related to it similar or related medical conditions are ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia con  genital cat  ar  acts cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia and delayed developmental milestones
bi curious is a phenomenon in which people of a heter  osex  ual or homosexual identity who while showing some curiosity for a relationship or sexual activity with a person of the sex they do not favor distinguish themselves from the bis  ex  ual label the term is sometimes used to describe a broad continu  um of sexual orientation between heter  osex  uality and bis  ex  uality such continu  ums include mostly heter  osex  ual or mostly homosexual but these can be self identified without identifying as bis  ex  ual the terms hetero  flexible and homo  flexible are also applied to bi curiosity though some authors distinguish hetero  flexibility as lacking the wish to experiment with sexuality implied by the bi curious label the term bi curious implies that the individual has either no or limited homosexual experience in the case of heter  osex  ual individuals or no or limited heter  osex  ual experience in the case of homosexual people but may continue to self identify as bi curious if they do not feel they have adequately explored these feelings or if they do not wish to identify as bis  ex  ual
in statistics the bias or bias function of an esti  mat  or is the difference between this esti  mat  or s expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated an esti  mat  or or decision rule with zero bias is called un  biased otherwise the esti  mat  or is said to be biased in statistics bias is an objective statement about a function and while not a desired property it is not pe  jor  ative unlike the ordinary english use of the term bias bias can also be measured with respect to the median rather than the mean expected value in which case one distinguishes median un  biased from the usual mean un  bi  as  ed  ness property bias is related to consistency in that consistent esti  mat  ors are conver  gent and as  ymp  to  tically un  biased hence converge to the correct value though individual esti  mat  ors in a consistent sequence may be biased so long as the bias conver  ges to zero see bias versus consistency all else equal an un  biased esti  mat  or is preferable to a biased esti  mat  or but in practice all else is not equal and biased esti  mat  ors are frequently used generally with small bias when a biased esti  mat  or is used the bias is also estimated a biased esti  mat  or may be used for various reasons because an un  biased esti  mat  or does not exist without further assumptions about a population or is difficult to compu  te as in un  biased estimation of standard deviation because an esti  mat  or is median un  biased but not mean un  biased or the reverse because a biased esti  mat  or reduces some loss function particularly mean squ  ared error compared with un  biased esti  mat  ors notably in shr  ink  age esti  mat  ors or because in some cases being un  biased is too strong a condition and the only un  biased esti  mat  ors are not useful further mean un  bi  as  ed  ness is not preserved under non linear transformations though median un  bi  as  ed  ness is see for example the sample variance is an un  biased esti  mat  or for the population variance but its square root the sample standard deviation is a biased esti  mat  or for the population standard deviation these are all illustrated below
in statistics and machine learning the bias – variance trad  e  off or dilemma is the problem of simultaneously minim  izing two sources of error that prevent supervised learning algori  th  ms from gener  alizing beyond their training set the bias is error from erroneous assumptions in the learning algori  thm high bias can cause an algori  thm to miss the relevant relations between features and target outputs under  fitting the variance is error from sensitivity to small fluctuations in the training set high variance can cause over  fitting model  ing the random noise in the training data rather than the intended outputs the bias – variance de  composition is a way of analy  zing a learning algori  thm s expected gener  alization error with respect to a particular problem as a sum of three terms the bias variance and a quantity called the irre  du  ci  ble error resulting from noise in the problem itself this trad  e  off applies to all forms of supervised learning classification regression function fitting and structured output learning it has also been invoked to explain the effectiveness of he  ur  is  tics in human learning
b  icip  ital ten  o  sy  no  vi  tis is tend  initi  s or infl  amm  ation of the tend  on and she  ath lining of the bic  eps muscle it is often the result of many years of small tears or other degenerative changes in the tend  on first manifest  ing in middle age but can be due to a sudden injury calci  fication of the tend  on and o  ste  op  hy  tes bone sp  urs in the inter  tubercul  ar gro  ove can be apparent on x rays the condition which can also occur in dogs is commonly treated with physical therapy and cor  tis  one and or surgery
bick  er  staff s en  ce  ph  ali  tis is a rare infl  am  matory disorder of the central nervous system first described by ed  win bick  er  staff in 1951 it may also affect the peripheral nervous system and has features in common with both miller fisher syndrome and guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome
a bic  or  nu  ate uter  us or bic  or  nate uter  us from the latin corn  ū meaning horn commonly referred to as a heart shaped uter  us is a uter  us composed of two horns separated by a sep  tum in humans a bic  or  nu  ate uter  us is a type of uter  ine mal  formation but in some other mammalian species including ro  dents and pigs it is normal
bic  ul  tural identity is the condition of being oneself regarding the combination of two cultures the term can also be defined as bic  ul  tur  alism which is the presence of two different cultures in the same country or region as a general term culture involves the behaviors and belief characteristics of a particular social ethnic or age group within culture we have cultural effects which are the shared behaviors and customs we learn from the institutions around us an example of a cultural effect would be how an individual ’ s personality is strongly influenced by the biological and social norms he is exposed to another cultural effect would be that in some societies it would be more acceptable to dress or act in a certain way in regards to bic  ul  tural identity an individual may face conflict assimil  ating into both cultures or finding a balance between both an individual may face challenges assimil  ating into the whole collective culture similarly an individual may face difficulty balancing their identity within themselves due to the influence of both of their cultures bic  ul  tural identity also may have positive effects on the individual in terms of the additional knowledge they acquire from belonging to more than one culture furthermore with the growing number of racial minorities in american society individuals that identify with more than one culture may have more linguistic ability
a bic  us  pid a  or  tic valve b  av is a disease usually con  genital in nature of the a  or  tic valve in which two of the a  or  tic val  vul  ar leaf  lets fuse during development resulting in a valve that is bic  us  pid instead of the normal tric  us  pid configuration normally the mit  ral valve bic  us  pid valve is the only cardiac valve that is bic  us  pid and this is situated between the left atri  um and left ven  tric  le cardiac valves play a crucial role in ensuring the uni  direc  tional flow of blood from the atri  um to the ven  tric  les or from the ven  tric  le to the a  or  ta or pul  mon  ary trunk
bi  direc  tional tex  ture function b  tf is a 6 dimensional function depending on plan  ar tex  ture coordinates x y as well as on view and illumin  ation spher  ical angles in practice this function is obtained as a set of several thousand color images of material sample taken during different camera and light positions the b  tf is a representation of the appearance of tex  ture as a function of viewing and illumin  ation direction it is an image based representation since the geometry of the surface is unknown and not measured b  tf is typically captured by imaging the surface at a sampling of the hemisphere of possible viewing and illumin  ation directions b  tf measurements are collections of images the term b  tf was first introduced in and similar terms have since been introduced including bs  sr  df and s  br  df spatial br  df s  br  df has a very similar definition to b  tf i e b  tf is also a spati  ally varying br  df to cope with a massive b  tf data with high redundancy many compression methods were proposed application of the b  tf is in photo  realistic material rendering of objects in virtual reality systems and for visual scene analysis e g recognition of complex real world materials using bi  direc  tional feature his  to  grams or 3 d text  ons biomedical and biometric applications of the b  tf include recognition of skin tex  ture
the bid – offer spread also bid – ask bid ask buy sell buy – sell in the case of a market maker is the difference between the prices quoted either by a single market maker or in a limit order book for an immediate sale bid and an immediate purchase offer for securities stocks futures contracts options or currency pairs the size of the bid offer spread in a security is one measure of the liquidity of the market and of the size of the transaction cost if the spread is 0 then it is a fric  tion  less asset
the bi  ef  eld – brown effect is an electrical effect that produces an ion  ic wind that transfers its momentum to surrounding neutral particles the effect was named by invent  or thomas town  send brown who claimed that he did a series of experiments with professor of astro  no  my paul alfred bi  ef  eld a former teacher of brown who brown claimed was his mentor and co experim  enter at den  ison university in ohio the phenomenon was also given the name electro  gr  avi  tics by brown based on his belief this was an electricity gravity phenomenon the effect is more widely referred to as electro  hydro  dynamics e  hd or sometimes electro fluid dynamics a counterpart to the well known magne  to  hydro  dynamics extensive research was performed during the 1950 s and 1960 s on the use of this electric propulsion effect during the publicized era of the united states gravity control propulsion research 1955 – 1974 there is renewed focus on the bi  e  field – brown effect with the spread in interest in high voltage powered experimental flying devices known as ion  o  craft or lif  ters
bi  en  f  ang s test is a clinical test used in the diagnosis of oc  ular my  asth  enia grav  is it is used in conjunction with other examination techniques such as co  gan ’ s lid tw  itch test or enhancement of ble  phar  op  to  sis from prolonged upward gaze it is a simple quick and non invasive test for oc  ular my  asth  enia grav  is that can be performed not only by oph  thal  mo  logists or neuro  logists but also by other physicians evaluating patients with pto  sis di  pl  op  ia or other symptoms of my  asth  enia grav  is
bi  er spots are small light mac  ules usually found on the arms and legs of young adults in which the intervening skin may seem er  them  at  ous but blan  ches with pressure so that these light mac  ules disappear this is a benign physi  o  logic vascular anomaly of no significance clin  ically
bi  et  ti s cryst  alline dy  stro  phy b  cd also called bi  et  ti cryst  alline cor  ne  ore  tin  al dy  stro  phy is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive eye disease named after dr g b bi  et  ti b  cd is a rare disease and appears to be more common in people with asian ance  stry
bi  fasc  icular block is a conduc  tion ab  normality in the heart where two of the three main fasc  ic  les of the his pur  k  inj  e system are blocked most commonly it refers to a combination of right bundle branch block r  b  bb and either left an  terior fasc  icular block laf  b or left poster  ior fasc  icular block l  p  f  b with the former being more common some authors consider left bundle branch block l  b  bb to be a technical bi  fasc  icular block since the block occurs above the bi  fur  c  ation of the left an  terior and left poster  ior fasc  ic  les of the left bundle branch
a bi  fid penis or double penis is a rare con  genital defect where two genital tuber  cles develop historically males born with a bi  fid penis often underwent sex reas  sign  ment surgery due to the difficulty of pen  ile reconstruction they were raised as girls and often had re  constructive surgery to make them phen  o  typically female coupled with female hormone replacement therapy however in recent years this practice has fallen under heavy scrutiny due to both a high frequency of sexual dysfunction in gender converted children and more advanced pen  ile reconstruction techniques many male mar  sup  ials naturally have a bi  fid penis with left and right pron  gs that they insert into multiple vag  inal can  als simultaneously
a bi  fid ri  b bi  fur  c  ated ri  b or ster  num bi  fi  dum is a con  genital ab  normality of the ri  b cage and associated muscles and nerves which occurs in about 1 2 of humans bi  fid ribs occur in up to 8 4 of sam  o  ans the ster  nal end of the ri  b is cle  a  ved into two it is usually unilateral bi  fid ribs are usually as  ymp  tomatic and are often discovered incidentally by chest x ray effects of this neuro  sk  el  etal anomaly can include respiratory difficulties neuro  logical difficulties limitations and limited energy from the stress of needing to compensate for the neuro  physiological difficulties another association is with od  on  to  genic ker  at  oc  y  sts ok  c aka ker  at  oc  ys  tic od  on  to  genic tumor who terminology of the jaw which may behave aggressively and have a high propensity to recur when treated with simple en  uc  le  ation and cu  re  tt  age when seen together the patient is likely to have ne  void bas  al cell carcin  oma syndrome aka gor  lin gol  tz syndrome and should be evaluated with this in mind
bi  fur  c  ation is a judge s ability in law to divide a trial into two parts so as to render a judgment on a set of legal issues without looking at all aspects frequently civil cases are bi  fur  c  ated into separate liability and damages proceedings criminal trials are also often bi  fur  c  ated into guilt and sentencing phases especially in capital cases in divorce cases some states allow bi  fur  c  ation that permits a divorce case to be fin  alized with certain aspects such as property to be dealt with after dissolution some states permit bi  fur  c  ation some do not allow it and some state statutes do not address the issue in arbitration bi  fur  c  ation can be used to get past certain issues that might otherwise stall negotiations concluding certain points that are agreed upon while working on a solution to whatever problem initiated the need for bi  fur  c  ation
bi  gem  inal pulse is a medical condition easily confused with pul  sus altern  ans similar features between bi  gem  inal pulse and pul  sus altern  ans are strong peak and weak peak however unlike pul  sus altern  ans the weak beat in bi  gem  inal pulse occurs prematurely early thus not followed a pause as it is in pul  sus altern  ans but occurs close to normal strong beat
the bi  gin  elli reaction is a multiple component chemical reaction that creates 3 4 di  hydro  py  ri  mid  in 2 1 h ones 4 from ethyl ace  to  acetate 1 an ar  yl alde  hyde such as benz  alde  hyde 2 and urea 3 it is named for the italian chem  ist pietro bi  gin  elli the bi  gin  elli reaction this reaction was developed by pietro bi  gin  elli in 18  91 the reaction can be cataly  zed by br  ø  n  sted acids and or by lewis acids such as copper ii tri  fluoro  acetate hydrate and bor  on tri  flu  oride several solid phase protocols utili  zing different lin  ker combinations have been published di  hydro  py  ri  mid  in  ones the products of the bi  gin  elli reaction are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as calcium channel bloc  kers anti  hyper  ten  sive agents and alpha 1 a antagon  ists
in the mathematical theory of functions of one or more complex variables and also in complex al  ge  bra  ic geometry a bi  holo  morph  ism or bi  holo  morph  ic function is a bi  jec  tive holo  morph  ic function whose in  verse is also holo  morph  ic
in mathematics a bi  jec  tion bi  jec  tive function or one to one correspondence is a function between the elements of two sets where each element of one set is p  aired with exactly one element of the other set and each element of the other set is p  aired with exactly one element of the first set there are no un  p  aired elements in mathematical terms a bi  jec  tive function f x → y is a one to one injec  tive and onto sur  jec  tive mapping of a set x to a set y a bi  jec  tion from the set x to the set y has an in  verse function from y to x if x and y are finite sets then the existence of a bi  jec  tion means they have the same number of elements for infinite sets the picture is more complicated leading to the concept of cardinal number a way to distinguish the various sizes of infinite sets a bi  jec  tive function from a set to itself is also called a per  mutation bi  jec  tive functions are essential to many areas of mathematics including the definitions of isom  orph  ism home  om  orph  ism diff  e  om  orph  ism per  mutation group and projec  tive map
bilateral fron  top  ari  etal poly  micro  gy  ria b  f  pp is a genetic disorder with auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance that causes a cor  tical mal  formation our brain has fol  ds in the cor  tex to increase surface area called gy  ri and patients with poly  micro  gy  ri have an increase number of fol  ds and smaller fol  ds than usual poly  micro  gy  ria is defined as a cere  br  al mal  formation of cor  tical development in which the normal gy  ral pattern of the surface of the brain is replaced by an excessive number of small f  used gy  ri separated by shallow sul  ci and abnormal cor  tical lam  ination from ongoing research mutation in g  pr 56 a member of the adhe  sion g protein coupled recep  tor g  p  cr family results in b  f  pp these mutations are located in different regions of the protein without any evidence of a relationship between the position of the mutation and phen  o  typ  ic severity it is also found that g  pr 56 plays a role in cor  tical patter  ing
bilateral hil  ar lymp  had  en  opathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymp  h no  des of pul  mon  ary hil  a it is a radio  graphic term that describes the enlargement of medi  ast  inal lymp  h no  des and is most commonly identified by a chest x ray
bile acid mal  absorption known also as bile acid diarr  hea is a cause of several gut related problems the main one being chronic diarr  hea it has also been called bile acid induced diarr  hea ch  oler  he  ic or chol  ere  tic enter  opathy and bile salt mal  absorption it can result from mal  absorption secondary to gastro  intest  inal disease or be a primary disorder associated with excessive bile acid production treatment with bile acid sequestr  ants is often effective
bi  li  ary at  re  sia also known as extra  he  p  atic duc  top  enia progressive obliter  ative chol  an  gi  opathy or ko  tb disease is a childhood disease of the liver in which one or more bile duc  ts are abnormally narrow blocked or absent it can be con  genital or acquired as a birth defect in new  born infants it has an incidence of one in 10 000 – 15 000 live births in the united states and a prevalence of one in 16 700 in the british is  les bi  li  ary at  re  sia is most common in east asia with a frequency of one in 5 000 the causes of bi  li  ary at  re  sia are not well understood con  genital bi  li  ary at  re  sia has been associated with certain genes while acquired bi  li  ary at  re  sia is thought to be a result of an auto  immune infl  am  matory response possibly due to a viral infection of the liver soon after birth the only effective treatments are sur  ger  ies such as the kas  ai procedure and liver transplantation
bi  li  ary col  ic also known as a gall  blad  der attack is when pain occurs due to a gall  stone temporarily blocking the bile duc  t typically the pain is in the right upper part of the ab  dom  en and it can radi  ate to the shoulder pain usually lasts from one to a few hours often it occurs after eating a heavy meal or during the night repeated attacks are common gall  stone formation occurs from the precip  itation of cryst  als that aggregate to form stones the most common form is cho  le  sterol gall  stones other forms include calcium bi  li  rubin pig  ment and mixed gall  stones other conditions that produce similar symptoms include append  ic  i  tis stomach ul  cers pan  cre  ati  tis and gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease treatment for gall  blad  der attacks is typically surgery to remove the gall  blad  der this can be either done through several small incis  ions or through a single larger inc  ision surgery is typically done under general an  esthesia in those who are unable to have surgery medication to try to dissolve the stones or shock wave lith  o  tri  psy may be tried in the developed world 10 15 of adults have gall  stones of those with gall  stones bi  li  ary col  ic occurs in 1 4 each year nearly 30 of people have further problems related to gall  stones in the year following an attack about 15 of people with bi  li  ary col  ic eventually develop infl  amm  ation of the gall  blad  der if not treated other complications include infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as
bi  li  ary dy  sk  ine  sia is a disorder of some component of bi  li  ary part of the dig  estive system in which bile physically can not move normally in the proper direction through the tu  bul  ar bi  li  ary tract it most commonly involves abnormal bi  li  ary tract per  ist  al  sis muscular coordination within the gall  blad  der in response to dietary stimulation of that organ to squir  t the liquid bile through the common bile duc  t into the du  o  den  um ineffective per  ist  al  tic contraction of that structure produces post  pr  an  dial after meals right upper ab  domin  al pain chol  ec  y  st  od  y  nia and almost no other problem when the dy  sk  ine  sia is loc  alized at the bi  li  ary outlet into the du  o  den  um just as increased ton  us of that outlet sp  h  inc  ter of od  di the backed up bile can cause pan  cre  atic injury with ab  domin  al pain more toward the upper left side in general bi  li  ary dy  sk  ine  sia is the disturbance in the coordination of per  ist  al  tic contraction of the bi  li  ary duc  ts and or reduction in the speed of emp  tying of the bi  li  ary tree into the du  o  den  um normally the downstream gall  blad  der stores and concentrates the bile which originates in liver he  pat  oc  y  te cells and is released into the micro  scopic component of the bi  li  ary system by the liver through aggreg  ating tu  bul  es of increasing diameter the bile leaves the liver and reaches the upstream proxim  al component of the common bile duc  t apparently the common bile duc  t beyond dis  tal to the gall  blad  der tends to normally have a greater tone so that the bile backs up into the gall  blad  der when bile enters the du  o  den  um the first part of the small intest  ine it aids in dig  est  ing the fat within food leaving the stomach when the bile can not be properly propelled from the not mechanically obstructed gall  blad  der or can not flow out of the end of the common bile duc  t properly there is a state of bi  li  ary dy  sk  ine  sia so bi  li  ary dy  sk  ine  sia is a dynam  ically functional not fixed mechanical obstruc  tive pain producing disorder obstruction by a stone or tumor is a static mechanical obstruction and tends to produce a more intense pain known as bi  li  ary col  ic failure of the bi  li  ary sp  h  inc  ter of od  di can be distinguished from failure of the pan  cre  atic sp  h  inc  ter
bi  li  ary fever is an illness of the liver affecting horses dogs and cats this is currently the most common infectious disease of dogs in southern africa it is also known as tick bite fever or bo  slu  is  ko  ors in af  ri  ka  ans it is caused by a tiny parasite bab  e  sia can  is which is introduced into the body by a tick bite this parasite then enters and destroys red blood cells bi  li  ary in dogs has a lot in common with malaria in man except that in the latter a mosquito is the vector
a bi  li  ary f  ist  ula is a type of f  ist  ula in which bile flows along an abnormal connection from the bile duc  ts into nearby hollow structure types of bi  li  ary f  ist  ula include bi  li  o  enter  ic f  ist  ula abnormal connection to small bo  wel usually du  o  den  um thor  a  co  bi  li  ary f  ist  ula abnormal connection to ple  ural space or bron  ch  us rare these may be contr  asted to a bile leak in which bile escapes the bile duc  ts through a per  for  ation or faulty surgical anast  om  osis into the ab  domin  al cav  ity damage to a bile duc  t may result in a leak which may eventually become a bi  li  ary f  ist  ula
bi  li  ary injury bile duc  t injury is the traumatic damage of the bile duc  ts it is most commonly an i  atro  genic complic  ation of chol  ec  y  stec  tomy — surgical removal of g  all blad  der but can also be caused by other operations or by major trauma the risk of bi  li  ary injury is more during l  apar  o  scopic chol  ec  y  stec  tomy than during open chol  ec  y  stec  tomy bi  li  ary injury may lead to several complications and may even cause death if not diagnosed in time and managed properly ideally bi  li  ary injury should be managed at a center with facilities and expertise in endo  sco  py radi  ology and surgery
bi  li  ary pr  ur  it  us is caused by chronic liver disease with obstruc  tive ja  und  ice characterized by a severe generalized it  chy sensation
bi  li  ary pseu  do  li  thi  asis refers to an unusual complic  ation of ce  f  tri  ax  one where the drug complex  es with calcium and mim  ics gall  stones it is reversed when ce  f  tri  ax  one administration is stopped it was first described in 1988 by scha  ad et al as reversible ce  f  tri  ax  one associated bi  li  ary pseu  do  li  thi  asis
bi  li  ary ref  lux bile ref  lux or du  o  den  o  ga  str  ic ref  lux is a condition that occurs when bile flows upward ref  lux  es from the du  o  den  um into the stomach and es  op  ha  gus bi  li  ary ref  lux can be confused with acid ref  lux also known as gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease ger  d while bile ref  lux involves fluid from the small intest  ine flowing into the stomach and es  op  ha  gus acid ref  lux is back  flow of stomach acid into the es  op  ha  gus these conditions are often related and differentiating between the two can be difficult bile is a dig  estive fluid made by the liver stored in the gall  blad  der and discharged into du  o  den  um after food is ing  ested to aid in the dig  estion of fat normally the p  yl  or  ic sp  h  inc  ter prevents bile from entering the stomach when the p  yl  or  ic sp  h  inc  ter is damaged or fails to work correctly bile can enter the stomach and then be transported into the es  op  ha  gus as in ga  str  ic ref  lux the presence of small amounts of bile in the stomach is relatively common and usually as  ymp  tomatic but excessive ref  lux  ed bile causes irritation and infl  amm  ation
bi  li  ary sludge refers to a vis  co  us mixture of small particles derived from bile these se  di  ments consist of cho  le  sterol cryst  als calcium salts calcium bi  li  ru  bin  ate m  uc  in and other materials
in mathematics a bil  ine  ar map is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space and is linear in each of its arguments matrix multiplication is an example
in mathematics a bil  ine  ar program is a non  linear optimi  zation problem whose objective or constraint functions are bil  ine  ar an example is the pooling problem
bi  li  ous fever was a medical diagnosis often used for any fever that exhi  bited the symptom of naus  ea or v  om  iting in addition to an increase in internal body temperature and strong diarr  hea bi  li  ous means the condition was thought to arise from disorders of bile the two types of which were two of the four hum  ours of traditional gal  en  ic medicine in 200 a d the term is obsolete and no longer used but was used by medical practitioners in the 18 th and 19 th centuries often cited as a cause on death certificates president lincoln s son willie was said to have died from bi  li  ous fever modern diagnoses for the same symptoms would include a wide range of conditions and infections
in medicine bi  li  ru  bin  ur  ia is an ab  normality in which con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin is detected in the urine the term bi  li  ur  ia is very similar but more general it refers to the presence of any bile pig  ment in the urine
the bill in lemon is an effect in which a magician requests a currency note from a spect  ator and makes the note vanish then proceeding to slice a lemon open to show the note inside variations include the coin in orange and more generally something in fruit
in telecommunications bill shock is the negative reaction a subscriber can experience if their phone bill has unexpected charges bill shock can happen when for example a user grossly over  uses data applications without an appropriate data plan or uses a mobile device while roaming whether domestically or internationally without understanding the voice or data roaming charges involved bill shock can gener  ically be used as a term for the surprise an individual receives on any bill that has an amount higher than expected pending to be paid other examples of bill shock have been noted in credit card bills rental bills and utility bills the use of non geographic telephone numbers in the united kingdom has also been a major cause of bill shock poll  ster you  gov found that 49 of mobile users have been surprised to see how much they have been charged for calling non geographic numbers and 90 believe organisations should make the cost of these calls clearer according to of  com uk consumers paid around £ 1 9 billion for calls to non geographic numbers in 2009
bil  let reading or the envelope trick is a ment  alist effect in which a performer pre  tends to use cl  air  voy  ance to read messages on fol  ded papers or inside sealed envelopes it is a widely performed standard of the ment  alist craft since the middle of the 19 th century bil  let is the french term for note or letter referring to the rec  tang  ular shape of the paper
bi  location or sometimes multi  location is an alleged psychic or miraculous ability where  in an individual or object is located or appears to be located in two distinct places at the same time the concept has been used in a wide range of historical and philosophical systems ranging from early greek philosophy to modern religious stories oc  cul  tism and magic
a b  im  alle  ol  ar frac  ture is a frac  ture of the an  kle that involves the lateral mal  le  ol  us and the medi  al mal  le  ol  us studies have shown that b  im  alle  ol  ar fractu  res are more common in women people over 60 years of age and patients with existing com  or  bi  dities
b  inary distribution is the presence of two or more very large and dominant cities in a country
bin  as  al hem  i  an  op  sia or bin  as  al hem  i  an  op  ia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in the inner half of both the right and left visual field it is associated with certain le  sions of the eye and of the central nervous system such as con  genital hydro  cephal  us
binder s syndrome binder syndrome max  illo nas  al dys  pl  asia is a developmental disorder primarily affecting the an  terior part of the max  illa and nas  al complex nose and jaw it is a rare disorder and the causes are unclear hereditary and vitamin d deficiency during embryonic growth have been researched as possible causes the characteristics of the syndrome are typically visible the syndrome involves hypo  pl  asia of variable severity of car  ti  lag  inous nas  al sep  tum and pre  max  illa it includes complete total absence of the an  terior nas  al sp  ine there are also associated anomalies of muscle inser  tions of the upper lip and the nas  al floor and of the cer  vic  al sp  ine affected individuals typically have an unusually flat underdeveloped mid  face mid  facial hypo  pl  asia with an abnormally short nose and flat nas  al bridge they have an underdeveloped upper jaw relatively pro  tru  ding lower jaw with an  terior man  di  bul  ar vertical excess and a class iii sk  el  etal and dental reverse over  jet profile they have a small frontal sin  us and global facial imbalance treatment is encouraged as early as possible with poster  o  an  terior traction on the max  illa and at about age 8 rein  ser  tion of the nas  ol  ab  ial muscles onto the an  terior border of the car  ti  lag  inous system many who have a severe case of the disorder undergo plastic surgery or orth  od  on  tic treatment for cosmetic reasons
binge drinking or heavy ep  is  od  ic drinking is a modern epi  the  t for drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming in  tox  ic  ated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time it is a style of drinking that is popular in several countries worldwide and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups the degree of in  tox  ication however varies between and within various cultures that engage in this practice a binge on alcohol can occur over hours last up to several days or in the event of extended abuse even weeks due to the long term effects of alcohol misuse binge drinking is considered to be a major public health issue binge drinking is associated with a profound social harm economic costs as well as increased disease burden binge drinking is more common in males during adoles  cence and young adul  thood heavy regular binge drinking is associated with adverse effects on neuro  logic cardiac gastro  intest  inal hem  ato  logic immune mus  cul  osk  el  etal organ systems as well as increasing the risk of alcohol induced psychiatric disorders a us based review of the literature found that up to one third of adolescents binge drink with six percent reaching the threshold of having an alcohol related substance use disorder approximately one in 25 women binge drinks during pregnancy which can lead to fe  tal alcohol syndrome and fe  tal alcohol spectrum disorders binge drinking during adoles  cence is associated with traffic accidents and other types of accidents violent behavior as well as suicide the more often a child or adoles  cent binge drinks and the younger they are the more likely that they will develop an alcohol use disorder including alcoholism a large number of adolescents who binge drink also consume other psychotropic substances binge drinking causes brain damage faster and more severely than chronic drinking alcoholism the neuro  toxic insults are due to very large amounts of glu  tam  ate which are released and over stimulate the brain as a binge finishes this results in exc  ito  toxicity a process which damages or kills neurons brain cells each binge drinking episode immediately insults the brain repeat episodes result in accumulating harm the developing adoles  cent brain is thought to be particularly susceptible to the neuro  toxic effects of binge drinking with some evidence of brain damage occurring from drinking more than 10 or 11 drinks once or twice per month
binge eating is a pattern of dis  ordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating it is sometimes a symptom of binge eating disorder or compul  sive over  eating disorder during such b  inges a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food a diagnosis of binge eating is associated with feelings of loss of control
binge eating disorder bed is characterized by binge eating without subsequent pur  ging episodes the disorder was first described in 1959 by psychiatrist and researcher albert stun  k  ard as night eating syndrome nes the term binge eating was coined to describe the same b  inging type eating behavior but without the exclusive no  c  tur  nal component binge eating is one of the most prevalent eating disorders among adults though there tends to be less media coverage and research about the disorder in comparison to an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa and bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa previously considered a topic for further research exploration binge eating disorder was included in the eating disorders section of the dsm 5 in 2013 bed is present in 0 8 of male u s adults and 1 6 of female u s adults in a given year
the b  ing  el reaction in ful  ler  ene chemistry is a ful  ler  ene cyclo  pro  pan  ation reaction to a meth  ano  ful  ler  ene first discovered by c b  ing  el in 1993 with the bro  mo derivative of di  ethyl mal  on  ate in the presence of a base such as sodium hy  dri  de or d  bu the preferred double bonds for this reaction on the ful  ler  ene surface are the shorter bonds at the junc  tions of two hex  ag  ons 6 6 bonds and the driving force is relief of ster  ic strain the reaction is of importance in the field of chemistry because it allows the introduction of useful extensions to the ful  ler  ene sphere these extensions alter their properties for instance solu  bility and electro  chemical behavior and therefore widen the range of potential technical applications
bing – ne  el syndrome b  ns is an extremely rare neuro  logic complic  ation of wal  den  ström macro  glob  ul  in  emia w  m it was first described in 1936 by j  ens bing and axel val  dem  ar ne  el who observed a case of 2 women 56 and 39 years old presenting with rapid neuro  de  generation in the setting of hyper  glob  ul  in  emia it involves central nervous system infiltr  ation by ne  op  l  astic lymp  hop  las  mac  y  to  id and plasma cells with or without cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf hyper  glob  ul  in  emia this increases blood vis  cos  ity which imp  airs its circulation through small brain and eye blood vessels patients with b  ns can be classified into group a and group b based on the presence of these cells within the brain paren  ch  y  ma le  p  tom  en  inges dur  a and or the c  sf symptoms include episodes of confusion sl  ur  red speech headache fatigue at  ax  ia memory problems naus  ea v  om  iting and extre  mity num  b  ness complete blood count electro  ly  tes and liver enzymes are normal in patients with bing – ne  el syndrome diagnosis can include lum  bar punc  ture and magnetic resonance imaging m  ri of the brain and spinal cord treatment involves central nervous system penetr  ating chem  otherapy some significant improvement has been shown in patients as a result of cran  ial radiation treatment preceding a brief course of intra  th  ec  al chem  otherapy in ar  kansas a patient was treated with intra  th  ec  al chem  otherapy with several cycles of systemic chem  otherapy followed by auto  log  ous stem cell supported high dose therapy transplant the patient discontinued all treatment in 2009 and was still as  ymp  tomatic by the time a follow up report was published in 2013
bin  oc  ular dy  sp  h  oria is a hypothe  sized condition where the brain adap  ts to an alternative way of percei  ving depth cu  es 3 d films telev  is  ions virtual reality head  sets and other devices simul  ate the experience of three dimensions through stereo  scopic techniques presenting slightly different images to the left and right eyes through stere  o vision the primary cue for human depth perception the brain interpre  ts the images as being in three dimensions however current technology does not allow the displays to simul  ate the many other cu  es to depth perception so most viewers ignore those cu  es while viewing 3 d displays virtual reality researcher mark pes  ce argues citing research in japan britain and america that there is an adjustment period after watching simul  ated 3 d during which vision is impaired and that over  consumption of 3 d content could lead to increased risk of accidents or even permanent impairment pes  ce says that an un  released product safety study by se  ga led the company to cancel the release of a head mounted display for the se  ga genesis in the mid 1990 s at present there is no peer reviewed evidence of this condition
bin  oc  ular rivalry is a phenomenon of visual perception in which perception alternates between different images presented to each eye when one image is presented to one eye and a very different image is presented to the other also known as dic  hop  tic presentation instead of the two images being seen super  imposed one image is seen for a few moments then the other then the first and so on randomly for as long as one cares to look for example if a set of vertical lines is presented to one eye and a set of horizontal lines to the same region of the re  tina of the other sometimes the vertical lines are seen with no trace of the horizontal lines and sometimes the horizontal lines are seen with no trace of the vertical lines at transitions brief unstable compos  ites of the two images may be seen for example the vertical lines may appear one at a time to obscure the horizontal lines from the left or from the right like a traveling wave switching slowly one image for the other bin  oc  ular rivalry occurs between any stimul  i that differ sufficiently including simple stimul  i like lines of different orientation and complex stimul  i like different alphabe  tic letters or different pictures such as of a face and of a house very small differences between images however might yield sing  len  ess of vision and stere  op  sis bin  oc  ular rivalry has been extensively studied in the last century in recent years neuro  scientists have used neuro  imaging techniques and single cell recording techniques to identify ne  ural events responsible for the percep  tual dominance of a given image and for the percep  tual alter  nations
bin  sw  anger s disease also known as sub  cor  tical leuko  encephalopathy is a form of small vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter white matter atro  phy can be caused by many circumstances including chronic hyper  tension as well as old age this disease is characterized by loss of memory and intellectual function and by changes in mood these changes encompass what are known as executive functions of the brain it usually presents between 54 and 66 years of age and the first symptoms are usually mental deterioration or stroke it was described by otto bin  sw  anger in 18  94 and alo  is alzheimer first used the phrase bin  sw  anger s disease in 19  02 however ol  sze  wski is credited with much of the modern day investigation of this disease which began in 1962
bin  uc  le  ated cells are cells that contain two nucle  i this type of cell is most commonly found in cancer cells and may arise from a variety of causes bin  uc  le  ation can be easily vis  u  alized through stain  ing and micro  sco  py in general bin  uc  le  ation has negative effects on cell viability and subsequent mit  osis they also occur physi  o  logically in he  pat  oc  y  tes ch  on  dro  cy  tes and in fun  gi di  kar  yon
bio  chemical oxygen demand bo  d also called biological oxygen demand is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed i e demanded by aer  ob  ic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period the bo  d value is most commonly expressed in milli  grams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incub  ation at 20 nbsp ° c and is often used as a sur  rogate of the degree of organic pollution of water bo  d can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants it is listed as a conventional pollutant in the u s clean water act bo  d is similar in function to chemical oxygen demand cod in that both measure the amount of organic compounds in water however cod is less specific since it measures everything that can be chemically ox  idi  zed rather than just levels of biodegradable organic matter
bio  concentration is the accumulation of a chemical in or on an organism when the source of chemical is solely water bio  concentration is a term that was created for use in the field of aquatic toxico  logy bio  concentration can also be defined as the process by which a chemical concentration in an aquatic organism exceeds that in water as a result of exposure to a water  borne chemical there are several ways in which to measure and assess bio  accumulation and bio  concentration these include oc  tan  ol water partition coefficients ko  w bio  concentration factors b  cf bio  accumulation factors ba  f and bio  ta se  diment accumulation factor b  sa  f each of these can be calculated using either empirical data or measurements as well as from mathematical models one of these mathematical models is a fu  g  acity based b  cf model developed by don mack  ay bio  concentration factor can also be expressed as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical in an organism to the concentration of the chemical in the surrounding environment the b  cf is a measure of the extent of chemical sharing between an organism and the surrounding environment in surface water the b  cf is the ratio of a chemical s concentration in an organism to the chemical s aqu  eous concentration b  cf is often expressed in units of lit  er per kilogram ratio of mg of chemical per kg of organism to mg of chemical per lit  er of water b  cf can simply be an observed ratio or it can be the prediction of a parti  tioning model a parti  tioning model is based on assumptions that chemicals partition between water and aquatic organisms as well as the idea that chemical equilibrium exists between the organisms and the aquatic environment in which it is found
bio  dilution is the decrease in concentration of an element or pollutant with an increase in troph  ic level this effect is primarily caused by the observed trend that an increase in al  gal biomass will reduce the overall concentration of a pollutant per cell which ultimately contributes to a lower dietary input to graz  ers and higher level aquatic organisms the primary elements and pollutants of concern are heavy metals such as mercury cadmium and lead these toxins have been shown to bio  accumulate up a food web in some cases metals such as mercury can biom  ag  ni  fy this is a major concern since meth  yl  mercury the most toxic mercury species can be found in high concentrations in human consumed fish and other aquatic organisms persistent organic pollutants such as carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and al  k  yl  phen  ols have also shown to bio  dilute in the marine environment numerous studies have linked lower mercury concentrations in zo  op  lan  k  ton found in eu  troph  ic nutrient rich and highly productive as compared to oligo  troph  ic low nutrient aquatic environments nutrient enrichment mainly phosphorus and nitrogen reduce the input of mercury and other heavy metals into aquatic food we  bs through this bio  dilution effect primary producers such as phy  top  lan  k  ton uptake these heavy metals and accumulate them into their cells the higher the population of phy  top  lan  k  ton the less concentrated these pollutants will be in their cells once consumed by primary consumers such as zo  op  lan  k  ton these phy  top  lan  k  ton bound pollutants are incorporated into the consumer ’ s cells higher phy  top  lan  k  ton biomass means a lower concentration of pollutants accumulated by the zo  op  lan  k  ton and so on up the food web this effect causes an overall dilution of the original concentration up the food web that is the concentration of a pollutant will be lower in the zo  op  lan  k  ton than the phy  top  lan  k  ton in a high bloom condition although most bio  dilution studies have been on freshwater environments bio  dilution has been shown to occur in the marine environment as well the north  water pol  yn  ya located in baff  in bay was found to have a negative correlation of cadmium lead and nickel with an increase in troph  ic level cadmium and lead are both non essential metals that will compete for calcium within an organism which is detrimental for organism growth most studies measure bio  accumulation and bio  dilution using the δ 15 n isot  ope of nitrogen the δ 15 n isotop  ic signature is enriched up the food web a predat  or will have a higher δ 15 n as compared to its prey this trend allows the tropic position of an organism to be derived coupled to the concentration of a specific pollutant such as mercury the concentration ver  ses troph  ic position can be accessed while most heavy metals bio  accumulate under certain conditions heavy metals and organic pollutants have the potential to bio  dilute making a higher organism less exposed to the toxin
bi  of  ou  ling or biological fou  ling is the accumulation of micro  organisms plants al  ga  e or animals on we  tted surfaces such accumulation is referred to as epi  bio  sis when the host surface is another organism and the relationship is not par  asi  tic anti  fou  ling is the ability of specifically designed materials and co  at  ings to remove or prevent bi  of  ou  ling by any number of organisms on we  tted surfaces since bi  of  ou  ling can occur almost anywhere water is present bi  of  ou  ling poses risks to a wide variety of objects such as medical devices and memb  ran  es as well as to entire industries such as paper manufacturing food processing underwater construction and des  al  ination plants specifically the buil  dup of bi  of  ou  ling on marine vessels poses a significant problem in some instances the hull structure and propulsion systems can be damaged the accumulation of bi  of  oul  ers on hul  ls can increase both the hydro  dynamic volume of a vessel and the hydro  dynamic friction leading to increased drag of up to 60 the drag increase has been seen to decrease speeds by up to 10 which can require up to a 40 increase in fuel to compensate with fuel typically comprising up to half of marine transport costs anti  fou  ling methods are estimated to save the shipping industry around 60 billion per year increased fuel use due to bi  of  ou  ling contributes to adverse environmental effects and is predicted to increase emissions of carbon dioxide and sul  fur dioxide between 38 and 72 by 2020 a variety of anti  fou  ling methods have historically been implemented to combat bi  of  ou  ling recently scientists have begun researching anti  fou  ling methods inspired by living organisms this type of design imitation is known as biom  im  ic  ry
bio  hydro  metall  ur  gy is a sub  field within hydro  metall  ur  gy which includes aspects of biotechnology
bio  image inform  atics is a sub  field of bio  inform  atics and compu  tational biology it focuses on the use of compu  tational techniques to analyze bio  images especially cellular and molecular images at large scale and high through  put the goal is to obtain useful knowledge out of complicated and heterogeneous image and related metad  ata automated micro  sco  pes are able to collect large amounts of images with minimal intervention this has led to a data explosion which absolutely requires automatic processing additionally and surprisingly for several of these tasks there is evidence that automated systems can perform better than humans in addition automated systems are un  biased unlike human based analysis whose evaluation may even un  consciously be influenced by the desired outcome there has been an increasing focus on developing novel image processing computer vision data mining database and vis  u  alization techniques to extract compare search and manage the biological knowledge in these data intensive problems
biom  ag  ne  tism is the phenomenon of magnetic fields produced by living organisms it is a sub  set of bio  electro  magne  tism in contrast organisms use of magne  tism in navigation is magne  to  ception and the study of the magnetic fields effects on organisms is magne  to  biology the word biom  ag  ne  tism has also been used loosely to include magne  to  biology further encompassing almost any combination of the words magne  tism cosmo  logy and biology such as magne  to  astro  biology the origin of the word biom  ag  ne  tism is unclear but seems to have appeared several hundred years ago linked to the expression animal magne  tism the present scientific definition took form in the 1970 s when an increasing number of researchers began to measure the magnetic fields produced by the human body the first valid measurement was actually made in 1963 but the field of research began to expand only after a low noise technique was developed in 1970 today the community of biom  ag  ne  tic researchers does not have a formal organization but international conferences are held every two years with about 600 att  ende  es most conference activity centers on the meg magne  to  encephal  o  gram the measurement of the magnetic field of the brain
biom  an  ip  ulation is the deliberate alteration of an ecosystem by adding or removing species especially predators
biop  itting is a geo  logic phenomenon that occurs when small pits are created in rock as a result of the bio  erosion induced by different organisms and or micro  organisms for example fun  gi bacteria al  ga  e lic  hens this phenomenon occurs when the organisms grow on or near the surface of rocks
bi  orientation is the phenomenon whereby micro  tu  bul  es emanating from different micro  tu  bu  le organizing centres m  to  cs attach to k  ine  to  cho  res of sister ch  rom  ati  ds this results in the sister ch  rom  ati  ds moving to opposite poles of the cell during cell division and thus results in both daughter cells having the same genetic information k  ine  to  cho  res link the chro  mo  som  es to the mit  otic spin  dle doing so relies on intricate interactions between micro  tu  bul  es and k  ine  to  cho  res it has been shown that in fis  sion ye  ast micro  tu  bu  le attachment can make frequent erroneous attachments early in mit  osis which are then often corrected prior to an  aph  ase onset by a system which uses protein kin  ase to affect k  ine  to  ch  ore micro  tu  bul  es kt  m  ts in the absence of a  stric  tion between sister ch  rom  ati  ds proper bi  orientation allows correct chro  mo  som  al segregation in cell division although this process is not well understood high resolution imaging of live mouse o  oc  y  tes has revealed that chro  mo  som  es form an intermediate chro  mo  som  al configuration called the pro  metaph  ase belt which occurs prior to bi  orientation kit  a  jim  a et al estimate that about 90 of chro  mo  som  es require correction of the k  ine  to  ch  ore micro  tu  bu  le attachments using aur  ora kin  ase prior to obtaining correct bi  orientation this suggests a possible cause for the elevated frequency of abnormal chro  mo  some counts an  eu  plo  id  y in mammals several methods are post  ulated by which chro  mo  som  es bi  orient when they are located far from the pole with which they need to connect one mechanism involves the kin  et  ch  ore meeting micro  tu  bul  es from the dis  tal pole another method described is based on observations that the k  ine  to  ch  ore of one pole oriented chro  mo  some attaches to k  ine  to  ch  ore fi  bers of an already bi  oriented chro  mo  some these two mechanisms possibly work in concert certain chro  mo  som  es may bi  orient via encounters with micro  tu  bul  es from dis  tal poles which is then followed by k  ine  to  ch  ore fi  bers that speed up bi  orientation with already oriented chro  mo  som  es researchers have detached gras  shop  per sper  mat  oc  y  tes from spin  dle fi  bers and moved them away from the metaph  ase plate via mic  roman  ip  ulation several chro  mo  som  es instantly bi  oriented as deduc  ed from the observation that upon re  attachment the chro  mo  som  es moved to the metaph  ase plate without moving to the poles
bio  st  asis is the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them the word is also used as a synon  ym for cry  ost  asis or cry  on  ics it is found in organisms that live in habitats that may encounter unfavourable living conditions e g drought freezing a change in ph pressure or temperature insects undergo di  ap  ause which allows them to survive winter and other events di  ap  ause may be obligatory required for the insect to survive or fac  ul  tative the insect is able to undergo change before the initiating event arrives medical bio  st  asis can be put to use in humans to help repair brain damage depending on where medicine is in the next decade medical bio  st  asis procedures can be performed by trauma surgeons by 2026
bio  t s respir  ation is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of quick shallow inspir  ations followed by regular or irregular periods of ap  ne  a it is named for cam  ille bio  t who characterized it in 18  76
bio  tic stress is stress that occurs as a result of damage done to plants by other living organisms such as bacteria viruses fun  gi parasites beneficial and harmful insects weeds and cultivated or native plants not to be confused with abi  otic stress which is the negative impact of non living factors on the organisms in a specific environment such as sunlight wind sal  inity over watering and drought the types of bio  tic stresses imposed on a plant depend on both geography and climate and on the host plant and its ability to resist particular stresses although there are many kinds of bio  tic stress the majority of plant diseases are caused by fun  gi bio  tic stress remains a broadly defined term and those who study it face many challenges such as the greater difficulty in controlling bio  tic stresses in an experimental context compared to abi  otic stress the damage caused by these various living and non  living agents can appear very similar even with close observation accurate diagnosis can be difficult for example brow  ning of leaves on an oak tree caused by drought stress may appear similar to leaf brow  ning caused by oak wil  t a serious vascular disease or the brow  ning cause by anth  rac  nose a fairly minor leaf disease
bio  tin deficiency is a rare nutritional disorder which can become serious even fatal if allowed to progress untreated it can occur in people of any age ance  stry or gender bio  tin is part of the b vitamin family bio  tin deficiency rarely occurs among healthy people because the daily requirement of bio  tin is low many foods provide adequate amounts of it intest  inal bacteria synthe  size small amounts of it and the body effectively sca  ven  ges and recycl  es it from bodily waste however deficiencies can be caused by consuming raw egg whites over a period of months to years egg whites contain high levels of avi  din a protein that binds bio  tin strongly when cooked avi  din is partially denatured and binding to bio  tin is reduced however one study showed that 30 40 of the avi  din activity was still present in the white after fr  ying or boiling hence excessive cooked egg white consumption could possibly cause bio  tin deficiency genetic disorders such as bio  tin  id  ase deficiency multiple car  box  yl  ase deficiency and holo  car  box  yl  ase synthe  t  ase deficiency can also lead to in  born or late onset forms of bio  tin deficiency in all cases – dietary genetic or otherwise – supplem  entation with bio  tin is the primary method of treatment
bio  tin  id  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder in which bio  tin is not released from proteins in the diet during dig  estion or from normal protein turnover in the cell this situation results in bio  tin deficiency bio  tin also called vitamin b 7 is an important water soluble nutrient that aids in the metabol  ism of fats carbo  hydr  ates and proteins bio  tin deficiency can result in behavioral disorders lack of coordination learning disabilities and seizures bio  tin supplem  entation can alleviate and sometimes totally arrest such symptoms
bi  partite pat  ella also known as pat  ella bi  parti  ta is a condition where the pat  ella or kne  ec  ap is composed of two separate bones instead of f  using together in early childhood the bones of the pat  ella remain separated the condition occurs in approximately 1 – 2 of the population and is nine times more likely to occur in males than females it is often as  ymp  tomatic and most commonly diagnosed as an incidental finding with about 2 of cases becoming symptomatic
a bi  ph  as  ic disease is a disease which has two distinct phases
bipolar ii disorder bp ii pronounced type two bipolar disorder is a bipolar spectrum disorder see also bipolar disorder characterized by at least one episode of hypo  mania and at least one episode of major depression diagnosis for bipolar ii disorder requires that the individual must never have experienced a full man  ic episode unless it was caused by an anti  depres  sant medication otherwise one man  ic episode meets the criteria for bipolar i disorder hypo  mania is a sustained state of elevated or irrit  able mood that is less severe than mania and does not significantly impact quality of life unlike mania hypo  mania is not associated with psycho  sis the hypo  man  ic episodes associated with bipolar ii disorder must last for at least four days commonly depres  sive episodes are more frequent and more intense than hypo  man  ic episodes additionally when compared to bipolar i disorder type ii presents more frequent depres  sive episodes and shorter intervals of well being the course of bipolar ii disorder is more chronic and consists of more frequent cycling than the course of bipolar i disorder finally bipolar ii is associated with a greater risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than bipolar i or uni  polar depression although bipolar ii is commonly perceived to be a mil  der form of type i this is not the case types i and ii present equally severe burdens bipolar ii is difficult to diagnose patients usually seek help when they are in a depressed state because the symptoms of hypo  mania are often mistaken for high functioning behavior or simply attributed to personality patients are typically not aware of their hypo  man  ic symptoms as a result they are unable to provide their doctor with all the information needed for an accurate assessment these individuals are often mis  diagnosed with uni  polar depression of all individuals initially diagnosed with major depres  sive disorder between 40 and 50 will later be diagnosed with either bp i or bp ii substance abuse disorders which have high co morbi  dity with bp ii and periods of mixed depression may also make it more difficult to accurately identify bp ii despite the difficulties it is important that bp ii individuals be correctly assessed so that they can receive the proper treatment anti  depres  sant use in the absence of mood stabilizers is correlated with worsening bp ii symptoms
bipolar i disorder bp i pronounced type one bipolar disorder is a bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by the occurrence of at least one man  ic or mixed episode most patients also at other times have one or more depres  sive episodes and all experience a hypo  man  ic stage before progressing to full mania it is a type of bipolar disorder and conforms to the classic concept of man  ic depres  sive illness which can include psycho  sis during mood episodes the difference with bipolar ii disorder is that the latter requires that the individual must never have experienced a full man  ic or mixed man  ic episode only less severe hypo  man  ic episode s
bipolar disorder formerly man  ic depression is a mental disorder with periods of depression and periods of elevated mood the elevated mood is significant and is known as mania or hypo  mania depending on its severity or whether symptoms of psycho  sis are present during mania an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic happy or irrit  able individuals often make poorly thought out decisions with little regard to the consequences the need for sleep is usually reduced during man  ic phases during periods of depression there may be crying a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others the risk of suicide among those with the illness is high at greater than 6 percent over 20 years while self harm occurs in 30 – 40 percent other mental health issues such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorder are commonly associated the causes are not clearly understood but both environmental and genetic factors play a role many genes of small effect contribute to risk environmental factors include a history of childhood abuse and long term stress it is divided into bipolar i disorder if there is at least one man  ic episode and bipolar ii disorder if there are at least one hypo  man  ic episode and one major depres  sive episode in those with less severe symptoms of a prolonged duration the condition cyclo  th  ym  ic disorder may be present if due to drugs or medical problems it is classified separately other conditions that may present in a similar manner include attention deficit hyper  activity disorder personality disorders schizophrenia and substance use disorder as well as a number of medical conditions medical testing is not required for a diagnosis however blood tests or medical imaging can be done to rule out other problems treatment commonly includes psycho  therapy as well as medications such as mood stabilizers and anti  psycho  tics examples of mood stabilizers that are commonly used include lith  ium and anti  con  vul  s  ants treatment in hospital against a person s consent may be required at times as people may be a risk to themselves or others yet refuse treatment severe behavioral problems may be managed with short term anti  psycho  tics or benzo  di  az  ep  ines in periods of mania it is recommended that anti  depres  s  ants be stopped if anti  depres  s  ants are used for periods of depression they should be used with a mood stabili  zer electro  con  vul  sive therapy ect may be helpful for those who do not respond to other treatments if treatments are stopped it is recommended that this be done slowly many individuals have financial social or work related problems due to the illness these difficulties occur a quarter to a third of the time on average the risk of death from natural causes such as heart disease is twice that of the general population this is due to poor lifestyle choices and the side effects from medications about 3 percent of people in the us are estimated to have bipolar disorder at some point in their life lower rates of around 1 percent are found in other countries the most common age at which symptoms begin is 25 rates appear to be similar in females as males the economic costs of the disorder has been estimated at 45 billion for the united states in 1991 a large proportion of this was related to a higher number of missed work days estimated at 50 per year people with bipolar disorder often face problems with social stigma
bipolar disorder b  d in children or pedi  atric bipolar disorder p  b  d is a condition that affects mood and energy it is characterized by extreme changes in mood that range from depres  sive lows to man  ic high  s it has been a controversial diagnosis with big differences in how commonly it is diagnosed across clinics and countries until the 1990 s bipolar disorder was thought to be rare in children and adolescents there has been a rapid increase in research on the topic but training and clinical practice lag behind identifying b  d in youth is challenging because while adults with b  d often have distinct periods of depression and mania that last for weeks months or longer youth diagnosed with b  d frequently have depres  sive and man  ic symptoms that occur daily and sometimes simultaneously either as rapid shifts or periods of high energy negative mood com  or  bid disorders are common which makes determining what symptoms are signs of b  d and which are due to other disorders e g depression ad  hd disruptive behavior problems crucial both for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment
bipolar disorder not otherwise specified b  d nos is a diagnosis for bipolar disorder b  d when it does not fall within the other established sub types bipolar disorder nos is sometimes referred to as sub  threshold bipolar disorder
bipolar electro  chemistry is a phenomenon in electro  chemistry based on the polarization of conducting objects in electric fields indeed this polarization generates a potential difference between the two extre  mi  ties of the sub  str  ate that is equal to the electric field value multiplied by the size of the object if this potential difference is important enough then re  do  x reactions can be generated at the extre  mi  ties of the object oxid  ations will occur at one extre  mity coupled simultaneously to reductions at the other extre  mity in a simple experimental setup consisting of a plat  inum wire in a weighing boat containing a ph indicator solution a 30 v voltage across two electro  des will cause water reduction at one end of the wire the cath  ode and a ph increase oh − formation and water oxid  ation at the an  od  ic end and a ph decrease the poles of the bipolar electro  de also align themselves with the applied electric field
in mathematics the bir  ch and sw  in  ner  ton dy  er con  jec  ture describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elli  ptic curve it is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical problems the con  jec  ture was chosen as one of the seven millennium prize problems listed by the clay mathematics institute which has offered a 1 000 000 prize for the first correct proof it is named after mathem  ati  ci  ans br  yan bir  ch and peter sw  in  ner  ton dy  er who developed the con  jec  ture during the first half of the 1960 s with the help of machine compu  tation as of 2016 only special cases of the con  jec  ture have been proved the con  jec  ture relates arithmetic data associated to an elli  ptic curve e over a number field k to the behaviour of the has  se – weil l function l e s of e at s 1 more specifically it is con  jec  tured that the rank of the ab  eli  an group e k of points of e is the order of the zero of l e s at s 1 and the first non zero coefficient in the taylor expansion of l e s at s 1 is given by more refined arithmetic data attached to e over k
the bir  ch reduction is an organic reaction which is particularly useful in synthetic organic chemistry the reaction was reported in 1944 by the australian chem  ist arthur bir  ch 1915 – 1995 working in the dys  on per  r  ins laboratory in the university of oxford building on earlier work by woo  ster and god  fre  y in 19  37 it conver  ts aromatic compounds having a ben  zen  o  id ring into a product 1 4 cyclo  hex  adi  en  es in which two hydrogen atoms have been attached on opposite ends of the mol  ecu  le it is the organic reduction of aromatic rings in liquid ammonia with sodium lith  ium or potassium and an alcohol such as ethanol and ter  t bu  tan  ol this reaction is quite unlike catalytic hydro  gen  ation which usually reduces the aromatic ring all the way to a cyclo  hex  ane the original reaction reported by arthur bir  ch in 1944 utilized sodium and ethanol subsequently a l wil  ds noted that better yields result with lith  ium also the use of t bu  ty  l alcohol has become common the reaction is one of the main organic reactions utilized in all types of syn  theses the bir  ch reduction an example is the reduction of nap  h  thal  ene nap  h  thal  ene bir  ch reduction several reviews have been published
bird sk  ys  cr  aper collis  ions are a problem in urban areas several major cities like toronto in canada and new york city in the united states have programs to ab  ate this such as toronto s fatal light awareness program fl  ap and new york city s lights out new york a program of new york city au  du  bon an environmental organization according to fl  ap between one and nine million birds die each year in the city from hitting sk  ys  cr  ap  ers due to mis  taking refl  ective windows for open sky or being drawn to lights at night
bird fallout or migration fallout is the phenomenon resulting from severe weather preventing migratory birds from reaching their destination this can occur while birds are traveling south or returning to their breeding grounds due to the distance travelled birds will not have enough energy to continue flight when encountering high winds this exhaustion results in a large amount of birds resting in one area this may be extremely stressful on the birds as well as the surrounding ecology bird fallout isn ’ t particularly common as it stems from the chance event of severe winds found in incl  ement weather due to the rare occurrence of a migratory fallout as well as the abundance of birds resting in a single location it is a sought after event for bir  ders
bird fanci  er s lung is a type of hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis caused by bird dro  pp  ings the lungs become infl  amed with gran  ul  oma formation bird fanci  er s lung b  fl also called bird breeder s lung and pigeon breeder s lung is a sub  set of hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis h  p this disease is caused by the exposure to avian proteins present in the dry dust of the dro  pp  ings and sometimes in the feathers of a variety of birds birds such as pigeons par  a  ke  ets cock  ati  els shell par  a  ke  ets bud  ger  ig  ars par  rots turtle do  ves turkeys and chickens have been implicated people who work with birds or own many birds are at risk bird hob  by  ists and pet store workers may also be at risk
bir  d  shot ch  ori  ore  tin  opathy is a rare form of bilateral poster  ior u  ve  i  tis affecting the eye it causes severe progressive infl  amm  ation of both the chor  o  id and re  tina affected individuals are almost exclusively caucasian and usually diagnosed in the fourth to sixth decade of their lives
the bir  min  gham riot of 1963 was a civil disorder in bir  min  gham al  ab  ama that was provoked by bombings on the night of may 11 1963 the bombings targeted black leaders of the bir  min  gham campaign a mass protest for racial justice bombed were the par  son  age of rev a d king brother of martin luther king jr and a motel owned by a g gast  on where king and his team had stayed martin luther king jr was a leader of the bir  min  gham civil rights campaign which had been conducted that spring with large non violent demonstrations and mass arrest of schoolchildren who were demonstrating witnesses saw bir  min  gham police place bombs at the par  son  age which was partially destroyed all the family escaped the bombings were probably planned and carried out by members of the ku k  lux kl  an since the 1950 s k  kk members in bir  min  gham had used bombings against civil rights leaders and blacks who started to move into good neighborhoods after the attacks blacks in the area began to riot because of the police involvement and were repressed severely by the bir  min  gham police department the united states government intervened with federal troops for the first time to control black violence it was the first time the government had used military troops independently of enforcing a court injunction this federal action was considered controversial by governor wallace and other al  ab  ama whites the bombings and police response were a pivotal event that contributed to president kennedy s decision to propose civil rights legislation to achieve relief of injustice it was passed under president lyndon b johnson as the civil rights act of 1964
birth trauma bt refers to damage of the tissues and organs of a newly delivered child often as a result of physical pressure or trauma during childbirth the term also encompasses the long term consequences often of a cognitive nature of damage to the brain or cran  ium medical study of birth trauma dates to the 16 th century and the mor  pho  logical consequences of mis  handled delivery are described in renaissance era medical literature birth injury occupies a unique area of concern and study in the medical can  on in ic  d 10 birth trauma occupied 49 individual codes p 10 р 15 however there are often clear distinctions to be made between brain damage caused by birth trauma and that induced by in  trau  ter  ine as  phy  x  ia it is also crucial to distinguish between birth trauma and birth injury birth injuries encompass any systemic damages incurred during delivery hypo  x  ic toxic bio  chemical infection factors etc but birth trauma focuses largely on mechanical damage cap  ut succe  dan  eu  m sub  cu  taneous hemorrha  ges small sub  perio  st  al hemorrha  ges hemorrha  ges along the dis  placements of cran  ial bones in  trad  ural ble  edings sub  cap  s  ular ha  em  atom  as of liver are among the more commonly reported birth injuries birth trauma on the other hand encompasses the enduring side effects of physical birth injuries including the ensuing compensatory and adap  tive mechanisms and the development of pathological processes patho  genesis after the damage
a birth  mark is a con  genital benign irregularity on the skin which is present at birth or appears shortly after birth usually in the first month they can occur anywhere on the skin birth  marks are caused by over  growth of blood vessels mel  an  oc  y  tes smooth muscle fat fi  bro  bl  asts or ker  at  in  oc  y  tes der  mato  logists divide birth  marks into two types pi  gm  ented birth  marks caused by excess skin pig  ment cells include mol  es café au la  it spots and mongo  lian spots vascular birth  marks also called red birth  marks are caused by increased blood vessels and include mac  ular stain  s salmon pat  ches hem  an  gi  om  as and port wine stain  s a little over 1 in 10 babies have a vascular birth  mark present by age 1 several birth  mark types are part of the group of skin le  sions known as ne  vi or na  ev  i which means birth  marks in latin the exact cause of most birth  marks is unknown but they are thought to occur as a result of a loc  alized imbalance in factors controlling the development and migration of skin cells in addition it is known that vascular birth  marks are not hereditary
bir  t – ho  gg – du  b  é syndrome b  hd also hor  n  stein – bir  t – ho  gg – du  b  é syndrome hor  n  stein – kn  ick  en  berg syndrome and fi  bro  fol  lic  ul  om  as with tric  ho  dis  com  as and acro  ch  ord  ons is a human auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder that can cause suscep  tibility to kidney cancer ren  al and pul  mon  ary cy  sts and non  can  cer  ous tumors of the hair fol  lic  les called fi  bro  fol  lic  ul  om  as the symptoms seen in each family are unique and can include any combination of the three symptoms fi  bro  fol  lic  ul  om  as are the most common manifestation found on the face and upper trunk in over 80 of people with b  hd over the age of 40 pul  mon  ary cy  sts are equally common 84 but only 24 of people with b  hd eventually experience a collapsed lung spontaneous pneu  mo  thor  ax kidney tumors both can  cer  ous and benign occur in 14 – 34 of people with b  hd the associated kidney cancers are often rare hybrid tumors any of these conditions that occurs in a family can indicate a diagnosis of bir  t – ho  gg – du  b  é syndrome though it is only confirmed by a genetic test for a mutation in the fl  cn gene which codes for the protein fol  lic  ulin though its function is not fully understood it appears to be a tumor sup  pres  sor gene that restricts cell growth and division versions of fl  cn have been found in other animals including fruit flies german shep  herds rats and mice the disease was discovered in 1977 but the connection with fl  cn was not elu  ci  dated until 2002 after kidney cancer collapsed lungs and pul  mon  ary cy  sts were all definitively connected to b  hd bir  t – ho  gg – du  b  é syndrome can manifest similarly to other diseases which must be ruled out when making a diagnosis these include tuber  ous sclerosis which causes skin le  sions similar to fi  bro  fol  lic  ul  om  as and von hip  pel lind  au disease which causes hereditary kidney cancers once diagnosed people with b  hd are treated prevent  atively with monitoring of kidneys and lungs using medical imaging fi  bro  fol  lic  ul  om  as can be removed sur  g  ically and pneu  mo  thor  ax and kidney cancer are treated according to the normal standard of care
the bis  ch  ler – mö  hl  au in  do  le synthesis is a chemical reaction that forms a 2 ar  yl in  do  le from an α bro  mo acet  op  hen  one and excess an  il  ine it is named after august bis  ch  ler and richard mö  hl  au the bis  ch  ler mö  hl  au in  do  le synthesis in spite of its long history this classical reaction has received relatively little attention in comparison with other methods for in  do  le synthesis perhaps owing to the harsh reaction conditions that it requires recently mil  der methods have been developed including the use of lith  ium bromide as a catalyst and an improved procedure involving the use of microwave irradiation
the bis  ch  ler – nap  ier  al  ski reaction is an intr  am  ol  ec  ular electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution reaction that allows for the cy  cli  zation of β ar  y  leth  yl  am  ides or β ar  y  leth  yl  carb  am  ates it was first discovered in 18  93 by august bis  ch  ler and bernard nap  ier  al  ski in affiliation with basle chemical works and the university of zur  ich the reaction is most notably used in the synthesis of di  hydro  iso  quin  ol  ines which can be subsequently ox  idi  zed to iso  quin  ol  ines
bis  mu  thia is a rare der  mat  ological condition that results from the prolonged use of bis  mu  th much more rarely than with silver bis  mu  th may produce a generalized persistent skin dis  color  ation resembling arg  y  ria this is known as bis  mu  thia the con  junc  tiv  ae and oral mu  co  sa as well as skin are commonly afflicted by the condition pig  ment gran  ules are evenly scattered through the der  mis producing a blue or blu  ish gray skin color by the scat  tering phenomenon it is extre  men  ly rare and as a consequence is poorly understood by modern medicine special stain  s and spec  tro  scopic methods must be utilized for identification of skin pig  ments affected by bis  mu  th usually bis  mu  th produces a black line due to bis  mu  th sul  fide along the g  ums near the teeth similar to a lead line this is not likely to occur if the gum is ed  ent  ulous or the gum and the teeth normal it is more common when g  ing  i  vi  tis and cari  ous teeth are present bis  mu  th excess may cause stom  ati  tis on even r  arer occasions bis  mu  th has been reported to cause pi  gm  entation of the vag  ina and cer  vi  x
bis  phosp  hon  ate associated o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw often abbreviated as bon bon  j or bon of the jaw also called bis  phosp  hon  ate related o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw bron  j pronounced br  ɒ  n  d  ʒ or bis  phosp  hon  ate induced o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw bi  on  j is o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw in a person with a history of bis  phosp  hon  ate use who under  goes subsequent dental surgery it may lead to surgical complic  ation in the form of impaired wound healing following oral and max  il  lo  facial surgery period  on  tal surgery or endo  don  tic therapy a correlation between history of bis  phosp  hon  ate use and o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw after later surgery was detected in the oral medicine fields for several years before the exact nature of the relationship eti  ology patho  genesis could begin to be understood and it is still not entirely clear although it has been nick  named bis pho  s  sy jaw based on its similarity with pho  s  sy jaw there is no known prevention for bis  phosp  hon  ate associated o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw avoiding the use of bis  phosp  hon  ates is not a viable prevention on a general population basis because the drugs have more benefit throughout the population preventing o  ste  op  or  otic fractu  res and treating bone cancers than harm bron  j
in digital transmission bit slip is the loss or gain of a bit or bits caused by clock drift – variations in the respective clock rates of the transmitting and receiving devices one cause of bit sli  pp  age is over  flow of a receive buffer that occurs when the transmitter s clock rate exceeds that of the receiver this causes one or more bits to be dropped for lack of storage capacity one way to maintain timing between transmitting and receiving devices is to employ an as  yn  ch  ron  ous protocol such as start stop alternatively bit slip can be prevented by using a self c  locking signal such as a signal mod  ulated using o  q  p  sk or using a line coding such as manchester en  coding another cause is losing count as on a hard drive if a hard drive encounters a long string of 0 s without any 1 s or a string of 1 s without 0 s it may lose track of the frame between fields and suffer bit slip when a pulse of n consecutive zero bits are sent clock drift may cause the hardware to apparently detect n 1 zero bits or n 1 zero bits — both kinds of errors are called bit slip thus one prevents long strings without change via such devices as run length limited codes many communication systems use linear feedback shift register scram  bling to prevent long strings of 0 s or other symbol including v  sat 1000 base t etc while a scram  bler makes the losing count type of bit slip error occur far less often when bit slip errors do occur perhaps for other reasons scram  bl  ers have the property of expanding small errors that add or lose a single bit into a much longer burst of errors the optimi  zed ci  p  her feedback mode oc  f  b the statistical self synchron  ization mode and the one bit cf  b mode also expand small bit slip errors into a longer burst of errors but eventually recover and produce the correct dec  ry  p  ted plain  text a bit slip error when using any other block ci  p  her mode of operation generally results in complete corruption of the rest of the message
a bit  cru  sh  er is a lo fi low fidel  ity digital audio effect which produces a distortion by the reduction of the resolution or band  width of digital audio data the resulting quan  tization noise may produce a “ warmer ” sound impression or a harsh one depending on the amount of reduction
bit  em  por  al hem  i  an  op  sia aka bit  em  por  al heter  onym  ous hem  i  an  op  sia or bit  em  por  al hem  i  an  op  ia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in the outer half of both the right and left visual field it is usually associated with le  sions of the op  tic chi  asm the area where the op  tic nerves from the right and left eyes cross near the pit  u  itary g  land
bit  ot s spots are the buil  dup of ker  atin located superfic  ially in the con  junc  tiva which are o  val tri  ang  ular or irregular in shape these spots are a sign of vitamin a deficiency and are associated with con  junc  ti  val x  er  osis in 18  63 pierre bit  ot 18  22 18  88 a french physician first described these spots in ancient egypt this was treated with animal liver which is where vitamin a is stored
bitter pit is a disorder in apple fruits now believed to be induced by calcium deficiency it occurs less commonly in pears the disease was probably first reported in germany where it was known as sti  pp  en it was also known as bal  d  win spot and blo  t  chy cork in north america the name bitter pit was first used by co  bb in australia in 18  95 the disease has been shown as non pathological and is now known as a disorder when it occurs on the tree it is known as tree pit it may also occur in storage when it is known as storage pit
a bjer  rum defect is a crystal  lo  graphic defect which is specific to ice and which is partly responsible for the electrical properties of ice it was first proposed by ni  els bjer  rum in 1952 in order to explain the electrical polarization of ice in an electric field a hydrogen bond normally has one prot  on but a hydrogen bond with a bjer  rum defect will have either two prot  ons d defect or no prot  on l defect the un  favorable defect strain is resolved when a water mol  ecu  le pivo  ts about an oxygen atom to produce hydrogen bonds with single prot  ons dis  locations of ice i  h along a slip plane create pairs of bjer  rum defects one d defect and one l defect non  polar molecules such as methane can form cl  ath  rate hydr  ates with water especially under high pressure although there is no hydrogen bon  ding of water molecules when methane is the guest mol  ecu  le of the cl  ath  rate guest host hydrogen bon  ding often forms with guest molecules in cl  ath  rates of many larger organic molecules such as pin  a  col  one and te  tra  hydro  fur  an in such cases the guest host hydrogen bonds result in the formation of l type bjer  rum defect in the cl  ath  rate lat  tice oxygen atoms in alcohol or carbon  yl functional groups and nitrogen atoms in amine functional groups in the guest molecules lead to transi  ent hydrogen bonds and mis  oriented water molecules in the hydrate lat  tice
b  jör  n  st  ad syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital condition involving pil  i tor  ti and nerve deaf  ness and hair ab  norm  alities it was first characterized in 1965 in oslo by pr  of ro  ar theod  or b  jør  n  st  ad 19  08 – 2002 it has been mapped to b  cs 1 l hearing diss  abilities related to b  jör  n  st  ad syndrome are con  genital and the severity of the deaf  ness varies from person to person pil  i tor  ti is recognized in early childhood and is characterised by twisted hair sh  af  ts and brit  tle hair
black band disease is a disease when cor  als develop a black band it is characterized by complete tissue degradation due to a pathogenic micro  bial consortium the m  at is present between apparently healthy coral tissue and fresh  ly exposed coral skelet  on
black dog syndrome or big black dog syndrome is a disputed phenomenon in which black dogs are passed over for adoption in favor of lighter colored animals animal shelters often use the term b  b  d or big black dog to describe the type of larger dark colored mixed breed said to be typically passed over by adop  ters
the black drop effect is an optical phenomenon visible during a transit of venus and to a lesser extent a transit of mercury
a black eye peri  orb  ital hem  atom  a or shin  er is bru  ising around the eye commonly due to an injury to the face rather than to the eye the name is given due to the color of bru  ising the so called black eye is caused by bleeding beneath the skin and around the eye sometimes a black eye could get worse if not referring to a doctor after a few months indicating a more extensive injury even a skull frac  ture particularly if the area around both eyes is bru  ised rac  co  on eyes or if there has been a prior head injury although most black eye injuries are not serious bleeding within the eye called a hy  ph  ema is serious and can reduce vision and damage the cor  ne  a in some cases abnormally high pressure inside the eye  ball oc  ular hyper  tension can also result
black foot disease is a gra  pe  vine trunk disease it is caused by fun  gi in the genus cylin  dro  carp  on c fasc  icul  are c pseu  do  fasc  icul  are c destruc  t  ans c macro  di  dy  mum and c ob  tus  is  por  um occurrence of gra  pe  vine trunk disease pathogens in ro  ot  stock mother plants in south africa
black gill disease is a disease of crustaceans
black ha  iry tongue b  ht also termed lingu  a vil  los  a ni  gra refers to a condition of the tongue where the fili  form pap  il  la  e el  ong  ate with black or brown dis  color  ation giving a black and ha  iry appearance the appearance may be alarming but it is a harmless condition pre  disposing factors include smoking x  ero  stom  ia dry mouth soft diet poor oral hygiene and certain medications management is by improving oral hygiene especially scrap  ing or bru  shing the tongue
black heel and palm also known as cal  can  e  al pe  tec  hi  ae chro  mid  rose plan  taire post traumatic pun  ct  ate intra  ep  id  er  mal hemorrha  ge tac  he no  ir and tal  on no  ir is a skin condition characterized by a sudden shower of minute black pun  ct  ate mac  ules occurring most often on the poster  ior edge of the plan  tar surface of one or both heels
the black hole information paradox is a puzzle resulting from the combination of quantum mechanics and general rel  ativity calculations suggest that physical information could permanently disappear in a black hole allowing many physical states to devol  ve into the same state this is controversial because it violates a commonly assumed ten  et of science — that in principle complete information about a physical system at one point in time should determine its state at any other time a fundamental post  ulate of quantum mechanics is that complete information about a system is en  coded in its wave function up to when the wave function collapses the evolution of the wave function is determined by a unitary operator and un  it  arity implies that information is con  served in the quantum sense
black leaf is a physiological plant disorder that affects some grape varieties such as con  cord it is essentially a potassium deficiency that causes the leaves on a vine to turn purple and eventually black as chlor  op  hy  ll is lost for wine growers this lack of chlor  op  hy  ll inhi  bits the vine s ability to transmit sugar to the grape leaving the resulting grapes with a low bri  x count that may be less than ideal for wine making
black pie  dra is a form of pie  dra caused by pie  dr  ai  a hor  ta  e ter  bin  a  fine has been used in the treatment
black point ker  nel smu  dge or just smu  dge is a fun  gal disease that affects wheat barley and rye it is caused by various species of altern  aria fus  arium and hel  min  th  os  por  ium and possibly other fun  gal genera the fun  gus forms after the seeds have set but while they are still green and it is potenti  ated by high hum  idity infected areas are brown to black in color and as the disease spreads the ker  n  els may become shri  vel  ed occasionally the infected areas have a red  dish t  inge some authorities make a distinction between black point and smu  dge for them the disease is black point from initial infection until more than half of the ker  nel is infected or when the disease has entered into the seed s cre  ase
black pox is a symptom of small  pox that is caused by bleeding under the skin which makes the skin look char  red or black it was more common in adults this symptom usually indicates that a patient with small  pox is going to die a doctor who encountered black pox stated that doctors separate black pox into two forms — flat small  pox and hemorrha  gic small  pox in a case of flat small  pox the skin remains smooth and doesn t pu  st  ulate but it dark  ens until it looks char  red and it can slip or fall off the body in sheets sometimes all of it causing instant death though that is very rare in hemorrha  gic small  pox black un  clo  tted blood oo  zes or runs from the mouth and other body ori  fic  es black pox is close to one hundred percent fatal if any sign of it appears in the body the victim will almost certainly die in the hemorrha  gic cases the virus destroys the lin  ings of the throat the stomach the intest  ines the rec  tum and the vag  ina and these memb  ran  es dis  integrate fatal small  pox can destroy the body s entire skin — both the exter  ior skin and the interior skin that lines the passages of the body
grape black rot is a fun  gal disease caused by an as  com  y  ce  tous fun  gus gu  ign  ar  dia bi  d  wel  li  i that attacks grape vines during hot and hum  id weather “ grape black rot originated in eastern north america but now occurs in portions of europe south america and asia it can cause complete crop loss in warm hum  id clim  ates but is virtually unknown in regions with arid summers ” 4 the name comes from the black fringe that borders growing brown pat  ches on the leaves the disease also attacks other parts of the plant “ all green parts of the vine the shoots leaf and fruit stems tend  ri  ls and fruit the most damaging effect is to the fruit ” 3 grape black rot affects many grape growers throughout the united states therefore it is important to understand the disease life cycle and environmental conditions to best manage the disease once infection takes place different methods are available to control the disease
black sig  at  oka is a leaf spot disease of banana plants caused by the as  com  y  ce  te fun  gus my  co  sp  ha  er  ella fi  ji  ensis more  let also known as black leaf stre  ak it was discovered in 1963 and named for its similarities with the yellow sig  at  oka which is caused by my  co  sp  ha  er  ella mu  si  cola mulder which was itself named after the sig  at  oka valley in fiji where an outbreak of this disease reached epidemic proportions from 19  12 to 19  23 according to new terminology the sig  at  oka disease complex is a cluster of three closely related fun  gi yellow sig  at  oka pseu  do  cer  cos  pora mus  ae eu  mus  ae leaf spot pseu  do  cer  cos  pora eu  mus  ae and black sig  at  oka pseu  do  cer  cos  pora fi  ji  ensis plants with leaves damaged by the disease may have up to 50 lower yield of fruit and control can take up to 50 spr  ays a year
black  heart is a non par  asi  tic disease of the fruit of cultivated plants such as tomatoes that causes them to rot from the inside external signs of the disease may or may not be present the internal black  ening develops in plants exposed to environmental path  ology such as drought conditions or poor soil
black  leg black quarter quarter evil or quarter ill latin gan  gra  ena emph  ys  em  at  osa is an infectious bacterial disease most commonly caused by clo  stri  dium chau  vo  ei a gram positive bacterial species it is seen in livestock all over the world usually affecting cattle sheep and goats it has been seen occasionally in farmed b  ison and deer the acute nature of the disease makes successful treatment difficult but an effective vaccine is available to provide animals with protective immunity
black  leg is a plant disease of potato caused by pec  tol  y  tic bacteria that can result in stun  ting wil  ting chlor  osis of leaves necro  sis of several tissues a decline in yield and at times the death of the potato plant the term “ black  leg ” originates from the typical black  ening and decay of the lower stem portion or “ leg of the plant black  leg in potatoes is most commonly caused by pec  tob  ac  ter  ium atro  sep  tic  um older synon  ym er  win  ia caro  to  vor  a sub  sp astro  sep  tica a gram negative non  spor  ulating fac  ul  tative an  aero  be that is also associated with soft rot of potatoes while other bacterial species such as pec  tob  ac  ter  ium caro  to  vor  um and dic  ke  ya d  ad  anti  i can exhibit symptoms similar to black  leg of potato these pathogens exhibit broader host ranges are present in different clim  ates and typically are more associated with soft rot diseases
a drug related blackout is a phenomenon caused by the intake of any substance or medication in which short term and long term memory creation is impaired therefore causing a complete inability to recall the past black  outs can be caused by any substance but are most frequently associated with gab  aer  gic drugs black  outs are frequently described as having effects similar to that of an  ter  o  grade amnesia in which the subject cannot recall any events after the event that caused amnesia research on alcohol black  outs was begun by e m jell  in  ek in the 1940 s using data from a survey of alcohol  ics anonymous aa members he came to believe that black  outs would be a good determinant of alcoholism however there are conflicting views whether this is true the negative psychological effects of an alcohol related blackout are often worsened by those who suffer from anxiety disorders impairment of the liver will also allow more alcohol to reach the brain and hasten the individual s blackout the term blackout can also refer to a complete loss of consciousness or syn  cope diabetes cause it sometimes also
black  water fever is a complic  ation of malaria infection in which r  b  cs burst in the blood  stream hem  ol  ysis releasing h  emo  glob  in directly into the blood vessels and into the urine frequently leading to kidney failure the disease was first linked to malaria by the sierra leon  ean physician dr john f  arre  ll eas  mon in his 18  84 pam  ph  let entitled the nature and treatment of black  water fever eas  mon coined the name black  water fever and was the first to successfully treat such cases following the publication of his pam  ph  let
blad  der aug  mentation is a surgical alteration of the ur  inary blad  der it involves removing strips of tissue from the intest  inal tract and adding this to the tissue of the blad  der this has two intended results increased blad  der volume and a reduced percentage of the blad  der involved in contraction that in turn results in lower internal pressures in the blad  der during ur  ination risks of blad  der aug  mentation include incomplete vo  i  ding of the blad  der post surgery resulting in the patient having to undergo inter  mit  tent cathe  ter  isation or an ind  w  elling cathe  ter acute intest  inal obstruction due to adhe  sions some years after surgery and in extremely rare cases cancers of the intest  inal tissue within the blad  der
blad  der cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the epi  the  li  al lining i e the u  ro  the  lium of the ur  inary blad  der rarely the blad  der is involved by non epi  the  li  al cancers such as lymp  homa or sar  coma but these are not ordinarily included in the col  lo  qu  ial term blad  der cancer it is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the blad  der the most common type of blad  der cancer recapit  ul  ates the normal his  to  logy of the u  ro  the  lium and is known as transitional cell carcin  oma or more properly u  ro  the  li  al cell carcin  oma five year survival rates in the united states are around 77 blad  der cancer is the 9 th leading cause of cancer with 430 000 new cases and 165 000 deaths occurring in 2012
blad  der cancer in cats and dogs usually is transitional cell carcin  oma t  cc which arises from the epi  the  li  al cells that line the blad  der less often in these animals cancer of the ur  inary blad  der is squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma aden  o  carcin  oma or r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma
blad  der ex  stro  phy also known as ec  top  ia ves  ic  ae is a con  genital anomaly that exists along the spectrum of the ex  stro  phy ep  is  p  adi  as complex and most notably involves pro  tru  sion of the ur  inary blad  der through a defect in the ab  domin  al wall its presentation is variable often including ab  norm  alities of the bon  y pel  vis pel  vic floor and gen  italia the underlying embry  o  logic mechanism leading to blad  der ex  stro  phy is unknown though it is thought to be in part due to failed reinforcement of the clo  ac  al memb  rane by underlying mes  o  der  m
blad  der outlet obstruction or boo is a u  ro  logical condition where the urine flow from the ur  inary blad  der through the u  re  th  ra is impeded
blad  der sp  h  inc  ter dys  syner  gia also known as de  tr  us  or sp  h  inc  ter dy  syner  gia ds  d the ics standard terminology agreed 1998 and neuro  genic de  tr  us  or over  activity n  do is a consequence of a neuro  logical path  ology such as spinal injury or multiple sclerosis which disrup  ts central nervous system regulation of the mic  tur  ition ur  ination reflex resulting in dy  sco  ordination of the de  tr  us  or muscles of the blad  der and the male or female external u  re  th  ral sp  h  inc  ter muscles in normal lower ur  inary tract function these two separate muscle structures act in syner  g  istic coordination but in this neuro  genic disorder the u  re  th  ral sp  h  inc  ter muscle instead of relaxing completely during vo  i  ding dys  syner  g  ically contracts causing the flow to be interrupted and the blad  der pressure to rise
a blad  der stone is a stone found in the ur  inary blad  der
bl  ain was an animal disease of unknown eti  ology that was well known in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it is unclear whether it is still ext  ant or what modern disease it corresponds to according to eph  r  aim chambers eighteenth century cycl  opa  edi  a or an universal dic  tionary of arts and sciences bl  ain was a dist  emp  er in the archaic eighteenth century sense of the word meaning disease occurring in animals consisting in a blad  der growing on the root of the tongue against the wind pipe which at length sw  elling stops the wind it was thought to occur by great chaf  ing and heating of the stomach bl  ain is also mentioned in cattle their breeds management and diseases published in 18  36 where it is also identified as g  loss anthrax w c spo  oner s 18  88 book the history structure economy and diseases of the sheep also identifies bl  ain as being the same as g  loss anthrax modern scholarship suggests that g  loss anthrax was not the same disease as modern day anthrax but instead could have been foot and mouth disease or a viral infection with a secondary fus  ob  ac  ter  ium necro  ph  orum infection it has also been suggested that it may have been due to a variant strain of true anthrax that is no longer in existence other sources also report epizoo  tics known as bl  ain or black bl  ain in the 13 th and 14 th centuries but it is not clear if the disease involved was the same as g  loss anthrax
the bla  ise ke  tone synthesis named after ed  mond e bla  ise is the chemical reaction of acid chl  ori  des with organ  oz  inc compounds to give ke  tones the bla  ise ke  tone synthesis the reaction also works with organ  o  cu  pr  ates reviews have been written
the bla  ise reaction is an organic reaction that forms a β ke  to  ester from the reaction of zinc metal with a α bromo  ester and a nit  ri  le the reaction was first reported by ed  mond bla  ise 18  72 1939 in 19  01 the final intermediate is a metal  o  im  ine which is then hydro  ly  zed to give the desired β ke  to  ester the bla  ise reaction bul  ky ali  ph  atic esters tend to give higher yields steven h  ann  ick and yo  shi  to k  ish  i have developed an improved procedure it has been noted that free hydrox  yl groups can be tolerated in the course of this reaction which is surprising for reactions of organ  om  et  all  ic hali  des
the blanc chlor  om  ethyl  ation also called the blanc reaction is the chemical reaction of aromatic rings with form  alde  hyde and hydrogen chloride cataly  zed by zinc chloride or other lewis acid to form chlor  om  ethyl aren  es the reaction was discovered by gust  ave louis blanc 18  72 19  27 in 19  23 the reaction is performed with care as like most chlor  om  ethyl  ation reactions it produces highly carcinogenic bis chlor  om  ethyl e  ther as a by product the blanc chlor  om  ethyl  ation
in complex analysis the blas  ch  ke product is a bounded analy  tic function in the open unit dis  c constructed to have zer  os at a finite or infinite sequence of prescribed complex numbers a 0 a 1 inside the unit dis  c blas  ch  ke products were introduced by wil  helm blas  ch  ke they are related to hardy spaces
a blast injury is a complex type of physical trauma resulting from direct or indirect exposure to an explosion blast injuries occur with the detonation of high order explosives as well as the defl  agr  ation of low order explosives these injuries are compounded when the explosion occurs in a confined space
a blast wave in fluid dynamics is the pressure and flow resulting from the de  position of a large amount of energy in a small very loc  alised volume the flow field can be approxim  ated as a lead shock wave followed by a self similar subs  onic flow field in simpler terms a blast wave is an area of pressure expanding su  person  ically outward from an explosive core it has a leading shock front of compressed gases the blast wave is followed by a blast wind of negative pressure which sucks items back in towards the center the blast wave is harmful especially when one is very close to the center or at a location of constructive interference high explosives which deton  ate generate blast waves
bl  astic nk cell lymp  homa is a type of lymp  homa it is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple rapidly expanding pl  aqu  es it is positive for cd 4 and cd 56 it does not appear to be associated with ep  stein – bar  r virus
bl  ast  oc  y  sto  sis refers to a medical condition caused by infection with bl  ast  oc  y  stis bl  ast  oc  y  stis is a proto  zo  al single cel  led parasite that in  habits the gastro  intest  inal tracts of humans and other animals many different types of bl  ast  oc  y  stis exist and they can infect humans farm animals birds ro  dents am  phi  bians repti  les fish and even cock  ro  aches
a bl  ast  oma is a type of cancer more common in children that is caused by m  align  ancies in precursor cells often called bl  asts examples are ne  ph  ro  bl  ast  oma med  ul  lo  bl  ast  oma and re  tin  obl  ast  oma the suff  ix bl  ast  oma is used to imply a tumor of primitive in  completely differentiated or precursor cells e g ch  on  dro  bl  ast  oma is composed of cells resembling the precursor of ch  on  dro  cy  tes bl  ast  om  as usually occur in children
bl  ast  om  y  co  sis also known as north american bl  ast  om  y  co  sis bl  ast  om  y  ce  tic der  mati  tis and gil  christ s disease is a fun  gal infection of humans and other animals notably dogs and occasionally cats caused by the organism bl  ast  om  y  ces der  mati  ti  dis endemic to portions of north america bl  ast  om  y  co  sis causes clinical symptoms similar to hist  op  las  mo  sis the disease occurs in several endemic areas the most important of which is in eastern north america particularly in the western and northern periphery of the great lakes basin extending eastward along the south shore of the st lawrence river valley and south  ward in the territory sp  ann  ed by the central app  al  achi  an mountains in the east to the mississippi river valley in the west spor  adic cases have been reported in continental africa the arabian peninsula and the indian sub  continent
bl  ast  om  y  co  sis like py  o  der  ma also known as py  o  der  ma vege  t  ans is a cu  taneous condition characterized by larger ver  ru  co  us pl  aqu  es with elevated borders and multiple pu  st  ules occurring
in 1985 edward bl  au a pedi  at  ric  ian in marsh  field wis  cons  in reported a family that over four generations had gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation of the skin eyes and joints the condition was transmitted as an auto  som  al dominant trait in the same year j  abs et al reported a family that over two generations had gran  ul  om  at  ous sy  no  vi  tis u  ve  i  tis and cran  ial neuro  path  ies the condition was transmitted in an auto  som  al dominant fashion in 1981 mall  es  on et al reported a family that had auto  som  al dominant sy  no  vi  tis camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly and i  ri  do  cy  cli  tis one member died of gran  ul  om  at  ous arter  i  tis of the heart and a  or  ta in 1982 ro  tenstein reported a family with gran  ul  om  at  ous arter  i  tis rash i  ri  tis and ar  thri  tis transmitted as an auto  som  al dominant trait over three generations then in 1990 past  ores et al reported a kind  red with a phen  o  type very similar to what bl  au described and suggested that the condition be called bl  au syndrome bs they also pointed out the similarities in the families noted above to bs but also pointed out the significant differences in the phen  o  types in 1996 tro  mp et al conducted a genome wide search using affected and non affected members of the original family a marker d 16 s 298 gave a maximum lo  d score of 3 75 and put the bs suscep  tibility loc  us within the 16 p 12 q 21 interval hu  got et al found a suscep  tibility loc  us for cro  hn disease a gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation of the bo  wel on chro  mo  some 16 close to the loc  us for bs based on the above information bl  au suggested in 1998 that the genetic defect in bs and cro  hn disease might be the same or similar finally in 2001 mic  eli richard et al found the defect in bs to be in the nucle  o  tide binding domain of card 15 nod 2 they commented in their article that mutations in card 15 had also been found in cro  hn disease confirmation of the defect in bs being in the card 15 gene was made by wang et al in 2002 using the bs family and others with that information the diagnosis of bs was not only determined by phen  o  type but now by geno  type early onset sar  co  ido  sis is bs without a family history bs has been diagnosed in patients who have not only the classic tri  ad but gran  ul  oma in multiple organs treatment has included the usual anti infl  am  matory drugs such as adren  al glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids anti metabol  ites and also biological agents such as anti tn  f and inf  li  xim  ab all with varying degrees of success the elu  ci  dation that the gene defect in bs involves the card 15 nod 2 gene has stimulated many investigators to define how this gene operates as part of the in  nate immune system that responds to bacterial pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des such as mur  am  yl di  pep  tide to induce sign  aling pathways that induce cy  to  k  ine responses that protect the organism in bs the genetic defect seems to lead to over expression and poor control of the infl  am  matory response leading to widespread gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation and tissue damage this reference provides an excellent review of not only the clinical aspects of bs but also the presumed patho  genetic mechanisms brought about by the gene defect unanswered questions are what is the stimulus that activ  ates the aberr  ant immune response and if found could more precise therapy be used and what is the relationship to the specific gene defect and the phen  o  type list of cu  taneous conditions
ble  ach bypass also known as skip ble  ach or silver retention is an optical effect which entails either the partial or complete skip  ping of the ble  aching function during the processing of a color film by doing this the silver is retained in the emul  sion along with the color d  yes the result is a black and white image over a color image the images usually have reduced satur  ation and exposure latitude along with increased contrast and gr  ain  iness it usually is used to maximum effect in conjunction with a one stop under  exposure
in cell biology a ble  b is a bul  ge or pro  tru  sion of the plasma memb  rane of a cell human biop  articulate or abs  c  ess with an internal environment similar to that of a simple cell characterized by a spher  ical bul  ky mor  pho  logy it is characterized by the decoupling of the cy  to  skelet  on from the plasma memb  rane degrading the internal structure of the cell allowing the flexibility required to allow the cell to separate into individual bul  ges or pockets of the inter  cellular matrix most commonly ble  bs are seen in apop  to  sis programmed cell death but are also seen in other non apop  to  tic functions ble  bbing or z  ei  osis is the formation of ble  bs
in medicine a ble  b is a bl  ister often hemis  ph  er  ical filled with ser  ous fluid ble  bs can form in a number of tissues due to different patho  logies including fro  st  bit  ten tissues and as a cause of spontaneous pneu  mo  thor  ax in oph  thal  mo  logy ble  bs may be formed intentionally in the treatment of gl  au  coma in such treatments functional ble  bs facilitate the circulation of aqu  eous humor the block  age of which will lead to increase in eye pressure use of coll  agen matrix wound modulation device such as o  log  en during gl  au  coma surgery is known to produce vascular and functional ble  bs which are positively correlated with treatment success rate in the lungs a ble  b is a collection of air within the layers of the vis  cer  al ple  ura in breasts a ble  b is a milk bl  ister also known as blocked nip  ple por  e nip  ple bl  ister or “ milk under the skin ”
bleeding also known as hemorrha  ging or haemorrha  ging is blood escaping from the circul  atory system bleeding can occur internally where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth nose ear u  re  th  ra vag  ina or an  us or through a break in the skin hypo  vol  emia is a massive decrease in blood volume and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as ex  san  gu  ination typically a healthy person can endure a loss of 10 – 15 of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties by comparison blood donation typically takes 8 – 10 of the donor s blood volume the stopping or controlling of bleeding is called h  emo  st  asis and is an important part of both first aid and surgery
in medicine hem  at  ology bleeding di  ath  esis h a emorrha  gic di  ath  esis is an unusual suscep  tibility to bleed hemorrha  ge mostly due to hypo  co  ag  ul  ability in turn caused by a co  ag  ul  opathy a defect in the system of co  ag  ulation several types are distinguished ranging from mild to lethal also bleeding di  ath  esis can be caused by thin  ning of the skin or impaired wound healing
ble  ph  ari  tis bl  ɛ  f  ə  r  ˈ  a  ɪ  t  ᵻ  s ble  f ə  r eye tis is a common eye condition characterized by chronic infl  amm  ation of the eye  lid usually where e  yel  ashes grow resulting in infl  amed irritated it  chy and red  dened eye  li  ds a number of diseases and conditions can lead to ble  ph  ari  tis it can be caused by the oil g  lands at the base of the e  yel  ashes becoming clo  gged a bacterial infection allergies or other conditions the severity and course can vary onset can be acute resolving without treatment within 2 – 4 weeks this can be greatly reduced with lid hygiene but more generally is a long standing chronic infl  amm  ation of varying severity it may be classified as se  bor  rho  e  ic stap  hy  lo  coc  cal mixed poster  ior or me  i  bom  i  tis or par  asi  tic it usually does not cause permanent damage
ble  phar  och  al  asis is an infl  amm  ation of the eye  lid that is characterized by exacerb  ations and re  missions of eye  lid e  dem  a which results in a stretching and subsequent atro  phy of the eye  lid tissue leading to the formation of redundant fol  ds over the lid margins it typically affects only the upper eye  li  ds and may be unilateral as well as bilateral
ble  phar  op  him  osis is a condition where the patient has bilateral pto  sis with reduced lid size vertically and horizon  tally the nas  al bridge is flat and there is hypo  plastic orb  ital rim both the vertical and horizontal pal  pe  br  al f  issu  res eye  lid opening are shortened vi  gn  es 18  89 probably first described this entity a dys  pl  asia of the eye  li  ds
ble  phar  op  him  osis pto  sis epic  an  thus in  versus syndrome or b  pes is a rare disease characterized by the conditions it is named after ble  phar  op  him  osis pto  sis and epic  an  thus in  versus
ble  phar  op  hy  ma is chronic sw  elling of eye  li  ds mainly due to se  bac  eous g  land hyper  pl  asia
ble  phar  o  sp  asm is any abnormal contraction or tw  itch of the eye  lid in most cases symptoms last for a few days then disappear without treatment but sometimes the tw  it  ching is chronic and persistent causing lifelong challenges in those rare cases the symptoms are often severe enough to result in functional blindness the person s eye  li  ds feel like they are clam  ping shut and will not open without great effort people have normal eyes but for periods of time are effectively blind due to their inability to open their eye  li  ds in contrast the reflex ble  phar  o  sp  asm is due to any pain in and around the eye it is of two types essential and reflex ble  phar  o  sp  asm the benign essential ble  phar  o  sp  asm is a focal dy  st  onia — a neuro  logical movement disorder involving involuntary and sustained contr  actions of the muscles around the eyes the term essential indicates that the cause is unknown but fatigue stress or an irrit  ant are possible contributing factors although there is no cure bot  ul  inum toxin injections may help temporarily a surgical procedure known as my  ec  tomy may also be useful it is a fairly rare disease affecting only one in every 20 000 people in the united states the word is from greek β  λέ  φα  ρο  ν ble  phar  on eye  lid and σ  π  ασ  μ  ός sp  as  mos sp  asm an uncontrolled muscle contraction
blind loop syndrome bl  s commonly referred to in the literature as small intest  inal bacterial over  growth si  bo or bacterial over  growth syndrome bos is a state that occurs when the normal bacterial flora of the small intest  ine prolifer  ates to numbers that cause significant der  ang  ement to the normal physiological processes of dig  estion and absorption in some cases of blind loop syndrome over  growth of pathogenic non commens  al bacteria has also been noted it has long been understood that from birth and throughout life large amounts of bacteria reside symbio  tically within animal gastro  intest  inal tracts such as the human gastro  intest  inal tract the understanding of this gut flora has even led to novel treatments for bo  wel irregularity that utili  ze so called pro  bio  tics or good bacteria that aid in normal dig  estion the problem of bl  s arises when the bacterial colonies residing in the upper gastro  intest  inal tract begin to grow out of control or are altered in their makeup thereby creating a burden on the normal physiological processes occurring in the small intest  ine this results in problems inclusive of but not restricted to vitamin b 12 deficiency fat mal  absorption and ste  at  or  rhe  a fat soluble vitamin deficiencies and intest  inal wall injury
blind signal separation also known as blind source separation is the separation of a set of source signals from a set of mixed signals without the aid of information or with very little information about the source signals or the mixing process this problem is in general highly under  determined but useful solutions can be derived under a surprising variety of conditions much of the early literature in this field focuses on the separation of temporal signals such as audio however blind signal separation is now routinely performed on multi  dimensional data such as images and t  ens  ors which may involve no time dimension whatsoever
blind  sight is the ability of people who are cor  tically blind due to le  sions in their stri  ate cor  tex also known as primary visual cor  tex or v 1 to respond to visual stimul  i that they do not consciously see the majority of studies on blind  sight are conducted on patients who have the blindness on only one side of their visual field following the destruction of the stri  ate cor  tex patients are asked to detect loc  alize and discriminate amongst visual stimul  i that are presented to their blind side often in a forced response or guessing situation even though they don t consciously recognise the visual stimulus research shows that blind patients achieve a higher accuracy than would be expected from chance alone type 1 blind  sight is the term given to this ability to guess — at levels significantly above chance — aspects of a visual stimulus such as location or type of movement without any conscious awareness of any stimul  i type 2 blind  sight occurs when patients claim to have a feeling that there has been a change within their blind area — e g movement — but that it was not a visual percep  t blind  sight challenges the common belief that perceptions must enter consciousness to affect our behavior it shows that our behavior can be guided by sensory information of which we have no conscious awareness it may be thought of as a conver  se of the form of ano  so  g  no  sia known as anton – bab  in  ski syndrome in which there is full cor  tical blindness along with the conf  ab  ulation of visual experience
in the formulation of food products the bliss point is the amount of an ingredient such as salt sugar or fat which optimi  zes pal  at  ability pioneering work on the bliss point was carried out by american market researcher and psy  ch  oph  ys  ic  ist howard mos  ko  witz known for his successful work in product creation and optimi  zation for foods ranging from spag  he  tti sauce to soft drinks mos  ko  witz describes the bliss point as that sensory profile where you like food the most the bliss point for salt sugar or fat is a range within which perception is that there is neither too much nor too little but the just right amount of sal  tin  ess sweet  ness or richness the human body has evolved to favor foods delivering these tastes the brain responds with a reward in the form of a jol  t of endor  ph  ins remembers what we did to get that reward and makes us want to do it again an effect run by the neuro  transmitter dop  amine combinations of sugar fat and salt act syner  gis  tically and are more rewarding than any one alone in food product optimi  zation the goal is to include two or three of these nutrients at their bliss point
a bl  ister is a small pocket of lymp  h within the upper layers of the skin typically caused by forceful rub  bing friction burning freezing chemical exposure or infection most bl  is  ters are filled with a clear fluid either serum or plasma however bl  is  ters can be filled with blood known as blood bl  is  ters or with p  us if they become infected the word bl  ister entered english in the 14 th century it came from the middle dutch blu  y  ster and was a modification of the old french blo  str  e which meant a lepro  us no  dule — a rise in the skin due to leprosy in der  mat  ology today the words ves  ic  le and bul  la refer to bl  is  ters of smaller or greater size respectively
bl  ister bee  tle der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition that occurs after contact with any of several types of be  et  les including those from the melo  idae and oe  demer  idae families bl  ister be  et  les secre  te an irrit  ant called can  th  ari  din a ves  ic  ant that can get onto humans if they touch the be  et  les the term bl  ister bee  tle der  mati  tis is also occasionally and in  appropriately used as a synon  ym for pa  e  der  us der  mati  tis a somewhat different der  mati  tis caused by contact with pe  der  in an irrit  ant in the hem  olymp  h of a different group of be  et  les the ro  ve be  et  les
bl  is  tering dis  tal d  ac  ty  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by tense superficial bul  la  e occurring on a tender er  y  them  at  ous base over the vol  ar fat pad of the p  hal  an  x of a finger or thumb
bloch osci  ll  ation is a phenomenon from solid state physics it describes the osci  ll  ation of a particle e g an electr  on confined in a periodic potential when a constant force is acting on it it was first pointed out by bloch and zen  er while studying the electrical properties of cryst  als in particular they predicted that the motion of electron  s in a perfect crystal under the action of a constant electric field would be osci  ll  atory instead of uniform while in natural cryst  als this phenomenon is extremely hard to observe due to the scat  tering of electron  s by lat  tice defects it has been observed in semiconductor super  lat  tices and in different physical systems such as cold atoms in an optical potential and ul  tras  mall jose  ph  son junc  tions
blocks in meteor  ology are large scale patterns in the atmospheric pressure field that are nearly stationary effectively “ blocking ” or re  directing migratory cycl  ones they are also known as blocking high  s or blocking antic  ycl  ones these blocks can remain in place for several days or even weeks causing the areas affected by them to have the same kind of weather for an extended period of time e g precip  itation for some areas clear skies for others in the northern hemisphere extended blocking occurs most frequently in the spring over the eastern pacific and atlantic oceans
in radio and wireless communications in general blocking is a condition in a receiver in which an off frequency signal generally further off frequency than the immediately adjacent channel causes the signal of interest to be suppressed blocking rejection is the ability of a receiver to tolerate an off frequency signal and avoid blocking a good automatic gain control design is part of achieving good blocking rejection
a blood bl  ister is a type of bl  ister that forms when sub  der  mal tissues and blood vessels are damaged without pier  cing the skin it consists of a pool of lymp  h blood and other body fluids trapped beneath the skin if punc  tured it sup  pur  ates a dark fluid sometimes the fluids are cut off from the rest of the body and dry up leaving behind dead cell material inside the bl  ister with a tex  ture like put  ty some blood bl  is  ters can be extremely painful due to bru  ising where the bl  ister occurred there are also blood bl  ister like an  eur  ys  ms as these are known to be located in the su  prac  lin  o  id internal caro  ti  d artery and have been recognized as having unique pathological and clinical features
the blood hammer phenomenon is a sudden increase of the upstream blood pressure in a blood vessel especially artery or arter  io  le when the blood  stream is abruptly blocked by vessel obstruction the term blood hammer was introduced in cere  br  al hem  od  y  nam  ics by analogy with the hydraulic expression water hammer already used in vascular physi  ology to designate an arter  ial pulse variety the water hammer pulse complete understanding of the relationship between mechanical parameters in vascular oc  clu  sions is a critical issue which can play an important role in the future diagnosis understanding and treatment of vascular diseases
in medicine when referring to human f  ec  es blood in sto  ol looks different depending on 1 how early it enters the intest  ines and thus how much dig  estive action it has been exposed to and on 2 how much there is a little bit more than a little or a lot this is why bright red blood in the sto  ol has different clinical significance and a different name than brown or black blood in the sto  ol thus the term can refer either to mel  ena with more black  ish appearance originating from upper gastro  intest  inal bleeding or to hem  ato  che  zia with more red color originating from lower gastro  intest  inal bleeding the term blood in sto  ol is usually not used to describe f  ec  al oc  cult blood which refers to blood that is not visible and thus is found only after chemical testing is performed in infants the apt test can be used to distinguish fe  tal h  emo  glob  in from maternal blood
blood pressure bp is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels when used without further specification blood pressure usually refers to the arter  ial pressure in the systemic circulation blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the syst  ol  ic maximum pressure over di  ast  ol  ic minimum pressure and is measured in milli  meters of mercury m  mh  g it is one of the vital signs along with respiratory rate heart rate oxygen satur  ation and body temperature normal resting syst  ol  ic di  ast  ol  ic blood pressure in an adult is approximately 120 m  mh  g 80 m  mh  g abbreviated 120 80 m  mh  g blood pressure varies depending on situation activity and disease states it is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems blood pressure that is low due to a disease state is called hypo  tension and pressure that is consistently high is hyper  tension both have many causes which can range from mild to severe both may be of sudden onset or of long duration long term hyper  tension is a risk factor for many diseases including heart disease stroke and kidney failure long term hyper  tension is more common than long term hypo  tension in western countries long term hyper  tension often goes un  detected because of inf  requ  ent monitoring and the absence of symptoms
blood rain or red rain is a phenomenon in which blood is perceived to fall from the sky in the form of rain cases have been recorded since homer s ili  ad composed approximately 8 th century bc and are widespread before the 17 th century it was generally believed that the rain was actually blood literature mirrors cult practice in which the appearance of blood rain was considered a bad omen it was used as a tool fore  shad  owing events but while some of these may be literary devices some occurrences are historic there is now a scientific consensus that the blood rain phenomenon is caused by aerial spo  res of green micro  al  ga  e tren  te  po  h  lia annul  ata recorded instances of blood rain usually cover small areas the duration can vary sometimes lasting only a short time others several days by the 17 th century explanations for the phenomenon had moved away from the super  natural and attempted to provide natural reasons in the 19 th century blood rains were scientifically examined and theories that dust gave the water its red colour gained ground today the dominant theories are that the rain is caused by red dust suspended in the water rain dust or by the presence of micro organisms alternative explanations include sun  spots and aur  or  ae
blood squir  t blood spur  t blood spray blood g  ush or blood jet is the effect when an artery a blood vessel in the human body or other organism s body is cut blood pressure causes the blood to bleed out at a rapid inter  mit  tent rate in a spray or jet coinci  ding with the beating of the heart rather than the slower but steady flow of ven  ous bleeding also known as arter  ial bleeding arter  ial spur  ting or arter  ial gu  shing the amount of blood loss can be co  pious occur very rapidly and can lead to death
blood st  asis syndrome or blood stagnation chinese x  ue yu is an important underlying path  ology of many disease processes according to traditional chinese medicine described in t  cm theory as a slowing or pooling of the blood due to disruption of heart q  i it is often understood in biomedical terms in terms of hem  at  ological disorders such as hemorrha  ge congestion thro  m  bo  sis and local is  chem  ia micro  clo  ts and tissue changes
the blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose sugar present in the blood of a human or animal the body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabol  ic home  ost  asis with some exceptions glucose is the primary source of energy for the body s cells and blood li  pi  ds in the form of fats and oils are primarily a compact energy store glucose is transported from the intest  ines or liver to body cells via the blood  stream and is made available for cell absorption via the hormone insulin produced by the body primarily in the pan  cre  as glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning before the first meal of the day termed the fast  ing level and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few mil  lim  ol  ar blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition a persistently high level is referred to as hyper  gly  cem  ia low levels are referred to as hypo  gly  cem  ia diabetes mell  it  us is characterized by persistent hyper  gly  cem  ia from any of several causes and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar and later tends to cause levels to fall also certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels
bloom sometimes referred to as light bloom or glow is a computer graphics effect used in video games demo  s and high dynamic range rendering h  dr  r to reproduce an imaging arti  fact of real world cameras the effect produces fringes or feathers of light extending from the borders of bright areas in an image contributing to the illusion of an extremely bright light overwhelming the camera or eye capturing the scene
bloom syndrome often abbreviated as bs in literature also known as bloom tor  re mach  ac  ek syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by short stature pre  disposition to the development of cancer and genom  ic instability bs is caused by mutations in the bl  m gene leading to mut  ated dna hel  ic  ase protein formation cells from a person with bloom syndrome exhibit a striking genom  ic instability that includes excessive cros  so  vers between homo  log  ous chro  mo  som  es and sister ch  rom  ati  d exchanges s  ces the condition was discovered and first described by new york der  mato  logist dr david bloom in 1954
bl  oun  t s disease is a growth disorder of the ti  bia shin bone that causes the lower leg to angle inward resembling a bo  wle  g it is also known as ti  bia var  a it is named after walter put  nam bl  oun  t 1900 – 1992 an american pedi  atric orth  o  ped  ic surgeon it has also been known as ma  u n  il  s  onne syndrome after c ma  u and h n  il  s  onne who published early case reports of the condition
a blow  out is a rapid loss of inflation pressure of a pneumatic tire leading to an explosion the primary cause for this is encountering an object that cuts or tears the structural components of the tire to the point where the structure is incapable of containing the pressur  ized air with the escaping pressur  ized air adding to further tear through the tire structure it is also fairly common for tread separ  ations to be termed “ blow  outs ” even those where the inflation pressure is not compromised because of this confusion the term is rarely used by experts in tire failures where the term impact damage is more frequently used tire blow  outs have been a concern since the dawn of the motor  ing age first generation automotive tires suffered from frequent problems until technology developed
blue on  ion z  wi  e  bel  muster is a fine china tab  le  ware pattern for dish  ware originally manufactured by me  issen por  cel  ain since the 18 th century but copied by other companies since the late 19 th century as well
blue baby syndrome refers to at least two situations that lead to cyan  osis in infants cyan  otic heart disease and meth  emo  glob  in  emia the most common cyan  otic heart defects include transposition of the great arter  ies tetr  alo  gy of fal  lot persistent trun  cus arter  io  sus tric  us  pid at  re  sia and total anom  alous pul  mon  ary ven  ous return
blue balls is a s  lang term for the condition of temporary fluid congestion vas  o  congestion in the tes  tic  les accompanied by tes  tic  ular pain caused by prolonged sexual ar  ous  al in the human male without e  jac  ulation the term is thought to have originated in the united states first appearing in 19  16 some u  ro  logists call the condition epi  di  dy  mal hyper  tension the condition is not experienced by all males
the blue bottle experiment is a chemical reaction an aqu  eous solution containing glucose sodium hydrox  ide meth  ylene blue and some air is shaken in a closed bottle it turns from color  less to blue and then de  col  oriz  es again after a while with further shaking the cycle can be repeated several times this experiment is a classic chemistry demonstration and can be used in laboratory courses as a general chemistry experiment the reaction will work with other reducing sugars besides glucose and also with other reducing d  yes the aqu  eous solution in the classical reaction contains glucose sodium hydrox  ide and meth  ylene blue in the first step the en  ol  ate of glucose is formed the next step is a re  do  x reaction of the en  ol  ate with meth  ylene blue the glucose is ox  idi  zed to glu  con  ic acid which in al  kal  ine solution is in the sodium glu  con  ate form meth  ylene blue is reduced to color  less leu  com  ethylene blue if there is enough available oxygen leu  com  ethylene blue is then re ox  idi  zed to meth  ylene blue and the blue color of the solution is restored the availability of oxygen is increased by shaking the solution when the solution comes to rest glucose reduction of the re  do  x dy  e again takes the upper hand and the color of the solution disappears the reaction is first order in glucose meth  ylene blue and hydrox  ide ion and zero order in oxygen other glucose oxid  ation products besides sodium glu  con  ate that are reported are d arab  ino hex  os 2 ul  ose glu  cos  one the an  ion of d arab  in  on  ate after splitting of a form  ate an  ion and finally arab  in  onic acid
blue di  aper syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder characterized in infants by blu  ish urine stained di  ap  ers it is also known as drum  mond s syndrome and hyper  cal  cem  ia it is caused by a defect in try  pt  oph  an absorption bacterial degradation of un  absorbed try  pt  oph  an in the intest  ine leads to excessive in  do  le production and thus to indic  an  ur  ia which on oxid  ation to indi  go blue causes a peculiar blu  ish dis  color  ation of the di  aper ind  ol  ur  ia symptoms typically include dig  estive disturbances fever and visual problems some may also develop disease due to the incomplete breakdown of try  pt  oph  an it was characterized in 1964 and is associated with the x linked sex gene since this syndrome is x linked the chance for a child to receive normal genes from both parents and be genetically normal for that particular trait is 25 if an individual receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease the person will be a carrier for the disease but usually will not show symptoms carrier females usually do not display symptoms of the disorder because it is usually the x chro  mo  some with the abnormal gene that is “ turned off ” one can do genetic testing to see if their child will get this syndrome but most do not find out until they see the symptoms mentioned below
the blue field ent  op  tic phenomenon or sche  er  er s phenomenon after the german oph  thal  mo  logist richard sche  er  er who first drew clinical attention to it in 19  24 is the appearance of tiny bright do  ts nick  named blue sky sp  rit  es moving quickly along squ  i  gg  ly lines in the visual field especially when looking into bright blue light such as the sky the do  ts are short lived visible for a second or less and traveling short distances along seemingly random cur  vy paths some of them follow the same path as predecessors the do  ts may be el  ong  ated along the path like tiny worms the speed of the do  ts varies in sync with the pulse they briefly accelerate at each heart beat the do  ts appear in the central field of view within 10 to 15 degrees from the fixation point the left and right eye see different do  ts someone looking with both eyes sees a mixture most people are able to see this phenomenon in the sky although it is rather weak and many people do not notice it until asked to pay attention the do  ts are highly conspicuous against a mono  ch  rom  atic blue background 430 nm instead of the sky
blue mold is a down  y mil  de  w disease of tobacco that is caused by per  on  os  pora tab  ac  ina a fun  gus like pro  tist in the family per  on  os  por  ace  ae blue mold can cause severe damage to susceptible tobacco plants in many parts of the world since it is an oblig  ate parasite it must have living tobacco tissue in order to grow although tobacco remains the primary host for this disease other hosts including pepper plants and e  gg  plants can also be reservoirs the term blue mold may also be applied to pen  ic  il  lium ro  que  for  ti a mold used in producing the taste and characteristic blue green inclu  sions in ro  que  fort and other blue cheeses a pow  der  y mil  de  w disease of hops has sometimes been errone  ously called blue mold it is caused by sp  ha  ero  th  eca hum  uli a fun  gus in the order er  y  sip  hal  es this hops disease became epidemic in the new york state hops industry in 19  09 ultimately leading to the abandonment of the crop in the nor  the  astern usa
blue nails or more formally az  ure lun  ula are characterized by a blue dis  color  ation of the lun  ul  ae seen in arg  y  ria and cases of he  pat  ol  en  tic  ular de  generation wilson s disease also having been reported in h  emo  glob  in m disease and hereditary acro  lab  ial tel  an  gi  ec  t  ases in wilson s disease the blue color involves the lun  ula most intense pi  gm  entation and f  ades proxim  ally in arg  y  ria the nail is permanently pi  gm  ented a slate blue color and is most evident in the lun  ula min  oc  ycl  ine and zi  do  v  ud  ine can also turn the nail plate blue gray
blue nev  us also known as blue neuro  nev  us der  mal mel  an  oc  y  tom  a and nev  us ble  u is a type of mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us the blue colour is caused by the pig  ment being deeper in the skin than in ordinary ne  vi in principle they are harmless but they can sometimes be mim  ic  ked by m  align  ant le  sions i e some mel  anom  as can look like a blue nev  us
blue rubber ble  b nev  us syndrome or br  b  ns or blue rubber ble  b syndrome or blue rubber ble  b nev  us or bean syndrome is a rare disorder that consists mainly of abnormal blood vessels affecting the gastro  intest  inal tract it was characterized by william bean in 1958 br  b  ns is caused by som  atic mutations in the te  k tie 2 gene
blue  berry mu  ffin baby is the characteristic distributed pur  pur  a occurring as a result of extr  ame  dul  l  ary hem  ato  po  ies  is found in infants the pur  pur  a are often generalized but occur more often on the trunk head and neck the name is from the superficial similarity to a blue  berry mu  ffin
blue  berry sho  e  string virus b  bs  sv is a viral disease that is commonly transmitted by the ap  hid vector illin  o  ia pe  pper  i the blue  berry sho  e  string virus disease is very prominent in high  bush and low  bush blue  berry plants in the nor  the  astern and upper mid  west of the united states symptoms can vary significantly depending on the environment but the most common disease symptoms are red  dish stre  aking on young stems reduced vigor and strap shaped leaves the blue  berry sho  e  string virus disease can be managed by eliminating the ap  hid vector through the use of biological chemical or cultural controls in severe cases the disease leads to an extensive loss of yield and marketable fruit
bluetongue disease is a non contagious insect borne viral disease of ruminants mainly sheep and less frequently cattle goats buffalo deer dro  med  aries and an  tel  ope it is caused by the bluetongue virus b  tv the virus is transmitted by the mi  dge cu  li  co  ides im  i  cola cu  li  co  ides vari  ip  en  nis and other cu  li  co  ids
blunt trauma blunt injury non penetr  ating trauma or blunt force trauma refers to physical trauma to a body part either by impact injury or physical attack the latter is usually referred to as blunt force trauma the term refers to the initial trauma from which develops more specific types such as con  tu  sions abra  sions lac  er  ations and or bone fractu  res blunt trauma is contr  asted with penetr  ating trauma in which an object such as a bullet enters the body
blurred vision is an oc  ular symptom
bo  anthro  py is a psychological disorder in which a human believes himself or herself to be a bovine
bob bell  em  ore is a known presence in rho  de island s ice hockey and baseball communities he is a former stand  out go  al  tender and baseball player for provi  dence college in the national collegi  ate athle  tic association he has also served as the go  alt  ending coach for the national hockey league s new jersey dev  ils
bo  bble head doll syndrome is a rare neuro  logical movement disorder in which patients usually children around age 3 begin to bob their head and shoulders forward and back or sometimes side to side involun  tarily in a manner reminiscent of a bo  b  ble  head doll the syndrome is related to c  ys  tic le  sions and sw  elling of the third ven  tric  le in the brain symptoms of bo  bble head doll syndrome are diverse but can be grouped into two categories physical and neuro  logical the most common form of treatment is surgical impl  anting of a sh  unt to relieve the sw  elling of the brain
bo  den s mate is a check  m  ating pattern in chess characterized by bish  ops on two cris  s crossing diag  on  als for example bish  ops on a 6 and f 4 delivering mate to a king on c 8 with possible flight squares for the king being occupied by friendly pieces most often the check  m  ated king has cast  led que  en  side and is m  ated on c 8 or c 1 many variants on the mate are seen for example a king on e 8 check  m  ated by bish  ops on g 6 and a 3 and a king on f 1 check  m  ated by bish  ops on h 3 and b 6 often the mate is immediately preceded by a sacrifice that opens up the diag  onal on which the bishop delivers check  mate the mate is named for samuel bo  den who played a famous early example of it in schul  der – bo  den london 18  53 however it had been known previously from the game hor  witz – po  pert hamburg 18  44
the bo  drou  x – chic  hi  bab  in alde  hyde synthesis is a chemical reaction whereby a gri  gn  ard re  agent is converted to an alde  hyde one carbon longer bo  drou  x chic  hi  bab  in alde  hyde synthesis reaction of a gri  gn  ard re  agent with tri  ethyl orth  o  form  ate gives an ac  etal which can be hydro  ly  zed to an alde  hyde for example the synthesis of n hex  anal
body dys  morph  ic disorder b  dd is a mental disorder characterized by an obs  essive preoccupation that some aspect of one s own appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it in b  dd s delu  sional variant the flaw is imagined if the flaw is actual its importance is severely exaggerated either way one s thoughts about it are pervasive and intrusive occupying up to several hours a day the dsm 5 categ  oriz  es b  dd in the obs  essive – compul  sive spectrum and distinguishes it from an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa a fairly common mental disorder estimated to affect up to 2 4 of the population b  dd usually starts during adoles  cence and affects men and women roughly equally the b  dd subtype muscle dys  mor  phia percei  ving the body as too small affects mostly males besides thinking about it one repeti  tively checks and compares the perceived flaw and can adopt unusual rou  tines to avoid social contact that exposes it fearing the stigma of vanity one usually hides the preoccupation commonly un  suspected even by psychiat  rists b  dd has been greatly under  diagnosed severely imp  airing quality of life via educational and occupational dysfunction and social isolation b  dd involves especially high rates of suicidal ide  ation and suicide attempts
body fat redistribution b  fr syndrome sometimes called fat der  ang  ement is a medical condition characterized by fat loss or occasionally fat gain often in the cheeks or face b  fr most often occurs in hiv aids patients undergoing anti  retro  viral therapy
body flex is a lack of rigidity in a motor vehicle s ch  ass  is it is often something to be avoided by car manufacturers as higher levels of body flex is a sign of structural weakness and means that the vehicle s suspension cannot work as efficiently the body takes up some of the slack rather than the parts of the car which were specifically designed for this purpose a ch  ass  is that fl  exes may be prone to fatigue and further sof  tening with use will eventually result in failure cars of a sporting nature are therefore often very stiff while conver  ti  bles or cab  rio  lets are not often considered to be good candidates for high performance sports cars because of their lack of a rigid roof although for some time body flex was a result of attempts to keep a car s weight down makers such as aud  i the a 8 and j  agu  ar with the 2003 x  j 8 have employed the use of aluminium in ch  ass  is production to get around this obstacle ensuring the weight of these cars and their level of body flex can both be kept to a minimum typically the sti  ff  ness of the body is measured in tor  sion the body is supported at the spring caps at the rear and then a tor  que is applied to the front spring caps via a long beam and a ful  cr  um values achieved range from 1 000 lb · ft 1 400 n · m per degree for pre war racing cars up to 25 000 lb · ft 33 900 n · m per degree for some modern production vehicles
body hopping is the fic  tional ability and desire to possess people in quick succession a body hop  per can transfer quickly from one physical body to another physical body with little or no resistance and few conditions on moving on to a new body and usually without getting stuck in said body for a long period of time
body identification is a sub  field of forensic science where  in investigators need to identify a body forensic literally for the courts purposes are served by rigorous scientific forensic identification techniques but these are generally preceded by simply asking bystand  ers or other persons for the victim s name if a body is not badly de  composed or damaged two persons or one who knew the deceased well should vis  ually confirm the identity authorities will also compare supportive documents such as driver s license passport or other authoritative photo id before accepting a personal identification with which to further their investigative and or forensic purposes of course any formal investigation should reality check additional forensic and scientific evidence to reinforce or question the supposed identity of the victim reliable identification becomes increasingly difficult as time passes
body image is a person s perception of the a  esthe  tics or sexual attractiveness of their own body the phrase body image was first coined by the austrian neuro  logist and psycho  analyst paul sch  il  der in his book the image and appearance of the human body 19  35 human society has at all times placed great value on beauty of the human body but a person s perception of their own body may not correspond to society s standards the concept of body image is used in a number of disciplines including psychology medicine psychiatry psycho  analysis philosophy and cultural and feminist studies the term is also often used in the media across these disciplines and media there is no consensus definition a person s body image is thought to be in part a product of their personal experiences personality and various social and cultural forces a person s sense of their own physical appearance usually in relation to others or in relation to some cultural ideal can shape their body image a person s perception of their appearance can be different from how others actually perceive them research suggests that exposure to mass media depic  ting the thin ideal body may be linked to body image disturbance in women this me  ta analysis examined experimental and cor  rel  ational studies testing the links between media exposure to body dissatisfaction intern  alization of the thin ideal and eating behaviors and beliefs with a sample of 77 studies that yielded 141 effect sizes effects for some outcome variables were moder  ated by publication year and study design the findings support the notion that exposure to media images depic  ting the thin ideal body is related to body image concerns for women a 2007 report by the american psychological association found that a culture wide sex  u  alization of girls and women was contributing to increased female anxiety associated with body image similar findings associated with body image were found by an australian government senate standing committee report on the sex  u  alization of children in the media however other scholars have expressed concern that these claims are not based on solid data body image can have a wide range of psychological effects and physical effects throughout history it has been extremely difficult for people to live up to the standards of society and what they believe the ideal body is there are many factors that lead to a person ’ s body image some of these include family dynamics mental illness biological pre  dis  positions and environmental causes for obesity or malnutrition and cultural expectations e g media and politics people who are both under  weight and overweight can have poor body image however because people are constantly told and shown the cosmetic appeal of weight loss and are warned about the risks of obesity those who are normal or overweight on the b  mi scale have higher risks of poor body image this is something that can lead to a change in a person s body image often people who have a low body image will try to alter their bodies in some way such as by die  ting or undergoing cosmetic surgery
body integrity identity disorder bi  id also referred to as ampu  tee identity disorder is a psychological disorder in which an otherwise healthy individual feels that they are meant to be disabled trans  ability an almost identical disorder is medic  ally recognized by the american psychiatric association s dsm 5 but bi  id is not bi  id is related to xen  om  eli  a the dy  sp  hor  ic feeling that one or more limbs of one s body do not belong to one s self bi  id is typically accompanied by the desire to am  put  ate one or more healthy limbs it also includes the desire for other forms of disability as in the case of a woman who intentionally blinded herself bi  id can be associated with a  pot  em  no  phi  lia sexual ar  ous  al based on the image of one s self as an ampu  tee the cause of bi  id is unknown one hypothesis states that it results from a neuro  logical failing of the brain s inner body mapping function located in the right par  ie  tal lo  be to incorporate the affected limb in its understanding of the body s physical form
body od  or or bo is present in animals including humans and its intensity can be influenced by many factors behavioral patterns survival strategies body od  or has a strong genetic basis both in animals and humans but it can be also strongly influenced by various diseases and psychological conditions body od  or is generally considered to be an unpleasant od  or among many human cultures
human body shape is a complex phenomenon with sophisticated detail and function the general shape or figure of a person is defined mainly by the mol  ding of sk  el  etal structures as well as the distribution of muscles and fat sk  el  etal structure grows and changes only up to the point at which a human reaches adul  thood and remains essentially the same for the rest of his or her life growth is usually completed between the ages of 13 and 18 at which time the ep  ip  hy  seal plates of long bones close allowing no further growth see human skelet  on
the body size species richness distribution is a pattern observed in the way tax  a are distributed over large spatial scales the number of species that exhibit small body size generally far exceed the number of species that are large bo  died macro  ecology has long sought to understand the mechanisms that underlie the patterns of biodiversity such as the body size species richness pattern this pattern was first observed by hut  chin  son and mac  arthur 1959 and it appears to apply equally well to a broad range of tax  a from birds and mammals to insects bacteria may 1978 brown and nico  let  to 1991 and deep sea gastropods mccl  ain 2004 nonetheless its ubi  qu  ity remains undec  i  ded most studies focus on the distribution of tax  on  om  ic fractions of largely non inter  acting species such as birds or mammals this article is primarily based on those data
body  building supplements are dietary supplements specifically marketed to those involved in body  building wei  ght  lifting and athle  tics among the most widely used are vitamins protein bran  ched chain amino acids b  ca  a glu  tam  ine essential fatty acids meal replacement products cre  at  ine weight loss products and te  sto  ster  one boo  sters supplements are sold either as single ingredient preparations or in the form of st  acks proprietary bl  ends of various supplements marketed as offering syner  g  istic advantages while many body  building supplements are also consumed by the general public their sali  ence and frequency of use may differ when used specifically by body  builders they may be marketed as a product to replace meals enhance weight gain promote weight loss or improve athle  tic performance annual sales of sport nutrition products in the us is over 2 7 billion us according to consumer reports
bo  e  hm syndrome is a symptom specific map dot fingerprint dy  stro  phy of the cor  ne  a the epi  the  lium is separated from the st  roma by a memb  rane in map dot fingerprint dy  stro  phy this memb  rane develops abnormally exhi  biting a map like appearance or perhaps opaque do  ts sometimes lines are formed that resemble small fingerprints in some cases this irregular structure can lead to painful epi  the  li  al ero  sions
bo  er  en  bon  t is a traditional pattern used on pot  tery from the netherlands translated from dutch bo  er means farmer and bon  t refers to a mixture of colors the distinctive fl  oral pattern is hand painted with simple brush stro  kes of red yellow green and blue currently manufactured by royal bo  ch in belgium the pattern originated as a local craft made by farmers ’ wives in the 19 th century according to the royal bo  ch website a variety of patterns have followed the path of dutch merchants all over the world from su  mat  ra to zan  zi  bar via goa it remains a popular pattern today
es  op  ha  ge  al rupture is a rupture of the es  op  ha  ge  al wall i  atro  genic causes account for approximately 56 of es  op  ha  ge  al per  for  ations usually due to medical instrum  entation such as an endo  sco  py or par  a  es  op  ha  ge  al surgery in contrast the term bo  er  ha  ave s syndrome is reserved for the 10 of es  op  ha  ge  al per  for  ations which occur due to v  om  iting spontaneous per  for  ation of the es  op  ha  gus most commonly results from a full thickness tear in the es  op  ha  ge  al wall due to a sudden increase in intra  es  op  ha  ge  al pressure combined with relatively negative intra  thor  ac  ic pressure caused by str  aining or v  om  iting effort rupture of the es  op  ha  gus or bo  er  ha  ave s syndrome other causes of spontaneous per  for  ation include caus  tic ing  estion pill es  op  ha  gi  tis bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus infectious ul  cers in patients with aids and following dil  ation of es  op  ha  ge  al stric  tures in most cases of bo  er  ha  ave s syndrome the tear occurs at the left poster  o lateral aspect of the dis  tal es  op  ha  gus and extends for several centi  meters the condition is associated with high morbi  dity and mortality and is fatal without treatment the occasionally non  specific nature of the symptoms may contribute to a delay in diagnosis and a poor outcome spontaneous effort rupture of the cer  vic  al es  op  ha  gus leading to loc  alized cer  vic  al per  for  ation may be more common than previously recognized and has a generally benign course pre  existing es  op  ha  ge  al disease is not a prerequisite for es  op  ha  ge  al per  for  ation but it contributes to increased mortality this condition was first documented by the 18 th century physician herman bo  er  ha  ave after whom it is named a related condition is mall  ory we  iss syndrome which is only a mu  cos  al tear in case of i  atro  genic per  for  ation common site is cer  vic  al es  op  ha  gus just above the upper sp  h  inc  ter where as spontaneous rupture as seen in bo  er  ha  ave s syndrome per  for  ation commonly occurs in the lower 1 3 rd of es  op  ha  gus
bo  gart – bac  all syndrome bbs is a voice disorder that is caused by abuse or over  use of the vocal cords people who speak or sing outside their normal vocal range can develop bbs symptoms are chiefly an un  naturally deep or rough voice or dy  sp  hon  ia and vocal fatigue the people most commonly afflicted are those who speak in a low pitched voice particularly if they have poor breath and vocal control the syndrome can affect both men and women in 1988 an article was published describing a dis  crete type of vocal dysfunction which results in men sounding like hum  ph  rey bo  gart and women sounding like lauren bac  all bbs is now the medical term for an ongoing ho  arsen  ess that often afflic  ts actors sing  ers or tv radio voice workers who routinely speak in a very low pitch treatment usually involves voice therapy by a speech language patho  logist
bo  go  li  u  bo  v caus  ality condition is a caus  ality condition for scat  tering matrix s matrix in ax  i  om  atic quantum field theory the condition was introduced in ax  i  om  atic quantum field theory by nikol  ay bo  gol  yu  bo  v in 1955
the bo  hr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described in 19  04 by the danish physi  o  logist christian bo  hr stating that ha  emo  glob  in s oxygen binding aff  inity see oxygen – ha  emo  glob  in dissoci  ation curve is inver  sely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide that is an increase in blood co 2 concentration which leads to a decrease in blood ph will result in ha  emo  glob  in proteins releasing their load of oxygen conversely a decrease in carbon dioxide provo  kes an increase in ph which results in h  emo  glob  in picking up more oxygen since carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbon  ic acid an increase in co 2 results in a decrease in blood ph
bo  h  ring – op  itz syndrome bos is a medical syndrome characterised by characteristic cran  io  facial appearance fixed contr  actu  res of the upper limbs abnormal posture feeding difficulties intellectual disability small size at birth and failure to thrive some of these features are shared with other genetic syndro  mes genetically de novo tr  unc  ating mutations in as  xl 1 have been shown to account for approximately 50 of bo  h  ring – op  itz syndrome cases bo  h  ring op  itz syndrome is an extremely rare genetic syndrome there are fewer than 60 cases in the world this syndrome is diagnosed by genetic testing and is a mutation in the as  xl 1 gene the leading cause of death is respiratory infections children with bos can have feeding difficulties recurring respiratory infections sleep ap  ne  a developmental delay failure to thrive abnormal hair density and length wil  m ’ s tumors brain ab  norm  alities silent aspiration and the list goes on to find out more about bo  h  ring op  itz syndrome please visit the website bo  h  ring op  itz syndrome and www bos foundation org bo  h  ring – op  itz syndrome is sometimes also called ober  k  laid – dan  ks syndrome
a boil also called a fur  uncle is a deep fol  lic  u  li  tis infection of the hair fol  lic  le it is most commonly caused by infection by the bacter  ium stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us resulting in a painful sw  oll  en area on the skin caused by an accumulation of p  us and dead tissue boils which are expanded are basically p  us filled no  d  ules individual boils clu  stered together are called car  bun  cles most human infections are caused by co  ag  ul  ase positive s au  re  us strains notable for the bacteria s ability to produce co  ag  ul  ase an enzyme that can clo  t blood almost any organ system can be infected by s au  re  us
bolivian hemorrha  gic fever b  hf also known as black ty  ph  us or or  dog fever is a hemorrha  gic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in bolivia after infection by mach  up  o virus b  hf was first identified in 1963 as an amb  is  ense r  na virus of the aren  avi  ri  da  e family by a research group led by karl johnson the mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent due to its patho  gen  icity mach  up  o virus requires bio  safety level four conditions the highest level in february and march 2007 some 20 suspected b  hf cases 3 fatal were reported to the el servic  io depart  am  ental de sal  ud se  des in beni department bolivia and in february 2008 at least 200 suspected new cases 12 fatal were reported to se  des in november 2011 a se  des expert involved in a sero  survey to determine the extent of mach  up  o virus infections in the department after the discovery of a second confirmed case near the departmental capital of trinidad in november 2011 expressed concern about expansion of the virus distribution outside the endemic zone in mam  or  é and it  énez provinces
bond sof  tening is an effect of reducing the strength of a chemical bond by strong laser fields to make this effect significant the strength of the electric field in the laser light has to be comparable with the electric field the bon  ding electr  on feels from the nucle  i of the mol  ecu  le such fields are typically in the range of 1 – 10 v å which corresponds to laser intensi  ties 10  13 – 10  15 w cm 2 nowadays these intensi  ties are routinely achievable from table top ti s  app  hire las  ers
a bone cyst or geo  de is a type of cyst that can present itself in the jaw or on other locations in the body types include unic  amer  al bone cyst simple bone cyst an  eur  y  sm  al bone cyst traumatic bone cyst
bone density or bone mineral density b  md is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue the concept is of mass of mineral per volume of bone relating to density in the physics sense although clin  ically it is measured by proxy according to optical density per square centi  meter of bone surface upon imaging bone density measurement is used in clinical medicine as an indirect indicator of o  ste  op  or  osis and frac  ture risk it is measured by a procedure called d  ens  it  ome  try often performed in the radi  ology or nuclear medicine departments of hospitals or clinics the measurement is pain  less and non invasive and involves low radiation exposure measurements are most commonly made over the lum  bar sp  ine and over the upper part of the hip the fore  arm may be scann  ed if the hip and lum  bar sp  ine are not accessible there is a statistical association between poor bone density and higher probability of frac  ture fractu  res of the legs and pel  vis due to falls are a significant public health problem especially in elderly women leading to much medical cost inability to live independently and even risk of death bone density measurements are used to screen people for o  ste  op  or  osis risk and to identify those who might benefit from measures to improve bone strength
bone disease refers to the medical conditions which affect the bone
a bone frac  ture sometimes abbreviated fr  x or f  x f  x or is a medical condition in which there is a damage in the continuity of the bone a bone frac  ture can be the result of high force impact or stress or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones such as o  ste  op  or  osis bone cancer or o  ste  o  genesis im  perfec  ta where the frac  ture is then properly termed a patho  logic frac  ture although broken bone and bone break are common col  lo  qui  alis  ms for a bone frac  ture break is not a formal orth  o  ped  ic term
bone marrow suppression or my  elo  toxicity ad  jec  tive my  elo  toxic or my  elo  suppression is the decrease in production of cells responsible for providing immunity leuk  oc  y  tes carrying oxygen er  y  thro  cy  tes and or those responsible for normal blood clo  tting thro  m  bo  cy  tes bone marrow suppression is a serious side effect of chem  otherapy and certain drugs affecting the immune system such as az  ath  iop  rine the risk is especially high in cy  to  toxic chem  otherapy for leuk  emia non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs in some rare instances may also cause bone marrow suppression the decrease in blood cell counts does not occur right at the start of chem  otherapy because the drugs do not destroy the cells already in the blood  stream these are not dividing rapidly instead the drugs affect new blood cells that are being made by the bone marrow when my  elo  suppression is severe it is called my  elo  ab  l  ation because the bone marrow is the manufacturing center of blood cells the suppression of bone marrow activity causes a deficiency of blood cells this condition can rapidly lead to life threatening infection as the body cannot produce leuk  oc  y  tes in response to invading bacteria and viruses as well as leading to ana  emia due to a lack of red blood cells and spontaneous severe bleeding due to deficiency of plat  el  ets par  vo  virus b 19 inhi  bits er  y  thro  po  ies  is by ly  tically inf  ecting r  bc precursors in the bone marrow and is associated with a number of different diseases ranging from benign to severe in immun  o  compromised patients b 19 infection may persist for months leading to chronic an  emia with b 19 vi  re  mia due to chronic marrow suppression thi  az  ide di  u  re  tics can also lead to bone marrow suppression as an adverse effect
bone pain also known medic  ally by is pain coming from a bone it occurs as a result of a wide range of diseases and or physical conditions and may severely impair the quality of life for patients who suffer from it bone pain belongs to the class of deep som  atic pain often experienced as a dull pain that cannot be loc  alized accurately by the patient this is in contrast with the pain which is medi  ated by superficial recep  tors in e g the skin bone pain can have several possible causes ranging from extensive physical stress to serious diseases such as cancer for many years it has been known that bones are in  nerv  ated with sensory neurons yet their exact anatomy remained obscure due to the contrasting physical properties of bone and ne  ural tissue more recently it is becoming clear what types of nerves in  nerv  ated which sections of bone the perio  steal layer of bone tissue is highly pain sensitive and an important cause of pain in several disease conditions causing bone pain like fractu  res o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis etc however in certain diseases the endo  steal and ha  ver  sian nerve supply seems to play an important role e g in o  ste  om  al  ac  ia o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis and other bone diseases thus there are several types of bone pain each with many potential sources or origins of cause
bone resor  ption is resor  ption of bone tissue that is the process by which o  ste  o  cl  asts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood the o  ste  o  cl  asts are multi nucle  ated cells that contain numerous mit  och  on  dri  a and ly  so  som  es these are the cells responsible for the resor  ption of bone o  ste  o  cl  asts are generally present on the outer layer of bone just beneath the perio  steu  m attachment of the o  ste  o  cl  ast to the o  ste  on begins the process the o  ste  o  cl  ast then induc  es an in  fol  ding of its cell memb  rane and secre  tes coll  agen  ase and other enzymes important in the resor  ption process high levels of calcium magnesium phosphate and products of coll  agen will be released into the ex  trac  ell  ular fluid as the o  ste  o  cl  asts tunnel into the miner  alized bone o  ste  o  cl  asts are also prominent in the tissue destruction commonly found in ps  ori  atic ar  thri  tis and other r  heu  mat  ology related disorders the human body is in a constant state of bone remo  deling bone remo  d  elling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion home  ost  atis by replacing dis  crete parts of old bone with newly synthe  sized packets of prote  in  ac  eous matrix bone is resor  bed by o  ste  o  cl  asts and is deposited by o  ste  obl  asts in a process called os  sification o  ste  oc  y  te activity also plays a key role in this process conditions that result in a decrease in bone mass can either be caused by an increase in resor  ption or a decrease in os  sification during childhood bone formation exceeds resor  ption but as the aging process occurs resor  ption exceeds formation bone resor  ption rates are much higher in post men  opa  usal older women due to estro  gen deficiency related with men  op  ause common treatments include drugs that increase bone mineral density bis  phosp  hon  ates ran  k  l inhi  bit  ors ser  ms — selective o  estro  gen recep  tor mod  ulators hormone replacement therapy and cal  cit  on  in are some of the common treatments light weight bearing exercise also tends to eliminate the negative effects of bone resor  ption
bone sp  av  in is a bon  y growth within the lower ho  ck joint of horse or cattle it is caused by o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis and the degree of lam  eness that results can be serious enough to end a horse s competitive career
a bone tumor also spelled bone tum  our is a ne  op  l  astic growth of tissue in bone abnormal grow  ths found in the bone can be either benign non  can  cer  ous or m  align  ant can  cer  ous average five year survival in the united states after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67
bon  net – dec  hau  me – blanc syndrome also known as wy  burn mason syndrome is a rare cong  ential arter  io  ven  ous mal  formation of the brain re  tina or facial ne  vi the syndrome has a number of possible symptoms and can affect the skin bones kidneys muscles and gastro  intest  inal tract when the syndrome affects the brain people can experience severe headaches seizures acute stroke men  ing  ism and progressive neuro  logical deficits due to acute or chronic is  cha  emia caused by arter  io  ven  ous sh  unting as for the re  tina the syndrome causes re  tin  o  cephal  ic vascular mal  formations that tend to be present with in  trac  ran  ial hemorrha  ge and lead to decreased visual acu  ity prop  to  sis pu  pill  ary defects op  tic atro  phy congestion of bul  bar con  junc  tiva and visual field defects re  tin  al le  sions can be unilateral and tor  tuous and symptoms begin to appear in the second and third decades of life the syndrome can present cu  taneous le  sions or skin with different tex  ture thickness and color usually on the face the facial features caused by the syndrome vary from slight dis  color  ation to extensive ne  vi and an  gi  om  as of the skin in some cases the frontal and max  ill  ary sin  us can present problems in the subject due to the syndrome there have only been 52 reported cases of patients with bon  net – dec  hau  me – blanc syndrome as of 2012 symptoms are rarely noticed in children and the syndrome is often diagnosed in late childhood or early adul  thood when visual impairment is noticed fluores  ce  in an  gi  o  graphy is commonly used to diagnose the syndrome there have been several methods in treating patients who display bon  net – dec  hau  me – blanc syndrome however which method seems to work the most is within argument patients with in  trac  ran  ial le  sions have been treated with surgical intervention and in some cases this procedure has been successful other treatments include emb  oli  zation radiation therapy and continued observation with limited research on bon  net – dec  hau  me – blanc syndrome researchers have focused on the clinical and radiological findings rather than how to manage this rare and non her  itable syndrome
in the physics of super  flu  idity a boo  j  um is a geome  tric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of super  fluid heli  um 3 whose motion can result in the decay of a super  current a boo  j  um can result from a monopo  le sing  ul  arity in the bulk of the liquid being drawn to and then pin  ned on a surface although super  fluid heli  um 3 only exists within a few thous  and  ths of a degree of absolute zero boo  j  ums have also been observed forming in various liquid cryst  als which exist at a far broader range of temperatures the boo  j  um was named by david mer  min of corn  ell university in 1976 he was inspired by lewis car  roll s poem the hunting of the sn  ark as in the poem the appearance of a boo  j  um can cause something in this case the super  current to softly and suddenly vanish away other less wh  im  s  ical names had already been suggested for the phenomenon but mer  min was persistent after an exchange of letters that mer  min describes as both lengthy and hil  arious the editors of physical review letters agreed to his terminology research using the term boo  j  um in a super  fluid context was first published in 1977 and the term has since gained widespread acceptance in broader areas of physics its russian ph  one  tic equivalent is bud  zh  um which is also well accepted by physicists the plural of the term is boo  j  ums a word initially dis  liked by mer  min who at first used boo  ja but one which is defined unambiguously by car  roll in his poem
book store shop  lifting is a problem for book sellers and has sometimes led stores to keep certain volumes behind store coun  ters shop  lif  ters at book stores also known as book shops may be either amateur or professional thieves professionals target high priced books and books that are easily res  old such as college textbooks in addition to shop  lifting thi  every also has been due to pil  fer  ing by shipping personnel and burgl  ary book stores also are victimi  zed by the  f  ts of merchandise and other items aside from books at v  roman s book  store in pas  ad  ena california someone attempted to steal a security camera at the b  oul  der book  shop in b  oul  der colorado prints hung in the bathroom and plants have been stolen
a boo  lean valued function sometimes called a predic  ate or a proposition is a function of the type f x → b where x is an arbitrary set and where b is a boo  lean domain i e a generic two element set for example b 0 1 whose elements are interpreted as logical values for example 0 false and 1 true in the formal sciences mathematics mathematical logic statistics and their applied disciplines a boo  lean valued function may also be referred to as a characteristic function indicator function predic  ate or proposition in all of these uses it is understood that the various terms refer to a mathematical object and not the corresponding semi  otic sign or syn  tactic expression in formal sem  an  tic theories of truth a truth predic  ate is a predic  ate on the sentences of a formal language interpreted for logic that form  alizes the intu  itive concept that is normally expressed by saying that a sentence is true a truth predic  ate may have additional domains beyond the formal language domain if that is what is required to determine a final truth value
in mathematics and logic a fin  itary boo  lean function or switching function is a function of the form ƒ b  k → b where b 0 1 is a boo  lean domain and k is a non negative inte  ger called the arity of the function in the case where k 0 the function is essentially a constant element of b every k ary boo  lean function can be expressed as a pro  posi  tional formula in k variables x 1 … x  k and two pro  posi  tional formulas are logically equivalent if and only if they express the same boo  lean function there are 22 k k ary functions for every k
in computer science the boo  lean satis  fi  ability problem sometimes called pro  posi  tional satis  fi  ability problem and abbreviated as satis  fi  ability or sat is the problem of determining if there exists an interpretation that satisfies a given boo  lean formula in other words it asks whether the variables of a given boo  lean formula can be consistently replaced by the values true or false in such a way that the formula evalu  ates to true if this is the case the formula is called satis  fiable on the other hand if no such assignment exists the function expressed by the formula is false for all possible variable assignments and the formula is un  satis  fiable for example the formula a and not b is satis  fiable because one can find the values a true and b false which make a and not b true in contrast a and not a is un  satis  fiable sat is one of the first problems that was proven to be n  p complete this means that all problems in the complexity class n  p which includes a wide range of natural decision and optimi  zation problems are at most as difficult to solve as sat there is no known algori  thm that efficiently solves each sat problem and it is generally believed that no such algori  thm exists yet this belief has not been proven mathem  atically and resolving the question whether sat has a poly  no  mi  al time algori  thm is equivalent to the p versus n  p problem which is a famous open problem in the theory of computing nevertheless today s he  ur  is  tical sat algori  th  ms are able to solve problem instances involving tens of thousands of variables and formulas consisting of millions of symbols which is sufficient for many practical sat problems from e g artificial intelligence circuit design and automatic theore  m proving
boom  er  ang dys  pl  asia is a lethal form of o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asia known for a characteristic con  genital feature in which bones of the arms and legs are mal  formed into the shape of a boom  er  ang death usually occurs in early infancy due to complications arising from overwhelming systemic bone mal  formations o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asi  as are sk  el  etal disorders that cause mal  formations of both bone and car  til  age
the bo  ord ole  fin synthesis is an organic reaction forming al  ken  es from e  thers carrying a halo  gen atom 2 carbons removed from the oxygen atom β hal  o e  thers using a metal such as magnesium or zinc the reaction discovered by cec  il e bo  ord in 1930 is a classic named reaction with high yields and broad scope the bo  ord ole  fin synthesis the reaction type is an elimination reaction with magnesium forming an intermediate gri  gn  ard re  agent the al  ko  xy group is a poor leaving group and therefore an e 1 cb elimination reaction mechanism is proposed the original publication describes the organic synthesis of the compound iso  he  p  ten  e in several steps bo  ord synthesis of iso  he  p  ten  e 1930 in a 1931 publication the scope is extended to 1 4 dien  es with magnesium replaced by zinc see also bar  bi  er reaction in the first part of the reaction the all  yl gri  gn  ard acts as a nucle  ophi  le in nucle  oph  il  ic ali  ph  atic substitution bo  ord di  ene synthesis 1931
borderline lepro  mat  ous leprosy is a skin condition with numerous symmetr  ical skin le  sions
borderline leprosy is a cu  taneous skin condition with numerous skin le  sions that are red ir  regularly shaped pl  aqu  es
borderline personality disorder b  pd also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder is a long term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by unstable relationships with other people unstable sense of self and unstable emotions there is often an extreme fear of abandonment frequent dangerous behavior a feeling of emp  tin  ess and self harm symptoms may be brought on by seemingly normal events the behavior typically begins by early adul  thood and occurs across a variety of situations substance abuse depression and eating disorders are commonly associated with b  pd about 10 of those with b  pd die by suicide b  pd s causes are unclear but seem to involve genetic brain environment and social factors it occurs about five times more often in a person who has an affected close relatives adverse life events also appear to play a role the underlying mechanism appears to involve the fron  to  lim  bic network of neurons b  pd is recognized by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm as personality disorder along with nine other such disorders diagnosis is based on the symptoms while a medical exam may be done to rule out other problems the condition must be differentiated from an identity problem or substance use disorders among other possibilities borderline personality disorder is typically treated with therapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy c  bt another type dial  ec  tical behavior therapy d  bt has been found to reduce the risk of suicide therapy may occur one on one or in a group while medications do not cure b  pd they may be used to help with the associated symptoms some people require care in hospital about 1 6 of people have b  pd in a given year females are diagnosed about three times as often as males it appears to become less common among older people up to half of people improve over a ten year period people affected typically use a high amount of healthcare resources there is an ongoing debate about the naming of the disorder especially the suitability of the word borderline
borderline tubercul  o  id leprosy is a cu  taneous condition similar to tubercul  o  id leprosy except the skin le  sions are smaller and more numerous
in mathematics bo  rel isom  orph  ism is a bi  jec  tive bo  rel function from one polish space to another polish space clarification a sub  set of the domain is bo  rel if and only if its image under the bo  rel isom  orph  ism is bo  rel bo  rel isom  orph  isms are closed under composition and under taking of inver  ses the set of bo  rel isom  orph  isms from a polish space to itself clearly forms a group under composition bo  rel isom  orph  isms on polish spaces are analogous to home  om  orph  isms on topo  logical spaces both are bi  jec  tive and closed under composition and a home  om  orph  ism and its in  verse are both continuous instead of both being bo  rel measurable
bor  na disease is an infectious neuro  logical syndrome of warm bloo  ded animals caused by bor  na disease viruses 1 and 2 bo  d  v 1 2 both of which are members of the species mammalian 1 bor  navi  rus bo  d  v 1 an 2 cause abnormal behaviour and fat  ality bor  na disease viruses 1 and 2 are neuro  tropic viruses and members of the bor  navi  ri  da  e family within the mon  on  eg  avi  r  ales order although bor  na disease viruses 1 and 2 are mainly seen as the caus  ative agent of bor  na disease in horses and other animals they are also controversi  ally discussed as human infectious agents and therefore as potenti  al  zoonotic agents the role of bo  d  v 1 and 2 in human illness is controversial and it is yet to be established whether bo  d  v 1 or 2 cause any over  t disease in humans however cor  relative evidence exists linking bo  d  v 1 2 infection with neuro  psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder
bor  n  holm disease or epidemic ple  u  ro  dy  nia or epidemic my  al  gia is a disease caused by the co  x  s  ack  ie b virus or other viruses it is named after the danish island of bor  n  holm where early cases occurred
bor  on deficiency is a path  ology which may occur in animals due to a lack of bor  on a report given by e wayne johnson et al at the 2005 alan d lem  an swine conference suggests that bor  on deficiency produces o  ste  och  on  dro  sis in swine that is correc  table by addition of 50 ppm of bor  on to the diet the amount of bor  on required by animals and humans is not yet well established
bor  on deficiency is a common deficiency of the mic  ron  u  tri  ent bor  on in plants it is the most widespread mic  ron  u  tri  ent deficiency around the world and causes large losses in crop production and crop quality bor  on deficiency affects vegetative and reproductive growth of plants resulting in inhi  bi  tion of cell expansion death of mer  ist  em and reduced fertility plants contain bor  on both in a water soluble and in  soluble form in intact plants the amount of water soluble bor  on fluctu  ates with the amount of bor  on supplied while in  soluble bor  on does not the appearance of bor  on deficiency coincides with the decrease of water in  soluble bor  on it appears that the in  soluble bor  on is the functional form while the soluble bor  on represents the surplus bor  on is essential for the growth of higher plants the primary function of the element is to provide structural integrity to the cell wall in plants other functions likely include the maintenance of the plasma memb  rane and other metabol  ic pathways
the bor  r  mann effect or bor  r  mann – campbell effect after gerhard bor  r  mann and herbert n campbell is the anom  alous increase in the intensity of x rays transmitted through a crystal when it is being set up for br  ag  g reflection the bor  r  mann effect — a dramatic increase in transparency to x ray be  ams — is observed when x rays satisfying br  ag  g s law diff  r  act through a perfect crystal the minim  ization of absorption seen in the bor  r  mann effect has been explained by noting that the electric field of the x ray beam approaches zero am  pl  itude at the crystal planes thus avoiding the atoms
metal cataly  zed c – h bor  yl  ation reactions are transition metal cataly  zed organic reactions that produce an organ  ob  or  on compound through func  tion  alization of ali  ph  atic and aromatic c – h bonds and are therefore useful reactions for carbon – hydrogen bond activation metal cataly  zed c – h bor  yl  ation reactions utili  ze transition metals to directly convert a c – h bond into a c – b bond this route can be advantageous compared to traditional bor  yl  ation reactions by making use of cheap and abundant hydrocarbon starting material limiting pre  func  tion  alized organic compounds reducing toxic by  products and streamlining the synthesis of bio  logically important molecules bor  onic acids and bor  onic esters are common bor  yl groups incorporated into organic molecules through bor  yl  ation reactions bor  onic acids are tri  val  ent bor  on containing organic compounds that possess one al  ky  l substitu  ent and two hydrox  yl groups similarly bor  onic esters possess one al  ky  l substitu  ent and two ester groups bor  onic acids and esters are classified depending on the type of carbon group r directly bon  ded to bor  on for example al  ky  l al  ken  yl al  ky  n  yl and ar  yl bor  onic esters the most common type of starting materials that incorporate bor  onic esters into organic compounds for transition metal cataly  zed bor  yl  ation reactions have the general formula ro 2 b b or 2 for example bis pin  a  co  la  to di  bor  on b 2 pin 2 and bis cat  ec  hol  ato di  bor  ane b 2 cat 2 are common bor  on sources of this general formula b 2 pin 2 and b 2 cat 2 the bor  on atom of a bor  onic ester or acid is sp 2 hybri  di  zed possessing a vacant p orb  ital enabling these groups to act as lewis acids the c – b bond of bor  onic acids and esters are slightly longer than typical c – c single bonds with a range of 1 55 1 59 å the leng  th  ened c – b bond relative to the c – c bond results in a bond energy that is also slightly less than that of c – c bonds 323 k  j mol for c – b vs 358 k  j mol for c – c the carbon – hydrogen bond has a bond length of about 1 09 å and a bond energy of about 413 k  j mol the c – b bond is therefore a useful intermediate as a bond that replaces a typically un  reactive c – h bond organ  ob  or  on compounds are organic compounds containing a carbon bor  on bond organ  ob  or  on compounds have broad applications for chemical synthesis because the c – b bond can easily be converted into a c – x x br cl c – o c – n or c – c bond because of the vers  ati  lity of the c – b bond numerous processes have been developed to incorporate them into organic compounds organ  ob  or  on compounds are traditionally synthe  sized from gri  gn  ard reagents through hydro  bor  ation or di  bor  ation reactions bor  yl  ation provides an alternative
the bo  sch reaction is a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen that produces elem  ental carbon graph  ite water and a 10 return of invested heat it is named after the german chem  ist carl bo  sch this reaction requires the introduction of iron as a catalyst and requires a temperature level of 530 730 degrees celsius the overall reaction is as follows co 2 g 2 h 2 g → c s 2 h 2 o g the above reaction is actually the result of two reactions the first reaction the reverse water gas shift reaction is a fast one co 2 h 2 → co h 2 o the second reaction controls the reaction rate co h 2 → c h 2 o the overall reaction produces 2 3 × 103 jou  les for every gram of carbon dioxide reacted at 650 ° c reaction temperatures are in the range of 450 to 600 ° c the reaction can be accelerated in the presence of an iron co  bal  t or nickel catalyst ruth  en  ium also serves to speed up the reaction together with the sab  ati  er reaction the bo  sch reaction is studied as a way to remove carbon dioxide and to generate clean water aboard a space station the reaction is also used to produce graph  ite for radio  carbon dating with acceler  ator mass spec  tro  metry the bo  sch reaction is being investigated for use in maintaining space station life support though the bo  sch reaction would present a completely closed hydrogen and oxygen cycle which only produces atomic carbon as waste difficulties in maintaining its higher required temperature and properly handling carbon deposits mean that significantly more research will be required before a bo  sch reactor can become a reality one problem is that the production of elem  ental carbon tends to foul the catalyst s surface which is detrimental to the reaction s efficiency
boston ex  anthem disease is a cu  taneous condition that first occurred as an epidemic in boston in 1951 it is caused by echo  virus 16 the disease tends to afflic  t children more often than adults although some adults can become infected and the symptoms have never been fatal it shows some clinical similarity to rub  ella and human her  pes  virus 6
the bos  worth frac  ture is a rare frac  ture of the dis  tal fi  bul  a with an associated fixed poster  ior dis  location of the proxim  al fi  bul  ar frag  ment which becomes trapped behind the poster  ior ti  bial tuber  cle the injury is caused by severe external rotation of the an  kle the an  kle remains externally rot  ated after the injury making interpretation of x rays difficult which can lead to mis  diagnosis and incorrect treatment the injury is most commonly treated by open reduction internal fixation as closed reduction is made difficult by the entr  ap  ment of the fi  bul  a behind the ti  bia the entr  ap  ment of an intact fi  bul  a behind the ti  bia was described by ash  hur  st and bro  mer in 19  22 who attributed the description of the mechanism of injury to hu  gui  er s 18  48 publication the injury involving fi  bul  ar frac  ture with poster  ior dis  location was described by david m bos  worth in 1947
the bo  try  o  id od  on  to  genic cyst is a variant of the lateral period  on  tal cyst it is more often found in middle aged and older adults and the teeth more likely affected are man  di  bul  ar lower can  ines and pre  mol  ars on radio  graphs the cyst appears grape like often patients with this condition are symptomatic
bo  try  om  y  co  sis also known as bacterial pseu  dom  y  co  sis is a rare chronic gran  ul  om  at  ous bacterial infection that affects the skin and sometimes the vis  cer  a bo  try  om  y  co  sis has been known to affect humans horses cattle swine dogs and cats it can occur in recently castr  ated horses if proper hygiene is not followed and the end of the sper  matic ch  ord becomes infected with s au  re  us
bot can  ker of oak is a disease on stems branches and twi  gs of oak trees in europe and north america the casual agent of bot can  ker of oak is the fun  gus bo  try  o  sp  ha  er  ia cor  ti  cola bot can  ker of oak causes le  sions and can  kers on a wide range of o  aks in europe and most recently live o  aks in north america some infections were formerly attributed to bo  try  o  sp  ha  er  ia stev  ensi  i but most likely represent infections by bo  try  o  sp  ha  er  ia cor  ti  cola bo  try  o  sp  ha  er  ia cor  ti  cola is distingu  ishable from bo  try  o  sp  ha  er  ia stev  ensi  i via its r  dna sequ  encing
bottle shock or bottle sickness is a temporary condition of wine characterized by muted or dis  join  ted fruit flav  ors it often occurs immediately after bottling or when wines usually fragile wines are given an additional dose of sul  fur in the form of sul  fur dioxide or sul  f  ite solution or if they are subject to other forms of handling and transport after a few weeks the condition usually disappears
in engineering a bottlenec  k is a phenomenon by which the performance or capacity of an entire system is severely limited by a single component the component is sometimes called a bottlenec  k point the term is met  aphor  ically derived from the neck of a bottle where the flow speed of the liquid is limited by its neck formally a bottlenec  k lies on a system s critical path and provides the lowest through  put bottlenecks are usually avoided by system designers also a great amount of effort is directed at locating and tuning them bottlenec  k may be for example a processor a communication link a data processing software etc
the bottlenec  k traveling salesman problem bottlenec  k t  sp is a problem in dis  crete or combin  atorial optimi  zation it is stated as follows find the hamil  ton  ian cycle in a weighted graph which minim  izes the weight of the most weighty edge of the cycle the problem is known to be n  p hard the decision problem version of this for a given length x is there a hamil  ton  ian cycle in a graph g with no edge longer than x is n  p complete in an asymmetric bottlenec  k t  sp there are cases where the weight from no  de a to b is different from the weight from b to a e g travel time between two cities with a traffic jam in one direction eu  cli  dean bottlenec  k t  sp or plan  ar bottlenec  k t  sp is the bottlenec  k t  sp with the distance being the ordinary eu  cli  dean distance the problem still remains n  p hard however many he  ur  is  tics work better if the graph is a metric space then there is an efficient approximation algori  thm that finds a hamil  ton  ian cycle with maximum edge weight being no more than twice the optimum
in the technical analysis of security prices a bottom is a chart pattern where prices reach a low then a lower low and then a higher low according to some technical analysis theories the first low signifies the pressure from selling was greater than the pressure from buying the second lower low suggests that selling still had more pressure than the buying the third higher low suggests that buying pressure will not let prices fall as low as the previous low this turning point from selling pressure to buying pressure is called a bottom
bot  ul  ism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacter  ium clo  stri  dium bot  ul  inum the disease begins with weakness trouble seeing feeling tired and trouble speaking this may then be followed by weakness of the arms chest muscles and legs the disease does not usually affect consciousness or cause a fever bot  ul  ism can be spread several different ways the bacterial spo  res which cause it are common in both soil and water they produce the bot  ul  inum toxin when exposed to low oxygen levels and certain temperatures food  borne bot  ul  ism happens when food containing the toxin is eaten infant bot  ul  ism happens when the bacteria develops in the intest  ines and releases the toxin this typically only occurs in children less than six months old as protective mechanisms develop after that time wound bot  ul  ism is found most often among those who inject street drugs in this situation spo  res enter a wound and in the absence of oxygen release the toxin it is not passed directly between people the diagnosis is confirmed by finding the toxin or bacteria in the person in question prevention is primarily by proper food preparation the toxin though not the organism is destroyed by heating it to more than 85 ° c 185 ° f for longer than 5 minutes honey can contain the organism and for this reason honey should not be fed to children under 12 months treatment is with an anti  toxin in those who lose their ability to breathe on their own mechanical ventilation may be necessary for months antibiotics may be used for wound bot  ul  ism death occurs in 5 to 10 of people bot  ul  ism can affect many other animals the word is from latin bot  ul  us meaning sausage
bou  ff  ée dé  li  ran  te refers to a sudden out  burst of aggression and during the episode the person may see or hear things that aren t really there it also involves marked confusion and psy  ch  om  o  tor excitement this syndrome may also cause visual and aud  itory halluc  inations or paranoia bou  ff  ée dé  li  ran  te is a culture bound syndrome which is common in west africa and haiti
as distinct from the demarcation problem or boundary problem in the philosophy of science boundary problem in spatial analysis is a geographical phenomenon as one of the four major issues that interfere with an accurate estimation of the statistical parameter the four issues include the boundary problem as well as the scale problem pattern problem or spatial auto  correlation and modi  fiable are  al unit problem barber 1988 the boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbors in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbors while geographic phenomena are measured and analyzed within a specific unit identical spatial data can appear either dispersed or clu  stered depending on the boundary placed around the data in analysis with point data dispersion is evaluated as dependent of the boundary in analysis with are  al data statistics should be interpreted based upon the boundary in geographical research two types of areas are taken into consideration in relation to the boundary an area surrounded by fixed natural boundaries e g coastlines or streams outside of which neighbors do not exist hen  ley 1981 or an area included in a larger region defined by arbitrary artificial boundaries e g an air pollution boundary in model  ing studies or an urban boundary in population migration ha  ining 1990 in an area isolated by the natural boundaries the spatial process dis  continues at the boundaries in contrast if a study area is deline  ated by the artificial boundaries the process continues beyond the area if a spatial process in an area occurs beyond a study area or has an interaction with neighbors outside artificial boundaries the most common approach is to neglect the influence of the boundaries and assume that the process occurs at the internal area however such an approach leads to a significant model mis  specification problem up  ton and fin  g  leton 1985 that is for measurement or administrative purposes geographic boundaries are drawn but the boundaries per se can bring about different spatial patterns in geographic phenomena bes  r 2002 it has been reported that the difference in the way of drawing the boundary significantly affects identification of the spatial distribution and estimation of the statistical parameters of the spatial process cres  sie 1992 fo  ther  in  gham and ro  ger  son 1993 gri  ff  ith 1983 martin 1987 the difference is largely based on the fact that spatial processes are generally un  bounded or fu  zzy bounded le  ung 1987 but the processes are expressed in data imposed within boundaries for analysis purposes miller 1999 although the boundary problem was discussed in relation to artificial and arbitrary boundaries the effect of the boundaries also occurs according to natural boundaries as long as it is ignored that properties at sites on the natural boundary such as streams are likely to differ from those at sites within the boundary martin 1989 the boundary problem occurs with regard not only to horizontal boundaries but also to vertically drawn boundaries according to deline  ations of heights or depths pin  eda 1993 for example biodiversity such as the density of species of plants and animals is high near the surface so if the iden  tically divided height or depth is used as a spatial unit it is more likely to find fewer number of the plant and animal species as the height or depth increases figure 1 boundary problem urban spra  w  l in central florida an evaluation by land cover analysis with ra  ster dat  as  ets vs an evaluation by population density bounded in the census tract figure 2 boundary problem horizontal boundaries figure 3 boundary problem vertical boundaries
in harmon  ic analysis in mathematics a function of bounded mean osci  ll  ation also known as a b  mo function is a real valued function whose mean osci  ll  ation is bounded finite the space of functions of bounded mean osci  ll  ation b  mo is a function space that in some precise sense plays the same role in the theory of hardy spaces h  p that the space l ∞ of essentially bounded functions plays in the theory of l  p spaces it is also called john – ni  ren  berg space after fr  itz john and louis ni  ren  berg who introduced and studied it for the first time
in mathematical analysis a function of bounded variation also known as a bv function is a real valued function whose total variation is bounded finite the graph of a function having this property is well behaved in a precise sense for a continuous function of a single variable being of bounded variation means that the distance along the direction of the y axis neglecting the contribution of motion along x axis traveled by a point moving along the graph has a finite value for a continuous function of several variables the meaning of the definition is the same except for the fact that the continuous path to be considered cannot be the whole graph of the given function which is a hy  pers  ur  face in this case but can be every inter  section of the graph itself with a hyper  plane in the case of functions of two variables a plane parallel to a fixed x axis and to the y axis functions of bounded variation are precisely those with respect to which one may find ri  emann – sti  el  t  j  es integr  als of all continuous functions another characterization states that the functions of bounded variation on a compact interval are exactly those f which can be written as a difference g − h where both g and h are bounded mon  ot  one in the case of several variables a function f defined on an open sub  set ω of ℝ  n is said to have bounded variation if its distributional derivative is a vector valued finite rad  on measure one of the most important aspects of functions of bounded variation is that they form an al  ge  bra of dis  continuous functions whose first derivative exists almost everywhere due to this fact they can and frequently are used to define generalized solutions of non  linear problems involving func  tion  als ordinary and partial differential equations in mathematics physics and engineering we have the following chains of inclu  sions for functions over a compact sub  set of the real line continuously differenti  able ⊆ lip  sch  itz continuous ⊆ absolutely continuous ⊆ bounded variation ⊆ differenti  able almost everywhere
b  out  on  ne  use fever also called mediterranean spotted fever fi  è  vre b  out  on  ne  use kenya tick ty  ph  us indian tick ty  ph  us marseilles fever or african tick bite fever is a fever as a result of a ric  ke  tt  si  al infection caused by the bacter  ium ric  ke  tt  sia con  ori  i and transmitted by the dog tick r  hi  pic  ep  hal  us san  guin  eus b  out  on  ne  use fever can be seen in many places around the world although it is endemic in countries surrounding the mediterranean sea this disease was first described in tunisia in 19  10 by con  or and bru  ch and was named b  out  on  ne  use french for spot  ty due to its pap  ular skin rash characteristics
b  out  on  ni  ere de  form  ity is a de  formed position of the fingers or toes in which the joint nearest the knuc  kle the proxim  al inter  p  hal  ange  al joint or pi  p is permanently bent toward the palm while the far  thest joint the dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joint or dip is bent back away pi  p fl  ex  ion with dip hyper  extension it is commonly caused by injury or by an infl  am  matory condition like r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis or genetic conditions like eh  lers dan  los syndrome
the bou  ve  ault alde  hyde synthesis also known as the bou  ve  ault reaction is a one pot substitution reaction that replaces an al  ky  l or ar  yl hali  de with a form  yl group using a n n dis  u  b  stitu  ted form  amide for primary al  ky  l hali  des this produces the homo  log  ous alde  hyde one carbon longer for ar  yl hali  des this produces the corresponding car  bal  de  hyde bou  ve  ault alde  hyde synthesis is an example of a form  yl  ation reaction the bou  ve  ault alde  hyde synthesis
the bou  ve  ault – blanc reduction is a chemical reaction in which an ester is reduced to primary alcohol  s using absolute ethanol and sodium metal the bou  ve  ault blanc reduction this reaction is an inexpensive and large scale alternative to lith  ium aluminium hy  dri  de reduction of esters
bovine eph  emer  al fever be  f also known as three day sickness is an ar  thro  pod vector borne disease of cattle and is caused by bovine eph  emer  al fever virus be  f  v a member of the genus eph  emer  o  virus in the family r  hab  do  vi  ri  da  e be  f  v forms a bullet or cone shaped vi  ri  ons that consist of a negative single stranded r  na genome with a lip  id envelope and 5 structural proteins the envelope gly  co  protein g contains type specific and neutr  alizing anti  genic sites ther  es has been recent evidence which demonstrated that be  f  v induc  es apop  to  sis in several cell lines it was however shown that apop  to  sis could be blocked by the cas  p  ase inhi  bit  or z v  ad f  mk indicating that be  f  v induc  es cas  p  ase dependent apop  to  sis in cul  tured cells
bovine m  align  ant cat  arr  hal fever b  mc  f is a fatal lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disease caused by a group of ruminant gam  ma her  pes viruses including al  cel  aph  ine her  pes virus 1 al  h  v 1 and ovine her  pes virus 2 ov  h  v 2 these viruses cause in  apparent infection in their reservoir hosts sheep with ov  h  v 2 and wil  de  be  est with al  h  v 1 but are usually fatal in cattle and other un  gul  ates such as deer an  tel  ope and buffalo b  mc  f is an important disease where reservoir and susceptible animals mix there is a particular problem with bali cattle in indonesia b  ison in the usa and in past  or  alist herds in eastern and southern africa disease outbreaks in cattle are usually spor  adic although infection of up to 40 of a herd has been reported the reasons for this are unknown some species appear to be particularly susceptible for example pé  re davi  ds deer bali cattle and b  ison with many deer dying within 48 hours of the appearance of the first symptoms and b  ison within three days in contrast post infection cattle will usually survive a week or more
bovine pap  ular stom  ati  tis is a disease caused by a virus of the family po  x  vi  ri  da  e and the genus par  apo  x  virus it occurs worldwide in cattle symptoms include red  dish raised sometimes ul  cer  ative le  sions on the lips mu  zzle and in the mouth it usually occurs before the age of two years re  infection is possible because of the short duration of immunity clin  ically the disease is mild but its importance lies in the need to differentiate it from foot and mouth disease there have been reports of both le  sions on the hands of mil  kers and similar infections in sheep and goats as well as humans
bovine pro  lapsed uter  us is a condition usually caused by strain during cal  ving the uter  us is pro  lapsed and creates a condition which can be fatal if not promptly treated generally accepted treatment is to wrap the uter  us in clean mo  ist warm cloth until veterinarian assistance arrives long term treatment is described in bovine surgery and lam  eness by a david wea  ver guy st jean and adrian ste  iner black  well publishing 2005 oxford uk
bovine spongiform encephalopathy bse commonly known as mad cow disease is a fatal neuro  degenerative disease encephalopathy in cattle that causes a spon  gy de  generation of the brain and spinal cord bse has a long incub  ation period of 2 5 to 5 years usually affecting adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years all breeds being equally susceptible bse is caused by a mis  fol  ded protein — a pri  on in the united kingdom the country worst affected by an epidemic in 1986 – 1998 more than 180 000 cattle were infected and 4 4 million slaughtered during the eradication program the disease may be most easily transmitted to humans by eating food contaminated with the brain spinal cord or dig  estive tract of infected carcasses however the infectious agent although most highly concentrated in nervous tissue can be found in virtually all tissues throughout the body including blood in humans it is known as new variant creutz  feldt – jakob disease v  cjd or n  v  cjd and by june 2014 it had killed 177 people in the united kingdom and 52 elsewhere between 460 000 and 482 000 bse infected animals had entered the human food chain before controls on high risk offal were introduced in 1989 a british and irish inquiry into bse concluded the epizootic was caused by cattle which are normally her  bi  vores being fed the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal m  bm which caused the infectious agent to spread the cause of bse may be from the contamination of m  bm from sheep with scrapie that were processed in the same slaughterhouse the epidemic was probably accelerated by the recycling of infected bovine tissues prior to the recognition of bse the origin of the disease itself remains unknown the infectious agent is distinctive for the high temperatures at which it remains viable over 600 ° c about 1100 ° f this contributed to the spread of the disease in the united kingdom which had reduced the temperatures used during its rendering process another contributory factor was the feeding of infected protein supplements to very young calves
bovine viral diarr  hea b  vd or bovine viral diarr  ho  ea uk english and previously referred to as bovine virus diarr  ho  ea b  vd is a significant economic disease of cattle which is endemic in the majority of countries throughout the world the caus  ative agent bovine viral diarr  hea virus b  v  d  v is a member of the p  esti  virus genus of the family fla  vivi  ri  da  e b  vd infection results in a wide variety of clinical signs due to its immun  o  sup  pres  sive effects as well as having a direct effect on respiratory disease and fertility in addition b  vd infection of a susceptible dam during a certain period of gest  ation can result in the production of a persistently infected pi fe  tus pi animals recognise intra cellular b  vd viral particles as ‘ self ’ and shed virus in large quantities throughout life they represent the cornerstone of the success of b  vd as a disease
tend  initi  s tend  oni  tis is infl  amm  ation of a tend  on many times the tend  on tissue is torn a bo  wed tend  on is a hor  sem  an s term for a tend  on after a horse has sustained an injury that caused the tend  on fi  bers to be torn and then healed with bo  wed appearance
bo  wel inf  arc  tion results from restricted blood supply to the bo  wel most often due to bo  wel obstruction or oc  clu  sion of one of the mes  enter  ic arter  ies bo  wel obstruction is most often caused by intest  inal adhe  sions which frequently form after ab  domin  al sur  ger  ies or by chronic infections such as diver  tic  u  li  tis hepatitis and infl  am  matory bo  wel disease the condition is difficult to diagnose properly as the symptoms may resemble those of other bo  wel disorders patients who have undergone extensive res  ection of the small bo  wel may develop mal  absorption indicating the need for dietary supplements vol  vul  us is a rare but life threatening cause of bo  wel inf  arc  tion which requires immediate medical attention central ab  domin  al pain which is resistant to narcotic anal  ge  sia may be an indication of bo  wel inf  arc  tion
bo  wel obstruction also known as intest  inal obstruction is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intest  ines which prevents the normal movement of the products of dig  estion either the small bo  wel or large bo  wel may be affected symptoms include ab  domin  al pain v  om  iting blo  ating and not passing gas mechanical obstruction is the cause of about 5 to 15 of cases of severe ab  domin  al pain of sudden onset requiring admission to hospital causes of bo  wel obstruction include adhe  sions her  ni  as vol  vul  us end  ome  tri  osis infl  am  matory bo  wel disease append  ic  i  tis tumors diver  tic  u  li  tis is  chem  ic bo  wel tuberculosis and int  us  suscep  tion small bo  wel obstruc  tions are most often due to adhe  sions and her  ni  as while large bo  wel obstruc  tions are most often due to tumors and vol  vul  us the diagnosis may be made on plain x rays however ct scan is more accurate ul  tras  ound or m  ri may help in the diagnosis of children or pregnant women the condition may be treated conserv  atively or with surgery typically intra  ven  ous fluids are given a tube is placed through the nose into the stomach to de  com  press the intest  ines and pain medications are given antibiotics are often given in small bo  wel obstruction about 25 require surgery complications may include sep  sis bo  wel is  chem  ia and bo  wel per  for  ation about 2 5 million cases of or bo  wel obstruction occurred in 2013 which resulted in 236 000 deaths both sexes are equally affected and the condition can occur at any age bo  wel obstruction has been documented throughout history with cases detailed in the e  bers pap  y  rus of 15  50 bc and by hippo  crates
bow  en s disease b  d also known as squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma in situ is a ne  op  l  astic skin disease it can be considered as an early stage or intra  ep  id  er  mal form of squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma it was named after john t bow  en er  y  thro  pl  asia of qu  ey  rat is a particular type of squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma in situ which can arise on the gl  ans or pre  pu  ce in males and vul  va in females and may be induced by human pap  il  lo  ma virus it is reported to occur in cor  ne  os  cl  eral lim  bus
bow  en  o  id pap  ul  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by the presence of pi  gm  ented ver  ru  co  us pap  ules on the body of the penis they are associated with human pap  il  lo  ma  virus the caus  ative agent of genital war  ts the le  sions have a typical dys  plastic his  to  logy and are generally considered benign although a small percentage will develop m  align  ant characteristics it is considered as a pre m  align  ant condition other terms used to describe the condition are er  y  thro  pl  asia of qu  ey  rat squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma in situ and bow  en ’ s disease the term bow  en  o  id pap  ul  osis was coined in 1977 by kop  f and bart and is named after der  mato  logist john temp  leton bow  en the term “ intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia ” defines a pre  m  align  ant intra  epi  the  li  al change on the vul  va it is termed vin vul  var or vul  val intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia on the penis pin pen  ile intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia and on or around the an  us ain anal intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia the terminology has been very confusing and it is now recommended that the terms bow  en ’ s disease er  y  thro  pl  asia of qu  ey  rat and bow  en  o  id pap  ul  osis should not be used for le  sions in the ano  genital area however der  mato  logists still recognize a distinct clinical variant bow  en  o  id pap  ul  osis characterized by dis  crete pap  ules in a younger age group and a tendency for spontaneous regression additionally some authorities believe that er  y  thro  pl  asia of qu  ey  rat and bow  en ’ s disease remain useful terms in men epidemiology it may occur at any age the incidence in young women is rising
bow  en – con  rad  i syndrome b  cs or b  w  cns is a disease in humans that can affect children the disease is due to an auto  som  al rec  essive ab  normality of the em  g 1 gene which plays a role in small ri  bo  som  al sub  unit s  su assembly the prep  onder  ance of diagnoses has been in north american hut  ter  ite children but b  w  cns can affect other population groups b  w  cns is a ri  bo  som  opathy a d 86 g mutation of em  g 1 destroys an ec  or  v restriction end  on  uc  lease site in the most highly con  served region of the protein sk  el  etal dys  mor  pho  logy is seen and severe pre  natal and post  natal growth failure usually leads to death by one year of age
a bo  wie knife pronounced ˈ  bu  ː  i  ː boo ee or ˈ  bo  ʊ i  ː bow ee is a pattern of fixed blade fighting knife created by james black in the early 19 th century for jim bo  wie who had become famous for his use of a large knife at a du  el known as the sand  bar fight since the first incar  nation the bo  wie knife has come to incorporate several recogniz  able and characteristic design features although in common usage the term refers to any large she  ath knife with a cross  guard and a cli  p point the knife pattern is still popular with collectors in addition to various knife manufacturing companies there are hundreds of custom knife makers producing bo  wi  es and variations
in toss ju  ggling the box is a ju  ggling pattern for 3 objects most commonly balls or bean bags two balls are dedicated to a specific hand with vertical throws and the third ball is thrown horizon  tally between the two hands its sit  es  w  ap is 4 2 x 2 x 4 the box pattern can be seen as a synchron  ous shower which direction is changed at every throw the half box is similar but as  yn  ch  ron  ous with sit  es  w  ap 441
box  er s frac  ture is a col  lo  qu  ial term for a frac  ture of one of the me  tac  ar  pal bones of the hand class  ically the frac  ture occurs trans  ver  sely across the neck of the bone after the patient strikes an object with a closed fist alternate terms include scr  app  er s frac  ture or bar room frac  ture as these are col  lo  qu  ial terms texts and medical dic  tion  aries do not universally agree on precise meanings various authorities state that a box  er s frac  ture means a break in specifically the second me  tac  ar  pal bone or third me  tac  ar  pal bone with bar room frac  ture being specific to the fourth me  tac  ar  pal bone or fifth me  tac  ar  pal bone though some writers assert that box  er s frac  ture and bar room frac  ture are distinct terms representing injuries to different bones this distinction seems to have been lost over time and most medical professionals now describe any me  tac  ar  pal frac  ture as a box  er s frac  ture
box  er cardi  om  y  opathy also known as box  er arr  hy  th  mo  genic right ven  tric  ular cardi  om  y  opathy is a disease of the my  o  cardi  um primarily affecting box  er dogs it is characterized by the development of ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  arr  hy  th  mi  as resulting in syn  cope and sudden cardiac death my  o  cardi  al failure and cong  estive heart failure are un  common manifestations of the disease
box  wood b  light also known as box b  light or box  wood leaf drop is a widespread fun  gal disease affecting box  woods caused by cylin  dro  cl  adi  um bu  xi  cola also called c pseu  don  a  vic  ul  at  um
the boy  land – si  ms oxid  ation is the chemical reaction of an  il  ines with al  kal  ine potassium pers  ul  fate which after hydro  lysis forms orth  o hydrox  yl an  il  ines the boy  land si  ms oxid  ation the orth  o isom  er is formed predominantly however the para sul  fate is formed in small amounts with certain an  il  ines
the br  achi  al plex  us is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spinal cord which is housed in the spinal canal of the vertebr  al column or sp  ine to the shoulder arm and hand these nerves originate in the fifth sixth seventh and eighth cer  vic  al c 5 – c 8 and first thor  ac  ic t 1 spinal nerves and in  nerv  ate the muscles and skin of the chest shoulder arm and hand br  achi  al plex  us injuries or le  sions are caused by damage to those nerves br  achi  al plex  us injuries or le  sions can occur as a result of shoulder trauma tum  ours or infl  amm  ation the rare par  son  age turner syndrome causes br  achi  al plex  us infl  amm  ation without obvious injury but with nevertheless disab  ling symptoms but in general br  achi  al plex  us le  sions can be classified as either traumatic or ob  ste  tric ob  ste  tric injuries may occur from mechanical injury involving shoulder dy  sto  cia during difficult childbirth traumatic injury may arise from several causes the br  achi  al plex  us may be injured by falls from a height on to the side of the head and shoulder whereby the nerves of the plex  us are violently stretched the br  achi  al plex  us may also be injured by direct violence or gunshot wounds by violent traction on the arm or by efforts at reducing a dis  location of the shoulder joint
br  achi  or  ad  ial pr  ur  it  us sometimes abbreviated br  p is an intense it  ching sensation of the arm usually between the wrist and el  bow of either or both arms the itch can be so intense that sufferers will scratch their own skin to a bleeding condition the condition is becoming increasingly common presenting in patients who are usually fair skin  ned and middle aged and indulge in golf tennis outdoor table tennis sailing or other leisure outdoor activities in sunny clim  ates the cause is not known although there are a few lines of thought on what causes it no cure has been found many different medications and types of topical cre  ams have been experim  ented with but none seem to make any difference the only thing that seems to help most sufferers is the application of ice to the area until the itch is diminished
br  ach  y  cephal  ic syndrome is a pathological condition affecting short no  sed dogs and cats which leads to severe respiratory distress there are four different anatom  ical ab  norm  alities that contribute to the disease all of which occur more commonly in br  ach  y  cephal  ic breeds an el  ong  ated soft pal  ate sten  otic na  res a hypo  plastic trac  hea and ever  ted lar  yn  ge  al s  acc  ules a condition which occurs secon  d  arily to the other ab  norm  alities because all of these components make it more difficult to breathe in situations of exercise stress or heat an animal with these ab  norm  alities may be unable to take deep or fast enough bre  aths to blow off carbon dioxide this leads to distress and further increases respiratory rate and heart rate creating a vicious circle that can quickly lead to a life threatening situation dogs experiencing a crisis situation due to br  ach  y  cephal  ic syndrome typically benefit from oxygen cool temperatures sed  atives and in some cases more advanced medical intervention including intu  b  ation
br  ach  y  cephal  y from greek roots meaning short and head is the shape of a skull shorter than typical for its species it is perceived as a desirable trait in some domes  ticated dog and cat breeds such as pu  gs and can be normal or abnormal in other animal species in humans the cephal  ic disorder is known as flat head syndrome and results from premature fusion of the cor  onal su  tures see cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis or from external de  formation see pl  ag  io  cephal  y the cor  onal su  ture is the fi  bro  us joint that unites the frontal bone with the two par  ie  tal bones of the skull the par  ie  tal bones form the top and sides of the skull this feature can be seen in down syndrome in anthropo  logy human populations have been characterized as either dol  ic  ho  cephal  ic long headed mes  ati  cephal  ic moderate headed or br  ach  y  cephal  ic short headed the usefulness of the cephal  ic index was questioned by gius  ep  pe ser  gi who argued that cran  ial mor  pho  logy provided a better means to model racial ance  stry the incidence of br  ach  y  cephal  y in people has increased since the advent of sudden infant death syndrome recommendations for parents to keep their babies on their backs it is considered a cosmetic problem many pedi  at  ric  ians remain unaware of the issue and possible treatments treatments include regular prone re  positioning of babies tum  my time there are also cases of br  ach  y  cephal  y associated with pl  ag  io  cephal  y this de  form  ity occurs when there is a combination of br  ach  y  cephal  y and pl  ag  io  cephal  y present br  ach  y  cephal  y with pl  ag  io  cephal  y is posi  tional and has become more prevalent since the back to sleep campaign the back to sleep campaign began in 1994 as a way to educate parents ca  reg  i  vers and health care providers about ways to reduce the risk for sudden infant death syndrome si  ds the campaign was named for its recommendation to place healthy babies on their backs to sleep placing babies on their backs to sleep reduces the risk for si  ds also known as cot death or cri  b death this campaign has been successful in promoting infant back sleeping and other risk reduction strategies to parents family members child care providers health professionals and all other ca  reg  i  vers of infants at a cost of increasing the incidence of this de  formation of the head br  ach  y  cephal  y also describes a develop  mentally normal type of skull with a high cephal  ic index such as in snu  b no  sed breeds of dog such pu  gs and bull  dogs or cats such as the persian exotic and himalayan
br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly greek βρ  α  χ  ύ  ς short plus δ  ά  κ  τ  υ  λο  ς finger is a medical term which literally means short  ness of the fingers and toes digits the short  ness is relative to the length of other long bones and other parts of the body br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly is an inherited usually dominant trait it most often occurs as an isolated dys  me  lia but can also occur with other anomalies as part of many con  genital syndro  mes no  mo  grams for normal values of finger length as a ratio to other body measurements have been published in clinical genetics the most commonly used index of digit length is the dimen  sion  less ratio of the length of the 3 rd middle finger to the hand length both are expressed in the same units centi  meters for example and are measured in an open hand from the finger  tip to the principal cre  ases where the finger joins the palm and where the palm joins the wrist a no  mo  gram can be found in the appendix of jones ed smith s recogniz  able patterns of human mal  formation 5 th edition philadelphia saunders 1997
br  ach  y  met  at  ar  sia or hypo  plastic met  at  ar  sal is a condition in which there is one or more abnormally short or overlapping toes met  at  ar  s  als this condition may result due to a con  genital defect or it may be an acquired condition it most frequently involves the fourth met  at  ar  sal if it involves the first met  at  ar  sal the condition is known as mor  ton s syndrome treatment is via a number of differing surgical procedures
br  ach  y  p  tery is an anatom  ical condition in which an animal has very reduced wings such animals or their wings may be described as br  ach  y  p  ter  ous br  ach  y  p  ter  ous wings generally are not functional as organs of flight and often seem to be totally func  tion  less and vesti  gi  al in some species however wings that are vesti  gi  al in the sense of not retaining any function related to flight may have other functions such as organs of a  pos  ematic display in some orth  op  tera and ph  as  mato  dea br  ach  y  p  tery occurs commonly among insects an insect species might evolve towards br  ach  y  p  tery in reducing its flight muscles with their associated energy demands or in avoiding the hazards of flight in win  dy conditions on oce  anic islands in which flying insects are prone to drowning br  ach  y  p  tery also is common in ec  top  ar  asi  tic insects that have no use for wings and inqu  il  ine insects with socially par  asi  tic life strategies that do not require functional wings in some species of insects br  ach  y  p  tery occurs in some members say in only one gender or only some castes whereas fully functional wings occur in macro  p  ter  ous individuals other forms of br  ach  y  p  tery may depend on the temperature at which the insect grew and developed in winter for example some species grow reduced wings whereas in summer they grow fully developed wings that are adequate for migration the extreme form of br  ach  y  p  tery in which no wings grow at all such as in fle  as or worker ants is called ap  tery
brad  ford s law is a pattern first described by samuel c brad  ford in 19  34 that estimates the exponentially diminishing returns of searching for references in science journals one formulation is that if journals in a field are sorted by number of articles into three groups each with about one third of all articles then the number of journals in each group will be proportional to 1 n n ² there are a number of related formulations of the principle in many disciplines this pattern is called a p  are  to distribution as a practical example suppose that a researcher has five core scientific journals for his or her subject suppose that in a month there are 12 articles of interest in those journals suppose further that in order to find another dozen articles of interest the researcher would have to go to an additional 10 journals then that researcher s brad  ford multiplier bm is 2 i e 10 5 for each new dozen articles that researcher will need to look in bm times as many journals after looking in 5 10 20 40 etc journals most researchers quickly realize that there is little point in looking further different researchers have different numbers of core journals and different brad  ford multip  liers but the pattern holds quite well across many subjects and may well be a general pattern for human interactions in social systems like zip  f s law to which it is related we do not have a good explanation for why it works but knowing that it does is very useful for libr  arians what it means is that for each specialty it is sufficient to identify the core publications for that field and only stock those very rarely will researchers need to go outside that set however its impact has been far greater than that armed with this idea and inspired by van  ne  var bush s famous article as we may think eu  gene gar  field at the institute for scientific information in the 1960 s developed a comprehensive index of how scientific thinking propag  ates his science c  itation index sc  i had the effect of making it easy to identify exactly which scientists did science that had an impact and which journals that science appeared in it also caused the discovery which some did not expect that a few journals such as nature and science were core for all of hard science the same pattern does not happen with the humanities or the social sciences the result of this is pressure on scientists to publish in the best journals and pressure on universities to ensure access to that core set of journals on the other hand the set of core journals may vary more or less strongly with the individual researchers and even more strongly along schools of thought divides there is also a danger of over representing majority views if journals are selected in this fashion brad  ford s law is also known as brad  ford s law of scat  tering and as the brad  ford distribution this law or distribution in bi  bli  ome  trics can be applied to the world wide web
bradley s reg  ress is a philosophical problem concerning the nature of relations it is named after f h bradley who discussed the problem in his 18  93 book appearance and reality it bears a close kin  ship to the issue of the unity of the proposition
brain abs  c  ess or cere  br  al abs  c  ess is an abs  c  ess caused by infl  amm  ation and collection of infected material coming from local ear infection dental abs  c  ess infection of par  an  as  al sin  uses infection of the ma  sto  id air cells of the temporal bone ep  id  ural abs  c  ess or remote lung heart kidney etc infectious sources within the brain tissue the infection may also be introduced through a skull frac  ture following a head trauma or surgical procedures brain abs  c  ess is usually associated with con  genital heart disease in young children it may occur at any age but is most frequent in the third decade of life
brain damage or brain injury bi is the destruction or de  generation of brain cells brain injuries occur due to a wide range of internal and external factors a common category with the greatest number of injuries is traumatic brain injury t  bi following physical trauma or head injury from an outside source and the term acquired brain injury ab  i is used in appropriate circles to differentiate brain injuries occurring after birth from injury due to a disorder or con  genital mal  ady in general brain damage refers to significant undis  crimin  ating trauma induced damage while neuro  toxicity typically refers to selective chemically induced ne  uron damage
brain death is the complete and irreversible loss of brain function including involuntary activity necessary to sustain life brain death is one of the two ways of determination of death according to the uniform determination of death act of the united states the other way of determining death being irreversible cessation of circul  atory and respiratory functions it differs from persistent vegetative state in which some autonom  ic functions remain the australia and new zealand intensive care society an  z  ics states that the determination of brain death requires that there is un  responsive coma the absence of brain stem refl  exes and the absence of respiratory centre function in the clinical setting in which these findings are irreversible in particular there must be definite clinical or ne  uro imaging evidence of acute brain path  ology e g traumatic brain injury in  trac  ran  ial haemorrha  ge hypo  x  ic encephalopathy consistent with the irreversible loss of neuro  logical function brain death is used as an indicator of legal death in many jurisdictions but it is defined in  consistently various parts of the brain may keep living when others die and the term brain death has been used to refer to various combinations for example although a major medical dic  tionary says that brain death is synonymous with cere  br  al death death of the cere  bru  m the us national library of medicine medical subject headings mesh system defines brain death as including the bra  inst  em the distinctions can be important because for example in someone with a dead cere  bru  m but a living bra  inst  em the heartbeat and ventilation can continue un  aided whereas in whole brain death which includes brain stem death only life support equipment would keep those functions going patients classified as brain dead can have their organs sur  g  ically removed for organ donation though not everyone agrees with this practice preferring to limit organ donation to those individuals who have suffered the death of all of their brain and the death of their cardiac and respiratory systems biological or full death however if one limits the criteria to those individuals pro  curing viable organs can become much more difficult
brain her  ni  ation is a potentially deadly side effect of very high pressure within the skull that occurs when a part of the brain is squeezed across structures within the skull the brain can shift across such structures as the fal  x cere  br  i the tent  orium cere  b  elli and even through the for  amen magn  um the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord connects with the brain her  ni  ation can be caused by a number of factors that cause a mass effect and increase in  trac  ran  ial pressure ic  p these include traumatic brain injury in  trac  ran  ial hemorrha  ge or brain tumor her  ni  ation can also occur in the absence of high ic  p when mass le  sions such as hem  atom  as occur at the borders of brain compart  ments in such cases local pressure is increased at the place where the her  ni  ation occurs but this pressure is not transmitted to the rest of the brain and therefore does not register as an increase in ic  p because her  ni  ation puts extreme pressure on parts of the brain and thereby cuts off the blood supply to various parts of the brain it is often fatal therefore extreme measures are taken in hospital settings to prevent the condition by reducing in  trac  ran  ial pressure or de  com  pressing draining a hem  atom  a which is putting local pressure on a part of the brain
brain is  chem  ia aka cere  br  al is  chem  ia cere  bro  vascular is  chem  ia is a condition in which there is insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabol  ic demand this leads to poor oxygen supply or cere  br  al hypo  x  ia and thus to the death of brain tissue or cere  br  al inf  arc  tion is  chem  ic stroke it is a sub type of stroke along with sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ge and in  trac  ere  br  al hemorrha  ge is  chem  ia leads to alterations in brain metabol  ism reduction in metabol  ic rates and energy crisis there are two types of is  chem  ia focal is  chem  ia which is confined to a specific region of the brain and global is  chem  ia which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue the main symptoms involve impair  ments in vision body movement and speaking the causes of brain is  chem  ia vary from sick  le cell an  emia to con  genital heart defects symptoms of brain is  chem  ia can include un  consciousness blindness problems with coordination and weakness in the body other effects that may result from brain is  chem  ia are stroke cardi  o  respiratory arrest and irreversible brain damage an interruption of blood flow to the brain for more than 10 seconds causes un  consciousness and an interruption in flow for more than a few minutes generally results in irreversible brain damage in 1974 ho  ss  mann and zim  mer  mann demonstrated that is  chem  ia induced in mammalian brains for up to an hour can be at least partially recovered accordingly this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain is  chem  ia before the damage becomes irreversible
a brain me  tast  asis is a cancer that has me  tast  asi  zed spread to the brain from another location in the body as primary cancer treatments such as surgery radiation therapy and chem  otherapy have become more effective in the past few decades people with cancer are living longer after initial treatment than ever before however brain me  tast  ases still occur in many patients months or even years after their original cancer treatment brain me  tast  ases have a poor prog  no  sis for cure but modern treatments are allowing patients to live months and sometimes years after the diagnosis
brain morph  ome  try is a sub  field of both morph  ome  try and the brain sciences concerned with the measurement of brain structures and changes thereof during development aging learning disease and evolution since autopsy like dis  section is generally impossible on living brains brain morph  ome  try starts with non  invasive neuro  imaging data typically obtained from magnetic resonance imaging or m  ri for short these data are born digital which allows researchers to analyze the brain images further by using advanced mathematical and statistical methods such as shape quantification or multi  vari  ate analysis this allows researchers to quantify anatom  ical features of the brain in terms of shape mass volume e g of the hippo  campus or of the primary versus secondary visual cor  tex and to derive more specific information such as the en  ce  ph  alization quo  ti  ent grey matter density and white matter connectivity gy  ri  fication cor  tical thickness or the amount of cere  bro  spinal fluid these variables can then be mapped within the brain volume or on the brain surface providing a convenient way to assess their pattern and extent over time across individuals or even between different biological species the field is rapidly evolving along with neuro  imaging techniques — which deliver the underlying data — but also develops in part independently from them as part of the emerging field of neuro  inform  atics which is concerned with developing and adapting algori  th  ms to analyze those data
brain stem death is a clinical syndrome defined by the absence of refl  exes with pathways through the brain stem the “ stal  k ” of the brain which connects the spinal cord to the mid brain cere  bell  um and cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es in a deeply com  at  ose venti  lat  or dependent patient identification of this state carries a very grave prog  no  sis for survival cessation of heartbeat often occurs within a few days although it may continue for weeks or even months if intensive support is maintained in the united kingdom the formal diagnosis of brain stem death by the procedure laid down in the official code of practice permits the diagnosis and certification of death on the premise that a person is dead when consciousness and the ability to breathe are permanently lost regardless of continuing life in the body and parts of the brain and that death of the brain stem alone is sufficient to produce this state this concept of brain stem death is also accepted as grounds for pronoun  cing death for legal purposes in india and trinidad tobago elsewhere in the world the concept upon which the certification of death on neuro  logical grounds is based is that of permanent cessation of all function in all parts of the brain whole brain death with which the reduc  tionist united kingdom concept should not be confused the united states president s council on bio  ethics made it clear in its white paper of december 2008 that the united kingdom concept and clinical criteria are not considered sufficient for the diagnosis of death in the united states of america
a brain stem tumor is a tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord the brain stem
brain stimulation reward b  sr is a phenomenon in which direct stimulation of regions of the brain through either electrical or chemical means is rewarding and can serve as an oper  ant reinfor  cer the stimulation activ  ates the reward system and establishes response habits similar to those established by natural rewards such as food and water b  sr experiments soon demonstrated that stimulation of the lateral hypo  thal  am  us and other regions of the brain associated with natural reward was both rewarding as well as drive inducing electrical brain stimulation and in  trac  ran  ial drug injections are among the most powerful rewards because they activate the reward circu  it  ry directly rather than through the peripheral nerves b  sr has been found in all vertebr  ates tested including humans and it has provided a useful tool for understanding how natural rewards are processed by the brain as well as the anatom  ical structures and the neuro  chemistry associated with the brain s reward system in  trac  ran  ial self stimulation ic  ss is the oper  ant conditioning method used to create the b  sr response
a brain tumor or in  trac  ran  ial ne  op  las  m occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain there are two main types of tumors m  align  ant or can  cer  ous tumors and benign tumors can  cer  ous tumors can be divided into primary tumors that start within the brain and secondary tumors that have spread from somewhere else known as brain me  tast  asis tumors all types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved these symptoms may include headaches seizures problem with vision v  om  iting and mental changes the headache is class  ically worse in the morning and goes away with v  om  iting more specific problems may include difficulty in walking speaking and with sensation as the disease progres  ses un  consciousness may occur the cause of most brain tumors is unknown un  common risk factors include inherited neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis exposure to vinyl chloride ep  stein – bar  r virus and ionizing radiation the evidence for mobile phones is not clear the most common types of primary tumors in adults are men  ing  i  om  as usually benign and astro  cy  tom  as such as gli  obl  ast  om  as in children the most common type is a m  align  ant med  ul  lo  bl  ast  oma diagnosis is usually by medical examination along with compu  ted tom  o  graphy or magnetic resonance imaging this is then often confirmed by a biopsy based on the findings the tumors are divided into different grades of severity treatment may include some combination of surgery radiation therapy and chem  otherapy anti  con  vul  sant medication may be needed if seizures occur d  exam  eth  as  one and fu  ro  sem  ide may be used to decrease sw  elling around the tumor some tumors grow gradually requiring only monitoring and possibly needing no further intervention treatments that use a person s immune system are being studied outcome varies considerably depending on the type of tumor and how far it has spread at diagnosis gli  obl  ast  om  as usually have poor outcomes while men  ing  i  om  as usually have good outcomes the average five year survival rate for brain cancer in the united states is 33 secondary or me  ta  static brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors with about half of me  tast  ases coming from lung cancer primary brain tumors occur in around 250 000 people a year globally making up less than 2 of cancers in children younger than 15 brain tumors are second only to acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emia as a cause of cancer in australia the average economic cost of a case of brain cancer is 1 9 million the greatest of any type of cancer
bra  iner  d diarr  hea is a sudden onset wat  ery explosive diarr  hea that lasts for months and does not respond to antibiotics the cause of bra  iner  d diarr  hea is unknown bra  iner  d diarr  hea was first described in bra  iner  d min  nes  ota in 1983 it has been associated with the consumption of raw milk and untreated water of the ten outbreaks reported since 1983 nine have been in the u s the characteristics of each outbreak have been similar to that caused by an infectious agent although a comparatively large outbreak 117 patients occurred in 1996 in f  ann  in county texas the largest outbreak 122 patients was the original one in bra  iner  d mn there have been no secondary cases reported in any of the outbreaks suggesting that the caus  ative agent cannot be passed from person to person but boiling water appears to in  activate the bra  iner  d agent although there is no treatment available the disease does appear to resolve itself although this process takes months if not years
a bra  inst  em gli  oma is a can  cer  ous gli  oma tumor in the bra  inst  em around 75 are diagnosed in children and young adults under the age of twenty but have been known to affect older adults as well bra  inst  em gli  om  as start in the brain or spinal cord tissue and typically spread throughout the nervous system
a bra  inst  em stroke syndrome is a condition involving a stroke of the bra  inst  em because of their location they often involve impairment both of the cran  ial nucle  i and of the long tracts a person may have ver  ti  go di  zz  iness and severe imbalance without the hallmark of most stro  kes – weakness on one side of the body the symptoms of ver  ti  go di  zz  iness or imbalance usually occur together di  zz  iness alone is not a sign of stroke bra  inst  em stroke can also cause di  pl  op  ia sl  ur  red speech and decreased level of consciousness a more serious outcome is locked in syndrome
in the automotive industry brake by wire technology is the ability to control brakes through electrical means it can be designed to supplement ordinary service brakes or it can be a stand  alone brake system this technology is widely used on all hybrid and battery electric vehicles including the to  yo  ta pri  us brake by wire is also common in the form of the electric park brake which is now widely used on mainstream vehicles the technology replaces traditional components such as the pumps ho  ses fluids belts and vacuum ser  vos and master cylin  ders with electronic sensors and actu  ators drive by wire technology in automotive industry replaces the traditional mechanical and hydraulic control systems with electronic control systems using electro  mechanical actu  ators and human machine interfaces such as pe  dal and steering feel em  ulators some x by wire technologies have been already installed on commercial vehicles such as steer by wire and thro  ttle by wire brake by wire technology has been widely commerci  alized with the introduction of battery electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles the most widely used application by to  yo  ta in the high volume pri  us was preceded by the gm ev 1 the ra  v 4 ev and other ev  s where the technology is required for regener  ative braking ford general motors and most other manufacturers use the same general design with the exception of hon  da who designed a notably different design
branch re  tin  al artery oc  clu  sion bra  o is a rare re  tin  al vascular disorder in which one of the branches of central re  tin  al artery is obstructed
branch re  tin  al vein oc  clu  sion br  vo is a common re  tin  al vascular disease of the elderly it is caused by the oc  clu  sion of one of the branches of central re  tin  al vein
a bran  ch  ial cle  ft cyst is a con  genital epi  the  li  al cyst that arises on the lateral part of the neck usually due to failure of obliter  ation of the second bran  ch  ial cle  ft or failure of fusion of the second and third bran  ch  ial ar  ches in embryonic development less commonly the cy  sts can develop from the first third or fourth cle  f  ts
bran  chio oc  ul  o facial syndrome bo  fs is a disease that arises from a mutation in the t  f  ap 2 a gene it is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder that starts to affect a child s development before birth symptoms of this condition include skin ab  norm  alities on the neck de  form  ities of the ears and eyes and other distinctive facial features such a cle  ft lip along with slow growth mental retar  dation and premature gr  aying of hair
bran  chio oto ren  al syndrome bor also known as bran  chi  oo  to  ren  al syndrome or bor syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder involving the kidneys ears and neck it often has also been described as mel  nick fr  as  er syndrome
brand awareness is a key consideration in consumer behaviour and advertising strategy brand awareness refers to the extent to which customers are able to recall or recognise a brand the consumer s ability to recognise a brand is central to purchasing decision making awareness does not necessarily mean that the consumer must be able to recall a specific brand name but he or she must be able to recall enough distinguishing features for purchasing to proceed for instance if a consumer asks her friend to buy her some gum in a blue pack the friend would be expected to know which gum to buy even though neither friend can recall the precise brand name at the time
a brand bl  under is an error associated with the bran  ding of a product especially a new product in a new market reasons for such slips include the lack of understanding of the language culture and consumer attitudes in the new market there are numerous examples of brand bl  unders in marketing history there are also numerous urban leg  ends surrounding brand bl  unders where there is little evidence of an actual bl  under
bra  x  ton hic  ks contr  actions also known as pro  dro  mal labor or practice contr  actions or false labor are spor  adic uter  ine contr  actions that sometimes start around six weeks into a pregnancy however they are not usually felt until the second trim  ester or third trim  ester of pregnancy
bra  xy is an infl  am  matory disease in the ab  om  as  al lining of sheep caused by the bacter  ium clo  stri  dium sep  tic  um aka bac  ill  us sep  tic  us followed by rapid death bra  xy is often brought on by a change from suc  cul  ent food to dry or icy food it is usually seen in young sheep in particular those not protected with a clo  stri  dial vaccine the mutton affected with this disease can also be referred to as bra  xy a vaccine against bra  xy was developed by pr  of john russell gre  ig at the more  du  n research institute in scotland
brazilian hemorrha  gic fever b  zh  f is an infectious disease caused by the sab  i  á virus an aren  avi  rus the sab  i  á virus is one of the are  no  viruses from south america to cause hemorrha  gic fever it shares a common prog  en  itor with the jun  in virus mach  up  o virus tac  ari  be virus and gu  an  ari  to virus it is an envelop  ed r  na virus and is highly infectious and lethal very little is known about this disease but it is thought to have be transmitted by the ex  cre  ta of ro  dents there have only been three documented infections of the sab  i  á virus only one of which occurred naturally and the other two cases occurred in the clinical setting the only naturally occurring case was in 1990 when a female agricultural engineer who was staying in the neighborhood of j  ardi  m sab  i  á near são paulo brazil contracted the disease she presented with hemorrha  gic fever and died her autopsy showed liver necro  sis a viro  logist who was studying the woman s disease contracted the virus but survived rib  avi  rin was not given in these first two cases four years later in 1994 a researcher was exposed to the virus in a level 3 bio  hazard facility at yale university when a centrifu  ge bottle cracked leaked and released aero  soli  zed virus particle he was successfully treated with rib  avi  rin rib  avi  rin is thought to be effective in treating the illness similar to other aren  avi  ruses compared to the patients who did not receive rib  avi  rin the patient who was treated with it had a shorter and less severe clinical course symptomatic control such as fluids to address dehydr  ation and bleeding may also be required the sab  i  á virus is a bio  safety level 4 pathogen this virus has also been implicated as a means for bio  terrorism as it can be spread through aero  sol  s
brazilian pur  pur  ic fever b  pf is an illness of children caused by the bacter  ium ha  em  oph  il  us influ  enz  ae bio  group a  egyp  tius which is ultimately fatal due to sep  sis b  pf was first recognized in the são paulo state of brazil in 1984 at this time young children between the ages of 3 months and 10 years were contracting a strange illness which was characterized by high fever and pur  pur  ic le  sions on the body these cases were all fatal and originally thought to be due to men  ing  i  tis it was not until the autop  sies were conducted that the cause of these deaths was confirmed to be infection by h influ  enz  ae a  egyp  tius although b  pf was thought to be confined to brazil other cases occurred in australia and the united states during 1984 – 1990
breach of contract is a legal cause of action in which a binding agreement or bar  gained for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non performance or interference with the other party s performance if the party does not fulfill his contractual promise or has given information to the other party that he will not perform his duty as mentioned in the contract or if by his action and conduct he seems to be unable to perform the contract he is said to breach the contract breach of contract is a type of civil wrong
in lock  smi  thing a break in the pins is a separation in one or more sections of the pin used to en  code the lock for a specific key or set of keys in a master ke  ying system
a breakthrough infection is an infection caused by the live virus in a vaccine or simply a vaccinated individual becoming sick with the same illness that the vaccine is meant to prevent often the infection in the vaccinated individual is mil  der than if contracted naturally a breakthrough infection can be especially dangerous in locations where herd immunity exists there are many theories which attempt to explain the causes of breakthrough infections such as anti  body interference or vaccine compromise due to mis  handling
breast atro  phy is the normal or spontaneous atro  phy or shr  ink  age of the breasts breast atro  phy commonly occurs in women during men  op  ause when estro  gen levels decrease it can also be caused by hypo  estro  gen  ism and or hyper  and  ro  gen  ism in women in general such as in anti  estro  gen treatment for breast cancer in poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome p  cos and in malnutrition such as that associated with eating disorders like an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa or with chronic disease it can also be an effect of weight loss in the treatment of gy  ne  com  as  tia in males and macro  mas  tia in women and in hormone replacement therapy hrt for trans men breast atro  phy may be a desired effect examples of treatment options for breast atro  phy depending on the situation when appropriate can include est  rog  ens anti  and  rog  ens and proper nutrition or weight gain
breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast a change in breast shape dim  pling of the skin fluid coming from the nip  ple or a red scal  y patch of skin in those with distant spread of the disease there may be bone pain sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des short  ness of breath or yellow skin risk factors for developing breast cancer include being female obesity lack of physical exercise drinking alcohol hormone replacement therapy during men  op  ause ionizing radiation early age at first men  str  uation having children late or not at all older age and family history about 5 – 10 of cases are due to genes inherited from a person s parents including brca 1 and brca 2 among others breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk duc  ts and the lob  ules that supply the duc  ts with milk cancers developing from the duc  ts are known as duc  tal carcin  om  as while those developing from lob  ules are known as lob  ular carcin  om  as in addition there are more than 18 other sub types of breast cancer some cancers such as duc  tal carcin  oma in situ develop from pre invasive le  sions the diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning lump once the diagnosis is made further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments it may respond to the balance of benefits versus harms of breast cancer screening is controversial a 2013 co  ch  rane review stated that it is unclear if mammo  graphic screening does more good or harm a 2009 review for the us preventive services task force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years old the medications tam  ox  if  en or r  alo  x  if  ene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it surgical removal of both breasts is another preventative measure in some high risk women in those who have been diagnosed with cancer a number of treatments may be used including surgery radiation therapy chem  otherapy hormonal therapy and targeted therapy types of surgery vary from breast conserving surgery to ma  stec  tomy breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date in those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type extent of disease and person s age survival rates in the developed world are high with between 80 and 90 of those in england and the united states alive for at least 5 years in developing countries survival rates are poorer worldwide breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women accounting for 25 of all cases in 2012 it resulted in 1 68 million cases and 522 000 deaths it is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men
a breast cyst is a fluid filled s  ac within the breast one breast can have one or more breast cy  sts they are often described as round or o  val lum  ps with distinct edges in tex  ture a breast cyst usually feels like a soft grape or a water filled balloon but sometimes a breast cyst feels firm breast cy  sts can be painful and may be worrisome but are generally benign they are most common in pre men  opa  usal women in their 30 s or 40 s they usually disappear after men  op  ause but may persist or re  appear when using hormone therapy they are also common in adolescents breast cy  sts can be part of fi  bro  c  ys  tic disease the pain and sw  elling is usually worse in the second half of the men  str  ual cycle or during pregnancy treating breast cy  sts is usually not necessary unless they are painful or cause discomfort in most cases the discomfort they cause may be allevi  ated by draining the fluid from the cyst the cy  sts form as a result of the growth of the milk g  lands and their size may range from smaller than a pea to larger than a ping p  ong ball small cy  sts cannot be felt during a physical examination and some large cy  sts feel like lum  ps however most cy  sts regardless of their size cannot be identified during physical exam  s breast cy  sts are not to be confused with milk cy  sts galac  to  cel  es which usually appear during we  aning
breast diseases can be classified either with disorders of the inte  gu  ment or disorders of the reproductive system a majority of breast diseases are non  can  cer  ous breast awareness is a goal of the breast health movement rather than promoting the largely ineffective formally structured breast self examinations breast awareness promotes informal familiarity with the normal state of a woman s breasts
breast ecz  ema also known as nip  ple ecz  ema may affect the nip  ples are  ol  ae or surrounding skin with ecz  ema of the nip  ples being of the mo  ist type with oo  zing and cru  sting in which painful fis  s  uring is frequently seen especially in nursing mothers it will often occur in pregnancy even without breast feeding persisting ecz  ema of the nip  ple in the middle aged and elderly needs to be discussed with a doctor as a rare type of breast cancer called pag  et s disease can cause these symptoms
breast eng  org  ement occurs in the mam  mary g  lands due to expansion and pressure exerted by the synthesis and storage of breast milk eng  org  ement usually happens when the breasts switch from colo  str  um to mature milk often referred to as when the milk comes in however eng  org  ement can also happen later if lactating women miss several nur  sings and not enough milk is expressed from the breasts it can be exacerbated by insufficient breastfeeding and or blocked milk duc  ts when eng  org  ed the breasts may swell thro  b and cause mild to extreme pain eng  org  ement may lead to mas  ti  tis infl  amm  ation of the breast and untreated eng  org  ement puts pressure on the milk duc  ts often causing a plu  gged duc  t the woman will often feel a lump in one part of the breast and the skin in that area may be red and or warm if it continues unchecked the plu  gged duc  t can become a breast infection at which point she may have fever or flu like symptoms
breast hem  atom  a is a collection of blood within the breast it arises from internal bleeding hemorrha  ge and may arise due to trauma breast injury or surgery or due to a non traumatic cause
hyper  tro  phy of the breast macro  mas  tia and gigan  tom  as  tia is a rare medical condition of the breast connec  tive tissues the indication is a breast weight that exceeds approximately 3 of the total body weight there are varying definitions of what is considered to be excessive breast tissue that is the expected breast tissue plus extraordinary breast tissue ranging from as little as 0 6 kilograms 1 3 lb up to 2 5 kilograms 5 5 lb with most physicians defining macro  mas  tia as excessive tissue of over 1 5 kilograms 3 3 lb some resources distinguish between macro  mas  tia greek macro large ma  st  os breast where excessive tissue is less than 2 5 kg and gigan  tom  as  tia greek gig  anti  kos giant where excessive tissue is more than 2 5 kg the enlargement can cause muscular discomfort and over stretching of the skin envelope which can lead in some cases to ul  cer  ation hyper  tro  phy of the breast tissues might be caused by increased his  to  logic sensitivity to certain hormones such as female sex hormones pro  l  acti  n and growth factors or an abnormally elevated hormone s level in the blood or both breast hyper  tro  phy is a benign progressive enlargement which can occur in both breasts bilateral or only in one breast unilateral it was first scientifically described in 16  48
breast lum  ps are loc  alized sw  ell  ings that feel different from the surrounding breast tissue it is a symptom sign for a variety of conditions as approximately 10 of breast lum  ps ultimately lead to a diagnosis of breast cancer it is important for women with a breast lump to receive appropriate evaluation
breast pain also known as breast tender  ness ma  st  od  y  nia mam  mal  gia and ma  stal  gia from the greek μ  α  στ  ός ma  st  os breast and ἄ  λ  γ  ος al  gos pain is a medical symptom pain and discomfort may range from minor to severely incapac  itating breast pain during lac  tation or after we  aning is not included into this definition but is usually classified as breast eng  org  ement or mas  ti  tis
breastfeeding difficulties refers to problems that arise from breastfeeding the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a woman s breasts although babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk and although human breast milk is usually the best source of nour  ishment for human infants there are circumstances under which breastfeeding can be problematic or even in rare instances contr  ain  dic  ated difficulties can arise both in connection with the act of breastfeeding and with the health of the nursing infant
breath holding spells are the occurrence of ep  is  od  ic ap  ne  a in children possibly associated with loss of consciousness and changes in post  ural tone breath holding spells occur in approximately 5 of the population with equal distribution between males and females they are most common in children between 6 and 18 months and usually not present after 5 years of age they are unusual before 6 months of age a positive family history can be elicited in 25 of cases they may be confused with a seizure disorder they are sometimes observed in response to frustration during disciplinary conflict
breath  ability is the ability of a fabric to allow moisture vap  or to be transmitted through the material
a bre  ech birth occurs when a baby is born bottom first instead of head first around 3 5 of pregnant women at term 37 – 40 weeks pregnant will have a bre  ech baby most babies in the bre  ech position are born by a ca  es  are  an section because it is seen as safer than being born vag  in  ally as most bre  ech babies are delivered by ca  es  are  an section in developed countries doctors and midwives may lose the skills required to safely assist a women giving birth to a bre  ech baby vag  in  ally delivering all bre  ech babies by ca  es  are  an section in developing countries may be very difficult to implement or even impossible as there are not always resources available to provide this service
in cellular autom  ata such as con  way s game of life a breeder is a pattern that exhi  bits quad  r  atic growth by generating multiple copies of a secondary pattern each of which then generates multiple copies of a tertiary pattern
brenner tumors are an un  common subtype of the surface epi  the  li  al st  rom  al tumor group of o  vari  an ne  op  las  ms the majority are benign but some can be m  align  ant they are most frequently found incidentally on pel  vic examination or at l  apar  o  tomy brenner tum  ours very rarely can occur in other locations including the test  es
the bres  k  ens pocket was a pocket of fortified german resistance against the canadian first army in the battle of the sch  el  dt during the second world war it was chiefly situated on the southern shore of the sch  el  dt estu  ary in the southern netherlands near the belgian border it was named after the town of bres  k  ens which was later freed from german occupation during operation switch  back
bre  wer inf  arc  ts are a his  to  logical finding found in ren  al disease they can indicate p  yel  on  eph  ri  tis they are named after george emer  son bre  wer
bride price best called bri  de  wealth also known as bride token is money property or other form of wealth paid by a groom or his family to the parents of the woman he has just married or is just about to marry bride price can be compared to dow  ry which is paid to the groom or used by the bride to help establish the new household and do  wer which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage some cultures may practice both dow  ry and bride price simultaneously many cultures practiced bride pricing prior to existing records
the bridge of las t  res fu  entes the three foun  tains is a bridge pattern by disci  ples of gust  ave ei  ff  el originally constructed in iron in the 20 th century it was covered with concrete it is near gil mar  quez al  mon  aster la real
the bridge pattern is a design pattern used in software engineering which is meant to de  couple an abstr  action from its implementation so that the two can vary independently the bridge uses en  cap  s  ulation aggregation and can use inheritance to separate responsibilities into different classes when a class varies often the features of object oriented programming become very useful because changes to a program s code can be made easily with minimal prior knowledge about the program the bridge pattern is useful when both the class and what it does vary often the class itself can be thought of as the abstr  action and what the class can do as the implementation the bridge pattern can also be thought of as two layers of abstr  action when there is only one fixed implementation this pattern is known as the p  imp  l idi  om in the c world the bridge pattern is often confused with the adap  ter pattern in fact the bridge pattern is often implemented using the class adap  ter pattern e g in the j  ava code below variant the implementation can be decoupled even more by defer  ring the presence of the implementation to the point where the abstr  action is utilized
bridging loss is the loss at a given frequency that results when an impe  dance is connected across a transmission line it is expressed as the ratio in deci  bels of the signal power delivered to a given point in a system downstream from the bridging point prior to bridging to the signal power delivered to the given point after bridging source from federal standard 10  37 c and from mi  l st  d 188
the bri  dg  man effect named after p w bri  dg  man also called the internal pel  tier effect is a phenomenon that occurs when an electric current passes through an anis  o  tropic crystal there is an absorption or liberation of heat because of the non uniformity in current distribution
brief reactive psycho  sis referred to in the dsm iv tr as brief psychotic disorder with marked stres  sor s is the psychiatric term for psycho  sis which can be triggered by an extremely stressful event in the life of an individual typically such brief psycho  ses last from a day to a month only with the delu  sions speech disorders and halluc  inations eventually yielding to a return to normal functioning
bright s disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be described in modern medicine as acute or chronic ne  ph  ri  tis it was characterized by e  dem  a the presence of albumin in the urine and was frequently accompanied by high blood pressure hyper  tension
bri  ll – z  ins  er disease is a delayed relap  se of epidemic ty  ph  us caused by ric  ke  tt  sia pro  wa  ze  k  ii after a patient contracts epidemic ty  ph  us from the f  ec  al matter of an infected lou  se pe  dic  ul  us human  us the ric  ke  tt  sia can remain latent and re  activate months or years later with symptoms similar to or even identical to the original attack of ty  ph  us including a mac  ul  op  ap  ular rash this re  activation event can then be transmitted to other individuals through f  ec  al matter of the lou  se vector and form the focus for a new epidemic of ty  ph  us
br  ist  le  worm st  ings are a cu  taneous condition caused by contact with br  ist  le  worms in which an allergic or irrit  ant reaction may result
the british agricultural revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in britain due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid 17 th and late 19 th centuries agricultural output grew faster than the population over the century to 17  70 and thereafter productivity remained among the highest in the world this increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of population in england and wales from 5 5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 18  01 though domestic production gave way increasingly to food imports in the nineteenth century as population more than tripled to over 32 million the rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labour force adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended the agricultural revolution has therefore been cited as a cause of the industrial revolution however historians continue to dispute when exactly such a revolution took place and of what it consisted rather than a single event g e min  gay states that there were a pro  fusion of agricultural revolutions one for two centuries before 17  50 another emphasising the century after 16  50 a third for the period 17  50 18  80 and a fourth for the middle decades of the nineteenth century this has led more recent historians to argue that any general statements about the agricultural revolution are difficult to sustain one important change in farming methods was the move in crop rotation to turn  ip  s and clo  ver in place of f  allow turn  ip  s can be grown in winter and are deep rooted allowing them to gather minerals unavailable to shallow rooted crops clo  ver fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form of fertiliser this permitted the intensive arable cultivation of light soils on enclosed farms and provided fodder to support increased livestock numbers whose manure added further to soil fertility
the british invasion was a phenomenon that occurred in the mid 1960 s when rock and pop music acts from the united kingdom as well as other aspects of british culture became popular in the united states and significant to the rising counter  culture on both sides of the atlantic pop and rock groups such as the beat  les the dave clark five the kin  ks the rolling stones herman s her  mits the animals and the who were at the forefront of the invasion
the british pedi  atric association classification of diseases is a system of diagnostic codes used for pedi  at  rics an extension to ic  d 9 was published in 1979 an extension to ic  d 10 has also been published it is the basis for the u s centers for disease control and prevention s six digit codes for re  portable con  genital conditions these are also known as the c  dc b  pa codes this system is in turn is the basis for the texas disease index
the british debate over ve  ils began in october 2006 when the mp and government minister jack straw wrote in his local newspaper the lan  cash  ire evening telegraph that while he did not want to be prescriptive he preferred talking to women who did not wear a ni  q  ab face veil as he could see their face and asked women who were wearing such items to remove them when they spoke to him making clear that they could decline his request and that a female member of staff was in the room straw said he told the newspaper this information to open a debate on the subject and not because of the upcoming deputy leader election in the labour party straw was foreign secretary at the time of the iraq war and since 1979 had been the member of parliament for the constituency of black  burn where at least one quarter of the population are muslim straw later stated that he would like to see the veil abolished altogether adding that he was worried about implications of separ  ateness straw s views were met with a mixed response with some agreeing to the idea of a debate some arguing that muslim women should not wear ve  ils in the united kingdom and some such as the newspaper the daily express calling for the veil to be banned others were opposed to straw s intervention and some accused him of encouraging prejudice in 2010 jack straw publicly apolog  ised over his 2006 comments stating if i had realised the scale of publicity that they his comments received in october 2006 i wouldn ’ t have made them and i am sorry that it has caused problems and i offer that apology
broadcast encryption is the cry  pto  graphic problem of delivering encry  p  ted content e g tv programs or data on dv  ds over a broadcast channel in such a way that only qualified users e g subscribers who have paid their fees or dvd players conforming to a specification can dec  ry  pt the content the challenge arises from the requirement that the set of qualified users can change in each broadcast emission and therefore revocation of individual users or user groups should be possible using broadcast transmissions only and without affecting any remaining users as efficient revocation is the primary objective of broadcast encryption solutions are also referred to as revocation schemes rather than directly encry  p  ting the content for qualified users broadcast encryption schemes distribute ke  ying information that allows qualified users to reconstruct the content encryption key whereas revoked users find insufficient information to recover the key the typical setting considered is that of a uni  direc  tional broadcaster and stateless users i e users do not keep book  marking of previous messages by the broadcaster which is especially challenging in contrast the scenario where users are supported with a bi direc  tional communication link with the broadcaster and thus can more easily maintain their state and where users are not only dynam  ically revoked but also added joined is often referred to as mul  tic  ast encryption the problem of practical broadcast encryption has first been formally studied by amos fi  at and mon  i na  or in 1994 since then several solutions have been described in the literature including combin  atorial construc  tions one time revocation schemes based on secret sharing techniques and tree based construc  tions in general they offer various trade offs between the increase in the size of the broadcast the number of keys that each user needs to store and the feasibility of an unqualified user or a collusion of unqualified users being able to dec  ry  pt the content lu  by and stad  don have used a combin  atorial approach to study the trade offs for some general classes of broadcast encryption algori  th  ms a particularly efficient tree based construction is the sub  set difference scheme which is derived from a class of so called sub  set cover schemes the sub  set difference scheme is notably implemented in the a  acs for hd dvd and bl  u ray dis  c encryption a rather simple broadcast encryption scheme is used for the c  ss for dvd encryption the problem of rogue users sharing their dec  ry  ption keys or the dec  ry  p  ted content with unqualified users is mathem  atically in  soluble traitor tracing algori  th  ms aim to minimize the damage by retroactively identifying the user or users who leaked their keys so that punitive measures legal or otherwise may be undertaken in practice pay tv systems often employ set top boxes with tam  per resistant smart cards that impose physical restraints on a user learning their own dec  ry  ption keys some broadcast encryption schemes such as a  acs also provide tracing capabilities
broadcast radiation is the accumulation of broadcast and mul  tic  ast traffic on a computer network extreme amounts of broadcast traffic constitute a broadcast storm a broadcast storm can consume sufficient network resources so as to render the network unable to transport normal traffic a packet that induc  es such a storm is occasionally nick  named a chernobyl packet
broadening top is technical analysis chart pattern describing trends of stocks commodities currencies and other assets
a bro  die abs  c  ess is a sub  acute o  ste  om  ye  li  tis which may persist for years before converting to a frank o  ste  om  ye  li  tis class  ically this may present after conversion as a draining abs  c  ess extending from the ti  bia out through the shin occasionally acute o  ste  om  ye  li  tis may be contained to a loc  alized area and w  alled off by fi  bro  us and gran  ulation tissue this is termed as bro  die s abs  c  ess most frequent caus  ative organism is stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us
brody my  opathy is a genetic disease it can be associated with at  p 2 a 1 it was characterized in 1969
the broken escal  ator phenomenon also known as the walker effect is the sensation of losing balance or di  zz  iness reported by some people when stepping onto an escal  ator which is not working it is said that there is a brief odd sensation of imbalance despite full awareness that the escal  ator is not going to move it has been shown that this effect causes people to step in  appropriately fast onto a moving platform that is no longer moving even when this is obvious to the participant even though subjects are fully aware that the platform or escal  ator is not moving now parts of their brains still act on previous experience gained when it was moving and so mis  judge how to step onto it thus this effect demonstrates the separ  ateness of the declar  ative and procedural functions of the brain
bro  mine number is the amount of bro  mine in grams absorbed by 100 grams 3 5 oz of a sample the number indicates the degree of un  satur  ation the bro  mine number is useful as a measure of ali  ph  atic un  satur  ation in gasoline samples the california ar  b in its motor vehicle fuels compliance assistance program indicated that every unit of bro  mine number is equivalent to twice the percentage point of ole  fin content in gasoline so a gasoline with bro  mine number 30 would have an ole  fin content of not more than 15 vol one refin  ery compiled a year s worth of data on bro  mine number and the corresponding ole  fin content of gasoline the data showed that the bro  mine number of gasoline is about 2 4 times the ole  fin content a gasoline with bro  mine number of 30 would then have an ole  fin content of about 12 5 percent by volume which is slightly lower than ar  b s assumption but still is higher than the car  f  g maximum limit of 10 percent by volume the bro  mine number is usually determined by electro  chemical ti  tration where bro  mine is generated in situ with the re  do  x process of potassium bromide and bro  mate in an ac  id  ic solution using a mercury catalyst to ensure the complete bro  min  ation of all ole  fins it is similar to i 2 value and useful for oils containing fatty acids with con  ju  gated system of double bonds it can be calculated as an equivalent i 2 value by multiplying result by atomic weight of i 2 divided by atomic weight of br 2 that is 126 9 79 9
bro  mis  m is the syndrome which results from the long term consumption of bro  mine usually through bromide based sed  atives such as potassium bromide and lith  ium bromide bro  mis  m was once a very common disorder being responsible for 5 to 10 of psychiatric hospital ad  missions bro  mis  m is now an un  common disorder because bromide was withdrawn from clinical use in many countries and was severely restricted in others high levels of bromide chronically impair the memb  rane of neurons which progressively imp  airs neuro  nal transmission leading to toxicity known as bro  mis  m bromide has an elimination half life of 9 to 12 days which can lead to excessive accumulation doses of 0 5 to 1 gram per day of bromide can lead to bro  mis  m historically the therapeutic dose of bromide is about 3 to 5 grams of bromide thus explaining why chronic toxicity bro  mis  m was once so common while significant and sometimes serious disturbances occur to neuro  logic psychiatric der  mat  ological and gastro  intest  inal functions death is rare from bro  mis  m bromide is still occasionally used in for epi  le  psy treatments in some countries bro  mis  m is caused by a neuro  toxic effect on the brain which results in som  no  l  ence psycho  sis seizures and deli  ri  um bro  mis  m has also been caused by excessive soda consumption due to the presence of bro  min  ated vegetable oil leading to headache fatigue at  ax  ia memory loss and eventually inability to walk in one case
bro  moder  ma also known as bro  moder  ma tuber  o  sum is a der  mat  ological condition characterized by an eruption of pap  ules and pu  st  ules on the skin it is caused by hy  pers  ensi  tivity to bromi  des such as those found in certain drugs there is at least one reported case of bro  moder  ma caused by excessive consumption of a soft drink containing bro  min  ated vegetable oil
bron  chi  ec  tas  is is a disease in which there is permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung symptoms typically include a chronic cough productive of m  uc  us other symptoms include short  ness of breath cou  gh  ing up blood and chest pain whe  e  zing and nail clu  bbing may also occur those with the disease often get frequent lung infections bron  chi  ec  tas  is may result from a number of infec  tive and acquired causes including pneumonia tuberculosis immune system problems and c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis eventually results in severe bron  chi  ec  tas  is in nearly all cases the cause in 10 50 of those without c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis is unknown the mechanism of disease is breakdown of the airways due to an excessive infl  am  matory response involved bron  chi become enlarged and thus less able to clear secre  tions these secre  tions increase the amount of bacteria in the lungs result in air  way block  age and further breakdown of the airways it is classified as an obstruc  tive lung disease along with chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease and asthma the diagnosis is suspect based on a person s symptoms and confirmed using compu  ted tom  o  graphy sp  u  tum cultures may be useful to determine treatment in those who have acute worsening and at least once a year worsening may occur due to infection and in these cases antibiotics are recommended typical antibiotics used include am  ox  ic  ill  in er  y  thro  my  cin or do  xy  cycl  ine antibiotics may also be used to prevent worsening of disease air  way clearance techniques a type of physi  otherapy are recommended medications to di  late the airways may be useful in some but the evidence is not very good the use of inhal  ed ster  oids have not been found to be useful surgery while commonly done has not been well studied lung transplantation may be an option in those with very severe disease while the disease may cause significant health problems most people with the disease do well the disease affects between 1 per 1000 to 1 per 250 000 adults the disease is more common in women and increases as people age it became less common in since the 1950 s with the introduction of antibiotics it is more common among certain ethnic groups such as indigenous people it was first described by rene la  en  n  ec in 18  19 the economic costs in the united states are estimated at 630 million per year
bron  chi  oli  tis is infl  amm  ation of the bron  chi  oles the smallest air passages of the lungs it usually occurs in children less than two years of age with the majority being aged between three and six months it presents with cou  gh  ing whe  e  zing and short  ness of breath which can cause some children difficulty in feeding this infl  amm  ation is usually caused by respiratory syn  cy  tial virus 70 of cases and is much more common in the winter months treatment is typically supportive with oxygen monitoring fluid and nutrition perhaps by ga  str  ic tube or intra  ven  ously the use of ne  bu  lized hyper  tonic sal  ine is controversial with some reviews finding benefits and other not there is insufficient evidence to support treatment with antibiotics sur  fac  tant chest physi  otherapy or bron  cho  di  lators ne  bu  lized ep  in  eph  rine bron  chi  oli  tis is common with up to one third of children being affected in their first year of life
bron  chi  oli  tis obliter  ans bo is a disease that results in obstruction of the smallest airways of the lungs bron  chi  oles due to infl  amm  ation symptoms include a dry cough short  ness of breath whe  e  zing and feeling tired these symptoms generally get worse over weeks to months it is not related to organizing pneumonia causes include breathing in toxic f  umes respiratory infections connec  tive tissue disorder or following a bone marrow or heart lung transplant symptoms may not occur until two to eight weeks following toxic exposure or infection the underlying mechanism involves infl  amm  ation that results in scar tissue formation diagnosis is by ct scan pul  mon  ary function tests or lung biopsy a chest x ray is often normal while the disease is not reversible treatments can slow further worsening this may include the use of cor  ti  co  ster  oids or immun  o  sup  pres  sive medication a lung transplant maybe tried outcomes are often poor with most people dying in months to years bron  chi  oli  tis obliter  ans is rare in the general population it affects about 75 of people by ten years following a lung transplant and up to 10 of people who have received a bone marrow transplant from someone else the condition was first clearly described in 1981 prior descriptions occurred as early as 1956
bron  chi  oli  tis obliter  ans organizing pneumonia bo  op also known as cry  pto  genic organizing pneumonia is a form of non infectious pneumonia more specifically bo  op is an infl  amm  ation of the bron  chi  oles bron  chi  oli  tis and surrounding tissue in the lungs it is often a complic  ation of an existing chronic infl  am  matory disease such as r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis der  mat  om  yo  si  tis or it can be a side effect of certain medications such as ami  od  ar  one bo  op was first described by gary epl  er in 1985 some authors have recommended the use of an alternate name cry  pto  genic organizing pneumonia cop to reduce confusion with bron  chi  oli  tis obliter  ans a distinct and unrelated disease the clinical features and radiological imaging resemble infectious pneumonia however diagnosis is suspected after there is no response to multiple antibiotics and blood and sp  u  tum cultures are negative for organisms
bron  chi  tis is infl  amm  ation of the bron  chi large and medium sized airways in the lungs symptoms include cou  gh  ing up m  uc  us whe  e  zing short  ness of breath and chest discomfort bron  chi  tis is divided into two types acute and chronic acute bron  chi  tis is also known as a chest cold acute bron  chi  tis usually has a cough that lasts around three weeks in more than 90 of cases the cause is a viral infection these viruses may be spread through the air when people cough or by direct contact risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke dust and other air pollution a small number of cases are due to high levels of air pollution or bacteria such as my  co  plasma pneu  mon  i  ae or bor  det  ella per  tus  sis treatment of acute bron  chi  tis typically involves rest par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en and n  s  aids to help with the fever chronic bron  chi  tis is defined as a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years most people with chronic bron  chi  tis have chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease cop  d tobacco smoking is the most common cause with a number of other factors such as air pollution and genetics playing a smaller role treatments include qu  itting smoking vaccinations rehabilitation and often inhal  ed bron  cho  di  lators and ster  oids some people may benefit from long term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation acute bron  chi  tis is one of the most common diseases about 5 of adults are affected and about 6 of children have at least one episode a year in 2010 cop  d affects 329 million people or nearly 5 of the global population in 2013 it resulted in 2 9 million deaths up from 2 4 million deaths in 1990
bron  cho  con  stric  tion is the con  stric  tion of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle with consequent cou  gh  ing whe  e  zing and short  ness of breath
bron  cho  dil  ation is the dil  ation of the airways in the lungs due to the relaxation of surrounding smooth muscle it is the opposite of bron  cho  con  stric  tion
bron  cho  genic cy  sts are small solitary cy  sts or sin  uses most typically located in the region of the supr  aster  nal not  ch or over the manu  bri  um
bron  ch  om  al  ac  ia is a term for weak car  til  age in the walls of the bron  ch  ial tubes often occurring in children under six months bron  ch  om  al  ac  ia means ‘ fl  op  pin  ess ’ of some part of the bron  chi patients present with noisy breathing and or whe  e  zing there is collapse of a main stem bron  ch  us on ex  hal  ation if the trac  hea is also involved the term trac  he  ob  ron  ch  om  al  ac  ia t  bm is used if only the upper air  way the trac  hea is involved it is called trac  he  om  al  ac  ia t  m there are two types of bron  ch  om  al  ac  ia primary bron  ch  om  al  ac  ia is due to a deficiency in the car  ti  lag  inous rings secondary bron  ch  om  al  ac  ia may occur by extr  ins  ic compression from an enlarged vessel a vascular ring or a bron  cho  genic cyst though un  common idi  opathic of unknown cause trac  he  ob  ron  ch  om  al  ac  ia has been described in older adults
a bron  chop  le  ural f  ist  ula b  pf is a f  ist  ula between the ple  ural space and the lung it can develop following pneu  mon  ec  tomy post trau  m  atically or with certain types of infection it may also develop when large airways are in communication with the ple  ural space following a large pneu  mo  thor  ax or other loss of ple  ural negative pressure especially during positive pressure mechanical ventilation on imaging the diagnosis is suspected indirectly on radio  graph increased gas in the pneu  mon  ec  tomy operative bed or new gas within a loc  ulated eff  usion are highly sugges  tive of the diagnosis infectious causes include tuberculosis ac  tin  om  y  ces isra  eli  i no  car  dia and bl  ast  om  y  ces der  mati  ti  dis m  align  ancy and trauma can also result in the abnormal communication
bron  chop  ul  mon  ary dys  pl  asia b  pd formerly chronic lung disease of infancy is a chronic lung disorder of infants and children first described in 1967 it is more common in infants with low birth weight and those who receive prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome r  ds it results in significant morbi  dity and mortality the definition of b  pd has continued to evolve since then primarily due to changes in the population such as more survivors at earlier gest  ational ages and improved ne  on  atal management including sur  fac  tant anten  atal glu  co  cor  ti  co  id therapy and less aggressive mechanical ventilation currently the description of b  pd includes the grading of its severity into mild moderate and severe this cor  relates with the infant s maturity growth and overall severity of illness the new system offers a better description of underlying pul  mon  ary disease and its severity
bron  cho  sp  asm or a bron  ch  ial sp  asm is a sudden con  stric  tion of the muscles in the walls of the bron  chi  oles it is caused by the release de  gran  ulation of substances from m  ast cells or bas  oph  ils under the influence of an  ap  hy  lat  ox  ins it causes difficulty in breathing which can be very mild to severe bron  cho  sp  as  ms appear as the feature of asthma chronic bron  chi  tis and an  ap  hy  lax  is bron  cho  sp  as  ms are a possible side effect of some drugs pilo  carp  ine which is used to treat illness resulting from the ing  estion of deadly night  shade as well as other things beta bloc  kers used to treat hyper  tension a paradoxical result of using lab  a drugs to treat cop  d and other drugs bron  cho  sp  as  ms can present as a sign of gi  ardi  asis bron  cho  sp  as  ms are one of several conditions associated with cold housing some of the things that can cause bron  cho  sp  as  ms are consuming foods taking medicines allergic responses to insects and fluctu  ating hormone levels particularly in women a few of the more common aller  gens are foods such as eggs milk peanuts wal  nuts tree and other nuts fish especially shellfish so  y and wheat insect bites and st  ings especially bee st  ings and other medicines especially pen  ic  ill  in and its derivatives the over  activity of the bron  chi  oles muscle is a result of exposure to a stimulus which under normal circumstances would cause little or no response the resulting con  stric  tion and infl  amm  ation causes a narrowing of the airways and an increase in m  uc  us production this reduces the amount of oxygen that is available to the individual causing breath  lessness cou  gh  ing and hypo  x  ia bron  cho  sp  as  ms are a serious potential complic  ation of placing a breathing tube during general an  esthesia when the airways sp  asm or con  strict in response to the irritating stimulus of the breathing tube it is difficult to maintain the air  way and the patient can become ap  ne  ic
the brook re  arrangement in organic chemistry is a re  arrangement reaction in which an organ  o  sil  yl group switches position with a hydrox  yl prot  on over a carbon to oxygen co  val  ent bond under the influence of a base it is named for the canadian chem  ist adrian gibbs brook 19  24 – 2013 the reaction product is a sil  yl e  ther the brook re  arrangement the sil  yl substitu  ents can be ali  ph  atic methyl or aromatic phen  yl and the alcohol is secondary or tertiary with ali  ph  atic or ar  yl groups the base is an amine sodium hydrox  ide an organ  oli  th  ium re  agent or an alkali metal alloy such as sodium potassium when the re  ac  tant is a sil  yl  meth  an  ol the reaction is a 1 2 brook re  arrangement but re  arrangements over larger carbon skelet  ons are also possible
brooke – for  dy  ce syndrome is a condition characterized by multiple tric  ho  epi  the  li  om  as
the brook  ings effect is a meteorological phenomenon that affects the southern coast of oregon in which dry adi  ab  atic heating increases the temperature of a mass of air as it travels down slope it can occur at any time of the year producing temperatures near the ch  et  co river mouth which are up to 40 ° f 22 ° c higher than without the air movement it is the same phenomenon as the santa ana winds on july 8 2008 brook  ings recorded a high temperature of 108 ° f 42 ° c at the airport this was not only the highest recorded temperature in the town s history but also the highest recorded in oregon on that day the cres  cent city airport approximately 30 miles south recorded a high temperature of 68 ° f 20 ° c that day temperatures in inland oregon throughout the will  ame  tte valley reached temperatures into the mid nine  ties the brook  ings effect remained very strong and loc  alized until july 13 2008 when high temperatures in brook  ings dropped to 61 ° f 16 ° c which is about seven degrees lower than average during the month this report contradicts the common idea that the brook  ings effect is a chin  ook wind as moisture does not appear to play a role in the mo  ist adi  ab  atic cooling of air on the wind  ward side of a mountain range followed by dry adi  ab  atic warming on the lee side in contrast the brook  ings effect resembles a santa ana wind common in southern california in the autumn and winter in nearly every event observed the brook  ings effect occurs when there is a high pressure ridge off the pacific northwest coast or in the great basin depending on the time of year and often a cu  to  ff low in southern to central california causing a nor  ther  ly to east  erly wind in the brook  ings area studies have shown that the north to south orientation of the ch  et  co river mouth and the town of brook  ings plays a large role in the high temperatures recorded and the reason the effect is loc  alized during most of the year a sea breeze sets up along the coastline with prevailing surface winds from the northwest the heart of brook  ings with its orientation is protected from this maritime flow and the warm dry down slop  ing winds that are fun  n  eled down the coastal range into the deep ch  et  co river gor  ge can reach the coast un  influenced by the effects of the pacific during the brook  ings effect there is a strong correlation between the observed temperature in brook  ings and the 850 milli  bar temperature the temperature at approximately 5 000 feet 1 500 m in med  ford oregon as is determined by the weather balloon sensing equipment launched twice a day med  ford located inland of brook  ings is located in a valley surrounded by the oregon coast range the sis  ki  you mountains and the cas  c  ade mountains the surface temperature in med  ford is often influenced by the mountains but the 850 milli  bar temperature well off the surface is about even with the mountain ri  dges in the area and therefore unaffected mes  o  scale east  erly flow at this level will cause the same air mass to move west  ward toward brook  ings and studies show that high pressure induced atmospheric subsid  ence causes the air mass to flow down the slop  es of the coastal range the ch  et  co river gor  ge which is very deep in some places works as a fun  nel to bring the parcel to the coast often in the winter temperatures in med  ford may peak near 40 ° f 4 ° c while temperatures in brook  ings will reach the upper 70 s 25 ° c due to the effect causing brook  ings to live up to its banana belt reputation
brown s syndrome is a rare form of str  ab  is  mus characterized by limited elev  ation of the affected eye the disorder may be con  genital existing at or before birth or acquired brown syndrome is caused by a mal  function of the superior obli  que muscle causing the eye to have difficulty moving up particularly during ad  duc  tion when eye turns towards the nose harold w brown first described the disorder in 1950 and initially named it the superior obli  que tend  on she  ath syndrome
brown sé  qu  ard syndrome also known as brown sé  qu  ard s hem  ip  legi  a brown sé  qu  ard s paralysis hem  i  par  ap  leg  ic syndrome hem  ip  legi  a et hem  i  par  ap  legi  a spin  alis or spinal hem  i  par  ap  legi  a is caused by damage to one half of the spinal cord resulting in paralysis and loss of propri  o  ception on the same or ip  si  lateral side as the injury or le  sion and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite or contr  al  ateral side as the le  sion it is named after physi  o  logist charles é  dou  ard brown sé  qu  ard who first described the condition in 18  50
the brown willy effect is a meteorological phenomenon that sometimes occurs across the south west peninsula of britain it leads to heavy sho  wers developing over the high ground of bo  d  min mo  or in corn  wall england which then often travel a considerable distance down  wind of their place of origin it is named after the hill brown willy the highest point on the mo  or and in corn  wall as a whole it is thought that the bos  castle flood of 2004 was caused by a particularly extreme example of the effect
brown atro  phy of the heart is atro  phy of the heart muscle or my  o  cardi  um commonly found in the elderly it is described as brown because fi  bers become pi  gm  ented by in  trac  ell  ular li  po  fus  cin deposits mostly around the cell nucleus a type of li  po  ch  rome gran  ule it has no known effect on function and is described as being expected or normal in aging other types of brown atro  phy include brown atro  phy of neuro  nia and brown atro  phy of the liver
brown clu  stering is a hard hierarchical agglomer  ative clu  stering problem based on distributional information it is typically applied to text grouping words into clusters that are assumed to be sem  an  tically related by virtue of their having been embedded in similar contexts
brown ind  ur  ation is fi  bro  sis and h  emo  sid  erin pi  gm  entation of the lungs due to long standing pul  mon  ary congestion chronic passive congestion
the brown ocean effect is an observed weather phenomenon where tropical cycl  ones which are commonly expected to lose energy when they make land  fall instead maintain strength or intensify over land surfaces while these systems are highly common in the united states and china the national oce  anic and atmospheric administration no  aa names australia the most conducive environment after 30 years of research in australia such storm systems are called ag  uk  ab  ams one source of the brown ocean effect has been identified as the large amount of latent heat that can be released from extremely wet soils a 2013 nasa study found that from 1979 2008 45 of 227 tropical storms either gained or maintained strength after making land  fall the press release stated the land essentially mim  ics the moisture rich environment of the ocean where the storm originated originally countless research devoted to extr  atro  pical cycl  ones storms that first derive energy from the warm ocean waters and later from the con  jec  ture of various air masses explained the intensification of storms after land  fall however as research into these storms persists anderson and shepherd the two leading scientists behind the nasa study discovered that some of these storms were not transi  tioning from warm core to cold core but were actually maintaining their warm core dynamics while ultimately out  putting a greater measure of rainfall in order for the brown ocean effect to take place three land conditions must be met first the lower level of the atmosphere mim  ics a tropical atmosphere with minimal variation in temperature second soils in the vicinity of the storms need to contain ample moisture finally evapor  ation of the soil moisture releases latent heat which the team found must measure at least 70 watts averaged per square meter storm systems imp  acted by the brown ocean effect gave rise to a new sub category of tropical storm type called tropical cyclone maintenance and intensification event or t  c  mi another study concluded that latent surface heat flux from land surfaces actually have the potential to be larger than from the ocean albeit for brief periods only anderson and shepherd are also examining the effects of climate change on t  c  mis looking into the potential intensification of these storms due to increase or decrease in the degree of we  tness and dr  y  ness in areas susceptible to these systems
brown patch is a tur  f  grass disease that is caused by the r  hi  z  oc  ton  ia species fun  gus this tur  f  grass disease is most common brown patch can be found in all of the cool season tur  f  gr  asses found in the united states brown patch is most devastating to bent  grass agro  stis sp r  ye  grass lolium sp annual blu  egr  ass po  a ann  ua and tall f  es  cue fest  uca ar  und  in  acea brown patch is also found in k  ent  ucky blu  egr  ass po  a pr  at  ensis and fine f  es  cue fest  uca sp but this is rare or does minimal damage brown patch is known as a fo  liar disease so it does not have any effect on the crown or roots of the turf plant
the brown tumor is a bone le  sion that arises in settings of excess o  ste  o  cl  ast activity such as hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m it is not a true ne  op  las  m as the term tumor suggests however it may mim  ic a true ne  op  las  m brown tum  ours are radi  ol  uc  ent on x ray
bro  wn  field status is a condition within certain legal exclusions and additions of real property the expansion re  development or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance pollutant or contamin  ant which may include petroleum hydrocarbon releases bro  wn  field status generally means there are use or development restrictions on the site in town planning bro  wn  field land is an area of land previously used or built upon as opposed to green  field land which has never been built upon bro  wn  field status is a legal designation which places restrictions conditions or incentives on re  development
in aviation a bro  wn  out or brown out is an in flight visibility restriction due to dust or sand in the air in a bro  wn  out the pilot cannot see nearby objects which provide the outside visual references necessary to control the aircraft near the ground this can cause spatial dis  orientation and loss of situ  ational awareness leading to an accident pilots have compared landing during bro  wn  outs to parallel parking an automobile with one s eyes closed the bro  wn  out phenomenon causes accidents during helicopter landing and take off operations in arid desert terrain intense blin  ding dust clouds stirred up by the helicopter ro  tor down  wash during near ground flight causes significant flight safety risks from aircraft and ground obstacle collis  ions and dynamic rol  lover due to slop  ed and uneven terrain bro  wn  outs have claimed more helicopters in recent military operations than all other threats combined there are several factors which affect the probability and severity of bro  wn  out ro  tor disk loading ro  tor configuration soil composition wind approach speed and angle countermeasures to prevent bro  wn  out related accidents include site preparation pilot technique synthetic vision systems also known as see and remember upgraded horizontal situation indicator with improved symbo  logy aerod  y  nam  ics such as the wing  ed ro  tor on the agu  sta  west  land eh 101 non visual displays of position and orientation data derived from suitable sensors such as t  acti  le situ  ational awareness systems ts  as providing information to the pilot through the sense of touch using tac  tors
brown vi  al  et  to van la  ere syndrome b  v  v  l sometimes known as brown s syndrome is a rare degenerative disorder often initially characterized by progressive sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness the syndrome most often affects children adolescents and young adults as knowledge of b  v  v  l grows some adult patients have now been diagnosed there is no known cure however with prompt treatment the prog  no  sis may be positive with some patients stabilizing and even minor improvements noted in certain cases
brucellosis is a highly contagious zoon  osis caused by ing  estion of un  past  eur  ized milk or under  cooked meat from infected animals or close contact with their secre  tions bruc  ella species are small gram negative non  mo  tile non  spor  e forming rod shaped coc  co  bac  ill  i bacteria they function as fac  ul  tative in  trac  ell  ular parasites causing chronic disease which usually persists for life four species infect humans b abor  tus b can  is b mel  it  ensis and b su  is b abor  tus is less virulent than b mel  it  ensis and is primarily a disease of cattle b can  is affects dogs b mel  it  ensis is the most virulent and invasive species it usually inf  ects goats and occasionally sheep b su  is is of intermediate virul  ence and chiefly inf  ects pigs symptoms include prof  use swe  ating and joint and muscle pain brucellosis has been recognized in animals and humans since the 20 th century
bru  g  ada syndrome br  s is a genetic disease that is characterised by abnormal electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g findings and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death it is named for the spanish cardi  o  logists pedro bru  g  ada jose  p bru  g  ada and ram  on bru  g  ada it is the major cause of sudden un  explained death syndrome su  ds also known as sudden adult death syndrome s  ads and is the most common cause of sudden death in young men without known underlying cardiac disease in thailand and laos although the ec  g findings of bru  g  ada syndrome were first reported among survivors of cardiac arrest in 1989 it was only in 1992 that the bru  g  ada brothers recognized it as a distinct clinical entity causing sudden death by causing ven  tric  ular fi  bri  ll  ation a potentially lethal arr  hy  th  mia in the heart
a bru  ise or con  tu  sion is a type of hem  atom  a of tissue in which cap  il  lar  ies and sometimes ven  ules are damaged by trauma allowing blood to se  ep hemorrha  ge or extr  av  as  ate into the surrounding inter  sti  tial tissues bru  ises which do not blan  ch under pressure can involve cap  il  lar  ies at the level of skin sub  cu  taneous tissue muscle or bone bru  ises are not to be confused with other similar looking le  sions primarily distinguished by their diameter or causation these le  sions include pe  tec  hia 3 mm result from numerous and diverse eti  o  logies such as adverse reactions from medications such as war  far  in str  aining as  phy  xi  ation plat  elet disorders and diseases such as cy  tom  eg  alo  virus pur  pur  a 3 mm to 1 cm classified as palpable pur  pur  a or non palpable pur  pur  a and indicates various patho  logic conditions such as thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia and ec  ch  y  mo  sis 1 cm caused blood dis  sec  ting through tissue planes and settled in an area remote from the site of trauma or path  ology such as peri  orb  ital ec  ch  y  mo  sis i e rac  co  on eyes arising from a basi  l  ar skull frac  ture or from a neuro  bl  ast  oma as a type of hem  atom  a a bru  ise is always caused by internal bleeding into the inter  sti  tial tissues which does not break through the skin usually initiated by blunt trauma which causes damage through physical compression and dec  el  eration forces trauma sufficient to cause bru  ising can occur from a wide variety of situations including accidents falls and sur  ger  ies disease states such as insufficient or malfunctioning plat  el  ets other co  ag  ulation deficiencies or vascular disorders such as ven  ous block  age associated with severe allergies can lead to the formation of pur  pur  a which is not to be confused with trauma related bru  ising con  tu  sion if the trauma is sufficient to break the skin and allow blood to escape the inter  sti  tial tissues the injury is not a bru  ise but instead a different variety of hemorrha  ge called bleeding however such injuries may be accompanied by bru  ising elsewhere bru  ises often induce pain but small bru  ises are not normally dangerous alone sometimes bru  ises can be serious leading to other more life threatening forms of hem  atom  a such as when associated with serious injuries including fractu  res and more severe internal bleeding the likelihood and severity of bru  ising depends on many factors including type and heal  thiness of affected tissues minor bru  ises may be easily recognized in people with light skin color by characteristic blue or purple appearance idi  om  atically described as black and blue in the days following the injury
bru  it english ˈ  bru  ː  i from french noise or vascular mur  m  ur is the abnormal sound generated by turbulent flow of blood in an artery due to either an area of partial obstruction or a loc  alized high rate of blood flow through an un  obstructed artery the bru  it may be heard aus  cul  t  ated by pressing a st  eth  o  scope to the skin over the turbulent flow and listening most bru  its occur only in syst  ole so the bru  it is inter  mit  tent and its frequency dependent on the heart rate anything increasing the blood flow velocity such as fever an  emia or hyper  thyro  i  dis  m can increase the am  pl  itude of the bru  it
brun  ner syndrome is a rare genetic disorder associated with a mutation in the mao  a gene it is characterized by lower than average i  q typically about 85 problematic impul  sive behavior such as arson hy  pers  ex  uality and violence sleep disorders and mood swings it was identified in fourteen males from one family in 1993 it has since been discovered in two additional families
bruno otto fle  is  cher 2 may 18  74 – 26 march 1965 was a german doctor kay  ser fle  is  cher rings and fle  is  cher rings are named for him
brun  s ap  ra  x  ia or frontal at  ax  ia is a ga  it ap  ra  x  ia found in patients with bilateral frontal lo  be disorders it is characterised by an inability to initiate the process of walking despite the power and coordination of the legs being normal when tested in the seated or lying position the ga  it is broad based with short steps with a tendency to fall backwards it was originally described in patients with frontal lo  be tum  ours but is now more commonly seen in patients with cere  bro  vascular disease it is named after lud  wig brun  s
bru  x  ism is excessive teeth grinding or jaw cl  en  ching it is an oral par  af  unc  tional activity i e it is unrelated to normal function such as eating or talking bru  x  ism is a common problem reports of prevalence range from 8 – 31 in the general population several symptoms are commonly associated with bru  x  ism including hy  pers  ensi  tive teeth aching jaw muscles headaches tooth wear damage to dental restor  ations e g cro  wns and fill  ings and damage to teeth however it may cause minimal symptoms and therefore people may not be aware of the condition there are two main types of bru  x  ism that which occurs during sleep sleep bru  x  ism and that which occurs during wa  ke  fulness awake bru  x  ism dental damage may be similar in both types but the symptoms of sleep bru  x  ism tend to be worse on waking and improve during the course of the day and the symptoms of awake bru  x  ism may not be present at all on waking and then worsen over the day the causes of bru  x  ism are not completely understood but probably involve multiple factors awake bru  x  ism is thought to have different causes from sleep bru  x  ism and is more common in females whereas males and females are affected in equal proportions by sleep bru  x  ism several treatments are in use although there is little evidence of robust efficacy for any particular treatment
bubble hair de  form  ity is an ab  normality of the hair shaft it is characterized by rows of bubbles seen micro  sco  p  ically within loc  alized areas of brit  tle hair
bu  bon  ic plague is one of three types of bacterial infection caused by y  er  sin  ia p  esti  s three to seven days after exposure to the bacteria flu like symptoms develop this includes fever headaches and v  om  iting sw  oll  en and painful lymp  h no  des occur in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin occasionally the sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des may break open the three types of plague are the result of the route of infection bu  bon  ic plague sep  tic  emic plague and pneu  mon  ic plague bu  bon  ic plague is mainly spread by infected fle  as from small animals it may also result from exposure to the body fluids from a dead plague infected animal in the bu  bon  ic form of plague the bacteria enter through the skin through a fle  a bite and travel via the lymp  h  atic vessels to a lymp  h no  de causing it to swell diagnosis is by finding the bacteria in the blood sp  u  tum or fluid from lymp  h no  des prevention is through public health measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common vaccines have not been found to be very useful for plague prevention several antibiotics are effective for treatment including st  rep  tom  y  cin gent  am  ic  in and do  xy  cycl  ine without treatment it results in the death of 30 to 90 of those infected death if it occurs is typically within ten days with treatment the risk of death is around 10 globally in 2013 there were about 750 documented cases which resulted in 126 deaths the disease is most common in africa plague is believed to be the cause of the black death that swept through asia europe and africa in the 14 th century and killed an estimated 50 million people this was about 25 to 60 of the european population because the plague killed so many of the working population wages rose due to the demand for labor some historians see this as a turning point in european economic development the term bu  bon  ic plague is derived from the greek word β  ου  β  ών meaning gro  in the term bu  bo  es is also used to refer to the sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des
buc  cal bi  fur  c  ation cyst is an infl  am  matory od  on  to  genic cyst of the parad  ental cy  sts family that typically appears in the buc  cal bi  fur  c  ation region of the man  di  bul  ar first mol  ars in the second half of the first decade of life infected cy  sts may be associated with pain
a buc  cal exo  sto  sis also termed al  ve  ol  ar exo  sto  sis is an exo  sto  sis bone prominence on the buc  cal surface cheek side of the al  ve  ol  ar ridge of the max  illa or man  di  ble some consider them a variation of normal anatomy rather than a disease
the bu  cher  er carb  azole synthesis is a chemical reaction used to synthe  size carb  az  oles from nap  h  th  ols and ar  yl hydra  z  ines using sodium bis  ul  f  ite the reaction is named after hans theod  or bu  cher  er the bu  cher  er carb  azole synthesis
the bu  cher  er – ber  gs reaction is the chemical reaction of carbon  yl compounds alde  hy  des or ke  tones or cy  ano  hydr  ins with ammonium carbon  ate and potassium cyanide to give hy  dan  to  ins the reaction is named after hans theod  or bu  cher  er overall reaction the bu  cher  er ber  gs reaction
in egyptian myth  ology bu  ch  is also spelt bak  h and bak  ha was the manifestation of the de  ification of ka power life force of the war god mon  tu wor  shipped in the region of her  mon  this a wild bull was chosen and said to be the bu  ch  is incar  nation of mon  tu in which role it was wor  shipped as such over time the criteria for choosing the bull became more rigid fixing themselves on what had been simply the general appearance of bulls in the region being a white body and black face when these bulls or their mothers died they were mum  mi  fied and placed in a special cemetery known as the bu  ch  eu  m the mothers of these bulls were considered aspects of hath  or the mother of these de  ities eventually the bak  ha was identified as a form of the ap  is and consequently became considered an incar  nation of osi  ris the last burial of a bu  ch  is bull in the bu  ch  eu  m at her  mon  this occurred in 340 a d the worship of the bull in this form lasted until about 362 ad when it was destroyed by rising christianity in the roman empire
in mathematics bu  ch  s  bau  m rings are no  e  ther  ian local rings such that every system of parameters is a weak sequence a sequence of the maxim  al ideal is called a weak sequence if for all they were introduced by j  ür  gen st  ü  ck  rad and wolfgang vo  gel and are named after david bu  ch  s  bau  m every co  hen – mac  a  ul  ay local ring is a bu  ch  s  bau  m ring
the bu  ch  wald – har  t  wig am  ination is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of carbon – nitrogen bonds via the p  all  adi  um cataly  zed cross coupling of am  ines with ar  yl hali  des although pd cataly  zed c n cou  pl  ings were reported as early as 1983 credit for its development is typically assigned to stephen l bu  ch  wald and john f har  t  wig whose publications between 1994 and the late 2000 s established the scope of the transformation the reaction s synthetic utility stems primarily from the shortcomings of typical methods nucle  oph  il  ic substitution reduc  tive am  ination etc for the synthesis of aromatic c – n bonds with most methods suffering from limited sub  str  ate scope and functional group tolerance the development of the bu  ch  wald – har  t  wig reaction allowed for the fac  ile synthesis of ar  yl am  ines replacing to an extent harsh  er methods the gold  berg reaction nucle  oph  il  ic aromatic substitution etc while significantly expanding the reper  to  ire of possible c – n bond formation over the course of its development several generations of catalyst systems have been developed with each system allowing greater scope in terms of coupling partners and mil  der conditions allowing virtually any amine to be coupled with a wide variety of ar  yl coupling partners because of the ubi  qu  ity of ar  yl c n bonds in pharmaceuticals and natural products the reaction has gained wide use in synthetic organic chemistry finding application in many total syn  theses and the industrial preparation of numerous pharmaceuticals several reviews have been published
in buddh  ism budd  ha  hood san  sk  r  it ब  ु  द  ्  ध  त  ्  व budd  hat  va pal  i ब  ु  द  ्  ध  त  ्  त buddh  att  a or ब  ु  द  ्  ध  भ  ा  व budd  hab  h  ā  va is the condition or rank of a buddha ˈ  bu  ː  d  ə or ˈ  b  ʊ  d  ə san  sk  r  it pron  unciation ˈ  bud  ̪  d  ̪  ʱ  ə pal  i san  sk  r  it for awakened one the goal of ma  hay  ana s bo  d  his  att  va path is sam  yak  sam  budd  ha  hood so that one may benefit all senti  ent beings by teaching them the path of cessation of du  k  k  ha this contrasts with the goal of hin  ay  ana path where the goal is ar  hat  ship
bud  d – chi  ari syndrome is a condition caused by oc  clu  sion of the he  p  atic ve  ins that drain the liver it presents with the classical tri  ad of ab  domin  al pain as  cites and liver enlargement the formation of a blood clo  t within the he  p  atic ve  ins can lead to bud  d – chi  ari syndrome it occurs in 1 out of a million individuals the syndrome can be ful  min  ant acute chronic or as  ymp  tomatic
the buffalo riot of 18  62 was a civil disturbance on the afternoon of august 12 18  62 by irish and german stev  e  do  res against local dock bosses the rio  ters demanded increased pay and prevented others from working at the old rates they initially over  powered police seriously inj  uring the chief of police and other officers but were forced to surrender after police opened fire w  ounding two although the mayor had called for the new york state militia police arrested the ring  leaders before the militia was needed
bu  ffer  blo  at is high lat  ency in packet switched networks caused by excess bu  ffering of packets bu  ffer  blo  at can also cause packet delay variation also known as j  itter as well as reduce the overall network through  put when a rou  ter or switch is confi  gu  red to use excessively large bu  ffers even very high speed networks can become practically un  usable for many interactive applications like voice over ip vo  ip online gaming and even ordinary web sur  fing some communications equipment manufacturers placed overly large bu  ffers in some of their network products in such equipment bu  ffer  blo  at occurs when a network link becomes congested causing packets to become queu  ed in bu  ffers for too long in a first in first out queu  ing system overly large bu  ffers result in longer queu  es and higher lat  ency but do not improve network through  put the bu  ffer  blo  at phenomenon was initially described as far back as in 1985 it gained more widespread attention starting in 2009
in strategy computer games of both the turn based and real time varieties a build order is a linear pattern of production research and resource management aimed at achieving a specific and specialized goal they are analogous to chess openings in that a player will have a specific order of play in mind however the amount the build order the strategy around which the build order is built or even which build order is then used varies on the skill ability and other factors such as how aggressive or defensive each player is often the name of a build order usually reflects two key aspects therein the desired goal of the entire build order the key management decisions involved in the build order evidence of this can be found in the following examples six pool rush star  craft – six pool being the management decision build a spawning pool immediately after reaching supply level 6 rush implying production of zer  gl  ings quickly 4 war  p  gates push star  craft ii wings of liberty – opening in which the goal is to have a war  p  gate and 4 gate  ways and then push attack the enemy rule of ten war  hammer 40 000 dawn of war – ten being the desired production goal of inf  antry units or  anos 4 30 age of myth  ology the tit  ans – 4 30 being the desired time to reach tech level 2 4 es company of heroes 4 es standing for 4 engineers and a snip  er a unique american opening fast ar  mored car company of heroes – the objective being to get an ar  mored car before the opponent has reached the same tech level ri  fle  stall company of heroes – the objective being to use the power and flexibility of ri  fl  emen squ  ads to hold off the opponent before pulling out higher tech units pi  o  spam company of heroes – the objective being to produce large numbers of pioneers and nothing else until higher tier expansion first generic start by creating a new economic base priori  tizing your economy output rather than defensive or offensive units this is usually easily countered if your opponent if going for an early aggression build order strategy computer games typically offer a player many choices in which structures to build units to train and which technologies to research each technology that a player resear  ches will open up more options but may or may not depending on the computer game the player is playing close off the paths to other options a tech tree is the representation of all possible paths of research a player can take analysis of the tech tree leads to specific paths that a player can take to optim  ally advance specific strategic or tactical goals these optimi  zed paths are build orders for example a player who plans to launch an attack by air may only build the structures necessary to construct air units and may research only the technologies which enhance the capabilities of air units the order in which to build those structures and research those technologies is known as a build order the same player could instead choose a slightly different build order that goes for air units but also creates a small ground defense army – this would be a more defensive less risky choice at the expense of having maximum airspace power as you can see in the list above build orders are usually used to determine how a player will start the game which is why they are often mis  called openings there are many reasons for this a flawed game start could mean that you lose the game early on so it is important to have resilient openings how you start a match most often than not narro  ws the middle and late game options so the very first few choices alone dictate your future options middle and late game choices require you to study the current situation so not only are they harder to plan ahead but then one also has more time to think while on the very beginning it is more advantageous to have a fixed plan and execute it as fast and precisely as possible build orders can also plan ahead for late game scenarios but that is less common build orders often involve significant timing issues this applies to both turn based and real time strategy games in turn based games specific buildings and technologies will take a specific number of turns to complete a build order may involve waiting until specific turns to begin building the next building or researching the next technology in real time strategy games timing may be even more crucial to execute an optimal rush a player will not only have to know exactly what to build or research but also when to do so if the build order is altered in any way the units or structures may not be produced as quickly the delay may mean the difference between a game win and a game loss experienced players of strategy games will mem  ori  ze build orders as it gives them a significant advantage over players who are not familiar with build orders this is particularly important in games where there is a resource cap such as food in the war  craft series or supply in the star  craft series as a player must know how much remaining supply they have to work with for a given build order since the game mechanics will not permit players to build past this limit without additional resource structures the build order and the timing of new construction must be implemented in a very precise manner build orders involve all forms of resource management including unit production and control the loss of a unit or the overproduction of another may delay or change the course of a build order complex build orders that involve a combination of key units may fail completely due to improper unit control despite correct development of buildings and technology research in professional and competitive tournam  ents it is implicit that before a match each player will have studied his opponent s recent public games in order to prepare an appropriate build order to defeat his style since both players understand that each side will be doing this it can create interesting situations – for example a defense oriented player could pretend to be using his traditional strategy to fool his opponent while instead creating an offensive force in a hard to spot position this makes competitive strategy gaming as much a guessing of what your opponent is trying to do as it is on focusing on your own strategy in order to win this sort of play is often called mind games by narr  ators and commentators and it often happens that a bad read on an opponent s intentions is enough to lose a match
in single point cutting of metals a built up edge bu  e is an accumulation of material against the ra  ke face that se  izes to the tool tip separating it from the chip
bul  bar pal  sy refers to impairment of function of the cran  ial nerves ix x xi and xii which occurs due to a lower motor ne  uron le  sion either at nuclear or fasc  icular level in the med  ul  la obl  ong  ata or from le  sions of the lower cran  ial nerves outside the bra  inst  em in contrast pseu  do  bul  bar pal  sy describes impairment of function of cran  ial nerves ix xii due to upper motor ne  uron le  sions of the cor  ti  co  bul  bar tracts in the mid p  ons for clin  ically evident dysfunction to occur such le  sions must be bilateral as these cran  ial nerve nucle  i receive bilateral in  ner  vation bul  bar pal  sy is an ass  or  tment of signs and symptoms not the name of a precise disease
bul  bar u  re  th  ral necro  sis is a problem that can occur after a pel  vic frac  ture associated u  re  th  ral distraction defect p  fu  dd
bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa also known as simply bu  li  mia is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by pur  ging binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time pur  ging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed this may be done by v  om  iting or taking lax  atives other efforts to lose weight may include the use of di  u  re  tics stimul  ants water fast  ing or excessive exercise most people with bu  li  mia are at a normal weight the forcing of v  om  iting may result in thick  ened skin on the knuc  kles and breakdown of the teeth bu  li  mia is frequently associated with other mental disorders such as depression anxiety and problems with drugs or alcohol there is also a higher risk of suicide and self harm bu  li  mia is more common among those who have a close relative with the condition the percentage risk that is estimated to be due to genetics is between 30 and 80 other risk factors for the disease include psychological stress cultural pressure to attain a certain body type poor self esteem and obesity living in a culture that promotes die  ting and having parents that worry about weight are also risks diagnosis is based on a person s medical history however this is difficult as people are usually secretive about their binge eating and pur  ging habits furthermore the diagnosis of an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa takes precedence over that of bu  li  mia other similar disorders include binge eating disorder kle  ine le  vin syndrome and borderline personality disorder cognitive behavioral therapy is the primary treatment for bu  li  mia anti  depres  s  ants of the selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors s  sri or tric  ycl  ic anti  depres  sant class may have a modest benefit while outcomes with bu  li  mia are typically better than in those of an  ore  x  ia the risk of death among those affected is higher than that of the general population at 10 years after receiving treatment about 50 of people are fully recovered globally bu  li  mia was estimated to affect 6 5 million people in 2013 about 1 of young women have bu  li  mia at a given point in time and about 2 to 3 of women have the condition at some point in their lives the condition is less common in the developing world bu  li  mia is about nine times more likely to occur in women than men among women rates are highest in young adults bu  li  mia was named and first described by the british psychiatrist gerald russell in 1979
bulk foods are food items offered in large quantities which can be purchased in large bulk lots or transferred from a bulk container into a smaller container for purchase bulk foods may be priced less compared to packaged foods because they re typically packaged in large generic bulk containers and packaging for grocer  y outlets which utili  zes lesser natural resources additionally less packaging is con  gru  ent with the environmental conservation of natural resources and sustainability one study found a 96 reduction in packaging used for bulk foods compared to packaged foods
bullet time also known as adren  al  ine time focus time frozen time the big freeze dead time flow motion slowing your roll dead eye or time slice is a visual effect or visual impression of det  aching the time and space of a camera or vie  wer from that of its visible subject it is a depth enhanced simulation of variable speed action and performance found in films broadcast advertisements and real  time graphics within video games and other special media it is characterized both by its extreme transformation of time slow enough to show normally imper  cep  tible and un  film  able events such as flying bullets and space by way of the ability of the camera angle — the audience s point of view — to move around the scene at a normal speed while events are slowed this is almost impossible with conventional slow motion as the physical camera would have to move im  possibly fast the concept implies that only a virtual camera often illustrated within the confines of a computer generated environment such as a virtual world or virtual reality would be capable of fil  ming bullet time types of moments technical and historical variations of this effect have been referred to as time slic  ing view morph  ing temp  s mor  t french dead time and virtual cinemato  graphy the term bullet time is a registered trademark of war  ner bro  s formally established in march 2005 in connection with the video game the matrix online the term had first been used within the original script of the 1999 film the matrix and later in reference to the slow motion effects in the 2001 video game max pay  ne in the years since the introduction of the term during the matrix films it has become a commonly applied expression in popular culture
bull  ous drug reaction also known as a bull  ous drug eruption generalized bull  ous fixed drug eruption and multi  loc  ular bull  ous fixed drug eruption most commonly refers to a drug reaction in the er  y  them  a multi  forme group these are un  common reactions to medications with an incidence of 0 4 to 1 2 per million person years for toxic ep  id  er  mal nec  rol  ysis and 1 2 to 6 0 per million person years for stevens – johnson syndrome the primary skin le  sions are large er  y  them  as fain  tly discernible even after con  flu  ence most often ir  regularly distributed and of a characteristic pur  pl  ish li  vi  d color at times with fl  acci  d bl  is  ters
bull  ous impe  ti  go is a cu  taneous condition that characteris  tically occurs in the new  born and is caused by a bacterial infection presenting with bul  la  e it can be caused by ex  foli  ative toxin a the phy  ogenic superficial infection can be divided into two other subdivisions impe  ti  go and non bull  ous impe  ti  go bull  ous impe  ti  go is caused by stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us which produces ex  foli  ative toxins whereas non bull  ous impe  ti  go is caused by either stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us or st  rep  to  co  cc  us py  o  genes thirty percent of all impe  ti  go cases are related to bull  ous impe  ti  go bull  ous impe  ti  go in new  bor  ns children or adults who are immun  o  compromised and or are experiencing ren  al failure can develop into a more severe and generalized form called stap  hy  lo  coc  cal scal  ded skin syndrome ss  ss the mortality rate is less than 3 for infected children but up to 60 in adults
bull  ous ker  at  opathy is a pathological condition in which small ves  ic  les or bul  la  e are formed in the cor  ne  a due to endo  the  li  al dysfunction in a healthy cor  ne  a endo  the  li  al cells keeps the tissue from excess fluid absorption pumping it back into the aqu  eous humor when affected by some reason such as fu  ch  s dy  stro  phy or a trauma during cat  ar  act removal endo  the  li  al cells suffer mortality or damage the cor  ne  al endo  the  li  al cells normally do not undergo mit  otic cell division and cell loss results in permanent loss of function when endo  the  li  al cell counts drop too low the pump starts failing to function and fluid moves an  terior into the st  roma and epi  the  lium the excess fluid precipit  ates sw  elling of the cor  ne  a as fluid accumul  ates between the bas  al epi  the  lium cells bl  ister like formations form bul  la  e and they undergo painful rup  tures releasing their fluid content to the surface these characteristic mal  formations disrupt vision and create pain sens  ations treatment can include hyper  os  mo  tic eye drops to reduce sw  elling 5 sodium chloride band  age contact l  enses to reduce discomfort gl  au  coma medications to reduce the flow of fluid into the cor  ne  a and surgical procedures to replace the damaged tissue
bull  ous lymp  he  dem  a is a skin condition that usually occurs with poorly controlled e  dem  a related to heart failure and fluid overload and compression results in healing
bull  ous p  emp  hi  go  id is an acute or chronic auto  immune skin disease involving the formation of bl  is  ters more appropriately known as bul  la  e at the space between the skin layers ep  id  er  mis and der  mis it is classified as a type ii hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction with the formation of anti hem  id  es  mo  some antibodies
bull  ous small vessel vas  cu  li  tis also known as bull  ous variant of small vessel vas  cu  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition in which patients with small vessel vas  cu  li  tis will develop super  imposed ves  ic  les and bul  la  e especially on the dis  tal extre  mi  ties
the bull  whip effect is a distribution channel phenomenon in which forecasts yield supply chain inefficiencies it refers to increasing swings in inventory in response to shifts in customer demand as one moves further up the supply chain the concept first appeared in jay for  re  ster s industrial dynamics 1961 and thus it is also known as the for  re  ster effect the bull  whip effect was named for the way the am  pl  itude of a whip increases down its length the further from the originating signal the greater the distortion of the wave pattern in a similar manner forecast accuracy decreases as one moves upstream along the supply chain for example many consumer goods have fairly consistent consumption at retail but this signal becomes more chaotic and unpredictable as you move away from consumer purchasing behavior in the 1990 s ha  u lee a professor of engineering and management science at stanford university helped incorporate the concept into supply chain vern  ac  ular using a story about vol  vo suffering a glut in green cars sales and marketing developed a program to move the excess inventory while successful in generating the desired market pull manufacturing didn t know about the promotional plans instead they read the increase in sales as an indication of growing demand for green cars and ram  ped up production research indicates a fluctuation in point of sale demand of five percent will be interpreted by supply chain participants as a change in demand of up to forty percent much like cracking a whip a small f  lick of the wrist a shift in point of sale demand can cause a large motion at the end of the whip manufacturer s response
bum  ble  foot ul  cer  ative po  do  der  mati  tis is a bacterial infection and infl  am  matory reaction on the feet of birds and ro  dents this infection is much more likely to occur in captive animals than in those in the wild it is caused by stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us bacteria
a bump  er frac  ture is a frac  ture of the lateral ti  bial pl  ate  au caused by a forced val  gus applied to the knee this causes the lateral part of the dis  tal fem  ur and the lateral ti  bial pl  ate  au to come into contact com  pressing the ti  bial pl  ate  au and causing the ti  bia to frac  ture the name of the injury is because it was described as being caused by the impact of a car bump  er on the lateral side of the knee while the foot is planted on the ground although this mechanism is only seen in about 25 of ti  bial pl  ate  au fractu  res frac  ture of the neck of the fi  bul  a may also be found and associated injury to the medi  al collateral lig  ament or cruci  ate lig  aments occurs in about 10 of cases
bump  ing is a phenomenon in chemistry where homogenous liquids boiled in a test tube or other container will super  heat and upon nucle  ation rapid boiling will expel the liquid from the container in extreme cases the container may be broken
a bundle branch block is a defect of the bundle branches or fasc  ic  les in the electrical conduc  tion system of the heart
a b  union is a de  form  ity of the joint connecting the big toe to the foot it is characterized by medi  al deviation of the first met  at  ar  sal bone and lateral deviation of the hall  ux big toe often errone  ously described as an enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the bottom of the big toe known as the met  at  ar  sop  hal  ange  al joint there is disagreement among medical professionals about the cause of bun  ions some see them as primarily caused by the long term use of shoes particularly tight fitting shoes with pointed toes others believe that the problem stems from genetic factors that are exacerbated by shoe use bun  ions occur when pressure is applied to the side of the big toe hall  ux forcing it in  wards towards and sometimes under or over the other toes ang  ulation as pressure is applied the tissues surrounding the joint may become sw  oll  en and tender in a survey of people from cultures that do not wear shoes no cases of bun  ions were found lending credence to the hypothesis that bun  ions are caused by ill fitting shoes the bump itself is partly due to the sw  oll  en bur  sal s  ac or an osse  ous bon  y anomaly on the met  at  ar  sop  hal  ange  al joint the larger part of the bump is a normal part of the head of the first met  at  ar  sal bone that has til  ted side  ways to stick out at its dis  tal far end
the bun  sen reaction is a chemical reaction that describes water sul  fur dioxide and i  od  ine reacting to form sul  fur  ic acid and hydrogen io  di  de 2 h 2 o so 2 i 2 → h 2 so 4 2 hi this reaction is the first step in the sul  fur i  od  ine cycle to produce hydrogen the products separate into two aqu  eous layers with the sul  fur  ic acid floating on top and a mixture of hydrogen io  di  de and un  reacted i  od  ine on the bottom while the two layers are generally considered im  mis  ci  ble small amounts of sul  fur  ic acid may still remain in the hydrogen io  di  de layer and vice versa this can lead to unwanted side reactions one of which precipit  ates out sul  fur a potential obstruction to the reaction vessel the reaction is named after robert bun  sen who discovered it in 18  53 a similar reaction is the basis for karl fischer ti  tration note that at sufficiently high temperatures concentrated h 2 so 4 may react with hi giving i 2 so 2 and h 2 o which rever  ses the reaction many chemical processes are reversible reactions such as ammonia production from n 2 and h 2 and removing the desired product will shift equilibrium to the right of the equation favoring reaction products as per the le ch  ate  lier principle
bun  ter beds are sand  stone deposits containing rounded pe  b  bles they can be found in war  wick  shire ches  hire staf  for  d  shire no  tt  ingh  am  shire yorkshire dev  on and dor  set in england they are thought to be allu  vi  al deposits and judging from the rounding of the mainly quar  tz  ite pe  b  bles to have resulted from prolonged transportation in a large and turbulent river resulting in powerful abra  sion the deposits in the english midlands are thought to have been transported in this way north  wards from brittany france this supposed river has been called the bud  le  igh  ensis after the dev  on village of bud  le  igh sal  ter  ton a site where such deposits were discovered the de  positions took place in the lower tri  ass  ic period some newer conglomerates e g near ry  ton in war  wick  shire are thought to have arisen during the ice age by re  working and south  ward transportation of older deposits by ice flows the pe  b  bles also called cob  bles which can be used as gra  vel as ballast or as cob  ble  stones are mainly mil  ky white quar  tz  ite but can vary in colour and composition including some that are hard red  dish coloured sand  stone the sand  stone in which these pe  b  bles are deposited can be used for building or as an aggregate for cement or concrete the name bun  ter derives from the german term bun  ts  and  stein bun  t meaning vari  eg  ated or colour  ful referring to the colour of the sand  stone deposit which varies from red  dish to green  ish this sand  stone is widespread across central europe notably in the black forest and o  den  wald region of germany as well as the vo  s  ges mountains in nor  the  astern france the sand  stone can be hard enough for building yet easy enough to work resulting in bridges cast  les cathedr  als and churches constructed of red  dish sand  stone throughout the relevant areas of europe e g germany luxembourg switzerland alsace in france denmark poland the land under which these beds lie is generally very well drained creating he  ath  like conditions because of the drainage the soil tends to be of low fertility a notable area in britain that has these characteristics is can  nock chase a designated area of outstanding natural beauty a  on  b the long sh  ing  le tom  bol  o of che  sil beach in dor  set and the raised beach of port  land dor  set are partly composed of bun  ter pe  b  bles as yet no fully satisfactory and universally accepted geological explanation has been formulated to explain their precise origin and mode of transport as each proposed theory has its difficulties
bu  phthal  mos plural bu  phthal  moses is enlargement of the eye  ball and is most commonly seen in infants and young children it is sometimes referred to as bu  phthal  mia plural bu  phthal  mi  as it usually appears in the new  born period or the first 3 months of life and in most cases indicates the presence of con  genital inf  anti  le gl  au  coma which is a disorder in which elevated pressures within the eye lead to structural eye damage and vision loss
bur oak b  light bob is a fun  gal disease that is relatively new to the plant pathogen landscape bob started to appear in mid  western states in the 1990 s the first few diagnoses pointed to a common fun  gus tu  bak  ia dr  y  ina as the culprit however upon further research bob was said to be caused by a new un  named species of tu  bak  ia later named ‘ ’ tu  bak  ia i  ow  ensis t c har  r d mc  new sp nov ‘ ’ bob has severe symptoms and is a serious new problem amidst the plant path  ology world
buried penis also known as hidden penis is a con  genital or acquired condition in which the penis is partially or completely hidden below the surface of the skin it can lead to obstruction of ur  inary stream poor hygiene soft tissue infection ph  im  osis and inhi  bi  tion of normal sexual function con  genital causes are often due to mal  development of pen  ile shaft skin whereas acquired conditions include mor  bid obesity over  laying ab  domin  al fat or pen  ile injury adults with a buried penis will either live with their condition or undergo weight loss programs however weight loss programs are slow and often do not un  bury the penis furthermore poor hygiene from pooling of urine can lead to soft tissue infection patients will eventually need definitive re  constructive surgery and more urgent surgery if infection is present surgeons who manage this condition are either re  constructive u  ro  logic surgeons or plastic surgeons
in mathematics the burk  hardt qu  artic is a qu  artic threefold in 4 dimensional projec  tive space studied by burk  hardt with the maximum possible number of 45 no  des the equations defining the burk  hardt qu  artic become simpler if it is embedded in p 5 rather than p 4 in this case it can be defined by the equations σ 1 σ 4 0 where σ  i is the ith elementary sym  metric function of the coordinates x 0 x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 of p 5 the au  tomor  ph  ism group of the burk  hardt qu  artic is the burk  hardt group u 4 2 p  sp 4 3 a simple group of order 25  920 which is isom  orph  ic to a sub  group of index 2 in the we  yl group of e 6
bur  kit  t lymp  homa also known as bur  kit  t s tumor bur  kit  t s lymp  homa or m  align  ant lymp  homa bur  kit  t s type is a cancer of the lymp  h  atic system particularly b lymp  ho  cy  tes found in the germin  al center it is named after den  is par  sons bur  kit  t a surgeon who first described the disease in 1958 while working in equatorial africa
a bur  l american english or bur or bur  r uk english is a tree growth in which the grain has grown in a de  formed manner it is commonly found in the form of a rounded out  growth on a tree trunk or branch that is filled with small kno  ts from dormant bu  ds
a burn is a type of injury to skin or other tissues caused by heat cold electricity chemicals friction or radiation most burns are due to heat from hot liquids soli  ds or fire females in many areas of the world have a higher risk related to the more frequent use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook sto  ves alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors burns can also occur as a result of self harm or violence between people burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first degree burns they appear red without bl  is  ters and pain typically lasts around three days when the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer it is a partial thickness or second degree burn bl  is  ters are frequently present and they are often very painful healing can require up to eight weeks and scar  ring may occur in a full thickness or third degree burn the injury extends to all layers of the skin often there is no pain and the burn area is stiff healing typically does not occur on its own a fourth degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues such as muscle tend  ons or bone the burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part burns are generally preventable treatment depends on the severity of the burn superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage however prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature partial thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water followed by dres  sings it is not clear how to manage bl  is  ters but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large full thickness burns usually require surgical treatments such as skin graf  ting extensive burns often require large amounts of intra  ven  ous fluid due to cap  ill  ary fluid leakage and tissue sw  elling the most common complications of burns involve infection te  tan  us tox  o  id should be given if not up to date in 2013 fire and heat resulted in 35 million injuries this resulted in about 2 9 million hosp  itali  zations and 238 000 dying most deaths due to burns occur in the developing world particularly in southeast asia while large burns can be fatal treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes especially in children and young adults in the united states approximately 96 of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries burns occur at similar frequencies in men and women the long term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected
burn scar contrac  ture refers to the tightening of the skin after a second or third degree burn when skin is burned the surrounding skin begins to pull together resulting in a contrac  ture it needs to be treated as soon as possible because the scar can result in restriction of movement around the injured area
in the archae  ology of ne  oli  th  ic europe the burned house horizon is the geographical extent of the phenomenon of intentionally burned settlements this was a widespread and long lasting tradition in what is now sou  the  astern and eastern europe lasting from as early as 6 500 b  ce the beginning of the ne  oli  th  ic to as late as 2000 b  ce the end of the ch  alco  lith  ic and the beginning of the bron  ze age a notable representative of this tradition is the cuc  u  ten  i try  pil  lian culture which was centered on the burned house horizon both geographically and tempor  ally there is a consensus in the study of ne  oli  th  ic and ene  oli  th  ic europe that the majority of burned houses were intentionally set ali  ght although the reasons behind why house burning was practiced are still debated the evidence seems to support that it occurred in such a way as to indicate it was highly unlikely to have been as a result of accidental cause if these regularly occurring bur  nings in which the entire settlement is destroyed were deliberate then there has still been a debate about why this happened however in recent years the consensus has begun to gel around the dom  icide theory supported by trin  gham stev  an  ov  ic and others cuc  u  ten  i try  pil  lian settlements were completely burned every 75 – 80 years leaving behind successive layers consisting mostly of large amounts of rubble from the collapsed w  attle and d  au  b walls this rubble was mostly ceramic material that had been created as the raw clay used in the d  au  b of the walls became vit  ri  fied from the intense heat that would have turned it a bright orange color during the con  flag  ration that destroyed the buildings much the same way that raw clay objects are turned into ceramic products during the firing process in a kil  n moreover the sheer amount of fired clay rubble found within every house of a settlement indicates that a fire of enormous intensity would have r  aged through the entire community to have created the volume of material found
burning feet syndrome also known as gri  erson g  op  alan syndrome is a medical condition that causes severe burning and aching of the feet hyper  esthesia and vas  om  o  tor changes of the feet that lead to excessive swe  ating it can even affect the eyes causing sco  tom  a and am  bl  y  op  ia the condition occurs more frequently in women and usually manifests itself when a person is between twenty and forty years old
burning mouth syndrome bms is the complaint of a burning sensation in the mouth where no underlying dental or medical cause can be identified and no signs found in the mouth burning mouth syndrome may also comprise subjective x  ero  stom  ia a dry mouth sensation where no cause can be found such as reduced sali  vary flow oral par  a  esthesia e g ting  ling and altered taste or smell dys  g  eu  sia and dy  so  smi  a a burning sensation in the mouth can be a symptom of another disease when local or systemic factors are found to be implicated and this is not considered to be burning mouth syndrome which is a syndrome of medic  ally un  explained symptoms the international association for the study of pain defines burning mouth syndrome as a distinctive no  so  logical entity characterized by unre  mitting oral burning or similar pain in the absence of detec  table mu  cos  al changes and burning pain in the tongue or other oral mu  co  us memb  ran  es and the international headache society defines it as an intra oral burning sensation for which no medical or dental cause can be found
bur  n  side butler syndrome also known as 15 q 11 2 bp 1 bp 2 micro  deletion is a con  genital disorder caused by micro  deletion of dna sequences it is associated with a number of developmental and psychiatric disorders
bur  r  knot is a tree disorder which is caused by formation of adventitious root pri  mor  dia although previously classified as disease is now classified as a disorder as it is no longer believed to be pathogenic first looks like a smooth orange bul  ge growing from the stem or a branch later multiple adventitious roots form
bur  si  tis is the infl  amm  ation of one or more bur  sa  e small sac  s of sy  no  vi  al fluid in the body they are lined with a sy  no  vi  al memb  rane that secre  tes a lubric  ating sy  no  vi  al fluid there are more than 150 bur  sa  e in the human body the bur  sa  e rest at the points where internal func  tion  aries such as muscles and tend  ons slide across bone healthy bur  sa  e create a smooth almost fric  tion  less functional gli  ding surface making normal movement pain  less when bur  si  tis occurs however movement relying on the infl  amed bur  sa becomes difficult and painful moreover movement of tend  ons and muscles over the infl  amed bur  sa aggrav  ates its infl  amm  ation perpetuating the problem muscle can also be sti  ff  ened
a burst frac  ture is a type of traumatic spinal injury in which a verte  bra breaks from a high energy ax  ial load e g traffic collis  ions or falls from a great height or high speed and some kinds of seizures with shar  ps of verte  bra penetr  ating surrounding tissues and sometimes the spinal canal the burst frac  ture is categ  orized by the severity of the de  form  ity the severity of spinal canal compromise the degree of loss of vertebr  al body height and the degree of neuro  logic deficit burst fractu  res are considered more severe than compression fractu  res because long term neuro  logical damage can follow the neuro  logic deficits can reach their full extent immediately or can progress for a prolonged time
a burst lo  be is an in  trac  ran  ial hemorrha  ge affecting a brain lo  be part of the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es and characterized by an in  trac  ere  br  al hemorrha  ge in continuity with a sub  d  ural hemorrha  ge on a ct scan it is shown as an irregular area of increased density which is blood clo  t this is surrounded by a low density area of oe  dem  a
burst suppression is an electro  encephal  o  graphy eeg pattern that is characterized by periods of high voltage electrical activity altern  ating with periods of no activity in the brain the pattern is found in patients with in  activated brain states such as from general an  esthesia coma or hypo  ther  mia this pattern can be physiological as during early development or pathological as in diseases such as oh  ta  hara syndrome
the bur  stein – mo  ss effect is the phenomenon of which the apparent band gap of a semiconductor is increased as the absorption edge is pushed to higher energies as a result of all states close to the conduc  tion band being populated this is observed for a degenerate electr  on distribution such as that found in some degenerate semi  conductors and is known as a bur  stein – mo  ss shift the effect occurs when the electr  on carrier concentration exceeds the conduc  tion band edge density of states which corresponds to degenerate doping in semi  conductors in nomin  ally dop  ed semi  conductors the fer  mi level lies between the conduc  tion and val  ence bands as the doping concentration is increased electron  s popul  ate states within the conduc  tion band which pushes the fer  mi level higher in energy and in the case of degenerate level of doping the fer  mi level lies inside the conduc  tion band the apparent band gap of a semiconductor can be measured using transmission reflection spec  tro  sco  py in the case of a degenerate semiconductor an electr  on from the top of the val  ence band can only be excited into conduc  tion band above the fer  mi level which now lies in conduc  tion band since all the states below the fer  mi level are occupied states paul  i s exclusion principle forbids exc  itation into these occupied states thus we observe an increase in the apparent band gap apparent band gap actual band gap mo  ss bur  stein shift as shown in the figure also we have negative bur  stein shifts which are due to the interactions terms created by adding the extra charges through doping 2 file m  b  shift for wi  ki j  pg
bur  uli ul  cer also known as the b  air  n  s  dale ul  cer sear  ls ul  cer or d  ain  tree ul  cer is an infectious disease caused by my  co  bacter  ium ul  cer  ans the early stage of the infection is characterised by a pain  less no  dule or area of sw  elling this no  dule can turn into an ul  cer the ul  cer may be larger inside than at the surface of the skin and can be surrounded by sw  elling as the disease wor  sens bone can be infected bur  uli ul  cers most commonly affect the arms or legs fever is un  common m ul  cer  ans releases a toxin known as my  col  ac  tone which decreases immune system function and results in tissue death bacteria from the same family also cause tuberculosis and leprosy m tuberculosis and m le  pra  e respectively how the disease is spread is not known sources of water may be involved in the spread as of 2013 there is no effective vaccine if people are treated early antibiotics for eight weeks are effective in 80 the treatment often includes the medications ri  fam  pic  in and st  rep  tom  y  cin clari  thro  my  cin or mo  xi  flo  x  ac  in are sometimes used instead of st  rep  tom  y  cin other treatments may include cutting out the ul  cer after the infection he  als the area typically has a scar bur  uli ul  cers occurs most commonly in rural sub saharan africa especially cote d ivoire but can also occur in asia the western pacific and the americas cases have occurred in more than 32 countries about five to six thousand cases occur every year the disease also occurs in a number of animals other than humans albert rus  kin cook was the first to describe bur  uli ul  cers in 18  97
bus  ch  ke – oll  endor  ff syndrome also known as der  mato  fi  bro  sis len  ticul  aris dissem  in  ata is a rare genetic disorder associated with lem  d 3 it is believed to be inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner it is named for abraham bus  ch  ke and hel  ene oll  endor  ff cur  th who described it in a 45 year old woman its frequency is almost 1 case per every 20 000 people and is equally found in both males and females
business process custom  ization is a function in process management software such as er  p oa and i  til to allow enterprises to custom  ize their work flows in different software in order to make the software adapt to companies ’ existing work flows
busy line interrupt also known as emergency breakthrough is a function on land line telephones that allows a call  er to interrupt a phone conversation of another call  er especially one who does not have call waiting much like long distance calling before the late 90 s busy line interrupt is a service provided for instance to allow people to contact a family member in the event of an emergency if the receiving party s line is busy and the news cannot wait the service is not free and is charged whether or not the calling party can reach the person on the other end as the phone just might be off the hook for privacy reasons or the line might be connected to the internet for this reason it is usually only used in cases of emergencies as noted above in the early 1990 s reports were sur  facing that phone ph  re  akers were having success in manipulating the line interruption function with sign  aling tones and equipment that em  ulated the telephone operator s it was claimed to be possible to e  av  es  drop on any engaged telephone line by number
busy override is a function of the private branch exchange that allows the calling party to override the busy signal on the called party in order to break into the ongoing conversation before breaking in most p  b  x announce the incoming call by a distinctive sound signal or tone but in most cases this can be disabled by software the busy override function was originally intended to allow the called party to receive a high priority implying that the call is very important and should be handled first the same feature is often provided for toll long distance operators
butcher s wart is a cu  taneous condition with a prevalence of 8 5 to 23 8 among but  chers and other meat handling professions caused by a small group of viruses that infect the skin an association with human pap  il  lo  ma  virus 7 has been suggested
butt rot is a disease of plants mostly trees caused by fun  gi the fun  gus attacks the mo  ist poorly protected under  surface of tree trunk s thick  est part the butt above the root as opposed to top where the end of the stem makes contact with the soil it may affect the roots as well causing a disease known as root rot it then moves up into the interior of the plant producing a roughly con  ical column of dead rot  ted plant matter up to one and a half meters long in severe cases such an infection is likely to impair the transport properties of the x  yl  em tissue found at the center of the stem it also weakens the stem and makes the plant more vulnerable to top  pling one particularly virulent species of fun  gus associated with butt rot is ser  pul  a him  anti  o  ides
butter  flies in the stomach is the physical sensation in humans of a fl  ut  tery feeling in the stomach caused by a reduction of blood flow to the organ this is as a result of the release of adren  al  ine in the fight or flight response which causes increased heart rate and blood pressure consequently sending more blood to the muscles
the butter  fly effect is the phenomenon in chaos theory whereby a minor change in circumstances can cause a large change in outcome the butter  fly metaphor was created by edward nor  ton lo  ren  z to emphasize the inherent unpredictable results of small changes in the initial conditions of certain physical systems the concept was taken up by popular culture and interpreted to mean that each event could be explained by some small cause or that small events have a rip  pling effect that causes much larger events to take place
b  ys  sin  osis also called brown lung disease or monday fever is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventil  ated working environments b  ys  sin  osis commonly occurs in workers who are employed in yarn and fabric manufacture industries it is now thought that the cotton dust directly causes the disease and some believe that the caus  ative agents are endo  toxins that come from the cell walls of gram negative bacteria that grow on the cotton although bacterial endo  toxin is a likely cause the absence of similar symptoms in workers in other industries exposed to endo  toxins makes this uncertain of the 81 b  ys  sin  osis related fatalities reported in the united states between 1990 and 1999 48 included an occupation in the yarn thread and fabric industry on the victim s death certificate this disease often occurred in the times of the industrial revolution most commonly young girls working in mills or other textile factories would be afflicted with this disease in the united states from 1996 to 2005 north carol  ina accounted for about 37 of all deaths caused by b  ys  sin  osis with 31 followed by south carol  ina 8 and georgia 7 the term brown lung is a mis  no  mer as the lungs of affected individuals are not brown
the bystand  er effect or bystand  er apathy is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present the probability of help is inver  sely related to the number of bystand  ers in other words the greater the number of bystand  ers the less likely it is that any one of them will help several variables help to explain why the bystand  er effect occurs these variables include ambiguity cohe  siveness and diffusion of responsibility
the radiation induced bystand  er effect bystand  er effect is the phenomenon in which un  irradiated cells exhibit irradiated effects as a result of signals received from nearby irradiated cells in november 1992 hat  sum  i n  agas  awa and john b little first reported this radi  obi  ological phenomenon there is evidence that targeted cy  top  las  mic irradiation results in mutation in the nucleus of the hit cells cells that are not directly hit by an alpha particle but are in the vicinity of one that is hit also contribute to the geno  toxic response of the cell population similarly when cells are irradiated and the medium is transferred to un  irradiated cells these un  irradiated cells show bystand  er responses when ass  ayed for cl  on  ogenic survival and on  co  genic transformation this is also attributed to the bystand  er effect the demonstration of a bystand  er effect in 3 d human tissues and more recently in whole organisms have clear implication of the potential relevance of the non targeted response to human health this effect may also contribute to the final biological consequences of exposure to low doses of radiation however there is currently insufficient evidence at hand to suggest that the bystand  er effect promotes carcin  o  genesis in humans at low doses note that the bystand  er effect is not the same as the ab  sco  pal effect the ab  sco  pal effect is a phenomenon where the response to radiation is seen in an organ site distant to the irradiated organ area that is the responding cells are not ju  x  ta  posed with the irradiated cells t cells and d  end  ri  tic cells have been implicated to be part of the mechanism in suicide gene therapy the bystand  er effect is the ability of the transf  ected cells to transfer death signals to neighboring tumor cells
b  á  lin  t s syndrome is an un  common and in  completely understood tri  ad of severe neuro  psychological impair  ments inability to perceive the visual field as a whole simul  tan  agno  sia difficulty in fix  ating the eyes oc  ul  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia and inability to move the hand to a specific object by using vision op  tic at  ax  ia it was named in 19  09 for the austr  o hungarian neuro  logist and psychiatrist re  z  s  ő b  á  lin  t who first identified it b  á  lin  t s syndrome occurs most often with an acute onset as a consequence of two or more stro  kes at more or less the same place in each hemisphere therefore it occurs rarely the most frequent cause of complete b  á  lin  t s syndrome is said by some to be sudden and severe hypo  tension resulting in bilateral border  zone inf  arc  tion in the oc  ci  pi  to par  ie  tal region more rarely cases of progressive b  á  lin  t s syndrome have been found in degenerative disorders such as alzheimer s disease or certain other traumatic brain injuries at the border of the par  ie  tal and the oc  ci  p  ital lob  es of the brain lack of awareness of this syndrome may lead to a mis  diagnosis and resulting inappropriate or inadequate treatment therefore clin  icians should be familiar with b  á  lin  t s syndrome and its various eti  o  logies
located at the per  eira family home at cal  le real 5 bé  l  me  z de la mor  al  eda ja  én andalusia spain the bé  l  me  z faces have been responsible for bringing large numbers of si  ght  se  ers to bé  l  me  z the phenomenon is considered by some par  ap  sy  cho  logists the best documented and without doubt the most important par  an  orm  al phenomenon in the 20 th century various faces have appeared and disappeared at irregular intervals since 1971 and have been frequently photograph  ed by the local newspapers and curious visitors many bé  l  me  z residents believe that the faces were not made by human hand some par  an  orm  al investigators believe that it is a thou  gh  to  graphic phenomenon sub  consciously produced by the deceased former owner of the house maría g  ó  me  z c  á  mar  a skeptical researchers have performed extensive tests on the faces and believe that fak  ery has been involved and the images have been applied with lead paint the faces are dismissed as a ho  ax and it has been suspected that the per  eira family may have perpetrated the ho  ax for financial gain
the bö  c  ken  för  de dilemma german bö  ck  enfor  de di  k  tum is a problem dilemma which claims that in secular states there are obstacles to creation of social capital the dilemma is named after german constitutional judge ern  st wolfgang bö  c  ken  för  de
b  ör  jes  on for  s  sman leh  mann syndrome b  fl  s is a rare genetic disease that causes intellectual disability obesity and growth defects
b  ü  chi s problem also known as the n squares problem is an open problem from number theory named after the swiss mathem  ati  cian juli  us richard b  ü  chi it asks whether there is a positive inte  ger m such that every sequence of m or more inte  ger squares whose second difference is constant and equal to 2 is necessarily a sequence of squares of the form x i 2 i 1 2 m for some inte  ger x in 1983 douglas h  ens  ley observed that b  ü  chi s problem is equivalent to the following does there exist a positive inte  ger m such that for all inte  gers x and a the quantity x n 2 a cannot be a square for more than m consecutive values of n unless a 0
the bu  chner – cur  tius – sch  lot  ter  beck reaction is the reaction of alde  hy  des or ke  tones with ali  ph  atic di  az  o  al  kan  es to form homo  log  ated ke  tones it was first described by edu  ard bu  chner and theod  or cur  tius in 18  85 and later by fr  itz sch  lot  ter  beck in 1907 two german chem  ists also preceded sch  lot  ter  beck in discovery of the reaction hans von pec  h  mann in 18  95 and viktor me  yer in 1905 the reaction has since been extended to the synthesis of β ke  to esters from the condens  ation between alde  hy  des and di  az  o esters the general reaction scheme is as follows the reaction yields two possible carbon  yl compounds i and ii along with an epo  x  ide iii the ratio of the products is determined by the re  ac  tant used and the reaction conditions
neutral b mes  on osci  ll  ations or b – b osci  ll  ations is one of the manifestations of the neutral particle osci  ll  ation a fundamental prediction of the standard model of particle physics it is the phenomenon of b mes  ons changing or osci  ll  ating between their matter and anti  matter forms before their decay the bs mes  on can exist as either a bound state of a strange anti  quar  k and a bottom quar  k or a strange quar  k and bottom anti  quar  k the osci  ll  ations in the neutral b sector are analogous to the phenomena that produces long and short lived neutral ka  ons bs – bs mixing was observed by the c  df experiment at fer  mil  ab in 2006 and by l  h  cb at cer  n in 2011
c value is the amount in pi  co  grams of dna contained within a hap  loid nucleus e g a game  te or one half the amount in a diplo  id som  atic cell of a eu  kar  y  otic organism in some cases notably among diplo  id organisms the terms c value and genome size are used inter  change  ably however in poly  plo  ids the c value may represent two or more genom  es contained within the same nucleus gre  il  huber et al have suggested some new layers of terminology and associated abbrevi  ations to clarify this issue but these somewhat complex additions are yet to be used by other authors
the c 10 k problem is the problem of optimising network soc  kets to handle a large number of clients at the same time the name c 10 k is a numer  on  ym for con  currently handling ten thousand connections note that con  current connections are not the same as requests per second though they are similar handling many requests per second requires high through  put processing them quickly while high number of con  current connections requires efficient scheduling of connections the problem of socket server optimis  ation has been studied because a number of factors must be considered to allow a web server to support many clients this can involve a combination of operating system constraints and web server software limitations according to the scope of services to be made available and the capabilities of the operating system as well as hardware considerations such as multi processing capabilities a multi th  reading model or a single th  reading model can be preferred con  currently with this aspect which involves considerations regarding memory management usually operating system related strategies implied relate to the very diverse aspects of the i o management
a c 2 error is a read error of a compact dis  c c 2 errors can to a degree be recovered by the hardware error detection and correction scheme a cd drive can have extraction errors when the data on the dis  c is not readable due to scrat  ches or smu  dges the drive can compensate by supplying a best guess of what the missing data was then supplying the missing data c 2 error correction is an analysis over many inter  lea  ved frames an improvement over c 1 error correction which analyzed just one frame resulting in more accurate data correction c 2 error correction codes are also used by the digital audio tape dat format some copy protection schemes add false c 2 errors to dis  cs to discourage copying
in molecular biology a c  ca  at box also sometimes abbreviated a ca  at box or cat box is a distinct pattern of nucle  o  ti  des with gg  c  ca  at  ct consensus sequence that occur upstream by 60 100 bases to the initial trans  cription site the ca  at box signals the binding site for the r  na trans  cription factor and is typically accompanied by a con  served consensus sequence it is an invari  ant dna sequence at about minus 70 base pairs from the origin of trans  cription in many eu  kar  y  otic promoters genes that have this element seem to require it for the gene to be trans  cri  bed in sufficient quantities it is frequently absent from genes that en  code proteins used in virtually all cells this box along with the g  c box is known for binding general trans  cription factors both of these consensus sequences belong to the regulatory promoter full gene expression occurs when trans  cription activ  ator proteins bind to each module within the regulatory promoter protein specific binding is required for the c  ca  at box activation these proteins are known as c  ca  at box binding proteins c  ca  at box binding factors a c  ca  at box is a feature frequently found before eu  kar  yo  te coding regions but is not found in pro  kar  yo  tes
cad  asi  l cere  br  al auto  som  al dominant arter  iop  athy with sub  cor  tical inf  arc  ts and leuko  encephalopathy is the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder and is thought to be caused by mutations of the not  ch 3 gene on chro  mo  some 19 the disease belongs to a family of disorders called the leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies the most common clinical manifestations are migr  aine headaches and transi  ent is  chem  ic attacks or stro  kes which usually occur between 40 and 50 years of age although m  ri is able to detect signs of the disease years prior to clinical manifestation of disease
canadian disruptive pattern cad  pat french dess  in de cam  ou  fl  age canadi  en d  cam  c is the computer generated digital cam  ou  fl  age pattern currently used by the canadian forces cf cad  pat is designed to reduce the likelihood of detection by night vision devices
cam  f  ak syndrome or cam  ak syndrome is an acron  ym used to describe a rare inherited neuro  logic disease characterized by peripheral and central dem  yel  ination of nerves similar to that seen in cock  ay  ne syndrome the name cam  f  ak comes from the first letters of the characteristic findings of the disease cat  ar  acts micro  cephal  y failure to thrive and ky  pho  sco  li  osis the disease may occur with or without failure to thrive and ar  thro  gry  pos  is
cd 25 deficiency or inter  leuk  in 2 recep  tor alpha deficiency is an immun  o  deficiency disorder associated with mutations in the inter  leuk  in 2 recep  tor alpha cd 25 il 2 ra gene the mutations cause expression of a defective α chain or complete absence thereof an essential part of high aff  inity inter  leuk  in 2 il 2 recep  tors the result is a syndrome described as ip  ex like or a sci  d in one patient deficiency of cd 25 on cd 4 lymp  ho  cy  tes caused significantly impaired sensitivity to il 2 this was demonstrated by a lack of measurable response in anti infl  am  matory inter  leuk  in 10 il 10 secre  tion to low dose il 2 incub  ation greatly reduced il 10 secre  tion compared to healthy humans results in a syndrome comparable to ip  ex syndrome a type of auto  immunity which is caused by fo  x  p 3 trans  cription factor dysfunction in addition to ip  ex like symptoms cd 25 deficiency increases suscep  tibility to viral infections and possibly fun  gal and bacterial infections as il 2 is an important induc  er of lymp  ho  cy  te proliferation the absence of highly sensitive il 2 recep  tors may also significantly hinder activation and cl  onal expansion of cd 8 and cd 4 lymp  ho  cy  tes and nk cells one case also reported the absence of cd 1 a mh  c like gly  co  protein involved in the presentation of lip  id antigens to t cells in a cd 25 deficient patient furthermore chronic up  regulation of anti apop  to  tic b  cl 2 in thy  mo  cy  tes was also described possibly allowing auto  reactive t cells to escape deletion
cd 30 cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa also known as primary cu  taneous an  ap  l  astic large cell lymp  homa is a cu  taneous skin condition characterized by solitary or loc  alized skin le  sions that have a tendency to ul  cer  ate
charge syndrome formerly known as charge association is a rare syndrome caused by a genetic disorder first described in 1979 the acron  ym charge came into use for new  born children with the con  genital features of co  lob  oma of the eye heart defects at  re  sia of the nas  al cho  an  ae retar  dation of growth and or development genital and or ur  inary ab  norm  alities and ear ab  norm  alities and deaf  ness these features are no longer used in making a diagnosis of charge syndrome but the name remains about two third of cases are due to a ch  d 7 mutation charge syndrome occurs only in 0 1 – 1 2 per 10 000 live births as of 2009 it was the leading cause of con  genital deaf  blindness in the us
con  genital hem  id  ys  pl  asia with ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma and limb defects also known as child syndrome is a genetic disorder with onset at birth seen almost exclusively in females the disorder is related to cp  d  x 2 and also has skin and sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities distinguished by a sharp mid  line demarcation of the ich  thy  osis with minimal linear or seg  mental contr  al  ateral involvement the acron  ym was introduced in 1980
the cia inver  t is a one dollar value postage stamp error issued by the united states postal service it is one stamp from the americ  ana series that were produced between 1975 and 1981 the 1 colonial ru  sh  light holder stamp was first issued on july 2 1979 and one pan  e of 100 stamps was issued with the dark brown the last color printed though it covers much of the stamp inver  ted the lamp candle holder candle outline and text are inver  ted relative to the flame about 95 copies have been accounted for the scott catalogue number is 16  10 c this was the first united states stamp issued with a major design element printed upside down since the da  g ham  mar  sk  jö  ld inver  t error of 1962 as these 1 stamps were printed in sheets of 400 three additional pan  es of 100 stamps certainly existed at one time but no trace of these has so far been discovered when the one known pan  e of this inver  t was discovered in the spring of 1986 it had already been on sale at the m  clean virginia post office for some time without anyone noticing the error indeed five of its one hundred stamps had been sold by un  suspecting cler  ks and the portion of the sel  v  age bearing the plate number was no longer attached in this incomplete form the pan  e was purchased by an employee of the cia who had been sent to the post office to buy stamps for the agency the purchaser failed at first to notice that the flames were inver  ted relative to the candle holder and let  tering only several days later was the error discovered by a cia employee who needed a 1 stamp for an agency mailing once this man had shared his information with eight colleagues the nine decided to acquire the error stamps for themselves purchasing 95 normal 1 stamps the group exchanged these for the cia ’ s in  verts they then revealed their find to an ann  and  ale virginia stamp dealer ike sn  y  der who referred them to a new jersey stamp specialist jacques c schi  ff jr eventually the group struck a deal with schi  ff each of the nine employees kept a single inver  ted stamp schi  ff paid a reported 25 000 for which he received a block of 85 in  verts along with a single stamp that had been damaged initially schi  ff shiel  ded the members of the group from scrutiny announcing that the fourteen stamps from the sheet not sold to him had all been used on cia ma  ilings however after the true story sur  faced in the mass media revealed by the new york times and c  bs news the stamp became known as the cia inver  t and the agency was obliged to make its own investigation ultimately the cia demanded that the nine employees return their in  verts to the agency stating anyone who failed to comply would be terminated four returned their stamps and kept their jobs four refused and were fired while the ninth claimed that he had lost his stamp and remained a cia employee stamp catalo  gs list its price as only 15 000 one tenth of the inver  ted jenny that is valued at 150 000 despite the fact that about the same number of each stamp exist a block of four stamps sold in 2004 for 60 000 re  productions have been sold on e  bay
c  mv poly  radic  ul  om  yel  opathy pr  am is one of the five distinct neuro  logical syndro  mes caused by c  mv in hiv aids it causes sub  acute asc  ending lower extre  mity weakness with pa  res  the  si  as and radic  ular pain hypo  refl  ex  ia or a  refl  ex  ia and ur  inary retention it has been suggested that c  mv poly  radic  ul  om  yel  opathy should be treated with both gan  cic  lo  vi  r and fo  scar  net in patients who develop the disease while taking either of these drugs
cns dem  yel  inating auto  immune diseases are auto  immune diseases which primarily affect the central nervous system examples include diffuse cere  br  al sclerosis of sch  il  der acute disseminated encephal  om  ye  li  tis acute hemorrha  gic leuko  en  ce  ph  ali  tis multiple sclerosis though eti  ology is unknown it is sure that immune system is involved trans  verse m  ye  li  tis neuro  m  ye  li  tis op  tica
coach syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterised by cere  bell  ar ver  mis hypo  pl  asia olig  ophren  ia developmental delay mental retar  dation at  ax  ia co  lob  oma and he  p  atic fi  bro  sis the ver  mis hypo  pl  asia falls in a spectrum of mid hind  brain mal  formation called the mol  ar tooth sign m  ts making coach a jou  bert syndrome related disorder j  s  rd due to mutation in the gene t  m  em 67 in majority of cases ren  al in  sufficiency was also found in some cases
c  pu time or process time is the amount of time for which a central processing unit c  pu was used for processing instructions of a computer program or operating system as opposed to for example waiting for input output i o operations or entering low power idle mode the c  pu time is measured in clock tic  ks or seconds often it is useful to measure c  pu time as a percentage of the c  pu s capacity which is called the c  pu usage c  pu time and c  pu usage have two main uses the first use is to quantify the overall bus  y  ness of the system when the c  pu usage is above 70 the user may experience lag such high c  pu usage indicates insufficient processing power either the c  pu needs to be upgraded or the user experience reduced for example by switching to lower resolution graphics or reducing anim  ations the second use with the advent of multi t  asking is to quantify how the processor is shared between computer programs high c  pu usage by a single program may indicate that it is highly demanding of processing power or that it may mal  function for example it has entered an infinite loop c  pu time allows to measure how much processing power a single program requires eliminating interference such as time executed waiting for input or being suspended to allow other programs to run in contrast elapsed real time or simply real time or wall clock time is the time taken from the start of a computer program until the end as measured by an ordinary clock elapsed real time includes i o time and all other types of wa  its incurred by the program
c  rest syndrome also known as the limited cu  taneous form of systemic sclerosis l  cs  sc is a multi  system connec  tive tissue disorder the acron  ym c  rest refers to the five main features cal  cin  osis ray  n  aud s phenomenon es  op  ha  ge  al dys  mo  ti  lity s  cler  od  ac  ty  ly and tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia it is associated with detec  table antibodies against cent  ro  mer  es a component of the cell nucleus and usually sp  ares the kidneys a feature more common in the related condition systemic s  cl  ero  der  ma if the lungs are involved it is usually in the form of pul  mon  ary arter  ial hyper  tension
c  ach  ex  ia from greek κα  κ  ός kak  os bad and ἕ  ξ  ις hex  is condition or wasting syndrome is loss of weight muscle atro  phy fatigue weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight the formal definition of c  ach  ex  ia is the loss of body mass that cannot be reversed nutri  tionally even if the affected patient eats more cal  ories lean body mass will be lost indicating a primary path  ology is in place c  ach  ex  ia is seen in patients with cancer aids co  eli  ac disease chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease multiple sclerosis r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis cong  estive heart failure tuberculosis famili  al amy  loid pol  yn  euro  pa  thy mercury poisoning acro  dy  nia and hormonal deficiency it is a positive risk factor for death meaning if the patient has c  ach  ex  ia the chance of death from the underlying condition is increased dramatically it can be a sign of various underlying disorders when a patient presents with c  ach  ex  ia a doctor will generally consider the possibility of adverse drug reactions cancer metabol  ic aci  do  sis certain infectious diseases e g tuberculosis aids chronic pan  cre  ati  tis and some auto  immune disorders c  ach  ex  ia physically weakens patients to a state of im  mobility stemming from loss of appetite asth  enia and an  emia and response to standard treatment is usually poor c  ach  ex  ia includes sar  copen  ia as a part of its path  ology
cad  ang cad  ang is a disease caused by co  con  ut cad  ang cad  ang viro  id ccc  vd a lethal viro  id of co  con  ut co  cos nu  ci  fera ana  ha  w li  vis  ton  a ro  tun  di  fo  lia bur  i cor  y  ph  a u  tan and african oil palm el  ae  is guine  ensis the name cad  ang cad  ang comes from the word gad  ang gad  ang that means dying in bi  col it was originally reported on san miguel island in the philippines in 19  27 19  28 by 1962 all but 100 of 250 000 pal  ms on this island had died from the disease indicating an epidemic every year one million co  con  ut pal  ms are killed by ccc  vd and over 30 million co  con  ut pal  ms have been killed since cad  ang cad  ang has been discovered ccc  vd directly affects the production of co  pr  a a raw material for co  con  ut oil and animal feed total losses of about 30 million pal  ms and annual yield losses of about 22 000 tons of co  pr  a have been attributed to cad  ang cad  ang disease in the philippines
the c  adi  ot – cho  d  ki  ew  ic  z coupling in organic chemistry is a coupling reaction between a terminal al  ky  ne and a halo  al  ky  ne cataly  zed by a copper i salt such as copper i bromide and an amine base the reaction product is a di ace  ty  lene or di al  ky  ne the reaction mechanism involves de  pro  ton  ation by base of the ace  ty  len  ic prot  on followed by formation of a copper i ace  ty  li  de a cycle of oxid  ative addition and reduc  tive elimination on the copper center then creates a new carbon carbon bond related cou  pl  ings are the glas  er coupling and the eg  l  inton coupling
in the 1950 s and 1960 s industrial exposure to cadmium was high but as the toxic effects of cadmium became apparent industrial limits on cadmium exposure have been reduced in most industrialized nations and many policy makers agree on the need to reduce exposure further while working with cadmium it is important to do so under a fume hood to protect against dangerous f  umes bra  zing fill  ers which contain cadmium should be handled with care serious toxicity problems have resulted from long term exposure to cadmium pl  ating ba  ths buil  dup of cadmium levels in the water air and soil has been occurring particularly in industrial areas environmental exposure to cadmium has been particularly problematic in japan where many people have consumed rice that was grown in cadmium contaminated irrigation water this phenomenon is known under the name it  ai it  ai disease food is another source of cadmium plants may only contain small or moderate amounts in non industrial areas but high levels may be found in the liver and kidneys of adult animals the daily intake of cadmium through food varies by geographic region intake is reported to be approximately 8 to 30 μ  g in europe and the united states versus 59 to 113 μ  g in various areas of japan cigarettes are also a significant source of cadmium exposure although there is generally less cadmium in tobacco than in food the lungs absorb cadmium more efficiently than the stomach aside from tobacco smokers people who live near hazardous waste sites or factories that release cadmium into the air have the potential for exposure to cadmium in air however numerous state and federal regulations in the united states control the amount of cadmium that can be released to the air from waste sites and incinerators so that properly regulated sites are not hazardous the general population and people living near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to cadmium in contaminated food dust or water from unregulated releases or accidental releases numerous regulations and use of pollution controls are enforced to prevent such releases workers can be exposed to cadmium in air from the sm  el  ting and refining of metals or from the air in plants that make cadmium products such as batteries co  at  ings or plastics workers can also be exposed when sol  dering or welding metal that contains cadmium approximately 512 000 workers in the united states are in environments each year where a cadmium exposure may occur regulations that set permissible levels of exposure however are enforced to protect workers and to make sure that levels of cadmium in the air are considerably below levels thought to result in harmful effects artists who work with cadmium pig  ments which are commonly used in strong oranges reds and yel  lows can easily accidentally ing  est dangerous amounts particularly if they use the pig  ments in dry form as with chal  k past  els or in mixing their own paints some sources of phosphate in fertilizers contain cadmium in amounts of up to 100 mg kg which can lead to an increase in the concentration of cadmium in soil for example in new zealand nickel cadmium batteries are one of the most popular and most common cadmium based products and this soil can be min  ed for use in them an experiment during the early 1960 s involving the spraying of cadmium over nor  wich has recently been decl  assi  fied by the uk government as documented in a bbc news article in february 2010 cadmium was found in an entire line of wal mart exclusive mi  ley cy  rus jewelry the char  ms were tested at the beh  est of the associated press and were found to contain high levels of cadmium wal mart did not stop selling the jewelry until may 12 because it would be too difficult to test products already on its shelves on june 4 cadmium was detected in the paint used on promotional drinking glasses for the movie sh  rek forever after sold by mcdonald s restaurants triggering a recall of 12 million glasses
ces  are  an delivery on maternal request cd  mr is a ca  es  are  an section birth requested by the pregnant woman without a medical reason
caff  eine induced anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder that can be present in people susceptible to panic attacks and anxiety consumption of caff  eine has long been linked to anxiety caff  eine induced anxiety disorder however almost exclusively occurs in people who already have an anxiety disorder for these people they are more prone to the psychological effects of caff  eine and are at greater risk of a panic attack after ing  est  ing non trivial amounts of caff  eine the effects of caff  eine and the symptoms of anxiety both increase activity within the sympathetic nervous system caff  eine has been linked to the aggrav  ation and maintenance of anxiety disorders and the initiation of panic or anxiety attacks in those who are already pre  disposed to such phenomena caff  eine usage sur  passing 200 mg has been shown to increase the likelihood for anxiety and panic attacks in a population excessive amounts of caff  eine can result in symptoms from general anxiety to obs  essive compul  sive and pho  bic symptoms anxiety symptoms caused by caff  eine are often mistaken for serious mental disorders including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia leaving patients medicated for the wrong issue
caff  eine induced sleep disorder is a psychiatric disorder that results from over  consumption of the stimul  ant caff  eine when caff  eine is consumed immediately before bed  time or continuously throughout the day sleep onset may be delayed total sleep time reduced normal stages of sleep altered and the quality of sleep decreased caff  eine reduces slow wave sleep in the early part of the sleep cycle and can reduce rapid eye movement sleep later in the cycle caff  eine increases episodes of wa  ke  fulness and high doses in the late evening can increase sleep onset lat  ency in elderly people there is an association between use of medication containing caff  eine and difficulty in falling asleep the specific criteria for this disorder in the fourth version of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iv include that there must be a significant inability to sleep which is caused entirely by the physiological effects of caff  eine as proven by an examination if sleeping issues can be accounted for due to a breathing related sleep disorder narco  le  psy a cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorder or a mental disorder then caff  eine induced sleep disorder is not the cause this condition causes a notable impairment in functioning in sufferers excessive ing  estion of caff  eine can lead to a state of in  tox  ication this period of in  tox  ication is characterized by rest  lessness ag  itation excitement ram  bling thought or speech and even in  som  nia even doses of caff  eine relating to just one cup of coffee can increase sleep lat  ency and decrease the quality of sleep especially in non rem deep sleep a dose of caff  eine taken in the morning can have these effects the following night so one of the main practices of sleep hygiene a person can do is to cease the consumption of caff  eine
caff  eine s mechanism of action is somewhat different from that of cocaine and the substituted amp  he  tam  ines caff  eine blocks aden  os  ine recep  tors a and a 2 a aden  os  ine is a by product of cellular activity and stimulation of aden  os  ine recep  tors produces feelings of ti  red  ness and the need to sleep caff  eine s ability to block these recep  tors means the levels of the body s natural stimul  ants dop  amine and no  rep  in  eph  rine continue at higher levels
café au la  it spots or café au la  it mac  ules are flat pi  gm  ented birth  marks the name café au la  it is french for coffee with milk and refers to their light brown color they are also called gir  aff  e spots or coast of ma  ine spots they are caused by a collection of pig  ment producing mel  an  oc  y  tes in the ep  id  er  mis of the skin these spots are typically permanent and may grow or increase in number over time café au la  it spots are often harmless but may be associated with syndro  mes such as neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 1 and mc  c  une al  bright syndrome
the cal  aver  as skull was a human skull found by min  ers in cal  aver  as county california which was pur  ported to prove that humans ma  st  od  ons and elephants had co  existed in california it was later revealed to be a ho  ax coinci  dentally cal  aver  as is the spanish word for skul  ls
cal  can  e  al frac  ture is a frac  ture of the cal  can  eus it is usually caused by a fall from height when one lands on their feet these fractu  res represent approximately 2 of all fractu  res but 60 of tar  sal bone fractu  res the name lover s frac  ture is derived from the fact that a lover may jump from great heights while trying to escape from the lover s spouse
a cal  can  e  al spur or heel spur is a small o  ste  op  hy  te bone spur located on the cal  can  eus heel bone cal  can  e  al sp  urs are typically detected by a radiological examination x ray when a foot bone is exposed to constant stress calcium deposits build up on the bottom of the heel bone generally this has no effect on a person s daily life however repeated damage can cause these deposits to pile up on each other causing a spur shaped de  form  ity called a cal  can  e  al or heel spur ob  ese people flat  fo  oted people and people who often wear high he  eled shoes are most susceptible to heel sp  urs an inferior cal  can  e  al spur is located on the inferior aspect of the cal  can  eus and is typically a response to plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis over a period but may also be associated with an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis typically in children a poster  ior cal  can  e  al spur develops on the back of the heel at the insertion of the achilles tend  on an inferior cal  can  e  al spur consists of a calci  fication of the cal  can  eus which lies superior to the plan  tar fas  cia at the insertion of the plan  tar fas  cia a poster  ior cal  can  e  al spur is often large and palpable through the skin and may need to be removed as part of the treatment of inser  tional achilles tend  oni  tis these are also generally visible to the naked eye
cal  care  ous dino  flag  ell  ate cy  sts or cal  care  ous din  oc  y  sts are dino  flag  ell  ate cy  sts produced by a group of peri  dino  id dino  flag  ell  ates called cal  care  ous dino  flag  ell  ates
calci  fic tend  initi  s is a form of tend  initi  s a disorder characterized by deposits of hydroxy  ap  ati  te a cryst  alline calcium phosphate in any tend  on of the body but most commonly in the tend  ons of the rot  ator cuff shoulder causing pain and infl  amm  ation the condition is related to and may cause adhe  sive cap  su  li  tis frozen shoulder
calci  fication is the accumulation of calcium salts in a body tissue it normally occurs in the formation of bone but calcium can be deposited abnormally in soft tissue causing it to har  den calci  fications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not and the location of the calci  fication calci  fication may also refer to the processes of normal mineral de  position in biological systems such as the formation of stro  mat  ol  ites or mollusc shells see miner  alization biology or biom  iner  alization
the calci  fying epi  the  li  al od  on  to  genic tumor also known as a p  ind  borg tumor or ce  ot is an od  on  to  genic tumor first recognized by the danish patho  logist j  ens jør  gen p  ind  borg in 1955 it was previously described as an aden  o  id adam  an  to  bl  ast  oma unusual am  elo  bl  ast  oma and a c  ys  tic od  on  tom  a like other od  on  to  genic ne  op  las  ms it is thought to arise from the epi  the  li  al element of the en  am  el origin it is a typically benign and slow growing but invasive ne  op  las  m
the calci  fying odo  to  genic cyst or the gor  lin cyst now known in the who classification of tum  ours as the calci  fying c  ys  tic od  on  to  genic tumor is a benign od  on  to  genic tumor of c  ys  tic type most likely to affect the an  terior areas of the ja  ws it is most common in people in their second to third decades but can be seen at almost any age on radio  graphs the calci  fying od  on  to  genic cyst appears as a uni  loc  ular radi  ol  uc  ency dark area in one third of cases an imp  acted tooth is involved micro  sco  p  ically there are many cells that are described as ghost cells enlarged e  o  sin  oph  il  ic epi  the  li  al cells without nucle  i
cal  cin  osis is the formation of calcium deposits in any soft tissue
cal  cin  osis cu  tis or cu  taneous calci  fication is a type of cal  cin  osis where  in calcium deposits form in the skin a variety of factors can result in this condition the most common source is dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication which occurs in soft tissue as a response to injury in addition cal  cin  osis is seen in limited cu  taneous systemic sclerosis also known as c  rest syndrome the c in c  rest in dogs cal  cin  osis cu  tis is found in young large breed dogs and is thought to occur after a traumatic injury
calci  other  mic reactions are metal  lo  ther  mic reduction reactions more generally ther  mic chemical reactions which use calcium metal as the reducing agent at high temperature calcium is one of the most potent reducing agents available usually drawn as the strongest oxid  ic reduc  tant in ell  in  gham diag  r  ams though the lan  than  ides best it in this respect in oxide processes on the other hand this trend does not continue to other compounds that are non oxides and for instance lan  than  um is produced by the calci  other  mic reduction of the chloride calcium being a more potent reducing agent than lan  than  um involving chl  ori  des calci  other  mic processes are used in the extraction of metals such as uranium z  ir  con  ium and th  orium from oxide ores an interesting way of performing calci  other  mic reductions is by in situ generated metallic calcium dissolved in mol  ten calcium chloride as shown in the ff  c cambridge process
calci  phy  lax  is or calci  fic u  rem  ic arter  i  ol  opathy cu  a is a syndrome of vascular calci  fication thro  m  bo  sis and skin necro  sis it is seen mostly in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease but can occur in the absence of ren  al failure it results in chronic non healing wounds and is usually fatal calci  phy  lax  is is a rare but serious disease believed to affect 1 4 of all dial  ysis patients calci  phy  lax  is is one type of extr  as  kel  etal calci  fication similar extr  as  kel  etal calci  fications are observed in some patients with hyper  cal  c  emic states including patients with milk alkali syndrome sar  co  ido  sis primary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m and hyper  vitam  in  osis d
calcium channel bloc  ker toxicity is the taking of too much of the medications known as calcium channel bloc  kers cc  bs either by accident or on purpose this often causes a slow heart rate and low blood pressure this can progress to the heart stopping altogether some cc  bs can also cause a fast heart rate as a result of the low blood pressure other symptoms may include naus  ea v  om  iting sleep  iness and short  ness of breath symptoms usually occur in the first six hours but with some forms of the medication may not start until 24 after hours there are a number of treatments that may be useful these include efforts to reduce absorption of the drug including activated char  coal taken by mouth if given shortly after the ing  estion or whole bo  wel irrigation if an extended release formula was taken efforts to cause v  om  iting are not recommended medications to treat the toxic effects include intra  ven  ous fluids calcium glu  con  ate gl  uc  agon high dose insulin vas  op  res  sors and lip  id emul  sion ex  trac  or  po  real memb  rane oxy  gen  ation may also be an option more than ten thousand cases of calcium channel bloc  ker toxicity were reported in the united states in 2010 along with beta bloc  kers and di  go  x  in calcium channel bloc  kers have one of the highest rates of death in over  dose these medications first became available in the 1970 s and 1980 s they are one of the few types of medication in which one pill can result in the death of a child
calcium ca deficiency is a plant disorder that can be caused by insufficient calcium in the growing medium but is more frequently a product of low transp  ir  ation of the whole plant or more commonly the affected tissue plants are susceptible to such loc  alized calcium deficiencies in low or non transp  iring tissues because calcium is not transported in the ph  lo  em this may be due to water shortages which slow the transportation of calcium to the plant poor uptake of calcium through the stem or too much nitrogen in the soil
a calci  um  opathy is a disease caused by disruption to the use of calcium within a cell to a large extent a calci  um  opathy is a type of chann  el  opathy or a disease caused by disturbed function of ion channel sub  units or the proteins that regulate them calci  um  opath  ies also include dys  functions of regulatory pathways and mit  och  on  dri  a many calci  um  opath  ies are complex poly  genic diseases clues to their understanding are coming from the r  arer mono  genic forms of common symptoms such as seizures at  ax  ia and migr  aine
a calcul  us plural calcul  i often called a stone is a concre  tion of material usually mineral salts that forms in an organ or duc  t of the body formation of calcul  i is known as li  thi  asis ˌ  l  ɪ  ˈ  θ  a  ɪ  ə  s  ᵻ  s stones can cause a number of medical conditions some common principles below apply to stones at any location but for specifics see the particular stone type in question calcul  i are not to be confused with gastro  li  ths
a calibr  ated ori  fice is a restriction that is deliberately placed into a system of pipes to set the flow rate through the system the ori  fice may be designed to produce proportional flow as in the jet in a car  bu  re  tor or cho  ked flow as in a filtering bypass in a closed industrial cooling system which might be designed to pass a particular flow rate through a filter assembly to maintain clean  liness of a closed loop fluid system many pressure gauges also use an ori  fice also called a restric  tor to limit the flow into a gauge since the pressure is even throughout the system allowing only a small portion of the flow into the actual gauge allows it to be in parallel with the pressure circuit and still measure accurately it also prevents or minim  izes damage to the gauge during pressure sur  ges at start up or due to any spi  kes in the system pressure
the california genocide is a term used to describe the decrease in the indigenous population of california due to violence relocation and starvation as a result of the u s occupation of california the indigenous population of california under spanish rule dropped from 300 000 prior to 17  69 to 250 000 in 18  34 after mexico won its independence from spain and after the secul  arization of the coastal missions by the mexican government in 18  34 the indigenous population suffered a much more drastic decrease in population the period immediately following the u s conquest of california has been characterized by numerous sources as a genocide under us sovereignty after 18  48 the indian population plunged from perhaps 150 000 to 30 000 in 1870 and reached its nad  ir of 16 000 in 1900
for astro  no  my and calendar studies the cal  li  pp  ic cycle or cali  pp  ic is a particular approximate common multiple of the year specifically the tropical year and the sy  no  d  ic month that was proposed by cal  li  pp  us during 330 bc it is a period of 76 years as an improvement of the 19 year me  tonic cycle a century before cal  li  pp  us me  ton discovered the cycle of 19 years that counted 6 9  40 days which exceeds 235 lun  ations by almost a third of a day and 19 tropical years by four ten  ths of a day it implicitly gave the solar year a duration of 69  40 ⁄ 19 365 1 ⁄ 4 1 ⁄ 76 days 365 d 6 h 18 min 56 s but cal  li  pp  us knew that the duration of the year was more closely 365 1 ⁄ 4 days 365 d 6 h so he multiplied the 19 year cycle by 4 to obtain an inte  ger number of days and then omitted 1 day from the last 19 year cycle thus he compu  ted a cycle of 76 years that consists of 9  40 lun  ations and 27 759 days and has been named the cal  li  pp  ic cycle for him although the cycle s error has been compu  ted as one full day in 5  53 years or 4 95 parts per million in actu  ality 27 759 days in 76 years has a mean year of exactly 365 1 ⁄ 4 days which relative to the mean north  ward equ  in  oc  tial year is about 11 minutes too long per year in other words the cycle drif  ts another day late per 130 10 ⁄ 11 years which is considerably worse than the drift of the un  rounded me  tonic cycle if the cal  li  pp  ic cycle is considered as closer to its un  rounded length of 27 758 3 ⁄ 4 days based on 9  40 lun  ations then its accuracy is essentially the same as the un  rounded me  tonic cycle within a few seconds per year if it is considered as 9  40 lun  ations less one day then the cal  li  pp  ic mean year will be shortened by 1 ⁄ 76 of a day 18 minutes 57 seconds making it grossly too short and it will also grossly drift ahead with respect to the mean lun  ar cycle at the rate of 1 ⁄ 9  40 of a day 1 minute 31 seconds per lun  ar month if the cycle length is tr  unc  ated to 27 758 days then the mean year is 365 days 5 hours 41 minutes 3 seconds or almost 8 minutes too brief per year and it will drift ahead of the mean lun  ar cycle by about 3 ⁄ 4 ⁄ 9  40 day 1 minute 9 seconds per lun  ar month altogether the pur  ported accuracy of this cycle is not impressive but it is of historical interest the first year of the first cal  li  pp  ic cycle began at the summer sol  s  tice of 330 bc 28 june in the prole  ptic julian calendar and was subsequently used by later astro  no  mers in pt  ol  emy s al  mag  est for example he cites al  mag  est vii 3 h 25 observations by timo  char  is during the 47 th year of the first cal  li  pp  ic cycle 283 bc when on the eighth of an  the  ster  ion the ple  i  ades star cluster was oc  cul  ted by the moon the cal  li  pp  ic calendar originally used the names of months from the attic calendar although later astro  no  mers such as hip  par  ch  us preferred other calend  ars including the egyptian calendar also hip  par  ch  us invented his own hip  par  chic calendar cycle as an improvement upon the cal  li  pp  ic cycle pt  ol  emy s al  mag  est provided some conversions between the cal  li  pp  ic and egyptian calend  ars such as that an  the  ster  ion 8 47 th year of the first cal  li  pp  ic period was equivalent to day 29 of the month of ath  y  r during year 465 of nab  on  ass  ar however the original complete form of the cal  li  pp  ic calendar is no longer known
call  ous ul  cer is a chronic non  healing ul  cer with hard ind  ur  ated base and in  elastic margins it usually contains unhealthy pale gran  ulation tissue it may last for months to years and does not show any tendency to heal
a call  us or cal  los  ity is a tough  ened area of skin which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction pressure or other irritation rub  bing that is too frequent or forceful will cause bl  is  ters rather than allow call  uses to form since repeated contact is required call  uses are most often found on feet because of frequent walking call  uses are generally not harmful but may sometimes lead to other problems such as skin ul  cer  ation or infection
cam  el  pox is a disease of cam  els caused by a virus of the family po  x  vi  ri  da  e sub  family chor  do  po  x  vir  in  ae and the genus orth  o  po  x  virus it causes skin le  sions and a generalized infection approximately 25 of young cam  els that become infected will die from the disease while infection in older cam  els is generally more mild although rare the infection may spread to the hands of those that work closely with cam  els cam  el  pox is endemic throughout the middle east africa and asia
a c  ame  o role or c  ame  o appearance ˈ  k  æ  mi  o  ʊ often shortened to just c  ame  o is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts typically un  named or appearing as themselves these roles are generally small many of them non speaking ones and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance such as actors from an original movie appearing in its re  make or renowned people making un  credited appearances short appearances by cel  e  bri  ties film directors politicians athletes or musicians are common a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a c  ame  o as well such as alfred hit  ch  cock s frequently performed c  ame  os
camera coverage in film  making and video production is the amount of footage shot and different camera angles used to capture a scene when in the post production process the more camera coverage means that there is more footage for the film editor to work with in assemb  ling the final cut
cam  isa disease or vo  h  win  kel variant with ich  thy  osis is the variant form of vo  h  win  kel syndrome characterized by ich  thy  osis and normal hearing it is associated with lor  ic  rin it was characterized in 1984 and 1988
cam  po  mel  ic dys  pl  asia c  md is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bo  wing of the long bones and many other sk  el  etal and extr  as  kel  etal features it is frequently lethal in the ne  on  atal period due to respiratory in  sufficiency but the severity of the disease is variable and some patients survive into adul  thood the name is derived from the greek roots camp  o or camp  to meaning bent and me  lia meaning limb an unusual aspect of the disease is that up to two thirds of affected 46 xy geno  typ  ic males display a range of disorders of sexual development ds  d and genital ambiguities or may even develop as normal phen  o  typ  ic females as in complete 46 xy sex reversal an atypical form of the disease with absence of bo  wed limbs is called pro  sa  ically ac  am  po  mel  ic cam  po  mel  ic dys  pl  asia ac  d and is found in about 10 of patients particularly those surviving the ne  on  atal period
the camps quin  oline synthesis also known as the camps cy  cli  zation is a chemical reaction whereby an o ac  yl  am  ino  acet  op  hen  one is transformed into two different hydroxy  quin  ol  ines products a and b using hydrox  ide ion the camps quin  oline synthesis the relative proportions of the hydroxy  quin  ol  ines a and b produced are dependent upon the reaction conditions and structure of the starting material although the reaction product is commonly depicted as a quin  oline the en  ol form it is believed that the ke  to form predomin  ates in both the solid state and in solution making the compound a quin  ol  one an example of the camps reaction is given below camps quin  oline synthesis
camp  to  cor  mia also known as bent sp  ine syndrome b  ss is a symptom of a multitude of diseases that is most commonly seen in the elderly it is identified by an abnormal thor  a  colum  bar spinal fl  ex  ion which is a b  ending of the lower muscles of the back occurring in a standing position in order to be classified as b  ss the an  terior fl  ex  ion the lower back b  ending must be of 45 degrees an  ter  ior  ly this classification differenti  ates it from a similar syndrome known as ky  pho  sis although camp  to  cor  mia is a symptom of many diseases there are two common origins neuro  logical and muscular camp  to  cor  mia is treated by alleviating the underlying condition causing it through therap  u  tic measures or lifestyle changes
camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly is a medical condition that causes one or more fingers to be permanently bent it involves fixed fl  ex  ion de  form  ity of the proxim  al inter  p  hal  ange  al joints the fifth finger is always affected camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly can be caused by a genetic disorder in that case it is an auto  som  al dominant trait that is known for its incomplete genetic expres  sivity this means that when a person has the genes for it the condition may appear in both hands one or neither a linkage scan proposed that the chro  mo  som  al loc  us of camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly was 3 q 11 2 q 13 12
camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly ar  thro  pa  thy co  xa var  a peric  ardi  tis syndrome is a rare genetic condition due to a mutation in the gene prote  o  gly  can 4 pr  g 4 a ch  on  dro  i  tin sul  fate prote  o  gly  can that acts as a lubric  ant for the car  til  age surfaces this gene is also known as lubric  in this condition is inherited as an auto  som  al rec  essive
camp  y  lob  ac  ter  i  osis is an infection by the camp  y  lob  ac  ter bacter  ium most commonly c je  jun  i it is among the most common bacterial infections of humans often a food  borne illness it produces an infl  am  matory sometimes bloody diarr  hea or dy  sen  tery syndrome mostly including cram  ps fever and pain
cam  ur  ati – eng  el  mann disease ced is a very rare auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder that causes characteristic anomalies in the skelet  on it is a form of dys  pl  asia patients typically have heavily thick  ened bones especially along the sh  af  ts of the long bones called di  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia the skull bones may be thick  ened so that the passages through the skull that carry nerves and blood vessels become narrowed possibly leading to sensory deficits blindness or deaf  ness this disease often appears in childhood and is considered to be inherited however some patients have no previous history of ced within their family the disease is slowly progressive and while there is no cure there is treatment it is named for m cam  ur  ati and g eng  el  mann cam  ur  ati – eng  el  mann disease is also known as eng  el  mann disease ed eng  el  mann syndrome es cam  ur  ati – eng  el  mann syndrome ces or progressive di  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia p  dd which are the most common alternative names of the disease other names include o  ste  opath  ia hyper  o  sto  tica s  cl  ero  tic  ans and multi  pl  ex inf  an  tal  is
canadian import duties is the amount of tax or tariff paid while importing goods into canada the canada border services agency collects the tariff on all imported goods according to the north american free trade agreement there is no duty to be paid if the goods are for personal use and the goods are marked as made in the united states canada or mexico or the goods are not marked or labelled to indicate that they were made anywhere other than in the united states canada or mexico canadi  ans also have to pay the federal goods and services tax and in most provinces provincial sales tax on the imported goods
the canadian government debt commonly called the public debt or the national debt is the amount of money owed by the government of canada to holders of canadian treasury security in 2013 this number stood at cad 1 2 trillion across federal and provincial governments with the total gdp somewhere around cad 1 8 trillion canada s overall debt gdp ratio is around 66 gross debt is the national debt plus in  trag  overn  mental debt obligations or debt held by trust funds types of securities sold by the government include treasury bills notes bonds tips canada savings bonds and provincial government securities the annual government deficit is the difference between government receipts and spending
can  al  icular aden  oma is a type of benign sali  vary g  land tumor that occurs most often in minor sali  vary g  lands in addition to ple  om  orph  ic aden  oma the two are the most common tumors of the upper lip
can  av  an disease also called can  av  an van bo  ga  ert ber  tr  and disease is an auto  som  al rec  essive degenerative disorder that causes progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain and is one of the most common degenerative cere  br  al diseases of infancy it is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme am  ino  ac  yl  ase 2 and is one of a group of genetic diseases referred to as a leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies it is characterized by de  generation of my  elin in the phosp  holi  pid layer insulating the ax  on of a ne  uron and is associated with a gene located on human chro  mo  some 17
cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body not all tumors are can  cer  ous benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body possible signs and symptoms include a lump abnormal bleeding prolonged cough un  explained weight loss and a change in bo  wel movements while these symptoms may indicate cancer they may have other causes over 100 cancers affect humans tobacco use is the cause of about 22 of cancer deaths another 10 is due to obesity poor diet lack of physical activity and drinking alcohol other factors include certain infections exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants in the developing world nearly 20 of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis b hepatitis c and human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v these factors act at least partly by changing the genes of a cell typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops approximately 5 – 10 of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person s parents cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests it is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy many cancers can be prevented by not smoking maintaining a healthy weight not drinking too much alcohol eating plenty of vegetables fruits and whole grains vaccination against certain infectious diseases not eating too much processed and red meat and avoiding too much sunlight exposure early detection through screening is useful for cer  vic  al and colo  rec  tal cancer the benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy surgery chem  otherapy and targeted therapy pain and symptom management are an important part of care palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease the chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment in children under 15 at diagnosis the five year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80 for cancer in the united states the average five year survival rate is 66 in 2012 about 14 1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally not including skin cancer other than mel  anom  a it caused about 8 2 million deaths or 14 6 of human deaths the most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer pro  state cancer colo  rec  tal cancer and stomach cancer in females the most common types are breast cancer colo  rec  tal cancer lung cancer and cer  vic  al cancer if skin cancer other than mel  anom  a were included in total new cancers each year it would account for around 40 of cases in children acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  aemia and brain tumors are most common except in africa where non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa occurs more often in 2012 about 165 000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer the risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world the financial costs of cancer were estimated at 1 16 trillion us dollars per year as of 2010
cancer related fatigue is a subjective symptom of fatigue that is experienced by nearly all cancer patients among patients receiving cancer treatment other than surgery it is essentially universal fatigue is a normal and expected side effect of most forms of chem  otherapy radiation therapy and bio  therapy on average cancer related fatigue is more severe more distressing and less likely to be relieved by rest than fatigue experienced by healthy people it can range from mild to severe and may be either temporary or a long term effect fatigue may be a symptom of the cancer or it may be the result of treatments for the cancer
similarly to humans cancer is the leading cause of death among older cats it is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and affects a wide range of cell types and organs in the body fel  ine cancer initially manifests as a lump or bump on any parts of the body it rapidly grows in the affected cell attaches itself to the tissue under the skin in that area and depending on the tum  our it can spread to other parts of the body although cancer accounts for approximately 50 of fel  ine deaths each year it can be successfully treated if diagnosed early while the causes of cancer in cats are unknown fel  ine leuk  emia virus is suspected to be a prime contributor other factors suspected to increase rates of fel  ine cancer include toxins from the environment second hand smoking excessive gro  oming or lic  king parts of the body that have been in contact with an environmental toxin cancer can be detected early on by observing for certain signs and symptoms common diagno  sing methods include physical examination x rays ul  tras  ounds cy  to  logy blood tests urine tests and nuclear sc  ans depending on the type of cancer and its level of progress surgery radiation chem  otherapy or immun  otherapy may be utilized to treat for cancer although research has been slow for causes and treatment of fel  ine cancers there have been advan  cements in radiation therapy as well as newer and improved chem  otherapy procedures
similarly to humans cancer is the leading cause of death among older dogs it accounts for approximately 50 of deaths each year but can be successfully treated if diagnosed early the medical science that studies cancer in animals is called veterinary on  co  logy and veterinarians that speci  alize in cancer diagnosis and treatment are called veterinary on  co  logists as with people dogs can get various kinds of cancer cancer in dogs is one of the leading cause of deaths in dogs but it can be successfully treated
cancer of unknown primary origin cup oc  cult cancer is a term used to describe a cancer that is determined to be at the me  ta  static stage at the time of diagnosis but a primary tumor cannot be identified a diagnosis of cup requires a clinical picture consistent with me  ta  static disease and one or more biopsy results inconsistent with a primary tumor cup is found in about 3 to 5 of all people diagnosed with invasive cancer and carries a poor prog  no  sis in most 80 to 85 of those circumstances the other 15 to 20 of patients however have a relatively long survival with appropriate treatment
a cancer syndrome or family cancer syndrome is a genetic disorder in which inherited genetic mutations in one or more genes pre  dispose the affected individuals to the development of cancers and may also cause the early onset of these cancers cancer syndro  mes often show not only a high lifetime risk of developing cancer but also the development of multiple independent primary tumors many of these syndro  mes are caused by mutations in tumor sup  pres  sor genes genes that are involved in protecting the cell from turning can  cer  ous other genes that may be affected are dna repair genes on  co  genes and genes involved in the production of blood vessels an  gi  o  genesis common examples of inherited cancer syndro  mes are hereditary breast o  vari  an cancer syndrome and hereditary non poly  pos  is col  on cancer lyn  ch syndrome
candi  dal inter  tri  go is an infection of the skin by candi  da al  bic  ans more specifically located between inter  tri  gin  ous fol  ds of adjacent skin
candi  dal ony  ch  om  y  co  sis is an infection of the nail plate by fun  gus caused by candi  da in one study candi  da par  ap  si  losis was the most common species candi  da al  bic  ans is also a common agent
candi  di  asis is a fun  gal infection due to any type of candi  da a type of ye  ast when it affects the mouth it is commonly called th  rush signs and symptoms include white pat  ches on the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat other symptoms may include so  reness and problems sw  allowing when it affects the vag  ina it is commonly called a ye  ast infection signs and symptoms include genital it  ching burning and sometimes a white cott  age cheese like discharge from the vag  ina less commonly the penis may be affected resulting in it  chin  ess very rarely the infection may become invasive spreading throughout the body resulting in fe  vers along with other symptoms depending on the parts of the body affected more than 20 types of candi  da can cause infection with candi  da al  bic  ans being the most common infections of the mouth are most common among children less than one month old the elderly and those with weak immune systems conditions that result in a weak immune system include hiv aids the medications used after organ transplantation diabetes and the use of cor  ti  co  ster  oids other risks include d  ent  ures and following antibiotic therapy vag  inal infections occur more commonly during pregnancy in those with weak immune systems and following antibiotic use risk for widespread infection includes being in an intensive care unit following surgery low birth weight infants and those with weak immune systems efforts to prevent infections of the mouth include the use of chlor  hex  id  ine mouth wash in those with poor immune function and washing out the mouth following the use of inhal  ed ster  oids little evidence supports pro  bio  tics for either prevention or treatment even among those with frequent vag  inal infections for infections of the mouth treatment with topical clo  trim  azole or ny  stati  n is usually effective oral or intra  ven  ous flu  con  azole it  ra  con  azole or am  pho  ter  ic  in b may be used if these do not work a number of topical anti  fun  gal medications may be used for vag  inal infections including clo  trim  azole in those with widespread disease an echino  can  din such as cas  po  fun  gin or mic  af  un  gin is used a number of weeks of intra  ven  ous am  pho  ter  ic  in b may be used as an alternative in certain groups at very high risk anti  fun  gal medications may be used prevent  atively infections of the mouth occur in about 6 of babies less than a month old about 20 of those receiving chem  otherapy for cancer and 20 of those with aids also develop the disease about three quarters of women have at least one ye  ast infection at some time during their lives widespread disease is rare except in those who have risk factors
candi  did is a skin condition an id reaction similar to der  mat  op  hy  ti  ds
in radi  ology can  ga s be  ad symptom is the irregular appearance of uter  us and no  d  ular structures in tu  ba uter  ina observed in patients with genital tuberculosis it is named for ser  if can  ga 1906 1993 a turkish gy  ne  co  logist in 1971
can  ine epi  le  pto  id cram  ping syndrome cec  s also known as spike s disease also known as border terri  er s disease is a hereditary can  ine disease with similarities to can  ine epi  le  psy and is often associated with border terri  ers cec  s is a recently recognized problem which is theor  ised as being a metabol  ic neuro  logical or muscle disorder but the cause has not yet been identified in 2015 a study came to the conclusion that can  ine epi  le  pto  id cram  ping syndrome in border terri  er s is a glu  ten sensitive movement disorder triggered and perpetu  ated by glu  ten and thus responsive to a glu  ten free diet
can  ine cognitive dysfunction cc  d is a disease prevalent in dogs that exhibit symptoms of dementia or alzheimer s disease shown in humans cc  d creates pathological changes in the brain that slow the mental functioning of dogs resulting in loss of memory motor function and learned behaviors from training early in life in the dog ’ s brain a protein by the name of beta amy  loid accumul  ates creating protein deposits called pl  aqu  es as the dog ages nerve cells die and cere  bro  spinal fluid fills the empty space left by the dead nerve cells can  ine cognitive dysfunction takes effect in older dogs mostly after 10 years of age although there is no known cause of cc  d genetic factors have been shown to contribute to the occurrence of this disease
can  ine degenerative my  el  opathy also known as chronic degenerative radic  ul  om  yel  opathy is an incur  able progressive disease of the can  ine spinal cord that is similar in many ways to am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis als onset is typically after the age of 7 years and it is seen most frequently in the german shepherd dog p  embro  ke welsh c  org  i and box  er dog though the disorder is strongly associated with a gene mutation in so  d 1 that has been found in 43 breeds as of 2008 including the wire fox terri  er ches  a  pe  a  ke bay retri  ever rho  de  sian ri  dge  back and cardi  gan welsh c  org  i progressive weakness and in  coordination of the rear limbs are often the first signs seen in affected dogs with progression over time to complete paralysis my  elin is an insulating she  ath around neurons in the spinal cord one proposed cause of degenerative my  el  opathy is that the immune system attacks this she  ath breaking it down this results in a loss of communication between nerves in lower body of the animal and the brain
dis  co  id lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus dle is an un  common auto  immune disease of the bas  al cell layer of the skin it occurs in humans and cats more frequently occurring in dogs it does not progress to systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le in dogs s  le can also have skin symptoms but it appears that the two are either separate diseases or dle is a mild form of s  le dle in dogs differs from s  le in humans in that plasma cells pre  dominate his  to  logically instead of t lymp  ho  cy  tes because worsening of symptoms occurs with increased ultra  violet light exposure sun exposure most likely plays a role in dle although certain breeds see below are pre  disposed after p  emp  hi  gus foli  ac  eus dle is the second most common auto  immune skin disease in dogs
can  ine dist  emp  er sometimes termed hard  pad disease in can  ine is a viral disease that affects a wide variety of animal families including domestic and wild species of dogs co  yo  tes fo  xes pand  as wolves ferre  ts sk  un  ks rac  co  ons and large cats as well as pin  ni  peds some pri  mates and a variety of other species it was long believed that animals in the family feli  da  e including many species of large cat as well as domestic cats were resistant to can  ine dist  emp  er until some researchers reported the prevalence of cd  v infection in large feli  ds it is now known that both large feli  da  e and domestic cats can be infected usually through close housing with dogs or possibly blood transfusion from infected cats but such infections appear to be self limiting and largely without symptoms in can  ines dist  emp  er impacts several body systems including the gastro  intest  inal and respiratory tracts and the spinal cord and brain with common symptoms that include high fever eye infl  amm  ation and eye nose discharge lab  ored breathing and cou  gh  ing v  om  iting and diarr  hea loss of appetite and leth  ar  gy and hard  ening of nose and foot  p  ads the viral infection can be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections and can present eventual serious neuro  logical symptoms can  ine dist  emp  er is caused by a single stranded r  na virus of the family param  y  x  ovi  ri  da  e the same family of the viruses that causes meas  les mum  ps and bron  chi  oli  tis in humans the disease is highly contagious via inhal  ation and fatal 50 of the time despite extensive vaccination in many regions it remains a major disease of dogs and is the leading cause of infectious disease death in dogs
fol  lic  ular dys  pl  asia is a genetic disease of dogs causing al  op  ec  ia or hair loss it is caused by hair fol  lic  les that are mis  functioning due to structural ab  normality there are several types some affecting only certain breeds diagnosis is achieved through a biopsy and treatment is rarely successful certain breeds such as the mexican hair  less dog and chinese cre  sted dog are bred specifically for al  op  ec  ia
can  ine le  ish  mani  asis le  esh ma ni  gh ah sis is a zoonotic disease see human le  ish  mani  asis caused by le  ish  mania parasites transmitted by the bite of an infected ph  le  bo  tom  ine sand  fly can  ine le  ish  mani  asis was first identified in europe in 19  03 and in 1940 40 of all dogs in rome were determined to be positive for le  ish  mani  asis traditionally thought of as a disease only found near the mediterranean basin 2008 research claims new findings are evidence that can  ine le  ish  mani  asis is currently expanding in continental climate areas of north  western italy far from the recognized disease endemic areas along the mediterranean coasts cases of le  ish  mani  asis began appearing in north america in 2000 and as of 2008 le  ish  mania positive fo  x  h  ounds have been reported in 22 u s states and two canadian provinces
can  ine pan  cre  ati  tis is infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as that can occur in two very different forms acute pan  cre  ati  tis is sudden while chronic pan  cre  ati  tis is characterized by recurring or persistent form of pan  cre  atic infl  amm  ation cases of both can be considered mild or severe
can  ine transmissible ven  ere  al tumors ct  v  ts also called transmissible ven  ere  al tumors tv  ts can  ine transmissible ven  ere  al sar  coma ct  vs sticker tumors and infectious sar  coma is a his  ti  oc  y  tic tumor of the external gen  italia of the dog and other can  ines and is transmitted from animal to animal during m  ating it is one of only four known transmissible cancers another is devil facial tumor disease a cancer which occurs in tas  man  ian dev  ils the tumor cells are themselves the infectious agents and the tumors that form are not genetically related to the host dog although the genome of a ct  v  t is derived from a can  id probably a dog wolf or co  yo  te it is now essentially living as a unic  ell  ular as  ex  ually reproducing but sexually transmitted pathogen sequence analysis of the genome suggests it diver  ged from can  ids over 6 000 years ago possibly much earlier the most recent estimates of its time of origin place date it to about 11 000 years ago however the most recent common anc  est  or of ext  ant tumors is more recent it probably originated 200 to 2 500 years ago can  ine tv  ts were initially described by russian veterinarian m a nov  in  sky 18  41 – 1914 in 18  76 when he demonstrated that the tumor could be trans  planted from one dog to another by inf  ecting them with tumor cells
c  anna r  ust is a fun  gal disease of c  anna caused by pu  c  cin  ia th  ali  ae symptoms include yellow to tan spots on the plant s leaves and stems yellow spor  e producing structures called pu  st  ules are produced on the lower ab  ax  ial leaf surface and these are the signs of the disease spots on the upper leaf surface coal  es  ce and turn to brown to black as the disease progres  ses the infected leaves eventually become dry and prematurely fall
cannab  ino  id hyper  em  esis syndrome is characterized by recurrent naus  ea v  om  iting and cr  amp  y ab  domin  al pain these symptoms have been reported to be improved temporarily by taking a hot shower or bath or more fully by stopping the use of cannabis the syndrome was described by allen and colleagues 2004 and son  tin  eni and colleagues 2009 who offer simplified clinical diagnostic criteria a subsequent larger study reported a case series of 98 subjects with cannab  ino  id hyper  em  esis syndrome confirming the earlier reported findings
cannabis use disorder or cannabis dependence is defined in the fifth revision of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 as the continued use of cannabis despite clin  ically significant impairment ranging from mild to severe cannabis is one of the most widely used drugs in the world in the united states 49 of people have used cannabis although physical addiction has not been proven an estimated 9 of those who use cannabis develop dependence in the us as of 2013 cannabis is the most commonly identified illicit substance used by people admitted to treatment facilities demand for treatment for cannabis use disorder increased internationally between 1995 and 2002
the cann  iz  zar  o reaction named after its discover  er stan  is  la  o cann  iz  zar  o is a chemical reaction that involves the base induced dis  proportion  ation of an alde  hyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position file cann  iz  zar  o reaction benz  alde  hyde sv  g cann  iz  zar  o first accomplished this transformation in 18  53 when he obtained ben  zy  l alcohol and potassium benzo  ate from the treatment of benz  alde  hyde with potash potassium carbon  ate more typically the reaction would be conducted with sodium or potassium hydrox  ide 2 c 6 h 5 cho k  oh → c 6 h 5 ch 2 oh c 6 h 5 cook the oxid  ation product is a salt of a car  box  yl  ic acid and the reduction product is an alcohol
a can  on  ical model is a design pattern used to communicate between different data formats a form of enterprise application integration it is intended to reduce costs and standardi  ze on agreed data definitions associated with integrating business systems a can  on  ical model is any model that is can  on  ical in nature i e a model which is in the simplest form possible based on a standard application integration e  ai solution most organizations also adopt a set of standards for message structure and content message pay  load the desire for consistent message pay  load results in the construction of an enterprise or business domain can  on  ical model common view within a given context often the term can  on  ical model is used inter  change  ably with integration strategy and often entails a move to a message based integration methodology a typical migration from point to point can  on  ical data model an enterprise design pattern which provides common data naming definition and values within a generalized data framework adoption of a comprehensive enterprise inter  facing to message based integration begins with a decision on the mid  d  le  ware to be used to transport messages between end  points often this decision results in the adoption of an enterprise service bus es  b or enterprise application integration e  ai solution most organizations also adopt a set of standards for message structure and content message pay  load the desire for consistent message pay  load results in the construction of an enterprise form of x  ml schem  a built from the common model objects thus providing the desired consistency and re us  ability while ensuring data integrity
can  on  ical protocol is a design pattern applied within the service orientation design paradigm which attempts to make services within a service inventory interoperable with each other by standardi  zing the communication protocols used by the services this eliminates the need for bridging communication protocols when services use different communication protocols
in software engineering can  on  ical schem  a is a design pattern applied within the service orientation design paradigm which aims to reduce the need for performing data model transformation when services exchange messages that reference the same data model
the c  ant of a railway track or cam  ber of a road also referred to as super  elev  ation cross slope or cross fall is the rate of change in elev  ation height between the two rails or edges this is normally greater where the railway or road is cur  ved raising the outer rail or the outer edge of the road providing a ban  ked turn thus allowing vehicles to maneuver through the curve at higher speeds than would otherwise be possible if the surface was flat or level
can  ter time can  ter timing or can  ter rhythm is a two beat regular rhy  th  mic pattern of a musical instrument or in dance steps within 3 4 time music the term is borrowed from the can  ter horse ga  it which sounds three ho  of beats followed by a pause i e 3 acc  ents in 4 4 time in wal  tz d  ances it may mark the 1 st and the 4 th eigh  ths of the measure producing a 2 4 time over  lay beat over the 3 4 time in other words when a 3 4 measure is cu  ed as 1 2 3 the can  ter rhythm marks 1 and this rhythm is the basis of the can  ter wal  tz in modern ball  room dancing an example is can  ter pivo  t in vi  en  n  ese wal  tz in vals a 3 4 style of tango the can  ter rhythm is also known as medi  o gal  ope which actually means can  ter in spanish and may accent beats 1 and 2 of the 3 4 measure
can  t  ú syndrome is a rare condition characterized by hyper  tric  ho  sis o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asia and cardi  om  eg  al  y less than 50 cases have been described in the literature a majority of the cases is associated with a mutation in the ab  cc 9 gene that codes for the ab  cc 9 protein
capability management is a high level integr  ative management function with particular application in the context of defence
capac  it  ance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge a material with a large capac  it  ance holds more electric charge at a given voltage than one with low capac  it  ance any object that can be electrically charged exhi  bits capac  it  ance however the concept is particularly important for understanding the operations of the capac  itor one of the three fundamental electronic components along with resis  tors and induc  tors the si unit of capac  it  ance is the far  ad symbol f named after the english physic  ist michael far  aday a 1 far  ad capac  itor when charged with 1 coul  om  b of electrical charge has a potential difference of 1 vol  t between its plates
the capac  itor plague was a problem related to a higher than expected failure rate of non solid aluminum electro  ly  tic capacitors between 1999 and 2007 especially those from some taiwanese manufacturers due to faulty electro  ly  te composition that caused corro  sion accompanied by gas generation often rup  turing the case of the capac  itor from the build up of pressure high failure rates occurred in many well known brands of electronics and was particularly evident in mother  boards video cards and power supplies of personal computers leading to premature failure of these devices
capacity loss or capacity fading is a phenomenon observed in re  chargeable battery usage where the amount of charge a battery can deliver at the rated voltage decreases with use in 2003 it was reported the typical range of capacity loss in lith  ium ion batteries after 500 charging and discharging cycles varied from 12 4 to 24 1 giving an average capacity loss per cycle range of 0 0  25 – 0 0  48 per cycle
capacity utilization or capacity utilisation is the extent to which an enterprise or a nation actually uses its installed productive capacity it is the relationship between output that is actually produced with the installed equipment and the potential output which could be produced with it if capacity was fully used
cap  gr  as delusion is a disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend spouse parent or other close family member or pet has been replaced by an identical looking im  post  or the cap  gr  as delusion is classified as a delu  sional mis  identification syndrome a class of delu  sional beliefs that involves the mis  identification of people places or objects usually not in conjunction it can occur in acute transi  ent or chronic forms cases in which patients hold the belief that time has been war  ped or substituted have also been reported the delusion most commonly occurs in patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia but has also been seen in patients suffering from brain injury and dementia it presents often in individuals with a neuro  degenerative disease particularly at an older age it has also been reported as occurring in association with diabetes hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and migr  aine attacks in one isolated case the cap  gr  as delusion was temporarily induced in a healthy subject by the drug ke  tam  ine it occurs more frequently in females with a female male ratio of 3 2
cap  ill  ari  asis is a disease caused by nemato  des in the cap  ill  aria genus the two principal forms of the disease are intest  inal cap  ill  ari  asis caused by cap  ill  aria philipp  in  ensis he  p  atic cap  ill  ari  asis caused by cap  ill  aria he  p  atica
cap  ill  ari  tis is a non existent term that refers to a state where the cap  il  lar  ies are infl  amed it may occur in the lungs as pul  mon  ary cap  ill  ari  tis or in the skin as pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic der  mat  osis on the legs starts out as little bro  wn  ish do  ts and can cause ach  iness mild cap  ill  ari  tis clears up within 3 – 4 months
cap  ill  ary action sometimes cap  il  lar  ity cap  ill  ary motion or wic  king is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of or even in opposition to external forces like gravity the effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the ha  irs of a paint brush in a thin tube in por  ous materials such as paper and pl  aster in some non por  ous materials such as sand and liquefied carbon fiber or in a cell it occurs because of inter  molecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces if the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small then the combination of surface tension which is caused by cohesion within the liquid and adhe  sive forces between the liquid and container wall act to pro  pel the liquid
a cap  ill  ary hem  an  gi  oma also known as an inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  oma strawberry hem  an  gi  oma and strawberry nev  us is the most common variant of hem  an  gi  oma which appears as a raised red lum  py area of flesh anywhere on the body though 83 occur on the head or neck area these marks occur in about 10 of all births and usually appear between one and four weeks after birth it may grow rapidly before stopping and slowly fading some are gone by the age of 2 about 60 by 5 years and 90 – 95 by 9 years cap  ill  ary hem  an  gi  oma is a vascular anomaly cap  ill  ary hem  an  gi  om  as occur 5 times more often in female infants than in males and mostly in caucasian populations additionally low birth  weight infants have a 26 chance of developing a hem  an  gi  oma it is the most common tumor of orbit and peri  orb  ital areas in childhood it may occur in the skin sub  cu  taneous tissues and mu  co  us memb  ran  es of oral ca  vities and lips as well as in the liver sp  leen and kidneys while this birth  mark may be alarming in appearance physicians generally counsel that it be left to disappear on its own unless it is in the way of vision or blocking the no  stri  ls
cap  ill  ary leak syndrome also known as systemic cap  ill  ary leak syndrome s  cl  s or clar  k  son ’ s disease is an extremely rare medical condition characterized by self reversing episodes during which the endo  the  li  al cells which line the cap  il  lar  ies are thought to separate for a few days allowing for a leakage of fluid from the circul  atory system to the inter  sti  tial space resulting in a dangerous hypo  tension low blood pressure h  emo  concentration and hypo  albu  min  emia it is a life threatening illness because each episode has the potential to cause damage to or the failure of vital organs due to limited per  fusion it is often mis  diagnosed as poly  cy  them  ia poly  cy  them  ia vera or sep  sis
capital appreciation is an increase in the price or value of assets it may refer to appreciation of company stocks or bonds held by an investor an increase in land valuation or other upward revaluation of fixed assets capital appreciation may occur passively and gradually without the investor taking any action it is distinguished from a capital gain which is the profit achieved by selling an asset capital appreciation may or may not be shown in financial statements if it is shown by revaluation of the asset the increase is said to be recognized once the asset is sold the appreciation since the date of initially buying the asset becomes a realized gain when the term is used in reference to stock valuation capital appreciation is the goal of an investor seeking long term growth it is growth in the principal amount invested but not necessarily an increase in the current income from the asset in the context of investment in a mutual fund capital appreciation refers to a rise in the value of the securities in a portfolio which contributes to the growth in net asset value a capital appreciation fund is a fund for which it is its primary goal and accordingly invests in growth stocks
capital intensity is the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production especially labor at the level of either a production process or the aggregate economy it may be estimated by the capital to labor ratio such as from the points along a capital labor iso  qu  ant
capital loss is the difference between a lower selling price and a higher purchase price resulting in a financial loss for the seller
capital requirement also known as regulatory capital or capital adequacy is the amount of capital a bank or other financial institution has to hold as required by its financial regulator this is usually expressed as a capital adequacy ratio of equity that must be held as a percentage of risk weighted assets these requirements are put into place to ensure that these institutions do not take on excess leverage and become insolvent capital requirements govern the ratio of equity to debt recorded on the liabilities and equity side of a firm s balance sheet they should not be confused with reserve requirements which govern the assets side of a bank s balance sheet — in particular the proportion of its assets it must hold in cash or highly liquid assets
cap  lan s syndrome or cap  lan disease or r  heu  mato  id pneu  mo  con  i  osis is a combination of r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis ra and pneu  mo  con  i  osis that manifests as intr  ap  ul  mon  ary no  d  ules which appear homogenous and well defined on chest x ray
caprine ar  thri  tis en  ce  ph  ali  tis ca  e is a l  enti  viral infection of goats which may lead to chronic disease of the joints and on rare occasions en  ce  ph  ali  tis the symptoms of this disease are varied mature goats can develop ar  thri  tis and find walking painful the knee joints may be infl  amed and sw  oll  en and the goats will slowly lose condition in some cases they will not be able to stand as of 2012 there is no known cure goats which test positive for the disease are typically separated from the rest of the herd
cap  ri  vi sometimes called the cap  ri  vi strip in german cap  ri  vi  zip  fe  l cap  ri  vi pan  handle ok  av  an  go strip or ok  av  an  go pan  handle and formerly known as it  enge is a narrow pro  tru  sion of namibia east  wards from the k  av  an  go region about 450 km 280 mi between botswana to the south and angola and zambia to the north cap  ri  vi is b  ordered by the ok  av  an  go k  wan  do cho  be and zam  be  zi rivers its largest settlement is the town of kati  ma mu  li  lo it went through a civil war from 1994 – 1999 the strip is administratively divided between the eastern zam  be  zi region and the western k  av  an  go east region
in anatomy cap  su  li  tis is infl  amm  ation of a cap  su  le types include adhe  sive cap  su  li  tis of shoulder plic  a syndrome which is an infl  amm  ation of the artic  ular cap  su  le of the knee joint
in telecommunications the capture effect or f  m capture effect is a phenomenon associated with f  m reception in which only the stronger of two signals at or near the same frequency or channel will be demo  d  ulated the capture effect is defined as the complete suppression of the weaker signal at the receiver lim  iter if it has one where the weaker signal is not amplified but attenu  ated when both signals are nearly equal in strength or are fading independently the receiver may switch from one to the other and exhibit pick  et f  encing the capture effect can occur at the signal lim  iter or in the demo  d  ulation stage for circuits that do not require a signal lim  iter some types of radio receiver circuits have a stronger capture effect than others the measurement of how well a receiver can reject a second signal on the same frequency is called the capture ratio for a specific receiver it is measured as the lowest ratio of the power of two signals that will result in the suppression of the smaller signal am  pl  itude modulation or am radio transmission is not subject to this effect this is one reason that the aviation industry and others have chosen to use am for communications rather than f  m allowing multiple signals to be broadcast on the same channel phenomena similar to the capture effect are described in am when offset carriers of different strengths are present in the pass  band of a receiver for example the aviation gli  des  l  ope vertical guidance clearance beam is sometimes described as a capture effect system even though it operates using am signals
cap  ut med  us  ae also known as palm tree sign is the appearance of dist  ended and eng  org  ed superficial epi  ga  str  ic ve  ins which are seen radi  ating from the um  bil  ic  us across the ab  dom  en the name cap  ut med  us  ae latin for head of med  usa originates from the apparent similarity to med  usa s head which had ven  om  ous snakes in place of hair it is also a syndrome of portal hyper  tension it is caused by the par  au  m  bil  ical ve  ins which carries oxy  genated blood from mother to fe  tus in uter  o and normally closes within one week of birth becoming re can  alised due to portal hyper  tension caused by liver failure
cap  ut succe  dan  eu  m is a ne  on  atal condition involving a sero  san  guin  ous sub  cu  taneous extr  ap  eri  o  steal fluid collection with poorly defined margins caused by the pressure of the presenting part of the scal  p against the dil  ating cer  vi  x tour  ni  quet effect of the cer  vi  x during delivery it involves bleeding below the scal  p and above the perio  steu  m
carb  am  o  yl phosphate synthe  t  ase i deficiency c  ps i deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood due to a lack of the enzyme carb  am  o  yl phosphate synthe  t  ase i ammonia which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body is toxic if the levels become too high the nervous system is especially sensitive to the effects of excess ammonia
car  bene di  mer  ization is a type of organic reaction in which two car  bene or car  ben  o  id precursors react in a formal di  mer  ization to an al  k  ene this reaction is often considered an unwanted side reaction but it is also investigated as a synthetic tool in this reaction type either the two car  ben  ic intermedi  ates react or a car  ben  ic intermediate reacts with a car  bene precursor an early pioneer was christop  h grund  mann reporting on a car  bene di  mer  isation in 1938 in the domain of persistent car  ben  es the wan  z  lick equilibrium describes an equilibrium between a car  bene and its al  k  ene a re  occurring sub  str  ate is a di  az  o compound and more specifically an alpha carbon  yl di  az  o compound for example ethyl di  az  o  acetate is converted to di  ethyl mal  e  ate using the ruth  en  ium catalyst chlor  o cycl  op  ent  adi  en  yl bis tri  phen  yl  phosp  h  ine ruth  en  ium car  bene di  mer  ization bar  att  a 1997 gru  bbs catalyst is also effective in this reaction type the active intermediate is a transition metal car  bene complex a di  az  o cross coupling reaction has also been reported between ethyl di  az  o  acetate and methyl phen  yl  di  az  o  acetate using the rho  dium catalyst r  h 2 op  iv 4 a direct metal car  bene di  mer  ization has been used in the synthesis of novel poly  al  ky  ny  leth  en  es
in carbo  hydrate chemistry carbo  hydrate acet  alisation is an organic reaction and a very effective means of providing a protecting group the example below depic  ts the acet  alisation reaction of d ri  bo  se 1 with acet  one or 2 2 di  meth  oxy  pro  pan  e as the acet  alisation re  agent the reaction is under thermo  dynamic reaction control and results in the pent  ose 2 the latter re  agent in itself is an ac  etal and therefore the reaction is actually a cross acet  alisation file carbo  hydr  ate  acet  alisation p  ng k  ine  tic reaction control results from 2 meth  oxy  pro  pen  e as the re  agent d ri  bo  se in itself is a hem  i  ac  etal and in equilibrium with the py  ran  ose 3 in aqu  eous solution ri  bo  se is 75 py  ran  ose and 25 fur  an  ose and a different ac  etal 4 is formed
car  bom  e  tal  ation is an organ  om  et  all  ic reaction involving the nucle  oph  il  ic addition to al  ken  es and al  ky  nes of a diverse range of organ  om  et  all  ic reagents such as organ  oli  th  ium compounds organ  o  copper compounds and gri  gn  ard reagents according to the following general al  ky  ne scheme car  bom  e  tal  ation the addition can yield the cis or trans isom  er and with un  symmetr  ical al  ky  nes the organ  om  et  all  ic compound can add in two different way thus control of reg  io  selectivity is important in a follow up step the sensitive metal  al  ken  yl group is replaced by an electro  phi  le e
carbon leakage occurs when there is an increase in carbon dioxide emissions in one country as a result of an emissions reduction by a second country with a strict climate policy carbon leakage may occur for a number of reasons if the emissions policy of a country raises local costs then another country with a more relaxed policy may have a trading advantage if demand for these goods remains the same production may move offshore to the cheaper country with lower standards and global emissions will not be reduced if environmental policies in one country add a premium to certain fuels or commodities then the demand may decline and their price may fall countries that do not place a premium on those items may then take up the demand and use the same supply neg  ating any benefit there is no consensus over the magnitude of long term leakage effects this is important for the problem of climate change carbon leakage is one type of spill over effect spill over effects can be positive or negative for example emission reductions policy might lead to technological developments that aid reductions outside of the policy area carbon leakage is defined as the increase in co 2 emissions outside the countries taking domestic mitigation action divided by the reduction in the emissions of these countries it is expressed as a percentage and can be greater or less than 100 carbon leakage may occur through changes in trading patterns and that is sometimes measured as the balance of emissions embodied in trade beet
carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after too much inhal  ation of carbon monoxide co carbon monoxide is a toxic gas but being color  less od  or  less tast  eless and initially non irritating it is very difficult for people to detect carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter due to insufficient oxygen supply to enable complete oxid  ation to carbon dioxide co 2 it is often produced in domestic or industrial settings by motor vehicles that run on gasoline diesel methane or other carbon based fuels and from tools gas heaters and cooking equipment that are powered by carbon based fuels such as pro  pan  e bu  tane and char  coal exposure at 100 ppm or greater can be dangerous to human health symptoms of mild acute poisoning include ligh  the  ad  ed  ness confusion headache ver  ti  go and flu like effects larger exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the central nervous system and heart and death after acute poisoning long term sequ  el  ae often occur carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the fe  tus of a pregnant woman chronic exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide can lead to depression confusion and memory loss carbon monoxide mainly causes adverse effects in humans by combining with h  emo  glob  in to form car  box  yh  emo  glob  in h  b  co in the blood this prevents h  emo  glob  in from carrying oxygen to the tissues effectively reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood leading to hypo  x  ia additionally my  o  glob  in and mit  och  on  dri  al cy  to  ch  rome oxid  ase are thought to be adversely affected car  box  yh  emo  glob  in can revert to h  emo  glob  in but the recovery takes time because the h  b  co complex is fairly stable treatment of poisoning largely consists of administering 100 oxygen or providing hyper  bar  ic oxygen therapy although the optimum treatment remains controversial oxygen works as an antidote as it increases the removal of carbon monoxide from h  emo  glob  in in turn providing the body with normal levels of oxygen the prevention of poisoning is a significant public health issue domestic carbon monoxide poisoning can be prevented by early detection with the use of household carbon monoxide detectors carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries historically it was also commonly used as a method to commit suicide usually by deliberately inhal  ing the exhaust f  umes of a running car engine modern automobiles even with electronically controlled combustion and catalytic converters can still produce levels of carbon monoxide which will kill if enclosed within a garage or if the tail  pipe is obstructed for example by snow and exhaust gas cannot escape normally carbon monoxide poisoning has also been spec  ulated as a possible cause of apparent haunted houses symptoms such as deli  ri  um and halluc  inations may have led people suffering poisoning to think they have seen ghosts or to believe their house is haunted
carbon stain  s are a skin condition characterized by a dis  color  ation of the skin from embedded carbon usually occurring in children from accidents with firearms or fi  rec  r  ackers or from a punc  ture wound by a pencil which may leave a permanent black mark of embedded graph  ite easily mistaken for me  ta  static mel  anom  a
carbon  at  ation is a chemical reaction in which calcium hydrox  ide reacts with carbon dioxide and forms in  soluble calcium carbon  ate ca oh 2 co 2 → c  aco 3 h 2 o the process of forming a carbon  ate is sometimes referred to as carbon  ation although this term usually refers to the process of dis  solving carbon dioxide in water
carbon – hydrogen bond func  tion  alization c – h func  tion  alization is a type of reaction in which a carbon – hydrogen bond is cle  a  ved and replaced with a carbon x bond where x is usually carbon oxygen or nitrogen the term usually implies that a transition metal is involved in the c h cle  av  age process reactions classified by the term typically involve the hydrocarbon first to react with a metal catalyst to create an organ  om  et  all  ic complex in which the hydrocarbon is coordinated to the inner sphere of a metal either via an intermediate al  kane or aren  e complex or as a transition state leading to a m − c intermediate the intermediate of this first step known as c h activation and sometimes used inter  change  ably with c h func  tion  alization can then undergo subsequent reactions to produce the func  tion  alized product important to this definition is the requirement that during the c – h cle  av  age event the hydro  car  byl species remains associated in the inner sphere and under the influence of m while many mechanisms for a variety of c h acti  vations are still unknown many of them fall under three general categories i oxid  ative addition in which a metal center inser  ts into a carbon hydrogen bond which cle  a  ves the bond and ox  idi  zes the metal producing an intermediate that can undergo reduc  tive elimination to yield the organ  om  et  all  ic reactive intermediate ii electro  phil  ic activation which reacts similarly to oxid  ative addition but differs in that it produces the organ  om  et  all  ic reactive intermediate through an oxid  ative transition state instead of an intermediate and iii σ bond me  ta  thesis which proceeds through a four centered transition state in which bonds break and form in concerted fashion the target hydrocarbon bond breaks as the carbon bonds to the metal and the hydrogen bonds to one of the metal ’ s lig  ands which causes bond break  age between the lig  and and the metal c – h bonds which are traditionally considered un  reactive can be cle  a  ved by coordination much research has been devoted to the design and synthesis of new reagents and cataly  sts that can effect c – h activation c h activation chemistry has the potential to transform the chemical world through the development of novel synthetic methods c h activation could enable the conversion of cheap and abundant al  kan  es into valuable func  tion  alized organic compounds and the efficient structural editing of already complex molecules i e natural product synthesis selective activation of a specific c h bond poses a great challenge in addition to a high bond dissoci  ation energy c h bonds have very low polarity because to these two elements have similar electro  neg  ati  vities
car  box  yl  ation in chemistry is a chemical reaction in which a car  box  yl  ic acid group is introduced in a sub  str  ate the opposite reaction is dec  ar  box  yl  ation
a car  bun  cle is a cluster of boils draining p  us onto the skin it is usually caused by bacterial infection most commonly with stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us or st  rep  to  co  cc  us py  o  genes which can turn lethal however the presence of a car  bun  cle is actually a sign that the immune system is active and fighting the infection responsible for the car  bun  cle the infection is contagious and may spread to other areas of the body or other people those living in the same residence may develop car  bun  cles at the same time
car  bu  re  tor icing or car  b icing is an icing condition which can affect any car  bu  re  tor under certain atmospheric conditions the problem is most notable in certain real  ms of aviation car  bu  re  tor icing occurs when there is hum  id air and the temperature drop in the vent  uri causes the water vap  or to freeze the vent  uri effect can drop the ambient air temperature by 30 40 degrees f therefore car  bu  re  tor icing often occurs when the outside air temperature is in the 60 70 degree f range unfortunately the warm air temperature often causes pilots to overlook the possibility of car  b icing the ice will form on the surfaces of the car  bu  re  tor throat further restricting it this may increase the vent  uri effect initially but eventually restricts air  flow perhaps even causing a complete block  age of air to the car  bu  re  tor the engine begins to run more rich as ice formation increases without intervention car  b heat or leaning this can only continue until the mixture is outside of the chemically correct range for combustion icing may also cause jam  ming of the mechanical parts of the car  bu  re  tor such as the thro  ttle typically a butter  fly valve while it applies to all car  bu  re  tors car  bu  re  tor icing is of particular concern in association with pist  on powered aircraft especially small single engine light aircraft aircraft powered by car  bu  re  ted engines are equipped with car  bu  re  tor heat systems to overcome the icing problem in cars car  bu  re  tor icing can occasionally be a nuisance the in  let mani  fold and parts of the car  bu  re  tor often have warm water from the cooling system or exhaust gas circulating through them to combat this problem motorcycles can also suffer from car  bu  re  tor icing although some engine designs are more susceptible to it than others air cool  ed engines may be more prone to icing due to the absence of warm cool  ant circulating through the engine
carcin  o  id also carcin  o  id tumor is a slow growing type of neuro  endocrine tumor originating in the cells of the neuro  endocrine system in some cases me  tast  asis may occur carcin  o  id tumors of the mid  gut je  jun  um i  leum appendix and cec  um are associated with carcin  o  id syndrome
carcin  o  id syndrome is a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome comprising the signs and symptoms that occur secondary to carcin  o  id tumors the syndrome includes flu  shing and diarr  hea and less frequently heart failure and bron  cho  con  stric  tion it is caused by endo  genous secre  tion of mainly sero  ton  in and kal  lik  rein
carcin  oma is a type of cancer that develops from epi  the  li  al cells specifically a carcin  oma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body and that generally arises from cells originating in the endo  der  mal or ec  to  der  mal germ layer during embry  o  genesis carcin  om  as occur when the dna of a cell is damaged or altered and the cell begins to grow un  controll  ably and become m  align  ant it is from the greek κα  ρ  κ  ίν  ω  μα kar  kin  oma meaning sore ul  cer or cancer itself derived from kar  kin  os crab
carcin  oma ex ple  om  orph  ic aden  oma abbreviated ca ex pa is a type of cancer typically found in the par  o  ti  d g  land it arises from the benign tum  our ple  om  orph  ic aden  oma its prog  no  sis depends on the stage early tum  our have essentially a benign behaviour
carcin  oma in situ cis also known as in situ ne  op  las  m is a group of abnormal cells while they are a form of ne  op  las  m there is disagreement over whether cis should be classified as cancer this controversy also depends on the exact cis in question i e cer  vic  al skin breast some authors do not classify them as cancer however recognizing that they can potentially become cancer others classify certain types as a non invasive form of cancer the term pre cancer has also been used these abnormal cells grow in their normal place thus in situ from latin for in its place for example carcin  oma in situ of the skin also called bow  en s disease is the accumulation of dys  plastic ep  id  er  mal cells within the ep  id  er  mis only that has failed to penetrate into the deeper der  mis for this reason cis will usually not form a tumor rather the le  sion is flat in the skin cer  vi  x etc or follows the existing architecture of the organ in the breast lung etc exceptions include cis of the col  on poly  ps the blad  der pre  invasive pap  ill  ary cancer or the breast duc  tal carcin  oma in situ or lob  ular carcin  oma in situ many forms of cis have a high probability of progression into cancer and therefore removal may be recommended however progression of cis is known to be highly variable and not all cis becomes invasive cancer in the tn  m classification carcin  oma in situ is reported as tis  n 0 m 0 stage 0
carcin  os  ar  com  as are m  align  ant tumors that consist of a mixture of carcin  oma or epi  the  li  al cancer and sar  coma or mes  en  ch  ym  al connec  tive tissue cancer carcin  os  ar  com  as are rare tumors and can arise in diverse organs such as the skin sali  vary g  lands lungs the es  op  ha  gus pan  cre  as col  on uter  us and ov  aries four main hypo  theses have been proposed for the cellular origins of carcin  os  ar  coma based largely on the path  ology of the disease first the collision tumor hypothesis which proposes the collision of two independent tumors resulting in a single ne  op  las  m based on the observation that skin cancers and superficial m  align  ant fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  as are commonly seen in patients with sun damaged skin second the composition hypothesis which suggests that the mes  en  ch  ym  al component represents a pseu  do  sar  com  at  ous reaction to the epi  the  li  al m  align  ancy third the combination hypothesis which suggests that both the epi  the  li  al and mes  en  ch  ym  al components of the tumor arise from a common plur  i  potential stem cell that under  goes divergent differentiation and fourth the conversion divergence hypothesis which argues that the sar  com  at  ous component of the tumor represents a met  ap  l  astic sar  com  at  ous transformation of the epi  the  li  al component despite the remaining uncertainty on the mechanisms that generate these tumors recent immun  o  his  to  chemical ultra  structural and molecular genetic studies suggest and favor the notion of mono  cl  on  ality in carcin  os  ar  coma in addition identical p 53 and kr  as mutations have been identified in both epi  the  li  al and mes  en  ch  ym  al components of carcin  os  ar  coma findings that suggest an early alteration in the his  to  genesis of the tumor with late transformation or de  generation of the epi  the  li  al component into the sar  com  at  ous component
carcin  osis or carcin  om  at  osis is disseminated cancer forms of me  tast  asis whether used generally or in specific patterns of spread
cardiac arrest is a sudden stop in effective blood flow due to the failure of the heart to contract effectively symptoms include loss of consciousness and abnormal or absent breathing some people may have chest pain short  ness of breath or naus  ea before this occurs if not treated within minutes death usually occurs the most common cause of cardiac arrest is coron  ary artery disease less common causes include major blood loss lack of oxygen very low potassium heart failure and intense physical exercise a number of inherited disorders may also increase the risk including long q  t syndrome the initial heart rhythm is most often ven  tric  ular fi  bri  ll  ation the diagnosis is confirmed by finding no pulse while a cardiac arrest may be caused by heart attack or heart failure these are not the same prevention includes not smoking physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight treatment for cardiac arrest is immediate cardi  op  ul  mon  ary resusc  itation c  pr and if a shoc  k  able rhythm is present defi  bri  ll  ation among those who survive targeted temperature management may improve outcomes an implan  table cardiac defi  bri  ll  ator may be placed to reduce the chance of death from recurrence in the united states cardiac arrest outside of hospital occurs in about 13 per 10 000 people per year 326 000 cases in hospital cardiac arrest occurs in an additional 209 000 cardiac arrest becomes more common with age it affects males more often than females the percentage of people that survive with treatment is about 8 many who survive have significant disability
cardiac arr  hy  th  mia also known as cardiac dys  rhy  th  mia or irregular heartbeat is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular too fast or too slow a heart rate that is too fast – above 100 beats per minute in adults – is called t  ach  y  car  dia and a heart rate that is too slow – below 60 beats per minute – is called brad  y  car  dia many types of arr  hy  th  mia have no symptoms when symptoms are present these may include pal  p  itations or feeling a pause between heart  beats more seriously there may be ligh  the  ad  ed  ness passing out short  ness of breath or chest pain while most types of arr  hy  th  mia are not serious some pre  dispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure others may result in cardiac arrest there are four main types of arr  hy  th  mia extra beats su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  cardi  as ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mi  as and brad  y  arr  hy  th  mi  as extra beats include premature atri  al contr  actions and premature ven  tric  ular contr  actions su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  cardi  as include atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation atri  al fl  utter and par  oxy  sm  al su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mi  as include ven  tric  ular fi  bri  ll  ation and ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia arr  hy  th  mi  as are due to problems with the electrical conduc  tion system of the heart arr  hy  th  mi  as may occur in children however the normal range for the heart rate is different and depends on age a number of tests can help with diagnosis including an electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g and hol  ter monitor most arr  hy  th  mi  as can be effectively treated treatments may include medications medical procedures such as a pac  emaker and surgery medications for a fast heart rate may include beta bloc  kers or agents that attempt to restore a normal heart rhythm such as proc  ain  amide this later group may have more significant side effects especially if taken for a long period of time pac  emakers are often used for slow heart rates those with an irregular heartbeat are often treated with blood thin  ners to reduce the risk of complications those who have severe symptoms from an arr  hy  th  mia may receive urgent treatment with a jol  t of electricity in the form of cardi  over  sion or defi  bri  ll  ation arr  hy  th  mia affects millions of people in europe and north america as of 2014 atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation affects about 2 to 3 of the population atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation and atri  al fl  utter resulted in 112 000 deaths in 2013 up from 29 000 in 1990 sudden cardiac death is the cause of about half of deaths due to cardiovascular disease or about 15 of all deaths globally about 80 of sudden cardiac death is the result of ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mi  as arr  hy  th  mi  as may occur at any age but are more common among older people
cardiac asthma is a medical diagnosis of whe  e  zing cou  gh  ing or short  ness of breath due to cong  estive heart failure it is known as cardiac asthma because the symptoms mim  ic ordinary asthma one study found that patients with cardiac asthma represented one third of cong  estive heart failure in elderly patients depending on severity it may be classified as a medical emergency as it can be a symptom of acute heart failure leading to the buil  dup of fluids in the lungs pul  mon  ary e  dem  a as well as within and around the airways the distinction between true asthma and cardiac asthma is especially important because some treatments for true asthma including inhal  ers may actually worsen cardiac asthma and cause severe heart arr  hy  th  mi  as true asthma in contrast is caused by the infl  amm  ation and eventual narrowing down of airways this is what causes the breathing difficulties that are characteristic to asthma true asthma has nothing to do with fluid in the lungs or heart disease or even the heart failure which is so associated with cardiac asthma
a cardiac fi  bro  ma is a rare benign tumor of the heart that occurs primarily in children it is most commonly located in the interven  tric  ular sep  tum or left ven  tric  ular wall symptoms depend on the size of the tumor its location relative to the conduc  tion system and whether it obstruc  ts blood flow symptomatic cardiac fi  bro  mas may be treated by surgical res  ection it is associated with gor  lin syndrome
an atri  al my  x  oma is a benign tumor of the heart most commonly found within the left and then the right atri  a on the inter  atri  al sep  tum
a cardiac sh  unt is a pattern of blood flow in the heart that devi  ates from the normal circuit of the circul  atory system it may be described as right left left right or bi  direc  tional or as systemic to pul  mon  ary or pul  mon  ary to systemic the direction may be controlled by left and or right heart pressure a biological or artificial heart valve or both the presence of a sh  unt may also affect left and or right heart pressure either benefic  ially or detrim  entally
cardiac tam  pon  ade also known as peric  ardi  al tam  pon  ade is when fluid in the peric  ardi  um the s  ac around the heart builds up and results in compression of the heart onset may be rapid or more gradual symptoms typically include those of cardi  ogenic shock including short  ness of breath weakness ligh  the  ad  ed  ness and cough other symptoms may relate to the underlying cause common causes include cancer kidney failure chest trauma and peric  ardi  tis other causes include connec  tive tissue diseases hypo  thyro  i  dis  m a  or  tic rupture and following cardiac surgery in africa tuberculosis is a relatively common cause diagnosis may be suspected based on low blood pressure ju  g  ular ven  ous dis  tension peric  ardi  al rub or quiet heart sounds the diagnosis may be further supported by specific electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g changes chest x ray or an ul  tras  ound of the heart if fluid increases slowly the peric  ardi  al s  ac can expand to contain more than 2 lit  ers however if the increase is rapid as little as 200 ml can result in tam  pon  ade when tam  pon  ade results in symptoms drainage is necessary this can be done by peric  ardi  oc  ent  esis surgery to create a peric  ardi  al window or a peric  ardi  ec  tomy drainage may also be necessary to rule out infection or cancer other treatments may include the use of do  but  amine or in those with low blood volume intra  ven  ous fluids those with few symptoms and no worrisome features can often be closely followed the frequency of tam  pon  ade is unclear one estimate from the united states places it at 2 per 10 000 per year
in mathematics a cardinal function or cardinal invari  ant is a function that returns cardinal numbers
in path  ology a cardinal sign or cardinal symptom is the primary or major clinical sign symptom by which a diagnosis is made a cluster of signs or symptoms are often combined path  og  no  mon  ic to better diagnose a specific disease or syndrome
cardi  o  fac  io  cu  taneous syndrome cf  c is an extremely rare and serious genetic disorder it is characterized by the following distinctive facial appearance unusually spar  se brit  tle cur  ly scal  p hair a range of skin ab  norm  alities from der  mati  tis to thick scal  y skin over the entire body generalized ich  thy  osis heart mal  formations con  genital or appearing later especially an obstruction of the normal flow of blood from the lower right ven  tric  le of the heart to the lungs val  var pul  mon  ary sten  osis delayed growth foot ab  norm  alities extra toe or fusion of two or more toes
cardi  ogenic shock is a life threatening medical condition resulting from an inadequate circulation of blood due to primary failure of the ven  tric  les of the heart to function effectively as this is a type of circul  atory shock there is insufficient per  fusion of tissue to meet the demands for oxygen and nutrients cardi  ogenic shock is a largely irreversible condition and as such is more often fatal than not the condition involves increasingly more pervasive cell death from oxygen starvation hypo  x  ia and nutrient starvation e g low blood sugar because of this it may lead to cardiac arrest or circul  atory arrest which is an abrupt stopping of cardiac pump function as well as stopped respir  ation and a loss of consciousness cardi  ogenic shock is defined by sustained low blood pressure with tissue hypo  per  fusion despite adequate left ven  tric  ular filling pressure signs of tissue hypo  per  fusion include low urine production 30 ml hour cool extre  mi  ties and altered level of consciousness treatment of cardi  ogenic shock depends on the cause if cardi  ogenic shock is due to a heart attack attempts to open the heart s arter  ies may help an intra a  or  tic balloon pump or left ven  tric  ular assist device may improve matters until this can be done medications that improve the heart s ability to contract positive ino  tro  pes may help however it is unclear which is best no  rep  in  eph  rine may be better if the blood pressure is very low whereas dop  amine or do  but  amine may be more useful if only slightly low
cardi  om  eg  al  y is a medical condition in which the heart is enlarged it is more commonly referred to as an enlarged heart the causes of cardi  om  eg  al  y may vary many times this condition results from high blood pressure hyper  tension or coron  ary artery disease an enlarged heart may not pump blood effectively resulting in cong  estive heart failure cardi  om  eg  al  y may improve over time but many people with an enlarged heart need lifelong treatment with medications having an immediate family member who has or had cardi  om  eg  al  y may indicate that a person is more susceptible to getting this condition cardi  om  eg  al  y is not a disease but rather a condition that can result from a host of other diseases such as obesity or coron  ary artery disease recent studies suggest that cardi  om  eg  al  y is associated with a higher risk of sudden cardiac death sc  d
cardi  om  y  opathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle early on there may be few or no symptoms others may have short  ness of breath feel tired or have sw  elling of the legs due to heart failure an irregular heart beat may occur as well as fain  ting those affected are at an increased risk sudden cardiac death types of cardi  om  y  opathy include hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy restrictive cardi  om  y  opathy arr  hy  th  mo  genic right ven  tric  ular dys  pl  asia and broken heart syndrome in hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy the heart muscle enlar  ges and thick  ens in dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy the ven  tric  les enlarge and weaken in restrictive cardi  om  y  opathy the ven  tric  le sti  ff  ens the cause is frequently unknown hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy is often and dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy in a third of cases is inherited from a person s parents dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy may also result from alcohol heavy metals coron  ary heart disease cocaine use and viral infections restrictive cardi  om  y  opathy may be caused by amy  lo  ido  sis h  emo  chro  mat  osis and some cancer treatments broken heart syndrome is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress treatment depends on the type of cardi  om  y  opathy and the degree of symptoms treatments may include lifestyle changes medications or surgery in 2013 cardi  om  y  opathy and my  o  cardi  tis affected 7 9 million people hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy affects 1 in 2 500 they resulted in 443 000 deaths up from 294 000 in 1990 arr  hy  th  mo  genic right ven  tric  ular dys  pl  asia is more common in young people
cardi  o  ren  al syndrome crs is an umbrella term used in the medical field that defines disorders of the heart and kidneys whereby “ acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other ” the heart and the kidneys are involved in maintaining hem  od  y  nam  ic stability and organ per  fusion through an intricate network these two organs communicate with one another through a variety of pathways in an interdependent relationship in a 2004 report from national heart lung and blood institute crs was defined as a condition where treatment of cong  estive heart failure is limited by decline in kidney function this definition has since been challenged repeatedly but there still remains little consensus over a universally accepted definition for crs at a consensus conference of the acute dial  ysis quality initiative ad  q  i the crs was classified into five sub  types primarily based upon the organ that initiated the insult as well as the acu  ity of disease
cardiovascular disease c  vd is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels cardiovascular disease includes coron  ary artery diseases cad such as ang  ina and my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion commonly known as a heart attack other c  v  ds are stroke hyper  ten  sive heart disease r  heu  matic heart disease cardi  om  y  opathy heart arr  hy  th  mia con  genital heart disease val  vul  ar heart disease cardi  tis a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms peripheral artery disease and ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis the underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease in question coron  ary artery disease stroke and peripheral artery disease involve a  ther  os  clerosis this may be caused by high blood pressure smoking diabetes lack of exercise obesity high blood cho  le  sterol poor diet and excessive alcohol consumption among others high blood pressure results in 13 of c  vd deaths while tobacco results in 9 diabetes 6 lack of exercise 6 and obesity 5 r  heu  matic heart disease may follow untreated stre  p throat it is estimated that 90 of c  vd is preventable prevention of a  ther  os  clerosis is by decreasing risk factors through healthy eating exercise avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake treating high blood pressure and diabetes is also beneficial treating people who have stre  p throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of r  heu  matic heart disease the effect of the use of aspir  in in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit the united states preventive services task force recommends against its use for prevention in women less than 55 and men less than 45 years old however in those who are older it is recommends in some individuals treatment of those who have c  vd improves outcomes cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally this is true in all areas of the world except africa together they resulted in 17 3 million deaths 31 5 in 2013 up from 12 3 million 25 8 in 1990 deaths at a given age from c  vd are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970 s coron  ary artery disease and stroke account for 80 of c  vd deaths in males and 75 of c  vd deaths in females most cardiovascular disease affects older adults in the united states 11 of people between 20 and 40 have c  vd while 37 between 40 and 60 71 of people between 60 and 80 and 85 of people over 80 have c  vd the average age of death from coron  ary artery disease in the developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing world disease onset is typically seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women
cardiovascular drift c  vd c  v  drift is the phenomenon where some cardiovascular responses begin a time dependent change or drift after around 10 minutes of exercise in a warm or neutral environment without an increase in workload it is characterised by decreases in mean arter  ial pressure and stroke volume and a parallel increase in heart rate it has been shown that a reduction in stroke volume due to dehydr  ation is almost always due to the increase in internal temperature it is influenced by many factors most notably the ambient temperature internal temperature hydr  ation and the amount of muscle tissue activated during exercise to promote cooling blood flow to the skin is increased resulting in a shift in fluids from blood plasma to the skin tissue this results in a decrease in pul  mon  ary arter  ial pressure and reduced stroke volume in the heart to maintain cardiac output at reduced pressure the heart rate must be increased effects of cardiovascular drift are mainly focused around a higher r  pe rate of perceived effort that is a person will feel like they are exp  ending more energy when they are not this creates a mental block that can inhibit performance greatly prevention or minim  ization of cardiovascular drift includes consistently replacing fluids and maintaining electro  ly  te imbalance during exercise acc  lim  ati  zation to the environment in which one is performing and weight training to supplement cardiovascular efforts
cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart blood cells and lungs to supply oxygen rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement this type of fitness is a health related component of physical fitness that is brought about by sustained physical activity a person ’ s ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles is affected by many physiological parameters including heart rate stroke volume cardiac output and maxim  al oxygen consumption understanding the relationship between cardi  o  respiratory end  ur  ance training and other categories of conditioning requires a review of changes that occur with increased aer  ob  ic or an  aer  ob  ic capacity as aer  ob  ic an  aer  ob  ic capacity increases general metabol  ism rises muscle metabol  ism is enhanced h  emo  glob  in rises bu  ffers in the blood  stream increase ven  ous return is improved stroke volume is improved and the blood bed becomes more able to adapt readily to varying demands each of these results of cardiovascular fitness cardi  o  respiratory conditioning will have a direct positive effect on muscular end  ur  ance and an indirect effect on strength and flexibility to facilitate optimal delivery of oxygen to the working muscles the person needs to train or participate in activities that will build up the energy stores needed for sport this is referred to as metabol  ic training metabol  ic training is generally divided into two types aer  ob  ic and an  aer  ob  ic
cardi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the heart or its surroundings the plural of cardi  tis is cardi  ti  des it is usually studied and treated by specifying it as peric  ardi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the peric  ardi  um my  o  cardi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the heart muscle endo  cardi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the endo  cardi  um pan  cardi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the entire heart the epic  ardi  um the my  o  cardi  um and the endo  cardi  um ref  lux cardi  tis refers to a possible outcome of es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux also known as ger  d and involves infl  amm  ation of the es  op  ha  gus stomach mu  co  sa
ca  reg  i  ver burden is the stress which is perceived by ca  reg  i  vers due to the home care situation this subjective burden is one of the most important predic  tors for negative outcomes of the care situation – for the ca  reg  i  vers themselves as well as for the one who requires care ca  reg  i  vers are all persons who support and help a person in need of care regularly because of personal – not professional – reasons that means every kind of help and support it doesn ’ t need to be health care in the narrow sense the ca  reg  i  ver doesn ’ t need to be akin with the person they support often friends neighbors or acquain  tances provide support too
ca  reg  i  ver syndrome or ca  reg  i  ver stress is a condition of exhaustion anger rage or guilt that results from un  relieved caring for a chronically ill dependent the term is often used by healthcare professionals but it is not listed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders almost 66 million americans are providing care to those who are ill aged and or disabled for an average of 39 2 hours per week over 13 million ca  reg  i  vers are also caring for their own children as well ca  reg  i  ver syndrome is acute when caring for an individual with behavioral difficulties such as f  ec  al in  contin  ence memory issues sleep problems wandering dementia and aggression typical symptoms of the ca  reg  i  ver include fatigue in  som  nia stomach complaints and so on with the most common symptom being depression roughly 70 of ca  reg  i  vers suffer from depression due to the deterioration both physical and mental of these ca  reg  i  vers health professionals have given this condition a name ca  reg  i  ver syndrome or ca  reg  i  ver fatigue
car  lin – type gold deposits are se  diment hosted disseminated gold deposits these deposits are characterized by invisible typically micro  scopic and or dissolved gold in py  r  ite and arsen  op  y  r  ite this dissolved kind of gold is called invisible gold as it can only be found through chemical analysis the deposit is named after the car  lin mine the first large deposit of this type discovered in the car  lin trend nevada
car  ney complex and its sub  sets lamb syndrome and name syndrome are auto  som  al dominant conditions comprising my  x  om  as of the heart and skin hyper  pi  gm  entation of the skin l  enti  gin  osis and endocrine over  activity it is distinct from car  ney s tri  ad approximately 7 of all cardiac my  x  om  as are associated with car  ney complex
car  nit  ine ac  yl  car  nit  ine trans  lo  case deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that prevents the body from converting long chain fatty acids into energy particularly during periods without food car  nit  ine a natural substance acquired mostly through the diet is used by cells to process fats and produce energy people with this disorder have a faulty enzyme that prevents long chain fatty acids from being transported into the in  ner  most part of the mit  och  on  dri  a for processing
car  nit  ine pal  mit  o  yl  transfer  ase ii deficiency cpt ii is an auto  som  al rec  essively inherited genetic metabol  ic disorder characterized by an enz  ym  atic defect that prevents long chain fatty acids from being transported into the mit  och  on  dri  a for utilization as an energy source the adult my  opathic form of this disease was first characterized in 1973 by di  mauro and di  mauro it is the most common inherited disorder of lip  id metabol  ism affecting the sk  el  etal muscle of adults cpt ii deficiency is also the most frequent cause of hereditary my  o  glob  in  ur  ia symptoms of this disease are commonly provoked by prolonged exercise or periods without food
car  nit  ine pal  mit  o  yl  transfer  ase i deficiency is a rare metabol  ic disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats called long chain fatty acids into energy particularly during periods without food car  nit  ine a natural substance acquired mostly through the diet is used by cells to process fats and produce energy people with this disorder have a faulty enzyme car  nit  ine pal  mit  o  yl  transfer  ase i that prevents these long chain fatty acids from being transported into the mit  och  on  dri  a to be broken down
car  no  sin  emia also called car  no  sin  ase deficiency or am  ino  ac  yl his  ti  dine di  pep  ti  d  ase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder caused by a deficiency of car  no  sin  ase a di  pep  ti  d  ase a type of enzyme that spl  its di  pep  ti  des into their two amino acid constituents car  no  sine is a di  pep  tide composed of beta alan  ine and his  ti  dine and is found in sk  el  etal muscle and cells of the nervous system this disorder results in an excess of car  no  sine in the urine cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf blood and nervous tissue neuro  logical disorders associated with a deficiency of car  no  sin  ase and the resulting car  no  sin  emia car  no  sine in the blood are common
a car  no  s  ity is a medical condition defined by any abnormal fles  hy exc  res  cence or tuber  osity car  no  s  ity comes from the word car  nose which means a buil  dup of flesh the car  no  s  ity disease started back in 18  84 in middle europe it has led to more than 50 000 deaths worldwide
car  oli disease is a rare inherited disorder characterized by dil  ation of the intra  he  p  atic bile duc  ts there are two types of car  oli disease the most common being the simple or isolated case where the bile duc  ts are widened by ec  ta  sia the second more complex cause is commonly known as car  oli syndrome this complex form is also linked with portal hyper  tension and con  genital he  p  atic fi  bro  sis the differences between the causes of the two cases have not yet been discovered car  oli disease is also associated with liver failure and poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease the disease affects about 1 in 1 000 000 people with more reported cases of car  oli syndrome than of car  oli disease car  oli disease also is known as communicating ca  vern  ous ec  ta  sia or con  genital c  ys  tic di  lat  ation of the intra  he  p  atic bi  li  ary tree car  oli disease is distinct from other diseases that cause duc  tal di  lat  ation caused by obstruction in that it is not one of the many cho  le  do  ch  al cyst derivatives
caro  ten  emia or caro  ten  aemia x  anth  aemia is the presence of the orange pig  ment caro  ten  e in the blood from excessive intake of carrots or other vegetables containing the pig  ment resulting in increased serum caro  ten  oids caro  ten  oids are lip  id soluble compounds that include alpha and beta caro  ten  e beta cry  p  tox  an  thin ly  copen  e lu  te  in and ze  ax  an  thin the primary serum caro  ten  oids are beta caro  ten  e ly  copen  e and lu  te  in serum levels of caro  ten  oids vary between region ethnicity and sex in the healthy population all are absorbed by passive diffusion from the gastro  intest  inal tract and are then partially met  abo  lized in the intest  inal mu  co  sa and liver to vitamin a from there they are transported in the plasma into the peripheral tissues caro  ten  oids are eliminated via sweat se  bum urine and gastro  intest  inal secre  tions caro  ten  oids contribute to normal appearing human skin color and are a significant component of physi  o  logic ultra  violet photo  protection an excess of caro  ten  oids being eliminated via sweat may cause a marked orange dis  color  ation of the outermost skin layer this benign and reversible condition – which is most easily observed in light skin  ned people and may be mistaken for ja  und  ice – is known as caro  ten  osis or caro  ten  o  der  ma caro  ten  emia most commonly occurs in vege  tari  ans and young children caro  ten  emia is more easily appreciated in light compl  exi  oned people and it may present chiefly as an orange dis  colour  ation of the pal  ms and the sol  es in more dark  ly pi  gm  ented persons caro  ten  emia does not cause selective orange dis  color  ation of the con  junc  ti  val memb  ran  es over the s  cler  ae whites of the eyes and thus is usually easy to distinguish from the yel  lowing of the skin and con  junc  tiva caused by bile pig  ments in states of ja  und  ice caro  ten  o  der  ma is deliberately caused by beta caro  ten  o  id treatment of certain photo sensitive der  mati  tis diseases such as er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria where beta caro  ten  e is prescribed in quantities which dis  color the skin these high doses of beta caro  ten  e have been found to be harmless in studies though cosme  tically dis  pleasing to some in a recent me  ta analysis of these treatments however the effectiveness of the treatment has been called into question
a caro  ti  d ca  vern  ous f  ist  ula cc  f results from an abnormal communication between the arter  ial and ven  ous systems within the ca  vern  ous sin  us in the skull it is a type of arter  io  ven  ous f  ist  ula as arter  ial blood under high pressure enters the ca  vern  ous sin  us the normal ven  ous return to the ca  vern  ous sin  us is impeded and this causes eng  org  ement of the draining ve  ins manifest  ing most dramatically as a sudden eng  org  ement and red  ness of the eye of the same side
caro  ti  d artery dis  section is a separation of the layers of the artery wall supplying oxygen bearing blood to the head and brain and is the most common cause of stroke in young adults in vascular medicine dis  section is a bl  ister like de lam  ination between the outer and inner walls of a blood vessel generally originating with a partial leak in the inner lining
caro  ti  d sten  osis is a narrowing or con  stric  tion of the inner surface lum  en of the caro  ti  d artery usually caused by a  ther  os  clerosis
caro  ti  dy  nia is a syndrome characterized by unilateral one sided tender  ness of the caro  ti  d artery near the bi  fur  c  ation it was first described in 19  27 by temple f  ay the most common cause of caro  ti  dy  nia may be migr  aine and then it is usually self correcting common migr  aine treatments may help alleviate the caro  ti  dy  nia symptoms recent his  to  logical evidence has implicated an infl  am  matory component of caro  ti  dy  nia but studies are limited caro  ti  d arter  i  tis is a much less common cause of caro  ti  dy  nia but has much more serious consequences it is a form of giant cell arter  i  tis which is a condition that usually affects arter  ies in the head due to this serious condition possibly causing caro  ti  dy  nia and the possibility that neck pain is related to some other non caro  ti  dy  nia and serious condition the case should be investigated by a medical doctor because caro  ti  dy  nia can be caused by numerous causes bi  ous  se and b  ous  ser in 1994 recommended the term not be used in the medical literature however recent m  ri and ul  tras  ound studies have supported the existence of a differential diagnosis of caro  ti  dy  nia consistent with f  ay s characterization
car  pal tunnel syndrome c  ts is a medical condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the car  pal tunnel the main symptoms are pain num  b  ness and ting  ling in the thumb index finger middle finger and the thumb side of the ring fingers symptoms typically start gradually and during the night pain may extend up the arm weak grip strength may occur and after a long period of time the muscles at the base of the thumb may waste away in more than half of cases both sides are affected risk factors include obesity repeti  tive wrist work pregnancy and r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis there is tentative evidence that hypo  thyro  i  dis  m increases the risk it is unclear if diabetes plays a role the use of birth control pills does not affect the risk types of work that are associated include computer work work with vibr  ating tools and work that requires a strong grip diagnosis is suspected based on signs symptoms and specific physical tests and may be confirmed with electro  diagnostic tests if muscle wasting at the base of the thumb is present the diagnosis is likely being physically active can decrease the risk of developing c  ts symptoms can be improved by wearing a wrist spl  int or with cor  ti  co  ster  o  id injections taking n  s  aids or gab  ap  entin does not appear to be useful surgery to cut the trans  verse car  pal lig  ament is effective with better results at a year compared to non surgical options further spl  in  ting after surgery is not needed evidence does not support magnet therapy about 5 of people in the united states have car  pal tunnel syndrome it usually begins in adul  thood and women are more commonly affected than men up to 33 of people may improve without specific treatment over approximately a year car  pal tunnel syndrome was first fully described after world war ii
car  pel  lo  dy is a plant disorder that results in mis  shap  en fruits caused by abnormal development of the ov  ule bearing part of the flower in an  gi  os  per  ms it is commonly called cat face and is specific to papay  as some fruits resemble female fruits but the disorder can cause severely de  formed fruits with deep longit  ud  inal ri  dges fruits are generally more rounded and are un  marketable because of their small size and poor eye appeal
the carpenter s rule problem is a dis  crete geometry problem which can be stated in the following manner can a simple plan  ar poly  gon be moved continuously to a position where all its ver  tices are in conv  ex position so that the edge lengths and simplicity are preserved along the way a closely related problem is to show that any poly  gon can be conv  exi  fied that is continuously transformed preserving edge distances and avoiding crossings into a conv  ex poly  gon both problems were successfully solved by
carpenter syndrome also called acro  cephal  o  poly  syn  d  ac  ty  ly type ii is an extremely rare auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder characterized by cran  io  facial mal  formations obesity and syn  d  ac  ty  ly it was first characterized in 19  09
car  po  me  tac  ar  pal c  mc o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis oa also known as tra  pe  zi  om  et  ac  ar  pal o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis or o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis at the base of the thumb is a repar  itive joint disease affecting the first car  po  me  tac  ar  pal joint c  mc 1 this joint is formed by the tra  pe  zi  um bone of the wrist and the first me  tac  ar  pal bone of the thumb because of its relative instability this joint is a frequent site for o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis car  po  me  tac  ar  pal o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis c  mc oa of the thumb occurs when the cu  shi  oning car  til  age of the joint surfaces wears away resulting in damage of the joint the main complaint of patients is pain pain at the base of the thumb occurs when moving the thumb and might eventually persist at rest other symptoms include sti  ff  ness sw  elling and loss of strength of the thumb treatment options include conservative and surgical therapies
oro  ya fever or carri  on s disease is an infectious disease produced by bar  ton  ella bac  il  li  form  is infection it is named after daniel al  ci  des carri  ón
the car  roll re  arrangement is a re  arrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a β ke  to all  yl ester into a α all  yl β ke  to  car  box  yl  ic acid this organic reaction is accompanied by dec  ar  box  yl  ation and the final product is a γ δ all  yl  ke  tone the car  roll re  arrangement is an adaptation of the cla  is  en re  arrangement and effectively a dec  ar  box  yl  ative all  yl  ation
the car  stache is a viral sensation first noticed spring of 2010 revol  ving around people placing a fake plu  shy mu  stache on their cars trucks and other automotive vehicles the car  stache is a jum  bo novelty mu  stache that attaches quickly and easily to the gri  lle of most cars and trucks following the path of the truck nuts an accessory that gained popularity in the late 90 s the car  stache was produced and distributed on the internet soon after its release the car  stache went viral tren  ding on services such as twitter and google news search
car  til  age – hair hypo  pl  asia ch  h also known as mc  k  us  ick type met  ap  hy  seal ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia is a rare genetic disorder it is a highly ple  io  tropic disorder that clin  ically manifests by form of short lim  bed dwar  f  ism due to sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia variable level of immun  o  deficiency and pre  disposition to m  align  ancies in some cases it was first reported in 1965 by mc  k  us  ick et al actor vern  e tro  yer is affected with this form of dwar  f  ism as was actor billy bar  ty who was renowned for saying the name of my condition is car  til  age hair syndrome hypo  pl  asia but you can just call me billy
in mathematics the cas  as al  ver  o con  jec  ture is an open problem about poly  no  mi  als which have factors in common with their derivatives proposed by edu  ardo cas  as al  ver  o in 2001
in toss ju  ggling a cas  c  ade is the simplest ju  ggling pattern achievable with an odd number of pro  ps the simplest ju  ggling pattern is the three ball cas  c  ade this is therefore the first pattern that most ju  gg  lers learn balls or other pro  ps follow a horizontal figure eight or hour  glass figure pattern above the hands in sit  es  w  ap each throw in a cas  c  ade is not  ated using the number of balls thus a three ball cas  c  ade is 3 in the cas  c  ade an object is always thrown from a position near the body s mid  line in an arc passing underneath the preceding throw and toward the other side of the body where it is caught and transported again toward the body s mid  line for the next throw as a result the balls travel along the figure eight path that is characteristic of the cas  c  ade — in the cas  c  ade the crossing of the balls between the hands demands that one hand catches at the same rate that the other hand throws synchron  ization the hands also take turns coupled osci  ll  ation
case hard  ening is a wea  thering phenomenon of rock surface ind  ur  ation it is observed commonly in fel  sic al  kal  ine rocks such as nep  hel  ine sy  en  ite ph  on  ol  ite and tr  ach  y  te pyro  cl  astic rocks as pyro  cl  astic flow deposit fine air fall deposits and vent filling pyro  cl  astic deposits se  dim  entary rocks as sand  stone and mu  d  stone
cas  e  goods are items of furniture that are built with interior compart  ments for storage it is an american english term for wooden furniture designed for storage such as cup  boards ch  ests of draw  ers etc a synon  ym is case furniture cas  e  goods generally refers to furniture made of hard materials such as wood metal glass or plastic examples of cas  e  goods include ch  ests chest of draw  ers dres  ser book  shelves and cabinets the term cas  e  goods is sometimes used to refer to commercial use furniture such as beds and side  boards that would be used in a hotel dor  mit  ory or student accommodation the same terminology would not generally be used when referring to domestic furniture cas  e  goods are one of the three classifications of furniture the others being up  hol  ster  y and occasional up  hol  ster  y refers to furniture that has fabric or leather and p  adding stretched over a frame occasional furniture includes coffee tables end tables ne  sting tables ottom  ans and accent sto  ols
cas  eous lymp  had  eni  tis cla is an infectious disease caused by the bacter  ium cor  y  ne  bacter  ium pseu  do  tuberculosis found mostly in goats and sheep that at present has no cure it manifests itself predominantly in the form of large p  us filled cy  sts on the neck sides and ud  ders of goats and sheep the disease is spread mostly from an animal coming in contact with p  us from a burst cyst on an infected animal but the disease is highly contagious and is thought to also be spread by cou  gh  ing or even by flies studies have found cl incidence in commercial goat herds as high as 30
cash collection is a function of accounts receivable it is the recovery of cash from a business or individual with which you have issued an invoice unpaid invoices are considered outstanding invoices are always issued with terms of payment these terms vary widely from cash terms meaning that the invoice is due immediately to many forms of credit terms for example 30 days from date of invoice invoices which remain unpaid for periods longer than their terms indicate are considered overdue it is the aim of the cash collection function of a business to collect monies for all outstanding invoices before they become overdue and to mediate payment arrangements to ensure that invoiced debts do not become doubtful or bad
the cash value of an insurance contract also called the cash surrender value or surrender value is the cash amount offered to the policy  owner by the issuing life carrier upon cancellation of the contract this term is normally used with a life insurance or life annu  ity contract to receive the cash value the policy  holder sur  renders their rights to future benefits under the policy cash values are usually associated with whole life insurance or endow  ment life insurance and other forms of permanent life insurance the contract determines for each possible cancellation date the related cash value if the investment of premiums is contr  actually made in an individual account the cash value is the value of the investments in that account at any particular time minus a surrender charge such cash value credited to an individual account during the tenure of the policy keeps growing with every payment of premium it also incre  ments due to interest credited the policy  holder may also be able to use the cash value as collateral on a loan the cash value will often be similar or even equal to the reserve to be held by the insurance company for the net obligations from the contract as such the amount is usually invested and earns investment income for the insurance company which is to some extent forwarded to policyholders of participating contracts since often initial premiums are not invested but covering initial costs associated with selling the contract up front or front end fee the amount available may be significantly lower than the sum of premiums paid for some time initially even zero later interest credited might compensate that initial loss the value of the investment is often subject to a surrender charge in determining the cash value a surrender charge off  sets the costs associated with selling the contract and allows these contracts to be sold with little or no up front fees surrender charges are imposed when a contract is cancelled within a set time frame any cancellation after that time frame are not subject to a surrender charge typically surrender charges decrease on an annual schedule until they disappear altogether
cas  p  ase 8 deficiency state ce  ds is a very rare genetic disorder of the immune system it is caused by mutations in the cas  p 8 gene that en  codes the protein cas  p  ase 8 the disorder is characterized by splen  om  eg  al  y and lymp  had  en  opathy in addition to recurrent sin  op  ul  mon  ary infections recurrent mu  co  cu  taneous her  pes  virus or other viral infections and hypo  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia investigators in the laboratory of dr michael len  ardo at the national institutes of health described this condition in two si  bl  ings from a cons  an  guine  ous family in 2002 and several more affected family members have since been identified
cass  ava brown stre  ak virus disease c  bs  d is a damaging disease of cass  ava plants and is especially troublesome in east africa it was first identified in 1936 in tanzania and has spread to other coastal areas of east africa from kenya to mozambique recently it was found that two distinct viruses are responsible for the disease cass  ava brown stre  ak virus c  b  sv and ug  andan cass  ava brown stre  ak virus uc  b  sv both have ss r  na genom  es belong to the genus i  pomo  virus in the family po  ty  vi  ri  da  e and produce generally similar symptoms in infected plants root rot renders the cass  ava tu  ber ine  di  ble resulting in severe loss of economic value therefore current research focuses on achieving cultiv  ars that do not develop the necro  tic rot this disease is considered to be the biggest threat to food security in coastal east africa and around the eastern lakes
the cast  er angle or cast  or angle is the ang  ular displacement of the steering axis from the vertical axis of a steered wheel in a car motorcycle bicycle or other vehicle measured in the longit  ud  inal direction it is the angle between the pivo  t line in a car an imaginary line that runs through the center of the upper ball joint to the center of the lower ball joint and vertical car rac  ers sometimes adjust cast  er angle to optimi  ze their car s handling characteristics in particular driving situations
a casting defect is an un  desired irregularity in a metal casting process some defects can be tolerated while others can be repaired otherwise they must be eliminated they are broken down into five main categories gas por  osity shr  ink  age defects mold material defects pouring metal defects and metallurgical defects
castle thunder is a sound effect that consists of the sound of a loud thunder  cl  ap during a ra  inst  orm it was originally recorded for the 1931 film frankenstein and has since been used in dozens of films television programs and commerci  als
cast  lem  an disease also known as giant or an  gi  o  fol  lic  ular lymp  h no  de hyper  pl  asia lymp  ho  id ham  ar  tom  a an  gi  o  fol  lic  ular lymp  h no  de hyper  pl  asia is a group of un  common lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorders that share common lymp  h no  de his  to  logical features that may be loc  alized to a single lymp  h no  de unic  entr  ic or occur systemically mul  tic  entr  ic it is named after benjamin cast  lem  an mul  tic  entr  ic cast  lem  an disease mc  d involves hyper  activation of the immune system excessive release of pro  infl  am  matory chemicals cy  to  k  ines proliferation of immune cells b cells and t cells and multiple organ system dysfunction cast  lem  an disease must be distinguished from other disorders that can demonstrate cast  lem  an like lymp  h no  de features including reactive lymp  h no  de hyper  pl  asia auto  immune disorders and m  align  ancies while not officially considered a cancer the over  growth of lymp  ho  cy  tes with this disease is similar to lymp  homa and more research is needed to search for small populations of ne  op  l  astic cells cast  lem  an disease is a focus of intense ongoing research
the castro – step  hens coupling is a cross coupling reaction between a copper i ace  ty  li  de and an ar  yl hali  de forming a dis  u  b  stitu  ted al  ky  ne and a copper i hali  de the reaction was discovered in 1963 by university of california river  side chem  ists castro and step  hens and is used as a tool in the organic synthesis of organic compounds the reaction has similarities with the much older ro  sen  m  und – von brau  n synthesis 19  16 between ar  yl hali  des and copper i cyanide and was itself modified in 1973 with as the son  og  ash  ira coupling by adding a p  all  adi  um catalyst and preparing the organ  o  copper compound in situ allowing copper to also be used cataly  tically a typical reaction is the coupling of i  odo  benzene with the copper ace  ty  li  de of phen  yl  ace  ty  lene in ref  lux  ing py  ri  dine to di  phen  yl  ace  ty  lene application of castro – step  hens coupling with phen  y  li  od  ine unlike the son  og  ash  ira coupling the castro – step  hens coupling can produce heter  oc  ycl  ic compounds when a nucle  oph  il  ic group is orth  o to the ar  yl hali  de although this typically requires use of d  m  f as solvent application of castro step  hens coupling with o i  odo  benzo  ic acid to produce an iso  coumarin
a casualty loss is a type of tax loss that is a sudden unexpected or unusual event damage or loss resulting from progressive deterioration of property through a steadily operating cause would not be a casualty loss “ other casualty ” are events similar to “ fire storm or shipwreck ” it is generally held that wherever force is applied to property which the owner taxpayer is either unaware of because of the hidden nature of such application or is powerless to act to prevent the same because of the sudden  ness thereof or some other disability and damage results in the united states tax deductions are allowed for casualty losses under 26 u s c § 165 which allows deductions for losses sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by insurance or otherwise such deductions are limited under 26 u s c § 165 h 2 to the amount personal casualty losses exceed personal casualty gains plus 10 percent of the adjusted gross income of the individual within the taxable year additionally under 26 u s c § 165 h 1 individual taxpayers are only allowed to include losses to the extent they exceed 100 for each casualty in addition the deduction is limited to those losses sustained during the taxable year and not compensated by insurance or otherwise
cat scratch disease cs  d is a common and usually benign infectious disease caused by the bacter  ium bar  ton  ella hen  sel  ae it is most commonly found in children following a scratch or bite from a cat within about one to two weeks
cat eye syndrome ces or schmid – fr  acc  aro syndrome is a rare condition caused by the short arm p and a small section of the long arm q of human chro  mo  some 22 being present three tr  isom  ic or four times te  tras  om  ic usually 3 times instead of the usual two times the term cat eye syndrome was coined because of the particular appearance of the vertical co  lob  om  as in the eyes of some patients however over half of the ces patients in the literature do not present with this trait there is no significant reduction in life expectancy in patients who are not afflicted with one of ces life threatening ab  norm  alities
catalan charts catalan maps or catalan port  ol  ans are a subtype of the medieval period 13  00 – 1500 port  ol  an chart port  ol  an charts are a type of map generated by using a marin  er s compass and direct observation to determine the shape and location of coastlines and ports the term port  ol  an means pertaining to ports and harb  ors and should not be confused with relating to portugal sometimes they are referred to as catalan type port  ol  ans or simply catalan port  ol  ans two primary sub  groups of medieval period port  ol  an maps exist the italian and the catalan while both the italian and catalan maps derive from the same common source readings from a compass combined with direct observation there are several differences both in terms of style and in content
catal  ep  sy from greek κατ  ά  λη  ψ  ις seizing gras  ping is a nervous condition characterized by muscular rigidity and fix  ity of posture regardless of external stimul  i as well as decreased sensitivity to pain
the catal  ina ed  dy also called the coastal ed  dy is a loc  alized weather phenomenon that occurs in the bi  ght of california the mostly conv  ex portion of the southern california coast running from point conception to san diego the catal  ina ed  dy leads to the june gloom that is so much a part of the late spring and early summer weather in southern california the ed  dy gets its name from santa catal  ina island the channel island closest to the los angeles long beach area the center of an ed  dy is often located above or near the island while a catal  ina ed  dy can develop at any time of the year it is most common between april and september and peaks in june during these months upper level north  wester  ly flow along the california coast is directed on  shore by the channel islands when the flow is blocked by the mountains that ring the los angeles basin to the east and north a counter  c  lock  wise vor  tex is created as temperatures drop after sunset the marine layer deep  ens and coastal str  atus clouds thick  en while the vor  tex is relatively small rarely more than 100 miles 160 km in diameter it can extend into inland valleys and even into the south  western mo  j  ave desert a very strong catal  ina ed  dy can be as deep as 6000 feet 1 8 km a catal  ina ed  dy is rarely prolonged as the heat over the deser  ts causes air to rise the resulting pressure gr  adi  ent and increase in the normal on  shore winds causes the vor  tex to dissip  ate the result is the common local weather forecast calling for late night and early morning low clouds and fog followed by afternoon sunshine and sea bree  zes
catal  ysis k  ə  ˈ  t  æ  l  ᵻ  s  ᵻ  s is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalyst ˈ  k  æ  t  ə  l  ᵻ  st with a catalyst reactions occur faster because they require less activation energy furthermore since they are not consumed in the cataly  zed reaction cataly  sts can continue to act repeatedly often only tiny amounts are required in principle
epi  le  psy is a chronic neuro  logical condition characterized by recurrent seizures cat  amen  ial epi  le  psy is a sub  set of epi  le  psy which includes women whose seizures are exacerbated by their men  str  ual cycle women with cat  amen  ial epi  le  psy are unusually sensitive to endo  genous hormonal changes this seizure exacerb  ation has a statistically significant positive correlation to serum estr  adi  ol estro  gen levels and ratios since at least the greek times there has been documented study of women with epi  le  psy and its correlation to the men  str  ual cycle these patterns can easily be seen by char  ting out m  enses against seizure occurrence and type
cat  amen  ial pneu  mo  thor  ax is a condition of collapsed lung pneu  mo  thor  ax occurring in conjunction with men  str  ual periods cat  amen  ial refers to men  str  uation believed to be caused primarily by end  ome  tri  osis of the ple  ura the memb  rane surrounding the lung
cat  ap  hy  lax  is is the deterioration of the natural defense system of the body due to an infection
cat  ap  l  ex  y is a sudden and transi  ent episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness typically triggered by emotions such as laughing crying or terror it is the cardinal symptom of narco  le  psy with cat  ap  l  ex  y affecting roughly 70 of people who have narco  le  psy and is caused by an auto  immune destruction of the neuro  transmitter hypo  cre  tin also called ore  x  in which regulates ar  ous  al and wa  ke  fulness cat  ap  l  ex  y without narco  le  psy is rare and the cause is unknown the term cat  ap  l  ex  y originates from the greek κατά k  ata meaning down and π  λ  ῆ  ξ  ις pl  ē  x  is meaning stroke
in electro  magne  tics the cat  ap  ult effect is a phenomenon occurring when a current is passed through two wires connected by a loose wire in a magnetic field the loose wire is then cat  ap  ulted horizon  tally away from the magnetic field this occurs due to the magnetic forces acting in the wires and in the magnetic field itself
a cat  ar  act is a clou  ding of the lens in the eye leading to a decrease in vision it can affect one or both eyes often it develops slowly symptoms may include faded colors blur  ry vision hal  os around light trouble with bright lights and trouble seeing at night this may result in trouble driving reading or recognizing faces poor vision may also result in an increased risk of falling and depression cat  ar  acts are the cause of half of blindness and 33 of visual impairment worldwide cat  ar  acts are most commonly due to aging but may also occur due to trauma or radiation exposure be present from birth or occur following eye surgery for other problems risk factors include diabetes smoking tobacco prolonged exposure to sunlight and alcohol either clum  ps of protein or yellow brown pig  ment may be deposited in the lens reducing the transmission of light to the re  tina at the back of the eye diagnosis is by an eye examination prevention includes wearing sun  glasses and not smoking early on the symptoms may be improved with eye  glasses if this does not help surgery to remove the clou  dy lens and replace it with an artificial lens is the only effective treatment surgery is only needed if the cat  ar  acts are causing problems surgery generally results in an improved quality of life cat  ar  act surgery is not easily available in many countries which is especially true for women those living in rural areas and those who cannot read about 20 million people globally are blind due to cat  ar  acts it is the cause of about 5 of blindness in the united states and nearly 60 of blindness in parts of africa and south america blindness from cat  ar  acts occurs in about 10 to 40 per 100 000 children in the developing world and 1 to 4 per 100 000 children in the developed world cat  ar  acts become more common with age more than half the people in the united states had cat  ar  acts by the age of 80
the cat  ar  act micro  cor  ne  a syndrome is the association of con  genital cat  ar  act and micro  cor  ne  a
the cat  ar  acts of the nile are shallow lengths or white water rap  ids of the nile river between as  wan and khartoum where the surface of the water is broken by many small b  oul  ders and stones ju  tting out of the river bed as well as many rocky is  lets in some places these stretches are punctu  ated by white  water and are perhaps well characterized as rap  ids while at others the water flow is smo  other but still shallow
cat  arr  h k  ə  ˈ  t  ɑ  ː  r or cat  arr  hal infl  amm  ation is infl  amm  ation of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es in one of the airways or ca  vities of the body usually with reference to the throat and par  an  as  al sin  uses it can result in a thick exu  date of m  uc  us and white blood cells caused by the sw  elling of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es in the head in response to an infection it is a symptom usually associated with the common cold phar  yn  gi  tis and ch  esty cou  ghs but it can also be found in patients with aden  o  idi  tis o  ti  tis media sin  u  si  tis or ton  sil  li  tis the ph  leg  m produced by cat  arr  h may either discharge or cause a block  age that may become chronic the word cat  arr  h was widely used in medicine since before the era of medical science which explains why it has various senses and in older texts may be synonymous with or vaguely in  distingu  ishable from common cold nas  op  har  yn  gi  tis phar  yn  gi  tis rh  initi  s or sin  u  si  tis the word is no longer as widely used in american medical practice mostly because more precise words are available for any particular path  osis indeed to the extent that it is still used it is no longer viewed no  so  logically as a disease entity but instead as a symptom a sign or a syndrome of both the term cat  arr  h is found in medical sources from the united kingdom the word has also been common in the folk medicine of app  al  achi  a where medicinal plants have been used to treat the infl  amm  ation and drainage associated with the condition
a catastrophic illness is a severe illness requiring prolonged hosp  itali  zation or recovery examples would include coma cancer leuk  emia heart attack or stroke these illnesses usually involve high costs for hospitals doctors and medicines and may incapac  itate the person from working creating a financial hardship they are the type intended to be covered by high deductible health plans research indicates that the unusual economic environment of the delivery of catastrophic illness care encourages the use of innovative therapies medicare contains a benefit for catastrophic illness
for a description of catastrophic injuries that do not apply to the central nervous system see major trauma a catastrophic injury is a severe injury to the sp  ine spinal cord or brain and may also include skull or spinal fractu  res this is a sub  set of the definition for the legal term catastrophic injury which is based on the definition used by the american medical association the national center for catastrophic sport injury research in the united states classi  fies catastrophic injuries based on the three outcomes associated with them fat  ality those causing permanent severe functional disability and those causing severe head or neck trauma with no permanent disability a fatal injury may be a direct result of trauma sustained during an activity or may occur indirectly indirect non  fatal catastrophic injury may occur as a result of systemic failure from exer  tion during an activity such as from cardiovascular conditions heat illness exer  tional hy  pon  at  re  mia or dehydr  ation or a complic  ation to a non  fatal injury indirect fatalities are usually caused by cardiovascular conditions such as hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy and coron  ary artery disease fatal injury may reveal an unknown underlying anatom  ical or physiological ab  normality individuals with certain anatom  ical anomalies should not participate in some activities for example contact sports are contr  ain  dic  ated for individuals with an anom  alous od  on  to  id process as any violent impact may result in a catastrophic injury this is because a mal  formed od  on  to  id process may lead to instability between the atlas and axis the c 1 and c 2 cer  vic  al verte  bra  e those with atlan  to oc  ci  p  ital fusion should also avoid contact sports
a catastrophic kill k kill or complete kill is damage inflicted on an ar  mored vehicle that amounts to complete destruction of the vehicle rendering it both permanently non functional and un  repair  able the term knocked out refers to a vehicle which has been damaged to the point of in  oper  ability and abandoned by its crew but is not obviously beyond the point of repair while a knocked out vehicle may be later determined to be irreparable and written off a k kill is more obvious and usually involves the destruction of the vehicle by fire and or explosion among tank cre  w  men it is also commonly known as a brew up coined from the british world war ii term for lighting a fire in order to brew tea the expression arose because british troops used an old petrol tin with holes punched in the side as a ma  kes  hi  ft stove on which to brew their tea the flames lic  king out of the holes in the side of the tin resemb  led a burning tank and thus the expression was coined typically a catastrophic kill results in the ignition of any fuel the vehicle may be carrying as well as the detonation cooking off or sympathetic detonation of its ammunition a catastrophic kill does not necessarily preclude the survival of the vehicle s crew although most historical casualties in ar  mored warfare were the result of k kills this type of kill is also associated with the jack in the box effect where a tank s tur  ret is blown sky  ward due to the over  pressure of an ammunition explosion some tank designs employ blow off panels chann  eling such explosions outside of the vehicle turning an otherwise catastrophic kill into a fire  power kill
cat  at  onia is a state of neuro  genic motor im  mobility and behavioral ab  normality manifested by stu  por it was first described in 18  74 by karl lud  wig kah  l  bau  m in die kat  at  on  ie oder das sp  ann  ung  sir  res  ein cat  at  onia or tension insan  ity in the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders cat  at  onia is not recognized as a separate disorder but is associated with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia cat  at  onic type bipolar disorder post traumatic stress disorder depression and other mental disorders narco  le  psy as well as drug abuse or over  dose or both it may also be seen in many medical disorders including infections such as en  ce  ph  ali  tis auto  immune disorders focal neuro  logic le  sions including stro  kes metabol  ic disturbances alcohol withdrawal and abrupt or overly rapid benzo  di  az  ep  ine withdrawal it can be an adverse reaction to prescribed medication it bears similarity to conditions such as en  ce  ph  ali  tis leth  arg  ica and neuro  le  ptic m  align  ant syndrome there are a variety of treatments available benzo  di  az  ep  ines are a first line treatment strategy electro con  vul  sive therapy is also sometimes used there is growing evidence for the effectiveness of n  m  da antagon  ists for benzo  di  az  ep  ine resistant cat  at  onia anti  psycho  tics are sometimes employed but require caution as they can worsen symptoms and have serious adverse effects
cat  at  um  bo lightning spanish rel  á  mp  ago del cat  at  um  bo is an atmospheric phenomenon in colombia and venezuela it occurs only over the mouth of the cat  at  um  bo river where it emp  ties into lake mar  ac  ai  bo it originates from a mass of storm clouds at a height of more than 1 km and occurs during 140 to 260 nights a year 10 hours per day and up to 280 times per hour it occurs over and around lake mar  ac  ai  bo typically over the bo  g area formed where the cat  at  um  bo river flows into the lake cat  at  um  bo lightning changes its frequency along the year and it is different from year to year for example it ceased from january to march 2010 apparently due to drought temporarily raising fears that it might have been extinguished permanently
cat  ec  hol  am  iner  gic poly  morph  ic ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia c  pv  t also called famili  al poly  morph  ic ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia f  pv  t or cat  ec  hol  amine induced poly  morph  ic ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia is a disorder characterized by an abnormal heart rhythm arr  hy  th  mia thought to affect as many as one in ten thousand people it is estimated to cause 15 of all un  explained sudden cardiac deaths in young people first recognized in 1975 this condition is due to mutations in genes en  coding a calcium channel or proteins related to this channel all mut  ated proteins participate in the regulation of calcium ion flow in and out of the sar  co  plas  matic re  ticul  um of cardiac cells therefore reduced electrical stability of cardi  om  y  oc  y  tes may cause the heart to enter a life threatening state of ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mia as response to the natural release of cat  ec  hol  am  ines from nerve end  ings on the heart muscle and from the adren  al g  lands into the circulation this rhythm disturbance prevents the heart from pumping blood appropriately ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia may self terminate or degenerate into ven  tric  ular fi  bri  ll  ation causing sudden death unless immediate cardi  op  ul  mon  ary resusc  itation is applied
in mathematics categorical al  ge  bra is a sub  field of al  ge  bra that approaches al  ge  bra from the categorical point of view for example the study of a sym  metric mono  idal category as an al  ge  bra  ic object might be considered as a part of categorical al  ge  bra it is closely related to hom  ot  op  ical al  ge  bra in the recent years the field has been experiencing a turbulent change due to the in  fusion of topo  logical ideas
a category mistake or category error or categorical mistake or mistake of category is a sem  an  tic or on  to  logical error in which things belonging to a particular category are presented as if they belong to a different category or alternatively a property is ascri  bed to a thing that could not possibly have that property an example is the metaphor time craw  led which if taken literally is not just false but a category mistake to show that a category mistake has been committed one must typically show that once the phenomenon in question is properly understood it becomes clear that the claim being made about it could not possibly be true
cate  l – man  z  ke syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive ab  norm  alities of the index fingers the classic features of pierre robin syndrome occasionally with additional physical findings pierre robin syndrome refers to a sequence of ab  norm  alities that may occur as a distinct syndrome or as part of another underlying disorder pierre robin syndrome is characterized by an unusually small jaw micro  gn  ath  ia downward displacement or re  traction of the tongue glos  sop  to  sis and incomplete closure of the roof of the mouth cle  ft pal  ate it is also linked to hyper mobility syndrome
the cat  fish effect is the effect that a strong competitor has in causing the weak to better themselves actions done to actively apply this effect for example by the human resource department in an organization are termed cat  fish management in norway live sardines are several times more expensive than frozen ones and are valued for better tex  ture and flavor it was said that only one ship could bring live sard  ine home and the ship  master kept his method a secret after he died people found that there was one cat  fish in the tank the cat  fish keeps swimming and the sardines try to avoid this predat  or this increased level of activity keeps the sardines active instead of becoming sed  entary according to vince from cat  fish the movie in human resource management this is a method used to motivate a team so that each member feels strong competition thus keeping up the competitiveness of the whole team
cath  od  olu  min  es  cence is an optical and electromagnetic phenomenon in which electron  s imp  acting on a lumin  es  cent material such as a phosp  h  or cause the emission of pho  tons which may have wa  vel  eng  ths in the visible spectrum a familiar example is the generation of light by an electr  on beam scanning the phosp  h  or co  ated inner surface of the screen of a television that uses a cath  ode ray tube cath  od  olu  min  es  cence is the in  verse of the photo  electric effect in which electr  on emission is induced by irradiation with pho  tons
catholic campus ministry is the presence and ministry or service of the roman catholic church on the campus of a school college or university it may include the setting up of clubs groups and organizations as well as the anim  ating of lit  urg  ies re  treats reco  ll  ections and the handling of religion classes workshops and seminars some examples of catholic campus ministries include newman club newman a  post  ol  ate and catholic student association
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy ro  le  playing game the cat  ob  le  pas k  ə  ˈ  to  ʊ  bl  ᵻ  p  ə  s or k  æ  ˈ  t  ɒ  bl  ᵻ  p  ə  s is an aberr  ation
c  aud  a equ  ina syndrome ces is a serious neuro  logic condition in which damage to the c  aud  a equ  ina causes loss of function of the lum  bar plex  us nerve roots of the spinal canal below the termination con  us med  ul  lar  is of the spinal cord ces is a lower motor ne  uron le  sion
c  aud  al regression syndrome or sac  ral agen  esis or hypo  pl  asia of the sac  rum is a con  genital disorder in which there is abnormal fe  tal development of the lower sp  ine — the c  aud  al partition of the sp  ine it occurs at a rate of approximately one per 25 000 live births
cau  lif  lower ear is a condition that occurs when the external portion of the ear is hit and develops a blood clo  t or other collection of fluid under the peric  hon  dri  um this separates the car  til  age from the over  lying peric  hon  dri  um that supplies its nutrients causing it to die and resulting in the formation of fi  bro  us tissue in the over  lying skin as a result the outer ear becomes permanently sw  oll  en and de  formed resembling a cau  lif  lower the condition is common in martial arts like boxing mixed martial arts or wrestling and in full contact sports such as rug  by union football
causal reasoning is the process of identifying caus  ality the relationship between a cause and its effect the study of caus  ality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuro  psychology assumptions about the nature of caus  ality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one the first known proto  scientific study of cause and effect occurred in aristo  tle s physics
in lingu  is  tics caus  ative alter  nation is a cross linguistic phenomenon in which certain ver  bs that express a change of state or a change of degree can be used transi  tively or intransi  tively a caus  atively altern  ating ver  b such as open has both a transi  tive meaning i opened the door and an intransi  tive meaning the door opened when caus  atively altern  ating ver  bs are used transi  tively they are called caus  atives since in the transi  tive use of the ver  b the subject is causing the action den  oted by the intransi  tive version when caus  atively altern  ating ver  bs are used intransi  tively they are referred to as antic  aus  atives or in  cho  atives because the intransi  tive variant describes a situation in which the theme participant in this case the door under  goes a change of state becoming for example opened
in law medicine and statistics cause of death is a term which refers to an official determination of conditions resulting in a human s death in modern times such determin  ations usually become an essential data point of an official death certificate
par  kinson s disease pd is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system most people with pd have idi  opathic par  kinson s disease having no specific known cause a small proportion of cases however can be attributed to known genetic factors other factors such as environmental toxins her  bic  ides pesticides and fun  g  ic  ides have been associated with the risk of developing pd but no causal relationships have been proven
the causes of poverty include changing trends in a country ’ s economy lack of education high divorce rate which causes fem  ini  zation of poverty having a culture of poverty over  population epidemic diseases such as aids and malaria and environmental problems such as lack of rainfall the united states reduced poverty in the elderly with the creation of the social security program almost 50 percent of people in the world today live on less than 2 50 per day the poverty rate among sen  i  ors in the united states is at 9 percent as of 2010 in 1960 the official poverty rate among the elderly was 35 percent the netherlands offers a universal pension and leads the world with a 1 7 percent poverty rate among the elderly extreme poverty may affect the lifespan and the lack of money via some type of pension system increases the poverty rate among the elderly worldwide extreme weather may be a cause of poverty in many countries drought rainfall and flooding are some of the biggest causes of poverty by weather when natural disasters do not gain media attention raising money becomes more difficult this is made worse when governments spend money in the capitals instead of the poorest areas which need it most tony blair in a bbc discussion states that the cause of poverty is inequality of opportunity
caus  tic emb  rit  t  lement is the phenomenon in which the material of a boiler becomes brit  tle due to the accumulation of caus  tic substances
a cave in is a collapse of a geo  logic formation mine or structure which may occur during mining or tunn  eling geo  logic structures prone to spontaneous cave ins include al  var t  sing  y and other lime  stone formations but can also include lava tubes and a variety of other sub  surface rock formations glaci  er ca  ves and other ice formations are very prone to collapse from exposure to warm temperatures or running water in mining the term roof fall is used to refer to a many types of collapses ranging from the fall of a single fla  ke of shale to collapses that form sink holes that reach to the surface however roof falls in mining are not all accidental in long  wall mining and retreat mining min  ers systematically remove all support from under large areas of the mine roof allowing it to settle just beyond the work area the goal in such mining methods is not to prevent roof fall and the ensuing surface subsid  ence but rather to control it
ca  vern  ous hem  an  gi  oma also called ca  vern  ous an  gi  oma ca  ver  no  ma or cere  br  al ca  vern  ous mal  formation cc  m when referring to presence in the brain is a type of blood vessel mal  formation or hem  an  gi  oma where a collection of dil  ated blood vessels form a benign tumor because of this mal  formation blood flow through the ca  vities or ca  vern  s is slow additionally the cells that form the vessels do not form the necessary junc  tions with surrounding cells also the structural support from the smooth muscle is hindered causing leakage into the surrounding tissue it is the leakage of blood known as a hemorrha  ge from these vessels that causes a variety of symptoms known to be associated with this disease
a ca  vern  ous liver ha  eman  gi  oma or he  p  atic ha  eman  gi  oma is a benign tum  our of the liver composed of he  p  atic endo  the  li  al cells it is the most common liver tum  our and is usually as  ymp  tomatic and diagnosed incidentally on radiological imaging liver ha  eman  gi  om  as are thought to be con  genital in origin several sub  types exist including the giant he  p  atic ha  eman  gi  oma which can cause significant complications
ca  vern  ous sin  us thro  m  bo  sis c  st is the formation of a blood clo  t within the ca  vern  ous sin  us a cav  ity at the base of the brain which dra  ins de  oxy  genated blood from the brain back to the heart the cause is usually from a spreading infection in the nose sin  uses ears or teeth stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us and st  rep  to  co  cc  us are often the associated bacteria ca  vern  ous sin  us thro  m  bo  sis symptoms include decrease or loss of vision chem  osis ex  oph  thal  mos bul  ging eyes headaches and paralysis of the cran  ial nerves which course through the ca  vern  ous sin  us this infection is life threatening and requires immediate treatment which usually includes antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage
ca  vern  ous ven  ous mal  formations present as rounded bright red or deep purple spon  gy no  d  ules occurring chiefly on the head and neck and may involve both the skin and the mu  co  us memb  ran  es it can be associated with kr  it 1 cc  m 2 or p  d  cd 10
caviar tongue also termed su  bl  ing  ual vari  co  sities or su  bl  ing  ual var  ices is a condition characterized by pur  pl  ish ven  ous ec  ta  si  as commonly found on the ven  tr  al under  surface of the tongue after the age of fifty it is normal for there to be ve  ins visible underneath the tongue partly because the mu  co  us memb  rane is so thin and trans  luc  ent in this region but where these vessels become dil  ated and tor  tuous they may appear round and black like caviar
cav  itary pneumonia is a disease in which the normal lung architecture is replaced by a cav  ity in a healthy lung oxygen transport occurs at the level of the al  ve  oli each of which has an average size of 0 1 mm these air spaces can become enlarged by a number of processes bacterial infection tuberculosis fun  gal infection vas  cu  li  tis gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis coll  agen vascular disease sjö  gre  n s syndrome or gran  ul  om  at  ous disease sar  co  ido  sis
in the brain the cav  um vel  i inter  posi  ti c  vi is a condition in which the cis  ter  n of the vel  um inter  pos  it  um becomes dil  ated the phenomenon usually occurs in new  bor  ns ax  ial mr ct show a tri  ang  ular shaped cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf space between the lateral ven  tric  les on sag  it  tal images c  vi can appear as a sli  t like linear to round o  void c  sf collection below the for  n  ices and above the 3 rd ven  tric  le there are usually no associated ab  norm  alities although larger le  sions may cause an obstruc  tive hydro  cephal  us no treatment is usually necessary
cec  al bas  cule is a cause of large bo  wel obstruction where there is fol  ding of the cec  um an  ter  ior  ly over the asc  ending col  on it is differentiated from cec  al vol  vul  us which is caused by rot  ational tor  sion of the cec  um or asc  ending col  on along its own axis in cec  al bas  cule the base of the cec  um fol  ds an  ter  ior  ly over the asc  ending col  on creating a fl  ap valve obstructing emp  tying of the cec  um the condition can be complicated by necro  sis or organ per  for  ation before the diagnosis is made particularly if the i  le  oc  ec  al valve is competent preventing retrograde de  compression of the cec  um into the i  leum
celebrity worship syndrome c  ws is an obs  essive addictive disorder in which a person becomes overly involved with the details of a celebrity s personal life psychologists have indicated that though many people obs  ess over film television sport and pop stars the only common factor between them is that they are all figures in the public eye
a cel  esti  al event is an astro  nom  ical phenomenon of interest that involves one or more cel  esti  al bodies examples of cel  esti  al events include the cyclical phases of the moon solar and lun  ar ec  lip  ses trans  its and oc  cul  tations plan  e  tary op  positions and con  junc  tions mete  or sho  wers and com  et fl  y  b  ys
ce  lib  acy syndrome japanese セ  ッ  ク  ス  し  な  い  症  候  群 sek  k  usu shin  ai sh  ō  k  ō  gun is a syndrome not recognized by any medical or psychological body rather it is a media hypothesis claiming that a growing number of japanese adults have lost interest in sexual activity and have also lost interest in romantic love dating and marriage the theory has been reported by unknown members of japan s media according to journalist ab  ig  ail ha  worth of the guardian following the report the theory gained wide spread attention in english media outlets in 2013 and was subsequently refu  ted by several journalists and blog  gers
cell potency is a cell s ability to differentiate into other cell types the more cell types a cell can differentiate into the greater its potency potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell which like a continu  um begins with to  ti  potency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential plur  i  potency multi  potency oligo  potency and finally uni  potency potency is taken from the latin term pot  ens which means having power
cell sorting is the ability to separate cells according to their properties these properties can be described as in  trac  ell  ular inside the cell or ex  trac  ell  ular outside the cell in  trac  ell  ular processes can include dna r  na and protein mol  ecu  le interaction whereas ex  trac  ell  ular physical properties include size shape mor  pho  logy and surface protein expression
cell  o scro  tum is a ho  ax medical condition originally published as a brief case report in the british medical journal in 1974 as its name suggests it was pur  portedly an afflic  tion of the scro  tum affecting male players of the cell  o
cellul  ite also known as adi  pos  is e  dem  at  osa der  mop  ann  icul  osis de  form  ans status pro  tru  sus cu  tis gy  no  id li  po  dy  stro  phy and orange peel syndrome is the her  ni  ation of sub  cu  taneous fat within fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue that manifests topo  graphically as skin dim  pling and no  dul  arity often on the pel  vic region specifically the but  toc  ks lower limbs and ab  dom  en cellul  ite is a secondary sex characteristic occurring in most post  pu  bes  cent females a review gives a prevalence of 85 98 of women indicating that it is physi  o  logic rather than patho  logic it can result from a complex combination of factors ranging from hormones to here  dity
cell  u  li  tis is a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin it specifically affects the der  mis and sub  cu  taneous fat signs and symptoms include an area of red  ness which increases in size over a couple of days the borders of the area of red  ness are generally not sharp and the skin may be sw  oll  en while the red  ness often turns white when pressure is applied this is not always the case the area of infection is usually painful lymp  h  atic vessels may occasionally be involved and the person may have a fever and feel tired the legs and face are the most common site involved though cell  u  li  tis can occur on any part of the body the leg is typically affected following a break in the skin other risk factors include obesity leg sw  elling and old age for face infections a break in the skin beforehand is not usually the case the bacteria most commonly involved are st  rep  to  coc  ci and stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us in contrast to cell  u  li  tis er  y  si  pel  as is a bacterial infection involving the more superficial layers of the skin presents with an area of red  ness with well defined edges and more often is associated with fever more serious infections such as an underlying bone infection or necro  tizing fas  ci  i  tis should be ruled out diagnosis is usually based on the presenting signs and symptoms with cell culture rarely being possible treatment with antibiotics taken by mouth such as cephal  ex  in am  ox  ic  ill  in or clo  x  ac  ill  in is often used in those who are seriously allergic to pen  ic  ill  in er  y  thro  my  cin or clin  dam  y  cin may be used when meth  ic  ill  in resistant s au  re  us mr  sa is a concern do  xy  cycl  ine or trim  eth  op  rim sul  f  ame  th  ox  azole may in addition be recommended concern is related to the presence of p  us or previous mr  sa infections ster  oids may speed recovery in those on antibiotics elev  ating the infected area may be useful as may pain killers around 95 of people are better after seven to ten days of treatment potential complications include abs  c  ess formation bacterial skin infections affected about 155 million people and cell  u  li  tis occurred in about 37 million people in 2013 this is about two of every 1000 people per year cell  u  li  tis in 2013 resulted in about 30 000 deaths worldwide in the united kingdom cell  u  li  tis was the reason for 1 6 of ad  missions to hospital
cel  tic ma  zes are straight line spiral patterns that have been drawn all over the world since pre  historic times the patterns originate in early cel  tic developments in stone and metal work and later in medieval ins  ular art pre  historic spiral designs date back to g  av  rin  is c 3500 b  ce the straight line spir  als of cel  tic labyrin  ths originated in chev  ron  s and lo  z  eng  es and are drawn by the cel  ts using a connect the do  ts method cel  tic labyrin  ths are found among car  v  ings at cam  onica valley occupied by the cel  ts early in the first millennium most older than the one kno  s  sos or classical style example found there the myth  ology associated with the labyrin  ths also suggest cel  tic origin for example the labyrin  ths containing eyes or a figure with horns and a snake about its wa  ist imply the de  ity cer  nun  nos lastly cel  tic examples resembling the cre  tan model but featuring path line reversal the path of one is traceable as the line of the other suggest cel  tic pre knowledge of their construction methods of constructing classical labyrin  ths from figure with ser  p  ent through wa  ist and oc  ular spiral may be demonstrated
a cem  en  tic  le is a small spher  ical or o  void calci  fied mass embedded within or attached to the cem  ent  um layer on the root surface of a tooth or lying free within the period  on  tal lig  ament they tend to occur in elderly individuals there are 3 types free cem  en  tic  le not attached to cem  ent  um attached ses  sile cem  en  tic  le attached to the cem  ent  um surface also termed ex  oc  em  ent  osis embedded inter  sti  tial cem  en  tic  le with advancing age the cem  ent  um thick  ens and the cem  en  tic  le may become incorporated into the cem  ent  um layer they may be visible on a radio  graph x ray they may appear sing  ly or in groups and are most commonly found at the tip of the root their size is variable but generally they are small about 0 2 mm 0 3 mm in diameter cem  en  tic  les are usually ac  ell  ular and may contain either fi  bri  ll  ar or a  fi  bri  ll  ar cem  ent  um or a mixture of both cem  en  tic  les are the result of dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication but the reason why this takes place is unclear cem  en  tic  les are thought to form when calci  fication occurs around a ni  dus a precipit  ating center around this ni  dus they slowly enlarge by further de  position of calcium salts examples of how cem  en  tic  les are thought to form include calci  fication due to degenerative changes in the epi  the  li  al cell rests of mal  as  se  z calci  fication of thro  m  bo  sed blocked cap  il  lar  ies in the period  on  tal lig  ament i e a ph  le  boli  th micro  trauma to shar  pe  y s fibres causes small sp  ic  ules of cem  ent  um or al  ve  ol  ar bone to spl  inter into the period  on  tal memb  rane some do not consider these as true cem  en  tic  les
cem  ento osse  ous dys  pl  asia cod is a benign condition of the ja  ws that may arise from the fi  bro  bl  asts of the period  on  tal lig  aments it is most common in african american females the three types are peri  ap  ical cem  ental dys  pl  asia common in blacks focal cem  ento osse  ous dys  pl  asia cauca  sians and flori  d cem  ento osse  ous dys  pl  asia blacks peri  ap  ical occurs most commonly in the man  di  bul  ar an  terior teeth while focal appears predominantly in the man  di  bul  ar poster  ior teeth and flori  d in both max  illa and man  di  ble in multiple quad  rants
cem  ent  obl  ast  oma or benign cem  ent  obl  ast  oma is a relatively rare benign ne  op  las  m of the cem  ent  um of the teeth it is derived from ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  me of od  on  to  genic origin less than 0 69 – 8 of all od  on  to  genic tumors
cem  ent  oma is an od  on  to  genic tumor of cem  ent  um it usually occurs after root development is finished found predominantly in african american women older than 40 it is found most commonly in the man  di  ble in the region of the lower mol  ar teeth it causes distortion of surrounding areas but is a usually pain  less growth at least initially considerable thick  ening of the cem  ent  um can often be observed a peri  ap  ical form is also recognized
cen  ani – len  z syn  d  ac  ty  lis  m also known as cen  ani – len  z syndrome or cen  ani – syn  d  ac  ty  lis  m is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital mal  formation syndrome involving both upper and lower extre  mi  ties
c  én  g  kok old orth  o  graphy ch  eng  kok are patterns played by the elabor  ating instruments in the jav  anese gam  el  an they are mel  od  ic formula that lead to a s  è  l  è  h following the rules of the pa  the  t of the piece the most elaborate c  eng  kok reper  to  ire is that of the g  end  é  r bar  ung the gam  bang and sit  er on the other hand do not have such form  alized sets of c  eng  kok and therefore may vary more from performer to performer most c  eng  kok derive from the vocal reper  to  ire and many have names that originally came from ly  rics like the well known ay  u kun  ing they may incorporate pre existent mel  od  ic patterns through a process of cent  on  ization
in statistics engineering economics and medical research cens  oring is a condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known for example suppose a study is conducted to measure the impact of a drug on mortality rate in such a study it may be known that an individual s age at death is at least 75 years but may be more such a situation could occur if the individual withdrew from the study at age 75 or if the individual is currently alive at the age of 75 cens  oring also occurs when a value occurs outside the range of a measuring instrument for example a bathroom scale might only measure up to 300 pounds 140 kg if a 350 lb 160 kg individual is weighed using the scale the observer would only know that the individual s weight is at least 300 pounds 140 kg the problem of censored data in which the observed value of some variable is partially known is related to the problem of missing data where the observed value of some variable is unknown cens  oring should not be confused with the related idea tr  unc  ation with cens  oring observations result either in knowing the exact value that applies or in knowing that the value lies within an interval with tr  unc  ation observations never result in values outside a given range values in the population outside the range are never seen or never recorded if they are seen note that in statistics tr  unc  ation is not the same as rounding
a centi  pe  de bite is an injury resulting from the action of a centi  pe  de s forci  pul  es p  inc  er like append  ages that pierce the skin and inject ven  om into the wound such a wound is not technically a bite as the forci  pul  es are modified first pair of legs rather than true mouth  parts clin  ically the wound is viewed as a cu  taneous condition characterized by p  aired hemorrha  gic marks that form a chev  ron shape caused by the large p  aired forci  pul  es of the centi  pe  de the centi  pe  de s ven  om causes pain and sw  elling in the area of the bite and may cause other reactions throughout the body the majority of bites are not life threatening to humans and present the greatest risk to children and those who develop allergic reactions
central cord syndrome c  cs is the most common form of cer  vic  al spinal cord injury it is characterized by loss of motion and sensation in arms and hands it usually results from trauma which causes damage to the neck leading to major injury to the central grey matter of the spinal cord the syndrome is more common in people over the age of 50 because o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis in the neck region causes weakening of the verte  bra  e c  cs most frequently occurs among older persons with cer  vic  al spon  dy  losis however it also may occur in younger individuals c  cs is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury syndrome it accounts for approximately 9 of traumatic sc  is after an incomplete injury the brain still has the capacity to send and receive some signals below the site of injury sending and receiving of signals to and from parts of the body is reduced not entirely blocked c  cs gives a greater motor loss in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs with variable sensory loss it was first described by schneider in 1954 it is generally associated with favorable prog  no  sis for some degree of neuro  logical and functional recovery however factors such as age pre  existing conditions and extent of injury will affect the recovery process
central core disease cc  d also known as central core my  opathy is an auto  som  al dominant con  genital my  opathy in  born muscle disorder it was first described by shy and mag  ee in 1956 it is characterized by the appearance of the my  o  fi  bri  l under the micro  scope
central facial pal  sy col  lo  qu  ially referred to as central seven is a symptom or finding characterized by paralysis or pa  res  is of the lower half of one side of the face it usually results from damage to upper motor neurons of the facial nerve the facial motor nucleus has dor  sal and ven  tr  al divisions that contain lower motor neurons supplying the muscles of the upper and lower face respectively the dor  sal division receives bilateral upper motor ne  uron input i e from both sides of the brain while the ven  tr  al division receives only contr  al  ateral input i e from the opposite side of the brain thus le  sions of the cor  ti  co  bul  bar tract between the cere  br  al cor  tex and p  ons and the facial motor nucleus destroy or reduce input to the ven  tr  al division but ip  si  lateral input i e from the same side to the dor  sal division is retained as a result central facial pal  sy is characterized by hem  i  paralysis or hem  ip  a  res  is of the contr  al  ateral muscles of facial expression but not the muscles of the fore  head
central giant cell gran  ul  oma c  g  c  g is a benign condition of the ja  ws it is twice as likely to affect women and is more likely to occur in 20 to 40 year old people central giant cell gran  ul  om  as are more common in the man  di  ble and often cross the mid  line
central hypo  ventilation syndrome ch  s is a respiratory disorder that results in respiratory arrest during sleep ch  s can either be con  genital c  ch  s or acquired ah  cs later in life it is fatal if untreated it is also known by on  dine s curse ach  s can develop as a result of severe injury or trauma to the brain or bra  inst  em con  genital cases are very rare and involves a failure of autonom  ic control of breathing in 2006 there were only about 200 known cases worldwide as of 2008 only 1000 total cases were known the diagnosis may be delayed because of variations in the severity of the manifestations or lack of awareness in the medical community particularly in mil  der cases however as there have been cases where as  ymp  tomatic family members also were found to have c  ch  s it may be that these figures only reflect those found to require mechanical ventilation in all cases episodes of ap  ne  a occur in sleep but in a few patients at the most severe end of the spectrum ap  ne  a also occurs while awake although rare cases of long term untreated c  ch  s have been reported and are termed late onset c  ch  s lo c  ch  s cases that go un  diagnosed until later life and middle age although the symptoms are usually obvious in retrospect there have however even been cases of lo c  ch  s where family members found to have it have been as  ymp  tomatic again lack of awareness in the medical community may cause such a delay c  ch  s suscep  tibility is not known to be affected by gender
central nervous system ca  vern  ous hem  an  gi  oma is a ca  vern  ous hem  an  gi  oma that arises in the central nervous system cns it can be considered to be a variant of hem  an  gi  oma and is characterized by grossly large dil  ated blood vessels and large vascular channels less well circum  scri  bed and more involved with deep structures with a single layer of endo  the  lium and an absence of neuro  nal tissue within the le  sions these thin  ly w  alled vessels resemble sin  us  o  idal ca  vities filled with stagnant blood blood vessels in patients with cere  br  al ca  vern  ous mal  formations cc  m can range from a few milli  meters to several centi  meters in diameter most le  sions occur in the brain but any organ may be involved
a central nervous system cyst is a cyst that primarily presents in the tissue of the central nervous system examples include chor  o  id plex  us cyst ar  ach  no  id cyst po  ren  cephal  y
central nervous system diseases also known as central nervous system disorders are disorders of the structure or function of either the spinal cord e g a my  el  opathy or brain e g an encephalopathy both of which are part of the central nervous system
central nervous system fatigue or central fatigue is a form of fatigue that is associated with changes in the syn  ap  tic concentration of neuro  transmitters within the central nervous system cns including the brain and spinal cord which affects exercise performance and muscle function and cannot be explained by peripheral factors that affect muscle function in healthy individuals central fatigue can occur from prolonged exercise and is associated with neuro  chemical changes in the brain primarily involving sero  ton  in 5 ht nor  adren  al  ine and dop  amine central fatigue plays an important role in end  ur  ance sports and also highlights the importance of proper nutrition in end  ur  ance athletes
a central nervous system viral disease is a viral infection that affects the central nervous system an example is poli  om  ye  li  tis other examples include members of the poly  om  avi  rus family
central neuro  cy  tom  a abbreviated cn  c is an extremely rare ordinarily benign intra  ven  tric  ular brain tum  our that typically forms from the neuro  nal cells of the sep  tum p  ell  u  ci  dum the majority of central neuro  cy  tom  as grow in  wards into the ven  tric  ular system forming interven  tric  ular neuro  cy  tom  as this leads to two primary symptoms of cn  cs blurred vision and increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure treatment for a central neuro  cy  tom  a typically involves surgical removal with an approximate 1 in 5 chance of recurrence central neuro  cy  tom  as are classified as a grade ii tumor under the world health organization s classification of tumors of the nervous system
central neuro  genic hyper  ventilation cn  h is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep and rapid bre  aths at a rate of at least 25 bre  aths per minute increasing irregularity of this respiratory rate generally is a sign that the patient will enter into coma cn  h is unrelated to other forms of hyper  ventilation like k  us  s  ma  ul s respir  ations cn  h is the human body s response to reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood this reduction in carbon dioxide is caused by contraction of cran  ial arter  ies from damage caused by le  sions in the brain stem however the mechanism by which cn  h arises as a result from these le  sions is still very poorly understood current research has yet to provide an effective means of treatment for the rare number of patients who are diagnosed with this condition
the central od  on  to  genic fi  bro  ma is a rare benign od  on  to  genic tumor it is more common in adults with the average age being 40 it is twice as likely to affect women than men it is usually found either in the an  terior max  illa or the poster  ior man  di  ble radio  graphically it presents with either radi  ol  uc  ency or mixed radi  ol  uc  ency opaque the simple type is characterized by delicate fi  bri  ll  ar st  roma of coll  agen containing fi  bro  bl  asts the who type is characterized by more mature fi  bri  ll  ar st  roma of coll  agen treatment is by surgical removal
central os  si  fying fi  bro  ma is a benign ne  op  las  m that may arise from the fi  bro  bl  asts of the period  on  tal lig  aments it is more likely to affect women in their third and fourth decades central os  si  fying fi  bro  mas are more common in the man  di  ble around pre  mol  ars and mol  ars
central pain syndrome is a neuro  logical condition caused by damage or mal  function in the central nervous system cns which causes a sensi  tization of the pain system the extent of pain and the areas affected are related to the cause of the injury
central pon  tine my  el  in  ol  ysis c  pm also known as os  mo  tic dem  yel  ination syndrome or central pon  tine dem  yel  ination is a neuro  logical disease caused by severe damage of the my  elin she  ath of nerve cells in the bra  inst  em more precisely in the area termed the p  ons predomin  ately of i  atro  genic eti  ology it is characterized by acute paralysis dy  sp  ha  gia difficulty sw  allowing and dys  ar  thri  a difficulty speaking and other neuro  logical symptoms central pon  tine my  el  in  ol  ysis was first described by ad  ams et al in 1958 as a cl  ini  cop  ath  ological entity the original paper described four cases with fatal outcomes and the findings on autopsy the ae  ti  ology was not known then but the authors suspected the cause to be either a toxin or a nutritional deficiency ‘ central pon  tine ’ indicated the site of the le  sion and ‘ my  el  in  ol  ysis ’ was used to emphasise that my  elin was affected prefer  entially compared to the other neuro  nal elements the authors intentionally avoided the term ‘ dem  yel  ination ’ to describe the condition in order to differentiate the path  ology of this condition from multiple sclerosis and other neuro  infl  am  matory disorders in which my  elin loss is associated with infl  amm  ation it can also occur outside the p  ons the term os  mo  tic dem  yel  ination syndrome is similar to central pon  tine my  el  in  ol  ysis but also includes areas outside the p  ons central pon  tine my  el  in  ol  ysis presents most commonly as a complic  ation of treatment of patients with profound life threatening hy  pon  at  re  mia low sodium it occurs as a consequence of a rapid rise in serum ton  icity following treatment in individuals with chronic severe hy  pon  at  re  mia who have made in  trac  ell  ular adaptations to the prevailing hy  pot  on  icity hy  pon  at  re  mia should be corrected at a rate of no more than 8 12 m  mol l of sodium per day to prevent central pon  tine my  el  in  ol  ysis although less common it may also present in patients with a history of chronic alcoholism or other conditions related to decreased liver function in these cases the condition is often unrelated to correction of sodium or electro  ly  te imbalance
central re  tin  al artery oc  clu  sion cr  ao is a disease of the eye where the flow of blood through the central re  tin  al artery is blocked oc  clu  ded there are several different causes of this oc  clu  sion the most common is caro  ti  d artery a  ther  os  clerosis
the central re  tin  al vein is the ven  ous equivalent of the central re  tin  al artery and like that blood vessel it can suffer from oc  clu  sion central re  tin  al vein oc  clu  sion also cr  vo similar to that seen in oc  ular is  chem  ic syndrome since the central re  tin  al artery and vein are the sole source of blood supply and drainage for the re  tina such oc  clu  sion can lead to severe damage to the re  tina and blindness due to is  chem  ia restriction in blood supply and e  dem  a sw  elling it can also cause gl  au  coma non  is  chem  ic cr  vo is the mil  der form of the disease it may progress to the more severe is  chem  ic type
central ser  ous re  tin  opathy csr also known as central ser  ous ch  ori  ore  tin  opathy c  sc or c  scr is an eye disease which causes visual impairment often temporary usually in one eye when the disorder is active it is characterized by leakage of fluid under the re  tina that has a propensity to accumulate under the central mac  ula this results in blurred or distorted vision met  amor  p  hop  sia a blurred or gray spot in the central visual field is common when the re  tina is detached reduced visual acu  ity may persist after the fluid has disappeared the disease is considered idi  opathic but mostly affects white males in the age group 20 to 50 and occasionally other groups the condition is believed to be exacerbated by stress or cor  ti  co  ster  o  id use
central sleep ap  ne  a c  sa or central sleep ap  ne  a syndrome c  sas is a sleep related disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished or absent typically for 10 to 30 seconds either inter  mit  tently or in cycles and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen satur  ation c  sa is usually due to an instability in the body s feedback mechanisms that control respir  ation central sleep ap  ne  a can also be an indicator of arnold – chi  ari mal  formation
central ven  ous pressure c  vp is the blood pressure in the ven  ae cav  ae near the right atri  um of the heart c  vp reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arter  ial system c  vp is often a good approximation of right atri  al pressure rap although the two terms are not identical as a pressure differential can sometimes exist between the ven  ae cav  ae and the right atri  um c  vp and rap can differ when arter  ial tone is altered this can be graphically depicted as changes in the slope of the ven  ous return plo  tted against right atri  al pressure where central ven  ous pressure increases but right atri  al pressure stays the same v  r c  vp − rap c  vp has been and often still is used as a sur  rogate for pre  load and changes in c  vp in response to in  fu  sions of intra  ven  ous fluid have been used to predict volume responsiveness i e whether more fluid will improve cardiac output however there is increasing evidence that c  vp whether as an absolute value or in terms of changes in response to fluid does not cor  relate with ven  tric  ular volume i e pre  load or volume responsiveness and so should not be used to guide intra  ven  ous fluid therapy nevertheless c  vp monitoring is a useful tool to guide hem  od  y  nam  ic therapy the cardi  op  ul  mon  ary bar  o  reflex responds to an increase in c  vp by decreasing systemic vascular resistance while increasing heart rate and ven  tric  ular contr  acti  lity in dogs
centre line cl thrust is an absence of asymmetrical thrust from an aircraft for example a boeing 757 has a wide distance between engine 1 and engine 2 if it were to sustain an engine failure in the 1 engine the asymmetrical thrust would cause the plane to y  aw on the vertical axis to the left but on cl thrust air  planes this is not the case the following aircraft are all classified by the fa  a as cl thrust aircraft t 37 t 38 f 14 f 15 eagle f 18 f 22
centrifu  gal ab  domin  al li  po  dy  stro  phy also known as centrifu  gal li  po  dy  stro  phy li  po  dy  stro  phia centrifu  gal  is ab  domin  alis inf  an  tal  is is a skin condition characterized by areas of sub  cu  taneous fat loss that slowly enlarge
centri  lob  ular necro  sis refers to the necro  sis of the centri  lob  ular tissue of the he  p  atic lo  bu  le the centri  lob  ular zone of the lo  bu  le is most prone to metabol  ic toxins such as those generated in alcoholic hepatitis
cent  ro  facial l  enti  gin  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by l  enti  gin  es on the nose and adjacent cheeks
cent  ron  uc  lear my  opath  ies cn  m are a group of con  genital my  opath  ies where cell nucle  i are abnormally located in sk  el  etal muscle cells in cn  m the nucle  i are located at a position in the center of the cell instead of their normal location at the periphery symptoms of cn  m include severe hy  pot  onia hypo  x  ia requiring breathing assistance and s  cap  ho  cephal  y among cent  ron  uc  lear my  opath  ies the x linked my  o  tu  bul  ar my  opathy form typically presents at birth and is thus considered a con  genital my  opathy however some cent  ron  uc  lear my  opath  ies may present later in life
cephal  ic disorders from the greek word κ  εφ  ά  λ  η meaning head are con  genital conditions that stem from damage to or abnormal development of the bud  ding nervous system cephal  ic means head or head end of the body cephal  ic disorders are not necessarily caused by a single factor but may be influenced by hereditary or genetic conditions nutritional deficiencies or by environmental exposures during pregnancy such as medication taken by the mother maternal infection or exposure to radiation such disorders are more common in areas of the former soviet union affected by nuclear waste disposal problems such as the area around the may  ak plant in chel  y  ab  ins  k russia some cephal  ic disorders occur when the cran  ial su  tures the fi  bro  us joints that connect the bones of the skull join prematurely most cephal  ic disorders are caused by a disturbance that occurs very early in the development of the fe  tal nervous system the human nervous system develops from a small specialized plate of cells on the surface of the embryo early in development this plate of cells forms the ne  ural tube a narrow she  ath that closes between the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy to form the brain and spinal cord of the embryo four main processes are responsible for the development of the nervous system cell proliferation the process in which nerve cells divide to form new generations of cells cell migration the process in which nerve cells move from their place of origin to the place where they will remain for life cell differentiation the process during which cells acquire individual characteristics and cell death a natural process in which cells die damage to the developing nervous system is a major cause of chronic disab  ling disorders and sometimes death in infants children and even adults the degree to which damage to the developing nervous system harms the mind and body varies enormously many disabilities are mild enough to allow those afflicted to eventually function independently in society others are not some infants children and adults die others remain totally disabled and an even larger population is partially disabled functioning well below normal capacity throughout life the national institute of neuro  logical disorders and stroke nin  ds is currently conducting and supporting research on normal and abnormal brain and nervous system development
a cephal  ic presentation or head presentation or head first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fe  tus is in a longit  ud  inal lie and the head enters the pel  vis first the most common form of cephal  ic presentation is the ver  tex presentation where the oc  ci  put is the leading part the part that first enters the birth canal all other presentations are abnormal mal  presentations which are either more difficult to deliver or not deliver  able by natural means
a cephal  ha  em  atom  a british english or cephal  hem  atom  a american english is a hemorrha  ge of blood between the skull and the perio  steu  m of a new  born baby secondary to rupture of blood vessels crossing the perio  steu  m because the sw  elling is sub  perio  steal its boundaries are limited by the individual bones in contrast to a cap  ut succe  dan  eu  m
cephal  o pel  vic dis  proportion exists when the capacity of the pel  vis is inadequate to allow the fe  tus to negotiate the birth canal this may be due to a small pel  vis a n  ong  y  ne  co  id pel  vic formation a large fe  tus an un  favorable orientation of the fe  tus or a combination of these factors certain medical conditions may distort pel  vic bones such as ric  kets or a pel  vic frac  ture and lead to c  pd trans  verse diag  onal measurement has been proposed as a predic  tive method
cere  bell  ar ab  io  tro  phy ca also referred to as the cere  bell  ar cor  tical ab  io  tro  phy cca is a genetic neuro  logical disease in animals best known to affect certain breeds of horses dogs and cats it can also develop in human beings it develops when the neurons known as pur  k  inj  e cells located in the cere  bell  um of the brain begin to die off these cells affect balance and coordination they have a critical role to play in the brain the pur  k  inj  e layer allows communication between the gran  ular and molecular cor  tical layers in the cere  bell  um put simply without pur  k  inj  e cells an animal loses its sense of space and distance making balance and coordination difficult people with damage to the cere  bell  um can experience symptoms like un  steady ga  it poor muscle control and trouble speaking or sw  allowing ab  io  tro  phy means the loss of a vital nutri  tive factor the exact cause of cere  bell  ar ab  io  tro  phy is not known but it is thought to be due to an intrinsic metabol  ic defect in most cases the pur  k  inj  e neurons begin to die off shortly after the animal is born and the condition is noticeable when the animal is less than six months old though sometimes the onset of symptoms is gradual and the animal is much older before the owner or caretaker notices a problem ca cannot be prevented other than by selective breeding to avoid the gene and it cannot be cured genetic testing can detect carriers in addition to dogs and horses there also have been cases of cere  bell  ar ab  io  tro  phy in si  am  ese and domestic shor  th  air cats in ang  us poll  ed here  ford char  ol  ais and holstein frie  sian cattle mer  ino and wi  lt  shire sheep and yorkshire pigs
cere  bell  ar agen  esis is a rare condition in which a brain develops without the cere  bell  um the cere  bell  um controls smooth movement and when it does not develop the rest of the brain must compensate which it cannot do completely the condition is not fatal on its own but people born without a cere  bell  um experience severe developmental delays language deficits and neuro  logical ab  norm  alities as children with cere  bell  ar agen  esis get older their movements usually improve it can co exist with other severe mal  formations of the central nervous system like an  encephal  y holo  pro  sen  cephal  y and micro  encephal  y the condition was first reported in 1831 10 cases had been reported as of 1998 agen  esis of one half or another part of the cere  bell  um is more common than complete agen  esis cere  bell  ar agen  esis can be caused by mutations in the pt  f 1 a gene
cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia is a form of at  ax  ia originating in the cere  bell  um
cere  bell  ar cognitive aff  ective syndrome cc  as also called sch  mah  mann s syndrome is a condition that follows from le  sions damage to the cere  bell  um of the brain this syndrome described by dr jeremy sch  mah  mann and his colleagues refers to a con  stell  ation of deficits in the cognitive domains of executive function spatial cogn  ition language and affect resulting from damage to the cere  bell  um impair  ments of executive function include problems with planning set shifting abstract reasoning verbal flu  ency and working memory and there is often per  sever  ation dis  tr  acti  bility and in  attention language problems include dys  pro  so  dia ag  ram  m  atism and mild anom  ia deficits in spatial cogn  ition produce visual – spatial dis  organization and impaired visual – spatial memory personality changes manifest as bl  unting of affect or dis  inhi  bited and inappropriate behavior these cognitive impair  ments result in an overall lowering of intellectual function cc  as challenges the traditional view of the cere  bell  um being responsible solely for regulation of motor functions it is now thought that the cere  bell  um is responsible for monitoring both motor and non  motor functions the non  motor deficits described in cc  as are believed to be caused by dysfunction in cere  bell  ar connections to the cere  br  al cor  tex and lim  bic system
cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia is a heterogeneous group of disorder of cere  bell  ar mal  development presenting as early onset non progressive at  ax  ia hy  pot  onia and motor learning disability various causes has been incrimin  ated like hereditary metabol  ic toxic and viral agents first reported by c  rou  z  on in 1929 in 1940 an un  claimed body came for dis  section in london hospital and was discovered to have no cere  bell  um this unique case was appropriately named human brain without a cere  bell  um and was used every year in the department of anatomy at cambridge university in a neuro  science course for medical students
cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia is a disorder found in cats and dogs in which the cere  bell  um is not completely mature at birth
cere  bell  ar stroke syndrome is a condition in which the circulation to the cere  bell  um is impaired due to a le  sion of the superior cere  bell  ar artery an  terior inferior cere  bell  ar artery or the poster  ior inferior cere  bell  ar artery cardinal signs include ver  ti  go headache v  om  iting and at  ax  ia cere  bell  ar stro  kes account for only 2 3 of the 600 000 stro  kes that occur each year in the united states they are far less common than stro  kes which occur in the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es in recent years mortality rates have decreased due to advan  cements in health care which include earlier diagnosis through m  ri and ct scanning advan  cements have also been made which allow earlier management for common complications of cere  bell  ar stroke such as bra  inst  em compression and hydro  cephal  us research is still needed in the area of cere  bell  ar stroke management however it has been proposed that several factors may lead to poor outcomes in individuals who suffer from cere  bell  ar stroke these factors include 1 declining levels of consciousness 2 new signs of bra  inst  em involvement 3 progressing hydro  cephal  us 4 stroke to the mid  line of the cere  bell  um aka the ver  mis
the cere  bell  op  on  tine angle is the an  atomic space between the cere  bell  um and the p  ons filled with cere  bro  spinal fluid this is a common site for the growth of acous  tic neuro  mas or sch  wan  no  mas a distinct neuro  logic syndrome of deficits occurs due to the an  atomic proximity of the cere  bell  op  on  tine angle to specific cran  ial nerves indications include unilateral hearing loss 85 speech impediments dis  equilibrium tre  mors or other loss of motor control
cere  br  al amy  loid an  gi  opathy ca  a also known as cong  oph  il  ic an  gi  opathy is a form of an  gi  opathy in which amy  loid deposits form in the walls of the blood vessels of the central nervous system the term cong  oph  il  ic is used because the presence of the abnormal aggreg  ations of amy  loid can be demonstrated by micro  scopic examination of brain tissue after application of a special stain called congo red the amy  loid material is only found in the brain and as such the disease is not related to other forms of amy  lo  ido  sis
a cere  br  al arter  io  ven  ous mal  formation av  m is an abnormal connection between the arter  ies and ve  ins in the brain
cere  br  al con  tu  sion latin con  tu  si  o cere  br  i a form of traumatic brain injury is a bru  ise of the brain tissue like bru  ises in other tissues cere  br  al con  tu  sion can be associated with multiple micro  hemorrha  ges small blood vessel leaks into brain tissue con  tu  sion occurs in 20 – 30 of severe head injuries a cere  br  al lac  eration is a similar injury except that according to their respective definitions the p  ia ar  ach  no  id memb  ran  es are torn over the site of injury in lac  eration and are not torn in con  tu  sion the injury can cause a decline in mental function in the long term and in the emergency setting may result in brain her  ni  ation a life threatening condition in which parts of the brain are squeezed past parts of the skull thus treatment aims to prevent dangerous rises in in  trac  ran  ial pressure the pressure within the skull con  tu  sions are likely to heal on their own without medical intervention
cere  br  al dys  genesis – neuro  pa  thy – ich  thy  osis – ker  ato  der  ma syndrome also known as ce  dni  k syndrome is a cu  taneous condition caused by mutation in the snap 29 gene
cere  br  al e  dem  a or cere  br  al oe  dem  a is excess accumulation of fluid in the in  trac  ell  ular or ex  trac  ell  ular spaces of the brain
cere  br  al hypo  x  ia is a form of hypo  x  ia reduced supply of oxygen specifically involving the brain when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen it is called cere  br  al an  ox  ia there are four categories of cere  br  al hypo  x  ia they are in order of severity diffuse cere  br  al hypo  x  ia d  ch focal cere  br  al is  chem  ia cere  br  al inf  arc  tion and global cere  br  al is  chem  ia prolonged hypo  x  ia induc  es neuro  nal cell death via apop  to  sis resulting in a hypo  x  ic brain injury cases of total oxygen deprivation are termed an  ox  ia which can be hypo  x  ic in origin reduced oxygen availability or is  chem  ic in origin oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation either due to hypo  x  ic or an  ox  ic mechanisms are generally termed hypo  x  ic an  ox  ic injuries hai hypo  x  ic is  chem  ic encephalopathy hie is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply but the deprivation is not total while hie is associated in most cases with oxygen deprivation in the ne  on  ate due to birth as  phy  x  ia it can occur in all age groups and is often a complic  ation of cardiac arrest
a cere  br  al inf  arc  tion is a type of is  chem  ic stroke resulting from a block  age in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain it can be a  ther  o  thro  m  bo  tic or embol  ic stroke caused by cere  br  al inf  arc  tion should be distinguished from two other kinds of stroke cere  br  al hemorrha  ge and sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ge a cere  br  al inf  arc  tion occurs when a blood vessel that supplies a part of the brain becomes blocked or leakage occurs outside the vessel walls this loss of blood supply results in the death of tissue in that area cere  br  al inf  arc  tions vary in their severity with one third of the cases resulting in death
a cere  br  al lac  eration is a type of traumatic brain injury that occurs when the tissue of the brain is mechanically cut or torn the injury is similar to a cere  br  al con  tu  sion however according to their respective definitions the p  ia ar  ach  no  id memb  ran  es are torn over the site of injury in lac  eration and are not torn in con  tu  sion lac  er  ations require greater physical force to cause than con  tu  sions but the two types of injury are grouped together in the ic  d 9 and ic  d 10 classification systems
cere  br  al salt wasting syndrome cs  ws is a rare endocrine condition featuring a low blood sodium concentration and dehydr  ation in response to trauma injury or the presence of tumors in or surrounding the brain this form of low blood sodium is due to excessive sodium ex  cre  tion from the normally functioning kidney due to a disorder of the cere  bru  m of the brain the condition was initially described in 1950 half a century later ae  ti  ology and management of cs  ws remains controversial one problem is that there is no diagnostic test for cs  ws
in medicine cere  br  al sof  tening encephal  om  al  ac  ia is a loc  alized sof  tening of the brain substance due to hemorrha  ge or infl  amm  ation three varieties distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the mor  bid process are known respectively as red yellow and white sof  tening
cere  br  al vas  cu  li  tis or central nervous system vas  cu  li  tis sometimes the word an  gi  i  tis is used instead of vas  cu  li  tis is vas  cu  li  tis infl  amm  ation of the blood vessel wall involving the brain and occasionally the spinal cord it affects all of the vessels very small blood vessels cap  il  lar  ies medium size blood vessels arter  i  oles and ven  ules or large blood vessels arter  ies and ve  ins if blood flow in a vessel with vas  cu  li  tis is reduced or stopped the parts of the body that receive blood from that vessel begins to die it may produce a wide range of neuro  logical symptoms such as headache skin r  ashes feeling very tired joint pains difficulty moving or coordinating part of the body changes in sensation and alterations in perception thought or behavior as well as the phenomena of a mass le  sion in the brain leading to coma and her  ni  ation some of its signs and symptoms may resemble multiple sclerosis 10 have associated bleeding in the brain
cere  br  al ven  ous sin  us thro  m  bo  sis c  v  st is the presence of acute thro  m  bo  sis a blood clo  t in the d  ural ven  ous sin  uses which drain blood from the brain symptoms may include headache abnormal vision any of the symptoms of stroke such as weakness of the face and limbs on one side of the body and seizures the diagnosis is usually by compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct cat scan or magnetic resonance imaging m  ri employing radio  contrast to demonstrate obstruction of the ven  ous sin  uses by thro  m  bus treatment is with anti  co  ag  ul  ants medication that sup  presses blood clo  tting and rarely thro  m  bol  ysis enz  ym  atic destruction of the blood clo  t given that there is usually an underlying cause for the disease tests may be performed to look for these the disease may be complicated by raised in  trac  ran  ial pressure which may warrant surgical intervention such as the placement of a sh  unt
cere  bri  tis is an infection of the brain that normally leads to the formation of an abs  c  ess within the brain itself it is the infl  amm  ation of the cere  bru  m a structure within the brain which performs a number of important functions including most of the things which people associate with being human such as memory and speech it is also defined as a pur  ul  ent non  en  capsul  ated paren  ch  ym  al infection of brain which is characterized by non  specific features on ct ill defined low density area with peripheral enhancement and cannot reliably be distinguished from ne  op  las  ms cere  bri  tis usually occurs as a result of an underlying condition which causes the infl  amm  ation of the brain tissue it is commonly found in patients with lup  us lup  us cere  bri  tis may occur in adults and children the duration of the central nervous system involvement may vary from a few minutes as in classic migr  aine or a transi  ent is  chem  ic attack to years as in dementia resulting neuro  logical deficits may be transi  ent or permanent occasionally resulting in death
cere  bro  re  tin  al micro  an  gi  opathy with calci  fications and cy  sts cr  mc  c is a rare genetic disorder which affects multiple organs its hall  marks are widespread progressive calci  fications cy  sts and ab  norm  alities of the white matter of the brain usually occurring together with ab  norm  alities of the blood vessels of the re  tina additional features include poor pre  natal growth pre  term birth an  emia o  ste  open  ia and bone fractu  res and gastro  intest  inal bleeding it is caused by compound hetero  zy  g  ous mutations in the con  served tel  om  ere maintenance component 1 c  tc 1 gene but its exact path  op  hy  si  ology is still not well understood cere  bro  re  tin  al micro  an  gi  opathy with calci  fications and cy  sts is alternatively known as the coats plus syndrome a reference to its most typical oc  ular phen  o  type
a cere  bro  spinal fluid leak cs  fl is a medical condition where the cere  bro  spinal fluid in the brain leaks out of the dur  a mat  er this can be due to a spontaneous cere  bro  spinal fluid leak or result from different causes such as a lum  bar punc  ture or physical trauma while high c  sf pressure can make lying down unbearable low c  sf pressure due to a leak is often relieved somewhat by lying flat on the back
c  sf rhin  or  rho  ea refers to the drainage of cere  bro  spinal fluid through the nose measures of c  sf components such as glucose have been used in the past but are neither sensitive nor specific beta 2 transfer  rin however has been shown to have a high positive predic  tive value it has also been noted to be characterized by unilateral discharge it is a sign of bas  al skull frac  ture management includes watchful waiting leaks often stop spontaneously if this does not occur then neuro  surgical closure is necessary to prevent the spread of infection to the men  inges other signs of bas  al skull frac  ture includes c  sf o  tor  rho  ea drainage of c  sf through the ear it can have devastating complications in some patients as the communication between the nas  al cav  ity and the cere  bro  spinal fluid and cns can result in bacterial infections of the cns that can have catastrophic effects on the patient c  sf rhin  or  rho  ea can also be a symptom of a pit  u  itary aden  oma spontaneous c  sf rhin  or  rhe  a the most common con  genital or acquired defect in the skull base bones an  terior cran  ial fo  ssa at the spontaneous nas  al liqu  or  rhe  a loc  alized in following formation sp  hen  o  id sin  us 43 eth  mo  id bone 29 cri  bri  form plate 29
cere  bro  tend  ine  ous x  an  thom  at  osis or cere  bro  tend  inous x  an  thom  at  osis ct  x also called cere  br  al cho  le  ster  osis is an auto  som  al rec  essive form of x  an  thom  at  osis it falls within a group of genetic disorders called the leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies
a cere  bro  vascular disease is a vascular disease of the cere  br  al circulation arter  ies supplying oxygen to the brain are affected resulting in one of a number of cere  bro  vascular diseases most commonly this is a stroke or mini stroke and sometimes can be a hemorrha  gic stroke any of these can result in vascular dementia hyper  tension high blood pressure is the most important contributing cause because it damages the blood vessel lining exposing coll  agen where plat  el  ets aggregate to initiate a repair if maintained hyper  tension can change the structure of blood vessels narrow de  formed blood pressure affects blood flow in narrowed vessels causing is  chem  ic stroke a rise in blood pressure can cause tearing of vessels leading to in  trac  ran  ial hemorrha  ge a stroke usually presents with an abrupt onset of a neuro  logic deficit attributable to a focal vascular le  sion the neuro  logic symptoms manifest within seconds because neurons lack gly  co  gen so energy failure is rapid
the cer  ium anomaly in geo  chemistry is the phenomenon whereby cer  ium ce concentration is either depleted or enriched in a rock relative to the other rare earth elements rees a ce anomaly is said to be negative if ce is depleted relative to the other rees and is said to be positive if ce is enriched relative to the other rees cer  ium is a rare earth element lan  than  ide characterized by two different re  do  x states iii and iv contrary to other lan  than  ide elements which are only tri  val  ent with the notable exception of eu 2 ce 3 can be ox  idi  zed by atmospheric oxygen o 2 to ce 4 under al  kal  ine conditions the cer  ium anomaly relates to the decrease in solu  bility which accompanies the oxid  ation of ce iii to ce iv under reducing conditions ce 3 is relatively soluble while under ox  idi  zing conditions ceo 2 precipit  ates se  di  ments deposited under ox  ic or an  ox  ic conditions can preserve on the long term the geo  chemical signature of ce 3 or ce 4 upon reserve that no early diag  ene  tic transformation altered it cer  ium can occur in nature as a 3 or 4 ion and is a compatible element at 4 val  ency in z  ir  con and less commonly in silic  a thomas et al 2003 state that “ terrestrial z  ir  cons commonly show a positive ce anomaly due to the incorporation of ce 4 into z  ir  con which is because ce 4 has the same charge and a similar ion  ic radius than z  r 4 ce 4 0 97 å z  r 4 0 84 å ” as such ce 4 is incorporated into z  ir  con much easier than the larger ce 3 ion  ic radius 1 143 å this shows that both ce 3 and ce 4 are present and that the ce 4 being compatible in z  ir  con is causing the anomaly
cer  u  minous aden  o  carcin  oma is a m  align  ant ne  op  las  m derived from cer  u  minous g  lands of the external aud  itory canal this tumor is rare with several names used in the past synon  y  ms have included cylin  dro  ma cer  u  min  oma cer  u  minous aden  o  carcin  oma not otherwise specified nos cer  u  minous aden  o  id c  ys  tic carcin  oma acc and cer  u  minous mu  co  ep  id  er  mo  id carcin  oma
a cer  u  minous aden  oma also known as aden  oma of the cer  u  minous g  land and cer  u  min  oma is a benign g  land  ular ne  op  las  m which arises from the cer  u  minous g  lands located within the external aud  itory canal these g  lands are found within the outer one third to one half of the external aud  itory canal more common along the poster  ior surface therefore the tumor develops within a very specific location
cer  vic  al agen  esis is a con  genital disorder of the female genital system that manifests itself in the absence of a cer  vi  x the connecting structure between the uter  us and vag  ina mil  der forms of the condition in which the cer  vi  x is present but de  formed and non  functional are known as cer  vic  al at  re  sia or cer  vic  al dys  genesis
cer  vic  al cancer is a cancer arising from the cer  vi  x it is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body early on typically no symptoms are seen later symptoms may include abnormal vag  inal bleeding pel  vic pain or pain during sexual inter  course while bleeding after sex may not be serious it may also indicate the presence of cer  vic  al cancer human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v infection appears to be involved in the development of more than 90 of cases most people who have had h  p  v infections however do not develop cer  vic  al cancer other risk factors include smoking a weak immune system birth control pills starting sex at a young age and having many sexual partners but these are less important cer  vic  al cancer typically develops from pre  can  cer  ous changes over 10 to 20 years about 90 of cer  vic  al cancer cases are squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as 10 are aden  o  carcin  oma and a small number are other types diagnosis is typically by cer  vic  al screening followed by a biopsy medical imaging is then done to determine whether or not the cancer has spread h  p  v vaccines protect against between two and seven high risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90 of cer  vic  al cancers as a risk of cancer still exists guidelines recommend continuing regular p  ap sme  ars other methods of prevention include having few or no sexual partners and the use of condoms cer  vic  al cancer screening using the p  ap sme  ar or acetic acid can identify pre  can  cer  ous changes which when treated can prevent the development of cancer treatment of cer  vic  al cancer may consist of some combination of surgery chem  otherapy and radi  otherapy five year survival rates in the united states are 68 outcomes however depend very much on how early the cancer is detected worldwide cer  vic  al cancer is both the fourth most common cause of cancer and the fourth most common cause of death from cancer in women in 2012 an estimated 528 000 cases of cer  vic  al cancer occurred with 266 000 deaths this is about 8 of the total cases and total deaths from cancer about 70 of cer  vic  al cancers occur in developing countries in low income countries it is the most common cause of cancer death in developed countries the widespread use of cer  vic  al screening programs has dramatically reduced rates of cer  vic  al cancer in medical research the most famous cell line known as hel  a was developed from cer  vic  al cancer cells of a woman named hen  ri  etta lacks
cer  vic  al ec  tro  p  ion or cer  vic  al ever  sion is a condition in which the central endo  cer  vic  al colum  nar epi  the  lium pro  tru  des out through the external os of the cer  vi  x and onto the vag  inal portion of the cer  vi  x under  goes squ  am  ous met  ap  la  sia and trans  forms to str  ati  fied squ  am  ous epi  the  lium although not an ab  normality it is in  distingu  ishable from early cer  vic  al cancer therefore further diagnostic studies e g p  ap sme  ar biopsy must be performed for a differential diagnosis
a cer  vic  al frac  ture commonly called a broken neck is a catastrophic frac  ture of any of the seven cer  vic  al verte  bra  e in the neck examples of common causes in humans are traffic collis  ions and diving into shallow water abnormal movement of neck bones or pieces of bone can cause a spinal cord injury resulting in loss of sensation paralysis or death
cer  vic  al incompetence or cer  vic  al in  sufficiency is a medical condition in which a pregnant woman s cer  vi  x begins to di  late widen and eff  ace thin before her pregnancy has reached term definitions of cer  vic  al incompetence vary but one that is frequently used is the inability of the uter  ine cer  vi  x to retain a pregnancy in the absence of the signs and symptoms of clinical contr  actions or labor or both in the second trim  ester cer  vic  al incompetence may cause mis  carriage or pre  term birth during the second and third trim  esters another sign of cer  vic  al incompetence is fun  n  eling at the internal ori  fice of the uter  us which is a dil  ation of the cer  vic  al canal at this location in a woman with cer  vic  al incompetence dil  ation and eff  ac  ement of the cer  vi  x may occur without pain or uter  ine contr  actions in a normal pregnancy dil  ation and eff  ac  ement occurs in response to uter  ine contr  actions cer  vic  al incompetence occurs because of weakness of the cer  vi  x which is made to open by the growing pressure in the uter  us as pregnancy progres  ses if the responses are not halted rupture of the memb  ran  es and birth of a premature baby can result according to statistics provided by the may  o clinic cer  vic  al incompetence is relatively rare in the united states occurring in only 1 – 2 of all pregnancies but it is thought to cause as many as 20 — 25 of mis  carri  ages in the second trim  ester
cer  vic  al intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia cin also known as cer  vic  al dys  pl  asia and cer  vic  al inter  sti  tial ne  op  la  sia is the potentially pre  m  align  ant transformation and abnormal growth dys  pl  asia of squ  am  ous cells on the surface of the cer  vi  x cin is not cancer and is usually cur  able most cases of cin remain stable or are eliminated by the host s immune system without intervention however a small percentage of cases progress to become cer  vic  al cancer usually cer  vic  al squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma sc  c if left untreated the major cause of cin is chronic infection of the cer  vi  x with the sexually transmitted human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v especially the high risk h  p  v types 16 or 18 over 100 types of h  p  v have been identified about a dozen of these types appear to cause cer  vic  al dys  pl  asia and may lead to the development of cer  vic  al cancer other types cause war  ts the earliest micro  scopic change corresponding to cin is dys  pl  asia of the epi  the  li  al or surface lining of the cer  vi  x which is essentially un  detec  table by the woman cellular changes associated with h  p  v infection such as ko  i  loc  y  tes are also commonly seen in cin cin is usually discovered by a screening test the pap  ani  col  au or p  ap sme  ar the purpose of this test is to detect potentially pre  can  cer  ous changes p  ap sme  ar results may be reported using the be  thes  da system an abnormal p  ap sme  ar result may lead to a recommendation for col  pos  copy of the cer  vi  x during which the cer  vi  x is examined under magni  fication a biopsy is taken of any abnormal appearing areas cer  vic  al dys  pl  asia can be diagnosed by biopsy
a cer  vic  al poly  p is a common benign poly  p or tum  our on the surface of the cer  vic  al canal they can cause irregular men  str  ual bleeding but often show no symptoms treatment consists of simple removal of the poly  p and prog  no  sis is generally good about 1 of cer  vic  al poly  ps will show ne  op  l  astic change which may lead to cancer they are most common in post men  arch  e pre men  opa  usal women who have been pregnant
a cer  vic  al pregnancy is an ec  topic pregnancy that has impl  anted in the uter  ine endo  cer  vi  x such a pregnancy typically abor  ts within the first trim  ester however if it is impl  anted closer to the uter  ine cav  ity a so called cer  vic  o is  th  mic pregnancy it may continue longer plac  ental removal in a cer  vic  al pregnancy may result in major hemorrha  ge
a cer  vic  al ri  b in humans is an extra ri  b which arises from the seventh cer  vic  al verte  bra sometimes known as neck ribs their presence is a con  genital ab  normality located above the normal first ri  b a cer  vic  al ri  b is estimated to occur in 0 6 1 in 150 people to 0 8 of the population people may have a cer  vic  al ri  b on the right left or both sides most cases of cer  vic  al ribs are not clin  ically relevant and do not have symptoms cer  vic  al ribs are generally discovered incidentally however they vary widely in size and shape and in rare cases they may cause problems such as contributing to thor  ac  ic outlet syndrome because of pressure on the nerves that may be caused by the presence of the ri  b a cer  vic  al ri  b represents a persistent os  sification of the c 7 lateral cost  al element during early development this os  si  fied cost  al element typically becomes re absorbed failure of this process results in a vari  ably el  ong  ated trans  verse process or complete ri  b that can be an  ter  ior  ly f  used with the t 1 first ri  b below on imaging cer  vic  al ribs can be distinguished because their trans  verse processes are directed infer  ol  ater  ally whereas those of the adjacent thor  ac  ic sp  ine are directed an  ter  ol  ater  ally
cer  vic  al spinal sten  osis is a bone disease involving the narrowing of the spinal canal at the level of the neck it is frequently due to chronic de  generation but may also be con  genital treatment is frequently surgical
cer  vic  al sp  ine disorders are illnesses that affect the cer  vic  al sp  ine which is made up of the upper first seven verte  bra  e en  cas  ing and shiel  ding the spinal cord this frag  ment of the sp  ine starts from the region above the shoulder bl  ades and ends by supporting and connecting the skull the cer  vic  al sp  ine contains many different an  atomic com  positions including muscles bones lig  aments and joints all of these structures have nerve end  ings that can detect painful problems when they occur such nerves supply muscular control and sens  ations to the skull and arms while correspondingly providing our bodies with flexibility and motion 1 however if the cer  vic  al sp  ine is injured it can cause many minor or traumatic problems and although these injuries vary specifically they are more commonly known as cer  vic  al sp  ine disorders as a whole 1
cer  vic  i  tis is infl  amm  ation of the uter  ine cer  vi  x cer  vic  i  tis in women has many features in common with u  re  thri  tis in men and many cases are caused by sexually transmitted infections death may occur non infectious causes of cer  vic  i  tis can include in  trau  ter  ine devices contrac  eptive di  aphr  ag  ms and allergic reactions to sper  mic  ides or lat  ex condoms the condition is often confused with vag  in  is  mus which is a much simpler condition and easily rectified with simple exercises
cer  vi  co  genic headache is a type of headache characterised by chronic hemic  ran  ial pain referred to the head from either the cer  vic  al sp  ine or soft tissues within the neck
ce  tac  ean stran  ding is a phenomenon in which ce  tac  eans strand themselves on land usually on a beach be  ached whales often die due to dehydr  ation collapsing under their own weight or drowning when high tide covers the blo  whole several explanations of the stran  ding have been proposed
chaf  ing refers to the irritation of skin caused by repeti  tive friction usually generated through skin to skin contact of multiple body parts chaf  ing is usually contracted in the inner thi  ghs and inner glu  tes ar  mp  its and nip  ples can also develop chaf  ing although it is less common
cha  gas disease also known as american try  pan  o  som  i  asis is a tropical par  asi  tic disease caused by the proto  zo  an try  pan  o  som  a cru  zi it is spread mostly by insects known as tri  atom  in  ae or kissing bugs the symptoms change over the course of the infection in the early stage symptoms are typically either not present or mild and may include fever sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des headaches or local sw  elling at the site of the bite after 8 – 12 weeks individuals enter the chronic phase of disease and in 60 – 70 it never produces further symptoms the other 30 to 40 of people develop further symptoms 10 to 30 years after the initial infection including enlargement of the ven  tric  les of the heart in 20 to 30 leading to heart failure an enlarged es  op  ha  gus or an enlarged col  on may also occur in 10 of people t cru  zi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the blood sucking kissing bugs of the sub  family tri  atom  in  ae these insects are known by a number of local names including vin  chuc  a in argentina bolivia chile and paraguay bar  beiro the barber in brazil pi  to in colombia chin  che in central america and chip  o in venezuela the disease may also be spread through blood transfusion organ transplantation eating food contaminated with the parasites and by vertical transmission from a mother to her fe  tus diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a micro  scope chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for t cru  zi in the blood prevention mostly involves eliminating kissing bugs and avoiding their bites other preventative efforts include screening blood used for trans  fu  sions a vaccine has not been developed as of 2013 early infections are treat  able with the medication benz  n  id  azole or ni  fur  timo  x medication nearly always results in a cure if given early but becomes less effective the longer a person has had cha  gas disease when used in chronic disease medication may delay or prevent the development of end – stage symptoms benz  n  id  azole and ni  fur  timo  x cause temporary side effects in up to 40 of people including skin disorders brain toxicity and dig  estive system irritation it is estimated that 7 to 8 million people mostly in mexico central america and south america have cha  gas disease as of 2013 in 2006 cha  gas was estimated to result in 12 500 deaths per year most people with the disease are poor and most people with the disease do not realize they are infected large scale population movements have increased the areas where cha  gas disease is found and these include many european countries and the united states these areas have also seen an increase in the years up to 2014 the disease was first described in 19  09 by carlos cha  gas after whom it is named it affects more than 150 other animals
a cha  gom  a is an infl  am  matory no  dule at the bite site of the redu  vi  id bug which trans  mits cha  gas disease not to be confused with roman  a s sign which is peri  orb  ital soft tissue and lymp  ho  id sw  elling which occurs when the t cru  zi proto  zo  an that causes cha  gas disease enters through the con  junc  tiva
in object oriented design the chain of responsibility pattern is a design pattern consisting of a source of command objects and a series of processing objects each processing object contains logic that defines the types of command objects that it can handle the rest are passed to the next processing object in the chain a mechanism also exists for adding new processing objects to the end of this chain in a variation of the standard chain of responsibility model some hand  lers may act as dispat  chers capable of sending commands out in a variety of directions forming a tree of responsibility in some cases this can occur recur  sively with processing objects calling higher up processing objects with commands that attempt to solve some smaller part of the problem in this case recur  sion continues until the command is processed or the entire tree has been explored an x  ml interpreter might work in this manner this pattern promotes the idea of loose coupling
in ph  on  ology a chain shift is a phenomenon in which several sounds move step  wise along a ph  one  tic scale the sounds involved in a chain shift can be ordered into a chain in such a way that after the change is complete each ph  on  em  e ends up sounding like what the ph  on  em  e before it in the chain sounded like before the change the rules making up a chain shift are said to be in counterfe  eding order for example if in some language the three vo  wel ph  on  em  es æ ɛ e undergo a change so they became respectively ɛ e i those three changes would constitute a chain shift and could be summarized as æ → ɛ → e → i a drag chain or pull chain is a chain shift in which the ph  on  em  e at the leading edge of the chain changes first in this example the chain shift would be a pull chain if e changed to i first opening up a space at the position of e which ɛ then moved to fill a push chain is a chain shift in which the ph  on  em  e at the end of the chain moves first in this example if æ moved toward ɛ creating a crowding effect and causing ɛ to move toward e and so forth
chain transfer is a poly  mer  ization reaction by which the activity of a growing poly  mer chain is transferred to another mol  ecu  le p • x  r → p  x r • chain transfer reactions reduce the average molecular weight of the final poly  mer chain transfer can be either introduced deliberately into a poly  mer  ization by use of a chain transfer agent or it may be an unavoidable side reaction with various components of the poly  mer  ization chain transfer reactions occur in most forms of addition poly  mer  ization including radical poly  mer  ization ring opening poly  mer  ization coordination poly  mer  ization and c  ation  ic as well as an  ion  ic addition poly  mer  ization i  up  ac definitions chain transfer in a chain poly  mer  ization chemical reaction occur  ring  during a chain poly  mer  ization in which an active center is transfer  red  from a growing macro  mol  ecu  le or olig  om  er mol  ecu  le to another molec  ul  e  or to another site on the same mol  ecu  le chain transfer agent substance able to react with a chain carrier by are  action in which the original chain carrier is de  activated and a new cha  in  carrier is generated chain transfer reactions are usually categ  orized by the nature of the mol  ecu  le that reacts with the growing chain transfer to chain transfer agent chain transfer agents have at least one weak chemical bond which therefore facilitates the chain transfer reaction common chain transfer agents include thi  ols especially dd  m and halo  carbons such as carbon tetr  ach  l  oride chain transfer agents are sometimes called modi  fiers or regulators transfer to mon  om  er chain transfer to mon  om  er may take place in which the growing poly  mer chain abstr  acts an atom from un  reacted mon  om  er existing in the reaction medium because by definition poly  mer  ization reactions only take place in the presence of mon  om  er chain transfer to mon  om  er determines the theoretical maximum molecular weight that can be achieved by a given mon  om  er chain transfer to mon  om  er is especially significant in c  ation  ic addition poly  mer  ization and ring opening poly  mer  ization transfer to poly  mer chain transfer may take place with an already existing poly  mer chain especially under conditions in which much poly  mer is present this often occurs at the end of a radical poly  mer  ization when almost all mon  om  er has been consumed bran  ched pol  ym  ers are formed as mon  om  er adds to the new radical site which is located along the poly  mer backbone the properties of low density polyethylene are critically determined by the amount of chain transfer to poly  mer that takes place transfer to solvent in solution poly  mer  ization the solvent can act as a chain transfer agent unless the solvent is chosen to be inert very low molecular weight pol  ym  ers olig  om  ers can result
chal  az  ion is a cyst in the eye  lid due to a blocked oil g  land they are typically in the middle of the eye  lid red and non painful they tend to come on gradually over a few weeks a chal  az  ion may occur following a st  ye or from hardened oils blocking the g  land the blocked g  land is usually the me  i  bom  ian g  land but can also be the g  land of ze  is a st  ye and cell  u  li  tis may appear similar a st  ye however is usually more sudden in onset painful and occurs at the edge of the eye  lid cell  u  li  tis is also typically painful treatment is typically initially with warm com  presses if this is not effective injecting ster  oids into the le  sion maybe tried if large inc  ision and drainage maybe recommended while relatively common the frequency of the condition is unknown the term is from the greek khal  az  ion meaning small ha  il  stone
ch  ali  co  sis greek χ  ά  λ  ι  ξ gra  vel sometimes called flint disease is a form of pneu  mo  con  i  osis affecting the lungs or bron  chi  oles found chiefly among st  on  ecu  t  ters the disease is caused by the inhal  ation of fine particles of stone
chamber pressure firearms is the pressure exerted by a car  tri  dge case s outside walls on the inside of a fire  arm s chamber when the car  tri  dge is fired it is generally expressed in p  si pounds per square inch or copper units of pressure
a cham  ele  on oil pattern is a pattern of oil on a bowling lane it is used by the professional bow  lers association in tournament play among others a typical cham  ele  on pattern is 43 feet long it forces players to play in a specific zone on the lane because of the way the oil is lay  ered in strips the lane conditions dictate where the bow  ler should play this is considered a re  tro approach to pattern designing use of a cham  ele  on pattern results in a large range of scores low to high as does the bow  lers approach to the pattern no one bowling style is most effective on this type of lane because there can be multiple starting points that dictate how much the ball will spin and thus how much cur  v  ature its path will have this oil pattern is named after the cham  ele  on because like a cham  ele  on which can change its color repeatedly so too must a bow  ler be able to change his style of play
the chan – lam coupling reaction – also known as the chan – evans – lam coupling as chan evans and lam published their work back to back in te  tra  he  dron letters – is a cross coupling reaction between an ar  yl bor  onic acid and an alcohol or an amine to form the corresponding secondary ar  yl am  ines or ar  yl e  thers respectively the chan – lam coupling is cataly  zed in the presence of copper ii species and may be conducted in air at room temperature this is in contrast to the bu  ch  wald – har  t  wig coupling which relies on the use of expensive noble metal cataly  sts p  all  adi  um non gener  aliz  able lig  ands and a basic species for de  pro  ton  ation of the n h and o h bonds in this regard the chan – lam coupling has several benefits over other c n and c o coupling reactions because mo  ti  fs containing ar  yl c n and c o bonds are frequently found in pharmaceuticals the chan – lam coupling has seen a great deal of application often sto  ic  hi  ome  tric copper is used as only a small amount of the copper proceeds to a cataly  tically active species the mechanism which is still rather controversial is shown in the below figure chan – lam coupling it is presently unknown whether the chan lam coupling proceeds through a copper ii to copper 0 catalytic cycle or if it proceeds through a copper ii copper iii copper i process and then in the presence of ambient air oxygen if this copper i species is then recycled to copper 0 re  starting the cycle nevertheless the catalytic cycle is characterized by de facto i lig  and exchange ii trans  metall  ation iii reduc  tive elimination and iv oxid  ation a recent example of the chan – lam coupling to synthe  size bio  logically active compounds is shown below reaction example of chan – lam coupling compound 1 a py  r  rol  ic amine is coupled with ar  yl bor  onic ester 2 to afford product 3 which is then carried forward to the bio  logically active target 4 the nit  ri  le group of 2 does not poison the cu o  ac 2 used and py  ri  dine is the lig  and used for the reaction though the reaction is characterized by a lengthy duration three days it was carried out at room temperature in ambient air and resulted in a net 93 yield
the chan re  arrangement is a chemical reaction that involves re  arranging an ac  y  lo  xy acetate 1 in the presence of a strong base to a 2 hydro  xy 3 ke  to ester 2 the chan re  arrangement this procedure was re  discovered and employed in the hol  ton tax  ol total synthesis
a chance frac  ture is a fl  ex  ion injury of the sp  ine first described by g q chance in 1948 it consists of a compression injury to the an  terior portion of the vertebr  al body and a trans  verse frac  ture through the poster  ior elements of the verte  bra and the poster  ior portion of the vertebr  al body it is caused by violent forward fl  ex  ion causing distraction injury to the poster  ior elements the most common site at which chance fractu  res occur is the thor  a  colum  bar junction t 12 l 2 and mid  lum  bar region in pedi  atric population this frac  ture initially became known as a seat belt injury due to its association with the sudden forward fl  ex  ion that occurs when one is involved in a head on automobile collision while being restrained by a lap belt with the advent of both lap and shoulder belts in the 1980 s chance fractu  res have become less common especially now that lap belt only seat belts have been almost entirely phased out up to 50 of chance fractu  res have associated intra  ab  domin  al injuries injuries associated with chance fractu  res include con  tu  sions and or lac  er  ations of the pan  cre  as du  o  den  um and mes  enter  y
a chan  cre ˈ  ʃ  æ  ŋ  k  ə  r sh  ang k  ə  r is a pain  less ul  cer  ation sore most commonly formed during the primary stage of sy  phil  is this infectious le  sion forms approximately 21 days after the initial exposure to tre  pon  ema palli  dum the gram negative spi  ro  cha  ete bacter  ium yielding sy  phil  is chan  c  res transmit the sexually transmissible disease of sy  phil  is through direct physical contact these ul  cers usually form on or around the an  us mouth penis and vag  ina chan  c  res may diminish between four and eight weeks without the application of medication chan  c  res as well as being pain  less ul  cer  ations formed during the primary stage of sy  phil  is are associated with the african try  pan  o  som  i  asis sleeping sickness surrounding the area of the t  set  se fly bite
chan  cro  id also known as soft chan  cre and ul  cus mol  le is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful so  res on the gen  italia chan  cro  id is known to spread from one individual to another solely through sexual contact
chandler s disease also called o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans is a rare condition in which spontaneous o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the fem  oral head in an adult is analogous to leg  g cal  ve per  thes syndrome in children this disease is caused when blood flow is reduced to the part of a bone near a joint
change blindness is a percep  tual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it for example observers often fail to notice major differences introduced into an image while it f  lic  kers off and on again people s poor ability to detect changes has been argued to reflect fundamental limitations of human attention change blindness has become a highly researched topic and some have argued that it may have important practical implications in areas such as eye  witness testimony and dis  tr  actions while driving
change deaf  ness is a percep  tual phenomenon that occurs when under certain circumstances a physical change in an aud  itory stimulus goes unnoticed by the lis  tener there is uncertainty regarding the mechanisms by which changes to aud  itory stimul  i go un  detected though scientific research has been done to determine the levels of processing at which these consciously un  detected aud  itory changes are actually en  coded an understanding of the mechanisms underlying change deaf  ness could offer insight on issues such as the completeness of our representation of the aud  itory environment the limitations of the aud  itory percep  tual system and the relationship between the aud  ti  tory system and memory the phenomenon of change deaf  ness is thought to be related to the interactions between high and low level processes that produce conscious experiences of aud  itory soun  ds  cap  es
channel iron deposits ci  d are iron rich flu  vi  al se  dim  entary deposits of possible mi  oc  ene age occupying mean  dering pal  ae  o  channels in the early to mid cen  o  zo  ic h  amer  l  sey pal  ae  o  surface of western australia examples are also known from kazakhstan the deposits are anomal  ously high in iron for deter  ital material and exclude de  tr  ital iron deposits ty  pi  fied by scre  e of hem  ati  tic ban  ded iron formations and accumul  ations of currently forming mag  hem  ite p  isol  ite allu  vi  als ci  ds are a major source of cheap high grade iron ore exploited primarily in the pil  bar  a and mur  ch  ison regions of western australia
one of several short channel effects in mos  f  et scaling channel length modulation cl  m is a shortening of the length of the inver  ted channel region with increase in drain bias for large drain bi  ases the result of cl  m is an increase in current with drain bias and a reduction of output resistance channel length modulation occurs in all field effect trans  is  tors not just mos  fe  ts to understand the effect first the notion of pinch off of the channel is introduced the channel is formed by attraction of carriers to the gate and the current drawn through the channel is nearly a constant independent of drain voltage in satur  ation mode however near the drain the gate and drain jointly determine the electric field pattern instead of flowing in a channel beyond the pinch off point the carriers flow in a sub  surface pattern made possible because the drain and the gate both control the current in the figure at the right the channel is indicated by a dashed line and becomes weaker as the drain is approached leaving a gap of un  inver  ted silicon between the end of the formed in  version layer and the drain the pinch off region as the drain voltage increases its control over the current extends further toward the source so the un  inver  ted region expands toward the source shortening the length of the channel region the effect called channel length modulation because resistance is proportional to length shortening the channel decreases its resistance causing an increase in current with increase in drain bias for a mos  f  et operating in satur  ation the effect is more pronounced the shorter the source to drain separation the deeper the drain junction and the thick  er the oxide insul  ator in the weak in  version region the influence of the drain analogous to channel length modulation leads to poorer device turn off behavior known as drain induced barrier lowering a drain induced lowering of threshold voltage in bipolar devices a similar increase in current is seen with increased collector voltage due to base narrowing known as the early effect the similarity in effect upon the current has led to use of the term early effect for mos  fe  ts as well as an alternative name for channel length modulation
chann  el  opath  ies are diseases caused by disturbed function of ion channel sub  units or the proteins that regulate them these diseases may be either con  genital often resulting from a mutation or mutations in the en  coding genes or acquired often resulting from auto  immune attack on an ion channel there are a large number of distinct dys  functions known to be caused by ion channel mutations the genes for the construction of ion channels are highly con  served amongst mammals and one condition hyper  kal  emic periodic paralysis was first identified in the descendants of impressive a registered quarter horse see aq  ha website the chann  el  opath  ies of human sk  el  etal muscle include hyper and hypo  kal  emic high and low potassium blood concentrations periodic paralysis my  o  ton  ia con  gen  ita and param  yo  ton  ia con  gen  ita chann  el  opath  ies affecting syn  ap  tic function are a type of syn  ap  top  athy
chaos days german cha  o  stage was an annual punk manifestation often violent held in han  over germany starting in 1982 and reviving in the mid 1990 s chaos tage was a west german punk scene phenomenon which began in the mid 1980 s in han  over and w  up  per  tal and consisted of meetings of pun  ks from all over the country the reason for these meetings were a plan of the police to register and build up reference data of everyone who was deemed a punk this included taking pictures of each individual the most well known chaos days took place in han  over in 1994 and 1995 and resulted in huge riots and the destruction of cars and buildings a whole supermarket was damaged and alcoholic beverages were stolen by pun  ks these chaos days were the main topic of tv debates and newspapers for several weeks popular bands like wi  zo spontaneously played a show there and terror  grup  pe wrote a now classic song about it wo  chen  end  ticket named after a train ticket that most pun  ks used in order to get to han  over from all across the country chaos days us  ac  ha  os days were organized in the united states in 1995 and 1996 to be held in the san francisco bay area during the same period of time as the german chaos days chaos days usa were criticized for the same reasons as the german chaos days critics claimed that chaos days had no social value
in mathematics particularly in the fields of non  linear dynamics and the calcul  us of variations the cha  pl  y  gin problem is an is  oper  im  etr  ic problem with a differential constraint specifically the problem is to determine what flight path an airplane in a constant wind field should take in order to en  circle the maximum possible area the airplane is assumed to be constrained to move in a plane moving at a constant air  speed v and the wind is assumed to move in a constant direction with speed w the solution of the problem is that the airplane should travel in an elli  pse whose ec  centr  icity is w v
character amnesia is a phenomenon whereby experienced speakers of some east asian languages forget how to write chinese characters previously well known to them the phenomenon is specifically tied to prolonged and extensive use of input methods such as those that use roman  iz  ations of characters and is documented to be a significant issue in china and japan modern technology such as mobile phones and computers allows users to enter chinese characters using their ph  one  tic trans  cription without knowing how to write them by hand whether or not the phenomenon is as widespread or troubling as some have claimed is the subject of debate
in mathematics more specifically in group theory the character of a group representation is a function on the group that associates to each group element the trace of the corresponding matrix the character carries the essential information about the representation in a more condens  ed form georg fro  ben  ius initially developed representation theory of finite groups entirely based on the characters and without any explicit matrix realization of representations themselves this is possible because a complex representation of a finite group is determined up to isom  orph  ism by its character the situation with representations over a field of positive characteristic so called mod  ular representations is more delicate but richard br  auer developed a powerful theory of characters in this case as well many deep theore  ms on the structure of finite groups use characters of mod  ular representations
in the field of mathematics known as conv  ex analysis the characteristic function of a set is a conv  ex function that indicates the membership or non membership of a given element in that set it is similar to the usual indicator function and one can freely convert between the two but the characteristic function as defined below is better suited to the methods of conv  ex analysis
dys  l  ex  ia is a disorder characterised by problems with the visual no  tation of speech which in most languages of european origin are problems with alp  ha  bet writing systems which have a ph  one  tic construction examples of these issues can be problems speaking in full sentences problems correctly artic  ulating rs and ls as well as ms and ns mixing up sounds in multi sy  ll  ab  ic words ex am  inal for animal bis  ghet  ti for spag  he  tti he  kal  op  ter for helicopter hang  ab  erg for ham  burger age  en for magazine etc problems of immature speech wed and g  ween instead of red and green the characteristics of dys  l  ex  ia have been identified mainly from research in languages with alphabe  tic writing systems primarily english however many of these characteristic may be transferable to other types of writing systems the causes of dys  l  ex  ia are not agreed upon although the consensus of neuro  scientists believe dys  l  ex  ia is a ph  on  ological processing disorder and that dys  l  ex  ics have reading difficulties because they are unable to see or hear a word break it down to dis  crete sounds and then associate each sound with letter s that make up the word some researchers believe that a sub  set of dys  l  ex  ics have visual deficits in addition to deficits in ph  on  em  e processing but this view is not universally accepted in any case there s no evidence that dys  l  ex  ics literally see letters backward or in reverse order within words
char  cot – marie – tooth disease c  mt is one of the hereditary motor and sensory neuro  path  ies a group of varied inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system characterised by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body currently incur  able this disease is the most commonly inherited neuro  logical disorder and affects approximately 1 in 2 500 people c  mt was previously classified as a subtype of muscular dy  stro  phy
in digital electronics charge sharing is an undesirable signal integrity phenomenon observed most commonly in the domino logic family of digital circuits the charge sharing problem occurs when the charge which is stored at the output no  de in the phase is shared among the output or junction capac  it  ances of trans  is  tors which are in the evaluation phase charge sharing may de  grade the output voltage level or even cause erroneous output value
char  ley horse is a popular col  lo  qu  ial term in canada and the united states for painful involuntary sp  as  ms or cram  ps in the leg muscles typically lasting anywhere from a few seconds to about a day it is less likely to refer to a bru  ise on an arm or leg and a bru  ising of the quad  ric  eps muscle of the an  terior or lateral thi  gh or con  tu  sion of the fem  ur that commonly results in a ha  em  atom  a and sometimes several weeks of pain and disability in this latter sense such an injury is known as dead leg in australia it is also known as a cor  ked thi  gh or cor  ky it often occurs in contact sports such as football when an athlete suffers a knee blunt trauma to the lateral quad  ric  eps causing a ha  em  atom  a or temporary pa  res  is and an  tal  gic ga  it as a result of pain another term jolly horse is used to describe simple painful muscle cram  ps in the leg or foot especially those that follow stren  uous exercise the term can also be used to refer to cram  ps in the foot muscles these muscle cram  ps can have many possible causes directly resulting from high or low ph or sub  str  ate concentrations in the blood including hormonal imbalances dehydr  ation low levels of magnesium potassium or calcium although the evidence has been mixed side effects of medication or more seriously diseases such as am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis and neuro  pa  thy they are also a common complaint during pregnancy
a chart pattern or price pattern is a pattern within a chart when prices are graph  ed in stock and commodity markets trading chart pattern studies play a large role during technical analysis when data is plo  tted there is usually a pattern which naturally occurs and repeats over a period chart patterns are used as either reversal or continuation signals
the effect can be lik  ened to the she  en off a spo  ol of silk the lumin  ous stre  ak of reflected light is always per  pend  icular to the direction of the fibres for a gem  stone to show this effect best it must be cut en c  abo  ch  on with the fi  bers or fi  bro  us structures parallel to the base of the finished gem the best finished specimens show a single sharply defined band of light that moves across the stone when it is rot  ated ch  ato  y  ant stones of lesser quality display a ban  ded effect as is typical with cat s eye varieties of quar  tz faceted stones do not show the effect well gem species known for this phenomenon include the aforementioned quar  tz ch  ry  so  ber  yl ber  yl especially var aqu  amar  ine char  o  ite tour  mal  ine lab  rad  or  ite sel  en  ite fel  d  spar ap  ati  te moon  stone thom  son  ite and sca  polite amongst others glass optical cable can also display ch  ato  yan  cy if properly cut and has become a popular decorative material in a variety of vivid colors the term cat s eye when used by itself as the name of a gem  stone refers to a cat s eye ch  ry  so  ber  yl it is also used as an ad  jec  tive which indicates the ch  ato  yance phenomenon in another stone e g cat s eye aqu  amar  ine
chau  ff  eur s frac  ture is a type of frac  ture of the fore  arm specifically the rad  ial sty  loid process the injury is typically caused by compression of the s  cap  ho  id bone of the hand against the sty  loid process of the dis  tal radius it can be caused by falling onto an out  stretched hand fo  os  h treatment is often open reduction and internal fixation which is surgical realignment of the bone fragments and fixation with pins screws or plates the name originates from early chau  ff  eurs who sustained these injuries when the car back fired while the chau  ff  eur was hand cran  king to start the car the back fire forced the cr  ank backward into the chau  ff  eur s palm and produced the characteristic sty  loid frac  ture it is also known as a back  fire frac  ture for the same reason or a hut  chin  son frac  ture
in number theory che  by  sh  ev s bias is the phenomenon that most of the time there are more pri  mes of the form 4 k 3 than of the form 4 k 1 up to the same limit this phenomenon was first observed by che  by  sh  ev in 18  53
a check is a condition in chess sho  gi and xi  ang  q  i that occurs when a player s king or general in xi  ang  q  i is under threat of capture on their opponent s next turn a king so threatened is said to be in check a player must get out of check if possible by inter  posing a piece between the threatening piece and the king capturing the threatening piece or moving the king to a square where it is no longer in check if the player cannot move out of check the game ends in check  mate and the player loses players cannot make any move that puts their own king in check
a check also chec  ker br  it chequ  er is a pattern of modified stri  pes consisting of crossed horizontal and vertical lines forming squares
in fluid mechanics the che  eri  os effect is the phenomenon that occurs when floating objects that don t normally float attract one another we  tting an example of the che  eri  os effect is when breakfast cereal clum  ps together or cl  ings to the sides of a bowl of milk it is named after the common breakfast cereal che  eri  os and is due to surface tension the same effect governs the behavior of bubbles on the surface of soft drinks
ch  ei  li  tis is infl  amm  ation of the lips this infl  amm  ation may include the peri  oral skin the skin around the mouth the ver  mi  lion border and or the lab  ial mu  co  sa the skin and the ver  mi  lion border are more commonly involved as the mu  co  sa is less affected by infl  am  matory and allergic reactions it is a general term and there are many recognized types and different causes ch  ei  li  tis can be either acute or chronic most ch  ei  li  tis is caused by exo  genous factors such as dr  y  ness c  happ  ing and acute sun exposure patch testing may identify aller  gens that cause ch  ei  li  tis
che  ir  al  gia par  a  esthe  tica is a neuro  pa  thy of the hand generally caused by compression or trauma to the superficial branch of the rad  ial nerve the area affected is typically on the back or side of the hand at the base of the thumb near the anatom  ical snu  ff  box but may extend up the back of the thumb and index finger and across the back of the hand symptoms include num  b  ness ting  ling burning or pain since the nerve branch is sensory there is no motor impairment it may be distinguished from de quer  vain syndrome because it is not dependent on motion of the hand or fingers the most common cause is thought to be con  stric  tion of the wrist as with a brac  elet or watch  band hence reference to w  ris  tw  at  ch neuro  pa  thy it is especially associated with the use of handcu  ffs and is therefore commonly referred to as handcu  ff neuro  pa  thy other injuries or surgery in the wrist area can also lead to symptoms including surgery for other syndro  mes such as de quer  vain s the exact eti  ology is unknown as it is unclear whether direct pressure by the con  stric  ting item is alone responsible or whether e  dem  a associated with the con  stric  tion also contributes symptoms commonly resolve on their own within several months when the con  stric  tion is removed n  s  aids are commonly prescribed in some cases surgical de  compression is required the efficacy of cor  tis  one and laser treatment is disputed permanent damage is possible this neuro  pa  thy was first identified by robert war  ten  berg in a 19  32 paper recent studies have focused on handcu  ff injuries due to the legal liability implications but these have been hampered by difficulties in follow  up particularly as large percentages of the study participants have been ine  bri  ated when they were injured diagnos  tically it is often sub  sum  ed into compression neuro  pa  thy of the rad  ial nerve as a whole e g ic  d 9 354 3 but studies and papers continue to use the older term to distinguish it from more extensive neuro  path  ies originating in the fore  arm
chel  e  tropic reactions also known as ch  elo  tropic reactions are a type of peric  ycl  ic reaction a peric  ycl  ic reaction is one that involves a transition state with a cyclic array of atoms and an associated cyclic array of inter  acting or  bit  als a reorganization of σ and π bonds occurs in this cyclic array specifically chel  e  tropic reactions are a sub  class of cyclo  additions the key distinguishing feature of chel  e  tropic reactions is that on one of the reagents both new bonds are being made to the same atom a few examples are shown to the right in the first case the single atom is the carbon  yl carbon that ends up in carbon monoxide the end result is making two new bonds to one atom the first two examples are known as chel  e  tropic ex  tru  sions because a small stable mol  ecu  le is given off in the reaction the driving force for these reactions is often the ent  ro  pic benefit of gaseous evolution e g co or n 2
chel  on  it  ox  ism is a type of food poisoning from eating marine tur  tles it is considered rare haw  ks  bill turtle meat is one source of the bio  toxin as well as green sea turtle chel  onia my  das chel  on  tox  ism can be deadly and there is no known antidote sea turtle is a traditional food in the outer micro  ne  sian islands symptoms include naus  ea v  om  iting dy  sp  ha  gia and ab  domin  al pain severe cases can induce coma and multi  organ problems children are especially susceptible and the toxins have been reported to transfer via breastfeeding
a chemical burn occurs when living tissue is exposed to a corrosive substance such as a strong acid or base chemical burns follow standard burn classification and may cause extensive tissue damage the main types of irrit  ant and or corrosive products are acids bases ox  idi  zers reducing agents solvents and al  k  yl  ants additionally chemical burns can be caused by some types of chemical weapons e g ves  ic  ants such as mustard gas and le  wis  ite or ur  tic  ants such as pho  s  gene ox  im  e chemical burns may need no source of heat occur immediately on contact not be immediately evident or noticeable be extremely painful diffuse into tissue and damage structures under skin without immediately apparent damage to skin surface
the chemical cham  ele  on is a re  do  x reaction well known from classroom demonstrations that exploits the dramatic color changes associated with the various oxid  ation states of man  g  anese gl  au  ber reported the first description of the production of potassium perman  gan  ate when he noted that man  g  anese dioxide as the mineral pyro  lus  ite could be reacted at high temperatures with alkali to obtain a material that dissolved in water to give a green solution which slowly shifted to a violet red this process similar to that still used in the production of potassium perman  gan  ate ox  idi  zed man  g  anese dioxide to potassium man  gan  ate which acidi  fied by carbon dioxide absorbed from the air ox  idi  zed further to purple potassium perman  gan  ate the chemical cham  ele  on reaction shows the process in reverse by reducing violet potassium perman  gan  ate first to green potassium man  gan  ate and eventually to brown man  g  anese dioxide k  m  no 4 violet → k 2 m  no 4 green → m  no 2 brown yellow suspension blue potassium hypo  man  gan  ate may also form as an intermediate the reaction proceeds in al  kal  ine conditions under the influence of a reducing agent sodium hydrox  ide potassium hydrox  ide and ammonium hydrox  ide can be used to al  k  alize the perman  gan  ate solution while a variety of reducing agents can be used sugars being common a similar demonstration involves so  aking paper in al  k  alized perman  gan  ate solution which produces the same color changes as the paper is ox  idi  zed and the perman  gan  ate reduced
chemical co  li  tis is a type of co  li  tis an infl  amm  ation of the large intest  ine or col  on caused by the introduction of harsh chemicals to the col  on by an enem  a or other procedure chemical co  li  tis can resemble ul  cer  ative co  li  tis infectious co  li  tis and pseu  dom  emb  ran  ous co  li  tis endo  sco  p  ically prior to 1950 hydrogen per  oxide enem  as were commonly used for certain conditions this practice will often result in chemical co  li  tis soap enem  as may also cause chemical co  li  tis harsh chemicals such as compounds used to clean colon  o  sco  pes are sometimes accidentally introduced into the col  on during colon  o  sco  py or other procedures this can also lead to chemical co  li  tis chemical co  li  tis may trigger a fl  are of ul  cer  ative co  li  tis or cro  hn s co  li  tis symptoms of co  li  tis are assessed using the simple clinical co  li  tis activity index
chemical de  composition analysis or breakdown is the separation of a chemical compound into elements or simpler compounds it is sometimes defined as the exact opposite of a chemical synthesis chemical de  composition is often an un  desired chemical reaction the stability that a chemical compound ordinarily has is eventually limited when exposed to extreme environmental conditions like heat radiation hum  idity or the acidity of a solvent the details of de  composition processes are generally not well defined as a mol  ecu  le may break up into a host of smaller fragments chemical de  composition is exploited in several analytical techniques notably mass spec  tro  metry traditional grav  im  etr  ic analysis and thermo  grav  im  etr  ic analysis a broader definition of the term de  composition also includes the breakdown of one phase into two or more phases there are three broad types of de  composition reactions thermal electro  ly  tic and catalytic
aspiration pneu  mon  i  tis or chemical pneu  mon  i  tis is infl  amm  ation of the lung caused by aspir  ating or inhal  ing irrit  ants it is sometimes called a chemical pneumonia though it is not infectious there are two general types of chemical pneu  mon  i  tis acute and chronic irrit  ants capable of causing chemical pneu  mon  i  tis include v  om  it  us barium used in ga  stro intest  inal imaging chlorine gas among other pul  mon  ary agents ing  ested gasoline or other petroleum distill  ates ing  ested or skin absorbed pesticides gases from electro  pl  ating smoke and others it may also be caused by the use of inhal  ants mend  elson s syndrome is a type of chemical pneu  mon  i  tis mineral oil should not be given internally to young children pets or anyone with a cough hi  atus her  nia or no  c  tur  nal ref  lux because it can cause complications such as li  po  id pneumonia due to its low density it is easily aspir  ated into the lungs where it cannot be removed by the body in children if aspir  ated the oil can work to prevent normal breathing resulting in death of brain cells and permanent paralysis and or retar  dation signs and symptoms of chemical pneu  mon  i  tis include acute cough difficulty breathing abnormal lung sounds wet g  urg  ling sounding bre  aths chest pain ti  ght  ness or burning chronic persistent cough short  ness of breath increased suscep  tibility to respiratory illness symptoms of chronic chemical pneu  mon  i  tis may or may not be present and can take months or years to develop to the point of notic  e  ability
chemical specificity is the ability of a protein s binding site to bind specific lig  ands the fewer lig  ands a protein can bind the greater its specificity specificity describes the strength of binding between a given protein and lig  and this relationship can be described by a dissoci  ation constant which characterizes the balance between bound and un  bound states for the protein lig  and system in the context of a single enzyme and a pair of binding molecules the two lig  ands can be compared as stronger or weaker lig  ands for the enzyme on the basis of their dissoci  ation constan  ts a lower value corresponds to a stronger binding specificity for a set of lig  ands is unrelated to the ability of an enzyme to cataly  ze a given reaction with the lig  and as a sub  str  ate if a given enzyme has a high chemical specificity this means that the set of lig  ands to which it binds is limited such that neither binding events nor catal  ysis can occur at an appreciable rate with additional molecules an example of a protein lig  and pair whose binding activity can be described as highly specific is the anti  body antigen system conversely an example of a protein lig  and system that can bind sub  str  ates and cataly  ze multiple reactions effectively is the cy  to  ch  rome p 450 system which can be considered a promis  cu  ous enzyme due to its broad specificity for multiple lig  ands
the chemical traffic light is the reaction of the changing in color of the solution which also related to the blue bottle experiment one of the early formula consists of glucose sodium hydrox  ide indi  go car  mine and water another formula consists of indi  go car  mine dy  e as  cor  bic acid vitamin c sodium bic  ar  bon  ate sodium chloride copper ii sul  fate sodium hydrox  ide and water by doing so chemical waste and the level of corrosive is reduced the amount of solid chemicals dissolved in the experiment could be reduced from 60 grams to 6 grams and the ph could be lowered from 13 to 3 which is easier to neutr  alize the ph to 7 by adding b  aking soda before disposal also it is safer and the reactions also occur faster and are easier to perform at first all chemicals are added together and the color appears yellow after shaking the color turns green and then changes to red after it is left untouched when further observed the color turns back to yellow which is why the solution is called the chemical traffic light this reaction can be repeated many times but it needs additional oxygen or indi  go car  mine
chem  otherapy induced ac  ral er  y  them  a also known as pal  mar plan  tar er  y  thro  dys  esthesia pal  mop  lan  tar er  y  thro  dys  esthesia or hand foot syndrome is red  dening sw  elling num  b  ness and des  qu  am  ation skin sl  ough  ing or pe  eling on pal  ms of the hands and sol  es of the feet and occasionally on the knees el  bows and elsewhere that can occur after chem  otherapy in patients with cancer hand foot syndrome is also rarely seen in sick  le cell disease these skin changes usually are well demarc  ated ac  ral er  y  them  a typically disappears within a few weeks after dis  continuation of the offending drug
chem  otherapy induced hyper  pi  gm  entation is caused by many chem  other  apeu  tic agents especially the antibiotics ble  om  y  cin and da  un  or  u  bic  in and the al  k  yl  ating agents cycl  op  hosp  ham  ide and bus  ul  fan
chem  o tro  p  ism is the growth of organisms or parts of an organism including individual cells such as bacteria and plants navi  gated by chemical stimulus from outside of the organism or organisms part the response of the organism or organism part is termed ‘ positive ’ if the growth is towards the stimulus or ‘ negative ’ if the growth is away from the stimulus an example of chem  o tropic movement can be seen during the growth of the poll  en tube where growth is always towards the o  vul  es it can be also written that conversion of flower into fruit is the example of chem  o tro  p  ism fertili  zation of flowers by poll  en is achieved because the o  vary releases chemicals that produce a positive chem  o tropic response from the developing poll  en tube an example of positive and negative chem  o tro  p  ism is shown by a plant ’ s roots the roots grow towards useful minerals displaying positive chem  o tro  p  ism and grow away from harmful acids displaying negative chem  o tro  p  ism another example of chem  o tropic movement of includes the growth of individual neuro  nal cell ax  ons in response to extra cellular signals which guide the developing ax  on to in  nerv  ate the correct target tissue also the addition of atmospheric nitrogen also called nitrogen fixation is an example of chem  o tro  p  ism chem  o tro  p  ism is different from chem  o  tax  is the major difference being that chem  o tro  p  ism is related to growth while chem  o  tax  is is related to locomo  tion
cherry eye is a disorder of the nic  tit  ating memb  rane nm also called the third eye  lid present in the eyes of dogs and cats cherry eye is most often seen in young dogs under the age of two common mis  no  mers include ad  eni  tis hyper  pl  asia aden  oma of the g  land of the third eye  lid however cherry eye is not caused by hyper  pl  asia ne  op  la  sia or primary infl  amm  ation in many species the third eye  lid plays an essential role in vision by supplying oxygen and nutrients to the eye via tear production normally the g  land can ever  t without det  achment cherry eye results from a defect in the re  tin  ac  ul  um which is responsible for anch  oring the g  land to the peri  or  bit  a this defect causes the g  land to pro  lapse and pro  tru  de from the eye as a red fles  hy mass problems arise as sensitive tissue dri  es out and is subjected to external trauma exposure of the tissue often results in secondary infl  amm  ation sw  elling or infection if left untreated this condition can lead to ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis sic  ca k  cs and other complications
cherry an  gi  om  as also known as campbell de morgan spots or sen  ile an  gi  om  as are cherry red pap  ules on the skin containing an abnormal proliferation of blood vessels they are the most common kind of an  gi  oma they are called campbell de morgan spots after the nineteenth century british surgeon campbell de morgan who first noted and described them the frequency of cherry an  gi  om  as increases with age
cherry leaf spot is a fun  gal disease which inf  ects cherries and pl  ums sweet and sour cherries are susceptible to the disease however leaf spot is much more prevalent in sour cherries the variety of sour cherries that is the most susceptible are the english mo  rel  lo cherries this is considered a serious disease in the mid  west new england states and canada it has also been estimated to infect 80 percent of orch  ards in the eastern states it must be controlled yearly to avoid a significant loss of the crop if not controlled properly the disease can dramatically reduce yields by nearly 100 percent the disease is also known as “ yellow leaf ” or “ sho  th  ole disease ” to cherry growers due to the characteristic yel  lowing leaves and shot holes present in the leaves upon severe infection
cher  u  b  ism is a rare genetic disorder that causes prominence in the lower portion in the face the name is derived from the temporary chu  bby chee  ked resemblance to pu  tti often confused with cher  u  bs in renaissance paintings
chess equipment are the tangible items required to play a game of chess to have an over the board ot  b chess tournament the equipment required includes chess pieces ch  ess  board chess clock and table a chess player playing a game of online chess correspondence chess computer chess or non tournament chess may choose their own preferred configuration of chess equipment
a chest injury is any form of physical injury to the chest including the ribs heart and lungs chest injuries account for 25 of all deaths from traumatic injury typically chest injuries are caused by blunt mechanisms such as motor vehicle collis  ions or penetr  ating mechanisms such as stab  b  ings
chest pain in children is the pain felt in the chest by infants children and adolescents in most cases the pain is not associated with the heart it is primarily identified by the observance or report of pain by the infant child or adoles  cent by reports of distress by parents or ca  reg  i  vers chest pain is not un  common in children many children are seen in ambul  atory clinics emergency departments and hospitals and cardi  ology clinics most often there is a benign cause for the pain for most children some have conditions that are serious and possibly life threatening chest pain in pedi  atric patients requires careful physical examination and a detailed history that would indicate the possibility of a serious cause studies of pedi  atric chest pain are spar  se it has been difficult to create evidence based guidelines for evaluation
chev  ron nail also known as a her  ring  bone nail is a rare transi  ent finger  nail ridge pattern seen in children a ridge arising from the proxim  al n  ail  fold and conver  ging in a v shaped pattern towards the mid  point dist  ally the nail growth pattern has no known association with medical problems and tends to resolve by early adul  thood
che  win  ess is the mouth  feel sensation of lab  ored chewing due to sustained elastic resistance from the food foods typically considered che  wy include car  am  el rare steak and chewing gum che  win  ess is empir  ically measured by the metr  ics of chew count and chew rate
che  y  ne – st  okes respir  ation ˈ  t  ʃ  e  ɪ  n  ˈ  sto  ʊ  ks is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an ap  ne  a the pattern repeats with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes it is an osci  ll  ation of ventilation between ap  ne  a and hyper  p  ne  a with a cres  c  endo di  minu  endo pattern and is associated with changing serum partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide che  y  ne – st  okes respir  ation and periodic breathing are the two regions on a spectrum of severity of osci  ll  atory tidal volume the distinction lies in what is observed at the trou  gh of ventilation che  y  ne – st  okes respir  ation involves ap  ne  a since ap  ne  a is a prominent feature in their original description while periodic breathing involves hypo  p  ne  a abnormally small but not absent bre  aths these phenomena can occur during wa  ke  fulness or during sleep where they are called the central sleep ap  ne  a syndrome c  sas it may be caused by damage to respiratory centers or by physiological ab  norm  alities in chronic heart failure and is also seen in new  bor  ns with immature respiratory systems and in visitors new to high al  titu  des
the chicago union stock yards fire occurred from december 22 to december 23 19  10 and resulted in the deaths of twenty one chicago fire department fire  men until september 11 2001 it was the dead  liest building collapse in american history in terms of fire  fighter fatalities although the texas city disaster of 1947 killed more firefighters overall it remains the worst such incident in chicago history
chick  en  pox also known as var  ic  ella is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with var  ic  ella zo  ster virus v  z  v the disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small it  chy bl  is  ters which eventually sc  ab over it usually starts on the chest back and face then spreads to the rest of the body other symptoms may include fever feeling tired and headaches symptoms usually last five to ten days complications may occasionally include pneumonia infl  amm  ation of the brain or bacterial infections of the skin among others the disease is often more severe in adults than children symptoms begin ten to twenty one days after exposure to the virus chick  en  pox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the cou  ghs and snee  zes of an infected person it may be spread from one to two days before the rash appears until all le  sions have cru  sted over it may also spread through contact with the bl  is  ters those with sh  ing  les may spread chick  en  pox to those who are not immune through contact with the bl  is  ters the disease can usually be diagnosed based on the presenting symptom however in unusual cases may be confirmed by poly  mer  ase chain reaction p  cr testing of the bl  ister fluid or s  cab  s testing for antibodies may be done to determine if a person is or is not immune people usually only get the disease once although re  infections by the virus occur these re  infections usually do not cause any symptoms the var  ic  ella vaccine has resulted in a decrease in the number of cases and complications from the disease it protects about 70 to 90 percent of people from disease with a greater benefit for severe disease routine immun  ization of children is recommended in many countries immun  ization within three days of exposure may improve outcomes in children treatment of those infected may include calam  ine lo  tion to help with it  ching keeping the finger  nails short to decrease injury from scrat  ching and the use of par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en to help with fe  vers for those at increased risk of complications anti  viral medication such as ac  ic  lo  vi  r are recommended chick  en  pox occurs in all parts of the world as of 2013 140 million cases of chick  en  pox and her  pes zo  ster occurred before routine immun  ization the number of cases occurring each year was similar to the number of people born since immun  ization the number of infections in the united states has decreased nearly 90 in 2013 chick  en  pox resulted in 7 000 deaths globally – down from 8 900 in 1990 death occurs in about 1 per 60 000 cases chick  en  pox was not separated from small  pox until the late 19 th century in 18  88 its connection to sh  ing  les was determined the first documented use of the term chicken pox was in 16  58 various explanations have been suggested for the use of chicken in the name one being the relative mil  dness of the disease
a chief visionary officer c  vo is an executive function in a company like ceo or co  o the title is sometimes used to form  alize a high level advisory position and other times used to define a higher ranking position than that held by the ceo in some cases the c  vo is added to the ceo title for ceo c  vo status much in the same way that people with multiple university degrees list them after their names the c  vo is expected to have a broad and comprehensive knowledge of all matters related to the business of the organization as well as the vision required to steer its course into the future the person in charge must have the core competencies of every executive and the visionary ideas to move the company forward defining corporate strategies and working plans the role has expanded to include form  alizing the company ’ s strategic planning processes forging new working relationships and synergies across the organization and establishing greater transparency and accountability for those people carrying out the company ’ s strategy companies add c  vos or consider doing so sometimes interchangeable with c  so chief strategy officer to their management teams for several reasons changes to the business landscape — complex organizational structures rapid globalization new regulations the struggle to innovate — make it more difficult for ceos to be on top of everything even in areas as important as strategy execution and vision direction strategy development has become a continuous process and successful execution depends on rapid and effective decision making further as harvard business school professor joseph l bo  wer has noted iron fis  ted control of execution often elu  des the top team ’ s grasp as line executives seek to define strategy on their own terms see bo  wer and clark g gil  bert ’ s “ how managers ’ everyday decisions create — or destroy — your company ’ s strategy ” february 2007 ein  ar st  eff  er  ud co founder and c  vo of first virtual holdings in 1994 is usually recognized as the first c  vo another early c  vo was tim rober  ts of broadband investment group rober  ts said he invented the title to recognize the visionary attributes needed to integrate a complex business with many diverse aspects rober  ts chose the title to define his role in the organization and didn t intend the designation to prolifer  ate across the corporate world in the way that it has
a chi  gnon is a temporary sw  elling left on an infant s head after a vent  ouse suc  tion cap has been used to deliver him or her it is not a sign of serious injury and may take as little as two hours or as long as two weeks to disappear
chi  kun  gun  ya is an infection caused by the chi  kun  gun  ya virus symptoms include the fever and joint pain these typically occur two to twelve days after exposure other symptoms may include headache muscle pain joint sw  elling and a rash most people are better within a week however occasionally the joint pain may last for months the risk of death is around 1 in 1 000 the very young old and those with other health problems are at risk of more severe disease the virus is spread between people by two types of mosquit  os a  edes al  b  op  ic  tus and a  edes a  egyp  ti they mainly bite during the day the virus may circulate within a number of animals including birds and ro  dents diagnosis is by either testing the blood for the virus s r  na or antibodies to the virus the symptoms can be mistaken for those of den  gue fever and zi  ka fever after a single infection it is believed most people become immune the best means of prevention is overall mosquito control and the avoidance of bites in areas where the disease is common this may be partly achieved by decreases mosquitoes access to water and with the use of insect rep  ell  ent and mosquito nets there is no vaccine and no specific treatment as of 2016 recommendations include rest fluids and medications to help with fever and joint pain while the disease typically occurs in africa and asia outbreaks have been reported in europe and the americas since the 2000 s in 2014 more than a million suspected cases occurred in 2014 it was occurring in florida in the continental united states but as of 2016 there was no further locally acquired cases the disease was first identified in 1952 in tanzania the term is from the kim  ak  on  de language and means to become cont  or  ted
chil  ai  di  ti syndrome is a rare condition when pain occurs due to transposition of a loop of large intest  ine usually trans  verse col  on in between the di  aphr  ag  m and the liver visible on plain ab  domin  al x ray or chest x ray normally this causes no symptoms and this is called chil  ai  di  ti s sign the sign can be permanently present or spor  ad  ically this anatom  ical variant is sometimes mistaken for the more serious condition of having air under the di  aphr  ag  m pneu  m  oper  it  on  eu  m which is usually an indication of bo  wel per  for  ation possibly leading to surgical interventions chil  ai  di  ti syndrome refers only to complications in the presence of chil  ai  di  ti s sign these include ab  domin  al pain tor  sion of the bo  wel trans  verse col  on vol  vul  us or short  ness of breath
chil  bl  ain lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus also known as chil  bl  ain lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus of hut  chin  son is a chronic unre  mitting form of lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus with the finger  tips ri  ms of ears calves and heels affected especially in women
chil  bl  ains ˈ  t  ʃ  ɪ  l  ble  ɪ  n  z — also known as per  nio and per  ni  osis — is a medical condition that occurs when a pre  disposed individual is exposed to cold and hum  idity causing tissue damage it is often confused with fro  st  bite and tren  ch foot damage to cap  ill  ary beds in the skin causes red  ness it  ching infl  amm  ation and sometimes bl  is  ters chil  bl  ains can be reduced by keeping the feet and hands warm in cold weather and avoiding extreme temperature changes chil  bl  ains can be idi  opathic spontaneous and unrelated to another disease but may also be a manifestation of another serious medical condition that needs to be investigated a history of chil  bl  ains is sugges  tive of a connec  tive tissue disease such as lup  us chil  bl  ains in infants together with severe neuro  logic disease and un  explained fe  vers can be seen in a  ic  ardi – gou  ti  ères syndrome a rare inherited condition
a child bone frac  ture is a medical condition in which a bone of a child a person younger than the age of 18 is cracked or broken about 15 of all injuries in children are frac  ture injuries bone fractu  res in children are different from adult bone fractu  res because a child ’ s bones are still growing also more consideration needs to be taken when a child fractu  res a bone since it will affect the child in his or her growth
child labor in bolivia is a widespread phenomenon a 2014 document on the worst forms of child labor released by the u s department of labor estimated that approximately 20 2 of children between the ages of 7 and 14 or 388 541 children make up the labor force in bolivia indigenous children are more likely to be engaged in labor than children who reside in urban areas the activities of child labor  ers are diverse however the majority of child labor  ers are involved in agricultural labor and this activity varies between urban and rural areas bolivia has ratified the united nations convention on the rights of the child in 1990 bolivia has also ratified the international labour organization ’ s minimum age convention 1973 138 and the ilo ’ s worst forms of child labor convention 182 in july 2014 the bolivian government passed the new child and adoles  cent code which lowered the minimum working age to ten years old given certain working conditions the new code stipulates that children between the ages of ten and twelve can legally work given they are self employed while children between 12 and 14 may work as contracted labor  ers as long as their work does not interfere with their education and they work under parental supervision
child psychop  ath  ology refers to the scientific study of mental disorders in children and adolescents op  posi  tional defi  ant disorder attention deficit hyper  activity disorder and au  tism spectrum disorder are examples of psychop  ath  ology that are typically first diagnosed during childhood mental health providers who work with children and adolescents are informed by research in developmental psychology clinical child psychology and family systems lists of child and adult mental disorders can be found in the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10 th edition ic  d 10 published by the world health organization who and in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition dsm 5 published by the american psychiatric association ap  a in addition the diagnostic classification of mental health and developmental disorders of infancy and early childhood dc 0 3 r is used in assessing mental health and developmental disorders in children up to age five
child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome c  sa  as is a syndrome proposed by ro  land c summit in 1983 to describe how he believed sexually abused children responded to ongoing sexual abuse summit described how children try to resolve the experience of sexual abuse in relation to the effects of disclosure in real life he pos  ited five stages 1 secrecy 2 helplessness 3 entr  ap  ment and accommodation 4 delayed disclosure 5 re  traction according to mary de young c  sa  as featured heavily in the day care sex abuse hysteria of the 1980 s and 1990 s because it pur  ports to explain both delayed disclosures and withdrawals of false allegation of child sexual abuse de young argued that c  sa  as is used to justify any statement made by a child as an indication that sexual abuse had occurred because immediate disclosure could be an indication of abuse but also delayed disclosure withdrawal and sustained denial margaret shi  u wrote in 2009 that there is empirical evidence to support both the scientific validity of c  sa  as and the tendency for sexually abused children to rec  ant their allegations of c  sa child sexual abuse shi  u concluded that it is therefore time for courts to stop doub  ting the scientific validity of c  sa  as
child sexual abuse is a major problem in india this page is a compilation of statistics and major incidents and policy developments around the issue of child sexual abuse in india
childbirth also known as labour and delivery is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more babies leaving a woman s uter  us in 2015 there were about 135 million births globally about 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gest  ation while between 3 and 12 were born after 42 weeks in the developed world most deliveries occur in hospital while in the developing world most births take place at home with the support of a traditional birth attendant the most common way of childbirth is a vag  inal delivery it involves three stages of labour the shortening and opening of the cer  vi  x descent and birth of the baby and the pushing out of the plac  enta the first stage typically lasts twelve to nine  teen hours the second stage twenty minutes to two hours and the third stage five to thirty minutes the first stage begins with cr  amp  y ab  domin  al or back pains that last around half a minute and occur every ten to thirty minutes the cr  amp  y pains become stronger and closer together over time during the second stage pushing with contr  actions may occur in the third stage delayed clam  ping of the um  bil  ical cord is generally recommended a number of methods can help with pain such as relaxation techniques op  io  ids and spinal blocks most babies are born head first however about 4 are born feet or but  to  ck first known as bre  ech during labour a women can generally eat and move around as she likes pushing is not recommended during the first stage or during delivery of the head and enem  as are not recommended while making a cut to the opening of the vag  ina is common known as an ep  is  io  tomy it is generally not needed in 2012 about 23 million deliveries occurred by a surgical procedure known as ca  es  are  an section ca  es  are  an sections may be recommended for twins signs of distress in the baby or bre  ech position this method of delivery can take longer to heal from each year complications from pregnancy and childbirth result in about 500 000 maternal deaths 7 million women have serious long term problems and 50 million women have health negative outcomes following delivery most of these occur in the developing world specific complications include obstructed labour post  par  tum bleeding ec  lam  p  sia and post  par  tum infection complications in the baby include birth as  phy  x  ia
childhood absence epi  le  psy ca  e also known as py  kno  le  psy is an idi  opathic generalized epi  le  psy which occurs in otherwise normal children the age of onset is between 4 – 10 years with peak age between 5 – 7 years children have absence seizures which although brief 4 – 20 seconds they occur frequently sometimes in the hundreds per day the absence seizures of ca  e involve abrupt and severe impairment of consciousness mild autom  atis  ms are frequent but major motor involvement early in the course excludes this diagnosis the eeg demonstrates characteristic typical 3 h  z spike wave discharges prog  no  sis is excellent in well defined cases of ca  e with most patients growing out of their epi  le  psy
juvenile ar  thri  tis also known as childhood ar  thri  tis ja is any form of ar  thri  tis or ar  thri  tis related conditions which affects individuals under the age of 16 juvenile ar  thri  tis is a chronic auto  immune disease affecting approximately 294 000 – 250 000 children and teens making juvenile ar  thri  tis one of the most common childhood diseases in the us three classifications of juvenile ar  thri  tis exist — juvenile r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis j  ra juvenile chronic ar  thri  tis j  ca and juvenile idi  opathic ar  thri  tis j  ia of which juvenile r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis is the most common three main types of j  ra exist and classification is based upon symptoms number of joints involved and the presence of antibodies in the blood poly  artic  ular ar  thri  tis is the first type of ar  thri  tis which affects about 30 – 40 of children with ar  thri  tis and is more common in girls than boys typically five or more joints are affected usually smaller joints such as the hands and feet but many also affect the hips neck shoulders and jaw oligo  artic  ular pau  ci  artic  ular ar  thri  tis can be early or late onset and is the second type of ar  thri  tis affecting about 50 of children with juvenile ar  thri  tis this type affects fewer than four joints usually the large joints such as knees an  kles or w  rists and may cause eye infl  amm  ation in girls with positive anti nuclear antibodies ana girls younger than eight are more likely to develop this type of ar  thri  tis systemic is the final classification of j  ra where 10 – 20 of children boys and girls equally are affected with limited movement sw  elling and pain in at least one joint a common symptom of this type of ar  thri  tis is a high spi  king fever of 103 ° f 39 4 ° c or higher lasting for weeks or months and a rash of pale red spots on the chest thi  ghs or other parts of the body may also be visible in most cases juvenile ar  thri  tis is caused by the body attacking its own healthy cells and tissues causing the joint to become infl  amed and stiff once the joint has become infl  amed and stiff damage is done to the joint and the growth of the joint may by changed or impaired early diagnosis and treatment by a paediatric r  heu  mato  logist or a r  heu  mato  logist can help manage infl  amm  ation relieve pain and prevent joint damage careful examination laboratory tests blood and urine and x rays may be some of the tests conducted by a doctor the treatment of juvenile ar  thri  tis may include medications therapy spl  in  ts and in severe cases surgery these treatments are focused on reducing sw  elling relieving pain and maintaining full movement of joints children are encouraged to be involved in extra curricul  ar activities physical activity when possible and to live a normal life
childhood blindness is an important cause contributing to the burden of blindness blindness in children can be defined as a visual acu  ity of 3 60 in the eye with better vision of a child under 16 years of age this generally means that the child cannot see something three feet about one meter away that another child could see if it was 60 feet about 20 meters away
childhood cancer also known as pedi  atric cancer is cancer in a child in the united states an arbitrarily adopted standard of the ages used are 0 – 14 years inclusive that is up to 14 years 11 9 months of age however the definition of childhood cancer sometimes includes young adults between 15 – 19 years old pedi  atric on  co  logy is the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in children worldwide it is estimated that childhood cancer has an incidence of more than 175 000 per year and a mortality rate of approximately 96 000 per year in developed countries childhood cancer has a mortality of approximately 20 of cases in low resource settings on the other hand mortality is approximately 80 or even 90 in the world s poorest countries in many developed countries the incidence is slowly increasing as rates of childhood cancer increased by 0 6 per year between 1975 and 2002 in the united states and by 1 1 per year between 1978 and 1997 in europe
childhood cat  ar  act is cat  ar  act that occurs at birth or in childhood it may be con  genital or acquired
some common childhood onset chronic illnesses are c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis cere  br  al pal  sy juvenile diabetes juvenile r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis and cancer chronic illness is often a risk factor for developing psychop  ath  o  logies due to the psychological toll it takes on the children and their developing brains approximately 10 million children in the united states suffer from a childhood onset chronic illness
the childhood dis  integr  ative disorder c  dd also known as hel  ler s syndrome and dis  integr  ative psycho  sis is a rare condition characterized by late onset of developmental delays — or stunning re  vers  als — in language social function and motor skills researchers have not been successful in finding a cause for the disorder c  dd has some similarity to au  tism and is sometimes considered a low functioning form of it in may 2013 the term c  dd along with other types of au  tism was f  used into a single diagnostic term called au  tism spectrum disorder under the new dsm 5 manual therefore c  dd is now also called regressive au  tism being that this term can now refer to any type of au  tism spectrum disorder that involves regression including c  dd c  dd was originally described by austrian educ  ator theod  or hel  ler 18  69 – 1938 in 19  08 35 years before leo k  ann  er and hans asper  ger described au  tism hel  ler had previously used the name dementia inf  anti  lis for the syndrome an apparent period of fairly normal development is often noted before a regression in skills or a series of regres  sions in skills the age at which this regression can occur varies but typically after 3 years of normal development the regression can be so dramatic that the child may be aware of it and may in its beginning even ask vocally what is happening to her him some children describe or appear to be reacting to halluc  inations but the most obvious symptom is that skills apparently attained are lost many children are already somewhat delayed when the disorder becomes apparent but these delays are not always obvious in young children this has been described by many writers as a devastating condition affecting both the family and the individual s future as is the case with all pervasive developmental disorder categories there is considerable controversy about the right treatment for c  dd
childhood gender non  conformity c  gn is a phenomenon in which pre  pu  bes  cent children do not conform to expected gender related soci  ological or psychological patterns or identify with the opposite sex gender typical behavior among those who exhibit the phenomenon includes but is not limited to a propensity to cross dress refusal to take part in activities conventi  onally thought suitable for the gender and the exclusive choice of play mates of the opposite sex multiple studies have correlated childhood gender non  conformity with eventual homosexuality in these studies a majority of those who identify as gay or lesbian self report being gender non  conforming as children the therapeutic community is currently divided on the proper response to childhood gender non  conformity one study suggested that childhood gender non  conformity is her  itable
childhood leuk  emia is a type of leuk  emia usually acute lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia all and a type of childhood cancer the cure rate of childhood leuk  emia is generally higher than adult leuk  emia approaching 90 although some side effects of treatment last into adul  thood the older aggressive treatments of cran  ial irradiation and anth  rac  ycl  ines such as do  x  or  u  bic  in caused increased risk of solid tumors heart failure growth retar  dation and cognitive defects leuk  emia is a hem  at  ological m  align  ancy or a cancer of the blood it develops in the bone marrow the soft inner part of bones where new blood cells are made when a child has leuk  emia the bone marrow produces white blood cells that do not mature correctly normal healthy cells only reproduce when there is enough space for them the body will regulate the production of cells by sending signals of when to stop production when a child has leuk  emia the cells do not respond to the signals telling them when to stop and when to produce cells regardless of the available space
childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child s health or well being as methods to determine body fat directly are difficult the diagnosis of obesity is often based on b  mi due to the rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it is being recognized as a serious public health concern the term overweight rather than ob  ese is often used in children as it is less stigmati  zing
childhood r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma is a cancer that develops out of the cells that form sk  el  etal muscles these cells are called r  hab  dom  yo  bl  asts this type of m  align  ant cancer is seen most commonly in children and adolescents this is most commonly seen in the head and neck however it can be found almost anywhere in the body
childhood tumor syndrome is a condition characterized by ax  ill  ary f  reck  ling neuro  fi  bro  mas and or cns gli  om  as
child  lessness is the term for people men and women having no children child  lessness may have personal social and or political significance
children in jail in the philippines is a significant problem according to amnesty international over 50 000 children in the philippines have been arrested and detained since 1995 torture rape and other forms of cruel and inhumane treatment are a part of everyday life for those children while they re incarcer  ated most are charged with minor crimes such as petty theft sni  ffing solvents and vag  ran  cy
the impressive fri  gate chile was built 18  40 in bor  deaux france by order of the chilean government but without building supervision the use of poorly dried timber that had been fel  led outside the normal winter season was the main cause of rot damage she saw little active service after the first voyage to cal  la  o the crew was reduced to 50 from 300 men and 18  41 she should be dis  armed for reasons of economy but because of the tensions between per  ú and bolivia after the war of the confederation see battle of ing  avi she was ref  itted again during the time the fri  gate was comman  ded by rober  to simpson francisco hudson was employed on board in 18  47 she was damaged by a fire on board of a neighboring sal  peter ship and she be  ached in val  par  a  í  so as she attempted to exit the harbor after a few years she was relegated to the role of pon  to  on and later as training ship for the nautical school of the chilean navy until 1858
chi  lo  te school of religious imag  ery — spanish es  cu  ela chi  lo  ta de imagin  er  ía religi  osa — is an artistic and cultural manifestation that was developed during the 17 th century on the basis of the circular movement of ev  angeli  zing established by the jes  uit mission  aries and reaches its climax in the late 19 th century its character of school lies in that these sculp  tures shape a type that altered the typical ar  che  typ  al of american and spanish bar  o  que imag  ery as a product of cultural syn  cre  tism and mis  ce  gen  ation the works of this school was developed locally and are characterized by the combination and adaptation of european latin american and indigenous features this artistic expression differs from penins  ular qu  ite  ña or cu  z  que  ña artistic production it can appreciate remarkable differences in technique materials and style
chim  ney sweep s cancer also called so  ot wart is a squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma of the skin of the scro  tum it has the distinction of being the first reported form of occupational cancer and was initially identified by per  ci  v  all pot  t in 17  75 it was initially noticed as being prevalent amongst chim  ney swe  eps
the people s republic of china compe  ted at the 1984 summer olympics in los angeles united states it was the first appearance at the summer games for prc after its symbolic presence at the summer games in 1952 during which the dispute between ro  c and prc had started over the name of china and resulted in withdrawing all its athletes by ro  c since then until these games the communist prc boyco  tted the games due to the taiwan s presence as the republic of china in 1984 the republic of china compe  ted as chinese taipei and the prc compe  ted as china 215 competitors 132 men and 83 women took part in 105 events in 19 sports the first gold medal to be awarded at the los angeles olympics was also the first ever medal to be won by an athlete from china when x  u ha  if  eng won the 50 m pistol event li ning won also 6 medals in g  ym  nas  tics 3 gold 2 silver and 1 bron  ze earning him the nickname prince of g  ym  n  asts in china
chinese foreign marriages in mainland china are a recent phenomenon and as china glob  alises will become increasingly common from the founding of the people ’ s republic of china prc in 1949 until the early 1990 s chinese foreign marriages were seen as outside the norm while data from the prc ’ s ministry of civil affairs indicates that the number of couples registering a chinese foreign marriage in mainland china was almost ten times greater in 2010 than in 1979 the figures for registered chinese foreign marriages are still relatively small compared to couples registered in a domestic marriage the data also suggests that most chinese foreign marriages are intra national rather than international in character an article published by elaine jeff  re  ys and wang pan ‘ chinese foreign marriage in mainland china ’ in the university no  ttin  gham ’ s china policy institute blo  g notes that “ the most common type of chinese foreign marriage registered in mainland china until the late 2000 s was between a mainland chinese woman and a man from hong kong macao or taiwan ” the article also reveals that these types of marriages are more common in chinese women than they are in men the article states “ over 8 000 women registered such a marriage in 1979 that figure rose to nearly 68 000 women in 2001 declining to below 40 000 in 2010 less than in the mid 1990 s the proportion of men from mainland china registering a marriage with a foreign bride in mainland china is low 250 men in 1979 rising to a peak of around 20 000 men in 2005 and declining to less than 12 000 in 2010 ”
the chinese opening often chinese fus  e  ki japanese 中  国  流  布  石 ch  ū  go  kur  y  ū fus  e  ki chinese 中  国  流  布  局 zh  ō  ng  gu  ó  li  ú b  ù  j  ú is an opening pattern in the game of go it refers to the placement of black 1 black 3 and black 5 at the start of the game and so depending on white s plays is a complex of whole board go openings it is distinguished by rapid development on the side rather than making a corner en  closure it has a fairly long history originally used by japanese player ha  jim  e yas  un  aga and introduced to chinese go at a later stage but the chinese player chen zu  de pione  ered it in top level play the chinese style became very popular in japan from about 1970 onwards and has by go standards a thoroughly researched theory it has two variants high with 5 in the diag  ram on the fourth line and low as depicted there is also a so called mini chinese fus  e  ki an attack against the opponent s corner and placement of a stone mid  way between the attacking stone and a friendly corner these are now amongst the most important patterns in go opening theory
a chip famine is a phenomenon in the integrated circuit chip industry that appears approximately every four years where demand for silicon chips out  strips supply
ch  lam  y  dia infection often simply known as ch  lam  y  dia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacter  ium ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis most people who are infected have no symptoms when symptoms do develop this can take a few weeks following infection to occur symptoms in women may include vag  inal discharge or burning with ur  ination symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis burning with ur  ination or pain and sw  elling of one or both tes  tic  les the infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women causing pel  vic infl  am  matory disease which may result in future in  fertility or ec  topic pregnancy repeated infections of the eyes that go without treatment can result in tr  ach  oma a common cause of blindness in the developing world ch  lam  y  dia can be spread during vag  inal anal or oral sex and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth the eye infections may also be spread by personal contact flies and contaminated to  wels in areas with poor sanitation ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis only occurs in humans diagnosis is often by screening which is recommended yearly in sexually active women under the age of twenty five others at higher risk and at the first pre  natal visit testing can be done on the urine or a sw  ab of the cer  vi  x vag  ina or u  re  th  ra rec  tal or mouth sw  abs are required to diagnose infections in those areas prevention is by not having sex using condoms or having sex with only one other person who is not infected ch  lam  y  dia can be cured by antibiotics with typically either azi  thro  my  cin or do  xy  cycl  ine being used er  y  thro  my  cin or azi  thro  my  cin is recommended in babies and during pregnancy sexual partners should also be treated and the infected people advised not to have sex for seven days and until symptom free gon  or  rhe  a sy  phil  is and hiv should be tested for in those who have been infected following treatment people should be tested again after three months ch  lam  y  dia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide affecting about 4 2 of women and 2 7 of men in 2013 about 141 million new cases occurred globally in the united states about 1 4 million cases were reported in 2014 infections are most common among those between the ages of 15 and 25 and are more common in women than men in 2013 infections resulted in about 1 100 deaths the word ch  lam  y  dia is from the greek χ  λα  μ  ύ  δ  α meaning cloak
chlor  ac  ne is an ac  ne like eruption of black  heads cy  sts and pu  st  ules associated with over exposure to certain halogenated aromatic compounds such as chlorinated dioxins and di  benz  of  ur  ans the le  sions are most frequently found on the cheeks behind the ears in the ar  mp  its and gro  in region the condition was first described in german industrial workers in 18  97 by si  eg  fried bet  tmann and was initially believed to be caused by exposure to chlorine hence the name chlor  ac  ne it was only in the mid 1950 s that chlor  ac  ne was associated with aromatic hydrocarbons the substances that may cause chlor  ac  ne are now collectively known as chlor  ac  neg  ens chlor  ac  ne is particularly linked to toxic exposure to dioxins by  products of many chemical processes including the manufacture of her  bic  ides such as agent orange — so much so that it is considered a clinical sign of dioxin exposure the severity and onset of chlor  ac  ne may follow a typical as  ymp  to  tic dose response relationship curve
chlorine gas poisoning is illness resulting from the effects of exposure to chlorine beyond the threshold limit value
chlor  op  last capture is an evolutionary phenomenon that an inter species hybri  di  zation and subsequent back  crossing genetic exchanges would yield a plant with new genetic combination for instance 1 species a s having chlor  op  last genome a and nuclear genome aa poll  en is hybri  di  ze back  cross to species b s b and bb ov  ule then 1 st hybrid f 1 with chlor  op  last genome b and nuclear genome a 50 and b 50 comes 2 species a s poll  en is again hybri  di  ze back  cross to f 1 s ov  ule then 2 nd hybrid f 2 with chlor  op  last genome b and nuclear genome a 75 and b 25 comes 3 species a s poll  en is again hybri  di  ze back  cross to f 2 s ov  ule then 3 rd hybrid f 3 with chlor  op  last genome b and nuclear genome a 87 5 and b 12 5 comes 4 after some generations a plant with new genetic combination chlor  op  last genome b and nuclear genome a will rise
in bot  any chlor  osis is a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlor  op  hy  ll as chlor  op  hy  ll is responsible for the green color of leaves chlor  otic leaves are pale yellow or yellow white the affected plant has little or no ability to manufacture carbo  hydr  ates through photo  synthesis and may die unless the cause of its chlor  op  hy  ll in  sufficiency is treated although some chlor  otic plants such as the al  bin  o arab  id  op  sis th  ali  ana mut  ant ppi 2 are viable if supplied with exo  genous sucrose chlor  osis is derived from the greek kh  lor  os meaning green  ish yellow pale green pale pal  lid or fresh in vi  ticulture the most common symptom of poor nutrition in gra  pe  vines is the yel  lowing of grape leaves caused by chlor  osis and the subsequent loss of chlor  op  hy  ll this is often seen in vineyard soils that are high in lime  stone such as the italian wine region of bar  olo in the pi  ed  mont the spanish wine region of rioja and the french wine regions of champagne and burg  und  y in these soils the gra  pe  vine often struggles to pull sufficient levels of iron which is a needed component in the production of chlor  op  hy  ll
cho  anal at  re  sia is a con  genital disorder where the back of the nas  al passage cho  ana is blocked usually by abnormal bon  y or soft tissue memb  ran  ous due to failed rec  an  alization of the nas  al fo  s  sa  e during fe  tal development
a choice function selec  tor selection is a mathematical function f that is defined on some collection x of non  empty sets and as  signs to each set s in that collection some element f s of s in other words f is a choice function for x if and only if it belongs to the direct product of x
in firearms a choke is a tap  ered con  stric  tion of a shotgun barrel s bore at the mu  zzle end cho  kes are almost always used with modern hunting and target shot  guns to improve performance its purpose is to shape the spread of the shot in order to gain better range and accuracy cho  kes are implemented as either screw in cho  kes selected for particular applications or as fixed permanent cho  kes integral to the shotgun barrel cho  kes may be formed at the time of manufacture either as part of the barrel by squeezing the end of the bore down over a man  dre  l or by th  reading the barrel and screwing in an interchangeable choke tube cho  kes may also be formed even after a barrel is manufactured by increasing the diameter of the bore inside a barrel creating what is called a ju  g choke or by installing screw in cho  kes within a barrel however implemented a choke typically consists of a con  ical section that smoothly tap  ers from the bore diameter down to the choke diameter followed by a cylin  dr  ical section of the choke diameter bri  ley manufacturing one maker of interchangeable shotgun cho  kes uses a con  ical portion about 3 times the bore diameter in length so that the shot is gradually squeezed down with minimal de  formation the cylin  dr  ical section is shorter usually 0 6 to 0 75 inches 15 to 19 mm the use of interchangeable cho  kes allows tuning the performance of a given combination of shotgun and shot  shell to achieve a desired level of performance
choke is a condition in horses in which the es  op  ha  gus is blocked usually by food material although the horse is still able to breathe it is unable to swallow and may become severely dehydrated a secondary condition aspiration pneumonia may also develop if food material and sali  va accumulate in the phar  yn  x spilling into the trac  hea and into the lungs choke is one of the top 10 emergencies received by equine veterinarians the condition is seen in other equidae like mul  es and don  keys
cho  ked flow is a com  pres  sible flow effect the parameter that becomes cho  ked or limited is the fluid velocity cho  ked flow is a fluid dynamic condition associated with the vent  uri effect when a flowing fluid at a given pressure and temperature passes through a restriction such as the throat of a conver  gent divergent no  zzle or a valve in a pipe into a lower pressure environment the fluid velocity increases at initially subs  onic upstream conditions the conservation of mass principle requires the fluid velocity to increase as it flows through the smaller cross sectional area of the restriction at the same time the vent  uri effect causes the static pressure and therefore the density to decrease downstream beyond the restriction cho  ked flow is a limiting condition where the mass flow will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure environment while upstream pressure is fixed note that the limited parameter is velocity and thus mass flow can be increased with increased upstream pressure increased fluid density for homogeneous fluids the physical point at which the choking occurs for adi  ab  atic conditions is when the exit plane velocity is at son  ic conditions i e at a m  ach number of 1 at cho  ked flow the mass flow rate can be increased only by increasing density upstream and at the choke point the cho  ked flow of gases is useful in many engineering applications because the mass flow rate is independent of the downstream pressure and depends only on the temperature and pressure and hence the density of the gas on the upstream side of the restriction under cho  ked conditions valves and calibr  ated ori  fice plates can be used to produce a desired mass flow rate
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy ro  le  playing game the cho  ker is an aberr  ation it can be used by dun  geon masters as an enemy or ally of the player characters
choking is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the lungs choking prevents breathing and can be partial or complete with partial choking allowing some although inadequate flow of air into the lungs prolonged or complete choking results in as  phy  x  ia which leads to an  ox  ia and is potentially fatal oxygen stored in the blood and lungs can keep a person alive for several minutes after breathing stops choking can be caused by physical obstruction of the air  way by a foreign body respiratory diseases that involve obstruction of the air  way compression of the lar  yn  g  op  har  yn  x lar  yn  x or vertebr  ate trac  hea in strang  ulation lar  yn  go  sp  asm a temporary closing of the vocal cords which simul  ates the feeling of choking obstruction of the air  way can occur at the level of the phar  yn  x or the trac  hea foods that can adapt their shape to that of the phar  yn  x such as bananas marsh  m  allows or gelat  inous can  dies can be a danger not just for children but for persons of any age choking due to a foreign object resulted in 162 000 deaths in 2013 up from 140 000 deaths in 1990
chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma or bile duc  t cancer is a form of cancer that is composed of mut  ated epi  the  li  al cells or cells showing characteristics of epi  the  li  al differentiation that originate in the bile duc  ts which drain bile from the liver into the small intest  ine other bi  li  ary tract cancers include gall  blad  der cancer and cancer of the am  pul  la of v  ater chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma is a relatively rare ne  op  las  m that is classified as an aden  o  carcin  oma a cancer that forms g  lands or secre  tes significant amounts of m  uc  ins it has an annual incidence rate of 1 – 2 cases per 100 000 in the western world but rates of chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma have been rising worldwide over the past few decades prominent signs and symptoms of chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma include abnormal liver function tests ab  domin  al pain ja  und  ice and weight loss other symptoms such as generalized it  ching fever and changes in color of sto  ol or urine may also occur the disease is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests imaging endo  sco  py and sometimes surgical exploration with confirmation obtained after a patho  logist examines cells from the tumor under a micro  scope known risk factors for chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma include primary s  cl  ero  sing chol  an  gi  tis an infl  am  matory disease of the bile duc  ts infection with the par  asi  tic liver flu  kes op  is  thor  ch  is vi  ver  r  ini or cl  on  orch  is sin  ensis some con  genital liver mal  formations and exposure to thor  o  tr  ast th  orium dioxide a chemical formerly used in medical imaging however most people with chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma have no identifiable risk factors chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma is considered to be an incur  able and rapidly lethal cancer unless both the primary tumor and any me  tast  ases can be fully removed by surgery no potentially cur  ative treatment exists except surgery but most people have advanced stage disease at presentation and are in  oper  able at the time of diagnosis people with chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma are generally managed though not cured with chem  otherapy radiation therapy and other palliative care measures these are also used as additional therapies after surgery in cases where res  ection has apparently been successful or nearly so
chol  an  gi  os  ar  coma is a tumor of the connec  tive tissues of the bile duc  ts primary risk factors for chol  an  gi  os  ar  coma are primary s  cl  ero  sing chol  an  gi  tis and infection by cl  on  orch  is sin  ensis a flu  ke found in under  cooked fish
chol  ec  y  sti  tis is infl  amm  ation of the gall  blad  der symptoms include right upper ab  domin  al pain naus  ea v  om  iting and occasionally fever often acute chol  ec  y  ti  tis is proceeded by gall  blad  der attacks the pain however lasts longer than is typical in a gall  blad  der attack without appropriate treatment recurrent episodes of chol  ec  y  sti  tis are common acute chol  ec  y  sti  tis may be complicated by gall  stone pan  cre  ati  tis common bile duc  t stones or infl  amm  ation of the common bile duc  t more than 90 of the time acute chol  ec  y  sti  tis is from block  age of the bile duc  t by a gall  stone risk factors for gall  stones include birth control pills pregnancy a family history of gall  stones obesity diabetes liver disease or rapid weight loss occasionally acute chol  ec  y  sti  tis occur as a result of vas  cu  li  tis chem  otherapy or during recovery from major trauma or burns chol  ec  y  sti  tis is suspected based on symptoms and laboratory testing ab  domin  al ul  tras  ound is then typically used to confirm the diagnosis treatment is usually with l  apar  o  scopic gall  blad  der removal within 24 hours if possible taking pictures of the bile duc  ts during the surgery is recommended the routine use of antibiotics is controversial they are recommended if surgery cannot occur in a timely manner or if the case is complicated if there are also stones in the common bile duc  t these can either be removed before surgery by er  cp or during surgery in those unable to have surgery gall  blad  der drainage may be tried about 10 15 of adults in the developed world have gall  stones women more commonly have stones than men and they occur more commonly after the age of 40 certain ethnic groups are more often affected with for example 48 of american indians having gall  stones of those with stones 1 4 have bi  li  ary col  ic each year of those with bi  li  ary col  ic about 20 without treatment develop acute chol  ec  y  sti  tis once the gall  blad  der is removed outcomes are generally good without treatment chronic chol  ec  y  sti  tis may occur the word is from greek chol  ec  y  st meaning gall  blad  der and i  tis meaning infl  amm  ation
cho  le  do  ch  al cy  sts aka bile duc  t cyst are con  genital conditions involving c  ys  tic di  lat  ation of bile duc  ts they are un  common in western countries but not as rare in east asian nations like japan and china
chol  emia is a condition caused by the presence of excess bile in the blood its symptoms can include som  no  l  ence drow  sin  ess and in extreme cases coma it is often a sign of liver disease
cholera is an infection of the small intest  ine by some strains of the bacter  ium vi  bri  o ch  oler  ae symptoms may range from none to mild to severe the classic symptom is large amounts of wat  ery diarr  hea that lasts a few days v  om  iting and muscle cram  ps may also occur diarr  hea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydr  ation and electro  ly  te imbalance this may result in sun  ken eyes cold skin decreased skin el  as  tic  ity and wr  ink  ling of the hands and feet the dehydr  ation may result in the skin turning blu  ish symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure cholera is caused by a number of types of vi  bri  o ch  oler  ae with some types producing more severe disease than others it is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human f  ec  es containing the bacteria under  cooked seaf  ood is a common source humans are the only animal affected risk factors for the disease include poor sanitation not enough clean drinking water and poverty there are concerns that rising sea levels will increase rates of disease cholera can be diagnosed by a sto  ol test a rapid di  p  stick test is available but is not as accurate prevention involves improved sanitation and access to clean water cholera vaccines that are given by mouth provide reasonable protection for about six months they have the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarr  hea caused by e coli the primary treatment is oral re  hydr  ation therapy — the replacement of fluids with slightly sweet and sal  ty solutions rice based solutions are preferred zinc supplem  entation is useful in children in severe cases intra  ven  ous fluids such as r  inger s lact  ate may be required and antibiotics may be beneficial testing to see which antibiotic the cholera is susceptible to can help guide the choice cholera affects an estimated 3 – 5 million people worldwide and causes 58 000 – 130 000 deaths a year as of 2010 while it is currently classified as a pandemic it is rare in the developed world children are mostly affected cholera occurs as both outbreaks and chronically in certain areas areas with an ongoing risk of disease include africa and south east asia while the risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5 it may be as high as 50 among some groups who do not have access to treatment historical descriptions of cholera are found as early as the 5 th century bc in san  sk  r  it the study of cholera by john snow between 18  49 and 18  54 led to significant advances in the field of epidemiology
cho  le  st  asis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the du  o  den  um the two basic distinctions are an obstruc  tive type of cho  le  st  asis where there is a mechanical block  age in the duc  t system that can occur from a gall  stone or m  align  ancy and metabol  ic types of cho  le  st  asis which are disturbances in bile formation that can occur because of genetic defects or acquired as a side effect of many medications
cho  le  static pr  ur  it  us is the sensation of itch due to nearly any liver disease but the most commonly associated entities are primary bi  li  ary cir  rho  sis primary s  cl  ero  sing chol  an  gi  tis obstruc  tive cho  le  do  cho  li  thi  asis carcin  oma of the bile duc  t cho  le  st  asis also see drug induced pr  ur  it  us and chronic hepatitis c viral infection and other forms of viral hepatitis
cho  le  ste  atom  a is a destructive and expanding growth consisting of ker  at  ini  zing squ  am  ous epi  the  lium in the middle ear and or ma  sto  id process although cho  le  ste  atom  as are not classified as either tumors or cancers they can still cause significant problems because of their ero  sive and expan  sile properties resulting in the destruction of the bones of the middle ear os  sic  les as well as their possible spread through the base of the skull into the brain they are also often infected and can result in chronically draining ears
cho  le  sterol embol  ism often cho  le  sterol crystal embol  ism or a  ther  o  embol  ism sometimes blue toe or purple toe syndrome or trash foot or war  far  in blue toe syndrome occurs when cho  le  sterol is released usually from an a  ther  os  cl  erotic pla  que and travels as an embol  us in the blood  stream to lodge as an embol  ism causing an obstruction in blood vessels further away most commonly this causes skin symptoms usually live  do re  ticul  aris gang  rene of the extre  mi  ties and sometimes ren  al failure problems with other organs may arise depending on the site at which the cho  le  sterol cryst  als enter the blood  stream when the kidneys are involved the disease is referred to as a  ther  o  embol  ic ren  al disease aer  d the diagnosis usually involves biopsy removing a tissue sample from an affected organ cho  le  sterol embol  ism is treated by removing the cause and giving supportive therapy stati  n drugs have been found to improve the prog  no  sis
in surgical path  ology strawberry gall  blad  der more formally cho  le  ster  o  losis of the gall  blad  der and gall  blad  der cho  le  ster  o  losis is a change in the gall  blad  der wall due to excess cho  le  sterol the name strawberry gall  blad  der comes from the typically sti  p  pled appearance of the mu  cos  al surface on gross examination which resembles a strawberry cho  le  ster  o  losis results from abnormal deposits of cho  le  sterol esters in macro  p  ha  ges within the lam  ina propri  a foam cells and in mu  cos  al epi  the  lium the gall  blad  der may be affected in a pat  chy loc  alized form or in a diffuse form the diffuse form macro  sco  p  ically appears as a bright red mu  co  sa with yellow mo  tt  ling due to lip  id hence the term strawberry gall  blad  der it is not tied to cho  le  li  thi  asis gall  stones or chol  ec  y  sti  tis infl  amm  ation of the gall  blad  der
chol  iner  gic ur  tic  aria cu is a type of physical ur  tic  arias or hi  ves that appears when a person is swe  ating
chol  ur  ia is the presence of bile in urine chol  ur  ia is a common symptom of liver diseases such as hepatitis and cir  rho  sis it can be described as dark or brown urine often referred to as the color of coca cola chol  ur  ia is usually manifested when serum bi  li  rubin is higher than 1 5 mg dl the presence of chol  ur  ia is a useful symptom to distinguish if somebody presenting with ja  und  ice has liver disease direct hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia or hem  ol  ysis indirect hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia in the first case patients have chol  ur  ia due to excess con  ju  gated direct bi  li  rubin in blood which is eliminated by kidneys hem  ol  ysis on the contrary is characterized by un  con  ju  gated indirect bi  li  rubin which is bound to albumin and thus not eliminated in urine
ch  on  dri  tis is infl  amm  ation of car  til  age it takes several forms o  ste  och  on  dri  tis co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis relap  sing poly  ch  on  dri  tis among them co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis is notable for feeling like a heart attack
ch  on  dro  bl  ast  oma is a rare benign locally aggressive bone tumor that typically affects the ep  ip  hy  ses or apo  phy  ses of long bones it is thought to arise from an out  growth of immature car  til  age cells ch  on  dro  bl  asts from secondary os  sification centers originating from the ep  ip  hy  seal plate or some rem  nant of it ch  on  dro  bl  ast  oma is very un  common accounting for only 1 2 of all bone tumors it affects mostly children and young adults with most patients being in the second decade of life or less than 20 years of age ch  on  dro  bl  ast  oma shows a pre  dil  ection towards the male sex with a ratio of male to female patients of 2 1 the most commonly affected site is the fem  ur followed by the hum  er  us and ti  bia less commonly affected sites include the tal  us and cal  can  eus of the foot and flat bones
calcium pyro  phosphate di  hydrate c  pp  d crystal de  position disease also known as pseu  dog  out and pyro  phosphate ar  thro  pa  thy is a r  heu  mato  logic disorder with varied symptoms and signs arising from the accumulation of cryst  als of calcium pyro  phosphate di  hydrate in the connec  tive tissues the alternative names emphasize particular aspects of the clinical or radio  graphic findings the knee joint is the most commonly affected
ch  on  dro  der  mati  tis no  dul  aris ch  ron  ica hel  ic  is also known as ch  on  dro  der  mati  tis no  dul  aris hel  ic  is is a small no  d  ular tender chronic infl  am  matory le  sion occurring on the heli  x of the ear occurring most often in men
ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia blo  m  strand also known as blo  m  strand s lethal ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia is a rare disorder caused by mutation of the par  ath  yro  id hormone recep  tor resulting in the absence of a functioning p  th  r 1 it results in os  sification of the endocrine system and inter  memb  ran  eous tissues and advanced sk  el  etal matur  ation
ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata is a clin  ically and genetically diverse group of rare diseases first described by er  ich con  rad  i 1882 – 1968 that share the features of sti  p  pled ep  ip  hy  ses and sk  el  etal changes types include r  hi  zom  el  ic ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata 215  100 22  27  65 600  121 x linked rec  essive ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata 30  29  50 con  rad  i hü  ner  mann syndrome 30  29  60 auto  som  al dominant ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata 118  650
ch  on  dro  dy  stro  phy literally car  til  age mal  development refers to a sk  el  etal disorder caused by one of myriad genetic mutations that can affect the development of car  til  age as a very general term it is only used in the medical literature when a more precise description of the condition is unavailable
ch  on  dro  id li  po  mas are deep seated firm yellow tumors that characteris  tically occur on the legs of women they exhibit a characteristic trans  location t 11 16 with a resulting c 11 or  f 95 m  k  l 2 fusion on  co  gene
a ch  on  dro  ma is a benign car  ti  lag  inous tumor which is en  capsul  ated with a lob  ular growing pattern tumor cells ch  on  dro  cy  tes car  ti  lag  inous cells resemble normal cells and produce the car  ti  lag  inous matrix am  orph  ous bas  oph  il  ic material characteristic features of this tumor include the vascular axes within the tumor which make the distinction with normal hy  al  ine car  til  age based upon location a ch  on  dro  ma can be described as an en  ch  on  dro  ma or ec  ch  on  dro  ma en  ch  on  dro  ma tumor grows within the bone and expands it ec  ch  on  dro  ma grows outward from the bone and this is rare treatment best left alone if it causes fractu  res en  ch  on  dro  ma or is un  sigh  tly it should be removed by cu  re  tt  age and the defect filled with bone graft
ch  on  dro  mal  ac  ia pat  el  la  e also known as c  mp is infl  amm  ation of the under  side of the pat  ella and sof  tening of the car  til  age ch  on  dro  mal  ac  ia pat  el  la  e is a term sometimes treated synonym  ously with pat  el  lo  fem  oral pain syndrome however there is general consensus that pat  el  lo  fem  oral pain syndrome is a term that applies only to individuals without car  til  age damage thereby distinguishing it from ch  on  dro  mal  ac  ia pat  el  la  e a condition characterized by sof  tening of the pat  ell  ar artic  ular car  til  age the car  til  age under the kne  ec  ap is a natural shock absor  ber and over  use injury and many other factors can cause increased deterioration and breakdown of the car  til  age the car  til  age is no longer smooth and therefore movement and use is painful while it often affects young individuals engaged in active sports it also afflic  ts older adults who over  work their knees
ch  on  dro  my  x  o  id fi  bro  ma is a type of car  ti  lag  inous tumor most cases are characterised by gr  m 1 gene fusion or promoter sw  apping it can be associated with a trans  location at t 1 5 p 13 p 13 a ch  on  dro  my  x  o  id fi  bro  ma c  m  f is an extremely rare benign car  ti  lag  inous ne  op  las  m which accounts for 1 bone tum  ours
in medicine ch  on  dro  pa  thy refers to a disease of the car  til  age it is frequently divided into 5 grades with 0 2 defined as normal and 3 4 defined as dise  ased
ch  on  dro  sar  coma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce car  til  age ch  on  dro  sar  coma is a member of a category of tumors of bone and soft tissue known as sar  com  as about 30 of sk  el  etal system cancers are ch  on  dro  sar  com  as it is resistant to chem  otherapy and radi  otherapy unlike other primary bone cancers that mainly affect children and adolescents ch  on  dro  sar  coma can present at any age it more often affects the ax  ial skelet  on than the append  icular skelet  on
silver leaf is a fun  gal disease of trees caused by the fun  gus plant pathogen ch  on  dro  ster  eu  m pur  pu  re  um it attacks most species of the rose family ro  sac  e  ae particularly the genus prun  us the disease is progressive and often fatal the common name is taken from the progressive sil  vering of leaves on affected branches it is spread by airborne spo  res landing on fresh  ly exposed sap  wood for this reason cherries and pl  ums are prun  ed in summer when spo  res are least likely to be present and when disease is visible silver leaf can also happen on po  ming fruits like apples and pears pl  ums are especially vulnerable in the past the name ster  eu  m pur  pu  re  um pers was widely used for this fun  gus but according to modern tax  on  omy it is only dist  antly related to ster  eu  m actually belonging to order poly  por  ales whereas ster  eu  m is in order rus  sul  ales
chop  art s frac  ture – dis  location is a dis  location of the mid tar  sal tal  on  a  vic  ular and cal  can  e  o  cu  bo  id joints of the foot often with associated fractu  res of the cal  can  eus cu  bo  id and na  vic  ular
a chor  an  gi  oma is a non ne  op  l  astic ham  ar  tom  a like growth in the plac  enta consisting of blood vessels
chor  an  gi  osis is a plac  ental path  ology characterized by an abundance of blood vessels within the ch  ori  onic vill  i
chor  dee ˈ  k  ɔ  ː  r  di  ː is a condition in which the head of the penis cur  ves downward or upward at the junction of the head and shaft of the penis the cur  v  ature is usually most obvious during er  ection but resistance to strai  ghtening is often apparent in the fl  acci  d state as well in many cases but not all chor  dee is associated with hypo  sp  adi  as this is not the same condition as pe  y  ron  ie s disease which involves cur  v  ature of the shaft of the penis most commonly due to injury during adult life
chor  di  tis is the infl  amm  ation of vocal cords vocal fol  ds usually as a result of voice abuse but sometimes because of cancer
ch  ord  oma is a rare slow growing ne  op  las  m thought to arise from cellular remnants of the no  to  ch  ord the evidence for this is the location of the tumors along the ne  ur  axis the similar immun  o  his  to  chemical stain  ing patterns and the demonstration that no  to  ch  ord  al cells are prefer  entially left behind in the cli  v  us and sacro  coc  cy  ge  al regions when the remainder of the no  to  ch  ord regres  ses during fe  tal life
ch  ore division is a fair division problem in which the divided resource is undesirable so that each participant wants to get as little as possible it is the mirror image of the fair cake cutting problem in which the divided resource is desirable so that each participant wants to get as much as possible both problems have heterogeneous resources meaning that the resources are non  uniform in cake division cakes can have edge corner and middle pieces along with different amounts of fro  sting whereas in ch  ore division there are different ch  ore types and different amounts of time needed to finish each ch  ore similarly both problems assume that the resources are di  visible cho  res can be infinitely di  visible because the finite set of cho  res can be parti  tioned by ch  ore or by time for example a load of laundry could be parti  tioned by the number of articles of clothing and or by the amount of time spent loading the machine the problems differ however in the desirability of the resources the ch  ore division problem was introduced by martin gar  dner in 1978 ch  ore division is often called fair division of b  ads in contrast to the more common problem called fair division of goods another name is dirty work problem the same resource can be either good or bad depending on the situation for example suppose the resource to be divided is the back yard of a house in a situation of dividing inheritance this yard would be considered good since each heir would like to have as much land as possible so it is a cake cutting problem but in a situation of dividing house cho  res such as lawn mo  wing this yard would be considered bad since each child would probably like to have as little land as possible to mo  w so it is a ch  ore cutting problem some results from fair cake cutting can be easily translated to the ch  ore cutting scenario for example the divide and choose procedure works equally well in both problems one of the partners divides the resource to two parts that are equal in his eyes and the other partner chooses the part that is better in his eyes the only difference is that better means larger in cake cutting and smaller in ch  ore cutting however not all results are so easy to translate more details are given below
cho  rea or cho  re  ia occasionally is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder one of a group of neuro  logical disorders called dy  sk  ine  si  as the term cho  rea is derived from the greek word χορ  εί  α dance see cho  re  ia as the quick movements of the feet or hands are comparable to dancing the term hemic  ho  rea refers to cho  rea of one side of the body such as cho  rea of one arm but not both analogous to hem  i  bal  lis  mus
cho  rea ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis ch  ac also called cho  re  o  ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis is a rare hereditary disease caused by a mutation of the gene that directs structural proteins in red blood cells it belongs to a group of four diseases characterized under the name neuro  ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis when a patient s blood is viewed under a micro  scope some of the red blood cells appear thorny these thorny cells are called ac  anth  oc  y  tes other effects of the disease may include epi  le  psy behaviour changes muscle de  generation and neuro  nal degradation similar to hun  t  ington s disease the average age of onset of symptoms is 35 years the disease is incur  able and inevitably leads to premature death some more information about cho  rea ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis is that it is a very complex auto  som  al rec  essive adult onset neuro  degenerative disorder it often shows itself as a mixed movement disorder in which cho  rea tics dy  st  onia and even par  k  ins  on  ism may appear as a symptom this disease is also characterized by the presence of a few different movement disorders including cho  rea dy  st  onia etc cho  rea ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis is considered an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder although a few cases with auto  som  al dominant inheritance have been noted
cho  rea gr  avi  dar  um is a rare type of cho  rea which presents with involuntary abnormal movement characterized by abrupt brief non  rhy  th  mic non  repeti  tive movement of any limb often associated with non  patter  ned facial gri  mac  es it is a complic  ation of pregnancy which can be associated with ec  lam  p  sia and its effects upon the bas  al gang  lia it is not an eti  o  logically or patho  logically distinct mor  bid entity but a generic term for cho  rea of any cause starting during pregnancy it is associated with history of sy  den  ham s cho  rea it mostly occurs in young patients the average age is 22 years recently there has been a decline in incidence which is probably the result of a decline in r  heu  matic fever r  f which was a major cause of cho  rea gr  avi  dar  um before the use of antibiotics for st  rep  to  coc  cal phar  yn  gi  tis
ch  ori  o  am  ni  oni  tis also known as intra am  ni  otic infection i  ai is an infl  amm  ation of the fe  tal memb  ran  es am  n  ion and chor  ion due to a bacterial infection it typically results from bacteria asc  ending into the uter  us from the vag  ina and is most often associated with prolonged labor the risk of developing ch  ori  o  am  ni  oni  tis increases with each vag  inal examination that is performed in the final month of pregnancy including during labor 3
ch  ori  o  carcin  oma is a m  align  ant tro  pho  bl  astic cancer usually of the plac  enta it is characterized by early hem  ato  genous spread to the lungs it belongs to the m  align  ant end of the spectrum in gest  ational tro  pho  bl  astic disease g  td it is also classified as a germ cell tumor and may arise in the testi  s or o  vary
ch  ori  ore  t  initi  s is an infl  amm  ation of the chor  o  id thin pi  gm  ented vascular coat of the eye and re  tina of the eye it is a form of poster  ior u  ve  i  tis if only the chor  o  id is infl  amed not the re  tina the condition is termed chor  o  idi  tis the oph  thal  mo  logist s goal in treating these potentially blin  ding conditions is to eliminate the infl  amm  ation and minimize the potential risk of therapy to the patient
chor  o  id g  lom  us are enlargements of the chor  o  id plex  us located in the atri  a of the lateral ven  tric  les they are commonly calci  fied in adults and can easily be seen as a bright tu  f  ts on ct imaging their main purpose is for the secre  tion of cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf
a chor  o  id plex  us carcin  oma is a type of chor  o  id plex  us tumor
chor  o  id plex  us cy  sts cp  cs are cy  sts that occur within chor  o  id plex  us of the brain the brain contains pockets or spaces called ven  tric  les with a spon  gy layer of cells and blood vessels called the chor  o  id plex  us this is in the middle of the fe  tal brain the chor  o  id plex  us has the important function of producing cere  bro  spinal fluid the fluid produced by the cells of the chor  o  id plex  us fills the ven  tric  les and then flows around the brain and the spinal cord to provide a cushion of fluid around these structures cp  cs can form within this structure and come from fluid trapped within this spon  gy layer of cells much like a soap bubble or a bl  ister cp  cs are often called soft signs or fe  tal ul  tras  ound mark  ers because some studies have found a weak association between cp  cs and fe  tal chro  mo  some ab  norm  alities it is believed that many adults have one or more tiny cp  cs the fe  tal brain may create these cy  sts as a normal part of development they are temporary and usually are gone by the 32 nd week of pregnancy cp  cs are a rare cause of inter  mit  tent hydro  cephal  us this is caused by a block  age of for  am  ina within the ven  tric  ular drainage system of the central nervous system cns which can lead to expansion of the ven  tric  les com  pressing the brain the cran  ial cav  ity cannot expand to accommodate the increase in fluid volume and possibly causing damage
chor  o  id plex  us pap  il  lo  ma also known as pap  il  lo  ma of chor  o  id plex  us is a rare benign neuro  epi  the  li  al intra  ven  tric  ular who grade i le  sion found in the chor  o  id plex  us it leads to increased cere  bro  spinal fluid production thus causing increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure and hydro  cephal  us chor  o  id plex  us pap  il  lo  ma occurs in the lateral ven  tric  les of children and in the fourth ven  tric  le of adults this is unlike most other pedi  atric tumors and adult tumors in which the locations of the tumors is reversed in children brain tumors are usually found in the infr  at  ent  orial region and in adults brain tumors are usually found in the supr  at  ent  orial space the relationship is reversed for chor  o  id plex  us pap  il  lom  as
a chor  o  idal fis  sure cyst is a cyst at the level of the chor  o  idal fis  sure of the brain they are usually as  ymp  tomatic and do not require treatment
chor  o  id  er  emia k  ɒ  ˌ  r  ɔ  ɪ  d  ᵻ  ˈ  ri  ː  mi ə ch  d is a rare x linked rec  essive inherited disorder giving rise to re  tin  al disease and eventual blindness resulting from de  generation of the ch  ori  oc  ap  il  lar  is of the chor  o  id and of the re  tin  al pig  ment epi  the  lium of the re  tina the disease results in progressive loss of vision almost exclusively in males in childhood night blindness is the most common first symptom as the disease progres  ses vision loss results frequently starting as an irregular ring that gradually expands both in toward central vision and out toward the extreme periphery progression continues throughout the individual s life where both the rate of change and the degree of visual loss are variable among those affected even within the same family the affected tissues include the re  tin  al pig  ment epi  the  lium r  pe which is the pi  gm  ented cell layer just outside the neuro  sensory re  tina that nour  ishes re  tin  al visual cells the r  pe over  lies the re  tin  al visual cells and is firmly attached to the underlying chor  o  id where de  generation of the cap  ill  ary lam  ina of chor  o  id ch  ori  oc  ap  il  lar  is is also observed photo  recep  tors of the r  pe convert light into the electrical impul  ses that are transferred to the brain where the images seen as a result are constructed the vessels of the ch  ori  oc  ap  il  lar  is provide oxygen and nutrients to the r  pe and photo  recep  tor cells in the early stages of ch  d the chor  o  id and the re  tin  al pig  ment epi  the  lium begin to deteriorate after which loss of photo  recep  tor occurs leading to loss of vision at a molecular level the root cause of the disease is mutation leading to loss of a specific r  ab escort protein 1 rep 1 which with its partner rep 2 are responsible for pren  yl  ation of r  ab proteins where the link between the build up of un  pren  yl  ated r  ab proteins and the developing blindness is not yet known medical approaches to the disease have resulted in the application of a diagnostic test for ch  d and 2014 saw the onset of clinical trials for gene therapies using viral vector borne r  p 1 gene construc  ts aimed at protection of cells not yet lost to the disease in these early clinical studies patients have consistently shown improvements during the course of study persistence data are in the process of being gathered
the chor  z  ów factory case french aff  aire relative à l us  ine de chor  z  ów was a case heard before the permanent court of international justice in 19  27 it was an early authority in international law that established a number of precedents in international law
christian lit  ur  gy is a pattern for worship used whether recommended or prescribed by a christian cong  reg  ation or denomination on a regular basis although the term lit  ur  gy is used to mean public worship in general the by  z  antine r  ite uses the term divine lit  ur  gy to den  ote the eu  char  istic service
christian population growth is the population growth of the global christian community according to 2011 pe  w research center survey there are 2 18 billion christians around the world in 2010 more than three times as much from the 600 million recorded in 19  10 according to a 2015 pe  w research center study by 2050 the christian population is expected to be 2 9 billion prote  stan  tism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world from 1960 to 2000 the global growth of the number of reported evangel  icals grew three times the world s population rate and twice that of islam
christmas eve proc  ession is one of the main characteristic manifestations of the maltese christmas celebrations it origins is from over 86 years ago by st george prec  a 18  80 1962 he had no pre  tensions of instituting something on a large scale his only intention was to in  still a truly christian spirit in commemorating the birth of christ
christmas creep is a merchandis  ing phenomenon in which merchants and retailers exploit the commerci  alized status of christmas by introducing christmas them  ed merchandise or decor  ations before the traditional start of the holiday shopping season which in the united states is on the day after thanksgiving the term was first used in the mid 1980 s
a christ  oph  any is an appearance or non physical manifestation of christ traditionally the term refers to visions of christ after his as  cen  sion such as the bright light of the damascus christ  oph  any also following the example of justin marty  r who identified the angel of the lord with the lo  gos some appearances of angels in the hebrew bible are also identified by some christians as pre  incar  nate appearances of christ
in op  tics ch  rom  atic aberr  ation ca also called ch  rom  atic distortion and spher  och  rom  atism is an effect resulting from dispersion in which there is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same convergence point it occurs because l  enses have different ref  r  active indices for different wa  vel  eng  ths of light the ref  r  active index of transparent materials decreases with increasing wa  vel  eng  th in degrees unique to each ch  rom  atic aberr  ation manifests itself as fringes of color along boundaries that separate dark and bright parts of the image because each color in the optical spectrum cannot be focused at a single common point since the focal length f of a lens is dependent on the ref  r  active index n different wa  vel  eng  ths of light will be focused on different positions
in mathematics ch  rom  atic hom  ot  op  y theory is a sub  field of stable hom  ot  op  y theory that studies complex oriented co  hom  ology theories from the ch  rom  atic point of view which is based on qu  ill  en s work relating co  hom  ology theories to formal groups in this picture theories are classified in terms of their ch  rom  atic levels i e the heights of the formal groups that define the theories via the land  weber exact func  tor theore  m typical theories it studies include complex k theory elli  ptic co  hom  ology mor  ava k theory and t  m  f
ch  rom  atin bridge is a mit  otic occurrence that forms when tel  om  er  es of sister ch  rom  ati  ds fuse together and fail to completely segreg  ate into their respective daughter cells because this event is most prevalent during an  aph  ase the term an  aph  ase bridge is often used as a substitute after the formation of individual daughter cells the dna bridge connecting homo  log  ous chro  mo  som  es remains fixed as the daughter cells exit mit  osis and re enter inter  phase the ch  rom  atin bridge becomes known as an inter  phase bridge these phenomenon are usually vis  u  alized using the laboratory techniques of stain  ing and fluores  cence micro  sco  py
ch  rome peel is a condition which occurs when the ch  rome coating of a wheel usually that of an automobile dis  integrates in the area where the tire is bound to the wheel gradually the air escapes and a slow leak of pressure from the tire occurs a common cause is failure to thoroughly clean the inside of the wheel and tire after the usage of emergency tire inflation applications such as fix a flat under certain conditions technicians may be able to slow down the process by san  ding down or smoo  thing out the target area of the wheel but eventually the ch  rome pe  els even more and the tire loses pressure again re chro  ming the wheel or replacing it altogether is more often advised
ch  rom  hi  dro  sis also referred to as colored sweat is a rare condition characterized by the secre  tion of colored sweat it is caused by the de  position of li  po  fus  cin in the sweat g  lands cases of red blue green yellow pink and black sweat have been reported usually ch  rom  hi  dro  sis affects the apo  cr  ine g  lands mainly on the face and under  arms a limited number of treatment options exist including regular application of cap  sa  ic  in cream and prolonged relief may be provided by bot  ul  inum toxin treatment chro  mo  genic pig  ments produced by bacteria cor  y  ne  bacter  ium in particular are implicated in this condition but their exact role still requires careful microbiological elu  ci  dation ch  rom  hi  dro  sis of the ec  cr  ine g  lands is rare it occurs mainly after the ing  estion of certain d  yes or drugs
chromium deficiency is a disorder that results from an insufficient dietary intake of chromium it is an un  common condition clear cases of deficiency have been observed in hospital patients who were fed defined liquid di  ets intra  ven  ously for long periods of time
chromium toxicity refers to the fact that chromium is toxic water in  soluble chromium iii compounds and chromium metal are not considered a health hazard while the toxicity and carcinogenic properties of chromium vi have been known for a long time an investigation into hex  av  al  ent chromium release into drinking water was the basis of the true story of erin bro  c  kov  ich dram  ati  sed as erin bro  c  kov  ich film because of the specific transport mechanisms only limited amounts of chromium iii enter the cells several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium iii in the cell can lead to dna damage acute oral toxicity ranges between 1900 and 3  300 µ  g kg the proposed beneficial effects of chromium iii and its use in dietary supplements yielded some controversial results but recent reviews suggest that moderate uptake of chromium iii through dietary supplements poses no risk the world health organization recommended maximum allowable concentration in drinking water for chromium vi is 0 05 milli  grams per litre hex  av  al  ent chromium is also one of the substances whose use is restricted by the european restriction of hazardous substances directive the ld 50 for chromium vi ranges between 50 and 150 mg kg in the body chromium vi is reduced by several mechanisms to chromium iii already in the blood before it enters the cells the chromium iii is ex  cre  ted from the body whereas the ch  rom  ate ion is transferred into the cell by a transport mechanism one by which sul  fate and phosphate ions also enter the cell the acute toxicity of chromium vi is due to its strong oxid  ative properties after it reaches the blood  stream it damages blood cells by oxid  ation reactions hem  ol  ysis and subsequently kidney and liver failure are the results of this damage aggressive dial  ysis can improve the situation the carcin  o  gen  ity of ch  rom  ate dust has been known for a long time and in 1890 the first publication described the elevated cancer risk of workers in a ch  rom  ate dy  e company three mechanisms have been proposed to describe the geno  toxicity of chromium vi the first mechanism includes highly reactive hydrox  yl radicals and other reactive radicals which are by  products of the reduction of chromium vi to chromium iii the second process includes the direct binding of chromium v produced by reduction in the cell and chromium iv compounds to the dna the last mechanism attributes the geno  toxicity to the binding to the dna of the end product of the chromium iii reduction chromium salts ch  rom  ates are also the cause of allergic reactions in some people ch  rom  ates are often used to manufacture among other things leather products paints cement mortar and anti corro  sives contact with products containing ch  rom  ates can lead to allergic contact der  mati  tis and irrit  ant der  mati  tis resulting in ul  cer  ation of the skin sometimes referred to as ch  rome ul  cers this condition is often found in workers that have been exposed to strong ch  rom  ate solutions in electro  pl  ating tann  ing and ch  rome producing manufacturers in some parts of russia pen  ta  val  ent chromium was reported as one of the causes of premature dementia
chro  mo  bacteri  osis infections are a cu  taneous condition caused by chro  mo  bacteria characterized by fluctu  ating abs  c  esses
chro  mo  bl  ast  om  y  co  sis also known as chro  mom  y  co  sis cl  ad  os  por  i  osis fon  sec  a s disease pe  dro  so s disease p  ha  e  os  por  o  tric  ho  sis or ver  ru  co  us der  mati  tis is a long term fun  gal infection of the skin and sub  cu  taneous tissue a chronic sub  cu  taneous my  co  sis the infection occurs most commonly in tropical or sub  tropical clim  ates often in rural areas it can be caused by many different types of fun  gi which become impl  anted under the skin often by thor  ns or spl  inters chro  mo  bl  ast  om  y  co  sis spreads very slowly it is rarely fatal and usually has a good prog  no  sis but it can be very difficult to cure the several treatment options include medication and surgery
in genetics chro  mo  som  al poly  morph  ism is a condition where one species contains members with varying chro  mo  some counts or shapes poly  morph  ism is a general concept in biology where more than one version of a trait is present in a population in some cases of differing counts the difference in chro  mo  some counts is the result of a single chro  mo  some undergoing fis  sion where it spl  its into two smaller chro  mo  som  es or two undergoing fusion where two chro  mo  som  es join to form one this condition has been detected in many species tric  hom  y  c  ter  us da  vis  i for example is an extreme case where the poly  morph  ism was present within a single chim  eric individual it has also been studied in al  fal  fa shre  ws brazilian ro  dents and an enormous variety of other animals and plants in one instance it has been found in a human another process resulting in differing chro  mo  som  al counts is poly  plo  id  y this results in cells which contain multiple copies of complete chro  mo  some sets possessing chro  mo  som  es of varying shapes is generally the result of a chro  mo  som  al trans  location or chro  mo  som  al in  version in a trans  location genetic material is transferred from one chro  mo  some to another either symmetr  ically or asymmetr  ically a rober  ts  onian trans  location in an in  version a segment of a chro  mo  some is fli  pped end for end
in genetics a chro  mo  som  al re  arrangement is a type of chro  mo  some ab  normality involving a change in the structure of the native chro  mo  some such changes may involve several different classes of events like dele  tions duplic  ations in  versions and trans  locations usually these events are caused by a break  age in the dna double hel  ices at two different locations followed by a re  joining of the broken ends to produce a new chro  mo  som  al arrangement of genes different from the gene order of the chro  mo  som  es before they were broken structural chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities are estimated to occur in around 0 5 of new  born infants some chro  mo  som  al regions are more prone to re  arrangement than others and thus are the source of genetic diseases and cancer this instability is usually due to the propensity of these regions to mis  align during dna repair exacerbated by defects of the appearance of replic  ation proteins like fen 1 or pol δ that ubi  qu  it  ously affect the integrity of the genome complex chro  mo  som  al re  arrangements cc  r are rarely seen in the general population and are defined as structural chro  mo  som  al re  arrangements with at least three break  points with exchange of genetic material between two or more chro  mo  som  es some forms of cam  po  mel  ic dys  pl  asia for example result from c  crs it is possible that speci  ation frequently occurs when a population becomes fixed for one or more chro  mo  som  al re  arrangements that reduce fitness when they are hetero  zy  g  ous this theory is lacking in theoretical support because mutations that cause a large reduction in fitness can only be fixed through genetic drift in small in  bred populations and the effects of chro  mo  som  al re  arrangements on fitness are unpredictable and vary greatly in plant and animal species however a potential mechanism that could promote speci  ation is that re  arrangements reduce gene flow more by suppressing re  combination and extending the effects of linked isolation genes than by reducing fitness
in genetics a chro  mo  some trans  location is a chro  mo  some ab  normality caused by re  arrangement of parts between non  homo  log  ous chro  mo  som  es a gene fusion may be created when the trans  location joins two otherwise separated genes it is detected on cy  to  genetics or a kar  yo  type of affected cells trans  locations can be balanced in an even exchange of material with no genetic information extra or missing and ideally full functionality or unbalanced where the exchange of chro  mo  some material is unequal resulting in extra or missing genes trans  locations can be reciprocal balanced or unbalanced or non  reciprocal balanced or unbalanced
chro  mo  some 5 q deletion syndrome chro  mo  some 5 q mono  som  y 5 q syndrome is an acquired hem  at  ological disorder characterized by loss of part of the long arm q arm band 5 q 33 1 of human chro  mo  some 5 in bone marrow my  el  oc  y  te cells this chro  mo  some ab  normality is most commonly associated with the my  el  odys  plastic syndrome it should not be confused with partial tr  is  omy 5 q though both conditions have been observed in the same family this should not be confused with the germ line cr  i du chat 5 p deletion syndrome which is a deletion of the short arm of the 5 th chro  mo  some
chro  mo  thri  p  sis is the phenomenon by which up to thousands of clu  stered chro  mo  som  al re  arrangements occur in a single event in loc  alised and confined genom  ic regions in one or a few chro  mo  som  es and is known to be involved in both cancer and con  genital diseases it occurs through one massive genom  ic re  arrangement during a single catastrophic event in the cell s history it is believed that for the cell to be able to withstand such a destructive event the occurrence of such an event must be the upper limit of what a cell can tolerate and survive the chro  mo  thri  p  sis phenomenon opposes the conventional theory that cancer is the gradual acquisition of genom  ic re  arrangements and som  atic mutations over time the simplest model as to how these re  arrangements occur is through the simultaneous fragmentation of distinct chro  mo  som  al regions break  points show a non random distribution and then subsequent imperfect re  assembly by dna repair pathways or aberr  ant dna replic  ation mechanisms chro  mo  thri  p  sis occurs early in tum  our development and leads to cellular transformation by loss of tum  our sup  pres  sors and on  co  gene amp  li  fications but recently it has been found that chro  mo  thri  p  sis can be cur  ative a woman who had wh  im war  ts hypo  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia infections and my  el  ok  ath  ex  is syndrome an extremely rare auto  som  al dominant combined immun  o  deficiency disease found her symptoms disappeared during her 30 s after chro  mo  th  ry  p  sis of chro  mo  some 2 deleted the disease alle  le chro  mo  thri  p  sis is a neo  log  ism that comes from the greek words ch  rom  o which means color and represents chro  mo  som  es because they are strongly stained by particular d  yes and thri  p  sis which means shattering into pieces
ch  ron  esthesia or mental time travel is a mental ability first hypothe  sized by en  del tul  ving in the 1980 s this refers to the ability to be aware of one s past or future while many may describe it as uniquely human others now argue that this ability can transcend to include non human animals such as birds the mechanisms of mental time travel are not yet fully understood since there is a level of obscur  ity and complexity when trying to measure if or when someone underwent mental time travel or not however studies have been conducted to map out areas of the brain that may be responsible for mental time travel
chronic ac  tin  ic der  mati  tis also known as ac  tin  ic re  ticul  o  id chronic photo  sensitivity der  mati  tis persistent light re  activity and photo  sensitive ecz  ema is a condition where a subject s skin becomes infl  amed due to a reaction to sunlight or artificial light patients often suffer from other related conditions of the skin that cause der  mati  tis in response to a variety of stimul  i e g flowers sun  screens cosmetics etc diagnosis can occur at any age ranging from soon after birth to adul  thood a g  p may refer a patient to a der  mato  logist if the condition is not showing clear symptoms and a variety of tests usually completed at a hospital can then determine the exact nature and cause of the patient s condition reactions which vary depending on the severity of the case include r  ashes fla  red bumpy pat  ches affected areas being extremely hot to touch and outbreaks shortly or within 24 hours after direct or indirect exposure to u  va and or u  v  b light the skin most likely reacts on the upper chest hands and face however it is not unlikely for reactions to happen all over the body the patient may feel burning st  inging or th  robbing sens  ations in these areas which causes mild yet uncomfortable pain
chronic allo  graft ne  ph  ro  pa  thy abbreviated can and also known as s  cl  ero  sing chronic allo  graft ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is the leading cause of kidney transplant failure and happens month to years after the transplant
chronic atro  ph  ic rh  initi  s is a chronic infl  amm  ation of nose characterised by atro  phy of nas  al mu  co  sa including the g  lands tur  bin  ate bones and the nerve elements supplying the nose chronic atro  ph  ic rh  initi  s may be primary and secondary special forms of chronic atro  ph  ic rh  initi  s are rh  initi  s sic  ca an  terior and o  za  ena
chronic bacterial pro  stati  tis is a bacterial infection of the pro  state g  land it should be distinguished from other forms of pro  stati  tis such as acute bacterial pro  stati  tis and chronic pel  vic pain syndrome cp  ps
chronic cere  bro  spinal ven  ous in  sufficiency cc  s  vi or cc  vi is a term developed by italian researcher paolo zam  bon  i in 2008 to describe compromised flow of blood in the ve  ins draining the central nervous system zam  bon  i hypothe  sized that it played a role in the cause or development of multiple sclerosis ms zam  bon  i also devised a procedure which was termed by the media as liberation procedure or liberation therapy involving ven  op  la  sty or st  enting of certain ve  ins in an attempt to improve blood flow within the medical community both the procedure and cc  s  vi itself have been met with skepticism zam  bon  i s first published research was neither blinded nor did it have a comparison group zam  bon  i also did not disclose his financial ties to es  a  ote the manufacturer of the ul  tras  ound specifically used in cc  s  vi diagnosis the liberation procedure has been criticized for possibly resulting in serious complications and deaths while its benefits have not been proven the united states food and drug administration states that it is not clear if cc  s  vi exists as a clinical entity and that these treatments may cause more harm research on cc  s  vi has been fast tracked but researchers have been unable to confirm whether cc  s  vi has a role in causing ms this has raised serious objections to the hypothesis of cc  s  vi originating multiple sclerosis additional research investigating the cc  s  vi hypothesis is underway a 2013 study found that cc  s  vi is equally rare in people with and without ms while narrowing of the cer  vic  al ve  ins is equally common
a chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time the term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months common chronic diseases include ar  thri  tis asthma cancer cop  d diabetes and viral diseases such as hepatitis c and hiv aids in medicine the opposite of chronic is acute a chronic course is further distinguished from a recurrent course recurrent diseases relap  se repeatedly with periods of remission in between the non communicable diseases are also usually lasting medical conditions but are separated by their non infectious causes in contrast some chronic diseases such as hiv aids are caused by transmissible infections in the united states 25 of adults have at least two chronic conditions chronic diseases constitute a major cause of mortality with the world health organization who attribu  ting 38 million deaths a year to non communicable diseases
chronic deci  du  i  tis also plasma cell deci  du  i  tis is a type of long lasting infl  amm  ation that arises in pregnancy and affects the end  ome  trial st  rom  al tissue deci  du  a it is associated with pre  term labour the diagnosis rests primarily on the presence of plasma cells
chronic diarr  hea of infancy also called to  dd  ler s diarr  hea is a common condition typically affecting children between ages 6 – 30 months usually resolving by age 4 symptoms include multiple loose bo  wel movements per day sometimes with un  dig  ested food visible normal growth with no evidence of malnutrition and no evidence blood in the sto  ol or infection the condition may be related to irrit  able bo  wel syndrome
chronic disease in northern on  tari  o is a population health problem the population in northern on  tari  o experiences worse outcomes on a number of important health indicators including higher rates of chronic disease compared to the population in the rest of on  tari  o roman  ow 2002
chronic e  o  sin  oph  il  ic leuk  emia cel is a disease in which too many e  o  sin  oph  ils a type of white blood cell are found in the bone marrow blood and other tissues cel may stay the same for many years or it may progress quickly to acute leuk  emia it is generally caused by over  activation of the on  co  gene p  dg  fra through a chro  mo  some trans  location event though a highly rare disease cel is extremely manageable with the use of gle  ev  ec which sup  presses the on  co  genic effects of p  dg  fra
chronic fatigue syndrome cf  s is a medical condition characterized by long term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person s ability to carry out ordinary daily activities quality of life of persons with cf  s can be compromised biological genetic infectious and psychological mechanisms have been proposed but the cause is not understood the fatigue of cf  s is not due to ongoing exer  tion is not much relieved by rest and is not due to any other medical condition diagnosis is based on a person s signs and symptoms evidence suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy and a gradual increase in activity suited to individual capacity can be beneficial in some cases the medication r  int  ato  li  mod may be useful for certain people estimates of the number of people with the condition vary from 7 to 3 000 per 100 000 adults about one million americans and a quarter of a million people in the uk have cf  s fatigue is a common symptom in many illnesses but the fatigue experienced by persons with cf  s is comparatively rare cf  s occurs more often in women than men and is less common among children and adolescents there is agreement that cf  s has a negative effect on health happiness and productivity but there is also controversy over many aspects of the disorder physicians researchers and patient advocates promote different names and diagnostic criteria while evidence for proposed causes and treatments is often contradictory or of low quality
chronic functional ab  domin  al pain cf  ap or functional ab  domin  al pain syndrome f  aps is the ongoing presence of ab  domin  al pain for which there is no known medical explanation it is quite similar to but less common than irrit  able bo  wel syndrome i  bs and many of the same treatments for i  bs can also be of benefit to those with cf  ap the fundamental difference between i  bs and cf  ap is that in cf  ap unlike in i  bs there is no change in bo  wel habits such as con  sti  p  ation or diarr  hea bo  wel dysfunction is a necessary diagnostic criterion of i  bs cf  ap is characterized by chronic pain with no physical explanation or findings no structural infectious or mechanical causes can be found it is the  orized that cf  ap is a disorder of the nervous system where normal no  cic  eptive nerve impul  ses are amplified like a stere  o system turned up too loud resulting in pain this vis  cer  al hy  pers  ensi  tivity may be a stand alone cause of cf  ap or cf  ap may result from the same type of brain gut nervous system disorder that underlies i  bs as with i  bs low doses of anti  depres  s  ants have been found useful in controlling the pain of cf  ap
chronic gast  ri  tis is a chronic infl  amm  ation of the ga  str  ic mu  co  sa
chronic gran  ul  om  at  ous disease c  g  d also known as bridges – good syndrome chronic gran  ul  om  at  ous disorder and qu  ie syndrome is a diverse group of hereditary diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds most importantly the super  oxide radical due to defective p  ha  go  cy  te nad  ph oxid  ase used to kill certain ing  ested pathogens this leads to the formation of gran  ul  om  ata in many organs c  g  d affects about 1 in 200 000 people in the united states with about 20 new cases diagnosed each year this condition was first discovered in 1950 in a series of 4 boys from min  nes  ota and in 1957 was named a fatal gran  ul  om  ato  sus of childhood in a publication describing their disease the underlying cellular mechanism that causes chronic gran  ul  om  at  ous disease was discovered in 1967 and research since that time has further elu  ci  dated the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease bernard bab  ior made key contributions in linking the defect of super  oxide production of white blood cells to the eti  ology of the disease in 1986 the x linked form of c  g  d was the first disease for which posi  tional cloning was used to identify the underlying genetic mutation
chronic halluc  in  atory psycho  sis is a psycho  sis subtype classified under other non  organic psycho  sis by the ic  d 10 chapter v mental and behavi  our  al disorders other abnormal mental symptoms in the early stages are as a rule absent the patient is most usually quiet and orderly with a good memory it has often been a matter of the greatest difficulty to decide under which heading of the recognized classifications individual members of this group should be placed as the halluc  inations give rise to slight depression some might possibly be included under mel  ancho  lia in others paranoia may develop others again might be swept into the widespread net of dementia pra  eco  x this state of affairs cannot be regarded as satisfactory for they are not truly cases of mel  ancho  lia paranoia dementia pra  eco  x or any other described affection this disease as its name suggests is a halluc  in  atory case for it is its main feature these may be of all senses but aud  itory halluc  inations are the most prominent at the beginning the patient may realize that the halluc  ination is a mor  bid phenomenon and unaccountable they may claim to hear a voice speaking though there is no one in the flesh actually doing so such a state of affairs may last for years and possibly though rarely for life and the subject would not be deemed insane in the ordinary sense of the word it s probable however that this condition forms the first stage of the illness which eventually develops on definite lines what usually happens is the patient seeks an explanation for the halluc  inations as none is forthcoming he she tries to account for their presence and the result is a delusion and most frequently a delusion of persecution also it needs to be noted that the delusion is a comparatively late arrival and is the logical result of the halluc  inations
chronic infl  am  matory dem  yel  inating pol  yn  euro  pa  thy ci  dp is an acquired immune medi  ated infl  am  matory disorder of the peripheral nervous system the disorder is sometimes called chronic relap  sing pol  yn  euro  pa  thy cr  p or chronic infl  am  matory dem  yel  inating poly  radic  ul  on  euro  pa  thy because it involves the nerve roots ci  dp is closely related to guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome and it is considered the chronic counterpart of that acute disease its symptoms are also similar to progressive infl  am  matory neuro  pa  thy an asymmetrical variant of ci  dp is known as lewis sum  ner syndrome
chronic inflation is an economic phenomenon occurring when a country experiences high inflation for a prolonged period of time several years or decades due to undue expansion or increase of the money supply in countries with chronic inflation inflation expectations become built in and it becomes extremely difficult to reduce the inflation rate not to be confused with hyper  inflation
chronic kidney disease ck  d also known as chronic ren  al disease is progressive loss in kidney function over a period of months or years the symptoms of worsening kidney function are not specific and might include feeling generally un  well and experiencing a reduced appetite often chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood  line relative with ck  d this disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications such as cardiovascular disease an  emia peric  ardi  tis or ren  al o  ste  od  y  stro  phy the latter included in the novel term ck  d m  b  d ck  d is a long term form of kidney disease thus it is differentiated from acute kidney disease acute kidney injury in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months ck  d is an internationally recognized public health problem affecting 5 – 10 of the world population chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for cre  at  in  ine which is a breakdown product of muscle metabol  ism higher levels of cre  at  in  ine indicate a lower glo  mer  ular fil  tration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to ex  crete waste products cre  at  in  ine levels may be normal in the early stages of ck  d and the condition is discovered if ur  in  al  ysis testing of a urine sample shows the kidney is allowing the loss of protein or red blood cells into the urine to fully investigate the underlying cause of kidney damage various forms of medical imaging blood tests and sometimes a kidney biopsy removing a small sample of kidney tissue are employed to find out if a reversible cause for the kidney mal  function is present previous professional guidelines classified the severity of ck  d in five stages with stage 1 being the mil  dest and usually causing few symptoms and stage 5 being a severe illness with poor life expectancy if untreated stage 5 ck  d is often called end stage kidney disease end stage ren  al disease or end stage kidney failure and is largely synonymous with the now outdated terms chronic ren  al failure or chronic kidney failure and usually means the patient requires ren  al replacement therapy which may involve a form of dial  ysis but ideally constitutes a kidney transplant recent international guidelines reclassi  fied ck  d based on cause glo  mer  ular fil  tration rate category g 1 g 2 g 3 a g 3 b g 4 and g 5 and albu  min  ur  ia category a 1 a 2 a 3 screening of at risk people is important because treatments exist that delay the progression of ck  d if an underlying cause of ck  d such as vas  cu  li  tis or obstruc  tive ne  ph  ro  pa  thy block  age to the drainage system of the kidneys is found it may be treated directly to slow the damage in more advanced stages treatments may be required for an  emia and kidney bone disease also called ren  al o  ste  od  y  stro  phy secondary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m or chronic kidney disease – mineral bone disorder ck  d m  b  d chronic kidney disease resulted in 9  56 000 deaths in 2013 up from 409 000 deaths in 1990
chronic kidney disease – mineral and bone disorder ck  d m  b  d is one of the many complications associated with chronic kidney disease it represents a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabol  ism due to ck  d manifested by either one or a combination of the following ab  norm  alities of calcium phosphorus phosphate par  ath  yro  id hormone or vitamin d metabol  ism ab  norm  alities in bone turnover miner  alization volume linear growth or strength vascular or other soft tissue calci  fication ck  d m  b  d explains at least in part the high morbi  dity and mortality of ck  d patients linking kidney and bone disease with cardiovascular complications it is a matter of discussion whether ck  d m  b  d may be considered a real syndrome or not ck  d m  b  d broad  ens the old concept of ren  al o  ste  od  y  stro  phy which now should be restricted to describing the bone path  ology associated with ck  d thus ren  al o  ste  od  y  stro  phy is currently considered one measure of the sk  el  etal component of the systemic disorder of ck  d – m  b  d that is quantifiable by hist  om  orph  ome  try of bone biopsy
chronic leuk  emia is an increase of abnormal white blood cells it differs from acute leuk  emia and is categ  orized as my  elo  genous or lymp  ho  cy  tic chronic leuk  emia may refer to chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia ha  iry cell leuk  emia
chronic mountain sickness c  ms or mon  ge s disease is a disease in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases poly  cy  them  ia and there is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood hypo  x  emia c  ms can develop during extended time living at a high altitude the most frequent symptoms of c  ms are headache di  zz  iness tin  nit  us breath  lessness pal  p  itations sleep disturbance fatigue an  ore  x  ia mental confusion cyan  osis and dil  ation of ve  ins c  ms was first described in 19  25 by carlos mon  ge while acute mountain sickness is experienced shortly after as  cent to high altitude chronic mountain sickness may develop after many years of living at high altitude in medicine high altitude is defined as over 2500 metres 8  200 ft but most cases of c  ms occur at over 3000 m 10000 ft recently it has been correlated with increased expression of the genes an  p 32 d and sen  p 1
chronic mu  co  cu  taneous candi  di  asis is an immune disorder of t cells it is characterized by chronic infections with candi  da that are limited to mu  cos  al surfaces skin and nails however it can also be associated with other types of infections such as human pap  il  lo  ma virus an association with chro  mo  some 2 has been identified types include
chronic my  elo  genous or my  elo  id or my  el  oc  y  tic leuk  emia c  ml also known as chronic gran  ul  oc  y  tic leuk  emia c  g  l is a cancer of the white blood cells it is a form of leuk  emia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly my  elo  id cells in the bone marrow and the accumulation of these cells in the blood c  ml is a cl  onal bone marrow stem cell disorder in which a proliferation of mature gran  ul  oc  y  tes neu  troph  ils e  o  sin  oph  ils and bas  oph  ils and their precursors is found it is a type of my  elo  prolifer  ative disease associated with a characteristic chro  mo  som  al trans  location called the philadelphia chro  mo  some c  ml is now largely treated with targeted drugs called ty  ros  ine kin  ase inhi  bit  ors t  kis which have led to dramatically improved long term survival rates since the introduction of the first such agent in 2001 these drugs have revolution  ized treatment of this disease and allow most patients to have a good quality of life when compared to the former chem  otherapy drugs in western countries c  ml accounts for 15 20 of all adult leuk  emi  as and 14 of leuk  emi  as overall including the pedi  atric population
chronic my  el  om  on  oc  y  tic leuk  aemia c  m  ml is a type of leuk  aemia which are cancers of the blood forming cells of the bone marrow in adults blood cells are formed in the bone marrow by a process that is known as ha  emato  po  ies  is in c  m  ml there are increased numbers of mon  oc  y  tes and immature blood cells bl  asts in the peripheral blood and bone marrow as well as abnormal looking cells dys  pl  asia in at least one type of blood cell c  m  ml shows characteristics of a my  el  odys  plastic syndrome m  ds a disorder that produces abnormal looking blood cells and a my  elo  prolifer  ative disorder mp  d a disorder characterised by the overproduction of blood cells for this reason c  m  ml was reclassi  fied as a m  ds mp  n overlap disorder in 2002 for a diagnosis of c  m  ml the world health organisation who states that the blood mon  oc  y  te count must be 1 x 109 l no philadelphia chro  mo  some or mutations in the p  dg  fra or p  dg  fr  b gene should be present the blast count must be 20 and dys  pl  asia of at least one line  age of my  elo  id blood cell should be present az  aci  ti  dine is a drug used to treat c  m  ml and is approved by the food and drug administration f  da and the european medicines agency stem cell transplant is also used to treat c  m  ml and involves the transplantation of donor ha  emato  po  ie  tic stem cells into the recipient blood transfusion and er  y  thro  po  ie  tin are used to treat disease associated ana  emia
chronic neu  tro  phil  ic leuk  emia c  nl is a rare my  elo  prolifer  ative ne  op  las  m that features a persistent neu  tro  phi  lia in peripheral blood my  elo  id hyper  pl  asia in bone marrow he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y and the absence of the philadelphia chro  mo  some or a b  cr abl fusion gene
chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease cop  d is a type of obstruc  tive lung disease characterized by long term poor air  flow the main symptoms include short  ness of breath and cough with sp  u  tum production cop  d typically wor  sens over time eventually walking up stairs or carrying things will be difficult chronic bron  chi  tis and emph  ys  ema are older terms used for different types of cop  d the term chronic bron  chi  tis is still used to define a productive cough that is present for at least three months each year for two years tobacco smoking is the most common cause of cop  d with a number of other factors such as air pollution and genetics playing a smaller role in the developing world one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires long term exposure to these irrit  ants causes an infl  am  matory response in the lungs resulting in narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue the diagnosis is based on poor air  flow as measured by lung function tests in contrast to asthma the air  flow reduction does not improve much with the use of a bron  cho  di  lat  or most cases of cop  d can be prevented by reducing exposure to risk factors this includes decreasing rates of smoking and improving indoor and outdoor air quality while treatment can slow worsening there is no cure cop  d treatments include stopping smoking vaccinations respiratory rehabilitation and often inhal  ed bron  cho  di  lators and ster  oids some people may benefit from long term oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in those who have periods of acute worsening increased use of medications and hosp  itali  zation may be needed as of 2013 cop  d affects 329 million people or nearly 5 percent of the global population it typically occurs in people over the age of 40 males and females are affected equally commonly in 2013 it resulted in 2 9 million deaths up from 2 4 million deaths in 1990 more than 90 of these deaths occur in the developing world the number of deaths is projected to increase further because of higher smoking rates and an aging population in many countries it resulted in an estimated economic cost of 2 1 trillion in 2010
chronic pain is pain that lasts a long time in medicine the distinction between acute and chronic pain is sometimes determined by an arbitrary interval of time since onset the two most commonly used mark  ers being 3 months and 6 months since onset though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days chronic to pain of more than six months duration and sub  acute to pain that lasts from one to six months a popular alternative definition of chronic pain involving no arbitrarily fixed duration is pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing epidemiological studies have found that 10 1 to 55 2 of people in various countries have chronic pain chronic pain may originate in the body or in the brain or spinal cord it is difficult to treat and is often handled by a pain management team some people with chronic pain benefit from op  io  id treatment and others do not some are harmed by the treatment various non  op  io  id medicines are also used depending on whether the pain originates from tissue damage or is neuro  path  ic psychological treatments including cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy have been shown effective for improving quality of life in those with chronic pain severe chronic pain is associated with increased 10 year mortality particularly from heart disease and respiratory disease people with chronic pain tend to have higher rates of depression anxiety sleep disturbances and neuro  ticism these are cor  relations and it is often not clear which factor causes another chronic pain may contribute to decreased physical activity due to fear of exacerbating pain often resulting in weight gain pain intensity pain control and resili  ency to pain are influenced by different levels and types of social support that a person with chronic pain receives
chronic pan  cre  ati  tis is a long standing infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as that al  ters the organ s normal structure and functions it can present as episodes of acute infl  amm  ation in a previously injured pan  cre  as or as chronic damage with persistent pain or mal  absorption it is a disease process characterized by irreversible damage to the pan  cre  as as distinct from reversible changes in acute pan  cre  ati  tis
chronic par  oxy  sm  al hemic  ran  ia c  ph also known as s  ja  ast  ad syndrome is a severe deb  il  itating unilateral headache usually affecting the area around the eye it normally consists of multiple severe yet short headache attacks affecting only one side of the cran  ium it is more commonly diagnosed in women than in men but unlike a migr  aine has no neuro  logical symptoms associated with it c  ph headaches are treated through the use of non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs with in  dom  eth  ac  in found to be usually effective in eliminating symptoms par  oxy  sm  al hemic  ran  ia is classified by the frequency and duration of attacks experienced by patients ep  is  od  ic par  oxy  sm  al hemic  ran  ia attacks occur at least twice a year and last anywhere from seven days to a year with pain free periods of a month or longer separating them chronic par  oxy  sm  al hemic  ran  ia attacks occur over the course of more than a year without remission or with re  missions lasting less than a month
chronic period  on  ti  tis is a common disease of the oral cav  ity consisting of chronic infl  amm  ation of the period  on  tal tissues that is caused by accumulation of prof  use amounts of dental pla  que
chronic poverty is a phenomenon whereby an individual or group is in a state of poverty over extended period of time while determining both the implicit poverty line and the duration needed to be considered long term is debated the identification of this kind of poverty is considered important because it may require different policies than those needed for addressing transi  ent poverty
chronic progressive external oph  thal  mop  legi  a c  pe  o also known as progressive external oph  thal  mop  legi  a pe  o is a type of eye disorder characterized by slowly progressive inability to move the eyes and eyebro  ws it is often the only feature of mit  och  on  dri  al disease in which case the term c  pe  o may be given as the diagnosis in other people suffering from mit  och  on  dri  al disease c  pe  o occurs as part of a syndrome involving more than one part of the body such as ke  ar  ns say  re syndrome occasionally c  pe  o may be caused by conditions other than mit  och  on  dri  al diseases
chronic progressive lymp  he  dem  a or c  pl is a disease that resembles scrat  ches it has been identified in shire cl  y  des  dale and belgian horses as well as a small number of gypsy v  ann  ers it is characterized by lymp  he  dem  a and symptoms include progressive sw  elling thick  ening skin and le  sions on the lower leg the disease is most likely caused by a malfunctioning lymp  h  atic system and a compromised immune system with quite possibly a genetic component no cure is available yet only treatment has helped keep it under control for some scientists at uc davis center for equine health are continuing research on the disease with the interest cooperation and financial support from ay  r  shire farms of up  per  ville virginia
chronic non  bacterial pro  stati  tis or chronic pro  stati  tis chronic pel  vic pain syndrome cp cp  ps is a pel  vic pain condition in men and should be distinguished from other forms of pro  stati  tis such as chronic bacterial pro  stati  tis and acute bacterial pro  stati  tis this condition was formerly known as pro  stat  od  y  nia painful pro  state
asper  gil  losis is an infection caused by the fun  gus asper  gill  us asper  gil  losis describes a large number of diseases involving both infection and growth of fun  gus as well as allergic responses asper  gil  losis can occur in a variety of organs both in humans and animals the most common sites of infection are the respiratory apparatus lungs sin  uses and these infections can be invasive e g – ip  a non invasive e g allergic pul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis ab  pa chronic pul  mon  ary and asper  gil  lo  ma e g chronic cav  itary semi invasive severe asthma with fun  gal sensi  tisation saf  s chronic pul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis cpa is a long term asper  gill  us infection of the lung and asper  gill  us fum  ig  atus is almost always the species responsible for this illness patients fall into several groups as listed below those with an asper  gil  lo  ma which is a ball of fun  gus found in a single lung cav  ity which may improve or disappear or change very little over a few years asper  gill  us no  dule chronic cav  itary pul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis cc  pa where ca  vities are present in the lungs but not necessarily with a fun  gal ball asper  gil  lo  ma chronic fi  bro  sing pul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis this may develop where pul  mon  ary asper  gil  losis remains untreated and chronic scar  ring of the lungs occurs unfortunately scar  ring of the lungs does not improve most patients with cpa have or have had an underlying lung disease the most common diseases include tuberculosis atypical my  co  bacter  ium infection stage iii fi  bro  c  ys  tic pul  mon  ary sar  co  ido  sis ab  pa lung cancer cop  d and emph  ys  ema asthma and sili  co  sis
chronic recurrent multi  focal o  ste  om  ye  li  tis cr  mo multi  focal because it can erup  t in different sites primarily bones o  ste  om  ye  li  tis because it is very similar to that disease but appears to be without any infection also known as chronic recurring multi  focal o  ste  om  ye  li  tis is a rare condition 1 1 000 000 in which the bones have le  sions infl  amm  ation and pain its definition is evolving many doctors and articles described cr  mo as an auto  immune disease that has symptoms similar to o  ste  om  ye  li  tis but without the infection some doctors thought cr  mo was related to sap  ho syndrome cutting edge research now classi  fies cr  mo as an inherited auto  infl  am  matory disease but have yet to isolate the exact gene responsible for it some specialists believe they have discovered a link between cr  mo with a rare alle  le of marker d 18 s 60 resulting in a hap  lo  type relative risk hr  r of 18 other experts found that mutations in l  pin 2 cause a syndro  mic form of chronic recurrent multi  focal o  ste  om  ye  li  tis known as maj  e  ed syndrome while mutations in p  st  pi  p 2 cause a mur  ine form of the disorder the roles played by l  pin 2 and the human homo  log of p  st  pi  p 2 p  st  pi  p 2 in the eti  ology of chronic recurrent multi  focal o  ste  om  ye  li  tis are uncertain but are currently being investigated the professional theories seem to be moving in the direction of an inherited gene
chronic relap  sing infl  am  matory op  tic neuro  pa  thy cri  on sometimes called chronic relap  sing infl  am  matory op  tic ne  uri  tis is a form of recurrent op  tic ne  uri  tis that is ster  o  id responsive patients typically present with pain associated with visual loss cri  on is a diagnosis of exclusion and other dem  yel  inating auto  immune and systemic causes should be ruled out early recognition is crucial given risks for severe visual loss and because it is treat  able with immun  o  sup  pres  sive treatment such as ster  oids relap  se that occurs after reducing or stopping ster  oids is a characteristic feature
a chronic scar ker  at  osis also known as a chronic cic  atri  x ker  at  osis is a pre  can  cer  ous skin le  sion that arises within a long standing scar
chronic s  cl  ero  sing si  al  ad  eni  tis is a chronic long lasting infl  am  matory condition affecting the sali  vary g  land relatively rare in occurrence this condition is benign but presents as hard ind  ur  ated and enlarged masses that are clin  ically in  distingu  ishable from sali  vary g  land ne  op  las  ms or tumors it is now regarded as a manifestation of ig  g 4 related disease involvement of the sub  man  di  bul  ar g  lands is also known as k  ü  tt  ner s tumor named after her  mann k  ü  tt  ner 1870 – 19  32 a german oral and max  il  lo  facial surgeon who reported four cases of sub  man  di  bul  ar g  land le  sions for the first time in 18  96
chronic solvent induced encephalopathy c  se is a condition induced by long term exposure to organic solvents typically in the workplace that lead to a wide variety of persisting sens  or  im  o  tor pol  yn  euro  path  ies and neuro  behavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed this syndrome can also be referred to as psycho organic syndrome organic solvent syndrome chronic pain  ter s syndrome occupational solvent encephalopathy solvent in  tox  ication toxic solvent syndrome pa  inters disease psycho organic syndrome chronic toxic encephalopathy and ne  ur  asth  en  ic syndrome the multiple names of solvent induced syndro  mes combined with inconsistency in research methods makes referen  cing this disease difficult and its catalo  g of symptoms vague
chronic superficial ker  ati  tis c  sk also known as pann  us or u  ber  re  iter ’ s disease is an infl  am  matory condition of the cor  ne  a in dogs particularly seen in the german shepherd dog
chronic traumatic encephalopathy c  te is a progressive degenerative disease found in people who have had a severe blow or repeated blows to the head the disease was previously called dementia pu  gil  is  tica dp i e punch drunk as it was initially found in those with a history of boxing c  te has been most commonly found in professional athletes participating in american football rug  by ice hockey boxing professional wrestling stunt performing bull riding ro  deo and other contact sports who have experienced repeated con  cus  sions or other brain trauma its presence in domestic violence is also being investigated it can affect high school athletes especially american football players following few years of activity it is a form of tau  opathy
chronic undermining bur  rowing ul  cer also known as mel  en  ey gang  rene or mel  en  ey s ul  cer is a cu  taneous condition that is a post  operative progressive bacterial gang  rene it is seen in immun  o  compromised individuals mostly after post ab  domin  al surgery and rapidly spreads to involve a large area
chronic ven  ous in  sufficiency c  vi is a medical condition in which the ve  ins cannot pump enough blood back to the heart the most common cause of c  vi is superficial ven  ous ref  lux which is a treat  able condition as functional ven  ous valves are required to provide for efficient blood return from the lower extre  mi  ties this condition typically affects the legs if the impaired vein function causes significant symptoms such as sw  elling and ul  cer formation it is referred to as chronic ven  ous disease c  vi includes vari  cose ve  ins and superficial ven  ous ref  lux hidden vari  cose ve  ins it is sometimes called chronic peripheral ven  ous in  sufficiency and should not be confused with post thro  m  bo  tic syndrome in which the deep ve  ins have been damaged by previous deep vein thro  m  bo  sis most cases of c  vi can be improved with treatments to the superficial ven  ous system or st  enting the deep system vari  cose ve  ins for example can now be treated by local an  esthetic endo  ven  ous surgery the prevalence of c  vi is far higher in women than in men the tampere study which examined the epidemiology of vari  cose ve  ins in a large cohor  t of 32  84 men and 35  90 women demonstrated that the prevalence of vari  cose ve  ins in men and women was 18 and 42 respectively the condition has been known since ancient times and hippo  crates used band  aging to treat it
chronic ves  icul  ob  ul  lous hand ecz  ema presents with le  sions that may be hyper  ker  ato  tic scaling and f  issu  res and the dy  sh  id  ro  si  form pattern may be recognized only during exacerb  ations females out  number males by 3 1 and there is a tendency for the pr  uri  tic 1 to 2 mm ves  ic  les to be most pronounced at the sides of the fingers
chronic wasting disease cw  d is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy tse of mule deer white ta  iled deer el  k or w  ap  i  ti and mo  ose el  k in europe as of 2016 cw  d had only been found in members of the deer family first recognized as a clinical wasting syndrome in 1967 in mule deer in a wildlife research facility in northern colorado usa it was identified as a tse in 1978 and has spread to free ranging and captive populations in 23 us states and two canadian provinces cw  d is ty  pi  fied by chronic weight loss leading to death no relationship is known between cw  d and any other tse of animals or people although reports in the popular press have been made of humans being affected by cw  d a study by the centers for disease control and prevention suggests m ore epidem  io  logic and laboratory studies are needed to monitor the possibility of such transmissions the epidemiological study further concluded a s a precaution hunters should avoid eating deer and el  k tissues known to harbor the cw  d agent e g brain spinal cord eyes sp  leen ton  si  ls lymp  h no  des from areas where cw  d has been identified
chronic wound pain is a condition described as unre  mitting disab  ling and recalcit  rant pain experienced by individuals with various types of chronic wounds chronic wounds such as ven  ous leg ul  cers arter  ial ul  cers diabe  tic foot ul  cers pressure ul  cers and m  align  ant wounds can have an enormous impact on an individual ’ s quality of life with pain being one of the most distressing symptoms the pain experienced by individuals with chronic wounds can be acute or chronic acute wound pain is inter  mit  tent and exacerbated by manipulation of the wound during procedures such as dressing changes or debri  d  ement chronic wound pain is present for six months or more and occurs without any manipulation of the wound chronic wound pain is persistent and exists at rest persistent pain is used inter  change  ably or to replace the term chronic pain inter  mit  tent or continuous pain that is present for three months or more is considered as persistent pain persistent pain is also referred to as neuro  path  ic pain depending on the sensation associated with neuro  path  ic pain it may be considered as acute or chronic acute neuro  path  ic pain is associated with burning squeezing th  robbing shooting or electric shock sens  ations that resolve neuro  path  ic sens  ations such as num  b  ness ting  ling and pr  ick  ling are considered as chronic neuro  path  ic pain chronic neuro  path  ic pain may be inter  mit  tent or continuous and may remain unresolved post tissue healing
chr  ys  an  them  um white r  ust is a disease of plants caused by the fun  gus pu  c  cin  ia h  ori  ana that inf  ects species of the genus chr  ys  an  them  um
ch  ry  si  asis gk ch  ry  sos gold osis condition of is a der  mat  ological condition induced by the paren  ter  al administration of gold salts usually for the treatment of r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis such treatment has been superseded as the best practice for treating the disease because of numerous side effects and monitoring requirements their limited efficacy and very slow onset of action similar to silver a gold preparation used paren  ter  ally for a long period may rarely produce a permanent skin pi  gm  entation especially if the skin is exposed to sunlight or artificial ultra  violet radiation the skin s pi  gm  entation in this condition has been described as uniformly gray gray  ish purple slate gray or gray  ish blue and is usually limited to exposed portions of the body it may involve the con  junc  tiv  ae over the s  cler  as but usually not the oral mu  co  sa location of pig  ment predominantly in the upper der  mis leads to the blue component of skin color through the scat  tering phenomenon it is much less likely to be deposited in the nails and hair ch  ry  si  asis was said to have been much more common when medicines containing traces of gold were used for treatment of tuberculosis commonplace forms of treatment nearly fifty years ago treatments containing gold traces were also used to treat cases of r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis but because the dose used for tuberculosis was higher than for ar  thri  tis it has not afflicted many subscri  bing to such treatments gold can be identified in the skin chemically by light micro  sco  py electr  on micro  sco  py and spec  tro  sco  py there is no way to reverse or treat ch  ry  si  asis
ch  ry  som  y  xa wei  ri  i commonly known as we  ir ’ s cushion r  ust is a disease of sp  ru  ce trees it is mostly a cosmetic problem causing yel  low  ish spo  tting and ban  ding on sp  ru  ce needles but in some cases can cause severe premature de  foli  ation we  ir ’ s cushion r  ust can also dis  figure and reduce growth of sp  ru  ce trees by targeting the tender needles of newly emerging shoots this disease is spread by wind and water spl  ash and can further infect the sp  ru  ce it currently resides on or a neighboring sp  ru  ce unlike other r  ust diseases c wei  ri  i is auto  ec  ious only inf  ecting sp  ru  ce trees c wei  ri  i is also micro  cyclic producing only two of the five possible spor  e stages common in r  ust fun  gi trees affected by we  ir ’ s cushion r  ust usually have obvious symptoms but if treated correctly the disease can be managed
ch  ton  ob  della lim  bat  a is a species of blood sucking le  ech found in new south wales australia it occurs in mo  ist forest areas being noticeable after rain often encountered on the forest floor or on low foli  age a hungry le  ech is responsive to light or movement
the chu  ga  ev elimination is a chemical reaction that involves the elimination of water from alcohol  s to produce al  ken  es the intermediate is a x  anth  ate it is named for its discover  er the russian chem  ist lev al  ek  sand  ro  v  ich chu  ga  ev 18  73 19  22 who first reported the reaction sequence in 18  99 in the first step a x  anth  ate salt is formed out of the al  ko  x  ide and carbon dis  ul  fide cs 2 with the addition of io  dom  ethane the al  ko  x  ide is transformed into a methyl x  anth  ate at about 200 ° c the al  k  ene is formed by an intr  am  ol  ec  ular elimination in a 6 memb  ered cyclic transition state the hydrogen atom is removed from the carbon atom β to the x  anth  ate oxygen in a syn elimination the side product de  com  poses to carbon  yl sul  fide oc  s and meth  an  eth  i  ol the chu  ga  ev elimination is similar in mechanism to other thermal elimination reactions such as the cope elimination and ester pyro  lysis x  anth  ates typically undergo elimination from 120 to 200 ° c while esters typically require 400 to 500 ° c and amine oxides routinely react between 80 to 160 ° c
the churches of chi  lo  é in chile s chi  lo  é archipelago are a unique architectural phenomenon in the americas and one of the most prominent styles of chi  lo  ta architecture unlike classical spanish colonial architecture the churches of chi  lo  é are made entirely in native timber with extensive use of wood sh  ing  les the churches were built from materials to resist chi  lo  é archipelago s hum  id and rainy oce  anic climate built in the 18 th and 19 th centuries when chi  lo  é archipelago was still a part of the spanish crown possessions the churches represent the fusion of european jes  uit culture and local native peoples skill and traditions an excellent example of mes  tiz  o culture the churches of chi  lo  é were designated unesco world heritage sites since 2000 the university of chile fund  ación cultural ig  le  si  as de chi  lo  é and other institutions have led efforts to preserve these historic structures and to public  ize them for their unique qualities
chur  ning is an encryption function used to scramble downstream user data of the atm passive optical network system defined by the it  u g 9  83 1 standard the standard states that chur  ning offers a low level of protection for data confidentiality cry  pt  analysis had shown that the chur  ning ci  p  her is robu  stly weak
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy ro  le  playing game the chu  ul is a large pale yellow lobster like aberr  ation with a set of nasty p  inc  ers and paraly  tic tent  acles
ch  y  lo  der  ma is sw  elling of the scro  tum resulting from chronic lymp  h  atic obstruction obstruction may be caused by a nemato  de such as wu  cher  er  ia ban  cro  f  ti this condition is also known as lymp  h  scro  tum or eleph  anti  asis scro  ti
ch  y  lo  mic  ron retention disease is a disorder of fat absorption it is associated with sar 1 b mutations in sar 1 b prevent the release of ch  y  lo  mic  ron  s in the circulation which leads to nutritional and developmental problems it is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder with around 40 cases reported worldwide since it is rec  essive parents usually do not express symptoms without functional ch  y  lo  mic  ron  s certain fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin d and vitamin e cannot be absorbed ch  y  lo  mic  ron  s have a crucial role in fat absorption and transport thus deficiency in ch  y  lo  mic  ron functioning reduces available levels of dietary fats and fat soluble vitamins
a ch  y  lo  thor  ax or ch  yle leak is a type of ple  ural eff  usion it results from lymp  h formed in the dig  estive system called ch  yle accumulating in the ple  ural cav  ity due to either disruption or obstruction of the thor  ac  ic duc  t in people on a normal diet this eff  usion can be identified by its tur  bid mil  ky white appearance since ch  yle contains high levels of tri  gly  cer  ci  des it is important to distinguish ch  y  lo  thor  ax from pseu  do  ch  y  lo  thor  ax ple  ural eff  u  sions high in cho  le  sterol which has a similar appearance but is caused by more chronic infl  am  matory processes and has a different treatment
ch  yl  ur  ia also called ch  yl  ous urine is a medical condition involving the presence of ch  yle in the urine stream which results in urine appearing mil  ky white it is a condition that is more prevalent among people of africa and the indian sub  continent ch  yl  ur  ia appearance is irregular and inter  mit  tent it may last several days weeks or even months there are several factors that trigger ch  yl  ur  ia recurrence
ch  y  tri  di  om  y  co  sis is an infectious disease in am  phi  bians caused by the ch  y  tri  d bat  rac  ho  ch  y  tri  um d  end  rob  ati  dis a non  hy  ph  al zo  os  por  ic fun  gus ch  y  tri  di  om  y  co  sis has been linked to dramatic population declines or even extinc  tions of am  phi  bian species in western north america central america south america eastern australia and domin  ica and mont  ser  rat in the caribbean much of the new world is also at risk of the disease arriving within the coming years the fun  gus is capable of causing spor  adic deaths in some am  phi  bian populations and 100 mortality in others no effective measure is known for control of the disease in wild populations various clinical signs are seen by individuals affected by the disease a number of options are possible for controlling this disease causing fun  gus though none has proved to be feasible on a large scale the disease has been proposed as a contributing factor to a global decline in am  phi  bian populations that apparently has affected about 30 of the am  phi  bian species of the world
ch  é  di  ak – hig  ashi syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder that arises from a mutation of a ly  so  som  al trafficking regulator protein which leads to a decrease in p  ha  go  cy  to  sis the decrease in p  ha  go  cy  to  sis results in recurrent py  ogenic infections partial al  bin  ism and peripheral neuro  pa  thy it occurs in humans cattle blue persian cats australian blue rats mice min  k fo  xes and the only known captive al  bin  o or  ca
cic  at  ric  ial p  emp  hi  go  id also known as mu  co  us memb  rane p  emp  hi  go  id m  mp benign mu  cos  al p  emp  hi  go  id benign mu  co  us memb  rane p  emp  hi  go  id oc  ular p  emp  hi  gus and scar  ring p  emp  hi  go  id is a rare chronic auto  immune su  be  pi  the  li  al bl  is  tering disease characterized by ero  sive skin le  sions of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es and skin that results in scar  ring of at least some sites of involvement cic  at  ric  ial p  emp  hi  go  id has been referred to by a variety of designations based largely on its site of invol  vements with examples of such terminology including des  qu  am  ative g  ing  i  vi  tis oc  ular p  emp  hi  gus and benign mu  co  us memb  rane p  emp  hi  go  id however currently such designations are thought to be confusing or somewhat mis  lead  ings e g p  emp  hi  gus in this context is a mis  no  mer and this disorder is hardly benign given the extent of morbi  dity it can cause
cigar cells also referred to as pencil cells are red blood cells that are cigar or pencil shaped on peripheral blood sme  ar cigar cells are commonly associated with hereditary el  lip  to  cy  to  sis however they may also be seen in iron deficiency an  emia and other pathological states that decrease red blood cell turnover and or production in the case of iron deficiency an  emia micro  cy  to  sis and hypo  chro  mia would also be expected
the cigarette smokers problem is a con  currency problem in computer science originally described in 1971 by su  has pati  l
ci  guat  era is a food  borne illness caused by eating certain re  ef fish whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin made by dino  flag  ell  ates such as gambi  er  dis  cus tox  ic  us which live in tropical and sub  tropical waters these dino  flag  ell  ates adhere to coral al  ga  e and sea  weed where they are eaten by her  bi  vor  ous fish which in turn are eaten by larger carni  vor  ous fish this is called biom  ag  ni  fication gambi  er  dis  cus tox  ic  us is the primary dino  flag  ell  ate responsible for the production of a number of similar pol  ye  ther toxins including ci  guat  oxin ma  ito  toxin gambi  eric acid and scar  it  oxin as well as the long chain alcohol pal  y  toxin other dino  flag  ell  ates that may cause ci  guat  era include pr  or  oc  entr  um spp o  stre  op  sis spp coo  lia mono  tis th  ec  ad  ini  um spp and am  phi  d  ini  um car  ter  ae predat  or species near the top of the food chain in tropical and sub  tropical waters are most likely to cause ci  guat  era poisoning although many other species cause occasional outbreaks of toxicity ci  guat  oxin is od  our  less tast  eless and cannot be removed by conventional cooking researchers suggest that ci  guat  era outbreaks caused by warm climatic conditions propelled the migratory voyages of poly  ne  sians between 1000 and 1400
ci  li  ary body mel  anom  a is a type of cancer arising from the coloured part u  ve  a of the eye about 12 of u  veal mel  anom  a arise from the ci  li  ary body
ci  li  ated cyst of the vul  va also known as cu  taneous mü  ll  er  ian cyst and param  es  on  eph  ric m  uc  inous cyst of the vul  va is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a cyst of the vul  va
a ci  li  opathy is a genetic disorder of the cellular ci  lia or the ci  lia anch  oring structures the bas  al bodies or of ci  li  ary function although ci  li  opath  ies are usually considered to involve proteins that loc  alize to mo  tile and or im  mo  tile primary ci  lia or cent  ro  som  es it is possible for ci  li  opath  ies to be associated with proteins such as x  p  n  pe  p 3 which loc  alizes to mit  och  on  dri  a but is believed to affect ci  li  ary function through prote  ol  y  tic cle  av  age of ci  li  ary proteins significant advances in understanding the importance of ci  lia were made beginning in the mid 1990 s however the physiological role that this organ  elle plays in most tissues remains elusive additional studies of how ci  li  ary dysfunction can lead to such severe disease and developmental patho  logies is a subject of current research
cin  ch  on  ism or quin  ism is a pathological condition caused by an over  dose of quin  ine or quin  id  ine or their natural source cin  ch  ona bark quin  ine is medic  ally used to treat malaria in much smaller amounts quin  ine is an ingredient of tonic drinks acting as a bit  tering agent cin  ch  on  ism can occur from therapeutic doses of quin  ine either from one or several large doses quin  id  ine class 1 a anti arr  hy  th  mic can also cause cin  ch  on  ism symptoms to develop with as little as a single dose
cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorders cr  s  d a family of sleep disorders affect among other bodily processes the timing of sleep people with cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorders are unable to go to sleep and awaken at the times commonly required for work and school as well as social needs they are generally able to get enough sleep if allowed to sleep and wake at the times dictated by their body c  locks the quality of their sleep is usually normal unless they also have another sleep disorder humans like most living organisms have various biological rhy  th  ms cir  c  adi  an rhy  th  ms often referred to as the body clock or the biological clock control processes that re occur daily e g body temperature aler  tness and hormone secre  tion as well as sleep timing due to the cir  c  adi  an clock sleep  iness does not continuously increase throughout the day a person s desire and ability to fall asleep is influenced both by the length of time since the person woke from an adequate sleep and by internal cir  c  adi  an rhy  th  ms thus a person s body is ready for sleep and for wa  ke  fulness at relatively specific times of the day sleep researcher yar  on d  agan states that t h  ese disorders can lead to harmful psychological and functional difficulties and are often mis  diagnosed and incorrectly treated due to the fact that doctors are unaware of their existence
cir  cas  sian nationalism is the desire among cir  cas  sians to re  establish an independent cir  cas  sian state with the cont  ours of the former cir  cas  sia before its russian conquest it is often classified as national revival because many themes involve the repatriation of diaspora cir  cas  sians and the revitali  zation of the ad  y  gh  e language
the cir  ce effect is a phenomenon proposed by william jen  c  ks seen in chemistry and bio  chemistry where in order to speed up a reaction the ground state of the sub  str  ate is destabili  zed by an enzyme
circle packing in an equ  il  ateral triangle is a packing problem in dis  crete mathematics where the objective is to pack n unit circles into the smallest possible equ  il  ateral triangle optimal solutions are known for n 13 and for any tri  ang  ular number of circles and con  jec  tures are available for n 28 a con  jec  ture of paul er  d  ő  s and norman ol  er states that if n is a tri  ang  ular number then the optimal pack  ings of n − 1 and of n circles have the same side length that is according to the con  jec  ture an optimal packing for n − 1 circles can be found by removing any single circle from the optimal hex  ag  onal packing of n circles this con  jec  ture is now known to be true for n ≤ 15 minimum solutions for the side length of the triangle a closely related problem is to cover the equ  il  ateral triangle with a given number of circles having as small a radius as possible
circle packing in a right is  os  cel  es triangle is a packing problem where the objective is to pack n unit circles into the smallest possible is  os  cel  es right triangle minimum solutions lengths shown are length of leg are shown in the table below solutions to the equivalent problem of maximizing the minimum distance between n points in an is  os  cel  es right triangle are known to be optimal for n 8 in 2011 a he  ur  istic algori  thm found 18 improvements on previously known optim  a the smallest of which was for n 13
circuit breaker is a design pattern in modern software development circuit breaker is used to detect failures and en  capsul  ates logic of preventing a failure to re  occur constantly during maintenance temporary external system failure or unexpected system difficulties
in theoretical computer science the circuit satis  fi  ability problem also known as circuit sat circu  it  sat c  sat etc is the decision problem of determining whether a given boo  lean circuit has an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true
a circul  atory collapse is defined as a general or specific failure of the circulation either cardiac or peripheral in nature although the mechanisms causes and clinical syndro  mes are different the patho  genesis is the same the circul  atory system fails to maintain the supply of oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues and to remove the carbon dioxide and other metabol  ites from them the failure may be hypo  vol  emic distributive a common cause of this could be shock or trauma from injury or surgery a general failure is one that occurs across a wide range of locations in the body such as systemic shock after the loss of a large amount of blood collapsing all the circul  atory systems in the legs a specific failure can be traced to a particular point such as a clo  t cardiac circul  atory collapse affects the vessels of the heart such as the a  or  ta and is almost always fatal it is sometimes referred to as acute circul  atory failure peripheral circul  atory collapse involves outlying arter  ies and ve  ins in the body and can result in gang  rene organ failure or other serious complications this form is sometimes called peripheral vascular failure shock or peripheral vascular shutdown a mil  der or preliminary form of circul  atory collapse is circul  atory in  sufficiency
a circum  horizontal arc is an optical phenomenon that belongs to the family of ice hal  os formed by the ref  r  action of sun or moon  light in plate shaped ice cryst  als suspended in the atmosphere typically in cir  rus or cir  ro  str  atus clouds in its full form the arc has the appearance of a large brigh  tly spectrum coloured band running parallel to the horizon located far below the sun or moon the distance below the sun or moon is twice as far as the common 22 degree hal  o red is the up  per  most colour often when the hal  o forming cloud is small or pat  chy only fragments of the arc are seen as with all hal  os it can be caused by the sun as well as but much more rarely by the moon other currently accepted names for the circum  horizontal arc are circum  horizon arc or lower sym  metric 46 ° plate arc the misleading term fire rain  bow is sometimes used to describe this phenomenon although it is neither a rain  bow nor related in any way to fire the term apparently coined in 2006 may originate in the occasional appearance of the arc as flames in the sky when it occurs in fragm  entary cir  rus clouds
circu  mo  stom  y ecz  ema frequently occurs after an i  le  o  stom  y or colo  stom  y in which there is ec  zem  ati  zation or auto  sensi  tization of the surrounding skin
circum  vall  ate plac  enta is a plac  ental disease in which the fe  tal memb  ran  es chor  ion and am  n  ion double back on the fe  tal side around the edge of the plac  enta after delivery a circum  vall  ate plac  enta has a thick ring of memb  ran  es on its fe  tal surface complete circum  vall  ate plac  enta occurs in approximately 1 of pregnancies it is diagnosed pre  nat  ally by medical ul  tras  ono  graphy although one 1997 study of pre  natal ul  tras  ounds found that of the normal plac  ent  as 35 were graded as probably or definitely circum  vall  ate by at least one son  o  logist and all son  o  logists mis  graded the case of complete circum  vall  ation as normal the condition is associated with per  in  atal complications such as plac  ental ab  ruption oligo  hy  dram  ni  os abnormal cardi  o  to  co  graphy pre  term birth and mis  carriage
the circum  z  eni  th  al arc also called the circum  z  eni  th arc cz  a upside down rain  bow and the bra  va  is arc is an optical phenomenon similar in appearance to a rain  bow but belonging to the family of hal  os arising from ref  r  action of sunlight through ice cryst  als generally in cir  rus or cir  ro  str  atus clouds rather than from rain  drops the arc is located at a considerable distance approximately 46 ° above the sun and at most forms a quarter of a circle centered on the z  eni  th it has been called a smile in the sky its first impression being that of an upside down rain  bow the cz  a is one of the brightest and most color  ful members of the hal  o family its colors ranging from violet on top to red at the bottom are pur  er than those of a rain  bow because there is much less overlap in their formation the intensity pattern distribution along the circum  z  eni  th  al arc requires consideration of several effects fres  nel s reflection transmission am  pl  it  u  des atmospheric atten  uation ch  rom  atic dispersion i e the width of the arc az  im  u  th  al ang  ular dispersion ray bund  ling and geome  tr  ical constraints in effect the cz  a is brightest when the sun is at about 20 ° contrary to public awareness the cz  a is not a rare phenomenon but it tends to be overlooked since it occurs so far overhead it is worthwhile to look out for it when sun dogs are visible since the same type of ice cryst  als that cause them plate shaped hex  ag  onal pris  ms in horizontal orientation are responsible for the cz  a
cir  rho  sis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long term damage typically the disease comes on slowly over months or years early on there are often no symptoms as the disease wor  sens a person may become tired weak it  chy have sw  elling in the lower legs develop yellow skin bru  ise easily have fluid build up in the ab  dom  en or develop spider like blood vessels on the skin the fluid build up in the ab  dom  en may become spontaneously infected other complications include he  p  atic encephalopathy bleeding from dil  ated ve  ins in the es  op  ha  gus or dil  ated stomach ve  ins and liver cancer he  p  atic encephalopathy results in confusion and possibly un  consciousness cir  rho  sis is most commonly caused by alcohol hepatitis b hepatitis c and non alcoholic fatty liver disease typically more than two or three drinks per day over a number of years is required for alcoholic cir  rho  sis to occur non alcoholic fatty liver disease is due to a number of reasons including being overweight diabetes high blood fats and high blood pressure a number of less common causes include auto  immune hepatitis primary bi  li  ary cir  rho  sis h  emo  chro  mat  osis certain medications and gall  stones cir  rho  sis is characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue these changes lead to loss of liver function diagnosis is based on blood testing medical imaging and liver biopsy some causes of cir  rho  sis such as hepatitis b can be prevented by vaccination treatment partly depends on the underlying cause the goal is often to prevent worsening and complications avoiding alcohol is recommended hepatitis b and c may be treat  able with anti  viral medications auto  immune hepatitis may be treated with ster  o  id medications ur  so  di  ol may be useful if the disease is due to block  age of the bile duc  ts other medications may be useful for complications such as sw  elling he  p  atic encephalopathy and dil  ated es  op  ha  ge  al ve  ins in severe cir  rho  sis a liver transplant may be an option cir  rho  sis resulted in 1 2 million deaths in 2013 up from 0 8 million deaths in 1990 of these alcohol caused 384 000 hepatitis c caused 358 000 and hepatitis b caused 317 000 in the united states more men die of cir  rho  sis than women the first known description of the condition is by hippo  crates in the 5 th century b  ce the word cir  rho  sis is from greek κ  ί  ρ  ρ  ω  σ  ις kir  rho  s κ  ι  ρ  ρ  ός yel  low  ish and osis ω  σ  ις meaning condition
a cir  so  id an  eur  ys  m is the dil  ation of a group of blood vessels due to con  genital mal  formations with av arter  io ven  ous sh  unting cir  so  id means resembling a vari  x sometimes a minor traumatic episode such as a fall or bump on the head can lead to the formation of a cir  so  id an  eur  ys  m often these are trivial traumatic episodes cir  so  id an  eur  ys  m in general is a hem  an  gi  oma of an artery it most commonly occurs over the head usually the superficial temporal artery and also it s branches it can also occur in places where medium vessels lie over bones without much intervening tissues between them and the skin the superficial temporal artery is the most commonly involved artery
the cis  ter  n of great cere  br  al vein quad  ri  gem  inal cis  ter  n ambient cis  ter  n is a dil  ation of the sub  ar  ach  no  id space between the splen  ium of the corpus cal  lo  sum and the superior surface of the cere  bell  um it extends between the layers of the tel  a ch  ori  o  idea of the third ven  tric  le and contains the great cere  br  al vein and the pine  al g  land
cit  rul  lin  emia is an auto  som  al rec  essive urea cycle disorder that causes ammonia and other toxic substances to accumulate in the blood since the substances also accumulate in the urine the disorder can also be called cit  rul  lin  ur  ia two forms of cit  rul  lin  emia have been described both having different signs and symptoms and are caused by mutations in different genes cit  rul  lin  emia belongs to a class of genetic diseases called urea cycle disorders the urea cycle is a sequence of chemical reactions taking place in the liver these reactions process excess nitrogen generated when protein is used for energy by the body to make urea which is ex  cre  ted by the kidneys
cit  rul  lin  emia type i ct  ln 1 also known as ar  gin  o  succ  inate synthe  t  ase deficiency is a rare disease caused by a deficiency in ar  gin  ino  succ  inate synthe  t  ase an enzyme involved in ex  cre  ting excess nitrogen from the body there are mild and severe forms of the disease which is one of the urea cycle disorders
citrus black spot is a fun  gal disease caused by gu  ign  ar  dia cit  ric  ar  pa this as  com  y  ce  te fun  gus affects citrus plants throughout sub  tropical clim  ates causing a reduction in both fruit quantity and quality symptoms include both fruit and leaf le  sions the latter being critical to inter tree dispersal strict regulation and management is necessary to control this disease since there are currently no citrus varieties that are resistant
citrus can  ker is a disease affecting citrus species caused by the bacter  ium x  an  thom  onas ax  ono  pod  is infection causes le  sions on the leaves stems and fruit of citrus trees including lime oranges and gra  pe  fruit while not harmful to humans can  ker significantly affects the vitality of citrus trees causing leaves and fruit to drop prematurely a fruit infected with can  ker is safe to eat but too un  sigh  tly to be sold the disease which is believed to have originated in southeast asia is extremely persistent when it becomes established in an area citrus groves have been destroyed in attempts to eradicate the disease brazil and the united states are currently suffering from can  ker outbreaks
citrus ex  oc  or  tis is a disease of citrus plants caused by the citrus ex  oc  or  tis viro  id c  ev  d it can causes stun  ted growth and reduced yields in affected plants the disease is also sometimes called scal  y  butt c  ev  d can also infect tomato plants the resulting disease is sometimes called tomato bun  chy top disease
citrus greening disease chinese 黃  龍  病 pin  yin hu  án  gl  ó  ng  b  ì  ng literally yellow dragon disease or h  lb is a disease of citrus caused by a vector transmitted pathogen the caus  ative agents are mo  tile bacteria candidat  us liber  i  bac  ter spp the disease is vec  tored and transmitted by the asian citrus psy  l  lid di  aphor  ina cit  ri ku  way  ama and the african citrus psy  l  lid tri  o  za er  y  tre  ae del guer  cio also known as the two spotted citrus psy  l  lid it has also been shown to be graft transmissible three different types of h  lb are currently known the heat tolerant asian form and the heat sensitive african and american forms the disease was first described in 1929 and first reported in china in 19  43 the african variation was first reported in 1947 in south africa where it is still widespread
the citrus stubborn disease is a plant disease affecting species in the genus citrus spi  ro  plasma cit  ri a mol  lic  ute bacter  ium species is the caus  ative agent of the disease it is present in the ph  lo  em of the affected plant and transmitted by several leaf  hop  pers including circu  lif  er ten  ell  us beet leaf  hop  per and s  cap  hy  top  ius nit  ri  dus in citrus growing regions of california and arizona and circu  lif  er ha  emato  cep  s in the mediterranean region the host most notably affected is sweet orange but the bacter  ium can also infect weeds such as peri  win  kle vinc  a ro  sea and london rocket sis  ym  bri  um i  rio yel  lowed plants of chinese cab  bage and p  ak cho  i brassica rap  a can be infected by s cit  ri in the wild short  pod mustard hir  sch  fel  dia incan  a infested by the beet leaf  hop  per circu  lif  er ten  ell  us can prove to be an important reservoir of infection s cit  ri can also be transmitted to china aster cal  lis  te  ph  us chin  ensis sh  asta daisy le  uc  an  them  um × super  bum red clo  ver tri  fo  lium pr  at  ense and rad  ish rap  han  us sati  v  us by the leaf  hop  per s  cap  hy  top  ius nit  ri  dus the bacter  ium has also been shown to experim  entally infect white clo  ver tri  fo  lium rep  ens using eus  cel  is ple  be  j  us as a vector symptoms on citrus trees are variable but typically include small size with u  pri  ght position fruits harvested from citrus trees with severe symptoms of citrus stubborn disease can be ac  orn shaped or lop  sided
the city of well  ington by election was held on 9 march 1898 to decide the next member for that electorate in parliament the contest was caused by resignation of robert st  out and was won by former mayor of well  ington john du  th  ie
ci  vet zi  beth zi  bet zi  be  tum also known as ci  vet mus  k is the g  land  ular secre  tion produced by both sexes of the ci  vet cat vi  ver  ri  da  e
civil death latin civil  iter mor  tu  us is the loss of all or almost all civil rights by a person due to a conviction for a fel  ony or due to an act by the government of a country that results in the loss of civil rights it is usually inflicted on persons convicted of crimes against the state or adults determined by a court to be legally incompetent because of mental disability in medieval europe fel  ons lost all civil rights upon their conviction this civil death often led to actual death since anyone could kill and inj  ure a fel  on with impunity under the holy roman empire a person declared civil  ly dead was referred to as vo  gel  fre  i ‘ free as a bird ’ and could even be killed since they were completely outside the law historically out  law  ry that is declaring a person as an outlaw was a common form of civil death in the us the disenfranch  is  ement of fel  ons has been called a form of civil death as has being subjected to collateral consequences in general
a civil wrong or wrong is a cause of action under the law of the governing body tor  t breach of contract and breach of trust are types of civil wrong something that amounts to a civil wrong is said to be wrong  ful a wrong involves the violation of a right because wrong and right are complementary terms a statement that an act complained of is legally wrong  ful as regards the party complaining implicitly includes a statement that the act complained of prejudic  ially affects the party complaining in some legal right the law that relates to civil wrongs is part of the branch of the law that is called the civil law a civil wrong is capable of being followed by what are called civil proceedings it is a mis  no  mer to describe a civil wrong as a civil offence the law of england recognised the concept of a wrong before it recognised the distinction between civil wrongs and crimes which distinction was developed during the thir  teenth century
claim clubs also called actual settlers associations or squ  at  ters clubs were a nineteenth century phenomenon in the american west usually operating within a confined local jurisdiction these pseudo governmental entities sought to regulate land sales in places where there was little or no legal apparatus to deal with land related quar  rels of any size some claim clubs sought to protect squ  at  ters while others defended early land owners in the twentieth century socio  logists suggested that claim clubs were a pioneer adaptation of democratic bodies on the east coast including town h  alls
the term cl  air  voy  ance kl  er  ˈ  v  ɔ  ɪ  ə  ns from french clair meaning clear and voy  ance meaning vision is the alleged ability to gain information about an object person location or physical event through extr  as  ens  ory perception any person who is claimed to have some such ability is said accordingly to be a cl  air  voy  ant kl  er  ˈ  v  ɔ  ɪ  ə  nt one who sees clearly claims for the existence of par  an  orm  al and psychic abilities such as cl  air  voy  ance have not been supported by scientific evidence published in high impact factor peer reviewed journals par  ap  sy  cho  logy explo  res this possibility but the existence of the par  an  orm  al is not accepted by the scientific community par  ap  sy  cho  logy including the study of cl  air  voy  ance is an example of pseu  do  science
the cla  is  en re  arrangement not to be confused with the cla  is  en condens  ation is a powerful carbon – carbon bond forming chemical reaction discovered by rain  er lud  wig cla  is  en the heating of an all  yl vinyl e  ther will initiate a 3 3 sig  mat  ro  pic re  arrangement to give a γ δ un  saturated carbon  yl the cla  is  en re  arrangement discovered in 19  12 the cla  is  en re  arrangement is the first recorded example of a 3 3 sig  mat  ro  pic re  arrangement many reviews have been written
it was promul  gated in the 16 th century by the council of tren  t in the decree called t  ame  tsi prior to that time an un  witnessed exchange of marriage vo  ws was deplo  red but valid the decree was enforced only in those regions where it could be proclaimed in the vern  ac  ular the witnesses must be the parish priest or another priest with permission either from the parish priest or the local ordinary and the other two witnesses must be capable of giving witness to the marriage vo  ws it was later modified by the decree ne tem  ere to require specific priests such as the local past  or of the couple s residence further modifications provided that the priest was not necessary if one of the marrying parties was in danger of death or if the vo  ws could not be exchanged before a priest in a reasonable amount of time
in hydro  dynamics the cl  apo  tis from french l  apping of water is a non breaking standing wave pattern caused for example by the reflection of a traveling surface wave train from a near vertical sho  rel  ine like a break  water se  aw  all or steep cliff the resulting cl  apo  tic wave does not travel horizon  tally but has a fixed pattern of no  des and an  tin  o  des these waves promote erosion at the toe of the wall and can cause severe damage to shore structures the term was coined in 18  77 by french mathem  ati  cian and physic  ist joseph val  entin b  ous  sin  es  q who called these waves ‘ le cl  apo  tis ’ meaning ‘ ’ the l  apping in the ide  alized case of full cl  apo  tis where a purely mono  tonic incoming wave is completely reflected normal to a solid vertical wall the standing wave height is twice the height of the incoming waves at a distance of one half wa  vel  eng  th from the wall in this case the circular or  bits of the water particles in the deep water wave are converted to purely linear motion with vertical vel  o  cities at the an  tin  o  des and horizontal vel  o  cities at the no  des the standing waves altern  ately rise and fall in a mirror image pattern as k  ine  tic energy is converted to potential energy and vice versa in his 1907 text naval architecture cec  il pe  abo  dy described this phenomenon at any instant the profile of the water surface is like that of a tro  cho  idal wave but the profile instead of appearing to run to the right or left will grow from a horizontal surface attain a maximum development and then fl  atten out till the surface is again horizontal immediately another wave profile will form with its cre  sts where the hol  lows formerly were will grow and fl  atten out etc if attention is concentrated on a certain c  rest it will be seen to grow to its greatest height die away and be succeeded in the same place by a hollow and the interval of time between the successive formations of cre  sts at a given place will be the same as the time of one of the component waves
in mathematics especially in the fields of group theory and representation theory of groups a class function is a function on a group g that is constant on the con  ju  g  acy classes of g in other words it is invari  ant under the con  ju  gation map on g such functions play a basic role in representation theory
the classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or recover classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters the classical limit is used with physical theories that predict non classical behavior
obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it has an adverse effect on health relative weight and body mass index b  mi are nearly identical and are reasonable estimates of body fat  ness as measured by percentage body fat however b  mi does not account for the wide variation in body fat distribution and may not correspond to the same degree of fat  ness or associated health risk in different individuals and populations other measurements of fat distribution include the wa  ist – hip ratio and body fat percentage normal weight obesity is a condition of having normal body weight but high body fat percentages with the same health risks of obesity
pneumonia can be classified in several ways most commonly by where it was acquired hospital versus community but may also by the area of lung affected or by the caus  ative organism there is also a combined clinical classification which combines factors such as age risk factors for certain micro  organisms the presence of underlying lung disease or systemic disease and whether the person has recently been hosp  itali  zed
the classification of trans  sexual people and people with other gender aty  pic  alities has been done since the mid 1960 s in medicine and psychiatry terms such as heter  osex  ual and homosexual have been based on a person s sex assignment at birth which has prompted the increased use of and  ro  phi  lia and gy  ne  phi  lia to avoid termin  ological confusion in social and political contexts classification is often relative to one s desired sex
claude s syndrome is a form of bra  inst  em stroke syndrome characterized by the presence of an ip  si  lateral oc  ul  om  o  tor nerve pal  sy contr  al  ateral hem  ip  a  res  is contr  al  ateral at  ax  ia and contr  al  ateral hem  ip  legi  a of the lower face tongue and shoulder claude s syndrome affects oc  cul  om  o  tor nerve red nucleus and br  achi  um con  junc  tiv  um
clau  dic  ation literally lim  ping latin is a medical term usually referring to impairment in walking or pain discomfort or ti  red  ness in the legs that occurs during walking and is relieved by rest the perceived level of pain from clau  dic  ation can be mild to extremely severe clau  dic  ation is most common in the calves but it can also affect the feet thi  ghs hips but  toc  ks or arms the word clau  dic  ation comes from the latin clau  dic  are meaning to lim  p clau  dic  ation that appears after a short amount of walking may sometimes be described by us medical professionals by the number of typical city street blocks the patient can walk before the onset of clau  dic  ation thus one block clau  dic  ation refers to clau  dic  ation that appears after walking one block two block clau  dic  ation appears after walking two blocks etc
the clave is a rhy  th  mic pattern used as a tool for temporal organization in af  ro cuban music it is present in a variety of gen  res such as ab  ak  u  á music rum  ba cong  a son mam  bo sal  sa son  go tim  ba and af  ro cuban jazz the five stroke clave pattern represents the structural core of many af  ro cuban rhy  th  ms the clave pattern originated in sub saharan african music traditions where it serves essentially the same function as it does in cuba in eth  no  mu  si  co  logy clave is also known as a key pattern guide pattern phr  asing refer  ent tim  eline or asymmetrical tim  eline the clave pattern is also found in the african diaspora mus  ics of haitian vo  dou drum  ming af  ro brazilian music african american music which is known as ham  bone and also found in louisiana vo  odo  o drum  ming as well as af  ro urugu  ay  an music can  dom  be the clave or known in the united states as ham  bone pattern is used in north american popular music as a rhy  th  mic mo  tif or simply a form of rhy  th  mic decor  ation
a cla  vic  le frac  ture is a bone frac  ture in the cla  vic  le or col  lar  bone it is often caused by a fall onto an out  stretched upper extre  mity a fall onto a shoulder or a direct blow to the cla  vic  le many research projects are underway regarding the medical healing process of cla  vic  le fractu  res
clay sho  vel  er s frac  ture is a stable frac  ture through the spin  ous process of a verte  bra occurring at any of the lower cer  vic  al or upper thor  ac  ic verte  bra  e class  ically at c 6 or c 7 in australia in the 1930 s men digging deep dit  ches tos  sed clay 10 to 15 feet above their heads using long handled sho  vel  s instead of separating the stic  ky clay would sometimes stick to the sho  vel the worker would hear a pop and feel a sudden pain between the shoulder bl  ades unable to continue working the mechanism of injury is believed to be secondary to muscle pull and reflex with force transmission through the supr  asp  inous lig  aments the tremendous force pulls on the spin  ous process producing an av  ul  sion frac  ture the frac  ture is diagnosed by plain film examination
a cleaning event is a phenomenon whereby dust is removed from solar panels particularly ones on mars by the action of wind the term cleaning event is used on several nasa web  pages generally the term is used in reference to the fact that mar  tian winds have blown dust clear off the solar panels of prob  es on mars increasing their energy output the term started being used in 2004 as the mars exploration ro  vers solar panels started to benefit from these events the ro  vers were expected to last about 90 sol  s mar  tian days on mars after which dust would cover their solar panels and reduce solar power to levels too low for the ro  vers to operate however power levels went back up due to the cleaning events caused by the winds in the mar  tian atmosphere periodic cleaning events have allowed the mer ro  vers to operate far longer than the planned 3 months while spirit ro  ver finally ceased operation in 2011 opportunity ro  ver remains active as of 2016 more than 12 years after landing cleaning events can either be rapid such as overnight or over many days where solar power slowly goes up for example the mer a spirit ro  ver on april 18 2009 and april 28 2009 the power output of the solar arr  ays were increased by cleaning events the power output of spirit s solar arr  ays increased from 223 wat  t hours per day on march 31 2009 to 372 wat  t hours per day on april 29 2009 other factors that affect solar power output include the op  acity of the mar  tian atmosphere and mar  tian seasonal changes the materials adherence experiment had a glass plate that allowed the dust to be cleared off and protected a gal  lium arsen  ide photo cell it was part of the mars path  fin  der program in the 1990 s
clear cell aden  o  carcin  oma cca of the vag  ina or cer  vi  x is a rare aden  o  carcin  oma cancer often linked to di  ethyl  sti  l  best  rol des a drug which was prescribed in the mistaken belief that it prevented mis  carriage and ensured a healthy pregnancy
clear cell sar  coma formerly known as m  align  ant mel  anom  a of the soft parts is a rare form of cancer called sar  coma it is known to occur mainly in the soft tissues and der  mis rare forms were thought to occur in the gastro  intest  inal tract before they were discovered to be different and re  designated as g  net recurrence is common it has been associated with both ew  sr 1 at  f 1 and ew  sr 1 cre  b 1 fusion trans  cripts clear cell sar  coma of the soft tissues in adults is not related to the pedi  atric tumor known as clear cell sar  coma of the kidney
clear cell ac  an  thom  a also known as ac  anth  ome cell  ules cl  aires of de  gos and ci  vat  te de  gos ac  an  thom  a and pale cell ac  an  thom  a is a benign clinical and his  to  logical le  sion initially described as ne  op  l  astic which some authors now regard as a reactive der  mat  osis it usually presents as a mo  ist solitary firm brown red well circum  scri  bed 5 mm to 2 cm no  dule or pla  que on the lower extre  mi  ties of middle aged to elderly individuals the le  sion has a cru  sted scal  y peripheral col  la  ret  te and vascular punc  ta on the surface it is characterized by slow growth and may persist for years the clinical differential diagnosis includes der  mato  fi  bro  ma infl  amed se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis py  ogenic gran  ul  oma bas  al cell carcin  oma squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma ver  r  uca vul  gar  is ps  ori  atic pla  que and mel  anom  a
clear cell pap  ill  ary ren  al cell carcin  oma abbreviated cc  pr  cc and also known as clear cell tu  bul  op  ap  ill  ary ren  al cell carcin  oma is a rare subtype of ren  al cell carcin  oma r  cc that has micro  scopic mor  pho  logic features of pap  ill  ary ren  al cell carcin  oma and clear cell ren  al cell carcin  oma yet is patho  logically distinct based on molecular changes and immun  o  his  to  chemistry
the clear cell ren  al cell carcin  oma c  cr  cc is a type of ren  al cell carcin  oma
cle  ft lip and cle  ft pal  ate also known as oro  facial cle  ft is a group of conditions that includes cle  ft lip cl cle  ft pal  ate cp and both together cl  p a cle  ft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose the opening may be on one side both sides or in the middle a cle  ft pal  ate is when the roof of the mouth contains an opening into the nose these disorders can result in feeding problems speech problems hearing problems and frequent ear infections less than half the time the condition is associated with other disorders cle  ft lip and pal  ate are the result of tissues of the face not joining properly during development as such they are a type of birth defect the cause is unknown in most cases risk factors include smoking during pregnancy diabetes obesity an older mother and certain medications such as some used to treat seizures cle  ft lip and cle  ft pal  ate can often be diagnosed during pregnancy with an ul  tras  ound exam a cle  ft lip or pal  ate can be successfully treated with surgery this is often done in the first few months of life for cle  ft lip and before eighteen months for cle  ft pal  ate speech therapy and dental care may also be needed with appropriate treatment outcomes are good cle  ft lip and pal  ate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the developed world cl is about twice as common in males as females while cp without cl is more common in females in 2013 it resulted in about 3 300 deaths globally down from 7 600 deaths in 1990 the condition was formerly known as a hare lip because of its resemblance to a hare or rabbit but that term is now generally considered to be offensive
cle  ft lip and or pal  ate is a con  genital ab  normality that is seen frequently around the world on average about 1 in every 500 750 live births result in a cle  ft hard  in jones kar  nell peter  son fal  zone 2001 furthermore in the u s the prevalence for cle  ft lip with or without cle  ft pal  ate cl p is 2 2 to 11 7 per 10 000 births cle  ft pal  ate alone cp results in a prevalence rate of 5 5 to 6 6 per 10 000 births for  re  ster mer  z 2004 cle  ft of the lip pal  ate or both is one of the most common con  genital ab  norm  alities and has a birth prevalence rate ranging from 1 1000 to 2 69 1000 amongst different parts of the world m  cle  od sae  ed ar  ana ur  io  ste 2004
cle  ido  cran  ial dy  so  sto  sis also called cle  ido  cran  ial dys  pl  asia is con  genital disorder that mostly affects the development of bones and teeth there is typically either poorly developed or no col  lar  bones which often allows the shoulders to be brought close together the front of the skull often does not close under later and those affected are short other symptoms may include a prominent fore  head wide set eyes abnormal teeth and a flat nose symptoms can vary between people however intelligence is typically normal the condition is either inherited from a person s parents or occurs as a new mutation it is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner it is due to a defect in the run  x 2 gene which is involved in bone formation other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include man  di  bul  o  ac  ral dys  pl  asia py  kno  dy  so  sto  sis o  ste  o  genesis im  perfec  ta and ha  j  du cheney syndrome treatment includes supportive measures such as a device to protect the skull and dental care it affects about one per million people males and females are equally commonly affected modern descriptions of the condition date to at least 18  96 the term is from cle  ido meaning col  lar  bone cran  ial meaning head and dy  so  sto  sis meaning formation of abnormal bone
clem  m  ensen reduction is a chemical reaction described as a reduction of ke  tones or alde  hy  des to al  kan  es using zinc am  alg  am and hydro  chlor  ic acid this reaction is named after eri  k christian clem  m  ensen a danish chem  ist the clem  m  ensen reduction the clem  m  ensen reduction is particularly effective at reducing ar  yl al  ky  l ke  tones such as those formed in a frie  del crafts ac  yl  ation with ali  ph  atic or cyclic ke  tones zinc metal reduction is much more effective the sub  str  ate must be un  reactive to the strongly ac  id  ic conditions of the clem  m  ensen reduction acid sensitive sub  str  ates should be reacted in the wol  ff k  ish  ner reduction which utili  zes strongly basic conditions a further mil  der method is the moz  ingo reduction the oxygen atom is lost in the form of one mol  ecu  le of water however the reaction is not suitable for substances sensitive to acids also co  oh group can t be reduced by this method co  oh group can be reduced by treating it with soda lime and then heating in spite of the antiqu  ity of this reaction the mechanism of the clem  m  ensen reduction remains obscure due to the heterogeneous nature of the reaction mechanis  tic studies are difficult and only a handful of studies have been disclosed proposal mechanisms invoke organ  oz  inc intermedi  ates possibly zinc car  ben  oids either as dis  crete species or with the organic frag  ment bound to the metal surface however the corresponding alcohol is not believed to be an intermediate since subjec  tion of alcohol  s to clem  m  ensen conditions generally does not afford the al  kane product
a clerical error is an error on the part of an office worker often a secretary or personal assistant it is a phrase which can also be used as an excuse to defl  ect blame away from specific individuals such as high powered executives and instead redirect it to the more anonymous clerical staff a clerical error in a legal document is called a scri  ven  er s error
in chemical synthesis click chemistry more commonly called tagging is a class of bio  compatible reactions intended primarily to join sub  str  ates of choice with specific biom  ol  ec  ules click chemistry is not a single specific reaction but describes a way of generating products that follows examples in nature which also generates substances by joining small mod  ular units in general click reactions usually join a biom  ol  ecu  le and a reporter mol  ecu  le click chemistry is not limited to biological conditions the concept of a click reaction has been used in pharmaco  logical and various biom  im  e  tic applications however they have been made notably useful in the detection loc  alization and qualification of biom  ol  ec  ules click reactions occur in one pot are not disturbed by water generate minimal and in  offensive by  products and are spring loaded — characterized by a high thermo  dynamic driving force that drives it quickly and irre  versi  bly to high yield of a single reaction product with high reaction specificity in some cases with both regio and stere  o specificity these qualities make click reactions particularly suitable to the problem of isolating and targeting molecules in complex biological environments in such environments products accordingly need to be physi  o  logically stable and any by  products need to be non toxic for in vi  vo systems by developing specific and controllable bio  orth  og  onal reactions scientists have opened up the possibility of hitting particular targets in complex cell lys  ates recently scientists have adapted click chemistry for use in live cells for example using small mol  ecu  le prob  es that find and attach to their targets by click reactions despite challenges of cell perme  ability bio  orth  og  on  ality background lab  eling and reaction efficiency click reactions have already proven useful in a new generation of pul  l  down experiments in which particular targets can be isolated using for instance reporter molecules which bind to a certain column and fluores  cence spec  tro  metry in which the fluor  op  hor  e is attached to a target of interest and the target quantified or located more recently novel methods have been used to incorporate click reaction partners onto and into biom  ol  ec  ules including the incorporation of unnatural amino acids containing reactive groups into proteins and the modification of nucle  o  ti  des these techniques represent a part of the field of chemical biology in which click chemistry plays a fundamental role by intentionally and specifically coupling mod  ular units to various ends the term click chemistry was coined by k barry shar  pl  ess in 1998 and was first fully described by shar  pl  ess har  t  mu  th kol  b and m g finn of the s  crip  ps research institute in 2001
a climate osci  ll  ation or climate cycle is any recurring cyclical osci  ll  ation within global or regional climate and is a type of climate pattern these fluctuations in atmospheric temperature sea surface temperature precip  itation or other parameters can be quasi periodic often occurring on inter annual multi annual dec  ad  al multi  dec  ad  al century wide millenni  al or longer timescales they are not perfectly periodic and a fou  rier analysis of the data does not give a sharp spectrum a prominent example is the el ni  ño southern osci  ll  ation involving sea surface temperatures along a stretch of the equatorial central and east pacific ocean and the western coast of tropical south america but which affects climate worldwide records of past climate conditions are recovered through geological examination of pro  x  ies found in glaci  er ice sea bed se  diment tree ring studies or otherwise
clinical attachment loss cal is the predominant clinical manifestation and determinant of period  on  tal disease
clinical v  amp  ir  ism more commonly called ren  field s syndrome or ren  field syndrome is an obsession with drinking blood the earliest formal presentation of clinical v  amp  ir  ism to appear in the psychiatric literature with the psycho  analy  tic interpretation of two cases was contributed by richard l van  den ber  gh and john f kel  ley in 1964 as the authors point out brief and spor  adic reports of blood drinking behaviors associated with sexual pleasure have appeared in the psychiatric literature at least since 18  92 with the work of austrian forensic psychiatrist richard von kra  ff  t e  bing many medical publications concerning clinical v  amp  ir  ism can be found in the literature of forensic psychiatry with the unusual behavior reported as one of many aspects of extraordinary violent crimes the behavior has never gained official recognition by the psychiatric profession and is not found in any edition of the international classification of diseases or the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders however in the more color  ful era in the history of psychiatry that pre  dated the 1980 s rise of the coded categories of supposedly theory neutral mental disorders in dsm and ic  d the psychiatric literature was fertile ground for the flourishing of case history reports of un  common psychiatric syndro  mes or extraordinary disorders of human behavior that included not only clinical v  amp  ir  ism but also ly  can  thro  py possession stig  mata and other unusual phenomena
clin  od  ac  ty  ly ˈ  kla  ɪ  n  ˌ  o  ʊ  d  æ  kt  ɪ  li from the ancient greek κλ  ίν  ει  ν kl  í  ne  in meaning to bend and δ  ά  κ  τ  υ  λο  ς d  á  kt  ul  os meaning digit is a medical term describing the cur  v  ature of a digit a finger or toe in the plane of the palm most commonly the fifth finger the little finger towards the adjacent fourth finger the ring finger it is a fairly common isolated anomaly which often goes unnoticed but also occurs in combination with other ab  norm  alities in many genetic syndro  mes
cli  tic climbing is a phenomenon first identified in romance languages in which a pro  nominal object of an embedded infin  itive appears attached to the matrix ver  b pro  nominal objects in romance languages are typically expressed as cli  tics the following italian example illustrates the phenomenon the object pron  oun lo a cli  tic is attached to the infin  itive in the embedded or subordinate clause in 1 a in 1 b the cli  tic has climbed to the main or matrix clause and is attached to the matrix ver  b there is no discernible difference in meaning between the two forms cli  tic climbing is found in almost all romance languages it is notably absent in french
in lingu  is  tics cli  tic doubling or pro  nominal re  duplication is a phenomenon by which cli  tic pronoun  s appear in ver  b phrases together with the full nou  n phrases that they refer to as opposed to the cases where such pronoun  s and full nou  n phrases are in complementary distribution cli  tic doubling is found in many languages including albanian arom  anian macedonian bulgarian de  gem  a greek persian romanian somali italian and spanish the conditions on cli  tic doubling vary from language to language generally depending on well known properties of the objects along the anim  acy hierarchy allowing requiring or forbi  dding cli  tic doubling for different kinds of objects in this regard cli  tic doubling for objects can be viewed as a species of differential object marking
cl  it  oral er  ection is a physiological phenomenon where the cl  it  or  is becomes enlarged and firm cl  it  oral er  ection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological ne  ural vascular and endocrine factors and is usually though not exclusively associated with sexual ar  ous  al
cl  it  or  om  eg  al  y or macro  cl  it  or  is is an abnormal enlargement of the cl  it  or  is that is mostly con  genital or acquired though deliberately induced cl  it  or  is enlargement as a form of female genital body modification is achieved through various uses of an  abol  ic ster  oids including te  sto  ster  one and may also be referred to as cl  it  or  om  eg  al  y cl  it  or  om  eg  al  y is not the same as normal enlargement of the cl  it  or  is seen during sexual ar  ous  al
clo  ac  al ex  stro  phy ec is a severe birth defect where  in much of the ab  domin  al organs the blad  der and intest  ines are exposed it often causes the splitting of both male and female gen  italia specifically the penis and cl  it  or  is respectively and the an  us is occasionally sealed clo  ac  al ex  stro  phy is a rare birth defect present in 1 200 000 pregnancies and 1 400 000 live births it is caused by a defect of the ven  tr  al body wall — mes  o  der  mal migration is inhi  bited and fol  ding fails
clock angle problems are a type of mathematical problem which involve finding the angles between the hands of an analo  g clock
clock synchron  ization is a topic in computer science and engineering that aims to coordinate otherwise independent c  locks even when initially set accurately real c  locks will differ after some amount of time due to clock drift caused by c  locks counting time at slightly different rates there are several problems that occur as a result of clock rate differences and several solutions some being more appropriate than others in certain contexts
cl  onal interference is a phenomenon in the population genetics of organisms with significant linkage dis  equilibrium especially as  ex  ually reproducing organisms it occurs when two or more different beneficial mutations arise independently in different individuals prior to or in the absence of genetic re  combination the mutations cannot be combined into a single more fit geno  type but instead compete against each other this typically leads to the loss of one of them confirming that the fate of an advantageous mutation can be determined by other mutations present in the same population in organisms with sexual reproduction two beneficial mutations arising in different organisms can be combined in a descend  ant this allows evolution to proceed more rapidly a phenomenon known as the hill rober  t  son effect cl  onal interference is named because an as  ex  ual line  age clone with a beneficial mutation which would likely be fixed if it occurred alone may fail to be fixed or even be lost if another beneficial mutation line  age arises in the same population the multiple clones interfere with each other this can also occur in cancer and pre cancer cell line  ages within a patient
cl  onal se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis is a common benign cu  taneous condition characterized by a skin le  sion with a dull or l  ack  lu  ster surface and with round loosely packed ne  sts of cells seen his  to  logically
cl  on  or  chi  asis is an infectious disease caused by the chinese liver flu  ke cl  on  orch  is sin  ensis and two related species cl  on  or  chi  asis is a known risk factor for the development of chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma a ne  op  las  m of the bi  li  ary system symptoms of op  is  thor  chi  asis caused by op  is  thor  ch  is vi  ver  r  ini and by op  is  thor  ch  is fel  in  eus are in  distingu  ishable from cl  on  or  chi  asis caused by cl  on  orch  is sin  ensis so the disease by these three parasites should be referred as cl  on  or  chi  asis
closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury in which the skull and dur  a mat  er remain intact closed head injuries are the leading cause of death in children under 4 years old and the most common cause of physical disability and cognitive impairment in young people overall closed head injuries and other forms of mild traumatic brain injury account for about 75 of the estimated 1 7 million brain injuries that occur annually in the united states brain injuries such as closed head injuries may result in lifelong physical cognitive or psychological impairment and thus are of utmost concern with regards to public health
the closest pair of points problem or closest pair problem is a problem of compu  tational geometry given n points in metric space find a pair of points with the smallest distance between them the closest pair problem for points in the eu  cli  dean plane was among the first geome  tric problems which were treated at the origins of the systematic study of the compu  tational complexity of geome  tric algori  th  ms a naive algori  thm of finding distances between all pairs of points in a space of dimension d and selecting the minimum requires o dn 2 time it turns out that the problem may be solved in o n log n time in a eu  cli  dean space or l  p space of fixed dimension d in the al  ge  bra  ic decision tree model of compu  tation the o n log n algori  thm is optimal the optim  ality follows from the observation that the element uniqueness problem with the lower bound of ω n log n for time complexity is redu  ci  ble to the closest pair problem checking whether the minimal distance is 0 after the solving of the closest pair problem answers the question whether there are two coinci  ding points in the compu  tational model which assumes that the floor function is compu  table in constant time the problem can be solved in o n log log n time if we allow random  ization to be used together with the floor function the problem can be solved in o n time
in theoretical computer science closest string is the name of an n  p hard compu  tational problem which tries to find the geome  tr  ical center of a set of input strings to understand the word center it is necessary to define a distance between two strings usually this problem is studied with the ham  ming distance in mind
clo  stri  dial necro  tizing enter  i  tis c  ne also called enter  i  tis necro  tic  ans and pig  bel is an often fatal type of food poisoning caused by a β toxin of clo  stri  dium per  fr  ing  ens type c it occurs in some developing countries but was also documented in germany following world war ii the toxin is normally in  activated by certain prote  ol  y  tic enzymes and by normal cooking but when these protections are impeded the disease emerges
clo  stri  dium di  ffici  le infection c  di is a symptomatic infection due to the spor  e forming bacter  ium clo  stri  dium di  ffici  le symptoms include wat  ery diarr  hea fever naus  ea and ab  domin  al pain it makes up about 20 of cases of antibiotic associated diarr  hea complications may include pseu  dom  emb  ran  ous co  li  tis toxic me  ga  col  on per  for  ation of the col  on and sep  sis clo  stri  dium di  ffici  le infection is spread by bacterial spo  res found within f  ec  es surfaces may become contaminated with the spo  res with further spread occurring via the hands of healthcare workers risk factors for infection include antibiotic or prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors use hosp  itali  zation other health problems and older age diagnosis is by sto  ol culture or testing for the bacteria s dna or toxins if a person tests positive but has no symptoms it is known as c di  ffici  le colonization rather than an infection prevention is by limiting antibiotic use hand washing and terminal room cleaning in hospital dis  continuation of antibiotics may result in resolution of symptoms within three days in about 20 of those infected often the antibiotics met  ron  id  azole van  com  y  cin or fi  da  x  om  ic  in will cure the infection re  testing after treatment as long as the symptoms have resolved is not recommended as the person may remain colon  ized recurrence have been reported in up to 25 of people there is tentative evidence that f  ec  al micro  bio  ta transplantation and pro  bio  tics may decrease the risk of recurrence c di  ffici  le infections occur in all areas of the world about 453 000 cases occurred in the united states in 2011 resulting in 29 000 deaths rates of disease globally have increased between 2001 and 2016 women are more often affected than men the bacteria was discovered in 19  35 and found to be disease causing in 1978 in the united states healthcare acquired infections increase cost of care by 1 5 billion usd each year
cloud suck is a phenomenon commonly known in parag  li  ding and hang gli  ding where pilots experience significant lift due to a thermal under the base of cumul  us clouds especially tow  ering cumul  us and cumul  on  im  bus the vertical extent of a cumul  us cloud is a good indicator of the strength of lift beneath it and the potential for cloud suck cloud suck commonly occurs in low pressure weather and in hum  id conditions cloud suck is typically associated with an increase in thermal up  draft velocity near cloud base as a parcel of air lifted in a thermal rises it also co  ols and water vapour will eventually con  dense to form a cloud if the parcel rises above the lifted condens  ation level as the water vapour cond  enses it releases its latent heat of vap  ori  zation thereby increasing the buo  yan  cy of the parcel the up  draft is amplified by this latent heat release parag  li  der pilots have reported being unable to descend in strong cloud suck even after bringing their can  op  ies into deep spiral which would normally result in a rapid vertical descent cloud suck is especially dangerous for parag  li  der pilots whose maximum speed is less than 30 kno  ts because storm clouds cumul  on  im  bus can expand and develop rapidly over a large area with accompanying large areas of strong lift on 14 february 2007 while practising for a parag  li  ding contest in australia polish bor  n  german team pilot e  wa wi  ś  ni  er  ska ci  e  ś  le  wic  z was sucked into a cumul  on  im  bus cloud climbing at up to 20 m per second 4 000 feet per minute to an altitude of 9 9  46 m 32 600 feet she lost consciousness due to hypo  x  ia but regained consciousness after 30 minutes to an hour and landed still covered in ice after a three and a half hour flight chinese parag  li  der pilot he z  hon  g  pin died after he was sucked into the same storm system and struck by lightning at 59  00 m 19 000 feet his body was found the next day 15 km 9 3 mi from his last known position prior to entering the cloud in 2014 italian parag  li  der paolo anton  i  az  zi 66 years old retired army general died after being sucked by a thunder  storm compared with hang gli  ders and parag  li  ders sail  planes have much higher top speeds often over 250 km h and can easily escape powerful cumul  on  im  bus clouds by flying away quickly or by using very effective air brakes a sail  plane also has the added benefit of the pilot being able to put the sail  plane into a spin to descend rapidly without over speeding cloud suck is also a concern for powered aircraft but usually not a lethal hazard except in extreme weather situations the uss shen  an  do  ah the first rigid air  ship built in the united states and the first in the world to be inflated with heli  um was lost in a cloud suck accident associated with a squ  all line at about 6 00 am on 3 september 19  25 near ava in northern noble county ohio the shen  an  do  ah was suddenly caught in a violent up  draft while at an altitude of 2 100 feet rising at the rate of a meter a second at about 6 200 feet the as  cent was checked but the ship began to descend when halfway to the ground it was hit by another up  draft and began to rise rapidly at an even faster rate ultimately the ke  el sn  apped and the ship broke up while still more than a mile above the ground shen  an  do  ah s commanding officer and 13 other officers and men were killed twenty nine members of the crew survived the break up although some received serious injuries
a clou  d  burst is an extreme amount of precip  itation in a short period of time sometimes accompanied by hail and thunder that is capable of creating flood conditions a clou  d  burst can suddenly dump large amounts of water e g 25 mm of precip  itation corresponds to 25000 metric tons km 2 1 inch corresponds to 72 300 short tons over one square mile however clou  d  bursts are inf  requ  ent as they occur only via oro  graphic lift or occasionally when a warm air parcel mixes with cool  er air resulting in sudden condens  ation at times a large amount of run  off from higher elev  ations is mistakenly con  fl  ated with a clou  d  burst the term clou  d  burst arose from the notion that clouds were akin to water ballo  ons and could burst resulting in rapid precip  itation though this idea has since been dis  proven the term remains in use
clou  ston s hi  dro  tic ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia also known as al  op  ec  ia con  gen  ita with ker  at  osis pal  mop  lan  tar  is clou  ston syndrome fischer – jaco  b  sen – clou  ston syndrome hi  dro  tic ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia ker  at  osis pal  mar  is with drum  stick fingers and pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma and clu  bbing is caused by mutations in a conn  ex  in gene g  j  b 6 or conn  ex  in 30 characterized by scal  p hair that is wi  ry brit  tle and pale often associated with pat  chy al  op  ec  ia
club foot or clu  b  foot also called con  genital tali  pes equ  ino  var  us c  te  v is a con  genital de  form  ity involving one foot or both the affected foot appears to have been rot  ated internally at the an  kle without treatment people with club feet often appear to walk on their an  kles or on the sides of their feet however with treatment the vast majority of patients recover completely during early childhood and are able to walk and participate in athle  tics just as well as patients born without c  te  v it is a relatively common birth defect occurring in about one in every 1 000 live births approximately half of people with clu  b  foot have it affect both feet which is called bilateral club foot in most cases it is an isolated disorder of the limbs it occurs in males twice as frequently as in females a condition of the same name appears in some non human animals particularly horses though in that particular case it is more akin to stepping en poin  te than side  ways
clu  bbed thumb is a mis  no  mer for stu  b by thumb known clin  ically as br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly type d or b  dd b  dd is a harmless genetic trait characterized by the last bone of one or both thum  bs being short and round with an accompanying short and wide nail bed they derive from the dog  on tribe residing in africa digital clu  bbing however is a clinical sign associated with a number of diseases
clu  bro  ot is a common disease of cab  b  ages bro  c  coli cau  lif  lower brussels spro  uts rad  ishes turn  ip  s stocks wall  flowers and other plants belonging to the family brass  ic  ace  ae cruci  fer  ae it is caused by plas  modi  op  hor  a brass  ic  ae which was once considered a sli  me mold but is now put in the group phy  tom  y  x  ea it is the first phy  tom  y  x  ea for which the genome has been sequ  enced it has as many as thirteen races g  all formation or distortion takes place on latent roots and gives the shape of a club or spin  dle in the cab  bage such attacks on the roots cause un  developed heads or a failure to head at all followed often by decline in vigor or by death it is an important disease affecting an estimated 10 of the total cul  tured area worldwide historical reports of clu  bro  ot date back to the 13 th century in europe in the late 19 th century a severe epidemic of clu  bro  ot destroyed large proportions of the cab  bage crop in st petersburg the russian scientist mikhail wor  on  in eventually identified the cause of clu  bro  ot as a plas  modi  op  hor  ous organism in 18  75 and gave it the name plas  modi  op  hor  a brass  ic  ae in 18 th 19 th and early 20 th century britain clu  bro  ot was sometimes called finger and toe fingers and toes an  bury or am  bury these last two also meaning a soft tumor on a horse the potential of cultural practices to reduce crop losses due to clu  bro  ot is limited and chemical treatments to control the fun  gus are either banned due to environmental regulations or are not cost effective breeding of resistant cultiv  ars therefore is a promising alternative
cluster al  ge  br  as are a class of comm  ut  ative rings introduced by fom  in and z  elev  in  sky a cluster al  ge  bra of rank n is an integral domain a together with some sub  sets of size n called clusters whose union generates the al  ge  bra a and which satisfy various conditions
cluster headache ch is a neuro  logical disorder characterized by recurrent severe headaches on one side of the head typically around the eye there are often accompanying autonom  ic symptoms during the headache such as eye watering nas  al congestion and sw  elling around the eye typically confined to the side of the head with the pain cluster headache belongs to a group of primary headache disorders classified as the tri  gem  inal autonom  ic cephal  al  gi  as or tacs cluster headache is named after the demonstrated grouping of headache attacks occurring together cluster individuals typically experience repeated attacks of ex  cruci  at  ingly severe unilateral headache pain cluster headache attacks often occur periodically spontaneous re  missions may interrupt active periods of pain though about 10 – 15 of chronic ch never remit the cause of cluster headache has not been identified while there is no known cure cluster headaches can sometimes be prevented and acute attacks treated recommended treatments for acute attacks include oxygen or a fast acting tri  pt  an primary recommended prevention is ver  ap  am  il ster  oids may be used as a transitional treatment and may prevent attack recurrence until preventative treatments take effect the condition affects approximately 0 2 of the general population and men are more commonly affected than women by a ratio of about 2 5 1 to 3 5 1
in natural language processing and information retri  eval cluster lab  eling is the problem of picking descriptive human readable labels for the clusters produced by a document clu  stering algori  thm standard clu  stering algori  th  ms do not typically produce any such labels cluster lab  eling algori  th  ms examine the contents of the documents per cluster to find a lab  eling that summar  ize the topic of each cluster and distinguish the clusters from each other
clu  tch performance in sports is the phenomenon of athletes under pressure often in the last minutes of a game to summon strength concentration and whatever else necessary to succeed to perform well and perhaps change the outcome of the game it occurs in basketball hockey football and other sports the opposite is choking failing to perform as needed when under pressure it is a phenomenon that is studied in psychology and in the more specialized area of sport psychology the term gained popularity due to repeti  tive use among sports commentators particularly baseball announ  cers consequently a portion of the academic literature is focused on baseball more specifically on clu  tch hitting and addresses the academic issue of whether it exists or not
clu  t  tering also called t  ach  y  ph  emia or t  ach  y  ph  ra  sia is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech erratic rhythm and poor syn  tax or gr  ammar making speech difficult to understand
co  ag  ul  opathy also called a bleeding disorder is a condition in which the blood ’ s ability to co  ag  ulate form clo  ts is impaired this condition can cause a tendency toward prolonged or excessive bleeding bleeding di  ath  esis which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or medical and dental procedures of note co  ag  ul  opath  ies are sometimes errone  ously referred to as clo  tting disorders a clo  tting disorder is a pre  disposition to clo  t formation thro  m  bus also known as a hyper  co  ag  ul  able state or thro  m  b  ophi  lia
a coal ball is a type of concre  tion varying in shape from an imperfect sphere to a flat lying irregular s  lab coal balls were formed in carbon  i  fer  ous period swam  ps and mi  res when peat was prevented from being turned into coal by the high amount of cal  cite surrounding the peat the cal  cite caused it to be turned into stone instead as such despite not actually being made of coal the coal ball owes its name to its similar origins as well as its similar shape with actual coal coal balls often preserve a remarkable record of the micro  scopic tissue structure of carbon  i  fer  ous swamp and mire plants which would otherwise have been completely destroyed their unique preservation of carbon  i  fer  ous plants makes them valuable to scientists who cut and peel the coal balls to research the geological past in 18  55 two english scientists joseph dal  ton hooker and edward william bin  ney made the first scientific description of coal balls in england and the initial research on coal balls was carried out in europe north american coal balls were discovered and identified in 19  22 coal balls have since been found in other countries leading to the discovery of hundreds of species and genera coal balls may be found in coal se  ams across north america and eur  asia north american coal balls are more widespread both str  ati  graphically and geo  logically than those in europe the oldest known coal balls date from the nam  ur  ian stage of the carbon  i  fer  ous they were found in germany and on the territory of former czechoslovakia
coal workers pneu  mo  con  i  osis cw  p also known as black lung disease or black lung is caused by long exposure to coal dust it is common in coal min  ers and others who work with coal it is similar to both sili  co  sis from inhal  ing silic  a dust and to the long term effects of tobacco smoking inhal  ed coal dust progressively builds up in the lungs and cannot be removed by the body this leads to infl  amm  ation fi  bro  sis and in worse cases necro  sis coal workers pneu  mo  con  i  osis severe state develops after the initial mil  der form of the disease known as anthra  co  sis anth  rac — coal carbon this is often as  ymp  tomatic and is found to at least some extent in all urban dwell  ers due to air pollution prolonged exposure to large amounts of coal dust can result in more serious forms of the disease simple coal workers pneu  mo  con  i  osis and complicated coal workers pneu  mo  con  i  osis or progressive massive fi  bro  sis or p  m  f more commonly workers exposed to coal dust develop industrial bron  chi  tis clin  ically defined as chronic bron  chi  tis i e productive cough for 3 months per year for at least 2 years associated with workplace dust exposure the incidence of industrial bron  chi  tis varies with age job exposure and smoking in non  smokers who are less prone to develop bron  chi  tis than smokers studies of coal min  ers have shown a 16 to 17 incidence of industrial bron  chi  tis in 2013 cw  p resulted in 25 000 deaths down from 29 000 deaths in 1990
co  arc  tation of the a  or  ta co  a or co  ao also called a  or  tic narrowing is a con  genital condition whereby the a  or  ta is narrow usually in the area where the duc  tus arter  io  sus lig  am  ent  um arter  io  sum after regression inser  ts the word “ co  arc  tation ” means narrowing co  arc  tations are most common in the a  or  tic arch the arch may be small in babies with co  arc  tations other heart defects may also occur when co  arc  tation is present typically occurring on the left side of the heart when a patient has a co  arc  tation the left ven  tric  le has to work harder since the a  or  ta is narrowed the left ven  tric  le must generate a much higher pressure than normal in order to force enough blood through the a  or  ta to deliver blood to the lower part of the body if the narrowing is severe enough the left ven  tric  le may not be strong enough to push blood through the co  arc  tation thus resulting in lack of blood to the lower half of the body physi  o  logically its complete form is manifested as interrupted a  or  tic arch
coats ’ disease also known as ex  ud  ative ret  initi  s or re  tin  al tel  an  gi  ec  tas  is sometimes spelled co  ates disease is a rare con  genital non  hereditary eye disorder causing full or partial blindness characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the re  tina coats disease can also fall under gl  au  coma it can have a similar presentation to that of re  tin  obl  ast  oma
co  bal  t poisoning is in  tox  ication caused by excessive levels of co  bal  t in the body co  bal  t is an essential element for health in animals in minute amounts as a component of vitamin b 12 a deficiency of co  bal  t which is very rare is also potentially lethal leading to pernicious an  emia
co  bb syndrome is a rare con  genital disorder characterized by visible skin le  sions with underlying spinal an  gi  om  as or arter  io  ven  ous mal  formations av  ms the skin le  sions of co  bb syndrome typically are present as port wine stain  s or an  gi  om  as but reports exist of an  gi  ok  er  atom  as an  gi  oli  po  mas and lymp  han  gi  oma circum  s  crip  tum the intr  asp  inal le  sions may be an  gi  om  as or av  ms and occur at levels of the spinal cord corresponding to the affected skin der  mat  om  es they may in turn produce spinal cord dysfunction and weakness or paralysis the disorder was first described by ber  en  bru  ch in 1890 but became widely known only after co  bb s report in 1915 co  bb syndrome is thought to be more common in males and have no racial pre  dil  ection but only a few dozen cases are known it is believed to be due to a spor  adic mutation since parents of affected children usually have no evidence of the disease
the presence of a be  zo  ar is a relatively inf  requ  ent disorder that affects the gastro  intest  inal system it consists of a solid and formed mass trapped in the gastro  intest  inal system usually in the stomach these can also form in other locations ga  str  ic phyto  be  zo  ars are a form of intest  inal block  age and are seen in those with poor ga  str  ic mo  ti  lity the preferred treatment of be  zo  ars includes different therapies and or fragmentation to avoid surgery phyto  be  zo  ars are most common and consist of un  dig  ested lign  in cellulose tann  ins cel  ery pum  p  kin skin grape skins prunes ra  is  ins vegetables and fruits phyto  be  zo  ars can form after eating per  sim  mons and pine  apples these are more difficult to treat and are referred to as dio  sp  yro  be  zo  ars coca cola has been proposed for the treatment of ga  str  ic phyto  be  zo  ars in about 50 of cases studied coca cola alone was found to be effective in ga  str  ic phyto  be  zo  ar dissolution unfortunately this treatment can result in the potential of developing small bo  wel obstruction in a minority of cases necess  itating surgical intervention it is one of many other stomach disorders that can have similar symptoms
cocaine dependence is a psychological desire to use cocaine regularly cocaine over  dose may result in cardiovascular and brain damage such as con  stric  ting blood vessels in the brain causing stro  kes and con  stric  ting arter  ies in the heart causing heart attacks the use of cocaine creates euphoria and high amounts of energy if taken in large unsafe doses it is possible to cause mood swings paranoia in  som  nia psycho  sis high blood pressure a fast heart rate panic attacks cognitive impair  ments and drastic changes in personality the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal also known as come  down or crash range from moderate to severe dy  sp  h  oria depression anxiety psychological and physical weakness pain and compul  sive cr  av  ings
cocaine in  tox  ication refers to the immediate and dele  ter  ious effects of cocaine on the body although cocaine in  tox  ication and cocaine dependence can be present in the same individual these syndro  mes present with different symptoms
coccidio  id  om  y  co  sis k  ɒ  k  ˌ  s  ɪ  di  ɔ  ɪ  do  ʊ  ma  ɪ  ˈ  ko  ʊ  s  ɪ  s kok sid ee oy do  h my k  oh sis commonly known as coc  ci valley fever as well as california fever desert r  heu  m  atism and san jo  aqu  in valley fever is a mammalian fun  gal disease caused by coccidio  ides im  miti  s or coccidio  ides pos  ad  asi  i it is endemic in certain parts of arizona california nevada new mexico texas u  tah and northern mexico c im  miti  s is a di  morph  ic sa  pro  phy  tic fun  gus that grows as a my  ce  lium in the soil and produces a spher  ule form in the host organism it resides in the soil in certain parts of the south  western united states most notably in california and arizona it is also commonly found in northern mexico and parts of central and south america c im  miti  s is dormant during long dry spells then develops as a mold with long fil  aments that break off into airborne spo  res when it rains the spo  res known as ar  thro  con  idi  a are swept into the air by disruption of the soil such as during construction farming or an earthquake wind  storms may also cause epidemics far from endemic areas in december 1977 a wind  storm in an endemic area around ar  vin ca led to several hundred cases including deaths in non endemic areas hundreds of miles away coccidio  id  om  y  co  sis is a common cause of community acquired pneumonia in the endemic areas of the united states infections usually occur due to inhal  ation of the ar  thro  con  idi  al spo  res after soil disruption the disease is not contagious in some cases the infection may recur or become chronic
coc  ci  di  osis is a par  asi  tic disease of the intest  inal tract of animals caused by coc  ci  dian proto  zo  a the disease spreads from one animal to another by contact with infected f  ec  es or ing  estion of infected tissue diarr  hea which may become bloody in severe cases is the primary symptom most animals infected with coc  ci  dia are as  ymp  tomatic but young or immun  o  compromised animals may suffer severe symptoms and death while coc  ci  dia can infect a wide variety of animals including humans birds and livestock they are usually species specific one well known exception is tox  op  las  mo  sis caused by tox  op  las  ma gon  di  i humans may first encounter coc  ci  dia when they acquire a young puppy or kit  ten that is infected other than t gon  di  i the infectious organisms are can  ine and fel  ine specific and are not contagious to humans unlike the zoonotic diseases
coc  cy  dy  nia is a medical term meaning pain in the coc  cy  x or tail  bone area usually brought on by sitting too abruptly
a coc  cy  x frac  ture is a frac  ture of the coc  cy  x commonly called a broken tail  bone the coc  cy  x is located at the base of the sp  ine under the sac  rum it is the last section of the ape vertebr  al column most commonly in humans it comprises 3 to 5 f  used or more rarely separate verte  bra  e and is approximately 4 to 10 cm in length the coc  cy  x is attached to the sac  rum by a fi  bro  car  ti  lag  inous joint called the sacro  coc  cy  ge  al symp  h  ysis allowing for some but little movement
cock s peculiar tum  our is a se  bac  eous cyst linked growth that can resemble a squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma the name is given after a 19 th century english surgeon edward cock the prolifer  ating cyst is usually solitary but it often arises from a simple tric  hil  em  mal cy  sts in the hair fol  lic  le epi  the  lium and these are multiple in 70 of cases they are most commonly found on the scal  p where the prolifer  ating tric  hil  em  mal cyst will grow to a large size and ul  cer  ate chronic infl  amm  ation can cause the cyst to take the form of a gran  ul  oma this gran  ul  oma mim  ics a squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma both clin  ically and his  to  logically and these ul  cer  ating solitary cy  sts are called cock s peculiar tum  our chronic infl  amm  ation causes the cyst to take the form of a gran  ul  oma this gran  ul  oma mim  ics a squ  am  ous cell tum  our hence it is a mis  no  mer it is not a tum  our but looks like a tum  our the most common sites are the ones where one can find ha  irs these are scal  p and scro  tum
cock  ay  ne syndrome cs also called neill d  ing  wall syndrome is a rare fatal auto  som  al rec  essive neuro  degenerative disorder characterized by growth failure impaired development of the nervous system abnormal sensitivity to sunlight photo  sensitivity eye disorders and premature aging failure to thrive and neuro  logical disorders are criteria for diagnosis while photo  sensitivity hearing loss eye ab  norm  alities and ca  vities are other very common features problems with any or all of the internal organs are possible it is associated with a group of disorders called leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies which are conditions characterized by degradation of neuro  logical white matter the underlying disorder is a defect in a dna repair mechanism unlike other defects of dna repair patients with cs are not pre  disposed to cancer or infection cock  ay  ne syndrome is a rare but destructive disease usually resulting in death within the first or second decade of life the mutation of specific genes in cock  ay  ne syndrome is known but the widespread effects and its relationship with dna repair is yet to be well understood it is named after english physician edward alfred cock  ay  ne 18  80 – 1956 who first described it in 1936 and re described in 1946 neill d  ing  wall syndrome was named after mary m d  ing  wall and catherine a neill these women described the case of two brothers with cock  ay  ne syndrome and asserted it was the same disease described by cock  ay  ne in their article the women contributed to the symptoms of the disease through their discovery of calci  fications in the brain they also compared cock  ay  ne syndrome to what is now known as hut  chin  son – gil  ford pro  geria syndrome h  gps then called pro  geria due to the advanced aging that characterizes both disorders
cock  s  comb cer  vi  x is the condition where  in as the name suggests the cer  vi  x of the uter  us is shaped like a cock  s  comb about one third of women born to di  ethyl  sti  l  best  rol treated mothers i e in uter  o exposure develop a cock  s  comb cer  vi  x enlarged fol  ds or ri  dges of cer  vic  al st  roma fi  bro  us tissues and epi  the  lium constitute a cock  s  comb cer  vi  x similarly cock  s  comb poly  ps lining the cer  vi  x are usually considered or grouped into the same overarching description it is in and of itself considered a benign ab  normality its presence however is usually indicative of des exposure and as such women who experience these ab  norm  alities should be aware of their increased risk of associated patho  logies
the cocktail party effect is the phenomenon of being able to focus one s aud  itory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimul  i much the same way that a part  y  go  er can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room this effect is what allows most people to tune into a single voice and tune out all others it may also describe a similar phenomenon that occurs when one may immediately detect words of importance originating from un  attended stimul  i for instance hearing one s name in another conversation
in mathematics in the branch of differential geometry the co  cur  v  ature of a connection on a mani  fold is the obstruction to the integr  ability of the vertical bundle
in distributed computing code mobility is the ability for running programs code or objects to be migrated or moved from one machine or application to another this is the process of moving mobile code across the no  des of a network as opposed to distributed compu  tation where the data is moved it is common practice in distributed systems to require the movement of code or processes between parts of the system instead of data examples of code mobility include s  cripts downloaded over a network for example jav  as  cript v  b  script j  ava app  lets activ  ex controls flash anim  ations shoc  k  wave movies and x  tr  as and macro  s embedded within microsoft office documents
a code of silence is a condition in effect when a person op  ts to withhold what is believed to be vital or important information voluntarily or involun  tarily the code of silence is usually either kept because of threat of force or danger to oneself or being branded as a traitor or an out  cast within the unit or organization as the experiences of the police whist  le  b  lower frank ser  pic  o illustrates police are known to have a well developed blue code of silence the code of silence was famously practiced in irish american neighborhoods in boston massachusetts such as char  le  st  own south boston and som  er  ville dan gold  berg and danny ben mo  she won australia ’ s most prestigious journalism award the wal  k  ley documentary award for “ code of silence ” which covers the fight for an investigation into allegations of child sex abuse at y  es  hi  v  ah college an all male orthodox jewish school it portr  ays the experiences of an orthodox jewish father and his son after the son breaks the code of silence in melbourne s orthodox community and goes public with his story of being sexually abused as a student an orthodox jewish concept of me  si  rah forbids jews from reporting crimes to civil authorities and keeping them with the jewish community instead a more famous example of the code of silence is om  ert  à italian om  ert  à from the latin hum  il  itas humility or modesty the mafia code of silence
co  eli  ac disease also spelled ce  li  ac disease is an auto  immune disorder affecting primarily the small intest  ine that occurs in people who are genetically pre  disposed classic symptoms include gastro  intest  inal problems such as chronic diarr  ho  ea ab  domin  al dist  ention mal  absorption loss of appetite and among children failure to grow normally this often begins between six months and two years of age non classic symptoms are the most common especially in people older than two years there may be mild or absent gastro  intest  inal symptoms a wide number of symptoms involving any part of the body or no obvious symptoms co  eli  ac disease was first described in childhood however it may develop at any age it is associated with other auto  immune diseases such as diabetes mell  it  us type 1 and thyro  idi  tis among others co  eli  ac disease is caused by a reaction to glu  ten which are various proteins found in wheat and in other grains such as barley and rye moderate quantities of oats free of contamination with other glu  ten containing grains are usually tolerated but problems may depend on the type consumed upon exposure to glu  ten an abnormal immune response may lead to the production of several different auto  antibodies that can affect a number of different organs in the small bo  wel this causes an infl  am  matory reaction and may produce shortening of the vill  i lining the small intest  ine vill  ous atro  phy this affects the absorption of nutrients frequently leading to ana  emia diagnosis is typically made by a combination of blood anti  body tests and intest  inal biop  sies helped by specific genetic testing making the diagnosis is not always straightforward frequently the auto  antibodies in the blood are negative and many people have only minor intest  inal changes with normal vill  i people may have severe symptoms and be investigated for years before a diagnosis is achieved increasingly the diagnosis is being made in people without symptoms as a result of screening while the disease is caused by a permanent intolerance to wheat proteins it is usually classified as different from the other forms of wheat allergy the only known effective treatment is a strict lifelong glu  ten free diet which leads to recovery of the intest  inal mu  co  sa improves symptoms and reduced risk of developing complications in most people if untreated it may result in cancers such as intest  inal lymp  homa and a slight increased risk of early death rates vary between different regions of the world from as few as 1 in 300 to as many as 1 in 40 with an average of between 1 in 100 and 1 in 170 people in developed countries it is estimated that five out of six cases 83 remain un  diagnosed usually because of non classic minimal or absent complaints co  eli  ac disease is slightly more common in women than in men the term co  eli  ac is from the greek κοι  λ  ι  ακ  ός ko  ili  ak  ós ab  domin  al and was introduced in the 19 th century in a translation of what is generally regarded as an ancient greek description of the disease by are  ta  eus of capp  ad  o  cia
co  en  u  ro  sis a k a ca  en  u  ro  sis and co  en  uri  asis gi  d or sturdy in the vern  ac  ular is a par  asi  tic infection that develops in the intermediate hosts of some ta  pe  worm species ta  enia mul  tic  eps t seri  alis t bra  uni or t glo  mer  ata and are caused by the co  en  urus the lar  val stage of these worms this disease occurs mainly in sheep and other un  gul  ates but occasionally can occur in humans too by accidental ing  estion of worms eggs adult worms of these species develop in the small int  es  ine of the definitive hosts dogs fo  xes and other can  ids causing a disease from the group of ta  eni  asis humans cannot be definitive hosts for these species of ta  pe  worms
co  en  u  ro  sis is a par  asi  tic infection that results when humans ing  est the eggs of dog ta  pe  worm species ta  enia mul  tic  eps t seri  alis t bra  uni or t glo  mer  ata it is important to distinguish that there is a very significant difference between intest  inal human ta  pe  worm infection and human co  en  u  ro  sis humans are the definitive hosts for some ta  pe  worm species the most common being t sag  in  ata and t soli  um pork and beef ta  pe  worms this means that these species can develop into full grown re  produc  tively capable adult worms within the human body people infected with these species have a ta  pe  worm infection in contrast the four species that cause human co  en  u  ro  sis can only grow into mature re  produc  tively capable worms inside their definitive hosts can  ids such as dogs wolves fo  xes and co  yo  tes humans who ing  est eggs from any of these four species of ta  enia become intermediate hosts or places where the eggs can mature into lar  v  ae but not into adult worms when humans ing  est these eggs the eggs develop into ta  pe  worm lar  v  ae that group within cy  sts known as co  en  uri which can be seen in the central nervous system muscles and sub  cu  taneous tissues of infected humans people with co  en  u  ro  sis do not develop a ta  pe  worm infection because the lar  v  ae of co  en  u  ro  sis causing parasites cannot develop into worms inside of humans
co  enzyme q 10 deficiency is a deficiency of co  enzyme q 10 it can be associated with co  q 2 ap  t  x p  d  ss 2 p  d  ss 1 cab  c 1 and co  q 9 some forms may be more treat  able than other mit  och  on  dri  al diseases
in mathematics a coercive function is a function that grows rapidly at the extremes of the space on which it is defined depending on the cont  ext  different exact definitions of this idea are in use
in physics a coffee ring is a pattern left by a pu  ddle of particle laden liquid after it evapor  ates the phenomenon is named for the characteristic ring like deposit along the perimeter of a spill of coffee it is also commonly seen after spilling red wine the mechanism behind the formation of these and similar rings is known as the coffee ring effect or in some instances the coffee stain effect or simply ring stain
coffin – low  ry syndrome is a genetic disorder that is x linked dominant and which causes severe mental problems sometimes associated with ab  norm  alities of growth cardiac ab  norm  alities ky  pho  sco  li  osis as well as aud  itory and visual ab  norm  alities
coffin – si  ris syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes developmental delays and absent fifth finger and toe nails synon  y  ms include dwar  f  ism ony  cho  dys  pl  asia fifth digit syndrome mental retar  dation with hypo  plastic 5 th finger  nails and to  en  ails and short stature ony  cho  dys  pl  asia there had been 31 reported cases by 1991 the numbers of occurrence since then has grown and is reported to be around 80 the differential includes nicol  aides – bar  ait  ser syndrome
co  gan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent infl  amm  ation of the front of the eye the cor  ne  a and often fever fatigue and weight loss episodes of di  zz  iness and hearing loss it can lead to deaf  ness or blindness if untreated the classic form of the disease was first described by d g co  gan in 1945
cognitive bias in animals is a pattern of deviation in judgment whereby infer  ences about other animals and situations may be affected by irrelevant information or emotional states it is sometimes said that animals create their own subjective social reality from their perception of the input in humans for example an optimistic or pessimistic bias might affect ones answer to the question is the glass half empty or half full to explore cognitive bias one might train an animal to expect that a positive event follows one stimulus and that a negative event follows another stimulus for example on many trials if the animal presses lever a after a 20 h  z tone it gets a highly desired food but a press on lever b after a 10 h  z tone yields bl  and food the animal is then offered both levers after an intermediate test stimulus e g a 15 h  z tone the hypothesis is that the animal s mood will bias the choice of levers after the test stimulus if positive it will tend to choose lever a if negative it will tend to choose lever b the hypothesis is tested by manipulating factors that might affect mood – for example the type of housing the animal is kept in cognitive bi  ases have been shown in a wide range of species including rats dogs r  hes  us mac  aqu  es sheep chicks star  lings and honey  bees
cognitive deficit or cognitive impairment is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to the cogn  ition process the term may describe deficits in global intellectual performance as with intellectual disabilities it may describe specific deficits in cognitive abilities learning disorders dys  l  ex  ia or it may describe drug induced cognitive memory impairment such as that seen with alcohol glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids and the benzo  di  az  ep  ines it usually refers to a durable characteristic as opposed to altered level of consciousness which may be acute and reversible cognitive deficits may be con  genital or caused by environmental factors such as brain injuries neuro  logical disorders or mental illness
in psychology cognitive dis  son  ance is the mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs ideas or values at the same time performs an action that is contradictory to their beliefs ideas or values or is confronted by new information that conflicts with existing beliefs ideas or values leon fest  inger s theory of cognitive dis  son  ance focuses on how humans strive for internal consistency an individual who experiences inconsistency tends to become psychologically uncomfortable and is motivated to try to reduce this dis  son  ance as well as actively avoid situations and information likely to increase it
cognitive distortions are exaggerated or irrational thought patterns that are believed to perpetuate the effects of psychop  ath  ological states especially depression and anxiety psychiatrist aaron t beck laid the groundwork for the study of these distortions and his student david d burns continued research on the topic most notably burns 1989 book the feeling good handbook presented information on these thought patterns along with a proposal of how to eliminate them cognitive distortions are thoughts that cognitive therap  ists believe cause individuals to perceive reality in  accurately these thinking patterns often are said to reinforce negative thoughts or emotions cognitive distortions tend to interfere with the way a person percei  ves an event because the way a person feels interven  es with how they think these distorted thoughts can feed negative emotions and lead an individual affected by cognitive distortions towards an overall negative outlook on the world and consequently a depres  sive or anxious mental state
object recognition is the ability to perceive an object s physical properties such as shape colour and tex  ture and apply sem  an  tic attributes to the object which includes the understanding of its use previous experience with the object and how it relates to others regardless of an objects position or illumin  ation humans possess the ability to effectively identify and label an object humans are one of the few species that possess the ability of invari  ant visual object recognition both “ front end ” and “ back end ” processing are required for a species to be able to recognize objects at varying distances angles lighting etc …
a cognitive shift is a psychological phenomenon most often experienced by individuals when undergoing new experiences including religious experiences using psy  ch  edel  ic drugs or suffering from mental disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder also known as man  ic depres  sive syndrome during a cognitive shift one experiences a change in how their conscious mind and unconscious mind communicate with each other the result can be a wide range of feelings from euphoria to panic
cognitive sli  pp  age is a symptom of several psychiatric diseases and mental disorders associated with cogn  ition and formal thought disorders it is not associated with a lower level of intelligence it is manifested in patterns of speech where categories and lists become overly broad as concepts unrelated at first glance become related through tang  ential connections an example of cognitive sli  pp  age might be as follows list some types of cars let s see there s ford chev  ro  let to  yo  ta japan rising sun hiroshima atomic bomb en  ola gay oh and mi  ata the inclusion of ex  tran  eous items in the listing is evidence of the cognitive sli  pp  age while the concepts such as to  yo  ta japan rising sun etc are all related the relation is no longer defined by the initial prompt the cognitive sli  pp  age however causes the inability to disregard these ex  tran  eous connections and results in patterns of speech and association as seen here in contrast another disorder of speech word salad is even more dis  organized than the loose associations of cognitive sli  pp  age cognitive sli  pp  age is characterized as the mil  dest symptom of individuals with schizophrenia schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness that affects every aspect of a patient s life
co  hen syndrome also known as pepper syndrome or cer  ven  ka syndrome named after michael co  hen william pepper and jar  os  lav cer  ven  ka who researched the illness is a genetic disorder
co  il noise or co  il wh  ine is a phenomenon in electronics which produces undesirable audible sound in magnetic resonance imaging co  il noise is that part of total system noise attributed to the receiving co  il due to its non zero temperature
in poly  mer physics the co  il – glo  bu  le transition is the collapse of a macro  mol  ecu  le from an expanded co  il state through an ideal co  il state to a collapsed glo  bu  le state or vice versa the co  il – glo  bu  le transition is of importance in biology due to the presence of co  il glo  bu  le transitions in biological macro  molecules such as proteins and dna it is also analogous with the sw  elling behavior of a cross  linked poly  mer gel and is thus of interest in biomedical engineering for controlled drug delivery a particularly prominent example of a poly  mer possessing a co  il glo  bu  le transition of interest in this area is that of poly n iso  prop  yl  ac  r  yl  amide p  nip  a  am
the coin problem also referred to as the fro  ben  ius coin problem or fro  ben  ius problem after the mathem  ati  cian fer  din  and fro  ben  ius is a mathematical problem that asks for the largest monetary amount that cannot be obtained using only coins of specified denominations for example the largest amount that cannot be obtained using only coins of 3 and 5 units is 7 units the solution to this problem for a given set of coin denominations is called the fro  ben  ius number of the set there is an explicit formula for the fro  ben  ius number when there are only two different coin denominations x and y xy − x − y if the number of coin denominations is three or more no explicit formula is known but for any fixed number of coin denominations there is an algori  thm computing the fro  ben  ius number in poly  no  mi  al time in the log  arith  ms of the coin denominations forming an input no known algori  thm is poly  no  mi  al time in the number of coin denominations and the general problem where the number of coin denominations may be as large as desired is n  p hard
in paras  it  ology co  infection ˌ  ko  ʊ  ɪ  n  ˈ  f  ɛ  k  ʃ  ə  n is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species in viro  logy co  infection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles an example is the co  infection of liver cells with hepatitis b virus and hepatitis d virus which can arise incre  mentally by initial infection followed by super  infection global prevalence or incidence of co  infection among humans is unknown but it is thought to be commonplace sometimes more common than single infection co  infection with hel  min  ths affects around 800 million people worldwide co  infection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can interact within the host the net effect of co  infection on human health is thought to be negative interactions can have either positive or negative effects on other parasites under positive parasite interactions disease transmission and progression are enhanced and this is also known as syn  dem  ism negative parasite interactions include micro  bial interference when one bacterial species sup  presses the virul  ence or colonisation of other bacteria such as pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa suppressing pathogenic stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us colony formation the general patterns of ecological interactions between parasite species are unknown even among common co  infections such as those between sexually transmitted infections however network analysis of a food web of co  infection in humans suggests that there is greater potential for interactions via shared food sources than via the immune system a globally common co  infection involves tuberculosis and hiv in some countries up to 80 of tuberculosis patients are also hiv positive the potential for dynamics of these two infectious diseases to be linked has been known for decades other common examples of co  infections are aids which involves co  infection of end stage hiv with opportunistic parasites and poly  micro  bial infections like ly  me disease with other diseases
a col  amb  re is a wine skin whose origin comes from the 16 th century in spanish it is known as bo  ta a word used by cer  van  tes in don qui  x  ote on the other hand lord col  amb  re is the main character of the ab  sent  ee a novel written in english in the 18 th century by maria ed  ge  worth
for the infectious disease see common cold for other uses see cold dis  ambigu  ation cold is the presence of low temperature especially in the atmosphere in common usage cold is often a subjective perception a lower bound to temperature is absolute zero defined as 0 00 k on the kel  vin scale an absolute thermo  dynamic temperature scale this corresponds to − 273 15 ° c on the celsius scale − 459 67 ° f on the fah  ren  heit scale and 0 00 ° r on the ran  k  ine scale since temperature relates to the thermal energy held by an object or a sample of matter which is the k  ine  tic energy of the random motion of the particle constituents of matter an object will have less thermal energy when it is col  der and more when it is hotter if it were possible to cool a system to absolute zero all motion of the particles in a sample of matter would cease and they would be at complete rest in this classical sense the object would be described as having zero thermal energy micro  sco  p  ically in the description of quantum mechanics however matter still has zero point energy even at absolute zero because of the uncertainty principle
cold air dam  ming or cad is a meteorological phenomenon that involves a high pressure system antic  ycl  one accelerating equ  at  or  ward east of a north south oriented mountain range due to the formation of a barrier jet behind a cold front associated with the po  le  ward portion of a split upper level trou  gh initially a high pressure system moves po  le  ward of a north south mountain range once it slo  shes over po  le  ward and eastward of the range the flow around the high banks up against the mountains forming a barrier jet which fun  n  els cool air down a stretch of land east of the mountains the higher the mountain chain the deeper the cold air mass becomes lodged to its east and the greater impediment it is within the flow pattern and the more resistant it becomes to intru  sions of mil  der air as the equ  at  or  ward portion of the system approaches the cold air wedge persistent low clou  din  ess such as str  atus and precip  itation such as dri  zzle develop which can linger for long periods of time as long as ten days the precip  itation itself can create or enhance a dam  ming signature if the po  le  ward high is relatively weak if such events accelerate through mountain passes dangerously accelerated mountain gap winds can result such as the te  hu  an  te  pec  er and santa ana winds these events are seen commonly in the northern hemisphere across central and eastern north america south of the alps in italy and near taiwan and korea in asia events in the southern hemisphere have been noted in south america east of the an  des
cold agg  lu  tin  in disease is an auto  immune disease characterized by the presence of high concentrations of circulating antibodies usually ig  m directed against red blood cells it is a form of auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia specifically one in which antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures typically 28 31 ° c it was first described in 1957
the cold drop spanish go  ta fr  ía is a weather phenomenon often occurring in the spanish autumn it is experienced particularly along the western mediterranean and as such most frequently affects the east coast of spain it is a closed upper level low which has become completely displaced cut off from basic wester  ly current and moves independently of that current cu  to  ff lows may remain nearly stationary for days or on occasion may move west  ward opposite to the prevailing flow al  oft i e retro  gres  sion the term is also used to describe the meteorological phenomenon associated in spain it appears when a front of very cold polar air a jet stream advances slowly over western europe at high altitude normally 5 – 9 km or 3 – 5 5 mi
cold inflation pressure is the inflation pressure of tires before the car is driven and the tires warm  ed up recommended cold inflation pressure is displayed on the owner s manual and on the plac  ard or sticker attached to the vehicle door edge pillar glo  ve  box door or fuel f  iller fl  ap drivers are encouraged to make sure their tires are adequately inflated as sub  optimal tire pressure can greatly reduce fuel economy increase emissions increased wear on the edges of the tire surface and can lead to premature failure of the tire excessive pressure on the other hand may lead to impact breaks decrease braking performance and cause uneven wear i e greater wear on the center part of the tire surface tire pressure is commonly measured in p  si in the imperial and us customary systems bar which is de  prec  ated but accepted for use with si or the kil  op  as  cal k  pa which is an si unit ambient temperature affects the cold tire pressure absolute cold tire pressure gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure varies directly with the absolute temperature measured in kel  vin  s from physics the ideal gas law states that p  v n  rt where p is absolute pressure t is absolute temperature kel  vin v is the volume assumed to be relatively constant in the case of a tire and nr is constant for a given number of molecules of gas to understand this assume the tire was filled when it was 300 kel  vin 80 degrees fah  ren  heit if the temperature varies 10 i e by 30 kel  vin also 30 celsius degrees or 54 fah  ren  heit degrees the pressure varies 10 so if the tire was filled at 80 f to 32 p  si or 47 p  si absolute when we add atmospheric pressure the change would be 4 7 p  si for this 30 celsius degree change or 16 p  si per celsius degree or 1 p  si per fah  ren  heit degree or 1 p  si for every 10 fah  ren  heit degrees using si units that would be 1 1 k  pa per kel  vin hence for a tire filled to 32 p  si the approximation usually made is that within the range of normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures tire pressure increases 1 p  si for each 10 fah  ren  heit degree increase in temperature or conversely decreases 1 p  si for each 10 fah  ren  heit degree decrease in temperature and  in si units tire pressure increases 1 1 k  pa for each 1 celsius degree increase in temperature or conversely decreases 1 1 k  pa for each 1 celsius degree decrease in temperature for tires that need inflation greater than 32 p  si it might be easier to use a rule of thumb of 2 pressure change for a change of 10 degrees fah  ren  heit from the table below one can see that these are only approxim  ations
cold sensitivity or cold intolerance is unusual discomfort felt by some people when in a cool environment there is much variation in the sensitivity to cold experienced by different people with some putting on many layers of clothing while others in the same environment feel comfortable in one layer cold sensitivity may be a symptom of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m an  emia fi  bro  my  al  gia or vas  o  con  stric  tion according to article sa  una there may also be differences in people in the expression of un  coupling proteins thus affecting their amount of thermo  genesis mental activity may also play a factor in perceived temperature
cold start is a potential problem in computer based information systems which involve a degree of automated data modelling specifically it concerns the issue that the system cannot draw any infer  ences for users or items about which it has not yet gathered sufficient information
cold ur  tic  aria essentially meaning cold hi  ves is an allergy where hi  ves ur  tic  aria or large red wel  ts form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus the wel  ts are usually it  chy and often the hands and feet will become it  chy and sw  oll  en as well hi  ves vary in size from about 7 mm in diameter to as big as about 27 mm diameter or larger the disease is classified as chronic when hi  ves appear for longer than 6 weeks they can last for life though their course is often unpredictable this disorder or perhaps two disorders with the same clinical manifestations can be inherited famili  al cold ur  tic  aria or acquired primary acquired cold ur  tic  aria the acquired form is most likely to occur between ages 18 – 25 although it can occur as early as 5 years old in some cases
a cold wave known in some regions as a cold snap is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air specifically as used by the u s national weather service a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24 hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture industry commerce and social activities the precise criterion for a cold wave is determined by the rate at which the temperature falls and the minimum to which it falls this minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year in the united states a cold spell is defined as the national average high temperature dropping below 18 ° f − 8 ° c
col  ic from greek κο  λ  ικ  ός ko  li  kos relative to the col  on or chol  ic is a form of pain that starts and stops abruptly it occurs due to muscular contr  actions of a hollow tube col  on u  re  ter g  all blad  der etc in an attempt to relieve an obstruction by forcing content out it may be accompanied by v  om  iting and swe  ating types include baby col  ic a condition usually in infants characterized by inc  ess  ant crying ren  al col  ic a pain in the flank characteristic of kidney stones bi  li  ary col  ic block  age by a gall  stone of the common bile duc  t or c  ys  tic duc  t horse col  ic a potentially fatal condition experienced by horses caused by intest  inal displacement or block  age dev  on col  ic an afflic  tion caused by lead poisoning pain  ter s col  ic or lead poisoning
co  li  tis pl co  liti  des is an infl  amm  ation of the col  on co  li  tis may be acute and self limited or chronic i e persistent and broadly fits into the category of dig  estive diseases in a medical context the label co  li  tis without qualification is used if the cause of the infl  amm  ation in the col  on is un  determined for example co  li  tis may be applied to cro  hn s disease at a time when the diagnosis is unknown or the context is clear for example an individual with ul  cer  ative co  li  tis is talking about their disease with a physician who knows the diagnosis
collaboration horizon  tale collaboration fé  min  ine or collaboration senti  ment  ale the french ad  jec  tive senti  ment  ale can be translated as pertaining to a romantic relationship was the supposed sexual inter  course that some french women had with members of the german invasion force after the battle of france in 1940 this started to be considered a form of collaboration ca june 6 1944 the start of la lib  ération after the war throughout france women accused of collaboration were sha  ved bald in many of the ca 20 000 cases the women in question had only performed professional services for the occupying germans rather than being engaged in sexual relationships with them collaboration horizon  tale is believed to have produced 200 000 french babies with german fathers since 2009 germany offers these children of the other bank of the rhine citizenship after french foreign minister bernard kouchner had lobbied for their recognition
coll  agen induced ar  thri  tis cia is a condition induced in mice or rats to study r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis cia is induced in mice by injecting them with an emul  sion of complete fre  und s adju  v  ant and type ii coll  agen in rats only one injection is needed mice are normally injected twice
coll  agen  ous co  li  tis is an infl  am  matory bo  wel disease affecting the col  on specifically with peak incidence in the 5 th decade of life affecting women more than men its clinical presentation involves wat  ery diarr  hea in the absence of rec  tal bleeding it is often classified under the umbrella entity micro  scopic co  li  tis that it shares with a related condition lymp  ho  cy  tic co  li  tis
coll  agen  ous fi  bro  ma also known as des  mop  l  astic fi  bro  bl  ast  oma is a slow growing deep set benign fi  bro  us tumor usually located in the deep sub  cu  tis fas  cia ap  on  euro  sis or sk  el  etal muscle of the extre  mi  ties limb gir  dles or head and neck regions
coll  agen  ous spher  ul  osis also m  uc  inous spher  ul  osis and simply spher  ul  osis is a benign finding in breast path  ology it is almost always an incidental finding though it is occasionally associated with calci  fications which may lead to a biopsy
collap  sible flow is a phenomenon that occurs in steady flow in tubes with significant dis  ten  sibility or the capability of sw  elling or stretching under conditions of lower internal pressure relative to pressure outside the tube such conditions occur rarely in industrial applications but are very common in biological studies such as blood flow in ve  ins and air flow in lungs when a flow is driven through a de  form  able channel or tube interactions between fluid mechanical and elastic forces can lead to a variety of bio  logically significant phenomena including non  linear pressure drop flow rate relations wave propagation and the generation of inst  abilities understanding the physical origin and nature of these phenomena remains a significant experimental analytical and compu  tational challenge involving un  steady flows at low or high reynolds numbers large am  pl  itude fluid structure interactions free surface flows and intrinsically 2 d or 3 d motion whereas frequently the internal flow involves a single flu  id  phase albeit often of a complex biological fluid such as blood in many instances the presence of two or more distinct flowing phases is of primary importance as is the case for air liquid flows in peripheral lung airways for example
in medicine collater  alization also vessel collater  alization and blood vessel collater  alization is the growth of a blood vessel or several blood vessels that serve the same end organ or vascular bed as another blood vessel that cannot adequately supply that end organ or vascular bed sufficiently coron  ary collater  alization is considered a normal response to hypo  x  ia and may be induced under some circumstances by exercise it is considered to be protective collateral or anast  om  otic blood vessels also exist even when blood supply is adequate to an area and these blood vessels are often taken advantage of in surgery some notable areas where this occurs include the ab  dom  en rec  tum knee shoulder and head
collecting duc  t carcin  oma c  dc also known as bell  ini duc  t carcin  oma is a type of kidney cancer that originates in the pap  ill  ary duc  t of the kidney it is rare accounting for 1 3 of all kidney cancers it is also recently described a 2002 review found just 40 case reports worldwide previously due to its location c  dc was commonly diagnosed as ren  al cell carcin  oma or a subtype of ren  al cell carcin  oma however c  dc does not respond well to chem  otherapy drugs used for ren  al cell carcin  oma and progres  ses and spreads more quickly
a collective trauma is a traumatic psychological effect shared by a group of people of any size up to and including an entire society traumatic events witnessed by an entire society can stir up collective sentiment often resulting in a shift in that society s culture and mass actions well known collective trau  mas include the holocaust the armenian genocide slavery in the united states the atomic bombings of hiroshima and n  agas  aki the trail of tears the assassination of john f kennedy in the united states the ms estonia in sweden the september 11 2001 attacks in the united states and various others collective trau  mas have been shown to play a key role in group identity formation see law of common fate during world war ii a us submarine the uss pu  ffer ss 268 came under several hours of depth charge attack by a japanese surface vessel until the ship became convinced the submarine had somehow escaped psychological studies later showed that cre  w  men transferred to the submarine after the event were never accepted as part of the team later us naval policy was changed so that after events of such psychological trauma the crew would be dispersed to new assignments rehabilitation of survivors becomes extremely difficult when entire nation has experienced such severe trau  mas as war genocide torture massacre etc treatment is hardly effective when everybody is traumati  zed trauma remains chronic and would reproduce itself as long as social causes are not addressed and perpetrators continue to enjoy impunity the whole society may suffer from an ever  lasting culture of pain 1 during liberation war in algeria the algerian psychiatrist fran  tz omar fan  on found his practice of treatment of native al  gerians ineffective due to the continuation of the horror of a colonial war he emphasized about the social origin of trau  mas joined the liberation movement and urged oppressed people to pur  ge themselves of their degrading trau  mas through their collective liberation struggle he made the following remarks in his letter of resignation as the head of the psychiatry department at the bli  da jo  inv  ille hospital in algeria if psychiatry is the medical technique that aims to enable man no longer to be a stranger to his environment i owe it to myself to affirm that the arab permanently an alien in his own country lives in a state of absolute de  person  alization 2 in  cul  c  ation of horror and anxiety through widespread torture massacre genocide and similar coercive measures has happened frequently in human history there are plenty of examples in our modern history tyr  ants have always used their technique of “ psychological artillery in an attempt to cause havoc and confusion in the minds of people and hypno  tize them with intimidation and cynicism the result is a collective trauma that will pass through generations there is no magic formula of rehabilitation collective trauma can be allevi  ated through cohesive and collective efforts such as recognition remembrance solidarity communal therapy and massive cooperation
a col  les frac  ture is a frac  ture of the dis  tal radius in the fore  arm with dor  sal poster  ior and rad  ial displacement of the wrist and hand the frac  ture is sometimes referred to as a dinner fork or bay  on  et de  form  ity due to the shape of the resultant fore  arm col  les fractu  res are often seen in people with o  ste  op  or  osis
the col  lie sub basin is a pocket of per  mi  an se  dim  entary rocks with an area of 225 km ² enclosed within much older arch  ean rocks of the y  il  gar  n cr  aton near the town of col  lie in south  western western australia once considered a unique basin this area along with the smaller wil  ga and boy  up sub basins to the south are now classified as out  liers of the per  th basin separated from the main area by ancient earth movements and erosion the col  lie sub basin contains significant coal reserves currently being min  ed mainly for electricity generation
col  lie eye anomaly ce  a is a con  genital inherited bilateral eye disease of dogs which affects the re  tina chor  o  id and s  cl  era it can be a mild disease or cause blindness ce  a is caused by a simple auto  som  al rec  essive gene defect there is no treatment
the collins oxid  ation is an organic reaction for the oxid  ation of primary alcohol  s to alde  hy  des it is distinguished from other chromium oxide based oxid  ations by the use of collins re  agent a complex of chromium vi oxide with py  ri  dine in dic  hlor  omethane
a col  loid cyst is a cyst containing gelat  inous material in the brain it is almost always found just poster  ior to the for  amen of mon  ro in the an  terior aspect of the third ven  tric  le originating from the roof of the ven  tric  le because of its location it can cause obstruc  tive hydro  cephal  us and increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure a col  loid cy  sts represent 0 5 1 of in  trac  ran  ial tumors symptoms can include headache ver  ti  go memory deficits di  pl  op  ia behavioral disturbances and in extreme cases sudden death inter  mit  t  ency of symptoms is characteristic of this le  sion untreated pressure caused by these cy  sts can result in brain her  ni  ation col  loid cyst symptoms have been associated with 4 variables cyst size cyst imaging characteristics ven  tric  ular size and patient age the developmental origin is unclear though they may be of endo  der  mal origin which would explain the m  uc  in producing ci  li  ated cell type these cy  sts can be sur  g  ically res  ected and opinion is divided about the advis  ability of this
col  loid no  d  ules also known as aden  om  at  ous no  d  ules or col  loid no  d  ular go  iter are benign non  can  cer  ous enlargement of thyro  id tissue although they may grow large and there may be more than one they are not m  align  ant and they will not spread beyond the thyro  id g  land col  loid no  d  ules are the most common kind of thyro  id no  dule
col  loid vibration current is an electro  acous  tic phenomenon that arises when ul  tras  ound propag  ates through a fluid that contains ions and either solid particles or emul  sion dro  ple  ts the pressure gr  adi  ent in an ul  tras  onic wave moves particles relative to the fluid this motion distur  bs the double layer that exists at the particle fluid interface the picture illustrates the mechanism of this distortion practically all particles in fluids carry a surface charge this surface charge is scre  ened with an equally charged diffuse layer this structure is called the double layer ions of the diffuse layer are located in the fluid and can move with the fluid fluid motion relative to the particle dr  ags these diffuse ions in the direction of one or the other of the particle s poles the picture shows ions dragged towards the left hand pole as a result of this drag there is an excess of negative ions in the vicinity of the left hand pole and an excess of positive surface charge at the right hand pole as a result of this charge excess particles gain a di  pole moment these di  pole moments generate an electric field that in turn generates measurable electric current this phenomenon is widely used for measuring ze  ta potential in concentrated col  lo  ids
coll  u  vi  um filled bedrock hol  lows are the cause of many shallow earth land  slides in steep mountainous terrain they can form as a u or a v shaped trou  gh as local bedrock variations reveal areas in the bedrock which are more prone to wea  thering than other locations on the slope as the wea  thered bedrock turns to soil there is a greater elev  ation difference between the soil level and the hard bedrock with the introduction of water and the thick soil there is less cohesion and the soil flows out in a landslide with every landslide more bedrock is sco  ured out and the hollow becomes deeper after time coll  u  vi  um fills the hollow and the sequence starts again
a co  lob  oma from the greek ko  lob  oma meaning defect is a hole in one of the structures of the eye such as the iris re  tina chor  o  id or op  tic dis  c the hole is present from birth and can be caused when a gap called the chor  o  id fis  sure which is present during early stages of pre  natal development fails to close up completely before a child is born the classical description in medical literature is of a key hole shaped defect a co  lob  oma can occur in one eye unilateral or both eyes bilateral most cases of co  lob  oma affect only the iris people with co  lob  oma may have no vision problems or may be blind depending on severity it affects less than one in every 10 000 births
co  lob  oma of op  tic nerve is a rare defect of the op  tic nerve that causes moderate to severe visual field defects
see also history of per  th western australia this article details the colonial town plans that guided the development of the initial per  th town site in the swan river colony this is now the central city area of the per  th metropolitan region the 1829 town plan of per  th western australia was an el  ong  ated grid pattern that reflected the urban planning principles of the day and was typical of colonial william  sburg 16  99 and the edinburgh new town 17  68 the plan expressed enlightenment principles and the ideal of a town conceived as the seat of power within a large and productive agricultural h  inter  land it has remained relatively unchanged to the present day
colony collapse disorder cc  d is the phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a colony disappear and leave behind a queen plenty of food and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees and the queen while such disappearances have occurred throughout the history of ap  iculture and were known by various names disappearing disease spring d  win  dle may disease autumn collapse and fall d  win  dle disease the syndrome was ren  amed colony collapse disorder in late 2006 in conjunction with a drastic rise in the number of disappearances of western honey bee ap  is mel  li  fera colonies in north america european beekeepers observed similar phenomena in belgium france the netherlands greece italy portugal and spain switzerland and germany albeit to a lesser degree and the northern ireland assembly received reports of a decline greater than 50 colony collapse disorder causes significant economic losses because many agricultural crops although no staple foods worldwide are poll  inated by western honey bees according to the agriculture and consumer protection department of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations the worth of global crops with honey bee s pollination was estimated to be close to 200 billion in 2005 shortages of bees in the us have increased the cost to farmers renting them for pollination services by up to 20 in the six years leading up to 2013 more than 10 million bee  hi  ves were lost often to cc  d nearly twice the normal rate of loss several possible causes for cc  d have been proposed but no single proposal has gained widespread acceptance among the scientific community suggested causes include infections with var  ro  a and ac  ar  ap  is mit  es malnutrition various pathogens genetic factors immun  o  deficiencies loss of habitat changing beekeeping practices or a combination of factors a large amount of speculation has surrounded a family of pesticides called ne  oni  co  tin  oids as having caused cc  d
in computer graphics and 3 d rendering color bleeding is the phenomenon in which objects or surfaces are colored by reflection of colored light from nearby surfaces color bleeding the transfer of color between nearby objects or caused by the colored reflection of indirect light this is a visible effect that appears when a scene is rendered with radi  osity or full global illumin  ation or can otherwise be simul  ated by adding colored lights to a 3 d scene
color blindness also known as color vision deficiency is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color color blindness can make some educational activities difficult buying fruit picking clothing and reading traffic lights can also be more challenging problems however are generally minor and most people adapt people with total color blindness may also have decreased visual acu  ity and be uncomfortable in bright environments the most common cause of color blindness is a fault in the development of one or more of the three sets of color sensing con  es in the eye males are more likely to be color blind than females as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the x chro  mo  some as females have two x chro  mo  som  es a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other while males only have one x chro  mo  some color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye op  tic nerve or parts of the brain diagnosis is typically with the is  hi  hara color test however a number of other testing methods also exist there is no cure for color blindness diagnosis may allow a person s teacher to change their method of teaching to accommodate the decreased ability to recognize color special l  enses may help people with red green color blindness when under bright conditions there are also mobile app  s that can help people identify colors red green color blindness is the most common form followed by blue yellow color blindness and total color blindness red green color blindness affects up to 8 of males and 0 5 of females of northern european descent the ability to see color also decreases in old age being color blind may make people ineligible for certain jobs in certain countries this may include pilot train driver and armed forces the effect of color blindness on artistic ability however is controversial the ability to draw appears to be unchanged and a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind
color confinement often simply called confinement is the phenomenon that color charged particles such as quar  ks cannot be isolated sing  ularly and therefore cannot be directly observed quar  ks by default cl  ump together to form groups or had  ron  s the two types of had  ron  s are the mes  ons one quar  k one anti  quar  k and the bar  y  ons three quar  ks the constituent quar  ks in a group cannot be separated from their parent had  ron and this is why quar  ks currently cannot be studied or observed in any more direct way than at a had  ron level
color mapping is a function that maps trans  forms the colors of one source image to the colors of another target image a color mapping may be referred to as the algori  thm that results in the mapping function or the algori  thm that trans  forms the image colors color mapping is also sometimes called color transfer or when gray  scale images are involved bri  ght  ness transfer function b  tf
in chemistry a color reaction or colour reaction is a chemical reaction that is used to transform color  less chemical compounds into colored derivatives which can be detected vis  ually or with the aid of a color  im  eter the concentration of a color  less solution cannot normally be determined with a color  im  eter the addition of a color re  agent leads to a color reaction and the absor  b  ance of the colored product can then be measured with a color  im  eter a change in absor  b  ance in the ultra  violet range cannot be detected by eye but can be measured by a suitably equipped color  im  eter a special color  im  eter is required because standard color  im  eters cannot operate below a wa  vel  eng  th of 400 nan  ome  ters it is also necessary to use f  used quar  tz cu  ve  ttes because glass is opaque to ultra  violet
color super  conduc  tivity is a phenomenon predicted to occur in quar  k matter if the bar  yon density is sufficiently high well above nuclear density and the temperature is not too high well below 10  12 kel  vin color super  conducting phases are to be contr  asted with the normal phase of quar  k matter which is just a weak  ly inter  acting fer  mi liquid of quar  ks in theoretical terms a color super  conducting phase is a state in which the quar  ks near the fer  mi surface become correlated in cooper pairs which con  dense in phenomen  ological terms a color super  conducting phase breaks some of the symmetr  ies of the underlying theory and has a very different spectrum of exc  itations and very different transport properties from the normal phase
color vision is the ability of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the wa  vel  eng  ths or frequencies of the light they reflect emit or transmit colors can be measured and quantified in various ways indeed a person s perception of colors is a subjective process whereby the brain responds to the stimul  i that are produced when incoming light reacts with the several types of cone cells in the eye in essence different people see the same illumin  ated object or light source in different ways
in mathematics a complex function is a function with the complex numbers see the imaginary numbers and the complex plane as both its domain and co  domain the complex color wheel method as  signs a color to each point of the complex plane
the colorado state tar  tan is the scottish tar  tan pattern officially adopted by the u s state of colorado to represent the state in various functions and occasions
colorado tick fever ct  f also called mountain tick fever american tick fever and american mountain tick fever is a viral infection col  ti  virus transmitted from the bite of an infected rocky mountain wood tick der  mac  ent  or ander  son  i it should not be confused with the bacterial tick borne infection rocky mountain spotted fever the type species of the genus col  ti  virus colorado tick fever virus ct  f  v inf  ects ha  emo  po  ie  tic cells particularly er  y  thro  cy  tes which explains how the virus is transmitted by tic  ks and also accounts for the incidence of transmission by blood transfusion
the colo  rec  tal aden  oma is a benign g  land  ular tumor of the col  on and the rec  tum it is a precursor le  sion of the colo  rec  tal aden  o  carcin  oma col  on cancer some mor  pho  logical variants have been described tu  bul  ar aden  oma tu  bul  o  vill  ous aden  oma vill  ous aden  oma ses  sile ser  rated aden  oma ssa
colo  rec  tal cancer cr  c also known as bo  wel cancer is the development of cancer from the col  on or rec  tum parts of the large intest  ine it is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body signs and symptoms may include blood in the sto  ol a change in bo  wel movements weight loss and feeling tired all the time most colo  rec  tal cancers are due to old age and lifestyle factors with only a small number of cases due to underlying genetic disorders some risk factors include diet obesity smoking and lack of physical activity dietary factors that increase the risk include red and processed meat as well as alcohol another risk factor is infl  am  matory bo  wel disease which includes cro  hn s disease and ul  cer  ative co  li  tis some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colo  rec  tal cancer include famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is and hereditary non poly  pos  is col  on cancer however these represent less than 5 of cases it typically starts as a benign tumor often in the form of a poly  p which over time becomes can  cer  ous bo  wel cancer may be diagnosed by obtaining a sample of the col  on during a sig  mo  ido  sco  py or colon  o  sco  py this is then followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread screening is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colo  rec  tal cancer screening is recommended starting from the age of 50 to 75 during colon  o  sco  py small poly  ps may be removed if found if a large poly  p or tumor is found a biopsy may be performed to check if it is can  cer  ous aspir  in and other non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs decrease the risk their general use is not recommended for this purpose however due to side effects treatments used for colo  rec  tal cancer may include some combination of surgery radiation therapy chem  otherapy and targeted therapy cancers that are confined within the wall of the col  on may be cur  able with surgery while cancer that has spread widely are usually not cur  able with management focusing on improving quality of life and symptoms five year survival rates in the united states are around 65 this however depends on how advanced the cancer is whether or not all the cancer can be removed with surgery and the person s overall health globally colo  rec  tal cancer is the third most common type of cancer making up about 10 of all cases in 2012 there were 1 4 million new cases and 694 000 deaths from the disease it is more common in developed countries where more than 65 of cases are found it is less common in women than men
a colo  rec  tal poly  p is a poly  p fles  hy growth occurring on the lining of the col  on or rec  tum untreated colo  rec  tal poly  ps can develop into colo  rec  tal cancer colo  rec  tal poly  ps are often classified by their behaviour i e benign vs m  align  ant and or eti  ology e g as a consequence of infl  am  matory bo  wel disease they may be benign e g hyper  plastic poly  p pre m  align  ant e g tu  bul  ar aden  oma or m  align  ant e g colo  rec  tal aden  o  carcin  oma
colored fire is a common pyrotechnic effect used in stage productions fireworks and by fire performers the world over generally the color of a flame may be red orange blue yellow or white and is dominated by black  body radiation from so  ot and steam when additional chemicals are added to the fuel burning their atomic emission spec  tra can affect the frequencies of visible light radiation emitted in other words the flame will appear a different color dependent upon the chemical additives flame col  oring is also a good way to demonstrate how chemicals change when subjected to heat and how they also change the matter around them to color their flames pyrotechn  icians will generally use metal salts specific combinations of fuels and co solvents are required in order to dissolve the necessary chemicals color enhan  cers usually chlorine donors are frequently added too the most common of which is poly  vinyl chloride a practical use of colored fire is the flame test where metal c  ations are tested by placing the sample in a flame and analy  zing the color produced
color – flavor locking cfl is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra high density strange matter a form of quar  k matter the quar  ks form cooper pairs whose color properties are correlated with their flavor properties in a one to one correspondence between three color pairs and three flavor pairs according to the standard model of particle physics the color flavor locked phase is the highest density phase of three flavor matter
colour sided is a colour pattern of domes  ticated cattle it is sometimes called line  back it consists of a dark body colour with white fin  ching along the sp  ine white under the belly and often white also over the tail head and legs the ears nose and feet are generally dark the pattern may occur in many breeds but some breeds are consistently colour sided including english lon  gh  orn cattle irish mo  iled cattle randall cattle ri  gg  it g  allow  ay cattle and line  back cattle the dark colour may be any solid colour such as black red or brin  dle an extreme pale form of the colour sided pattern is where the darker colour is restricted to the ears nose and feet leaving most of the animal white this is found for example in white park british white and some irish mo  iled cattle
colour ban  ding is a problem of inaccurate colour presentation in computer graphics in 24 bit colour modes 8 bits per channel is usually considered sufficient to render images in rec 709 or sr  gb however in some cases there is a risk of producing abrupt changes between shades of the same colour for instance displaying natural gr  adi  ents like sun  sets daw  ns or clear blue skies can show minor ban  ding colour ban  ding is more noticeable with fewer bits per pi  x  el b  pp at 16 – 256 colours 4 – 8 b  pp where not every shade can be shown because there are insufficient bits to represent them possible solutions include the introduction of di  thering and increasing the number of bits per colour channel
col  po  cephal  y is a cephal  ic disorder involving the disproportionate enlargement of the oc  ci  p  ital horns of the lateral ven  tric  les and is usually diagnosed early after birth due to seizures it is a non  specific finding and is associated with multiple neuro  logical syndro  mes including agen  esis of the corpus cal  lo  sum chi  ari mal  formation lis  sen  cephal  y and micro  cephal  y although the exact cause of col  po  cephal  y is not known yet it is commonly believed to occur as a result of neuro  nal migration disorders during early brain development in  trau  ter  ine disturbances per  in  atal injuries and other central nervous system disorders individuals with col  po  cephal  y have various degrees of motor disabilities visual defects sp  as  tic  ity and moderate to severe intellectual disability no specific treatment for col  po  cephal  y exists but patients may undergo certain treatments to improve their motor function or intellectual disability
colum  nar  is also referred to as cott  on  mouth is a symptom of disease in fish which results from an infection caused by the gram negative aer  ob  ic rod shaped bacter  ium flav  ob  ac  ter  ium column  are it was previously known as bac  ill  us colum  nar  is ch  on  dro  co  cc  us colum  nar  is cy  top  ha  ga colum  nar  is and flexi  bac  ter colum  nar  is the bacteria are ubiquitous in fresh water and cul  tured fish reared in pon  ds or rac  e  ways are the primary concern – with disease most prevalent in air temperatures above 12 – 14 ° c it is often mistaken for a fun  gal infection the disease is highly contagious and the outcome is often fatal it is not zoonotic
coma bl  is  ters are a cu  taneous condition characterized by tense bul  la  e at sites of maxim  al pressure
a comb is a fles  hy growth or c  rest on the top of the head of gall  in  ac  eous birds such as turkeys p  he  as  ants and domestic chickens its alternative name cock  s  comb spelling variations abound is because comb  s are generally larger on males than on females a male gall  in  ac  eous bird is called a cock there can be several fles  hy pro  tuber  ances on the heads and throats of gall  in  ac  eous birds i e comb w  attle ear lob  es and no  d  ules which collectively are called car  un  cles however in turkeys car  uncle refers specifically to the fles  hy no  d  ules on the head and throat chicken comb  s are most commonly red but may be black or dark purple in breeds such as sil  kies or se  b  rights but in other species the color may vary from light grey to deep blue or red turkey comb  s can vary in color from bright red to blue the comb may be a reliable indicator of health or vigor and is used for mate assessment in some poultry species
combat readiness is a condition of the armed forces and their constituent units and formations warships aircraft weapon systems or other military technology and equipment to perform during combat military operations or functions consistent with the purpose for which they are organized or designed or the managing of resources and personnel training in preparation for combat most armed forces maintain varying levels of readiness by the troops to engage in combat due to economic considerations which vary from minutes to months in modern armed forces troops designated special forces are usually those kept at the highest state of readiness for combat and are often alerted only a few hours before being committed to combat where time is of the essence in military action being initiated the troops such as pilots of intercep  tor aircraft may be kept in constant state of combat readiness
combat stress reaction csr is a term used within the military to describe acute behavioral dis  organization seen by medical personnel as a direct result of the trauma of war also known as combat fatigue or battle neuro  sis it has some overlap with the diagnosis of acute stress reaction used in civilian psychiatry it is historically linked to shell shock and can sometimes pre  curse post traumatic stress disorder combat stress reaction is an acute reaction that includes a range of behaviors resulting from the stress of battle that decrease the combat  ant s fighting efficiency the most common symptoms are fatigue slower reaction times in  decision dis  connection from one s surroundings and inability to prioritize combat stress reaction is generally short term and should not be confused with acute stress disorder post traumatic stress disorder or other long term disorders attributable to combat stress although any of these may commence as a combat stress reaction in world war i shell shock was considered a psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat the horrors of tren  ch warfare meant that about 10 of the fighting soldiers were killed compared to 4 5 during world war ii and the total proportion of troops who became casualties killed or wounded was 56 whether a shell shock suffer  er was considered wounded or sick depended on the circumstances when faced with the phenomenon of a minority of soldiers mentally breaking down there was an expectation that the root of this problem lay in character of the individual soldier not because of what they experienced on the front lines during the war these sorts of attitudes helped fuel the main argument that was accepted after the war and going forward that there was a social root to shell shock that consisted of soldiers finding the only way allowed by the military to show weakness and get out of the front claiming that their mental anguish constituted a legitimate medical diagnosis as a disease the large proportion of world war i veterans in the european population meant that the symptoms were common to the culture
the comb  es quin  oline synthesis is a chemical reaction which was first reported by comb  es in 18  88 it involves the condens  ation of un  substituted an  il  ines 1 with β di  ke  tones 2 to form substituted quin  ol  ines 4 after an acid cataly  zed ring closure of an intermediate schi  ff base 3 further studies and reviews of the comb  es quin  oline synthesis and its variations have been published by aly  am  k  ina et al berg  stro  m and franklin born and johnson and ma  the  ws the comb  es quin  oline synthesis is often used to prepare the 2 4 substituted quin  oline backbone and is unique in that it uses a β di  ke  tone sub  str  ate which is different from other quin  oline preparations such as the con  rad lim  p  ach synthesis and the do  eb  ner reaction the comb  es quin  oline synthesis
a combination reaction also known as a synthesis reaction is a reaction where two or more elements or compounds re  ac  tants combine to form a single compound product such reactions may be represented by equations of the following form x y → xy combination reactions can involve different types of re  ac  tants there is no specific number of re  ac  tants in a combination reaction combination reactions are usually ex  other  mic because when the bond forms between the re  ac  tants heat is released for example barium metal and fluor  ine gas will combine in a highly ex  other  mic reaction to form the salt barium flu  oride ba f 2 → ba  f 2 another example is magnesium oxide combining with carbon dioxide to produce magnesium carbon  ate m  go co 2 → m  g  co 3 another example is iron combining with sulphur to produce iron ii sul  fide fe s → f  es when a combination reaction occurs between a metal and a non metal the product is an ion  ic solid an example could be lith  ium reacting with sulphur to give lith  ium sul  phi  de when magnesium burns in air the atoms of the metal combine with the gas oxygen to produce magnesium oxide this specific combination reaction produces the bright flame generated by fla  res
a combination tone also called resultant or subjective tone is a psycho  acous  tic phenomenon of an additional tone or tones that are artificially perceived when two real tones are sounded at the same time their discovery is credited to the viol  in  ist gius  ep  pe tar  tini although he was not the first see sor  ge and so are also called tar  tini tones there are two types of combination tones sum tones whose frequencies are found by adding the frequencies of the real tones and difference tones whose frequencies are the difference between the frequencies of the real tones combination tones are heard when two pure tones i e tones produced by simple harmon  ic sound waves having no over  tones differing in frequency by about 50 cycles per second or more sound together at sufficient intensity combination tones can also be produced electronically by combining two signals in a circuit that has non  linear distortion such as an amp  li  fier subject to cli  pping or a ring mod  ul  ator
combined drug in  tox  ication c  di also known as multiple drug intake m  di or lethal poly  drug poly  pharmacy in  tox  ication is an unnatural cause of human death c  di is often confused with drug over  dose but it is a completely different phenomenon it is distinct in that it is due to the simultaneous use of multiple drugs whether the drugs are prescription over the counter recreational or some other combination alcohol can exacerbate the symptoms and may directly contribute to increased severity of symptoms the reasons for toxicity vary depending on the mixture of drugs usually most victims die after using two or more drugs in combination that suppress breathing and the low blood oxygen level causes brain death the c  di m  di phenomenon seems to be becoming more common in recent years in december 2007 according to dr john mend  elson a pharmaco  logist at the california pacific medical center research institute deaths by combined drug in  tox  ication were relatively rare one in several million though they appeared then to be on the rise in july 2008 the associated press and cnn reported on a medical study showing that over two decades from 1983 to 2004 such deaths have soared it has also become a prevalent risk for older patients
combined hyper  li  pi  dem  ia or aemia also known as multiple type hyper  li  po  prote  in  emia is a commonly occurring form of hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia elevated cho  le  sterol levels characterised by increased ld  l and tri  gly  cer  ide concentrations often accompanied by decreased h  dl on li  po  protein electro  pho  res  is a test now rarely performed it shows as a hyper  li  po  prote  in  emia type iib it is the most commonly inherited lip  id disorder occurring in around one in 200 persons in fact almost one in five individuals who develop coron  ary heart disease before the age of 60 have this disorder the elevated tri  gly  cer  ide levels 5 m  mol l are generally due to an increase in very low density li  po  protein v  ld  l a class of li  po  proteins prone to cause a  ther  os  clerosis
combined immun  o  deficiencies or combined immunity deficiency are immun  o  deficiency disorders that involve multiple components of the immune system including both hu  moral immunity and cell medi  ated immunity this category includes conditions such as bare lymp  ho  cy  te syndrome as well as severe combined immun  o  deficiency ic  d 9 divides immune deficiencies into three categories hu  moral 279 0 cell medi  ated 279 1 and combined 279 2 however ic  d 10 does not include a category for cell medi  ated immune dysfunction anti  body is d 80 and combined is d 81 thus grouping t cell medi  ated conditions with combined conditions
combined small cell lung carcin  oma or c s  cl  c and rarely rendered as small cell lung carcin  oma is a form of multi  ph  as  ic lung cancer that is diagnosed by a patho  logist when a m  align  ant tumor arising from transformed cells originating in lung tissue contains a component of small cell lung carcin  oma s  cl  c ad  mixed with one or more components of non small cell lung carcin  oma n  s  cl  c
combustion k  ə  m  ˈ  b  ʌ  s t  ʃ  ə  n or burning is a high temperature ex  other  mic re  do  x chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxid  ant usually atmospheric oxygen that produces ox  idi  zed often gaseous products in a mixture termed as smoke combustion in a fire produces a flame and the heat produced can make combustion self sustaining combustion is often a complicated sequence of elementary radical reactions solid fuels such as wood first undergo endo  ther  mic pyro  lysis to produce gaseous fuels whose combustion then supplies the heat required to produce more of them combustion is often hot enough that light in the form of either g  lowing or a flame is produced a simple example can be seen in the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen into water vap  or a reaction commonly used to fuel rocket engines this reaction releases 242 k  j mol of heat and reduces the en  th  alp  y accordingly at constant temperature and pressure 2 h 2 g o 2 g → 2 h 2 o g combustion of an organic fuel in air is always ex  other  mic because the double bond in o 2 is much weaker than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds and therefore the formation of the stronger bonds in the combustion products co 2 and h 2 o results in the release of energy the bond energies in the fuel play only a minor role since they are similar to those in the combustion products e g the sum of the bond energies of ch 4 is nearly the same as that of co 2 the heat of combustion is approximately 418 k  j per mole of o 2 used up in the combustion reaction and can be estimated from the elem  ental composition of the fuel un  cataly  zed combustion in air requires fairly high temperatures complete combustion is sto  ic  hi  ome  tric with respect to the fuel where there is no remaining fuel and ideally no remaining oxid  ant thermo  dynam  ically the chemical equilibrium of combustion in air is overwhelmingly on the side of the products however complete combustion is almost impossible to achieve since the chemical equilibrium is not necessarily reached or may contain un  burnt products such as carbon monoxide hydrogen and even carbon so  ot or ash thus the produced smoke is usually toxic and contains un  burned or partially ox  idi  zed products any combustion at high temperatures in atmospheric air which is 78 percent nitrogen will also create small amounts of several nitrogen oxides commonly referred to as nox since the combustion of nitrogen is thermo  dynam  ically favored at high but not low temperatures since combustion is rarely clean fl  ue gas cleaning or catalytic converters may be required by law fires occur naturally ign  ited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products combustion fire was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans in the form of camp  fires and bon  fires and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity usually the fuel is carbon hydrocarbons or more complicated mixtures such as wood that contains partially ox  idi  zed hydrocarbons the thermal energy produced from combustion of either fossil fuels such as coal or oil or from renewable fuels such as fire  wood is harvested for diverse uses such as cooking production of electricity or industrial or domestic heating combustion is also currently the only reaction used to power rockets combustion is also used to destroy inciner  ate waste both non  hazardous and hazardous oxid  ants for combustion have high oxid  ation potential and include atmospheric or pure oxygen chlorine fluor  ine chlorine tri  flu  oride nit  rous oxide and nit  ric acid for instance hydrogen burns in chlorine to form hydrogen chloride with the liberation of heat and light characteristic of combustion although usually not cataly  zed combustion can be cataly  zed by plat  inum or van  adi  um as in the contact process
a com  edo is a clo  gged hair fol  lic  le por  e in the skin ker  atin skin debris combines with oil to block the fol  lic  le a com  edo can be open black  head or closed by skin whitehead and occur with or without ac  ne the word com  edo comes from the latin com  ed  ere meaning to eat up and was historically used to describe par  asi  tic worms in modern medical terminology it is used to suggest the worm like appearance of the expressed material the chronic infl  am  matory condition that usually includes both com  ed  ones and infl  amed pap  ules and pu  st  ules p  impl  es is called ac  ne infection causes infl  amm  ation and the development of p  us whether or not a skin condition classi  fies as ac  ne depends on the amount of com  ed  ones and infection com  ed  ones should not be confused with se  bac  eous fil  aments com  edo type duc  tal carcin  oma in situ d  cis is not related to the skin conditions discussed here d  cis is a non invasive form of breast cancer but com  edo type d  cis may be more aggressive and so may be more likely to become invasive
come  do  carcin  oma is one kind of breast cancer which is most commonly very early stage which demonstrates central necro  sis it is a usually a type of duc  tal carcin  oma in situ com  edo carcin  om  as are usually non infiltr  ating and in  trad  uc  tal tumors however there have been accounts of come  do  carcin  oma which has then diversified into other cell types and developed into infiltr  ating invasive duc  tal carcin  oma recurrence and survival rates differ for invasive breast cancer which has originated as come  do  carcin  oma compared with other types of cancer cells the duc  t will have characteristic necro  tic tissue with calci  fication that feels cord like squeezing the duc  t will yield insp  iss  ated material that is cheese like and similar in consistency to tooth  paste come  do  carcin  oma has also been described as a hist  opath  ological type of se  bac  eous carcin  oma
come  down or crashing is the deterioration in mood that happens as a psychoactive drug is cleared from the blood and thus the cere  br  al circulation the improvement and deterioration of mood euphoria and dy  sp  h  oria are represented in the cognitive schem  a as high and low elev  ations thus after the drug has elevated the mood a state known as a high there follows a period of coming back down such a come  down down low crash can happen to anyone as a transi  ent symptom but in people who are dependent on the drug especially those addicted to it it is an early symptom of withdrawal and thus can be followed by others various drug classes most especially stimul  ants and op  io  ids are subject to crashing a mil  der analogous mood cycle can happen even with blood sugar levels thus sugar high  s and sugar lows which is especially relevant to people with diabetes mell  it  us and to parents and teachers dealing with children s behavior
in object oriented programming the command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to en  capsul  ate all information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time this information includes the method name the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters four terms always associated with the command pattern are command receiver inv  ok  er and client a command object knows about receiver and inv  okes a method of the receiver values for parameters of the receiver method are stored in the command the receiver then does the work an inv  ok  er object knows how to execute a command and op  tionally does book  keeping about the command execution the inv  ok  er does not know anything about a concrete command it knows only about command interface both an inv  ok  er object and several command objects are held by a client object the client decides which commands to execute at which points to execute a command it passes the command object to the inv  ok  er object using command objects makes it easier to construct general components that need to delegate sequence or execute method calls at a time of their choosing without the need to know the class of the method or the method parameters using an inv  ok  er object allows book  keeping about command executions to be conveniently performed as well as implementing different modes for commands which are managed by the inv  ok  er object without the need for the client to be aware of the existence of book  keeping or modes
in the united states commercial finance is the function of offering loans to businesses commercial financing is generally offered by a bank or other lender most commercial banks offer commercial financing and the loans are either secured by business assets or alternatively can be un  secured where the lender relies of the cash flows of the business to repay the facility assets used to coll  at  or  alize commercial finance loans include real estate receivables from invoices equipment or supplies while qualifying for financing is generally easier for large well established companies some small businesses can qualify for commercial financing from the small business administration s  ba the s  ba may provide either financing or insure a lender who takes a risk on a smaller company to provide commercial finance businesses can also seek the assistance of commercial finance advisors in the structuring and sour  cing of commercial finance these are known as independent financial advisers or commercial finance brokers
in karl marx s critique of political economy commodity fe  ti  sh  ism is the perception of the social relationships involved in production not as relationships among people but as economic relationships among the money and commodities exchanged in market trade as such commodity fe  ti  sh  ism trans  forms the subjective abstract aspects of economic value into objective real things that people believe have intrinsic value the theory of commodity fe  ti  sh  ism is presented in the first chapter of capital critique of political economy 18  67 at the conclusion of the analysis of the value form of commodities to explain that the social organization of labor is medi  ated through market exchange the buying and the selling of commodities goods and services hence in a capitalist society social relations between people — who makes what who works for whom the production time for a commodity et cetera — are perceived as economic relations among objects that is how valuable a given commodity is when compared to another commodity therefore the market exchange of commodities masks obsc  ures the true economic character of the human relations of production between the worker and the capitalist karl marx explained the philosoph  ic concepts underlying commodity fe  ti  sh  ism thus as against this the commodity form and the value relation of the products of labour within which it appears have absolutely no connection with the physical nature of the commodity and the material relations arising out of this it is nothing but the definite social relation between men themselves which assumes here for them the fantastic form of a relation between things in order therefore to find an analogy we must take flight into the mis  ty realm of religion there the products of the human brain appear as autonomous figures endowed with a life of their own which enter into relations both with each other and with the human race so it is in the world of commodities with the products of men s hands i call this the fe  ti  sh  ism which attaches itself to the products of labour as soon as they are produced as commodities and is therefore inseparable from the production of commodities — karl marx capital volume i
a commodity path  way diversion is the ability of an object to move in and out of the commodity state over the course of its use life diver  sions can occur when an object is removed from its commodity path  way for its protection and preservation or when a previously removed object is commo  di  tized through re  entry into the commodity path  way after having gained value through its absence it is important to note that diversion is an integrated part of the commodity path  way
common bile duc  t stone also known as cho  le  do  cho  li  thi  asis is the presence of gall  stones in the common bile duc  t thus cho  le  do  cho li  thi  asis this condition causes ja  und  ice and liver cell damage and requires treatment by chol  ec  y  stec  tomy and or er  cp
common bun  t also known as stinking smu  t and covered smu  t is a disease of both spring and winter whe  ats it is caused by two very closely related fun  gi til  le  tia tritic  i syn til  le  tia car  ies and t la  ev  is syn t fo  eti  da
common cold also known simply as a cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose the throat sin  uses and voice box may also be affected signs and symptoms may begin less than two days following exposure they include cou  gh  ing sore throat run  ny nose snee  zing headache and fever people usually recover in seven to ten days some symptoms may last up to three weeks in those with other health problems pneumonia may occasionally develop well over 200 virus strains are implicated in the cause of the common cold the rhin  o  viruses are the most common they spread through the air during close contact with infected people and indirectly through contact with objects in the environment followed by transfer to the mouth or nose risk factors include going to day  care not sleeping well and psychological stress symptoms are mostly due to the body s immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves people with influenza often show similar symptoms as people with a cold though symptoms are usually more severe in the former there is no vaccine for the common cold the primary methods of prevention are hand washing not touching the eyes nose or mouth with un  washed hands and staying away from other sick people some evidence supports the use of face masks no cure for the common cold exists but the symptoms can be treated non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids such as i  bu  prof  en may help with pain antibiotics should not be used evidence does not support a benefit from cough medicines the common cold is the most frequent infectious disease in humans the average adult gets two to four col  ds a year while the average child may get six to eight they occur more commonly during the winter these infections have been with humanity since ancient times
common equity is the amount that all common shareholders have invested in a company most importantly this includes the value of the common shares themselves however it also includes retained earnings and additional paid in capital
common root rot is a fun  gal disease of barley caused by co  ch  li  ob  ol  us sati  v  us fus  arium cul  mor  um and f gram  in  ear  um
common root rot is a disease of wheat caused by one or more fun  gi co  ch  li  ob  ol  us sati  v  us fus  arium cul  mor  um and f gram  in  ear  um are the most common pathogens responsible for common root rot
common sc  ab is a plant disease of root and tu  ber crops caused by a small number of st  rep  tom  y  ces species specifically s s  cab  ies s aci  dis  cab  ies s tur  gi  dis  cab  ies and others common sc  ab mainly affects potato sol  an  um tuber  o  sum but can also cause disease on rad  ish rap  han  us sati  v  us par  s  nip past  in  aca sativa beet beta vul  gar  is and carrot d  au  cus car  ota this plant disease is found wherever these vegetables are grown common sc  ab symptoms are variable and can range from surface rus  se  ting to deep pits in root and tu  ber vegetables this disease does not usually affect yields but it can greatly reduce quality of the harvested vegetables and make them unsuitable for sale root and tu  ber vegetables are susceptible to infection by st  rep  tom  y  ces species as soon as the root or tu  ber forms but because this disease only affects root and tubers the symptoms are not usually noted until harvest dry soils increase disease incidence and severity therefore proper irrigation can aid in control of this disease common sc  ab is suppressed if the soil ph is lower than 5 2 although sc  ab le  sions may still form in low ph soils due to physiological stresses or s aci  dis  cab  ies
common se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis also known as bas  al cell pap  il  lo  ma and solid se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis is a common benign cu  taneous condition characterized by a skin le  sion with a dull or l  ack  lu  ster surface
common sense is a basic ability to perceive understand and judge things that is shared by common to nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without need for debate the everyday understanding of common sense derives from philosophical discussion involving several european languages related terms in other languages include latin sen  sus commun  is greek κοιν  ὴ α  ἴ  σ  θη  σ  ις ko  in  ē a  í  s  th  ē  sis and french bon sens but these are not straightforward translations in all contexts similarly in english there are different shades of meaning implying more or less education and wisdom good sense is sometimes seen as equivalent to common sense and sometimes not common sense has at least two specifically philosophical meanings one is a capability of the animal soul greek p  su  kh  ē proposed by aristo  tle which enables different individual senses to collectively perceive the characteristics of physical things such as movement and size which all physical things have in different combinations allowing people and other animals to distinguish and identify physical things this common sense is distinct from basic sensory perception and from human rational thinking but cooperates with both the second special use of the term is roman influenced and is used for the natural human sensitivity for other humans and the community just like the everyday meaning both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge that most people are expected to share naturally even if they can not explain why all these meanings of common sense including the everyday one are inter connected in a complex history and have evolved during important political and philosophical debates in modern western civilisation notably concerning science politics and economics the interplay between the meanings has come to be particularly notable in english as opposed to other western european languages and the english term has become international in modern times the term common sense has frequently been used for rhetorical effect sometimes pe  jor  ative and sometimes appealed to positively as an authority it can be negatively equ  ated to vulgar prejudice and supersti  tion or on the contrary it is often positively contr  asted to them as a standard for good taste and as the source of the most basic ax  i  oms needed for science and logic this began with des  car  tes criticism of it and what came to be known as the dispute between ration  alism and empir  ic  ism in the opening line of one of his most famous books discourse on method des  car  tes established the most common modern meaning and its controversies when he stated that everyone has a similar and sufficient amount of common sense bon sens but it is rarely used well therefore a skeptical logical method described by des  car  tes needs to be followed and common sense should not be overly relied upon in the ensuing 18 th century enlightenment common sense came to be seen more positively as the basis for modern thinking it was contr  asted to metaph  ys  ics which was like car  te  si  anism associated with the anci  en régim  e thomas pain  e s polem  ical pam  ph  let common sense 17  76 has been described as the most influential political pam  ph  let of the 18 th century affecting both the american and french revolutions today the concept of common sense and how it should best be used remains linked to many of the most per  ennial topics in ep  ist  em  ology and ethics with special focus often directed at the philosophy of the modern social sciences
common variable immun  o  deficiency c  vi  d is an immune disorder characterized by recurrent infections and low anti  body levels specifically in immun  o  glob  ulin ig types ig  g ig  m and ig  a generally symptoms include high suscep  tibility to foreign inv  aders chronic lung disease and infl  amm  ation and infection of the gastro  intest  inal tract however symptoms vary greatly between people c  vi  d is a lifelong disease the origins of c  vi  d is poorly understood current research points to dele  tions in particular genetic mark  ers en  coding cell surface proteins and cy  to  k  ine recep  tors such as cd 19 cd 20 cd 21 and cd 80 as a likely cause a deletion is a mutation in which part of the chro  mo  some is lost during dna replic  ation additionally the disease is defined by t cell defects namely reduced prolifer  ative capacity the disease is hard to diagnose taking on average 6 – 7 years after onset c  vi  d is a primary immun  o  deficiency treatment options are limited and usually include lifelong immun  o  glob  ulin replacement therapy this therapy is thought to help reduce bacterial infections this treatment alone is not wholly effective and many people still experience other symptoms like lung disease and non  infectious infl  am  matory symptoms c  vi  d was first diagnosed over 60 years ago and since has emerged as the predominant class of primary anti  body deficiencies c  vi  d is formally diagnosed by levels of ig  g and ig  a more than two standard deviations from the norm and no other cause for hypo  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia an abnormally low level of immun  o  glob  ul  ins in the blood it is thought to affect between 1 in 25 000 to 1 in 50 000 people worldwide
commo  tio cord  is latin ag  itation of the heart is an often lethal disruption of heart rhythm that occurs as a result of a blow to the area directly over the heart the pre  cor  dial region at a critical time during the cycle of a heart beat causing cardiac arrest it is a form of ven  tric  ular fi  bri  ll  ation v fi  b not mechanical damage to the heart muscle or surrounding organs and not the result of heart disease the fat  ality rate is about 65 it can sometimes but not always be reversed by defi  bri  ll  ation commo  tio cord  is occurs mostly in boys and young men average age 15 usually during sports most often baseball often despite a chest protector it is most often caused by a projec  tile but can also be caused by the blow of an el  bow or other body part being less developed the thor  ax of an adoles  cent is likely more prone to this injury given the circumstances the phenomenon was confirmed experim  entally in the 1930 s with research in ana  esthe  tized rabbits cats and dogs
communal reinforcement is a social phenomenon in which a concept or idea is repeatedly asserted in a community regardless of whether sufficient empirical evidence has been presented to support it over time the concept or idea is reinforced to become a strong belief in many people s minds and may be regarded by the members of the community as fact often the concept or idea may be further reinforced by publications in the mass media books or other means of communication the phrase millions of people can t all be wrong is indicative of the common tendency to accept a commun  ally reinforced idea without question which often aids in the widespread acceptance of fac  to  ids a very similar term to this term is community reinforcement which is a behavioral method to stop drug addiction
a communication disorder is any disorder that affects an individual s ability to comprehend detect or apply language and speech to engage in discourse effectively with others the delays and disorders can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or use one s native language
in telecommunication communications surviv  ability is the ability of communications systems to continue to operate effectively under adverse conditions though portions of the system may be damaged or destroyed various methods may be used to maintain communications services such as using alternate routing different transmission media or methods redundant equipment and sites and equipment that are radiation hardened
community based management c  bm is a bottom up approach of organization which can be facilitated by an upper government or ngo structure but it aims for local stakeholder participation in the planning research development management and policy making for a community as a whole the decentralization of managing tactics enables local people to deal with the unique social political and ecological problems their community might face and find solutions ideal to their situation overwhelming national or local economic political and social pressures can affect the efficiency of c  bm as well as its long term application c  bm varies across spatial and temporal scales to reflect the ever changing distinctive physical and or human environment it is acting within while the specifics of each practice might differ existing research maintains that community based management when implemented properly is incredibly beneficial not only for the health of the environment but also for the well being of the stakeholders
community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to utili  ze available resources e g energy communication food etc to respond to withstand and recover from adverse situations e g economic collapse to global catastrophic risks this allows for the evolution and growth of a community after disaster strikes communities that are resilient are able to minimize any disaster making the return to normal life as effor  tless as possible by implementing a community resilience plan a community can come together and overcome any disaster while rebuilding physically and economically
the com  on  d  ú complex is an archae  ological pattern dating from the late pre  historic period in northern ba  ja california sur and southern ba  ja california it is associated with the historic co  chim  í people of the peninsula the complex was defined on the basis of investigations at rock shelters near the town of san jose de com  on  d  ú by archae  o  logist william c mas  sey beginning in the late 1940 s it has been recognized at sites extending from the sierra de la gigan  ta west of lo  re  to in the south to bah  ía de los á  ng  el  es in the north a key characteristic of the com  on  d  ú complex is the presence of small com  on  d  ú tri  ang  ular and com  on  d  ú ser  rated projec  tile points these points reflect the introduction of the bow and arrow into the peninsula perhaps around 500 1000 ce largely suppl  anting the earlier at  lat  l and d  art other traits include grinding basins and slic  ks man  os tu  bul  ar stone pipes co  iled bas  ke  try and square knot netting the region s great m  ural rock art may also be associated with the com  on  d  ú complex
in medicine com  or  bi  dity is the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co occurring with that is concomitant or con  current with a primary disease or disorder in the coun  table sense of the term a com  or  bi  dity plural com  or  bi  dities is each additional disorder or disease the additional disorder may be a behavioral or mental disorder the term can indicate either a condition existing simultaneously but independently with another condition or a related medical condition the latter sense of the term causes some overlap with the concept of complications for example in longstanding diabetes mell  it  us the extent to which coron  ary artery disease is an independent com  or  bi  dity versus a diabe  tic complic  ation is not easy to measure because both diseases are quite multi  vari  ate and there are likely aspects of both simultane  ity and consequence the same is true of inter  current diseases in pregnancy in other examples the true independence or relation is not ascertain  able because syndro  mes and associations are often identified long before patho  genetic common  alities are confirmed and in some examples before they are even hypothe  sized in psychiatric diagnoses it has been argued in part that this use of imprecise language may lead to correspondingly imprecise thinking and this usage of the term com  or  bi  dity should probably be avoided however in many medical examples such as com  or  bid diabetes mell  it  us and coron  ary artery disease it makes little difference which word is used as long as the medical complexity is duly recognized and addressed
comparative criminal justice is a sub  field of the study of criminal justice that compares justice systems worldwide such study can take a descriptive historical or political approach it studies the similarities and differences in structure goals punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems it is common to broadly categ  ori  ze the functions of a criminal justice system into policing adjudic  ation i e courts and corrections although other categ  ori  zation schemes exist compar  ati  vis  ts study the four different types of societies their methods of enforcement and their different types of punishment such as capital punishment and imprisonment within these societies they study different types of legal tradition and analyze the issues they solve and create they use their information in order to learn effective ways of enforcing laws and to identify and solve problems that may arise within a system due to its methods
comparative economic systems is the sub  field of economics dealing with the comparative study of different systems of economic organization such as capitalism socialism feu  d  alism and the mixed economy it is widely held to be founded by the economist cal  vin bry  ce ho  over comparative economics therefore consisted mainly of comparative economic systems analysis before 1989 but switched substantially its efforts to comparison of the economic effects of the transition experience from socialism to capitalism
compartment syndrome is increased pressure within one of the body s compart  ments which contains muscles and nerves compartment syndrome most commonly occurs in compart  ments in the leg or arm there are two main types of compartment syndrome acute and chronic acute compartment syndrome occurs after a traumatic injury such as a car crash the trauma causes a severe high pressure in the compartment which results in insufficient blood supply to muscles and nerves acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency that requires surgery to correct if untreated the lack of blood supply leads to permanent muscle and nerve damage and can result in the loss of function of the limb chronic exer  tional compartment syndrome is an exercise induced condition in which the pressure in the muscles increases to extreme levels during exercise the pressure creates a decrease in blood flow to the affected area which leads to a deprivation of oxygen to the muscles the symptoms are a sensation of extreme ti  ght  ness in the affected muscles followed by a burning sensation if exercise is continued chronic exer  tional compartment syndrome usually occurs in athletes who participate in repeti  tive impact sports such as running
the establishment and spread of infectious diseases is a complex phenomenon with many inter  acting factors e g the environment in which the pathogen and hosts are situated the population s it is exposed to and the intra and inter dynamics of the population it is exposed to the role of mathematical epidemiology is to model the establishment and spread of pathogens a predominant method of doing so is to use the notion of abstr  acting the population into compart  ments under certain assumptions which represent their health status with respect to the pathogen in the system one of the cornerstone works to achieve success in this method was done by ker  m  ack and mc  kend  rick in the early 1900 s these models are known as compart  mental models in epidemiology and serve as a base mathematical framework for understanding the complex dynamics of these systems which hope to model the main characteristics of the system these compart  ments in the simplest case can str  ati  fy the population into two health states susceptible to the infection of the pathogen often den  oted by s and infected by the pathogen given the symbol i the way that these compart  ments interact is often based upon phenomen  ological assumptions and the model is built up from there these models are usually investigated through ordinary differential equations which are deter  minis  tic but can also be viewed in more realistic sto  ch  astic framework for example the gill  es  pie model to push these basic models to further realism other compart  ments are often included most notably the recovered removed immune compartment den  oted r once one is able to model an infectious pathogen with compart  mental models one can predict the various properties of the pathogen spread for example the prevalence total number of infected from the epidemic and the duration of the epidemic also one can understand how different situations may affect the outcome of the epidemic e g what is the best technique for issuing a limited number of vaccines in a given population
compassion fatigue also known as secondary traumatic stress sts is a condition characterized by a gradual less  ening of compassion over time it is common among individuals that work directly with trauma victims such as therap  ists paid and unpaid nurses teachers psychologists police officers first respon  ders animal welfare workers health unit coordinators and anyone who helps out others especially family members relatives and other informal ca  reg  i  vers of patients suffering from a chronic illness it was first diagnosed in nurses in the 1950 s sufferers can exhibit several symptoms including hopelessness a decrease in experiences of pleasure constant stress and anxiety sle  epl  essness or nightmares and a pervasive negative attitude this can have detrimental effects on individuals both professionally and personally including a decrease in productivity the inability to focus and the development of new feelings of in  competency and self doubt journalism analysts argue that the media has caused widespread compassion fatigue in society by satur  ating newspapers and news shows with often de  contex  tu  alized images and stories of tragedy and suffering this has caused the public to become cynical or become resistant to helping people who are suffering
the light compensation point is the amount of light intensity on the light curve where the rate of photo  synthesis exactly matches the rate of respir  ation at this point the uptake of co 2 through photo  synthetic pathways is exactly matched to the respiratory release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of o 2 by respir  ation is exactly matched to the photo  synthetic release of oxygen in assimilation terms at compensation point the net carbon dioxide assimilation is zero leaves release co 2 by photo  respir  ation and day respir  ation but co 2 is also converted into carbo  hydrate by photo  synthesis assimilation is therefore the difference in the rate of these processes at a normal partial pressure of co 2 338 m  bar in 1980 there is an irradiation at which the net assimilation of co 2 is zero for instance in the early morning and late ev  enings the compensation point may be reached as photo  synthetic activity decreases and respir  ation increases therefore the partial pressure of co 2 at the compensation point also known as gam  ma is a function of irradiation the irradiation dependence of the compensation point is explained by the ru  bp ri  bul  ose 1 5 bis  phosphate concentration when the accep  tor ru  bp is in saturated concentration gam  ma is independent of irradiation however at low irradiation only a small fraction of the sites on ru  bp car  box  yl  ase oxy  gen  ase enzyme rub  isco have the electr  on accep  tor ru  bp this decreases the photo  synthetic activity and therefore affects gam  ma the in  trac  ell  ular concentration of co 2 affects the rates of photo  synthesis and photo respir  ation at higher carbon dioxide concentrations the photo  synthesis rate is higher while at low co 2 concentrations photo respir  ation is higher
compensatory growth is a type of regener  ative growth that can take place in a number of human organs after the organs are either damaged removed or cease to function additionally increased functional demand can also stimulate this growth in tissues and organs the growth can be a result of increased cell size compensatory hyper  tro  phy or an increase in cell division compensatory hyper  pl  asia or both for instance if one kidney is sur  g  ically removed the cells of other kidney divide at an increased rate eventually the remaining kidney can grow until its mass approaches the combined mass of two kidneys along with the kidneys compensatory growth has also been characterized in a number of other tissues and organs including the adren  al g  lands the heart muscles the liver the lungs the pan  cre  as beta cells and ac  in  ar cells the mam  mary g  land the sp  leen where bone marrow and lymp  h  atic tissue undergo compensatory hyper  tro  phy and assumes the sp  leen function during sp  leen injury the tes  tic  les the thyro  id g  land a large number of growth factors and hormones are involved with compensatory growth but the exact mechanism is not fully understood and probably varies between different organs nevertheless an  gi  ogenic growth factors which control the growth of blood vessels are particularly important because blood flow significantly determines the maximum growth of an organ compensatory growth may also refer to the accelerated growth following a period of slowed growth particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation
compensatory growth known as catch up growth and compensatory gain is an accelerated growth of an organism following a period of slowed development particularly as a result of nutrient deprivation the growth may be with respect to weight or length or height in humans for example of  t  enti  mes the body weights of animals who experience nutritional restriction will over time become similar to those of animals who did not experience such stress it is possible for high compensatory growth rates to result in over  compensation where the organism exceeds normal weight and often has excessive fat de  position an organism can recover to normal weight without additional time sometimes when the nutrient restriction is severe the growth period is extended to reach the normal weight if the nutrient restriction is severe enough the organism may have permanent stun  ted growth where it does not ever reach normal weight usually in animals complete recovery from carbo  hydrate and protein restriction occurs compensatory growth has been observed in a number of organisms including humans other species of mammals birds repti  les fish plants especially gr  asses and young tree se  ed  lings and sap  lings fun  gi microbes and dam  sel  flies
competence is the ability of an individual to do a job properly a competency is a set of defined behaviors that provide a structured guide enabling the identification evaluation and development of the behaviors in individual employees the term competence first appeared in an article auth  ored by r w white in 1959 as a concept for performance motivation in 1970 craig c lund  berg defined the concept in planning the executive development program the term gained traction when in 1973 david mccl  ell  and wrote a sem  inal paper entitled testing for competence rather than for intelligence it has since been popul  arized by richard boy  at  z  is and many others such as t f gil  bert 1978 who used the concept in relationship to performance improvement its use varies widely which leads to considerable misunderstanding competence has appeared in varied countries and varied scientific contexts with different meanings k  lar  sfeld 2000 some scholars see competence as a combination of practical and theoretical knowledge cognitive skills behavior and values used to improve performance or as the state or quality of being adequately or well qualified having the ability to perform a specific role for instance management competency might include systems thinking and emotional intelligence and skills in influence and negotiation competency is also used as a more general description of the requirements of human beings in organizations and communities competency is sometimes thought of as being shown in action in a situation and context that might be different the next time a person has to act in emergencies competent people may react to a situation following behaviors they have previously found to succeed to be competent a person would need to be able to interpret the situation in the context and to have a reper  to  ire of possible actions to take and have trained in the possible actions in the reper  to  ire if this is relevant regardless of training competency would grow through experience and the extent of an individual to learn and adapt competency has different meanings and remains one of the most diffuse terms in the management development sector and the organizational and occupational literature competencies are also what people need to be successful in their jobs job competencies are not the same as job task competencies include all the related knowledge skills abilities and attributes that form a person ’ s job this set of context specific qualities is correlated with superior job performance and can be used as a standard against which to measure job performance as well as to develop recruit and hire employees competencies and competency models may be applicable to all employees in an organization or they may be position specific identifying employee competencies can contribute to improved organizational performance they are most effective if they meet several critical standards including linkage to and leverage within an organization ’ s human resource system core competencies differentiate an organization from its competition and create a company ’ s competitive advantage in the marketplace an organizational core competency is its strategic strength competencies provide organizations with a way to define in behavioral terms what it is that people need to do to produce the results that the organization desires in a way that is in keep with its culture by having competencies defined in the organization it allows employees to know what they need to be productive when properly defined competencies allows organizations to evaluate the extent to which behaviors employees are demonstrating and where they may be lacking for competencies where employees are lacking they can learn this will allow organizations to know potentially what resources they may need to help the employee develop and learn those competencies competencies can distinguish and differentiate your organization from your competitors while two organizations may be alike in financial results the way in which the results were achieve could be different based on the competencies that fit their particular strategy and organizational culture lastly competencies can provide a structured model that can be used to integrate management practices throughout the organization competencies that align their recruiting performance management training and development and reward practices to reinforce key behaviors that the organization values
the balance of competing goods is a philosophical problem involving the acknowledgement of multiple social values that may at times conflict with one another the 20 th century philosopher martha n  us  s  bau  m inv  okes aristo  tle in her discussions of the problem writing that t he aristo  te  lian agent scrutini  zes each valuable alternative seeking out its distinct nature she is determined to acknowledge the precise sort of value or goodness present in each of competing alternatives seeing each value so to speak as a separate jewel in the crown valuable in its own right which does not cease to be separately valuable just because the contingencies of the situation sever it from other goods and it loses out in an overall rational choice and that aristo  tle saw that the values that are constitu  tive of a good human life are plural and in  commens  urable n  us  s  bau  m has argued that im  manuel kant and thomas aqu  inas were mistaken when they dismissed conflicts of obligation as illogical michael j  ink  ins citing is  ai  ah berlin sees both plato and aristo  tle as endorsing the concept of a singular overwhelming social good and m  achi  avel  li s works as sem  inal discussions of competing social goods the issue has arisen in the medical professions since patients may not necessarily rank their potential cures above their other values
compile time function execution or compile time function evaluation or general constant expressions is the ability of a comp  iler that would normally compile a function to machine code and execute it at run time to execute the function at compile time this is possible if the arguments to the function are known at compile time and the function does not make any reference to or attempt to modify any global state is a pure function if the value of only some of the arguments are known the comp  iler may still be able to perform some level of compile time function execution partial evaluation possibly producing more optimi  zed code than if no arguments were known
complement dependent cy  to  toxicity c  dc is a function of the complement system it is the processes in the immune system that kill pathogens by damaging their memb  ran  es without the involvement of antibodies or cells of the immune system there are three main processes all three insert one or more memb  rane attack complex  es mac into the pathogen which cause lethal col  loid os  mo  tic sw  elling ie c  dc it is one of the mechanisms by which antibodies or anti  body fragments have an anti  tumor effect
in compu  tational complexity theory the complement of a decision problem is the decision problem resulting from reversing the yes and no answers equival  ently if we define decision problems as sets of finite strings then the complement of this set over some fixed domain is its complement problem for example one important problem is whether a number is a prime number its complement is to determine whether a number is a composite number a number which is not prime here the domain of the complement is the set of all inte  gers exceeding one there is a turing reduction from every problem to its complement problem the complement operation is an inv  olution meaning it un  does itself or the complement of the complement is the original problem one can gener  alize this to the complement of a complexity class called the complement class which is the set of complements of every problem in the class if a class is called c its complement is conventi  onally labelled co c notice that this is not the complement of the complexity class itself as a set of problems which would contain a great deal more problems a class is said to be closed under complement if the complement of any problem in the class is still in the class because there are turing reductions from every problem to its complement any class which is closed under turing reductions is closed under complement any class which is closed under complement is equal to its complement class however under many one reductions many important classes especially n  p are believed to be distinct from their complement classes although this has not been proven the closure of any complexity class under turing reductions is a super  set of that class which is closed under complement the closure under complement is the smallest such class if a class is inter  sec  ted with its complement we obtain a possibly empty sub  set which is closed under complement every deter  minis  tic complexity class d  space f n d  time f n for all f n is closed under complement because one can simply add a last step to the algori  thm which rever  ses the answer this doesn t work for non  deter  minis  tic complexity classes because if there exist both compu  tation paths which accept and paths which reject and all the paths reverse their answer there will still be paths which accept and paths which reject — consequently the machine accepts in both cases some of the most surprising complexity results shown to date showed that the complexity classes nl and sl are in fact closed under complement whereas before it was widely believed they were not see immer  man – sz  el  ep  c  sé  ny  i theore  m the latter has become less surprising now that we know sl equals l which is a deter  minis  tic class every class which is low for itself is closed under complement
complement 2 deficiency is a type of complement deficiency caused by any one of several different alterations in the structure of complement component 2 it has been associated with an increase in infections it can present similarly to systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le
complement 3 deficiency is a genetic condition affecting complement component 3 it can cause systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus like symptoms it can lead to an increase in py  ogenic infections from en  capsul  ated bacteria
complement 4 deficiency is a genetic condition affecting complement component 4 it can present with lup  us like symptoms
complement deficiency is an immun  o  deficiency of absent or sub  optimal functioning of one of the complement system proteins because there are redundancies in the immune system many complement disorders are never diagnosed some studies estimated that less than 10 are identified hypo  complement  emia may be used more generally to refer to decreased complement levels while secondary complement disorder is to low complement levels that are not directly due to a genetic cause but secondary to another medical condition
complete and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ca  is is a condition that results in the complete inability of the cell to respond to and  rog  ens the un  responsiveness of the cell to the presence of and  ro  genic hormones prevents the mascul  ini  zation of male gen  italia in the developing fe  tus as well as the development of male secondary sexual characteristics at pu  ber  ty but does not significantly impair female genital or sexual development as such the in  sensitivity to and  rog  ens is only clin  ically significant when it occurs in genetic males i e individuals with a y chro  mo  some or more specifically an s  ry gene all affected individuals are phen  o  typically female they develop a normal female habit  us despite the presence of a y chro  mo  some ca  is is one of the three categories of and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ais since ais is differentiated according to the degree of genital mascul  ini  zation complete and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ca  is when the external gen  italia is that of a normal female mild and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ma  is when the external gen  italia is that of a normal male and partial and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome pa  is when the external gen  italia is partially but not fully mascul  ini  zed and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46 xy under  mascul  ini  zation
in mathematics a complex valued function sometimes referred to as complex function is a function whose values are complex numbers in other words it is a function that as  signs a complex number to each member of its domain this domain does not necessarily have any structure related to complex numbers most important uses of such functions and are explic  ated below a vector space and a comm  ut  ative al  ge  bra of functions over complex numbers can be defined in the same way as for real valued functions also any complex valued function f on an arbitrary set x can be considered as an ordered pair of two real valued functions re  f imf or alternatively as a real valued function φ on x × 0 1 the dis  joint union of two copies of x such that for any x re f x f x 0 imf x f x 1 some properties of complex valued functions such as meas  ur  ability and continuity are nothing more than corresponding properties of real valued functions
a complex is a core pattern of emotions memories perceptions and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme such as power or status primarily a psycho  analy  tic term it is found extensively in the works of carl jung and sigmund fre  ud an example of a complex would be as follows if you had a leg am  put  ated when you were a child this would influence your life in profound ways even if you over  came the physical handicap you may have many thoughts emotions memories feelings of infer  iority triumph  s bitterness and determin  ations c  entering on that one aspect of your life if these thoughts were troubling and pervasive jung might say you had a complex about the leg complex existence is widely agreed upon in the area of depth psychology a branch of psychology that insists the most significant parts of your personality are derived from your unconscious it is a way of mapping the psy  che and are crucial theoretical items in therapy complex  es are believed by carl jung and sigmund fre  ud to influence an individual s attitude and behavior
a mixed tumor is a tumor derived from one cell type that has divergent differentiation examples include ple  om  orph  ic aden  oma and mixed mü  ll  er  ian tumor
complex contagion is the phenomenon in social networks in which multiple sources of exposure to an innovation are required before an individual adopts the change of behavior it differs from simple contagion in that unlike a disease it may not be possible for the innovation to spread after only one incident of contact with an infected neighbor the spread of complex contagion across a network of people may depend on many social and economic factors for instance how many of one s friends adopt the new idea as well as how many of them cannot influence the individual as well as their own disposition in embracing change
complex partial status epi  le  p  tic  us c  pse is one of the non con  vul  sive forms of status epi  le  p  tic  us a rare form of epi  le  psy defined by its recurrent nature c  pse is characterized by seizures involving long lasting stu  por staring and un  responsiveness sometimes this is accompanied by motor autom  atis  ms such as eye tw  it  ching
complex regional pain syndrome cr  ps also known as reflex sympathetic dy  stro  phy r  s  d is a long term condition that often wor  sens with time it is characterized by severe pain and sensitivity sw  elling and changes in the skin it may initially affect one limb and then spread throughout the body 35 of people report symptoms throughout their whole body the cause of cr  ps is unknown though cr  ps is associated with dys  regulation of the central nervous system and autonom  ic nervous system resulting in multiple functional loss impairment and disability precipit  ating factors include injury and surgery although there are cases where no injury had occurred at the original site cr  ps is not caused by psychological factors yet the constant pain and reduced quality of life has been known to cause psychological problems such as increased depression and anxiety although research does not reveal support for specific personality or psychop  ath  ology predic  tors of the condition cr  ps is associated with psycho  social effects including impaired social and occupational function it is classified as an amplified mus  cul  osk  el  etal pain syndrome treatment is complicated involving medications physical and occupational therapy psychological treatments and neuro  modulation and is often unsatisfactory especially if delayed
complex vertebr  al mal  formation or c  v  m is a lethal hereditary syndrome found in holstein cattle c  v  m is responsible for mal  formed calves that are either spontaneously abor  ted or die shortly after birth it is caused by a mis  sense mutation in the sl  c 35 a 3 gene since the mut  ant form of the gene is rec  essive only individuals carrying two copies of the faulty gene homo  zy  g  ous individuals are affected hetero  zy  g  ous individuals those who carry one copy of the faulty gene and one copy of the normal gene have no symptoms but may still pass the disease on to their offspring
in computer science the complexity function of a string a finite or infinite sequence of letters from some alp  ha  bet is the function that counts the number of distinct factors sub  strings of consecutive symbols from that string more generally the complexity function of a language a set of finite words over an alp  ha  bet counts the number of distinct words of given length
compliance is the ability of a hollow organ vessel to dist  end and increase volume with increasing trans  m  ural pressure or the tendency of a hollow organ to resist reco  il toward its original dimensions on application of a dist  ending or com  pressing force it is the reciprocal of el  ast  ance hence el  ast  ance is a measure of the tendency of a hollow organ to reco  il toward its original dimensions upon removal of a dist  ending or com  pressing force
the compliance problem is a problem in contrac  tarian ethics it states that it is in the individuals best interest to agree to contracts but not to comply to them thomas hob  bes first outlined the compliance problem in the levi  athan with the character called the fo  ole his suggested solution was political coercion and oppression david g  auth  ier is the current leading philosopher on the compliance problem his suggested solution includes the theory of minim  ax relative concession
in psychiatry complicated grief disorder c  g  d is a proposed disorder for those who are significantly and func  tionally impaired by prolonged grief symptoms for at least one month after six months of bere  av  ement it is distinguished from non imp  airing grief and other disorders such as major depres  sive disorder and post  traumatic stress disorder this disorder has been reviewed by the dsm 5 work groups who have decided that it be called persistent complex bere  av  ement disorder and placed it in the chapter on conditions for further study in the new dsm 5
the complications of diabetes mell  it  us are far less common and less severe in people who have well controlled blood sugar levels conversely some genes appear to provide protection against diabe  tic complications as evidenced by the absence of complications in a sub  set of long term diabetes survivors wider health problems accelerate the dele  ter  ious effects of diabetes these include smoking elevated cho  le  sterol levels obesity high blood pressure and lack of regular exercise
complications of pregnancy are health problems that are caused by pregnancy there is no clear distinction between complications of pregnancy and symptoms and dis  comfor  ts of pregnancy however the latter do not significantly interfere with activities of daily living or pose any significant threat to the health of the mother or baby still in some cases the same basic feature can manifest as either a discomfort or a complic  ation depending on the severity for example mild naus  ea may merely be a discomfort morning sickness but if severe and with v  om  iting causing water electro  ly  te imbalance it can be classified as a pregnancy complic  ation hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um in the immediate post  par  tum period 87 to 94 of women report at least one health problem long term health problems persisting after 6 months post  par  tum are reported by 31 of women severe complications of pregnancy are present in 1 6 of mothers in the us and in 1 5 of mothers in canada the relationship between age and complications of pregnancy are now being researched with greater impetus in 2013 complications of pregnancy resulted globally in 293 000 deaths down from 377 000 deaths in 1990 the most common causes include maternal bleeding complications of abortion high blood pressure of pregnancy maternal sep  sis and obstructed labor
a component cause of a disease is an event required for the disease to develop given a disease or medical condition there is a caus  ality chain of events from the first event to the appearance of the clinical disease a cause of a disease event is an event that preceded the disease event in a disease causal chain without this an  tec  ed  ent event the disease event either would not have occurred at all or would not have occurred until some later time however no specific event is sufficient by itself to produce disease hence such an event is a component of a sufficient cause see also sufficient cause of the disease roth  man and greenland
composite entity is a j  ava ee software design pattern and it is used to model represent and manage a set of inter  related persistent objects rather that representing them as individual fine gr  ained entity beans and also a composite entity bean represents a graph of objects
composite od  on  tom  a is a rare defect in humans in which a benign tumor forms in the mouth generally as a result of the abnormal growth of a single tooth causing additional teeth to form within the tumor most cases have been found in the upper jaw of patients unchecked growth of the tumor can make sw  allowing and eating difficult and can also lead to grotesque facial sw  elling in most cases surgery is required to remove the extra teeth and tu  mor  ous tissue prior to 2014 the maximum recorded number of teeth removed in such an operation was 37 however in july 2014 as  hi  q g  av  ai a 17 year old boy in india suffered from an extreme case of composite od  on  tom  a in his lower jaw which required the removal of more than 232 teeth altogether the surgery was performed by dr sun  anda d  hi  ware at sir j j hospital in mumbai india
in software engineering the composite pattern is a parti  tioning design pattern the composite pattern describes that a group of objects is to be treated in the same way as a single instance of an object the intent of a composite is to com  pose objects into tree structures to represent part whole hierarch  ies implementing the composite pattern lets clients treat individual objects and com  positions uniformly
compound hetero  zy  go  s  ity in medical genetics is the condition of having two heterogeneous rec  essive all  el  es at a particular loc  us that can cause genetic disease in a hetero  zy  g  ous state that is an organism is a compound hetero  zy  go  te when it has two rec  essive all  el  es for the same gene but with those two all  el  es being different from each other for example both all  el  es might be mut  ated but at different locations compound hetero  zy  go  s  ity reflects the diversity of the mutation base for many auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorders mutations in most disease causing genes have arisen many times this means that many cases of disease arise in individuals who have two unrelated all  el  es who technically are hetero  zy  go  tes but both the all  el  es are defective these disorders are often best known in some classic form such as the homo  zy  g  ous rec  essive case of a particular mutation that is widespread in some population in its compound hetero  zy  g  ous forms the disease may have lower penetr  ance because the mutations involved are often less dele  ter  ious in combination than for a homo  zy  g  ous individual with the classic symptoms of the disease as a result compound hetero  zy  go  tes often become ill later in life with less severe symptoms although compound hetero  zy  go  s  ity as a cause of genetic disease had been suspected much earlier widespread confirmation of the phenomenon was not feasible until the 1980 s when poly  mer  ase chain reaction techniques for amp  lification of dna made it cost effective to sequence genes and identify poly  morph  ic all  el  es
a compound nev  us is a type of mole formed by groups of nev  us cells found in the ep  id  er  mis and der  mis the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin
compression ar  thr  al  gia is pain in the joints caused by exposure to high ambient pressure at a relatively high rate of compression experienced by underwater di  vers also referred to in the us navy diving manual as compression pains compression ar  thr  al  gia has been recorded as deep aching pain in the knees shoulders fingers back hips neck and ribs pain may be sudden and intense in onset and may be accompanied by a feeling of rough  ness in the joints onset commonly occurs around 60 m  sw meters of sea water and symptoms are variable depending on depth compression rate and personal suscep  tibility intensity increases with depth and may be aggravated by exercise compression ar  thr  al  gia is generally a problem of deep diving particularly deep satur  ation diving where at sufficient depth even slow compression may produce symptoms peter b ben  nett et al showed that the use of trim  ix could reduce the symptoms fast compression descent may produce symptoms as shallow as 30 m  sw satur  ation di  vers generally com  press much more slowly and symptoms are unlikely at less than around 90 m  sw at depths beyond 180 m even very slow compression may produce symptoms spontaneous improvement may occur over time at depth but this is unpredictable and pain may persist into de  compression they may be distinguished from de  compression sickness as they are present before starting de  compression and resolve with decreasing pressure the opposite of de  compression sickness the pain may be sufficiently severe to limit the di  ver s capacity for work and may also limit travel rate and depth of downward ex  cur  sions
a com  pres  sor stall is a local disruption of the air  flow in a gas turb  ine or tur  bo  char  ger com  pres  sor it is related to com  pres  sor surge which is a complete disruption of the flow through the com  pres  sor st  alls range in severity from a mom  entary power drop occurring so quickly it is barely registered on engine instruments to a complete loss of compression surge necess  itating a reduction in the fuel flow to the engine stall was a common problem on early jet engines with simple aerod  y  nam  ics and manual or mechanical fuel control units but has been virtually eliminated by better design and the use of hydro  mechanical and electronic control systems such as full authority digital engine controls modern com  pres  sors are carefully designed and controlled to avoid or limit stall within an engine s operating range
com  proportion  ation or sym  proportion  ation is a chemical reaction where two re  ac  tants each containing the same element but with a different oxid  ation number will form a product in which the elements involved reach the same oxid  ation number for example an element a in the oxid  ation states 0 and 2 can com  proportionate to the state 1 it is opposite to dis  proportion  ation where two or more atoms of the same element originally having the same oxid  ation state react with other chemical s or themselves to give different oxid  ation numbers
in the context of casinos comp  s are complim  entary items and services given out by casinos to encourage players to gamble the amount of comp  s that a player is given usually depends on what game they play how much they bet and how long they play most casinos have casino hosts who are responsible for giving out free items and cont  acting players to bring them back to the casino pit bosses can also award comp  s at table games most casinos now require a player to have a player s club or similar card so that their play can be tracked and comp  s awarded most casinos give away promotional merchandise or swa  g just for standing in line
comp  ton down is an extent of high ground near comp  ton west su  s  sex where there was an admir  alty sem  aphor  e station the sem  aphor  e station was built at comp  ton down in 18  21 and it operated on the sem  aphor  e line from london to port  sm  ou  th between 18  22 and 18  47 the hill to the east of comp  ton on which the sem  aphor  e was built is now known as telegraph hill the high ground to the west of comp  ton retains the name of comp  ton down both hills rise to above 500 feet 150 m
compu  cell 3 d is a three dimensional c software problem solving environment for simul  ations of bio  complexity problems integrating multiple mathematical mor  pho  genesis models these include the cellular pot  ts model c  pm which can model cell clu  stering growth division death adhe  sion and volume and surface area constraints as well as partial differential equation sol  vers for model  ing reaction diffusion of external chemical fields and cell type autom  ata for differentiation by integrating these models compu  cell 3 d enables model  ing of cellular reactions to external chemical fields such as secre  tion or resor  ption and responses such as chem  o  tax  is and hap  to  tax  is compu  cell 3 d is conducive for experimentation and testing biological models by providing a flexible and exten  sible package with many different levels of control high level steering is possible through compu  cell  player an interactive gu  i built upon q  t th  reads which execute in parallel with the compu  tational back end functionality such as zo  oming rotation playing and pa  using simul  ations setting colors and viewing cross sections is available through the player with a sample scre  en  shot shown below extending the back end is possible through an x  ml based domain specific language bio  logo which after l  ex  ical analysis and generation transparently conver  ts to c extensions which can be compiled and dynam  ically loaded at run  time the back end uses object oriented design patterns which contribute to exten  sibility reducing coupling between independently operating modules optional functionality can be en  capsul  ated through plu  gins which are dynam  ically loaded at run  time through an x  ml configuration file reference compu  cell 3 d can model several different phenomena including avian limb development in vitro cap  ill  ary development adhe  sion driven cell sorting dic  ty  ost  eli  um dis  co  ide  um and fluid flows the framework is accessible from the compu  cell 3 d website
compul  sive ho  ar  ding also known as ho  ar  ding disorder is a pattern of behavior that is characterized by excessive acquisition and an inability or unwillingness to discard large quantities of objects that cover the living areas of the home and cause significant distress or impairment compul  sive ho  ar  ding behavior has been associated with health risks impaired functioning economic burden and adverse effects on friends and family members when clin  ically significant enough to impair functioning ho  ar  ding can prevent typical uses of space enough so that it can limit activities such as cooking cleaning moving through the house and sleeping it can also put the individual and others at risk of fires falling poor sanitation and other health concerns compul  sive ho  ar  ders may be aware of their irrational behavior but the emotional attachment to the ho  ar  ded objects far exceeds the motive to discard the items researchers have only recently begun to study ho  ar  ding and it was first defined as a mental disorder in the 5 th edition of the dsm in 2013 it was not clear whether compul  sive ho  ar  ding is a separate isolated disorder or rather a symptom of another condition such as oc  d but the current dsm lists ho  ar  ding disorder as both a mental disability and a possible symptom for oc  d prevalence rates have been estimated at 2 to 5 in adults though the condition typically manifests in childhood with symptoms worsening in advanced age at which point collected items have grown excessive and family members who would otherwise help to maintain and control the levels of clu  tter either die or move away ho  ar  ding appears to be more common in people with psychological disorders such as depression anxiety and attention deficit hyper  activity disorder ad  hd other factors often associated with ho  ar  ding include alcohol dependence paranoid schiz  o  typ  al and avoidance traits in 2008 a study was conducted to determine if there is a significant link between ho  ar  ding and interference in occupational and social functioning ho  ar  ding behavior is often severe because ho  ar  ders do not recognize it as a problem it is much harder for behavioral therapy to treat successfully compul  sive ho  ar  ders with poor insight about their disorder results show that ho  ar  ders were significantly less likely to see a problem in a ho  ar  ding situation than a friend or a relative might this is independent of oc  d symptoms as people with oc  d are often very aware of their disorder the opposite condition is compul  sive dec  lu  t  tering
a compulsory purchase order c  po is a legal function in the united kingdom and ireland that allows certain bodies which need to obtain land or property to do so without the consent of the owner it may be enforced if a proposed development is considered one for public bet  ter  ment for example when building motorways where a land owner does not want to sell similarly if town councils wish to develop a town centre they may issue compulsory purchase orders in ireland c  pos became quite common due to the massive road upgrade programme under the national development plan c  pos are also used for rail projects if one objects to the issuing of a c  po one may appeal to the high court compensation is available to ensure that the person is restored as far as possible to the same position that they were in before the land and property were compulsorily purchased so that the person is left in the same financial position after the c  po as they were in before the process in the united kingdom most orders are made as subordinate legislation under powers given to local authorities in existing legislation e g an order for road works is made under the highways act 1980 whilst the powers are strong the authority must demonstrate that the taking of the land is necessary and there is a compelling case in the public interest owners or occu  piers can challenge this and their objection will be heard by an independent inspector compensation rights usually include the value of the property costs of acquiring and moving to a new property and sometimes additional payments costs of professional advice regarding compensation are usually reimbursed by the authority so that people affected by a compulsory purchase order can seek advice from a solicitor and a surve  y  or and expect to be reimbursed
compu  tability is the ability to solve a problem in an effective manner it is a key topic of the field of compu  tability theory within mathematical logic and the theory of compu  tation within computer science the compu  tability of a problem is closely linked to the existence of an algori  thm to solve the problem the most widely studied models of compu  tability are the turing compu  table and μ recur  sive functions and the lam  b  da calcul  us all of which have compu  t  ationally equivalent power other forms of compu  tability are studied as well compu  tability notions weaker than turing machines are studied in autom  ata theory while compu  tability notions stronger than turing machines are studied in the field of hyper  compu  tation
compu  tational inform  atics is a sub  field of inform  atics that emphasizes issues in the design of computing solutions rather than its underlying infrastructure compu  tational inform  atics can also be interpreted as the use of compu  tational methods in the information sciences
algori  th  mic topo  logy or compu  tational topo  logy is a sub  field of topo  logy with an overlap with areas of computer science in particular compu  tational geometry and compu  tational complexity theory a primary concern of algori  th  mic topo  logy as its name suggests is to develop efficient algori  th  ms for solving topo  logical problems using topo  logical methods from compu  table topo  logy to solve algori  th  mic problems from other fields
computer literacy is the ability to use computers and related technology efficiently with a range of skills covering levels from elementary use to programming and advanced problem solving computer literacy can also refer to the comfort level someone has with using computer programs and other applications that are associated with computers another valuable component is understanding how computers work and operate computer literacy may be distinguished from computer programming which is design and coding of computer programs rather than familiarity and skill in their use
computer vision syndrome c  vs is a condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a computer or other display device for protracted uninterrupted periods of time some symptoms of c  vs include headaches blurred vision neck pain red  ness in the eyes fatigue eye strain dry eyes irritated eyes double vision ver  ti  go di  zz  iness poly  op  ia and difficulty refoc  using the eyes these symptoms can be further aggravated by improper lighting conditions i e gl  are or bright overhead lighting or air moving past the eyes e g overhead v  ents direct air from a fan
in linear al  ge  bra the compu  tation of the permanent of a matrix is a problem that is known to be more difficult than the compu  tation of the determinant of a matrix despite the apparent similarity of the definitions the permanent is defined similarly to the determinant as a sum of products of sets of matrix entries that lie in distinct rows and columns however where the determinant weights each of these products with a ± 1 sign based on the parity of the set the permanent weights them all with a 1 sign while the determinant can be compu  ted in poly  no  mi  al time by ga  us  sian elimination the permanent cannot in compu  tational complexity theory a theore  m of vali  ant states that computing perman  ents is p hard and even p complete for mat  ric  es in which all entries are 0 or 1 this puts the compu  tation of the permanent in a class of problems believed to be even more difficult to compu  te than n  p it is known that computing the permanent is impossible for log  space uniform acc 0 circuits the development of both exact and approximate algori  th  ms for computing the permanent of a matrix is an active area of research
concealed ov  ulation or hidden estr  us in a species is the lack of any percep  tible change in an adult female for instance a change in appearance or scent when she is in heat and near ov  ulation some examples of such changes are sw  elling and red  ness of the gen  italia in b  abo  ons and bon  o  bos pan p  anis  cus and ph  er  om  one release in the fel  ine family in contrast the females of humans and a few other species have few external signs of f  ec  und  ity making it difficult for a mate to consciously de  duce by means of external signs only whether or not a female is near ov  ulation in humans adult women s fertility peaks for a few days during each monthly cycle human females actually experience a wide range of men  str  ual cycle lengths and frequencies so the notion of a monthly cycle is better considered an average or shor  th  and therefore the frequency and length of fertility the time when a woman can become pregnant is highly variable between women and for each woman over the course of her lifespan humans are considered to have concealed ov  ulation because there is no outward physiological sign either to a woman herself or to others that ov  ulation or biological fertility is occurring knowledge of the fertility cycle learned through experience or from educational sources can allow a women to estimate her own level of fertility at a given time fertility awareness whether other humans in particular potential reproductive partners assumed to be men can detect fertility in women through behavioral or invisible biological cu  es is highly debated scientists and lay  persons are interested in this question because it has implications for human social behavior and could theoretically offer biological explanations for some human sexual behavior however the science here is weak due to a relatively small number of studies several small studies have found that fertile women compared to women in in  fertile portions of the men  str  ual cycle or using hormonal contraception appear more attractive to men it has also been suggested that a woman s voice may become more attractive to men during this time two small studies of mon  og  am  ous human couples found that women initiated sex significantly more frequently when fertile but male initiated sex occurred at a constant rate without regard to the woman s phase of men  str  ual cycle it may be that a woman s awareness of men s cour  t  ship signals increases during her highly fertile phase due to an enhanced ol  factory awareness of chemicals specifically found in men s body od  or analyses of data provided by the post 1998 u s demographic and health surveys found no variation in the occurrence of co  it  us in the men  str  ual phases except during men  str  uation itself this is contrary to other studies which have found female sexual desire and extra pair co  pul  ations ep  c s to increase during the mid  fol  lic  ular to o  vul  atory phases that is the highly fertile phase these findings of differences in woman initiated versus man initiated sex are likely caused by the woman ’ s sub  conscious awareness of her ov  ulation cycle because of hormone changes causing her to feel increased sexual desire contrasting with the man ’ s inability to detect ov  ulation because of its being “ hidden ” in 2008 researchers announced the discovery in human semen of hormones usually found in o  vul  ating women they the  orized that fol  lic  le stimulating hormone lu  te  in  ising hormone and estr  adi  ol may encourage ov  ulation in women exposed to semen these hormones are not found in the semen of chimp  an  ze  es suggesting this phenomenon may be a human male counter strategy to concealed ov  ulation in human females other researchers are skeptical that the low levels of hormones found in semen could have any effect on ov  ulation one group of authors has the  orized that concealed ov  ulation and men  str  uation were key factors in the development of symbolic culture in early human society
in the study of inhal  ed an  esthe  tics the concentration effect is the increase in the rate that the fa al  ve  ol  ar concentration fi inspired concentration ratio rises as the al  ve  ol  ar concentration of that gas is increased in simple terms the higher the concentration of gas administered the faster the al  ve  ol  ar concentration of that gas approaches the inspired concentration in modern practice is only relevant for nit  rous oxide since other inhal  ed an  esthe  tics are delivered at much lower concentrations due to their higher potency
concentr  ic hyper  tro  phy is a hyper  troph  ic growth of a hollow organ without overall enlargement in which the walls of the organ are thick  ened and its capacity or volume is diminished sar  comer  es are added in parallel as for example occurs in hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy in the heart concentr  ic hyper  tro  phy is related to increased pressure overload of the heart often due to hyper  tension and or a  or  tic sten  osis the consequence is a decrease in ven  tric  ular compliance and di  ast  ol  ic dysfunction followed eventually by ven  tric  ular failure and syst  ol  ic dysfunction lap  l  ace s law for a sphere states wall stress t is proportionate to the product of the trans  m  ural pressure p and cav  itary radius r and inver  sely proportionate to wall thickness w in response to the pressure overload left ven  tric  ular wall thickness markedly increases — while the cav  itary radius remains relatively unchanged these compensatory changes termed concentr  ic hyper  tro  phy reduce the increase in wall tension observed in a  or  tic sten  osis
a concept over a domain x is a total boo  lean function over x a concept class is a class of concepts concept class is a subject of compu  tational learning theory
a concerted reaction is a chemical reaction in which all bond breaking and bond making occurs in a single step reactive intermedi  ates or other unstable high energy intermedi  ates are not involved concerted reaction rates tend not to depend on solvent polarity ruling out large buil  dup of charge in the transition state the reaction is said to progress through a concerted mechanism as all bonds are formed and broken in concert peric  ycl  ic reactions the s  n 2 reaction and some re  arrangements such as the cla  is  en re  arrangement are concerted reactions the rate of the s  n 2 reaction is second order overall due to the reaction being b  im  ol  ec  ular i e there are two molecular species involved in the rate determining step the reaction does not have any intermediate steps only a transition state this means that all the bond making and bond breaking takes place in a single step in order for the reaction to occur both molecules must be situated correctly
con  ch  ob  ar an ab  aid  h ó cell  ai  gh king of u  í ma  ine chief of the name died 14  03 following a lengthy period of stable rule from c 13  49 to 14  02 under the kings william bu  id  he and his son ma  el  sec  hl  ain  n con  ch  ob  ar s reign was the first of two successive short reign  s though it is unclear if succession disputes were the cause of it con  ch  ob  ar was a son of ma  el  sec  hl  ain  n and nickname an ab  aid  h because he was an ab  bot at an ui ma  ine monastery the ann  als of the four masters report his death as follows con  or an  ab  aid  h the son of mel  ag  h  lin o kelly lord of hy many the ser  p  ent of his tribe and of all the irish people died after extreme unc  tion and pen  ance and was inter  red in the monastery of st john the bap  tist in tir many
conc  res  cence is a condition of teeth where the cem  ent  um over  lying the roots of at least two teeth join together the cause can sometimes be attributed to trauma or crowding of teeth surgical separation of the teeth may be necessary if one is to be extracted
con  cus  sion also known as minor head trauma is the most common type of traumatic brain injury it is typically defined as a head injury with a temporary loss of brain function symptoms include a variety of physical cognitive and emotional symptoms which may not be recognized if subtle a variety of signs accompany con  cus  sion including headache feeling in a fog and emotional change  ability physical signs such as loss of consciousness or amnesia behavioral changes such as irrit  ability cognitive impairment such as slowed reaction times or sleep disturbances fewer than 10 of sports related con  cus  sions among children are associated with loss of consciousness common causes include sports injuries bicycle accidents car accidents and falls the latter two being the most frequent causes among adults in addition to a blow to the head con  cus  sion may be caused by acceleration forces without a direct impact and on the battlefield mt  bi is a potential consequence of nearby explosions it is not clear exactly what damage is done and how the symptoms are caused but stretching of ax  ons and changes in ion channels are involved cellular damage has reportedly been found in con  cus  sed brains but it may have been due to arti  facts from the studies it is currently thought that structural and neuro  psychiatric factors may both be responsible for the effects of con  cus  sion treatment involves monitoring as well as physical and cognitive rest reduction of such activities as school work playing video games and text messaging symptoms usually resolve within three weeks though they may persist or complications may occur the rate at which con  cus  sion occurs is not accurately known but is estimated to be more than 6 per 1 000 people those who have had one con  cus  sion seem more susceptible to another especially if the new injury occurs before symptoms from the previous con  cus  sion have completely resolved there is also a negative progressive process in which smaller impacts cause the same symptom severity repeated con  cus  sions may increase the risk in later life for dementia par  kinson s disease or depression
a condens  ation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or mo  i  eties often functional groups combine to form a larger mol  ecu  le together with the loss of a small mol  ecu  le possible small molecules that are lost include water hydrogen chloride meth  an  ol or acetic acid but most commonly in a biological reaction it is water when two separate molecules react the condens  ation is termed inter  molecular a simple example is the condens  ation of two amino acids to form the pep  tide bond characteristic of proteins this reaction example is the opposite of hydro  lysis which spl  its a chemical entity into two parts through the action of the polar water mol  ecu  le which itself spl  its into hydrox  ide and hydrogen ions hence energy is required to form chemical bonds via condens  ation if the union is between atoms or groups of the same mol  ecu  le the reaction is termed intr  am  ol  ec  ular condens  ation and in many cases leads to ring formation an example is the di  eck  mann condens  ation in which the two ester groups of a single di  ester mol  ecu  le react with each other to lose a small alcohol mol  ecu  le and form a β ke  to  ester product
condens  ing ost  ei  tis is a peri  ap  ical infl  am  matory disease that results from a reaction to a dental related infection this causes more bone production rather than bone destruction in the area most common site is near the root ap  ices of pre  mol  ars and mol  ars the le  sion appears as a radi  op  acity in the peri  ap  ical area hence the s  cl  erotic reaction the s  cl  erotic reaction results from good patient immunity and a low degree of virul  ence of the offending bacteria the associated tooth may be cari  ous or contains a large restoration and is usually associated with a non vital tooth
au  tism spectrum disorders as  d including asper  ger syndrome are developmental disorders that begin in early childhood persist throughout adul  thood and affect three crucial areas of development communication social interaction and restricted patterns of behavior there are many conditions com  or  bid to au  tism spectrum disorders such as fragile x syndrome and epi  le  psy in medicine and in psychiatry com  or  bi  dity is the presence of one or more additional conditions co occurring with the primary one or the effect of such additional disorders about 10 – 15 of au  tism cases have an identifiable men  deli  an single gene condition chro  mo  some ab  normality or other genetic syndrome and as  d is associated with several genetic disorders perhaps due to an overlap in genetic causes distinguishing between as  ds and other diagnoses can be challenging because the traits of as  ds often overlap with symptoms of other disorders and the characteristics of as  ds make traditional diagnostic procedures difficult
conduct disorder cd is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adoles  cence that presents itself through a repeti  tive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age appropriate norms are violated these behaviors are often referred to as anti  social behaviors it is often seen as the precursor to anti  social personality disorder which is not diagnosed until the individual is 18 years old conduct disorder is estimated to affect 51 1 million people globally as of 2013
conduc  tion ap  ha  sia also called associ  ative ap  ha  sia is a relatively rare form of ap  ha  sia an acquired language disorder it is characterized by intact aud  itory comprehension flu  ent yet par  ap  has  ic speech production but poor speech repetition they are fully capable of understanding what they are hearing but show significant difficulty repeating phrases particularly as the phrases increase in length and complexity and as they stum  ble over words they are attempting to pronounce patients will display frequent errors during spontaneous speech such as substitu  ting or transposing sounds they will also be aware of their errors and will show significant difficulty correcting them shal  lic  e and warr  ington 1970 were able to differentiate two variants of  this con  stell  ation the reproduction and the repetition type these authors suggested an exclusive deficit of aud  itory verbal short ter  m  memory in repetition conduc  tion ap  ha  sia whereas the other variant was assumed to reflect disrupted ph  on  ological en  coding mechanism afflicting confrontation tasks such as repetition reading and naming in a similar manner typical le  sion location for conduc  tion ap  ha  sia is on the supr  amar  gin  al gy  rus of the par  ie  tal lo  be poster  ior to the primary sensory cor  tex and just above wer  nic  ke s area the classical explanation for conduc  tion ap  ha  sia is that of a dis  connection between the brain areas responsible for speech comprehension wer  nic  ke s area and speech production bro  ca s area due specifically to damage to the ar  cu  ate fasc  icul  us a deep white matter tract recent research has challenged this notion on the basis that patients with conduc  tion ap  ha  sia more often have le  sions in the supr  amar  gin  al gy  rus or deep par  ie  tal matter however conduc  tion ap  ha  sia remains a controversial topic from the understanding of its neuro  logic foundations
conduc  tive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear ty  mp  anic memb  rane ear  drum or middle ear os  sic  les this type of hearing loss may occur in conjunction with sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss mixed hearing loss or alone
conductor cl  ashing is the phenomenon where conductors come in contact with one another during high wind speeds or gu  sts
con  duplic  ato corpor  e is a condition that occurs during birth if the fe  tus is quite small and the pel  vis is large spontaneous delivery may occur despite persistence of the abnormal lie in such cases the fe  tus is compressed with the head forced against the ab  dom  en a portion of the thor  ac  ic wall below the shoulder thus becomes the most dependent part appearing at the vul  va the head and thor  ax then pass through the pel  vic cav  ity at the same time and the fe  tus which is doubled upon itself con  duplic  ato corpor  e is expelled such a mechanism is obviously possible only in the case of very small infant and occasionally when the second pre  term fe  tus in a twin pregnancy is born
cond  yl  ar resor  ption also called idi  opathic cond  yl  ar resor  ption ic  r and cond  yl  ysis is a tempor  om  andi  bul  ar joint disorder in which one or both of the man  di  bul  ar con  dy  les are broken down in a bone resor  ption process this disorder is nine times more likely to be present in females than males and is more common among teenagers
con  dy  lo  mata lat  a occurs in about one third of secondary sy  phil  is patients and is characterized by pain  less mu  cos  al and war  ty ero  sions which are flat vel  ve  ty mo  ist and broad base in nature they tend to develop in warm mo  ist sites of the gen  itals and per  in  eu  m these le  sions hold a high accumulation of spi  ro  che  tes and are highly infectious complete resolution of the le  sions is spontaneous and occurs after a few days to many weeks where it is either resolved completely or enters the tertiary phase defined by a latent state
a cone dy  stro  phy is an inherited oc  ular disorder characterized by the loss of cone cells the photo  recep  tors responsible for both central and color vision the most common symptoms of cone dy  stro  phy are vision loss age of onset ranging from the late teens to the six  ties sensitivity to bright lights and poor color vision therefore patients see better at dus  k visual acu  ity usually deterior  ates gradually but it can deteriorate rapidly to 20 200 later in more severe cases it drops to counting fingers vision color vision testing using color test plates hr  r series reveals many errors on both red green and blue yellow plates the patho  genesis of cone dy  stro  phy has yet to be elu  ci  dated it appears that the dy  stro  phy is primary since subjective and objective ab  norm  alities of cone function are found before oph  thal  mosco  pic changes can be seen however the re  tin  al pig  ment epi  the  lium r  pe rapidly becomes involved leading to a re  tin  al dy  stro  phy primarily involving the mac  ula the his  to  logical examination of the eyes of one such patient showed that the outer nuclear layer of con  es and rods had disappeared completely whereas the r  pe showed pronounced pig  ment changes there was also atro  phy of the temporal dis  c the fun  dus exam via oph  thal  mosco  py is essentially normal early on in cone dy  stro  phy and definite mac  ular changes usually occur well after visual loss fluores  ce  in an  gi  o  graphy fa is a useful ad  junc  t in the work  up of someone suspected to have cone dy  stro  phy as it may detect early changes in the re  tina that are too subtle to be seen by oph  thal  mo  scope for example fa may reveal areas of hyper  fluores  cence indicating that the r  pe has lost some of its integrity allowing the underlying fluores  cence from the chor  o  id to be more visible these early changes are usually not detected during the oph  thal  mosco  pic exam the most common type of mac  ular le  sion seen during oph  thal  mosco  pic examination has a bull ’ s eye appearance and consists of a dough  nut like zone of atro  ph  ic pig  ment epi  the  lium surrounding a central darker area in another less frequent form of cone dy  stro  phy there is rather diffuse atro  phy of the poster  ior pole with spot  ty pig  ment clum  ping in the mac  ular area rarely atro  phy of the ch  ori  oc  ap  il  lar  is and larger chor  o  idal vessels is seen in patients at an early stage the inclusion of fluores  ce  in an  gi  o  graphy in the work  up of these patients is important since it can help detect many of these characteristic oph  thal  mosco  pic features in addition to the re  tin  al findings temporal p  all  or of the op  tic dis  c is commonly observed as expected visual field testing in cone dy  stro  phy usually reveals a central sco  tom  a in cases with the typical bull ’ s eye appearance there is often relative central spar  ing because of the wide spectrum of fun  dus changes and the difficulty in making the diagnosis in the early stages electro  re  tin  o  graphy erg remains the best test for making the diagnosis abnormal cone function on the erg is indicated by a reduced single flash and f  lic  ker response when the test is carried out in a well lit room pho  topic erg the relative spar  ing of rod function in cone dy  stro  phy is evidenced by a normal sco  topic erg i e when the test is carried out in the dark in more severe or longer standing cases the dy  stro  phy involves a greater proportion of rods with resultant sub  normal sco  topic records since cone dy  stro  phy is hereditary and can be as  ymp  tomatic early on in the disease process erg is an invaluable tool in the early diagnosis of patients with positive family histories cone dy  stro  phy in general usually occurs spor  ad  ically hereditary forms are usually auto  som  al dominant and instances of auto  som  al rec  essive and x linked inheritance also occur in the differential diagnosis other mac  ular dy  stro  ph  ies as well as the hereditary op  tic atro  ph  ies must be considered fluorescent an  gi  o  graphy erg and color vision tests are important tools to help facilitate diagnosis in early stages
in psychiatry conf  ab  ulation ver  b conf  ab  ulate is a disturbance of memory defined as the production of fabric  ated distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world without the conscious intention to deceive individuals who conf  ab  ulate present incorrect memories ranging from subtle alterations to bizarre fabric  ations and are generally very confident about their reco  ll  ections despite contradictory evidence
a conf  ab  ulation also known as a false degraded or corrupted memory is a stable pattern of activation in an artificial ne  ural network or ne  ural assembly that does not correspond to any previously learned patterns the same term is also applied to the non  artificial ne  ural mistake making process leading to a false memory conf  ab  ulation
in artificial intelligence the confeder  ate effect is the phenomenon of a human being considered a machine from their tex  tual discourse during practical turing tests staged in the lo  eb  ner prize for artificial intelligence it is the reverse of the eli  za effect which sherry turk  le states is our more general tendency to treat responsive computer programs as more intelligent than they really are and the cause to very small amounts of inter  activity causing humans to project own complexity onto the und  eser  ving object in the first lo  eb  ner prize for artificial intelligence in 1991 which deployed restricted convers  ational one to one turing imitation games each interrog  ator chat  ted to one artificial convers  ational entity ace at a time a female confeder  ate or hidden human about william shakespeare the phenomenon was seen in the university of sur  rey 2003 lo  eb  ner prize for artificial intelligence when both hidden humans one male and one female were each ranked as machine by at least one judge judge 7 and judge 9 ranked the female confeder  ate 2 as 1 00 definitely a machine the male confeder  ate 1 was ranked 1 00 definitely a machine by judge 4 and judge 9 the gender of these two hidden humans were incorrectly identified male considered female woman considered man in independent transcript analysis gender blur  ring phenomenon see shah henry 2005
a confidential birth is a birth where the mother gives birth to a child without her identity being disclosed by the authorities in many countries confidential births have been leg  alized for centuries in order to prevent formerly frequent killings of new  born children particularly outside of marriage in a confidential birth the mother s right of inform  ational self determination susp  ends the children s right to know about their biological ance  stry until she changes her mind or until the grown up child requests disclosure at a later point the alternative concept of an anonymous birth where the mother doesn t disclose her identity to the authorities at all or where her identity remains infinitely undis  closed goes beyond this
in cultural and social studies configur  ations are patterns of behaviour movement → movement culture and thinking which research observes when analysing different cultures and or historical changes the term “ configur  ations ” is mostly used by comparative anthropo  logical studies and by cultural history configur  ational analysis became a special method by the stuttgart school of historical behaviour studies during the 1970 s and later by body culture studies in denmark configur  ational analysis is marked by its distance towards the history of ideas and intentions which are conceived as main  streams in historical studies configur  ations of human behaviour and movement have attracted special attention in the framework of phenomen  ology → phenomen  ology philosophy and particularly in materi  alist phenomen  ology
confiscation from the latin confisc  ati  o joining to the fis  cus i e transfer to the treasury is a legal seizure by a government or other public authority the word is also used popul  arly of s  poli  ation under legal forms or of any seizure of property as punishment or in enforcement of the law
con  flu  ent and retic  ulated pap  il  lo  mat  osis of gou  ger  ot and car  te  aud also known as con  flu  ent and retic  ulated pap  il  lo  mat  osis cr  p car  p famili  al cu  taneous pap  il  lo  mat  osis and famili  al occurrence of con  flu  ent and retic  ulated pap  il  lo  mat  osis is an un  common but distinctive acquired ich  th  yo  si  form der  mat  osis characterized by persistent dark scal  y pap  ules and pl  aqu  es that tend to be loc  alized predominantly on the central trunk
in mathematics a conform  al map is a function that preserves angles locally in the most common case the function has a domain and an image in the complex plane more formally a map f u → v with u v ⊆ ℂ  n is called conform  al or angle preserving at a point u 0 if it preserves oriented angles between cur  ves through u 0 with respect to their orientation i e not just the magnitude of the angle conform  al maps preserve both angles and the shapes of infin  ite  sim  ally small figures but not necessarily their size or cur  v  ature the conform  al property may be described in terms of the jaco  bian derivative matrix of a coordinate transformation if the jaco  bian matrix of the transformation is everywhere a scal  ar times a rotation matrix then the transformation is conform  al conform  al maps can be defined between domains in higher dimensional eu  cli  dean spaces and more generally on a ri  em  ann  ian or semi ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold
con  genital absence of the vas defer  ens cav  d is a condition in which the v  asa defer  entia reproductive organs fail to form properly prior to birth it may either be unilateral cu  av  d or bilateral c  bav  d
con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia ca  h are any of several auto  som  al rec  essive diseases resulting from mutations of genes for enzymes mediating the bio  chemical steps of production of miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  ids glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids or sex ster  oids from cho  le  sterol by the adren  al g  lands ster  o  ido  genesis most of these conditions involve excessive or deficient production of sex ster  oids and can alter development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in some affected infants children or adults
11 β hydrox  yl  ase deficient con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia 11 β oh ca  h is an un  common form of con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia ca  h resulting from a defect in the gene en  coding the enzyme ster  o  id 11 β hydrox  yl  ase which medi  ates the final step of cor  ti  sol synthesis in the adren  al 11 β oh ca  h results in hyper  tension due to excessive miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id effects it also causes excessive and  ro  gen production both before and after birth and can vi  ri  li  ze a genetically female fe  tus or a child of either sex
con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia due to 21 hydrox  yl  ase deficiency 21 oh ca  h in all its forms accounts for over 95 of diagnosed cases of con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia and ca  h in most contexts refers to 21 hydrox  yl  ase deficiency an overview of the other types of ca  h is presented in the main article
con  genital a  fi  br  ino  gen  emia is a rare genetically inherited blood disorder in which the blood does not clo  t normally due to the lack of fi  br  ino  gen a blood protein necessary for co  ag  ulation this disorder is auto  som  al rec  essive meaning that two unaffected parents can have a child with the disorder the lack of fi  br  ino  gen expresses itself with excessive and at times uncontrollable bleeding
con  genital ame  g  ak  ar  y  oc  y  tic thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia cam  t is a rare inherited disorder
con  genital ampu  tation is birth without a limb or limbs or without a part of a limb or limbs it is known to be caused by blood clo  ts forming in the fe  tus while in uter  o vascular insult and from am  ni  otic band syndrome fi  bro  us bands of the am  n  ion that con  strict fo  etal limbs to such an extent that they fail to form or actually fall off due to missing blood supply con  genital ampu  tation can also occur due to maternal exposure to ter  at  ogens during pregnancy
specific birth defects which can occur but certainly are not limited to the following list may include such con  genital anomalies of sp  ine or vertebr  al anomalies as f  used ribs or missing verte  bra  e particularly in the spinal region some patients that have f  used ribs must undergo replacement of the ribs with titanium ribs if their rib  cages do not grow with the rest of the body the titanium ribs may have to be replaced multiple times throughout a patient ’ s lifetime if the sac  ral verte  bra  e are missing it generally causes no ill effect on the patient vertebr  al anomalies is associated with an increased incidence of some other specific anomalies as well together being called the vac  ter  l association v vertebr  al anomalies a anal at  re  sia c cardiovascular anomalies t trac  he  o  es  op  ha  ge  al f  ist  ula e es  op  ha  ge  al at  re  sia r ren  al kidney and or rad  ial anomalies l limb defects
con  genital anomaly of the gen  italia is a medical term referring to any physical ab  normality of the male or female internal or external gen  italia present at birth this is a broad category of conditions some common and some rare
con  genital bilateral per  is  yl  vian syndrome c  b  ps is a rare neuro  logical disease characterized by paralysis of certain facial muscles and epi  le  ptic seizures
con  genital car  ti  lag  inous rest of the neck also known as a cer  vic  al accessory trag  us and w  attle is a cu  taneous condition characterized by bran  ch  ial arch remnants that are considered to be the cer  vic  al variant of accessory trag  us
the term con  genital cat  ar  act refers to a lens op  acity present at birth con  genital cat  ar  acts cover a broad spectrum of severity whereas some lens op  ac  ities do not progress and are vis  ually insignificant others can produce profound visual impairment con  genital cat  ar  acts may be unilateral or bilateral they can be classified by mor  pho  logy presumed or defined genetic eti  ology presence of specific metabol  ic disorders or associated oc  ular anomalies or systemic findings
con  genital chloride diarr  hea cc  d also con  genital chl  ori  dor  rhe  a or dar  row gamble syndrome is a genetic disorder due to an auto  som  al rec  essive mutation on chro  mo  some 7 the mutation is in down  regulated in aden  oma dra a gene that en  codes a memb  rane protein of intest  inal cells the protein belongs to the solu  te carrier 26 family of memb  rane transport proteins more than 20 mutations in the gene are known to date a rare disease cc  d occurs in all parts of the world but is more common in some populations with genetic founder effects most notably in finland
be  als syndrome con  genital contrac  tural ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly be  als h  ech  t syndrome is a rare con  genital connec  tive tissue disorder be  als syndrome has only recently been described as a syndrome distinct from mar  fan s syndrome it was characterized in 1972 it is associated with f  bn 2 it is caused by a mutation in f  bn 2 gene on chro  mo  some 5 q 23 contr  actu  res of varying degrees at birth mainly involving the large joints are present in all affected children el  bows knees and fingers are most commonly involved the contr  actu  res may be mild and tend to reduce in severity but residual camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly always remains present the arm span exceeds body height but the discrepancy may be underestimated due to contr  actu  res of el  bows and fingers the same holds for the lower body portion with knee contr  actu  res the most serious complic  ation in cca is sco  li  osis and sometimes ky  pho  sco  li  osis man  dating surgery
con  genital contrac  tural ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly ca is a non lethal auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder in cattle an auto  som  al rec  essive defect is a disease caused by the presence of two rec  essive mut  ant genes on an auto  some ca is classified as a her  itable disorder of connec  tive tissue specifically a disorder of the end  om  y  sium and perim  y  sium the defect in the muscle connec  tive tissue results in a reduced range of elastic extension ca is also known as fa  wn calf syndrome ca is predomin  ately associated with ang  us cattle however it has also been detected in other ang  us associated breeds such as murray gre  ys ca was first identified in victoria australia in 1998 however it has now been discovered in many other countries ca calves are almost always born alive most being able to walk and suc  kle on their mother s te  at leading to their survival in the early stages although around 20 of ca calves die soon after birth differences in phen  o  types are not normally noticeable and the weight of new born ca calves are seen to be normal this means that ca is not always recognised ca is caused by a specific error in the dna this means it can be passed on from parents to offspring any cattle known to carry any category one genetic condition such as ca cannot be registered with cattle societies the carriers of category 1 defects are all identifiable in the australian ang  us database ca calves that survive are exposed to joint dis  location and early onset of ar  thri  tis this is a result of their flexible joint lax  ity although ca is not as severe as other genetic diseases in cattle such as man  no  sid  osis ma ar  thro  gry  pos  is multi  pl  ex am ca is nonetheless a cause of calf deaths in herds where prevalence of the ca mutation in the herd is high and carrier si  res are still being used diagnosis of ca can be made with a physical examination of new born calves this should be done in the first 24 hours after birth preferably done by a veterinarian or experienced breeder despite the variations between severe and non severe cases ca is easily diagnosed in a live new born calf both males and females can be affected the following symptoms are observed con  genital proxim  al limb contrac  ture con  genital dis  tal limb hyper  extension con  genital ky  pho  sis and significant post  natal improvement in these clinical signs as the calf grows and mat  ures ca is not a difficult diagnosis however it requires careful physical examination of the calf followed by constant observation for improvement additional signs are present in the calves ca causes but can be more difficult to identify especially in mild cases these include abnormal long leg bones resulting in a tall stature loose jo  inte  dness poor mus  cling and knee knocking to prevent cattle being affected by ca si  res should be pedigree analysed to minimise the chance of the mutation if ca is identified in a herd other blood  lines which have tested negative for ca should be purchased some predominant ang  us si  res identified with ca are ram  bo 465 t of j  rs te mania kel  p k 207 bon view ban  do 598 sa  f 598 ban  do 5  175 and boy  d on target 1083
con  genital cu  taneous candi  di  asis previously known as beck ibrahim disease is a skin condition in new  born babies caused by premature rupture of memb  ran  es together with a birth canal infected with candi  da al  bic  ans
con  genital cy  tom  eg  alo  virus infection refers to a condition where cy  tom  eg  alo  virus is transmitted in the pre  natal period human cy  tom  eg  alo  virus is one of the vertically transmitted infections that lead to con  genital ab  norm  alities others are tox  op  las  mo  sis rub  ella and her  pes simpl  ex
con  genital di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia cd  h is a birth defect of the di  aphr  ag  m the most common type of cd  h is a bo  ch  dal  ek her  nia other types include mor  g  ag  ni her  nia di  aphr  ag  m ev  entr  ation and central tend  on defects of the di  aphr  ag  m mal  formation of the di  aphr  ag  m allows the ab  domin  al organs to push into the chest cav  ity hindering proper lung formation cd  h is a life threatening path  ology in infants and a major cause of death due to two complications pul  mon  ary hypo  pl  asia and pul  mon  ary hyper  tension experts disagree on the relative importance of these two conditions with some focusing on hypo  pl  asia others on hyper  tension new  bor  ns with cd  h often have severe respiratory distress which can be life threatening unless treated appropriately
a con  genital disorder also known as a con  genital disease de  form  ity birth defect or anomaly is a condition existing at or before birth regardless of cause of these disorders those characterized by structural de  form  ities are termed con  genital anomalies and involve defects in a developing fe  tus birth defects vary widely in cause and symptoms any substance that causes birth defects is known as a ter  ato  gen some disorders can be detected before birth through pre  natal diagnosis screening birth defects may be the result of genetic or environmental factors this includes errors of mor  pho  genesis infection epi  genetic modifications on a parental ger  m  line or a chro  mo  som  al ab  normality the outcome of the disorder will depend on complex interactions between the pre natal deficit and the post natal environment animal studies indicate that the mother s and likely the father s diet vitamin intake and glucose levels prior to ov  ulation and conception have long term effects on fe  tal growth and adoles  cent and adult disease animal studies have shown that pater  nal exposures prior to conception and during pregnancy result in increased risk of certain birth defects and cancers this research suggests that pater  nal food deprivation germ line mutations alcohol use chemical mut  ag  ens age smoking habits and epi  genetic alterations can affect birth outcomes however the relationship between offspring health and pater  nal exposures age and lifestyle are still relatively weak this is likely because pater  nal exposures and their effects on the fe  tus are studied far less extensively than maternal exposures birth defects are present in about 3 of new  bor  ns in usa con  genital anomalies resulted in about 6  32 000 deaths per year in 2013 down from 751 000 in 1990 the type with the greatest numbers of deaths are con  genital heart disease 323 000 followed by ne  ural tube defects 69 000
a con  genital disorder of gly  co  syl  ation previously called carbo  hydrate deficient gly  co  protein syndrome is one of several rare in  born errors of metabol  ism in which gly  co  syl  ation of a variety of tissue proteins and or li  pi  ds is deficient or defective con  genital disorders of gly  co  syl  ation are sometimes known as c  dg syndro  mes they often cause serious sometimes fatal mal  function of several different organ systems especially the nervous system muscles and intest  ines in affected infants the most common subtype is c  dg ia also referred to as p  mm 2 c  dg where the genetic defect leads to the loss of phosp  hom  anno  mut  ase 2 the enzyme responsible for the conversion of man  nose 6 phosphate into man  nose 1 phosphate
con  genital disorder of gly  co  syl  ation type i  ic or leuk  oc  y  te adhe  sion deficiency 2 lad 2 is a type of leuk  oc  y  te adhe  sion deficiency attributable to the absence of neu  tro  phil si  al  yl le  wis  x a lig  and of p and e selec  tin on vascular endo  the  lium it is associated with sl  c 35 c 1 this disorder was discovered in two unrelated israeli boys 3 and 5 years of age each the offspring of cons  an  guine  ous parents both had severe mental retar  dation short stature a distinctive facial appearance and the bom  bay hh blood phen  o  type and both were secre  tor and lewis negative they both had had recurrent severe bacterial infections similar to those seen in patients with lad 1 including pneumonia peri  don  ti  tis o  ti  tis media and loc  alized cell  u  li  tis similar to that in patients with lad 1 their infections were accompanied by pronounced leuk  oc  y  to  sis 30 000 to 150 000 mm 3 but an absence of p  us formation at sites of recurrent cell  u  li  tis in vitro studies revealed a pronounced defect in neu  tro  phil mo  ti  lity because the genes for the red blood cell h antigen and for the secre  tor status en  code for distinct α 1 2 fu  co  syl  transfer  ases and the synthesis of si  al  yl le  wis  x requires an α 1 3 fu  co  syl  transfer  ase it was post  ulated that a general defect in fu  cose metabol  ism is the basis for this disorder it was subsequently found that gdp l fu  cose transport into gol  gi ves  ic  les was specifically impaired and then mis  sense mutations in the gdp fu  cose transporter c  dna of three patients with lad 2 were discovered thus gdp fu  cose transporter deficiency is a cause of lad 2
in  born errors of amino acid metabol  ism are metabol  ic disorders which impair the synthesis and degradation of amino acids types include al  kap  ton  ur  ia as  part  yl  glu  co  sam  in  ur  ia meth  yl  mal  onic aci  dem  ia map  le syrup urine disease hom  oc  y  stin  ur  ia ty  ro  sin  emia trim  ethyl  amin  ur  ia har  tn  up disease bio  tin  id  ase deficiency or  ni  th  ine carb  am  o  yl  transfer  ase deficiency carb  am  o  yl phosphate syn  th  ase i deficiency disease cit  rul  lin  emia hyper  ar  gin  in  emia hyper  hom  oc  y  stein  emia hyper  meth  ion  in  emia hyper  ly  sin  emi  as non  ke  to  tic hyper  gly  cin  emia pro  pi  onic aci  dem  ia hyper  pro  lin  emia
con  genital dis  tal spinal muscular atro  phy is caused by a mutation of the tr  p  v 4 gene found on the 12 q 23 12 q 24 1 the mutation causes an affected individual to have lower levels of tr  p  v 4 expression this deficiency can lead to abnormal os  mo  tic regulation con  genital d  sma is genetically heterogeneous meaning a mutation on this gene can cause a plethora of other phen  o  typically related or phen  o  typically unrelated diseases depending on the region that is mut  ated
con  genital dy  ser  y  thro  po  ie  tic an  emia c  da is a rare blood disorder similar to the thal  ass  emi  as c  da is one of many types of an  emia characterized by ineffective er  y  thro  po  ies  is and resulting from a decrease in the number of red blood cells r  b  cs in the body and a less than normal quantity of h  emo  glob  in in the blood
con  genital dy  ser  y  thro  po  ie  tic an  emia type i c  da i is a disorder of blood cell production particularly ofthe production of er  y  thro  bl  asts which are the precursors of the red blood cells r  b  cs
con  genital dy  ser  y  thro  po  ie  tic an  emia type ii c  da ii or hereditary er  y  thro  bl  astic multin  uc  le  arity with positive acidi  fied serum lysis test h  emp  as is a rare genetic an  emia in humans characterized by hereditary er  y  thro  bl  astic multin  uc  le  arity with positive acidi  fied serum lysis test
con  genital dy  ser  y  thro  po  ie  tic an  emia type iii c  da iii is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder characterized by macro  cy  tic an  emia bone marrow er  y  thro  id hyper  pl  asia and giant multin  uc  le  ate er  y  thro  bl  asts new evidence suggests that this may be passed on rec  essively as well
con  genital dy  ser  y  thro  po  ie  tic an  emia type iv c  da iv has been described with typical mor  pho  logic features of c  da ii but a negative acidi  fied serum test
the con  genital ep  ul  is is a proliferation of cells on the upper jaw at birth this is more commonly found in female babies the cause of this type of ep  ul  is is unknown
con  genital ero  sive and vesicular der  mat  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by generalized ero  sions ves  ic  les cru  sting and ‘ scal  ded skin like ’ er  y  them  at  ous areas affecting up to 75 of the body surface area
con  genital estro  gen deficiency is a genetic condition by which the body is unable to produce or use est  rog  ens conditions include arom  at  ase deficiency a condition where the enzyme arom  at  ase is absent and and  rog  ens are not converted to est  rog  ens estro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome a condition where the estro  gen recep  tor is defective and estro  gen are not bio  logically active
con  genital fi  bro  sis of the extra  oc  ular muscles or c  fe  om is a class of rare genetic disorders affecting one or more of the muscles that move the eye  balls individuals with c  fe  om have varying degrees of oph  thal  mop  legi  a an inability to move the eyes in one or more directions and pto  sis the condition is present from birth and non progressive runs in families and usually affects both eyes similarly in the most common form the superior rec  ti are dysfunctional and the inferior rec  ti lacking proper opposition pull the eyes down forcing the head to be til  ted upward in order to see straight ahead there are three types of c  fe  om numbered 1 3 c  fe  om 1 the most common type is now known to be caused by one of several mutations in the k  if 21 a gene while c  fe  om 2 is caused by mutations in the pho  x 2 a gene c  fe  om 3 is caused by mutations in the tu  bb 3 gene c  fe  om was first named in 1956 although papers describing conditions now known or assumed to be c  fe  om appear in the medical literature as early as 18  40 due to its r  arity it has been independently cited numerous times under many different names
for acquired fourth nerve pal  sy see fourth nerve pal  sy con  genital fourth nerve pal  sy is a condition present at birth characterized by a vertical mis  alignment of the eyes due to a weakness or paralysis of the superior obli  que muscle other names for fourth nerve pal  sy include superior obli  que pal  sy and tro  ch  lear nerve pal  sy when looking to the right left the nerve muscle isn t strong enough or is too long and the eye drif  ts up
con  genital generalized li  po  dy  stro  phy also known as ber  ar  din  elli – se  ip syndrome is an extremely rare auto  som  al rec  essive skin condition characterized by an extreme scarcity of fat in the sub  cu  taneous tissues only 250 cases of the condition have been reported and it is estimated that it occurs in 1 in 10 million people worldwide
con  genital hearing loss is a hearing loss present at birth it can include hereditary hearing loss or hearing loss due to other factors present either in uter  o pre  natal or at the time of birth
con  genital heart defect ch  d also known as a con  genital heart anomaly or con  genital heart disease is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of problem symptoms can vary from none to life threatening when present they may include rapid breathing blu  ish skin poor weight gain and feeling tired it does not cause chest pain most con  genital heart problems do not occur with other diseases complications that can result from heart defects include heart failure the cause of a con  genital heart defect is often unknown certain cases may be due to infections during pregnancy such as rub  ella use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco parents being closely related or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother having a parent with a con  genital heart defect is also a risk factor a number of genetic conditions are associated with heart defects including down syndrome turner syndrome and mar  fan syndrome con  genital heart defects are divided into two main groups cyan  otic heart defects and non cyan  otic heart defects depending on whether the child has the potential to turn blu  ish in color the problems may involve the interior walls of the heart the heart valves or the large blood vessels that lead to and from the heart con  genital heart defects are partly preventable through rub  ella vaccination the adding of i  od  ine to salt and the adding of fol  ic acid to certain food products some defects do not need treatment other may be effectively treated with cathe  ter based procedures or heart surgery occasionally a number of operations may be needed occasionally heart transplantation is required with appropriate treatment outcomes even with complex problems are generally good heart defects are the most common birth defect in 2013 they were present in 34 3 million people globally they affect between 4 and 75 per 1 000 live births depending upon how they are diagnosed about 6 to 19 per 1 000 cause a moderate to severe degree of problems con  genital heart defects are the leading cause of birth defect related deaths in 2013 they resulted in 323 000 deaths down from 366 000 deaths in 1990
con  genital hem  ol  y  tic an  emia or hereditary hem  ol  y  tic an  emia refers to hem  ol  y  tic an  emia which is primarily due to con  genital disorders
con  genital he  p  atic fi  bro  sis is an inherited fi  bro  c  ys  tic liver disease associated with proliferation of inter  lob  ular bile duc  ts within the portal areas and fi  bro  sis that do not alter he  p  atic lob  ular architecture the fi  bro  sis would affect resistance in portal ve  ins leading to portal hyper  tension
con  genital hyper  insul  in  ism is a medical term referring to a variety of con  genital disorders in which hypo  gly  cem  ia is caused by excessive insulin secre  tion con  genital forms of hyper  insul  in  emic hypo  gly  cem  ia can be transi  ent or persistent mild or severe these conditions are present at birth and most become apparent in early infancy the severe forms can cause obvious problems in the first hour of life but mil  der forms may not be detected until adult years mild cases can be treated by frequent fe  edings more severe cases can be controlled by medications that reduce insulin secre  tion or effects
con  genital hyper  tro  phy of the lateral fold of the hall  ux is a rare cu  taneous condition of unknown path  ology that present to new  bor  ns the condition was first described by martin  et et al in 1984 this sometimes painful condition involves an over  growth of the soft tissue that can partially cover the nail plate the condition usually effects both extre  mi  ties and the condition can later reverse spontaneously
con  genital hypo  thyro  i  dis  m ch is a condition of thyro  id hormone deficiency present at birth approximately 1 in 4000 new  born infants has a severe deficiency of thyro  id function while even more have mild or partial degrees if untreated for several months after birth severe con  genital hypo  thyro  i  dis  m can lead to growth failure and permanent intellectual disability treatment consists of a daily dose of thyro  id hormone thyro  x  ine by mouth because the treatment is simple effective and inexpensive nearly all of the developed world practices new  born screening to detect and treat con  genital hypo  thyro  i  dis  m in the first weeks of life
con  genital ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma cie also known as non  bull  ous con  genital ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma is a rare type the ich  thy  osis family of skin diseases which occurs in 1 in 200 000 to 300 000 births
con  genital in  sensitivity to pain cip also known as con  genital anal  ge  sia is one or more rare conditions in which a person cannot feel and has never felt physical pain the conditions described here are separate from the h  san group of disorders which have more specific signs and eti  ology it is an extremely dangerous condition
con  genital in  sensitivity to pain with an  hi  dro  sis ci  pa also called hereditary sensory and autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy type iv is an extremely rare inherited disorder of the nervous system which prevents the sensation of pain heat cold or any real nerve related sens  ations including feeling the need to ur  inate however patients can still feel pressure ci  pa is the fourth type of hereditary sensory and autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy h  san known as h  san iv it is also referred to as h  san type iv a person with ci  pa cannot feel pain or differentiate even extreme temperatures an  hi  dro  sis means the body does not sweat and con  genital indicates that the condition is present from birth
con  genital nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t obstruction cl  do is the condition in which a tear duc  t has failed to open at the time of birth around 6 of infants have cl  do usually experiencing a persistent wat  ery eye even when not crying the condition is also known as d  ac  ry  osten  osis if a secondary infection occurs d  ac  ry  oc  y  sti  tis pur  ul  ent yellow green discharge may be present
con  genital lac  tic aci  do  sis cla is a rare disease caused by mutations in mit  och  on  dri  al dna mt  dna that affect the ability of cells to use energy and cause too much lac  tic acid to build up in the body a condition called lac  tic aci  do  sis
con  genital limb de  form  ities are con  genital mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorders which primarily affect the upper and lower limbs an example is poly  d  ac  ty  ly
con  genital lip pits also known as con  genital sin  us of the lower lip lip sin  us and mid  line sin  us of the upper lip is a con  genital disorder characterized by the presence of pits and possibly associated f  ist  ul  as in the lips they are often hereditary and may occur alone or in association with cle  ft lip and pal  ate termed van der w  ou  de syndrome they are divided into three types based on their location commis  sur  al upper lip lower lip in some cases commis  sur  al pits have been reported in combination with pre  aur  ic  alu  ar pits lip pits are harmless and do not usually require any treatment although in some reported cases surgical exc  ision has been used
con  genital lob  ar emph  ys  ema cle also known as con  genital lob  ar over  inflation and inf  anti  le lob  ar emph  ys  ema is a ne  on  atal condition associated with enlarged air spaces in the lungs of new  born children it is usually diagnosed around the time of birth or in the first 6 months of life occurring more often in boys than girls cle affects the upper lung lob  es more than the lower lob  es and the left lung more often than the right lung although cle may be caused by abnormal development of airways bron  chi for example or compression of airways by nearby tissues no cause is identified in half of cases
con  genital mal  formations of the der  mato  gly  ph  s are a cu  taneous condition divided into four main categories based on the appearance of the der  mal ri  dges of which they are composed 1 ridge ap  la  sia 2 ridge hypo  pl  asia 3 ridge dissoci  ation and 4 ri  dges off the end
the con  genital mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us is a type of mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us or mole found in infants at birth this type of birth  mark occurs in an estimated 1 of infants worldwide it is located in the area of the head and neck 15 of the time
con  genital muscular dy  stro  ph  ies are auto  som  al rec  essively inherited muscle diseases they are a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by muscle weakness which is present at birth and the different changes on muscle biopsy that ranges from my  opathic to over  tly dy  stro  ph  ic due to the age at which the biopsy takes place
con  genital my  asth  en  ic syndrome c  ms is an inherited neuro  muscular disorder caused by defects of several types at the neuro  muscular junction the effects of the disease are similar to lambert e  aton syndrome and my  asth  enia grav  is the difference being that c  ms is not an auto  immune disorder
con  genital my  opathy is a very broad term for any muscle disorder present at birth this defect primarily affects sk  el  etal muscle fibres and causes muscular weakness and or hy  pot  onia con  genital my  opath  ies account for one of the top neuro  muscular disorders in the world today comprising approximately 6 in 100 000 live births every year as a whole con  genital my  opath  ies can be broadly classified as follows a distinctive ab  normality in sk  el  etal muscle fibres on the cellular level observ  able via light micro  scope symptoms of muscle weakness and hy  pot  onia is a con  genital disorder meaning it occurs during development and symptoms present themselves at birth or in early life is a genetic disorder
con  genital ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by protein in the urine and sw  elling of the body
con  genital pul  mon  ary air  way mal  formation cp  am formerly known as con  genital c  ys  tic aden  om  ato  id mal  formation cc  am is a con  genital disorder of the lung similar to bron  chop  ul  mon  ary sequestr  ation in cp  am usually an entire lo  be of lung is replaced by a non working c  ys  tic piece of abnormal lung tissue this abnormal tissue will never function as normal lung tissue the underlying cause for cp  am is unknown it occurs in approximately 1 in every 30 000 pregnancies in most cases the outcome of a fe  tus with cp  am is very good in rare cases the c  ys  tic mass grows so large as to limit the growth of the surrounding lung and cause pressure against the heart in these situations the cp  am can be life threatening for the fe  tus cp  am can be separated into five types based on clinical and patho  logic features cp  am type 1 is the most common with large cy  sts and a good prog  no  sis cp  am type 2 with medium sized cy  sts often has a poor prog  no  sis owing to its frequent association with other significant anomalies other types are rare
con  genital rub  ella syndrome crs can occur in a developing fe  tus of a pregnant woman who has contracted rub  ella usually in the first trim  ester if infection occurs 0 – 28 days before conception the infant has a 43 risk of being affected if the infection occurs 0 – 12 weeks after conception the risk increases to 51 if the infection occurs 13 – 26 weeks after conception the risk is 23 of the infant being affected by the disease infants are not generally affected if rub  ella is contracted during the third trim  ester or 26 – 40 weeks after conception problems rarely occur when rub  ella is contracted by the mother after 20 weeks of gest  ation and continues to disseminate the virus after birth it was discovered in 1941 by australian norman mc  alis  ter greg  g the molecular basis for the causation of con  genital rub  ella syndrome are not yet completely clear but in vitro studies with cell lines showed that rub  ella virus has an apop  to  tic effect on certain cell types there is evidence for a p 53 dependent mechanism
con  genital self healing re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  to  sis also known as hash  im  oto – pr  it  z  ker disease and hash  im  oto – pr  it  z  ker syndrome is a condition that is a self limited form of lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis
con  genital sten  osis of ven  a cav  a is a con  genital anomaly in which the superior ven  a cav  a or inferior ven  a cav  a has an aberr  ant interruption or co  arc  tation in some cases it can be as  ymp  tomatic
con  genital sy  phil  is is sy  phil  is present in uter  o and at birth and occurs when a child is born to a mother with sy  phil  is untreated early sy  phil  is infections results in a high risk of poor pregnancy outcomes including saddle nose lower extre  mity ab  norm  alities mis  carri  ages premature births still  births or death in ne  on  ates some infants with con  genital sy  phil  is have symptoms at birth but many develop symptoms later babies exposed in uter  o can have de  form  ities delays in development or seizures along with many other problems such as rash fever he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y an  emia and ja  und  ice new  bor  ns will typically not develop a primary sy  phili  tic chan  cre but may present with signs of secondary sy  phil  is i e generalized body rash often these babies will develop sy  phili  tic rh  initi  s snu  ff  les the m  uc  us from which is laden with the t palli  dum bacter  ium and therefore highly infectious rarely the symptoms of sy  phil  is go unseen in infants so that they develop the symptoms of latent sy  phil  is including damage to their bones teeth eyes ears and brain
con  genital tu  f  ting enter  opathy is an inherited disorder of the small intest  ine that presents with intractable diarr  hea in young children
cong  estive he  pat  opathy also known as nut  meg liver and chronic passive congestion of the liver is liver dysfunction due to ven  ous congestion usually due to cong  estive heart failure the gross pathological appearance of a liver affected by chronic passive congestion is spec  k  led like a gr  ated nut  meg ker  nel the dark spots represent the dil  ated and congested he  p  atic ven  ules and small he  p  atic ve  ins the pal  er areas are unaffected surrounding liver tissue when severe and longstanding he  p  atic congestion can lead to fi  bro  sis if congestion is due to right heart failure it is called cardiac cir  rho  sis
con  ic optimi  zation is a sub  field of conv  ex optimi  zation that studies a class of structured conv  ex optimi  zation problems called con  ic optimi  zation problems a con  ic optimi  zation problem consists of minim  izing a conv  ex function over the inter  section of an aff  ine sub  space and a conv  ex cone the class of con  ic optimi  zation problems is a sub  class of conv  ex optimi  zation problems and it includes some of the most well known classes of conv  ex optimi  zation problems namely linear and semi  definite programming
con  idio  bo  lo  my  co  sis is a fun  gal disease it is caused by con  idi  ob  ol  us coron  atus or con  idi  ob  ol  us in  con  gru  us
con  joined twins are identical twins joined in uter  o an extremely rare phenomenon the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 49 000 births to 1 in 189 000 births with a somewhat higher incidence in southeast asia africa and brazil approximately half are still  born and an additional one third die within 24 hours most live births are female with a ratio of 3 1 most still  bor  ns are male two contradic  ting theories exist to explain the origins of con  joined twins the more generally accepted theory is fis  sion in which the fertili  zed egg spl  its partially the other theory no longer believed to be the basis of con  joined twinning is fusion in which a fertili  zed egg completely separates but stem cells which search for similar cells find like stem cells on the other twin and fuse the twins together con  joined twins share a single common chor  ion plac  enta and am  ni  otic s  ac although these characteristics are not exclusive to con  joined twins as there are some mono  zy  go  tic but non con  joined twins who also share these structures in uter  o the most famous pair of con  joined twins was chang and eng bunker thai อ  ิ  น จ  ั  น in chan 18  11 – 18  74 thai brothers born in si  am now thailand they traveled with p t bar  num s circus for many years and were labeled as the si  am  ese twins chang and eng were joined by a band of flesh car  til  age and their f  used li  vers at the tor  so in modern times they could have been easily separated due to the brothers fame and the r  arity of the condition the term si  am  ese twins came to be used as a synon  ym for con  joined twins
in abstract al  ge  bra a con  ju  g  acy class sum or simply class sum is a function defined for each con  ju  g  acy class of a finite group g as the sum of the elements in that con  ju  g  acy class the class sums of a group form a basis for the center of the associated group al  ge  bra
con  ju  gate gaze pal  sies are neuro  logical disorders affecting the ability to move both eyes in the same direction these pal  sies can affect gaze in a horizontal upward or downward direction these entities overlap with oph  thal  m  opa  res  is and oph  thal  mop  legi  a
concre  tion in the pal  pe  br  al con  junc  tiva is called con  junc  ti  val concre  tion that is a or a cluster small hard yel  low  ish white calci  fied matter superfic  ially buried beneath the pal  pe  br  al con  junc  tiva most of concre  tions in the eye form in the pal  pe  br  al con  junc  tiva which is a clear memb  rane to surround the inside of the eye  lid less can be located in the cor  ne  a and re  tina
con  junc  ti  val squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma con  junc  ti  val sc  c and cor  ne  al intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia comprise what are called oc  ular surface squ  am  ous cell ne  op  la  si  as sc  c is the most common m  align  ancy of the con  junc  tiva in the us with a yearly incidence of 1 2 8 per 100 000 risk factors for the disease are exposure to sun specifically occupational exposure to u  v  b and light colored skin other risk factors include radiation smoking h  p  v arsenic and exposure to polycyclic hydrocarbons con  junc  ti  val sc  c is often as  ymp  tomatic at first but it can present with the presence of a growth red eye pain it  ching burning tearing sensitivity to light double vision and decreased vision spread of con  junc  ti  val sc  c can occur in 1 21 of cases with the first site of spread being the regional lymp  h no  des mortality for con  junc  ti  val sc  c ranges from 0 8 diagnosis is often made by biopsy as well as ct in the case of invasive sc  c treatment of con  junc  ti  val sc  c is usually surgical exc  ision followed by cry  otherapy after this procedure con  junc  ti  val sc  c can recur 8 40 of the time radiation treatment topical mit  om  y  cin c and removal of the contents of the orbit or ex  enter  ation are other methods of treatment close follow up is recommended because the average time to recurrence is 8 – 22 months
con  junc  ti  vi  tis also known as pink eye is infl  amm  ation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eye  lid it makes the eye appear pink or red  dish there may also be pain burning scrat  chin  ess or it  chin  ess the affected eye may have increased tears or be stuck shut in the morning sw  elling of the white part of the eye may also occur it  ching of the eye is more common in cases due to allergies con  junc  ti  vi  tis can affect one or both eyes the most common infectious causes are viral followed by bacterial the viral infection may occur along with other symptoms of a common cold viral and bacterial cases are easily spread between people allergies to poll  en or animal hair is also a common cause diagnosis is often based on signs and symptoms occasionally a sample of the discharge is sent for culture prevention is partly by hand  washing treatment depends on the underlying cause in the majority of viral cases there is no specific treatment most cases due to a bacterial infection will also resolve without treatment however antibiotics can shorten the illness those who wear contact lens and those with either gon  or  rhe  a or ch  lam  y  dia as the cause should be treated allergic cases can be treated with anti  hist  amine or m  ast cell inhi  bit  or drops about 3 to 6 million people get con  junc  ti  vi  tis each year in the united states in adults viral causes are more common while in children bacterial causes are more common typically people get better in one or two weeks if there is visual loss significant pain sensitivity to light signs of her  pes or a person is not improving after a week further diagnosis and treatment may be required con  junc  ti  vi  tis in a new  born known as ne  on  atal con  junc  ti  vi  tis may also require specific treatment
connec  tic  ut reper  tory theatre cr  t at the stor  rs campus of the university of connec  tic  ut is the professional theatre run by the department of dramatic arts a part of the school of fine arts although a part of a university the cr  t is a major presence in the theatre world and sells more than twelve thousand tickets each year cr  t offers a subscription series of six plays and mus  icals each year — two in the 116 seat studio theatre two in the 240 seat naf  e kat  ter theatre and two in the 485 seat har  ri  et s j  org  ensen theatre productions range from dram  as such as the children s hour by li  l  lian hel  l  man to more light hearted fare such as the odd couple by neil simon prominent theatre personalities who have appeared in cr  t productions include actors kim hunter judy k  aye and al  eta mitchell directors james war  wick and larry carpenter cho  re  o  grapher tony stevens and designer dennis par  ich  y the new york times said of the cr  t theater lovers desperately seeking a touch of class to assu  age the ache of tony fallout should drive to the university of connec  tic  ut at stor  rs for an essential restor  ative by the connec  tic  ut reper  tory theater cr  t and the department of dramatic arts also run the internationally renowned puppet arts program
the connecting stal  k is a y  ol  k s  ac diver  ticul  um it is derived from extra  embryonic mes  o  der  m eventually it forms the um  bil  ical cord
a connec  tive tissue disease is any disease that has the connec  tive tissues of the body as a target of path  ology connec  tive tissue is any type of biological tissue with an extensive ex  trac  ell  ular matrix that supports binds together and protects organs these tissues form a framework or matrix for the body and are composed of two major structural protein molecules coll  agen and el  as  tin there are many different types of coll  agen protein in each of the body s tissues el  as  tin has the capability of stretching and returning to its original length — like a spring or rubber band el  as  tin is the major component of lig  aments tissues that attach bone to bone and skin in patients with connec  tive tissue disease it is common for coll  agen and el  as  tin to become injured by infl  amm  ation many connec  tive tissue diseases feature abnormal immune system activity with infl  amm  ation in tissues as a result of an immune system that is directed against one s own body tissues auto  immunity diseases in which infl  amm  ation or weakness of coll  agen tends to occur are also referred to as coll  agen diseases coll  agen vascular diseases can be but are not necessarily associated with coll  agen and blood vessel ab  norm  alities and that are auto  immune in nature see also vas  cu  li  tis connec  tive tissue diseases can have strong or weak inheritance risks and can also be caused by environmental factors
a connec  tive tissue ne  op  las  m connec  tive tissue tumor is a ne  op  las  m arising from the tissues of the connec  tive tissue not all tumors in the connec  tive tissue are of the connec  tive tissue
a connec  tive tissue nev  us also known as a coll  agen  oma el  ast  oma and sh  agre  en patch may be present at birth or appear within the first few years is elevated soft to firm varying from 0 5 to several centi  meters in diameter and may be grouped linear or ir  regularly distributed
con  o  ren  al syndrome also called main  zer sal  dino syndrome or sal  dino main  zer disease is a collection of medical conditions that seem to have a common genetic cause
a con  o  scopic interference pattern or interference figure is a pattern of bi  ref  r  ingent colours crossed by dark bands or isog  y  res which can be produced using a geological petro  graphic micro  scope for the purposes of mineral identification and investigation of mineral optical and chemical properties the figures are produced by optical interference when diver  ging light rays travel through an op  tically non iso  tropic substance that is one in which the substance s ref  r  active index varies in different directions within it the figure can be thought of as a map of how the bi  ref  ring  ence of a mineral would vary with viewing angle away from per  pend  icular to the slide where the central colour is the bi  ref  ring  ence seen looking straight down and the colours further from the centre equivalent to viewing the mineral at ever increasing angles from per  pend  icular the dark bands correspond to positions where optical extinction apparent iso  tro  py would be seen in other words the interference figure presents all possible bi  ref  ring  ence colours for the mineral at once viewing the interference figure is a fool  proof way to determine if a mineral is op  tically uni  ax  ial or bi  ax  ial if the figure is aligned correctly use of a sensitive tin  t plate in conjunction with the micro  scope allows the user to determine mineral op  tic sign and op  tic angle
con  rad  i – hü  ner  mann syndrome also known as con  rad  i – hü  ner  mann – hap  ple syndrome hap  ple syndrome and x linked dominant ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata is a type of ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata it is associated with the gene e  bp gene and affects between one in 100 000 and one in 200 000 babies
in computer programming cons ˈ  k  ɒ  n  z or ˈ  k  ɒ  ns is a fundamental function in most dial  ects of the lis  p programming language cons construc  ts memory objects which hold two values or pointers to values these objects are referred to as cons cells cons  es non atomic s expressions nat  ses or cons pairs in lis  p jargon the expression to cons x onto y means to construct a new object with cons i x i i y i the resulting pair has a left half referred to as the car the first element or content of address register and a right half the second element or content of dec  rement register referred to as the cdr it is loosely related to the object oriented notion of a construc  tor which creates a new object given arguments and more closely related to the construc  tor function of an al  ge  bra  ic data type system the word cons and expressions like to cons onto are also part of a more general functional programming jargon sometimes operators that have a similar purpose especially in the context of list processing are pronounced cons a good example is the operator in ml scal  a f and el  m or the operator in has  k  ell which adds an element to the beginning of a list
consci  enti  ousness is the personality trait of being careful or vigilant consci  enti  ousness implies a desire to do a task well conscientious people are efficient and organized as opposed to easy going and disorderly they exhibit a tendency to show self discipline act du  ti  fully and aim for achievement they display planned rather than spontaneous behavior and they are generally organized and depend  able they have a more functional an  terior c  ing  ulate cor  tex acc than the average person it is manifested in characteristic behaviors such as being neat and systematic also including such elements as caref  ul  ness thorough  ness and deliberation the tendency to think carefully before acting consci  enti  ousness is one of the five traits of the five factor model of personality and is an aspect of what has traditionally been referred to as having character conscientious individuals are generally hard working and reliable they are also likely to be conform  ists when taken to an extreme they may also be work  a  hol  ics perfec  tion  ists and compul  sive in their behavior people who score low on consci  enti  ousness tend to be laid back less goal oriented and less driven by success they also are more likely to engage in anti  social and criminal behavior
the consideration of future consequences cf  c is a personality trait defined as the extent to which individuals consider the potential future outcomes of their current behaviour and the extent to which they are influenced by the imagined outcomes individuals who score highly on a measure such as the consideration of future consequences scale typically focus on the future implications of their behaviour whereas those low on cf  c typically focus more on their immediate needs and concerns
in mathematics the constant problem is the problem of deciding if a given expression is equal to zero
constitutional symptoms refers to a group of symptoms that can affect many different systems of the body examples include weight loss fe  vers fe  vers of unknown origin hyper  hi  dro  sis generalized hyper  hi  dro  sis chronic pain fatigue dy  sp  ne  a and malaise other examples include ch  ills night swe  ats and decreased appetite generally they are very non  specific with a vast number of diseases and conditions as potential cause thereby requiring further evaluation for any diagnosis
constitu  tionality is the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution the status of a law a procedure or an act s accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable constitution when one of these laws procedures or acts directly violates the constitution it is unconstitutional all the rest are considered constitutional until challenged and declared otherwise
the focal point of the communic  ative constitution of organizations is that “ organization is an effect of communication not its predecessor ” this approach also referred to as the c  co perspective pos  its that elements of communication rather than being fixed in advance are refl  exi  vely constituted within the act of communication itself
in mathematics a constraint is a condition of an optimi  zation problem that the solution must satisfy there are several types of constraints — primarily equality constraints inequality constraints and inte  ger constraints the set of candidate solutions that satisfy all constraints is called the feasible set
constraint satisfaction problems c  sps are mathematical problems defined as a set of objects whose state must satisfy a number of constraints or limitations c  sps represent the entities in a problem as a homogeneous collection of finite constraints over variables which is solved by constraint satisfaction methods c  sps are the subject of intense research in both artificial intelligence and operations research since the regularity in their formulation provides a common basis to analyze and solve problems of many seemingly unrelated families c  sps often exhibit high complexity requiring a combination of he  ur  is  tics and combin  atorial search methods to be solved in a reasonable time the boo  lean satis  fi  ability problem sat the satis  fi  ability mod  ul  o theories sm  t and answer set programming as  p can be roughly thought of as certain forms of the constraint satisfaction problem examples of simple problems that can be model  ed as a constraint satisfaction problem include eight queens puzzle map col  oring problem cross  words su  do  ku fu  to  shi  ki kak  uro cross sums num  bri  x hi  d  ato and many other logic puzz  les these are often provided with tu  tori  als of as  p boo  lean sat and sm  t sol  vers in the general case constraint problems can be much harder and may not be expres  sible in some of these simpler systems real life examples include automated planning and resource allocation
con  stric  tion ring syndrome crs also known or mis  named as adam complex am  ni  otic band sequence am  ni  otic band syndrome am  ni  otic disruption complex am  ni  och  ori  onic mes  obl  astic fi  bro  us strings con  genital ampu  tation con  stric  tion band syndrome con  genital con  stric  tion bands stre  eter bands tissue bands is a con  genital disorder with unknown eti  ology because of the unknown eti  ology there are many different and sometimes wrong names see eti  ology it is a mal  formation due to in  trau  ter  ine bands or rings that give deep gro  o  ves in most commonly dis  tal extre  mi  ties like fingers and toes in rare cases the con  stric  tion ring can form around other parts of the fe  tus and cause ampu  tation or even in  trau  ter  ine death see types and classification the anatomy proxim  al to the site of con  stric  tion or ampu  tation is develop  mentally normal crs can be associated with other mal  formations with club foot being most common see also types and classification the precise configuration of the bands lymp  he  dem  a and character of the ampu  tations are not predictable and vary with each individual patient also more than one extre  mity is usually affected and it is rare for only one ring to present as an isolated mal  formation with no other manifestation of this syndrome
con  stric  tive peric  ardi  tis is a medical condition characterized by a thick  ened fi  bro  tic peric  ardi  um limiting the heart s ability to function normally in many cases the condition continues to be difficult to diagnose and therefore benefits from a good understanding of the underlying cause
in complexity theory a time construc  tible function is a function f from natural numbers to natural numbers with the property that f n can be constructed from n by a turing machine in the time of order f n the purpose of such a definition is to exclude functions that do not provide an upper bound on the run  time of some turing machine
consumer capitalism is a theoretical economic and social political condition in which consumer demand is manipulated in a deliberate and coordinated way on a very large scale through mass marketing techniques to the advantage of sellers this theory is controversial it suggests manipulation of consumer demand so potent that it has a coercive effect amounts to a departure from free market capitalism and has an adverse effect on society in general according to one source the power of such manipulation is not straightforward it depends upon a new kind of individu  alism projec  tive individu  alism where persons use consumer capitalism to project the kind of person who they want to be some use the phrase as shor  th  and for the broader idea that the interests of other non business entities governments religions the military educational institutions are intertwined with corporate business interests and that those entities also participate in the management of social expectations through mass media
the term consumer revolution refers to the period from approximately 1600 to 17  50 in england in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds the consumer revolution marked a departure from the traditional mode of life that was dominated by fru  g  ality and scarcity to one of increasingly mass consumption in society
contact der  mati  tis is a type of infl  amm  ation of the skin it results from either exposure to aller  gens allergic contact der  mati  tis or irrit  ants irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis photo  toxic der  mati  tis occurs when the aller  gen or irrit  ant is activated by sunlight diagnosis of allergic contact der  mati  tis can often be supported by patch testing
contact gran  ul  oma also known as a contact ul  cer is a condition where an ul  cer is found in the vocal fol  ds on the mu  co  us memb  rane of the poster  ior third of the vocal cord vocal process where the vocal lig  ament attaches the most common cause of the condition is sustained periods of increased pressure on the vocal fol  ds and is commonly seen in people who use their voice excessively such as sing  ers john mayer for example gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease is also thought to be a contributing factor in the development of contact ul  cers
a contact high is a psychological phenomenon that occurs in otherwise sober people and animals who come into contact with someone who is under the influence of drugs it involves a supposed transfer of the physiological state of in  tox  ication a glos  s  ary of drug users language from the 1970 s describes the term as a psycho  genic trip without taking drugs by being close to somebody while he or she is on drugs the term is often incorrectly used to describe the high obtained by inhal  ing the smoke of other marijuana smokers in alexander sh  ul  gin s pi  hk  al book under the 2 c i entry a notable reaction is observed in a participant who takes a plac  e  bo existing in an environment with other people who are under the drug s influence the participant wrote that he had absorbed the ambi  ence of the folks who had actually im  bi  bed the material
contagious bovine ple  u  ro  pneumonia c  b  pp also known as lung plague is a contagious bacterial disease that afflic  ts the lungs of cattle buffalo ze  bu and y  aks it is caused by the bacter  ium my  co  plasma my  co  ides my  co  ides and the symptoms are pneumonia and infl  amm  ation of the lung memb  ran  es the incub  ation period is 20 to 123 days it was particularly widespread in the united states in 18  79 affecting herds from several states the outbreak was so severe that it resulted in a trade embargo by the british government blocking u s cattle exports to britain and canada this prompted the united states to establish the bureau of animal industry set up in 18  84 to eradicate the disease which it succeeded in doing louis will  ems a belgian doctor began pioneering work in the 18  50 s on animal in  oc  ulation against the disease the bacteria are widespread in africa the middle east southern europe as well as parts of asia it is an airborne species and can travel up to several kilometres in the right conditions
contagious caprine ple  u  ro  pneumonia cc  pp is a cause of major economic losses to goat producers in africa asia and the middle east disease is caused by members of the my  co  plasma genus usually my  co  plasma cap  ri  col  um sub  sp cap  ri  col  um but sometimes by m my  co  ides sub  sp cap  ri or m my  co  ides sub  sp my  co  ides it is extremely contagious with very high morbi  dity and mortality rates causing an inter  sti  tial fi  br  inous ple  u  ro  pneumonia in infected goats infection is spread by close contact aerosol therefore over  crowding and confinement increases disease incidence stress factors such as malnutrition and long transport can also pre  dispose animals to disease goats are the only species affected therefore the disease is not a zoon  osis there is no age breed or sex pre  dil  ection but clinical signs are often worse in younger animals
a contagious shooting is a soci  ological phenomenon observed in military and police personnel in the united states in which one person firing on a target can induce others to begin shooting often the subsequent shoo  ters will not know why they are firing this is defined as officers firing because others are doing so or according to professor eu  gene j o donn  ell of john jay college cops shoot because other cops shoot while commonly accepted in popular culture and police jargon there has been yet no scientific evidence to prove the existence of a contagious shooting dynamic which o donn  ell said was a debatable notion additionally a former cia employee and fbi firearms instructor observed it in training consistently in every class officers would shoot at their target upon hearing others shoot even when their particular target board did not contain the called target he suggests that one reason it occurs is because of muscle memory t he targets turn or the whistle blows and all the officers shoot together until a cease fire signal is given o donn  ell partially reinforces this saying that in classic cases involving contagious shooting a gun was shot before any officers fired and thus the officers involved began shooting because of fear or because of the sound of a colleague firing
contaminated ha  em  ophi  lia blood products were a serious public health problem in the late 1970 s through 1985 these products caused large numbers of ha  em  ophi  li  acs to become infected with hiv and hepatitis c the companies involved included alpha therapeutic corporation institut mé  ri  eux which then became rh  one poul  en  c r  or  er inc and is now part of san  of  i bayer corporation and its cut  ter biological division ba  x  ter international and its hy  land pharmaceutical division estimates range from 6 000 to 10 000 ha  em  ophi  li  acs in the united states becoming infected with hiv factor viii is a protein that helps the clo  tting of blood which ha  em  ophi  li  acs due to the genetic nature of their condition are unable to produce themselves by injecting themselves with it hem  ophi  li  acs can stop bleeding or prevent bleeding from starting some use it as often as three times a week
contamination is the presence of an unwanted constituent contamin  ant or im  purity in a material physical body natural environment workplace etc
in digital circuits the contamination delay den  oted as t  cd is the minimum amount of time from when an input changes until any output starts to change its value this change in value does not imply that the value has reached a stable condition the contamination delay only specifies that the output rises or falls to 50 of the voltage level for a logic high the circuit is guaranteed not to show any output change in response to an input change before t  cd time units calculated for the whole circuit have passed the determination of the contamination delay of a combined circuit requires identifying the shortest path of contamination delays from input to output and by adding each t  cd time along this path for a sequ  ential circuit such as two d flip fl  ops connected in series the contamination delay of the first flip fl  op must be fac  tored in to avoid violating the hold time constraint of the second flip fl  op receiving the output from the first flip fl  op here the contamination delay is the amount of time needed for a change in the flip fl  op clock input to result in the initial change at the flip fl  op output q if there is insufficient delay from the output of one flip fl  op to the input of the next the input may change before the hold time has passed because the second flip fl  op is still unstable its data would then be contaminated every path from an input to an output can be characterized with a particular contamination delay well balanced circuits will have similar speeds for all paths through a combinational stage so the minimum propagation time is close to the maximum this corresponding maximum time is the propagation delay the condition of data being contaminated is called a race
a con  ti  gu  ous gene syndrome c  gs also known as a con  ti  gu  ous gene deletion syndrome is a clinical phen  o  type caused by a chro  mo  som  al ab  normality such as a deletion or duplication that removes several genes lying in close proximity to one another on the chro  mo  some the combined phen  o  type of the patient is a combination of what is seen when any individual has disease causing mutations in any of the individual genes involved in the deletion while it can be caused by deleted material on a chro  mo  some it is not strictly speaking the same entity as a seg  mental an  eu  plo  id  y syndrome a seg  mental an  eu  plo  id  y syndrome is a subtype of c  gs that regularly recur usually due to non all  el  ic homo  log  ous re  combination between low copy repeats in the region most c  gs involve the x chro  mo  some and affect male individuals one of the earliest and most famous examples of a c  gs involves a male patient with du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy d  md chronic gran  ul  om  at  ous disease c  g  d ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa and intellectual disability when it was discovered that an x chro  mo  some deletion specifically x  p 21 was the underlying cause of all of these features researchers were able to use this information to clone the genes responsible for d  md and c  g  d one of those more common c  gs involves a deletion on the x chro  mo  some near x  p 21 that encompasses d  md causing du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy n  rob 1 causing x linked adren  al hypo  pl  asia con  gen  ita and gk causing gly  cer  ol kin  ase deficiency these patients will have all the common features of each individual disease resulting in a very complex phen  o  type dele  tions near the dis  tal tip of the p arm of the x chro  mo  some are also a frequent cause of c  gs in addition to the previously described c  gs that occur on the x chro  mo  some two other common syndro  mes are l  anger gi  edi  on syndrome caused by dele  tions of tr  ps 1 and ext 1 on 8 q 24 and wag  r syndrome caused by dele  tions on 11 q 13 encompassing pax 6 and w  t 1
continental ger  man  ic myth  ology is a subtype of ger  man  ic pag  anism as practiced in parts of central europe during the 6 th to 8 th centuries a period of christian  ization it continued in the leg  ends and middle high german ep  ics of the middle ages traces of these stories with the sacred elements largely removed may be found throughout european fol  kl  ore and fairy tales
continental collision is a phenomenon of the plate tec  ton  ics of earth that occurs at conver  gent boundaries continental collision is a variation on the fundamental process of sub  duc  tion whereby the sub  duc  tion zone is destroyed mountains produced and two continents su  tured together continental collision is known only to occur on earth continental collision is not an instan  taneous event but may take several tens of millions of years before the fa  ulting and fol  ding caused by collis  ions stops the collision between india and asia has been going on for about 50 million years already and shows no signs of ab  ating collision between east and west gon  dw  ana to form the east african oro  gen took about 100 million years from beginning 610 ma to end 510 ma collision between gon  dw  ana and laur  asia to form pan  ge  a occurred in a relatively brief interval about 50 million years long
continuous distillation a form of distillation is an ongoing separation in which a mixture is continuously without interruption fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams distillation is the separation or partial separation of a liquid feed mixture into components or fractions by selective boiling or evapor  ation and condens  ation the process produces at least two output fractions these fractions include at least one volatile distill  ate fraction which has boiled and been separately captured as a vap  or condens  ed to a liquid and practically always a bott  oms or residu  um fraction which is the least volatile residue that has not been separately captured as a condens  ed vap  or an alternative to continuous distillation is batch distillation where the mixture is added to the unit at the start of the distillation distill  ate fractions are taken out sequ  entially in time one after another during the distillation and the remaining bott  oms fraction is removed at the end because each of the distill  ate fractions are taken out at different times only one distill  ate exit point location is needed for a batch distillation and the distill  ate can just be switched to a different receiver a fraction collecting container batch distillation is often used when smaller quantities are distilled in a continuous distillation each of the fraction streams is taken simultaneously throughout operation therefore a separate exit point is needed for each fraction in practice when there are multiple distill  ate fractions the distill  ate exit points are located at different heights on a fr  action  ating column the bott  oms fraction can be taken from the bottom of the distillation column or unit but is often taken from a re  boiler connected to the bottom of the column each fraction may contain one or more components types of chemical compounds when distill  ing crude oil or a similar feed  stock each fraction contains many components of similar volatility and other properties although it is possible to run a small scale or laboratory continuous distillation most often continuous distillation is used in a large scale industrial process
in theoretical computer science the continuous k  nap  sack problem also known as the frac  tional k  nap  sack problem is an algori  th  mic problem in combin  atorial optimi  zation in which the goal is to fill a container the k  nap  sack with frac  tional amounts of different materials chosen to maximize the value of the selected materials it resembles the classic k  nap  sack problem in which the items to be placed in the container are indivisible however the continuous k  nap  sack problem may be solved in poly  no  mi  al time whereas the classic k  nap  sack problem is n  p hard it is a classic example of how a seemingly small change in the formulation of a problem can have a large impact on its compu  tational complexity
continuous ob  sol  es  cence or perpetual revolution is a phenomenon where industry trends or other items that do not immediately correspond to technical needs mandate a continual read  ap  tation of a system such work does not increase the usefulness of the system but is required for the system to continue fulfilling its functions
a muscle contrac  ture is a permanent shortening of a muscle or joint it is usually in response to prolonged hyper  tonic sp  as  tic  ity in a concentrated muscle area such as is seen in the tigh  test muscles of people with conditions like sp  astic cere  br  al pal  sy contr  actu  res are essentially muscles or tend  ons that have remained too tight for too long thus becoming shorter once they occur it is often argued that they cannot be stretched or exercised away they must be released with orth  o  ped  ic surgery most of the physical therapy occupational therapy and other exercise regim  ens targeted towards people with sp  as  tic  ity focuses on trying to prevent contr  actu  res from happening in the first place however research on sustained traction of connec  tive tissue in approaches such as adap  tive yog  a has demonstrated that contrac  ture can be reduced at the same time that tendency toward sp  as  tic  ity is addressed contr  actu  res can also be due to is  chem  ia as in volk  mann s contrac  ture excessive matrix metal  lo  prote  in  ase and my  o  fi  bro  blast accumulation in the wound margins can result in contrac  ture
in medicine a contr  ain  dic  ation is a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient contr  ain  dic  ation is the opposite of indication which is a reason to use a certain treatment some contr  ain  dic  ations are absolute meaning that there are no reasonable circumstances for undertaking a course of action for example children and teenagers with viral infections should not be given aspir  in because of the risk of re  ye s syndrome and a person with an an  ap  hy  lac  tic food allergy should never eat the food to which they are allergic similarly a person with h  emo  chro  mat  osis should not be administered iron preparations other contr  ain  dic  ations are relative meaning that the patient is at higher risk of complications but these risks may be out  weighed by other considerations or mitigated by other measures for example a pregnant woman should normally avoid getting x rays but the risk may be out  weighed by the benefit of diagno  sing and then treating a serious condition such as tuberculosis relative contr  ain  dic  ations may also be referred to as cau  tions such as in the british national formul  ary
contrast induced ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is defined as either a greater than 25 increase of serum cre  at  in  ine or an absolute increase in serum cre  at  in  ine of 0 5 mg dl after using i  od  ine contrast agent without another clear cause for kidney injury despite extensive speculation the actual occurrence of contrast induced ne  ph  ro  pa  thy in other patient populations has not been demonstrated in the literature
in music and musical form contrast is the difference between parts or different instrument sounds the three types of contrast are rhy  th  mic contrast mel  od  ic contrast and harmon  ic contrast procedures of contrast include str  ati  fication ju  x  ta  position and inter  pol  ation procedures of connection include grad  ation amal  gam  ation and dissolution contrast is not only a way of add  ing  interest but is essential to the aesthetic illusion of dramatic resolution of conflict
contrast is the difference in lumin  ance or colour that makes an object or its representation in an image or display distingu  ishable in visual perception of the real world contrast is determined by the difference in the color and bri  ght  ness of the object and other objects within the same field of view the human visual system is more sensitive to contrast than absolute lumin  ance we can perceive the world similarly regardless of the huge changes in illumin  ation over the day or from place to place the maximum contrast of an image is the contrast ratio or dynamic range
a control premium is an amount that a buyer is sometimes willing to pay over the current market price of a publicly traded company in order to acquire a controlling share in that company if the market percei  ves that a public company s profit and cash flow is not being maxim  ized capital structure is not optimal or other factors that can be changed are imp  acting the company s share price an acquirer may be willing to offer a premium over the price currently established by other market participants a discount for lack of control sometimes referred to as a minority discount reflects the reduction in value from a firm s perceived optimal or intrinsic value when cash flow or other factors prevent optimal value from being reached
control reversal is an adverse effect on the controll  ability of aircraft the flight controls reverse themselves in a way that is not intu  itive so pilots may not be aware of the situation and therefore provide the wrong inputs in order to roll to the left for instance they have to push the control stick to the right the opposite of the normal direction
using controlled language in machine translation poses several problems in an automated translation the first step in order to understand the controlled language is to know what it is and to distinguish between natural language and controlled language the main problem in machine translation is a linguistic problem language is ambiguous and the system tries to model a language on l  ex  ical and gr  amm  atical way in order to solve this problem there are a lot of alternatives e g a glos  s  ary related with the text ’ s topic can be used
chronic fatigue syndrome cf  s is an illness with a long history of controversy for years many professionals within the medical community did not recognize cf  s as a true condition nor was there agreement on its prevalence there has been much disagreement over the path  op  hy  si  ology of chronic fatigue syndrome how it should be diagnosed and how to treat it the diagnosis is controversial and its eti  ology is still not fully understood alternative names to describe the condition s have been used over time throughout the world patient groups have criticized the name chronic fatigue syndrome saying it trivi  alizes the illness a major divide still exists as to whether funding should be directed towards biomedical or psychological research
in the field of fluid dynamics a conv  ection cell is the phenomenon that occurs when density differences exist within a body of liquid or gas these density differences result in rising and or falling currents which are the key characteristics of a conv  ection cell when a volume of fluid is heated it expands and becomes less dense and thus more buoyant than the surrounding fluid the col  der d  ens  er part of the fluid desc  ends to settle below the warmer less dense fluid and this causes the warmer fluid to rise such movement is called conv  ection and the moving body of liquid is referred to as a conv  ection cell this particular type of conv  ection where a horizontal layer of fluid is heated from below is known as ray  le  igh b  én  ard conv  ection conv  ection usually requires a grav  it  ational field but in micro  gravity experiments thermal conv  ection has been observed without grav  it  ational effects fluids are generalized as materials that exhibit the property of flow however this behavior is not unique to liquids fluid properties can also be observed in gases and even in particulate soli  ds such as sand gra  vel and larger objects during rock slides a conv  ection cell is most notable in the formation of clouds with its release and transportation of energy as air moves along the ground it absor  bs heat loses density and moves up into the atmosphere when it is forced into the atmosphere which has a lower air pressure it cannot contain as much fluid as at a lower altitude so it releases its mo  ist air producing rain in this process the warm air is cool  ed it gains density and falls towards the earth and the cell repeats the cycle conv  ection cells can form in any fluid including the earth s atmosphere where they are called had  ley cells boiling water soup where the cells can be identified by the particles they transport such as grains of rice the ocean or the surface of the sun the size of conv  ection cells is largely determined by the fluid s properties conv  ection cells can even occur when the heating of a fluid is uniform
in meteor  ology conv  ective available potential energy cape sometimes simply available potential energy ape is the amount of energy a parcel of air would have if lifted a certain distance vertically through the atmosphere cape is effectively the positive buo  yan  cy of an air parcel and is an indicator of atmospheric instability which makes it very valuable in predicting severe weather it is a form of fluid instability found in ther  m  ally str  ati  fied atmospheres in which a col  der fluid over  lies a warmer one as explained below when an air mass is unstable the element of the air mass that is displaced upwards is accelerated by the pressure differential between the displaced air and the ambient air at the higher altitude to which it was displaced this usually creates vertically developed clouds from conv  ection due to the rising motion which can eventually lead to thunder  storms it could also be created by other phenomena such as a cold front even if the air is cool  er on the surface there is still warmer air in the mid levels that can rise into the upper levels however if there is not enough water vap  or present there is no ability for condens  ation thus storms clouds and rain will not form
conv  ective over  shoot is a phenomenon of conv  ection carrying material beyond an unstable region of the atmosphere into a str  ati  fied stable region over  shoot is caused by the momentum of the conv  ecting material which carries the material beyond the unstable region
convergence in  sufficiency or convergence disorder is a sensory and neuro  muscular anomaly of the bin  oc  ular vision system characterized by a reduced ability of the eyes to turn towards each other or sustain convergence
conversion disorder cd is a diagnostic category previously used in some psychiatric classification systems it is sometimes applied to patients who present with neuro  logical symptoms such as num  b  ness blindness paralysis or fits which are not consistent with a well established organic cause and which cause significant distress it is thought that these symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patient s mental health or an ongoing mental health condition such as depression conversion disorder was retained in dsm 5 but given the sub  title functional neuro  logical symptom disorder the new criteria cover the same range of symptoms but remove the requirements for a psychological stres  sor to be present and for fe  ign  ing to be dis  proved the theory of conversion disorder stems from ancient egypt and was formerly known as hysteria the concept of conversion disorder came to prominence at the end of the 19 th century when the neuro  logists jean martin char  cot and sigmund fre  ud and psycho  logist pierre janet focused their studies on the subject before their studies people with hysteria were often believed to be mal  ing  ering the term conversion has its origins in fre  ud s doctrine that anxiety is converted into physical symptoms though previously thought to have vanished from the west in the 20 th century some research has suggested that conversion disorder is as common as ever ic  d 10 classi  fies conversion disorder as a dissoci  ative disorder while dsm iv classi  fies it as a som  ato  form disorder
in computer science specifically formal languages conv  olution sometimes referred to as z  ip is a function which maps a tu  ple of sequences into a sequence of tu  ples
a con  vul  sion is a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body because a con  vul  sion is often a symptom of an epi  le  ptic seizure the term con  vul  sion is sometimes used as a synon  ym for seizure however not all epi  le  ptic seizures lead to con  vul  sions and not all con  vul  sions are caused by epi  le  ptic seizures con  vul  sions are also consistent with an electric shock and improper enriched air s  cuba diving for non epi  le  ptic con  vul  sions see non epi  le  ptic seizures the word fit is sometimes used to mean a con  vul  sion or epi  le  ptic seizure
the con  way base 13 function is a function created by british mathem  ati  cian john h con  way as a counter  example to the conver  se of the intermediate value theore  m in other words even though con  way s function f is not continuous if f a f b and an arbitrary value x is chosen such that f a x f b a point c lying between a and b can always be found such that f c x in fact this function is even stronger than this it takes on every real value in each interval on the real line
con  way s puzzle or blocks in a box is a packing problem using rec  tang  ular blocks named after its invent  or mathem  ati  cian john con  way it calls for packing thirteen 1 × 2 × 4 blocks one 2 × 2 × 2 block one 1 × 2 × 2 block and three 1 × 1 × 3 blocks into a 5 × 5 × 5 box
coo  ks syndrome is a hereditary disorder which is characterized in the hands by bilateral nail hypo  pl  asia on the thumb index finger and middle finger absence of finger  nails an  ony  ch  ia on the ring finger and little finger leng  th  ening of the thum  bs and bul  b  ousness of the fingers in the feet it is characterized by absence of to  en  ails and absence hypo  pl  asia of the dis  tal p  hal  anges in the second study of this disorder it was found that the intermediate p  hal  anges proxim  al p  hal  anges and me  tac  ar  p  als were unaffected the disorder was first described by coo  ks et al in 1985 after being discovered in two generations of one family it was proposed that the inheritance of the disorder is auto  som  al dominant a second family this with three affected generations confirmed that the inheritance of the disorder is auto  som  al dominant although several genetic disorders exist which can cause an  ony  ch  ia and ony  cho  dy  stro  phy such disorders often cause other anomalies such as deaf  ness mental retar  dation and defects of the hair eyes and teeth coo  ks syndrome is not known to cause any such anomalies in 1999 a pair of si  bl  ings was found with br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly type b because the disorder primarily affected the nails and dis  tal p  hal  anges the research group concluded that br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly type b and coo  ks syndrome are the same disorder however in 2007 a 2 year old girl was found with symptoms consistent with both br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly type b and coo  ks syndrome it was found that the two syndro  mes were distinct clin  ically radio  logically and genetically
the cook – he  il  bron thi  azole synthesis is the chemical reaction of α amin  on  it  ri  les with carbon dis  ul  fide to form 5 amino 2 mer  cap  to thi  az  oles it is named after alan h cook and sir ian morris he  il  bron the cook he  il  bron thi  azole synthesis
in biology and psychology the coo  li  dge effect is a phenomenon seen in mammalian species whereby males and to a lesser extent females exhibit renewed sexual interest if introduced to new receptive sexual partners even after cessation of sex with prior but still available sexual partners the evolutionary benefit to this phenomenon is that a male can fertili  ze multiple females the male may be reinvigor  ated repeatedly for successful ins  em  ination of multiple females
coo  lie itch is a cu  taneous condition caused by r  hi  zo  gly  ph  us par  asi  tic  us characterized by an intense pr  ur  it  us it is found in india on tea plantations and causes sore feet r  hi  zo  gly  ph  us par  asi  tic  us is a type of m  ite
cooper  ativeness is a personality trait concerning the degree to which a person is generally agreeable in their relations with other people as opposed to aggressively self centred and hostile it is one of the character dimensions in cl  on  inger s temper  ament and character inventory cl  on  inger described it as relating to individual differences in how much people identify with and accept others cl  on  inger s research found that low cooper  ativeness is associated with all categories of personality disorder cooper  ativeness is concep  tually similar to and strongly correlated with agre  e  ab  len  ess in the five factor model of personality
cooper  ativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near identical elements which act depend  ently of each other relative to a hypothetical standard non inter  acting system in which the individual elements are acting independently one manifestation of this is enzymes or recep  tors that have multiple binding sites where the aff  inity of the binding sites for a lig  and is apparently increased positive cooper  ativity or decreased negative cooper  ativity upon the binding of a lig  and to a binding site for example when an oxygen atom binds to one of h  emo  glob  in s four binding sites the aff  inity to oxygen of the three remaining available binding sites increases i e oxygen is more likely to bind to a h  emo  glob  in bound to one oxygen than to an un  bound h  emo  glob  in this is referred to as cooperative binding we also see cooper  ativity in large chain molecules made of many identical or nearly identical sub  units such as dna proteins and phosp  holi  pi  ds when such molecules undergo phase transitions such as melting unfolding or un  winding this is referred to as sub  unit cooper  ativity however the definition of cooper  ativity based on apparent increase or decrease in aff  inity to successive lig  and binding steps is problematic as the concept of energy must always be defined relative to a standard state when we say that the aff  inity is increased upon binding of one lig  and it is empir  ically unclear what we mean since a non cooperative binding curve is required to rigorously define binding energy and hence also aff  inity a much more general and useful definition of positive cooper  ativity is a process involving multiple identical incremental steps in which intermediate states are statistically under  represented relative to a hypothetical standard system null hypothesis where the steps occur independently of each other likewise a definition of negative cooper  ativity would be a process involving multiple identical incremental steps in which the intermediate states are over  represented relative to a hypothetical standard state in which individual steps occur independently these latter definitions for positive and negative cooper  ativity easily encompass all processes which we call cooperative including conform  ational transitions in large molecules such as proteins and even psychological phenomena of large numbers of people which can act independently of each other or in a co operative fashion
coordination failure is the electoral problem resulting from competition between two or more candidates or political parties from the same or approximate location in the political ideological spectrum or space against an opposing candidate or political party from the other side of the political ideological spectrum or space the resulting fragmentation of political support may result in electoral defeat coordination failures and thus political calculations attempting to avoid them appear most frequently in elections involving executives and representatives from single member districts coordination failure in a game theore  tic context is a state of affairs in which agents inability to coordinate their behavior choices leads to an outcome equilibrium that leaves all agents worse off than in an alternative situation that is also an equilibrium this can occur due to lack of information inefficiencies or differing expectations
coo  ties is a fic  tional childhood disease used in the united states of america and canada as a rejection term and an infection tag game such as humans vs zom  bies it is similar to the british dread  ed l  urg  i and to terms used in the nordic countries in italy and in new zealand a child is said to catch coo  ties through close contact with an infected person or from an opposite sex child of a similar age
the cope reaction or cope elimination developed by arthur c cope is an elimination reaction of the n oxide of a tertiary amine to form an al  k  ene and a hydrox  yl  amine the reaction mechanism involves an intr  am  ol  ec  ular 5 memb  ered cyclic transition state leading to a syn elimination product an ei path  way this organic reaction gives the same result as the ho  f  mann elimination but the base is a part of the leaving group the amine oxide is prepared by oxid  ation of the corresponding amine with an oxid  ant such as mc  p  ba the actual elimination just requires heat cope reaction an application is a synthesis of meth  yl  en  ec  y  clo  hex  ane synthesis of meth  yl  en  ec  y  clo  hex  ane pi  peri  d  ines are resistant to an intr  am  ol  ec  ular cope reaction but with py  r  ro  li  dine and with rings of size 7 and larger the reaction product is an un  saturated hydrox  yl amine this result is consistent with the 5 memb  ered cyclic transition state intr  am  ol  ec  ular cope reaction
co  pi  gm  entation is a phenomenon where pi  gm  entation due to anth  oc  yan  id  ins is reinforced by the presence of other color  less flav  ono  ids known as co  factors or “ co  pig  ments ” this occurs by the formation of a non co  val  ently linked complex
copper free click chemistry is a bio  orth  og  onal reaction first developed by carol  yn ber  to  zzi as an activated variant of an az  ide al  ky  ne hu  is  gen cyclo  addition based on the work by fo  kin and shar  pl  ess et al unlike the cu  a  ac cu free click chemistry has been modified to be bio  orth  og  onal by eliminating a cy  to  toxic copper catalyst allowing reaction to proceed quickly and without live cell toxicity it was developed as a faster alternative to the st  aud  inger lig  ation with the first generation producing rate constan  ts over 63 times faster although the reaction produces a reg  io  isom  eric mixture of tri  az  oles the lack of reg  io  selectivity in the reaction is not a major concern for its applications in bio  orth  og  onal chemistry more reg  io  specific and less bio  orth  og  onal requirements are best served by the traditional hu  is  gen cyclo  addition especially given the low yield and synthetic difficulty compared to the addition of a terminal al  ky  ne of synthe  sizing a strained cyclo  oc  ty  ne the incredible bio  orth  og  on  ality of the reaction has allowed the cu free click reaction to be applied within cul  tured cells live ze  br  af  ish and mice
copper beaten skull is a phenomenon where  in intense in  trac  ran  ial pressure dis  figures the internal surface of the skull the name comes from the fact that the inner skull has the appearance of having been beaten with a ball pe  en hammer such as is often used by cop  pers  mi  ths the condition is most common in children
copper toxicity also called cop  peri  e  dus refers to the consequences of an excess of copper in the body cop  peri  e  dus can occur from eating acid foods cooked in un  co  ated copper cook  ware or from exposure to excess copper in drinking water or other environmental sources
co  pr  a itch is a skin condition that occurs on persons handling co  pr  a who are subject to ty  ro  p  ha  gus lon  gi  or m  ite bites
co  purification in a chemical or bio  chemical context is the physical separation by chro  mato  graphy or other purification technique of two or more substances of interest from other contam  inating substances for substances to co pur  i  fy usually implies that these substances attract each other to form a non co  val  ent complex such as in a protein complex however when fr  action  ating mixtures especially mixtures containing large numbers of components for example a cell lys  ate it is possible by chance that some components may co  pur  i  fy even though they don t form complex  es in this context the term co  purification is sometimes used to den  ote when two bio  chemical activities or some other property are isolated together after purification but it is not certain if the sample has been pur  ified to homo  geneity i e contains only one molecular species or one molecular complex hence these activities or properties are likely but not guaranteed to reside on the same mol  ecu  le or in the same molecular complex
the term copyright abolition movements refers to movements to abolish copyright specifically those that esp  ouse the repeal of the statute of anne and all subsequent law made in its support mic  he  le bol  drin and david k le  vine economists at washington university have suggested that copy  rights and patents are a net loss for the economy because of the way they reduce competition in the free market they refer to copy  rights and patents as intellectual monopolies akin to industrial monopolies and they advocate phasing out and eventually abolishing them
cor tri  atri  at  um or tri  atri  al heart is a con  genital heart defect where the left atri  um cor tri  atri  at  um sin  is  tr  um or right atri  um cor tri  atri  at  um d  extr  um is subdivided by a thin memb  rane resulting in three atri  al chambers hence the name cor tri  atri  at  um represents 0 1 of all con  genital cardiac mal  formations and may be associated with other cardiac defects in as many as 50 of cases the memb  rane may be complete or may contain one or more fen  estr  ations of varying size cor tri  atri  um sin  is  tr  um is more common in this defect there is typically a proxim  al chamber that receives the pul  mon  ic ve  ins and a dis  tal true chamber located more an  ter  ior  ly where it emp  ties into the mit  ral valve the memb  rane that separates the atri  um into two parts varies significantly in size and shape it may appear similar to a di  aphr  ag  m or be fun  nel shaped band  like entirely intact imper  for  ate or contain one or more openings fen  estr  ations ranging from small restrictive type to large and widely open in the pedi  atric population this anomaly may be associated with major con  genital cardiac le  sions such as tetr  alo  gy of fal  lot double outlet right ven  tric  le co  arc  tation of the a  or  ta partial anom  alous pul  mon  ary ven  ous connection persistent left superior ven  a cav  a with un  roof  ed coron  ary sin  us ven  tric  ular sep  tal defect atri  o  ven  tric  ular sep  tal endo  cardi  al cushion defect and common atri  o  ven  tric  ular canal rarely as  plen  ia or pol  ys  plen  ia has been reported in these patients in the adult cor tri  atri  at  um is frequently an isolated finding cor tri  atri  at  um d  extr  um is extremely rare and results from the complete persistence of the right sin  us valve of the embryonic heart the memb  rane divides the right atri  um into a proxim  al upper and a dis  tal lower chamber the upper chamber receives the ven  ous blood from both ven  a cav  ae and the lower chamber is in contact with the tric  us  pid valve and the right atri  al append  age the natural history of this defect depends on the size of the communicating ori  fice between the upper and lower atri  al chambers if the communicating ori  fice is small the patient is critically ill and may succumb at a young age usually during infancy to cong  estive heart failure and pul  mon  ary e  dem  a if the connection is larger patients may present in childhood or young adul  thood with a clinical picture similar to that of mit  ral sten  osis cor tri  atri  at  um may also be an incidental finding when it is non  obstruc  tive the disorder can be treated sur  g  ically by removing the memb  rane dividing the atri  um
coral ble  aching is the loss of in  trac  ell  ular endo  sym  bi  on  ts sym  bi  od  ini  um also known as zo  ox  anth  el  la  e from coral either through expulsion or loss of al  gal pi  gm  entation the cor  als that form the structure of the great re  ef ecosystems of tropical seas depend upon a symbio  tic relationship with al  ga  e like unic  ell  ular flag  ell  ate proto  zo  a that are photo  synthetic and live within their tissues zo  ox  anth  el  la  e give coral its color  ation with the specific color depending on the particular cl  ade above average sea water temperatures caused by global warming have been identified as a leading cause for coral ble  aching worldwide some scientists consider ble  aching a poorly understood type of stress related to high irradi  ance environmental factors like se  di  ments harmful chemicals and freshwater and high or low water temperatures this stress causes cor  als to expel their zo  ox  anth  el  la  e which leads to a lighter or completely white appearance hence the term ble  ached ble  aching has been attributed to a defense mechanism in cor  als this is called the adap  tive ble  aching hypothesis from a 1993 paper by robert bud  dem  ei  er and daphne f  au  tin ble  ached cor  als continue to live but the al  ga  e provide the coral with 90 of its energy after expelling the al  ga  e the coral begins to starve
coral cuts are a severe type of skin injury that may occur from the cuts of coral skelet  ons
coral der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition caused by injury from the exo  skelet  on of certain cor  als
cord co  li  tis syndrome is a diarr  heal illness in recipients of um  bil  ical cord blood transplant it causes a gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation of the upper and lower gastro  intest  inal tract and responds to antimicro  bial treatment including met  ron  id  azole it was first described in 2011 in 2013 a sequ  encing study identified a newly discovered bacter  ium called brad  y  r  hi  z  ob  ium enter  ica in biopsy samples from two patients that this bacter  ium is responsible for this syndrome can be suggested but not yet confirmed
co  rec  top  ia is the displacement of the eye s pupil from its normal central position it may be associated with high myop  ia or ec  top  ia l  enti  s among other conditions medical or surgical intervention may be indicated for the treatment of co  rec  top  ia in some cases
the co  rey – house synthesis also called the co  rey – pos  ner – white  sides – house reaction and other per  mutations is an organic reaction that involves the reaction of a lith  ium dial  ky  l cu  pr  ate with an al  ky  l hali  de to form a new al  kane an organic copper compound and a lith  ium hali  de r 2 cul  i r x → r r r  cu li  x
the co  rey – it  sun  o reduction also known as the co  rey – bak  shi – shi  bat  a c  bs reduction is a chemical reaction in which an ach  ir  al ke  tone is en  anti  o  selectively reduced to produce the corresponding chir  al non rac  emic alcohol the ox  az  abor  oli  dine re  agent which medi  ates the en  anti  o  selective reduction of ke  tones was previously developed by the laboratory of it  sun  o and thus this transformation may more properly be called the it  sun  o co  rey ox  az  abor  oli  dine reduction the c  bs reduction in 1981 it  sun  o and co  workers first reported the use of chir  al al  ko  xy amine bor  ane complex  es in reducing ach  ir  al ke  tones to chir  al alcohol  s en  anti  o  selectively and in high yield several years later in 1987 e j co  rey and co  workers developed the reaction between chir  al amino alcohol  s and bor  ane bh 3 generating ox  az  abor  oli  dine products which were shown to rapidly cataly  ze the en  anti  o  selective reduction of ach  ir  al ke  tones in the presence of bh 3 • th  f the c  bs reduction has since been utilized by organic chem  ists as a reliable method for the asymmetric reduction of ach  ir  al ke  tones notably it has found prominent use not only in a number of natural product syn  theses but has been utilized on large scale in industry see scope below several reviews have been published
the co  rey – kim oxid  ation is an oxid  ation reaction used to syn  thes  ise alde  hy  des and ke  tones from primary and secondary alcohol  s it is named for american chem  ist and nobel laureate eli  as james co  rey and korean american chem  ist ch  oun  g un kim the co  rey – kim oxid  ation although the co  rey – kim oxid  ation possesses the distinctive advantage over sw  ern oxid  ation of allowing an operation above – 25 ° c it is not so commonly used due to issues with selectivity in sub  str  ates susceptible to chlor  ination by n chloro  succ  in  im  ide
in organic chemistry the co  rey – link reaction is a name reaction that conver  ts a 1 1 1 tric  hol  oro 2 ke  to structure into a 2 am  ino  car  box  yl  ic acid an alpha amino acid or other ac  yl functional group with control of the chir  ality at the alpha position the reaction is named for e j co  rey and john link who first reported the reaction sequence
a corn or cl  av  us plural cl  avi or cl  av  uses is a distinc  tively shaped call  us of dead skin that usually occurs on thin or g  lab  rous hair  less and smooth skin surfaces especially on the dor  sal surface of toes or fingers they can sometimes occur on the thick  er pal  mar or plan  tar skin surfaces cor  ns form when the pressure point against the skin traces an el  lip  tical or semi el  lip  tical path during the rub  bing motion the center of which is at the point of pressure gradually widening if there is constant stimulation of the tissue producing the cor  ns even after the corn is sur  g  ically removed the skin may continue to grow as a corn
corn maize allergy is a type of food allergy it can be a difficult allergy to manage particularly in the united states due to the high number of food products which contain various forms of corn such as corn starch modified food starch vin  eg  ar and van  illa extract among many others however it is an allergy that often goes un  recognized
grey leaf spot g  ls is a fo  liar fun  gal disease that affects maize also known as corn there are two fun  gal pathogens that cause g  ls which are cer  cos  pora ze  ae may  dis and cer  cos  pora ze  ina symptoms seen on corn include leaf le  sions dis  color  ation chlor  osis and fo  liar b  light the fun  gus survives in debris of top  soil and inf  ects healthy crop via as  ex  ual spo  res called con  idi  a environmental conditions that best suit infection and growth include mo  ist hum  id and warm clim  ates poor air  flow low sunlight over  crowding improper soil nutrient and irrigation management and poor soil drainage can all contribute to the propagation of the disease management techniques include crop resistance crop rotation residue management use of fun  g  ic  ides and weed control the purpose of disease management is to prevent the amount of secondary disease cycles as well as to protect leaf area from damage prior to grain formation corn grey leaf spot is an important disease of corn production in the united states economically significant throughout the mid  west and mid atlantic regions however it is also prevalent in africa central america china europe india mexico the philippines northern south america and southeast asia the tele  om  or  ph sexual phase of cer  cos  pora ze  ae may  dis is assumed to be my  co  sp  ha  er  ella sp
corn smu  t is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fun  gus us  til  ago may  dis that causes smu  t on maize and te  o  sin  te the fun  gus forms g  alls on all above ground parts of corn species and is known in mexico as the delic  acy hu  it  la  co  che it is eaten usually as a filling in ques  ad  illas and other tor  till  a based foods and sou  ps
cor  ne  a ver  tic  ill  ata also called fle  is  cher vor  tex vor  tex ker  at  opathy or wh  or  l ker  at  opathy is a condition characterised by cor  ne  al deposits at the level of the bas  al epi  the  lium forming a faint golden brown wh  or  l pattern it is seen in fab  ry disease or in case of prolonged ami  od  ar  one intake
cor  ne  al cere  bell  ar syndrome also known as der kal  ou  sti  an jar  u  di kh  our  y syndrome is an auto  som  ally res  essive disease that was first described in 1985 three cases are known all are sisters in the same family
cor  ne  al abra  sion is a medical condition involving the loss of the surface epi  the  li  al layer of the eye s cor  ne  a
cor  ne  al hydro  ps or cor  ne  al rupture is an un  common complic  ation seen in people with advanced ker  ato  con  us or other cor  ne  al ec  t  atic disorders and is characterized by st  rom  al e  dem  a due to leakage of aqu  eous humor through a tear in desc  em  et s memb  rane although a hydro  ps usually causes increased scar  ring of the cor  ne  a occasionally it will benefit a patient by creating a flat  ter cone aiding the fitting of contact l  enses cor  ne  al transplantation is not usually indicated during cor  ne  al hydro  ps
cor  ne  al ne  ov  as  cul  arization is the excessive ing  row  th of blood vessels from the lim  bal vascular plex  us into the cor  ne  a caused by deprivation of oxygen from the air
cor  ne  al ul  cer or ul  cer  ative ker  ati  tis is an infl  am  matory or more seriously infec  tive condition of the cor  ne  a involving disruption of its epi  the  li  al layer with involvement of the cor  ne  al st  roma it is a common condition in humans particularly in the tro  p  ics and the agr  arian societies in developing countries children afflicted by vitamin a deficiency are at high risk for cor  ne  al ul  cer and may become blind in both eyes which may persist lifelong in oph  thal  mo  logy a cor  ne  al ul  cer usually refers to having an infectious eti  ology while the term cor  ne  al abra  sion refers more to physical abra  sions
a cor  ne  al ul  cer or ul  cer  ative ker  ati  tis is an infl  am  matory condition of the cor  ne  a involving loss of its outer layer it is very common in dogs and is sometimes seen in cats in veterinary medicine the term cor  ne  al ul  cer is a generic name for any condition involving the loss of the outer layer of the cor  ne  a and as such is used to describe conditions with both infl  am  matory and traumatic causes
cor  ne  lia de lange syndrome cd  ls is a very rare genetic disorder present from birth but not always diagnosed at birth it causes a range of physical cognitive and medical challenges and affects both sexes equally the syndrome is named after dutch pedi  at  ric  ian cor  ne  lia cath  ar  ina de lange who described it it is often termed bu  shy syndrome and is also known as amsterdam dwar  f  ism it is a genetic disorder that can lead to severe developmental anomalies it affects the physical and intellectual development of a child exact incidence is unknown but it is estimated at 1 in 10 000 to 30 000
the corn  ell gor  ge suicides were a phenomenon of suicides at corn  ell university in the 1970 s the 1990 s and during the 2009 2010 school year with the suicide method being jumping from the bridges into the g  org  es
cor  neo  der  mat  osse  ous syndrome also known as c  do syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant condition with onset in infancy characterized by cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy pho  top  ho  bia diffuse pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma dis  tal ony  chol  ysis sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities with br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly short stature and med  ul  l  ary narrowing of digits
a corner route is a pattern run by a receiver in american football where the receiver runs up the field and then turns at approximately a 45 degree angle heading away from the quarter  back towards the sidel  ine usually the pass is used when the defensive back is playing towards the inside shoulder of the receiver thus creating a one on one vertical mat  ch  up the corner route is less likely to be intercep  ted when compared to the sl  ant route because it is thrown away from the middle of the field the pass is used frequently in the west coast offensive scheme where quick accurate throwing is key the pass may also be used closer to the goal line in what is called a fade the quarter  back will lo  b the ball over a beaten defender to a wide receiver at the back corner of the end zone
in organic chemistry the corn  forth re  arrangement is a re  arrangement reaction of a 4 ac  y  lo  x  azole in which the group attached to an ac  yl on position 4 and the substitu  ent on position 5 of an ox  azole ring exchange places it was first reported in 1949 and is named for john corn  forth corn  forth re  arrangement overall reaction
the cor  om  u  el wind is a weather phenomenon unique to the la pa  z area of the ba  ja california peninsula and adjoining gulf of california occurring primarily in the late spring and summer it is a south to south west wind that typically starts late in the afternoon or early evening and blows throughout the night into the mid morning it has a rapid onset and can be very strong especially in the bay of la pa  z the basic mechanism of the cor  om  u  el winds is fairly clear the winds are created when the cool marine air from the pacific side of the peninsula are drawn over the desert to the relatively warmer side of the gulf of california it only occurs in the la pa  z area because this is the only place on the peninsula that does not have a sp  ine of mountains blocking such an air flow the winds receive their name after samuel cro  m  well a sailor from the 19 th century believed to be a pirate he visited la pa  z often and according to legend hid one of his biggest treasures on the beach that carries his name since natives could not pronounce his sur  name they called him cor  om  u  el
cor  onal rain is a phenomenon that occurs in the sun s cor  ona it occurs when hot plasma in the cor  ona co  ols and cond  enses in strong magnetic fields usually associated with regions that produce solar fla  res the plasma is attracted to the magnetic fields where it cond  enses and slowly falls back to the solar surface
coron  ary artery an  eur  ys  m is an abnormal di  lat  ation of part of the coron  ary artery
coron  ary artery anomalies or mal  formation of coron  ary vessels are con  genital ab  norm  alities in the coron  ary anatomy of the heart by definition these ab  norm  alities are variants of anatomy occurring in less than 1 of the general population they are often found in combination with other con  genital heart defects many coron  ary anomalies don t cause symptoms and are recognized only at the time of autopsy they can be associated with sudden death the real risk of death or the best way to treat these patients is not yet known the con  genital heart surgeons society has started a long term ongoing study called anom  alous a  or  tic origin of a coron  ary artery aa  oc  a to identify the best way to treat this defect
coron  ary artery disease cad also known as is  chem  ic heart disease i  hd is a group of diseases that includes stable ang  ina unstable ang  ina my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion and sudden cardiac death it is within the group of cardiovascular diseases of which it is the most common type a common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder arm back neck or jaw occasionally it may feel like heart  burn usually symptoms occur with exercise or emotional stress last less than a few minutes and get better with rest short  ness of breath may also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present the first sign is occasionally a heart attack other complications include heart failure or an irregular heartbeat risk factors include high blood pressure smoking diabetes lack of exercise obesity high blood cho  le  sterol poor diet and excessive alcohol among others other risks include depression the underlying mechanism involves a  ther  os  clerosis of the arter  ies of the heart a number of tests may help with diagnoses including electro  cardi  o  gram cardiac stress testing coron  ary compu  ted tom  o  graphic an  gi  o  graphy and coron  ary an  gi  o  gram among others prevention is by eating a healthy diet regular exercise maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking sometimes medication for diabetes high cho  le  sterol or high blood pressure are also used there is limited evidence for screening people who are at low risk and do not have symptoms treatment involves the same measures as prevention additional medications such as anti  plat  el  ets including aspir  in beta bloc  kers or nitro  gly  cer  in may be recommended procedures such as per  cu  taneous coron  ary intervention p  ci or coron  ary artery bypass surgery cab  g may be used in severe disease in those with stable cad it is unclear if p  ci or cab  g in addition to the other treatments improve life expectancy or decreases heart attack risk in 2013 cad was the most common cause of death globally resulting in 8 14 million deaths 16 8 up from 5 74 million deaths 12 in 1990 the risk of death from cad for a given age has decreased between 1980 and 2010 especially in developed countries the number of cases of cad for a given age has also decreased between 1990 and 2010 in the united states in 2010 about 20 of those over 65 had cad while it was present in 7 of those 45 to 64 and 1 3 of those 18 to 45 rates are higher among men than women of a given age
a coron  ary artery dis  section also known as spontaneous coron  ary artery dis  section or sc  ad is a rare sometimes fatal traumatic condition with eighty percent of cases affecting women the coron  ary artery develops a tear causing blood to flow between the layers which forces them apart early studies of the disease placed mortality rates at around 70 but more recent data indicate this figure may be closer to 18
coron  ary artery ec  ta  sia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0 3 4 9 of people in north america coron  ary artery ec  ta  sia is characterized by the enlargement of a coron  ary artery to 1 5 times or more than its normal diameter the disease is commonly as  ymp  tomatic and is normally discovered when performing tests for other conditions such as coron  ary artery disease stable ang  ina and other acute coron  ary syndro  mes coron  ary artery ec  ta  sia occurs 4 times more frequently in males than in females and in people who have risk factors for heart disease such as smokers while the disease is commonly found in patients with a  ther  os  clerosis and coron  ary artery disease it can occur by itself and in both cases it can cause health problems the disease can cause the heart tissue to be deprived of blood and die due to decreased blood flow and block  ages due to blood clo  ts or sp  as  ms of the blood vessel this blood flow disruption can cause permanent damage to the muscle if the deprivation is prolonged coron  ary artery ec  ta  sia also increases the chance of developing large weak spots in the affected coron  ary arter  ies or an  eur  ys  ms that can rupture and result in death the damage can result in ang  ina which is pain in the chest and is a common complaint in these patients
coron  ary flow reserve cfr is the maximum increase in blood flow through the coron  ary arter  ies above the normal resting volume its measurement is often used in medicine to assist in the treatment of conditions affecting the coron  ary arter  ies and to determine the efficacy of treatments used
a coron  ary oc  clu  sion is the partial or complete obstruction of blood flow in a coron  ary artery this condition may cause a heart attack in some patients coron  ary oc  clu  sion causes only mild pain ti  ght  ness or vague discomfort which may be ignored the my  o  cardi  um is however damaged according to the nicholas and alex  andra book ts  ar nicholas ii of russia suffered a coron  ary oc  clu  sion right before he was toppled from his throne during the russian revolution in 1917
coron  ary steal with its symptoms termed coron  ary steal syndrome or cardiac steal syndrome is a phenomenon where an alteration of circulation patterns lead to a reduction in the blood directed to the coron  ary circulation it is caused when there is narrowing of the coron  ary arter  ies and a coron  ary vas  o  di  lat  or is used – stealing blood away from those parts of the heart this happens as a result of the narrowed coron  ary arter  ies being always maxim  ally dil  ated to compensate for the decreased upstream blood supply thus dil  ating the resistance vessels in the coron  ary circulation causes blood to be sh  unted away from the coron  ary vessels supplying the is  chem  ic zones creating more is  chem  ia
coron  ary thro  m  bo  sis is the formation of a blood clo  t inside a blood vessel of the heart this blood clo  t restricts blood flow within the heart it is associated with narrowing of blood vessels subsequent to clo  tting the condition is considered as a type of is  cha  emic heart disease thro  m  bo  sis in the heart can lead to a my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion coron  ary thro  m  bo  sis and my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion are sometimes used as synon  y  ms although this is technically inaccurate as the thro  m  bo  sis refers to the blocking of blood vessels while the inf  arc  tion refers to the tissue death due to the consequent loss of blood flow to the heart tissue the heart contains many connecting blood vessels and depending upon the location of the thro  m  bo  sis the inf  arc  tion may cause no symptoms coron  ary thro  m  bo  sis can be a complic  ation associated with drug elu  ting st  ents
corporate foresight is an ability that includes any structural or cultural element that enables the company to detect dis  continuous change early interpret the consequences for the company and formulate effective responses to ensure the long term survival and success of the company
corporate travel management ct  m is the function of managing a company ’ s strategic approach to travel travel policy the negotiations with all vendors day to day operation of the corporate travel program travel  er safety and security credit card management and travel and expenses t e data management ct  m should not be confused with the work of a traditional travel agency while agencies provide the day to day travel services to corporate clients they are the implementing arm of what the corporation has negotiated and put forth in policy in other words ct  m decides on the class of service which employees are allowed to fly negoti  ates corporate fares rates with airlines and hotels and determines how corporate credit cards are to be used the agency on the other hand makes the actual reservation within the parameters given by the corporation for many companies t e costs represent the second highest controllable annual expense exceeded only by salary and benefits and is commonly higher than it or real estate costs t e costs are not only limited to travel airline rail hotel car rental ferry boat etc but include all costs incurred during travel such as staff and client meals taxi fares grat  u  ities client gifts supplies office supplies and services etc furthermore this area often includes meeting management travel  er safety and security as well as credit card and overall travel data management the management of these costs are usually handled by the corporate travel manager a function which may be part of the finance hr procurement or administrative services department
a corpus lu  t  eu  m cyst is a type of o  vari  an cyst which may rupture about the time of men  str  uation and take up to three months to disappear entirely a corpus lu  t  eu  m cyst rarely occurs at age 50 because eggs are no longer being produced in men  opa  usal women corpus lu  t  eu  m cy  sts may contain blood and other fluids the physical shape of a corpus lu  t  eu  m cyst may appear as an enlargement of the o  vary itself rather than a distinct mass like growth on the surface of the o  vary
clu  stering is the problem of parti  tioning data points into groups based on their similarity correlation clu  stering provides a method for clu  stering a set of objects into the optimum number of clusters without specifying that number in advance
in latin and greek poetry cor  re  ption k  ə  r  ˈ  r  ɛ  p  ʃ  ə  n latin cor  repti  ō kor  ˈ  re  pt  ɪ  o  ː a shortening is the shortening of a long vo  wel at the end of one word before a short vo  wel at the beginning of the next vo  wels next to each other in neighboring words are in hi  atus homer uses cor  re  ption in d  ac  ty  l  ic h  exam  eter ἄ  ν  δρ  α μ  οι ἔ  ν  ν  επ  ε μο  ῦ  σ  α πο  λ  ύ  τρο  πο  ν ὃ  ς μ  ά  λ  α πο  λλ  ὰ  π  λ  ά  γ  χ  θ  η ἐ  π  ε  ὶ τρο  ί  ης ἱ  ερ  ὸ  ν π  το  λ  ί  ε  θ  ρο  ν ἔ  περ  σε · — odys  sey 1 2 tell me o m  use of the man of many devices who wan  dered ful  l  many ways after he had sacked the sacred cit  ad  el of troy — translation by a t murray here the sequence η ε in bold must be pronounced as ε ε to preserve the long — short — short sy  ll  able weight sequence of a d  ac  ty  l thus the scan  sion of the second line is thus π  λα  γ  χ θ  ε ε πει τρο  ι ης ι ε ρο  ν π  το λ  ι ε  θ ρ  ο ν  ε περ σε
corro  sion fatigue is fatigue in a corrosive environment it is the mechanical degradation of a material under the joint action of corro  sion and cyclic loading nearly all engineering structures experience some form of altern  ating stress and are exposed to harmful environments during their service life the environment plays a significant role in the fatigue of high strength structural materials like steel aluminum allo  ys and titanium allo  ys materials with high specific strength are being developed to meet the requirements of advancing technology however their usefulness depends to a large extent on the degree to which they resist corro  sion fatigue the effects of corrosive environments on the fatigue behavior of metals were studied as early as 1930 the phenomenon should not be confused with stress corro  sion cracking where corro  sion such as pit  ting leads to the development of brit  tle cracks growth and failure the only requirement for corro  sion fatigue is that the sample be under ten  sile stress
corruption in afghanistan is a widespread and growing problem in afghan society afghanistan ranks 174 of 176 in transparency international s 2012 corruption perceptions index and is routinely named as one of the world s five most corrupt countries north korea and somalia were ranked as equally corrupt in opinion surveys of afghans noted the asia foundation in a 2012 report corruption is consistently singled out as a problem one of the recent major corruption cases was the 2010 – 13 kabul bank financial scandal involving mah  mood karzai and others close to president ham  id karzai the kabul bank scandal crisis investigation and trial involved sher  khan far  no  od khal  il  ul  lah fru  zi mohammed fa  him and other insiders who were allegedly spending the bank s us 1 billion for their personal lavish living style as well as lending money under the table to family friends and those close to president ham  id karzai and mah  mood karzai as of october 2012 the government only recovered 180 million of the 980 million fraudulent loans a u n survey listed corruption and insecurity as the two issues of greatest concern to afghans as of 2012 the new york times has written that in afghanistan corruption can no longer be described as a cancer on the system it is the system the u s agency for international development stated in 2009 that corruption in afghanistan had become pervasive entrenched systemic and by all accounts now unprecedented in scale and reach in a 2011 survey by the asia foundation afghans said corruption was their third biggest problem 21 after insecurity 35 and unemployment 23 in 2010 and 2011 they said corruption was their second most important reason for feeling pessimistic about afghanistan 16 in 2011 and 27 in 2010 in 2011 they identified administrative corruption as the government s second most important failure 25 this marked an improvement over 2010 when the figure was 30 in afghanistan today corruption most often takes the form of demanding and offering bribes both in the private and public sectors and on large and small scales there are also many other major forms of corruption including nepotism graft and illegal land transfers the us special inspector general for afghan reconstruction si  gar has estimated that over half of the nation s annual customs revenue is lost to graft in a 2015 article par  ag r dhar  ma  var  ap  u noted that while afghanistan ’ s gdp had qu  intu  pled since 2002 the society remained ri  ddled with corruption what is extremely dis  concer  ting about corruption in afghanistan wrote dhar  ma  var  ap  u is not simply the number or value of bribes that take place instead it is the endemic nature of corruption within the afghan government routinely noted dhar  ma  var  ap  u police officers extor  t goods from shop  keepers levy taxes on vehicles at highway check  points and impose fines on individuals unable to produce proper identification documents some police officers turn a blind eye to or even coll  ude with criminals and insurgents while mid to high level police officials collaborate with criminals in smuggling kidnapping for ransom and other illegal activities collecting thousands of dollars in the process top police officials have si  phoned millions of dollars from international donors to their own pockets the most common types of corruption in afghanistan according to dhar  ma  var  ap  u are petty bribery – asking for small gifts bak  she  esh in exchange for special treatment or favors position buying – awarding opportunities in the police force judiciary or civil service based on bribes as opposed to merit nepotism cli  ent  el  ism – awarding positions based on personal relationship kin  ship networks rather than merit offering and asking for preferential treatment – this includes giving bribes to expedite the processing of business documents or access to government owned land grand corruption – corruption that involves political elites on a large scale national police and law enforcement graft according to the high office of oversight and anti corruption hoo  ac corruption is rampant in the north of the country particularly balk  h province which borders neighboring uzbekistan a country with similar corruption problems one of the worst manifestations of graft is illegal land grabbing sham  sul  lah ja  ved hoo  ac head for the northern zone in an exclusive interview with pa  j  h  w  ok afghan news explained that in balk  h there are three kinds of encroachment on land one government department seizing the property of another security forces occupying government land and individuals taking unlawful possession of people s land he revealed that 52 out of 60 housing schemes in balk  h were executed illegally government servants from top to bottom are involved in the scourge some people whose interests are hurt by investigations into corruption cases are creating problems for us ja  ved said investigative journalist si  bel ed  mon  ds has undertaken efforts as a journalist and whist  le  b  lower to raise awareness about corruption in afghanistan and waste fraud and abuse involving billions of dollars of u s taxpayers money lost to corruption and corrupt officials in afghanistan following the u s intervention the great challenge to afghanistan s future isn t the taliban or the pakistani safe havens or even an inci  pi  ently hostile pakistan gen john r allen told a u s senate foreign relations subcommittee in 2014 the existential threat to the long term viability of modern afghanistan is corruption he stated that the insurgency criminal patronage networks and drug traffickers had formed an un  holy alliance
corruption in albania is a serious problem albania ranked 113 th of 176 countries in the 2012 corruption perceptions index tied with ethiopia guatemala niger and timor le  ste published by transparency international corruption is still considered one of the most problematic factors for establishing business in albania
corruption in angola is a pervasive phenomenon hindering economic growth and government sponsored liberalization programs
political corruption in armenia is a widespread and growing problem in armenian society
corruption in brazil is a pervasive social problem in the 2015 corruption perceptions index brazil tied with bosnia and herzegovina burkina faso india thailand tunisia and zambia ranking 76 th among 168 countries corruption was cited among many issues that provoked the 2013 protests in brazil
corruption in colombia is a pervasive problem at all levels of government colombia currently ranks 83 rd of 168 in the corruption perceptions index of 2015 tied with benin china liberia and sri lanka different factors have contributed to political corruption in colombia including drug trafficking guerrilla and paramilitary conflict weak surveillance and regulation from institutions threats and harassment to whistle blow  ers and a widespread apathy from society to address un  ethical behavior
corruption in haiti is a serious problem in 2015 haiti ranked 161 out of the 177 countries measured on transparency international s corruption perception index the lowest ranking in the caribbean region on the corruption perception index haiti ranked 163 in 2014 and 164 in 2013 corruption is a severe and widespread problem in all levels of government although there has been some progress since 2008 when haiti was rated the world s fourth most corrupt country there remains much room for improvement corruption in haiti according to the heritage foundation s 2015 index of economic freedom inund  ates all parts of haitian society robert k  lit  gaard an expert on the subject wrote in 2010 that corruption in haiti is not the activity of a few rogue officials or politicians but is more like organized crime with corrupt procurement deals arising through collusion and kle  pto  cratic racket in a january 2012 article peter worth  ington stated that haiti s dependency on foreign aid and corrupt legacy have hurt the nation s development more that the growing trend of educated hai  tians emigr  ating between 1984 and 2009 foreigners contributed over 2 6 billion to relieve poverty in haiti but thanks largely to corruption their efforts had little impact several journalists investigating corruption in haiti have been killed or fled into exile
extensive corruption among kuwait s high level government officials is a problem resulting in political tensions between the government and the public
corruption in mauritius is a widespread and growing problem in cables leaked from the us embassy the problem with corruption was referred to as pervasive and ingrained the independent commission against corruption ic  ac investig  ates off  enses and can confisc  ate the proceeds of corruption and money laundering in 2008 the director of the mauritius customs service stated that stated that during a meeting on april 11 2008 with government officials including the financial secretary of the ministry of finance and economic development and deputy commissioner of police he was told in no uncertain terms that he should remain quiet about the alleged corruption because if it were to become public it could bring down the current government of mauritius in 2013 dutch dre  dging group bo  sk  alis has been fin  ed the equivalent of € 1000 by a court in mauritius for making illicit payments to a port official in february 2016 the outgoing united states ambassador to mauritius stated that there is so much turmoil at the independent commission against corruption that it has lost its credibility in april 2016 the independent commission against corruption opened an investigation in the recruitment of the director of the independent broadcasting authority mauritius in april 2016 the independent commission against corruption recommended formal proceedings against the former minister of the environment in may 2016 the representative of c  isco system filed suit against the national computer board and executives of the mauritius qualifications authority it was alleged that a bribe is required for all government projects
political corruption is a persistent phenomenon in nigeria president muham  mad  u bu  hari defined corruption as the greatest form of human right violation since the creation of modern public administration in the country there have been cases of official misuse of funds and resources the rise of public administration and the discovery of oil and natural gas are two major events seen to have led to the increase in corrupt practices in the country the government has tried to contain corruption through the enactment of laws and the enforcement of integrity systems but success has been slow in coming in 2012 nigeria was estimated to have lost over 400 billion to corruption since independence
corruption in north korea is a widespread and growing problem in north korean society north korea is ranked 175 out of 177 countries in transparency international s 2013 corruption perceptions index tied with somalia and afghanistan strict rules and draconian punishments imposed by the regime for example against accessing foreign media or for modifying radio or television receivers to access foreign media are commonly ev  aded by offering bribes to the police informing on colleagues and family members has become less common main article north korea north korea ’ s state media admitted widespread corruption in north korea when laying out the accusations against jan  g sung ta  ek after his execution in december 2013 the statement mentions bribery deviation of materials selling resources and land securing funds and squandering money for private use by organizations under his control
both grand and petty corruption are serious problems in tanzania yet various comprehensive laws are in place to prevent corruption it is largely due to a weak internal control and low or non compliance with anti corruption regulations within different government agencies for instance public procurement taxation and customs service are areas that are prone to corruption foreign companies have identified that corruption within those sectors poses potential obstacles for doing business in tanzania as bribery is often demanded it is also believed that the existing large informal sector amount 48 1 of gdp is associated with cumbersome business registration process which have created opportunities for corruption
corruption is a widespread and growing problem in ukrainian society in 2015 s transparency international corruption perceptions index ukraine was ranked 130 th out of the 167 countries investigated tied with paraguay and the comoros back in 2007 ukraine had taken 118 th place 179 countries investigated that year ern  st young in 2012 put ukraine among the three most corrupted nations of the world together with colombia and brazil united states diplomats have described ukraine under presidents kuchma and yushchenko as a kle  pto  cracy according to wikileaks cables
corruption in uzbekistan is a serious problem there are laws in place to prevent corruption but the enforcement is very weak low prosecution rates of corrupt officials is another contributing factor to the rampant corruption in uzbekistan it is not a criminal offense for a non public official to influence the discretion of a public official the judicial system faces severe functional deficits due to limited resources and corruption in uzbekistan corruption is present at virtually every level of society business and government it is also one of the world s most corrupt countries and among the contributory factors is its possessing the second largest economy in central asia its large reserves of natural gas and its geographical position between the rival powers of the so called cold war ii on transparency international s 2013 corruption perceptions index uzbekistan stood at 168 th place out of 177 countries and territories surveyed and 166 th out of 174 on the 2014 index “ graft and bribery among low and mid level officials are part of everyday life and are sometimes even transparent ” states freedom house which adds that the ubi  qu  ity of corruption helps to “ limit equality of opportunity ” a 2015 report by amnesty international quotes a businessman who was arrested and tortured in 2011 as saying that corruption in uzbekistan is a “ cancer that had spread everywhere ”
cor  tical blindness is the total or partial loss of vision in a normal appearing eye caused by damage to the brain s oc  ci  p  ital cor  tex cor  tical blindness can be acquired or con  genital and may also be transi  ent in certain instances acquired cor  tical blindness is most often caused by loss of blood flow to the oc  ci  p  ital cor  tex from either unilateral or bilateral poster  ior cere  br  al artery block  age is  chem  ic stroke and by cardiac surgery in most cases the complete loss of vision is not permanent and the patient may recover some of their vision cor  tical visual impairment con  genital cor  tical blindness is most often caused by per  in  atal is  chem  ic stroke en  ce  ph  ali  tis and men  ing  i  tis rarely a patient with acquired cor  tical blindness may have little or no insight that they have lost vision a phenomenon known as anton – bab  in  ski syndrome cor  tical blindness and cor  tical visual impairment c  vi which refers to the partial loss of vision caused by cor  tical damage are both classified as sub  sets of neuro  logical visual impairment n  vi n  vi and its three sub  types — cor  tical blindness cor  tical visual impairment and delayed visual matur  ation — must be distinguished from oc  ular visual impairment in terms of their different eti  o  logies and structural foc  i the brain and the eye respectively one diagnostic marker of this distinction is that the pupils of individuals with cor  tical blindness will respond to light whereas those of individuals with oc  ular visual impairment will not
cor  tical deaf  ness is a rare form of sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss caused by damage to the primary aud  itory cor  tex cor  tical deaf  ness is an aud  itory disorder where the patient is unable to hear sounds but has no apparent damage to the anatomy of the human ear see aud  itory system which can be thought of as the combination of aud  itory verbal agno  sia and aud  itory agno  sia patients with cor  tical deaf  ness cannot hear any sounds that is they are not aware of sounds including non speech voices and speech sounds although patients appear and feel completely deaf they can still exhibit some reflex responses such as turning their head towards a loud sound cor  tical deaf  ness is caused by bilateral cor  tical le  sions in the primary aud  itory cor  tex located in the temporal lob  es of the brain the asc  ending aud  itory pathways are damaged causing a loss of perception of sound inner ear functions however remains intact cor  tical deaf  ness is most often cause by stroke but can also result from brain injury or birth defects more specifically a common cause is bilateral embol  ic stroke to the area of hes  ch  l s gy  ri cor  tical deaf  ness is extremely rare with only twelve reported cases each case has a distinct context and different rates of recovery it is thought that cor  tical deaf  ness could be a part of a spectrum of an overall cor  tical hearing disorder in some cases patients with cor  tical deaf  ness have had recovery of some hearing function resulting in partial aud  itory deficits such as aud  itory verbal agno  sia this syndrome might be difficult to distinguish from a bilateral temporal le  sion such as described above
cor  tical des  mo  id also called tu  g le  sion or perio  steal des  mo  id is an irregularity of the dis  tal fem  oral cor  tex caused by repeti  tive stress at the attachment of the ad  duc  tor magn  us ap  on  euro  sis it is most commonly seen in adolescents and is usually as  ymp  tomatic it is a benign and self limiting le  sion
focal cor  tical dys  pl  asia f  cd is a con  genital ab  normality of brain development where the neurons in an area of the brain failed to migrate in the proper formation in uter  o focal cor  tical dys  pl  asia is a common cause of intractable epi  le  psy in children and is a frequent cause of epi  le  psy in adults there are several sub  types of f  cd including type 1 a 1 b 2 a 2 b 3 a 3 b and 3 c each with distinct hist  opath  ological features all forms of focal cor  tical dys  pl  asia lead to dis  organization of the normal structure of the cere  br  al cor  tex type 1 f  cd exhi  bits subtle alterations in cor  tical lam  ination type 2 a f  cd exhi  bits neurons that are larger than normal that are called cy  tom  eg  al  ic dys  morph  ic neurons c  dn f  cd type 2 b exhi  bits complete loss of lam  in  ar structure and the presence of c  dn and enlarged cells are called balloon cells bc for their large el  lip  tical cell body shape lat  er  ally displaced nucleus and lack of d  end  rit  es or ax  ons the developmental origin of balloon cells is currently believed to be derived from neuro  nal or gli  al prog  en  itor cells balloon cells are similar in structure to giant cells in the disorder tuber  ous sclerosis complex recent studies have demonstrated that f  cd types 2 a and 2 b result from som  atic mutations in genes that en  code components of the mammalian target of rap  amy  cin m  tor path  way caus  ative gene mutations for types 1 and 3 have not been identified the m  tor path  way regulates a number of functions in the brain including establishment of cell size cell mo  ti  lity and differentiation gene mutations associated with f  cd 2 a and f  cd 2 b include m  tor pi 3 k  ca ak  t 3 and dep  dc 5 mutations in these genes lead to enhanced m  tor path  way sign  aling at critical periods in brain development some recent evidence may suggest a role for in uter  o infection with certain viruses such as cy  tom  eg  alo  virus and human pap  il  lo  ma virus seizures in f  cd are likely causes by abnormal circu  it  ry induced by the presence of cd  ns and b  cs these abnormal cell types generate abnormal electrical signals which spread out to affect other parts of the cere  br  al cor  tex medication is used to treat the seizures that may arise due to cor  tical dys  pl  asia epi  le  psy surgery to remove areas of f  cd is a viable treatment option for appropriate candidates
cor  ti  co  bas  al de  generation c  b  d or cor  ti  co  bas  al gang  li  onic de  generation c  b  g  d is a rare progressive neuro  degenerative disease involving the cere  br  al cor  tex and the bas  al gang  lia c  b  d symptoms typically begin in people from 50 – 70 years of age and the average disease duration is six years it is characterized by marked disorders in movement and cognitive dysfunction and is classified as one of the par  kinson plus syndro  mes clinical diagnosis is difficult as symptoms of c  b  d are often similar to those of other disorders such as par  kinson s disease pd progressive supran  uc  lear pal  sy p  sp and dementia with lew  y bodies d  lb due to the various clinical presentations associated with c  b  d a final diagnosis can only be made upon neuro  patho  logic examination patients who are suffering from this disorder can learn more about c  b  d and reach out to others with the same condition for support through the foundation for p  sp c  b  d and related brain diseases also known as cu  rep  sp
the cor  ti  sol awakening response car is an increase of about 50 in cor  ti  sol levels occurring 20 – 30 minutes after awakening in the morning in some people this rise is super  imposed upon the late night rise in cor  ti  sol which occurs before awakening while its purpose is uncertain it may be linked to the hippo  campus preparation of the hypo  thal  am  ic pit  u  itary adren  al axis h  pa in order to face anticipated stress
in mathematics co  set enum  eration is the problem of counting the co  sets of a sub  group h of a group g given in terms of a presentation as a by product one obtains a per  mutation representation for g on the co  sets of h if h has a known finite order co  set enum  eration gives the order of g as well for small groups it is sometimes possible to perform a co  set enum  eration by hand however for large groups it is time consuming and error prone so it is usually carried out by computer co  set enum  eration is usually considered to be one of the fundamental problems in compu  tational group theory the original algori  thm for co  set enum  eration was invented by john arthur todd and h s m co  x  eter various improvements to the original todd – co  x  eter algori  thm have been suggested notably the classical strategies of v fel  sch and h  lt has  el  grove le  ech and tro  tter a practical implementation of these strategies with refin  ements is available at the ace website the k  nu  th – ben  di  x algori  thm also can perform co  set enum  eration and unlike the todd – co  x  eter algori  thm it can sometimes solve the word problem for infinite groups the main practical difficulties in producing a co  set enum  er  ator are that it is difficult or impossible to predict how much memory or time will be needed to complete the process if a group is finite then its co  set enum  eration must terminate eventually although it may take arbitrarily long and use an arbitrary amount of memory even if the group is trivial depending on the algori  thm used it may happen that making small changes to the presentation that do not change the group nevertheless have a large impact on the amount of time or memory needed to complete the enum  eration these behavi  ours are a consequence of the un  solv  ability of the word problem for groups a gentle introduction to co  set enum  eration is given in rot  man s text on group theory more detailed information on correctness efficiency and practical implementation can be found in the books by si  ms and hol  t et al
the co  sm  ic age problem is a historical problem in astro  no  my concerning the age of the universe the problem was that at various times in the 20 th century some objects in the universe were estimated to be older than the time elapsed since the big bang as estimated from measurements of the expansion rate of the universe known as the hu  bble constant den  oted h 0 this is more correctly called the hu  bble parameter since it generally varies with time since around 1997 – 2003 the problem is believed to be solved by most cosmo  logists modern measurements give an accurate age of the universe of 13 8 billion years and recent age estimates for the oldest objects are either younger than this or consistent allowing for measurement uncertainties
a cosmo  logy episode is a sudden loss of meaning followed eventually by a transform  ative pivo  t which creates the conditions for revised meaning in the wake of the 1962 cuban missile crisis the vietnam war the 1977 t  ener  ife airport disaster the 1984 b  hop  al chemical disaster and the relatively sudden insertion of personal computers into the workplace organizational scholar karl e we  ick coined the term cosmo  logy episode as follows in 1985 representations of events normally hang together sensibly within the set of assumptions that give them life and constitute a cosmo  s rather than its opposite a chaos sudden losses of meaning that can occur when an event is represented electronically in an incomplete cry  ptic form are what i call a cosmo  logy episode representations in the electronic world can become chaotic for at least two reasons the data in these representations are flawed and the people who manage those flawed data have limited processing capacity these two problems interact in a potentially deadly vicious circle the concept of cosmo  logy episodes evolved significantly between 1985 and 1993 when we  ick published his now classic re  analysis of norman mac  lean s study of the mann gul  ch wild  land firefighting disaster in 1949 in the 1993 article we  ick positions cosmo  logy episodes within a construc  ti  vist on  to  logy he links the term to a variety of similar concepts and he provides a better developed definition than he was able to provide in 1985 first we  ick makes it clear that cosmo  logy episodes occur within a construc  ti  vist on  to  logy of the world rather than the more familiar objec  ti  vist and subjec  ti  vist on  to  logies the basic idea of sens  emaking is that reality is an ongoing accomplishment that emerges from efforts to create order and make retrospective sense of what occurs sens  emaking emphasizes that people try to make things rationally accountable to themselves and others thus in the words of morgan frost and pon  dy 1983 24 individuals are not seen as living in and acting out their lives in relations to a wider reality so much as creating and sustaining images of a wider reality in part to ration  alize what they are doing they realize their reality by reading into their situation patterns of significant meaning second we  ick clarifies the key phrase sudden loss of meaning by linking it to related ideas described by other organizational scholars minimal organizations such as we find in the crew at mann gul  ch are susceptible to sudden losses of meaning which have been vari  ably described as fundamental surprises reason 1990 or as events that are inconceivable lan  ir 1989 hidden we  str  um 1982 or incomprehensible per  row 1984 each of these labels points to the low probability that the event could occur which is why it is meaningless but these explanations say less about the aston  ishment of the percei  ver and even less about the percei  ver s inability to rebuild some sense of what is happening third we  ick expands his 1985 definition sudden losses of meaning — to a more nuanced description cosmo  logy refers to a branch of philosophy often sub  sum  ed under metaph  ys  ics that combines rational speculation and scientific evidence to understand the universe as a tot  ality of phenomena cosmo  logy is the ultimate macro perspective directed at issues of time space change and contingency as they relate to the origin and structure of the universe integr  ations of these issues however are not just the han  di  work of philosophers others also must make their peace with these issues as reflected in what they take for granted people including those who are smo  ke  jum  pers act as if events co  here in time and space and that change unfol  ds in an orderly manner these everyday cosmo  logies are subject to disruption and when they are severely disrupted i call this a cosmo  logy episode we  ick 1985 51 52 a cosmo  logy episode occurs when people suddenly and deeply feel that the universe is no longer a rational orderly system
cost of goods available for sale is the maximum amount of goods or inventory that a company can possibly sell during this fiscal year it has the formula beginning inventory at the start of this year purchases within this year production within this year cost of goods available for sale notice that purchases and production might not be the same throughout the year since purchase cost and production cost might vary during the year but at the end the total cost of purchases and production are added to beginning inventory cost to give cost of goods available for sale alternatively the costs of goods available for sales can be compu  ted from the costs of sales costs of goods available for sale ending inventory inventory write downs costs of sales
cost  ello syndrome also called fac  io  cu  tane  osk  el  etal syndrome or f  cs syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects many parts of the body it is characterized by delayed development and delayed mental progression distinctive facial features unusually flexible joints and loose fol  ds of extra skin especially on the hands and feet heart ab  norm  alities are common including a very fast heartbeat t  ach  y  car  dia structural heart defects and over  growth of the heart muscle hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy infants with cost  ello syndrome may be large at birth but grow more slowly than other children and have difficulty feeding later in life people with this condition have relatively short stature and many have reduced levels of growth hormones it is a ras  opathy beginning in early childhood people with cost  ello syndrome have an increased risk of developing certain can  cer  ous and non  can  cer  ous tumors small grow  ths called pap  il  lom  as are the most common non  can  cer  ous tumors seen with this condition they usually develop around the nose and mouth or near the an  us the most frequent can  cer  ous tumor associated with cost  ello syndrome is a soft tissue tumor called a r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma other cancers also have been reported in children and adolescents with this disorder including a tumor that arises in developing nerve cells neuro  bl  ast  oma and a form of blad  der cancer transitional cell carcin  oma cost  ello syndrome was discovered by dr jack cost  ello a new zealand paedi  at  ric  ian in 1977 he is credited with first reporting the syndrome in the australian paediatric journal volume 13 no 2 in 1977
co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis also known as chest wall pain co  sto  ster  nal syndrome or co  sto  ster  nal ch  on  dro  dy  nia is an acute and often temporary infl  amm  ation of the cost  al car  til  age the structure that connects each ri  b to the ster  num at the co  sto  ster  nal joint the condition is a common cause of chest pain though co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis often resol  ves on its own it can be a recurring condition that has little or no signs of onset co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis symptoms can be similar to the chest pain associated with a heart attack un  explained chest pain is considered a medical emergency until life threatening cardiac issues can be ruled out severe cases of cost  al car  til  age infl  amm  ation that also involve painful sw  elling are sometimes referred to as ti  et  ze s syndrome a term sometimes used inter  change  ably with co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis however some physicians view co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis and ti  et  ze s syndrome as separate disease states due to the absence of cost  al car  til  age sw  elling in co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis treatment options are quite limited and usually involve a combination of rest anal  ges  ics or anti infl  am  matory medications cases with persistent discomfort may be managed with cor  tis  one injections or surgery may be indicated if the condition is severe individuals with co  sto  ch  on  dri  tis are typically instructed to avoid stren  uous physical activity to prevent the onset of an attack
co  t  ard delusion is a rare mental illness in which the affected person holds the delu  sional belief that he or she is already dead does not exist is put  ref  ying or has lost his or her blood or internal organs statistical analysis of a hundred patient cohor  t indicates that the denial of self existence is a symptom present in 69 of the cases of co  t  ard s syndrome yet paradoxically 55 of the patients present delu  sions of im  mortality in 18  80 the neuro  logist jules co  t  ard described the condition as le dé  li  re des né  g  ations the deli  ri  um of ne  gation a psychiatric syndrome of varied severity a mild case is characterized by despair and self loa  thing while a severe case is characterized by intense delu  sions of ne  gation and chronic psychiatric depression the case of mad  emo  is  elle x describes a woman who denied the existence of parts of her body and of her need to eat she said that she was condemned to eternal dam  nation and therefore could not die a natural death in the course of suffering the deli  ri  um of ne  gation mad  emo  is  elle x died of starvation the co  t  ard delusion is not included in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm in the tenth edition of the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems ic  d 10 of the world health organization code f 22 identifies the co  t  ard delusion as a disease of human health
cotton fever is a condition that is often associated with intra  ven  ous drug use specifically with the use of cotton to filter drugs like heroin it has been established that the condition derives from an endo  toxin released by the bacteria pan  to  ea agglomer  ans which colon  izes cotton plants not from the cotton itself a condition very similar to cotton fever was described in the early 1940 s among cotton farm workers the term cotton fever was coined in 1975 after the syndrome was recognized in intra  ven  ous drug users however some sources have attributed the symptoms of cotton fever with sep  sis occasion  ed by unsafe and un  sanitary drug injection practices this is borne out by the fact that cotton fever symptoms have occurred among all intra  ven  ous drug users with various filter materials utilized
cotton wool spots are an abnormal finding on fund  us  cop  ic exam of the re  tina of the eye they appear as flu  ffy white pat  ches on the re  tina they are caused by damage to nerve fi  bers and are a result of accumul  ations of ax  op  las  mic material within the nerve fiber layer there is reduced ax  onal transport and hence backlog and accumulation of in  trac  ell  ular products within the nerves because of the is  chem  ia this then causes the nerve fi  bers to be damaged by sw  elling in the surface layer of the re  tina a 1981 analysis concluded that in most instances cotton wool spots do not represent the whole area of is  cha  emic inner re  tina but merely reflect the obstruction of ax  op  las  mic flow in ax  ons crossing into much larger is  cha  emic areas associated findings include micro  vascular inf  arc  ts and hemorrha  ges the appearance of cotton wool spots may decrease over time abundant cotton wool spots are seen in m  align  ant hyper  tension diabetes and hyper  tension are the two most common diseases that cause these spots and the best treatment would be to treat the underlying disease in diabetes they are one of the hall  marks of pre prolifer  ative re  tin  opathy more rarely hiv and pur  tsch  er s re  tin  opathy can also lead to the appearance of cotton wool spots another condition in which cotton wool spots are found is central re  tin  al vein oc  clu  sion
co  turn  ism is an illness featuring muscle tender  ness and r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis muscle cell breakdown after consuming qu  ail usually common qu  ail co  tur  ni  x co  tur  ni  x from which the name derives that have fed on poisonous plants
in computer science the count distinct problem also known in applied mathematics as the car  din  ality estimation problem is the problem of finding the number of distinct elements in a data stream with repeated elements this is a well known problem with numerous applications the elements might represent ip addresses of packets passing through a rou  ter unique visitors to a web site elements in a large database mo  ti  fs in a dna sequence or elements of r  fid sensor networks
the counter maj  or  itarian difficulty sometimes counter maj  or  itarian dilemma is a perceived problem with judicial review of legislative or popul  arly created laws as the term suggests some oppose or see a problem with the judicial branch s ability to invalidate over  rule or counter  mand laws that reflect the will of the majority the counter maj  or  itarian difficulty is often raised in discussions of united states constitutional law particularly in discussing the powers of the three branches of the federal government of the united states
in quantum mechanics counter  factual defin  it  eness cf  d is the ability to speak meaning  fully of the defin  it  eness of the results of measurements that have not been performed i e the ability to assume the existence of objects and properties of objects even when they have not been measured the term counter  factual defin  it  eness is used in discussions of physics calculations especially those related to the phenomenon called quantum entang  lement and those related to the bell inequalities the single ad  jec  tive counter  factual may also appear in physics discussions where it is frequently treated as a nou  n the word counter  factual does not mean characterized by being opposed to fact instead it is used to characterize values that could have been measured but for one reason or another were not
the country of origin effect co  e also known as the made in image and the nationality bias is a psychological effect describing how consumers attitudes perceptions and purchasing decisions are influenced by products country of origin lab  eling since 1965 it has been extensively studied by researchers
country changing is a phenomenon in the figure sk  ating world in which sk  at  ers change the country they represent in competition there are many different reasons why competitors switch countries but it mostly comes down to maximizing the possibility of being able to compete at the world figure sk  ating champion  ships and the winter olympic games a sk  ater who cannot do that representing their home country often looks for another one because spots to worlds and the olympics are allotted by country not by sk  ater a sk  ater can hope to transfer to a new country and have a better chance of becoming national champion being sent to worlds and qualifying for a spot in the olympics
a county seat war is an american phenomenon that occurred mainly in the old west as it was being settled although similar incidents elsewhere such as in sou  the  astern ohio have also been recorded as new towns sp  rang up and county lines were drawn there was intense competition for the status and tax benefits bestowed by becoming a county seat these wars often involved nothing more than lining up at the ballot box but sometimes partis  ans for a particular town would resort to voter fraud intimidation or violence
a coup d état ˌ  ku  ː de  ɪ  ˈ  t  ɑ  ː french ku de  ta sometimes translated as blow of state or hit of state but the lit  eral translation is stroke of the state – as in the swi  ping or stroke of a sword plural coups d état pronounced like the singular form also known simply as a coup ˌ  ku  ː pu  ts  ch or an overthrow is the illegal and over  t seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus
the coup of 18 fruc  ti  dor year v was a seizure of power by members of the french directory on 4 september 17  97 when their opponents the roy  alists were gaining strength howard g brown professor of history at bin  gh  am  ton university stresses the turn toward dictatorship and the failure of liberal democracy under the directory blaming it on chronic violence ambivalent forms of justice and repeated recourse to heavy handed repression
coupling loss also known as connection loss is the loss that occurs when energy is transferred from one circuit circuit element or medium to another coupling loss is usually expressed in the same units — such as watts or deci  bels — as in the originating circuit element or medium coupling loss in fiber op  tics refers to the power loss that occurs when coupling light from one optical device or medium to another see also optical return loss coupling losses can result from a number of factors in electronics see coupling electronics impe  dance mis  match between coupled components results in a reflection of a portion of the energy at the interface likewise in optical systems where there is a change in index of ref  r  action most commonly at a fiber air interface a portion of the energy is reflected back into the source component another major source of optical coupling loss is geome  tr  ical as an example two fi  bers coupled end to end may not be precisely aligned with the result that the two co  res overlap somewhat light ex  iting the source fiber at a portion of its core that is not aligned with the core of the receiving fiber will not in general be coupled into the second fiber while some such light will be coupled into the second fiber it is not likely to be efficiently coupled nor will it generally travel in an appropriate mode in the second fiber similarly even for two perfectly aligned co  res where there is a gap of any significant distance between the two fi  bers there will be some geome  tric loss due to spread of the beam some percentage of the light rays ex  iting the source fiber face will not inter  sect the second fiber within its entrance cone
co  upon leverage or leverage factor is the amount by which a reference rate is multiplied to determine the floating interest rate payable by an in  verse flo  ater some debt instruments leverage the particular effects of interest rate changes most commonly in in  verse flo  at  ers as an example an in  verse flo  ater with a multiple may pay interest at the rate or co  upon of 22 percent minus the product of 2 times the 1 month london interbank offered rate li  bor the co  upon leverage is 2 in this example and the reference rate is the 1 month li  bor
in mathematics the cour  ant – fried  ric  hs – lew  y cfl condition is a necessary condition for convergence while solving certain partial differential equations usually hyper  bol  ic p  des numer  ically by the method of finite differences it arises in the numerical analysis of explicit time integration schemes when these are used for the numerical solution as a consequence the time step must be less than a certain time in many explicit time marching computer simul  ations otherwise the simulation will produce incorrect results the condition is named after richard cour  ant kurt fried  ric  hs and hans lew  y who described it in their 19  28 paper
cou  v  ade syndrome also called sympathetic pregnancy is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior of an expec  tant mother these most often include minor weight gain altered hormone levels morning naus  ea and disturbed sleep patterns in more extreme cases symptoms can include labor pains post  par  tum depression and no  se  ble  eds the labor pain symptom is commonly known as sympathy pain cou  v  ade syndrome is not recognized as a real syndrome by many medical professionals its source is a matter of debate some believe it to be a psycho  som  atic condition while others believe it may have biological causes relating to hormone changes
cou  vel  aire uter  us also known as uter  op  lac  ental apo  plex  y is a life threatening condition in which loosen  ing of the plac  enta abrup  tio plac  enta  e causes bleeding that penetr  ates into the uter  ine my  ome  tri  um forcing its way into the per  it  one  al cav  ity
the coven  try bed  worth urban area has a population of 359 262 according to the 2011 census which is an increase of 3 from the 2001 census figure of 348 0  68 this makes it the 17 th largest conurb  ation in the england and wales by population it is also one of the most densely populated the largest settlement is coven  try population 325 9  49 which is within the west midlands county bed  worth population 30 648 and bin  ley woods population 2 665 are the other main parts of the conurb  ation and both lie in the county war  wick  shire in the districts of nun  e  aton and bed  worth and the borough of rug  by respectively there are no other towns in the conurb  ation there is a very small amount of green belt between the coven  try bed  worth urban area and the nun  e  aton urban area in the north however with the development of industrial and retail units in south nun  e  aton the two conurb  ations are virtually connected and also between coven  try and ken  il  worth a larger area of green belt exists between coven  try and the greater west midlands urban area which extends to about 5 miles
the covering problem of rad  o is an unsolved problem in geometry concerning covering plan  ar sets by squares it was formulated in 19  28 by ti  bor rad  ó and has been generalized to more general shapes and higher dimensions by richard rad  o
in combin  at  or  ics and computer science covering problems are compu  tational problems that ask whether a certain combin  atorial structure covers another or how large the structure has to be to do that covering problems are minim  ization problems and usually linear programs whose dual problems are called packing problems the most prominent examples of covering problems are the set cover problem which is equivalent to the hitting set problem and its special cases the ver  tex cover problem and the edge cover problem
covering sickness or d  our  ine french from the arabic dar  ina meaning man  gy said of a female camel femin  ine of dar  in meaning dirty is a disease of horses and other members of the family equidae the disease is caused by try  pan  o  som  a equi  per  dum which belongs to an important genus of par  asi  tic proto  zo  a and is the only member of the genus that is spread through sexual inter  course the occurrence of d  our  ine is notifiable in the european union under legislation from the oie there currently is no vaccine and although clinical signs can be treated there is no cure
jo  ac  him bo  dam  er created the term pro  sop  agno  sia in 1947 which is a disorder where individuals have an inability to recognize faces of people individuals with this disorder do not have the ability to over  tly recognize faces but discoveries have been made showing that people with this disorder have the ability to cover  tly recognize faces covert facial recognition is the unconscious recognition of familiar faces by people with pro  sop  agno  sia the individuals who express this phenomenon are unaware that they are recognizing the faces of people they have seen before there are two types of pro  sop  agno  sia con  genital and acquired cong  ential pro  sop  agno  sia is an inability to recognize faces without a history of brain damage while acquired pro  sop  agno  sia is caused by damage to the right oc  ci  p  ital temporal region of the brain in the 1950 s it was the  orized that the right cere  br  al hemisphere was involved in facial recognition and in the 1960 s this theory was supported by many experiments although the ability for over  t facial recognition is inhi  bited in patients with pro  sop  agno  sia there have been many studies done which show that some of these individuals may have the ability to recognize familiar faces cover  tly these experiments have used behavioral and physiological measures in order to demonstrate covert facial recognition a common physiological measure that is used is the measure of autonom  ic activity by using skin conduc  tance responses scr which show a larger response in individuals with pro  sop  agno  sia who are shown pictures of familiar faces compared to pictures of unfamiliar faces
cowar  am  up bom  bor  a also known as co  wie bom  bie or simply cow bom  bie is a big wave open ocean surf break found on the south west coast of western australia it is located 2 kilometres offshore west of grac  e  town which is near the town of margaret river world renowned for its surf and is 265 km south of the capital city per  th the break first came to the world ’ s attention back in 2007 when local damon east  au  gh won the big wave award after riding a wave estimated to be more than 50 feet it doesn t break often requiring huge sw  ells from the southern ocean but these can produce very large waves often in excess of 40 ft with some contending for the biggest wave in australia at over 60 ft its name comes from cowar  am  up the name of the small local town  site and bom  bor  a an indigenous australian term for an area of large sea waves breaking over a shallow area cow bom  bie is also the name of an award winning shir  az grown locally in margaret river and named after the break the break was featured in the 2013 documentary series storm sur  f  ers 3 d which described it as on its day the tall  est wave in australia where tom car  roll survived a near death wi  pe  out while sur  fing with ross clarke jones it also featured in the 2011 documentary film fighting fear in 2011 western australian sur  fer dam  ien war  r won the o  ak  ley biggest wave award for his ride on cow bom  bie in february 2015 j  arr  yd foster 27 won the o  ak  ley biggest wave award for his ride on cow bom  bie mick corbett was also a 2015 fin  alist for the same award with his cow bom  bie ride on 26 june 2015 australian sur  fer fel  icity pal  m  ate  er 22 became the first woman to surf cow bom  bie on 2 march 2016 the o  ak  ley big wave awards 2015 2016 were announced with two of the three major awards coming from cow bom  bie z  ac ha  ynes won biggest padd  le in and justin holland won biggest wave in australian waters finishing 2 nd and 3 rd respectively for ride of the year all three cont  enders for biggest wave were at cow bom  bie
cowardice is a trait where  in fear and excess self concern override doing or saying what is right good and of help to others or oneself in a time of need — it is the opposite of courage as a label cowardice indicates a failure of character in the face of a challenge many military codes of justice pro  scri  be cowardice in combat as a crime punishable by death note the phrase shot at dawn as an opposite of an action or trait that many existing and formerly ext  ant cultures demand cowardice rates as a character flaw that many societies and their representatives stigmati  ze and or punish
cow  den syndrome also known as cow  den s disease and multiple ham  ar  tom  a syndrome is a rare auto  som  al dominant inherited disorder characterized by multiple non can  cer  ous tumor like grow  ths called ham  ar  tom  as which typically are found in the skin mu  co  us memb  ran  es mouth nas  al memb  ran  es gi tract thyro  id g  land and breast tissue while the ham  ar  tom  as are benign people with cow  den syndrome are at increased risk of certain forms of cancer including breast thyro  id uter  us end  ome  trial and kidney cancers cow  den syndrome is associated with mutations in p  ten a tumor sup  pres  sor gene that cause the p  ten protein not to work properly leading to hyper  activity of the m  tor path  way these mutations lead to characteristic features including macro  cephal  y intest  inal ham  ar  tom  at  ous poly  ps benign skin tumors multiple tric  hil  em  mom  as pap  il  lo  mat  ous pap  ules and ac  ral ker  ato  ses and dys  plastic gang  li  oc  y  tom  a of the cere  bell  um l  her  mit  te duc  los disease in addition there is a pre  disposition to breast carcin  oma fol  lic  ular carcin  oma of the thyro  id and end  ome  trial carcin  oma
co  wh  ide is the natural un  ble  ached skin and hair of a cow it retains the original col  oring of the animal co  wh  ides are a product of the food industry from cattle other cows are killed specifically for their skin co  wh  ide can also be processed into a leather which can be used to make such things as shoes wal  lets leather jackets and belts
cow  pox is an infectious disease caused by the cow  pox virus the virus part of the orth  o  po  x  virus family is closely related to the vacc  in  ia virus the virus is zoonotic meaning that it is transferable between species such as from animal to human the transfer  ral of the disease was first observed in d  air  y  ma  ids who touched the ud  ders of infected cows and consequently developed the signature pu  st  ules on their hands cow  pox is more commonly found in animals other than bo  vines such as ro  dents cow  pox is similar to but much mil  der than the highly contagious and often deadly small  pox disease its close resemblance to the mild form of small  pox and the observation that d  air  y  ma  ids were immune from small  pox inspired the first small  pox vaccine created and administered by english physician edward jen  ner the word “ vaccination ” coined by jen  ner in 17  96 is derived from the latin root vacc  in  us meaning of or from the cow once vaccinated a patient develops antibodies that make him her immune to cow  pox but they also develop immunity to the small  pox virus or vari  ola virus the cow  pox vaccinations and later incar  nations proved so successful that in 1980 the world health organization announced that small  pox was the first disease to be eradicated by vaccination efforts worldwide other orth  o  pox viruses remain prevalent in certain communities and continue to infect humans such as the cow  pox virus cp  xv in europe vacc  in  ia in brazil and mon  key  pox virus in central and west africa
co  xa val  ga is a de  form  ity of the hip where the angle formed between the head and neck of the fem  ur and its shaft is increased usually above 135 degrees it is caused by a slipped ep  ip  h  ysis of the fem  oral head the differential diagnosis includes neuro  muscular disorders i e cere  br  al pal  sy spinal dys  rap  h  ism poli  om  ye  li  tis sk  el  etal dys  pl  asi  as and juvenile idi  opathic ar  thri  tis
co  xa var  a is a de  form  ity of the hip whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the fem  ur is reduced to less than 120 degrees this results in the leg being shortened and the development of a lim  p it is commonly caused by injury such as a frac  ture it can also occur when the bone tissue in the neck of the fem  ur is sof  ter than normal causing it to bend under the weight of the body this may either be con  genital or the result of a bone disorder the most common cause of co  xa var  a is either con  genital or developmental other common causes include metabol  ic bone diseases e g pag  et s disease of bone post per  thes de  form  ity o  ste  om  ye  li  tis and post traumatic due to improper healing of a frac  ture between the greater and lesser tro  chan  ter shepherd s crook de  form  ity is a severe form of co  xa var  a where the proxim  al fem  ur is severely de  formed with a reduction in the neck shaft angle beyond 90 degrees it is most commonly a sequ  ela of o  ste  o  genesis im  perfec  ta p  age  ts disease o  ste  om  ye  li  tis tum  our and tum  our like conditions e g fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia co  xa var  a can happen in cle  ido  cran  ial dy  so  sto  sis
cr  ab  tree hot springs is a geological phenomenon in lake county california about 25 miles 40 km north of upper lake it is located on private property and closed to the public it lies at an elev  ation of 2 257 feet 688 m there is a cluster of four natural hot springs at this location in an isolated narrow winding steep w  alled canyon on the north bank of the rice fork of the eel river about one fourth mile down  river from its junction with salt creek three of the hot springs are aligned in one area at a large swimming hole while the fourth hot spring is about 60 feet 18 m back u  pri  ver the temperature of the ho  tt  est spring is 106 ° f 41 ° c with a flow rate of about 10 us gall  ons 38 l per minute
crack closure is a phenomenon in fatigue loading during which the crack remains in a closed position even though some external ten  sile force is acting on the material during this process the crack opens only at stress above a particular stress this is due to factors such as plastic de  formation or phase transformation during crack propagation corro  sion of crack surfaces presence of fluids in the crack or rough  ness at cracked surfaces this provides a longer life for fati  gu  ed material than expected by slowing the crack growth rate the crack closure effect helps explain a wide range of fatigue data it has become the default interpretation of load ratio effects it is used in almost all fatigue life prediction models however it is virtually impossible to predict the effects of crack closure experim  entally δ  k δ  k  max δ  k  min δ  ke  ff  ective δ  k  max – k  opening δ  ke  ff  ective ≤ δ  k
crack tip opening displacement c  to  d is the displacement at the original crack tip and the 90 ° intercept lef  m linear elastic frac  ture mechanics is not valid this assumption was proven when a unique relationship between c  to  d and the j integral was established
cracked tooth syndrome abbreviated to c  ts and also termed cracked cus  p syndrome split tooth syndrome or incomplete frac  ture of poster  ior teeth is where a tooth has in  completely cracked but no part of the tooth has yet broken off sometimes it is described as a gre  ens  tick frac  ture the symptoms are very variable making it a notoriously difficult condition to diagnose
cradle cap is a yel  low  ish pat  chy gre  asy scal  y and cru  sty skin rash that occurs on the scal  p of recently born babies it is usually not it  chy and does not bother the baby cradle cap most commonly begins sometime in the first 3 months similar symptoms in older children are more likely to be d  and  ru  ff than cradle cap the rash is often prominent around the ear the eyebro  ws or the eye  li  ds it may appear in other locations as well where it is called se  bor  rho  e  ic der  mati  tis rather than cradle cap some countries use the term pit  y  ri  asis cap  i  tis for cradle cap it is extremely common with about half of all babies affected most of them have a mild version of the disorder severe cradle cap is rare
cr  amp rings are rings anci  ently worn as a cure for cr  amp and falling sickness or epi  le  psy the legend is that the first one was presented to edward the conf  essor by a pil  grim on his return from jerusalem its miraculous properties being explained to the king at his death it passed into the keeping of the ab  bot of west  minster by whom it was used medic  ally and was known as st ed  wards ring from that time the belief grew that the successors of edward inherited his powers and that the rings blessed by them worked cures hence arose the custom for the successive sovereigns of england each year on good friday formally to bless a number of cr  amp rings a service was held prayers and p  sal  ms were said and holy water which had been blessed in the name of the father son and holy ghost was poured over the rings which were always of gold or silver and made from the metal that the king offered to the cross on good friday the ceremony survived to the reign of mary i but the belief in the cur  ative powers of similar cir  cle  ts of sacred metal has ling  ered on even to the present day
cr  amp fasc  ic  ulation syndrome cf  s is a rare peripheral nerve hyper  exc  itability disorder it is more severe than the related and common disorder known as benign fasc  ic  ulation syndrome it causes fasc  icul  ations cram  ps pain fatigue and muscle sti  ff  ness similar to those seen in neuro  my  o  ton  ia another related condition patients with cf  s like those with neuro  my  o  ton  ia may also experience pa  res  the  si  as most cases of cr  amp fasc  ic  ulation syndrome are idi  opathic cr  amp fasc  ic  ulation syndrome is diagnosed by clinical examination and electro  my  o  graphy em  g fasc  ic  ulation is the only ab  normality if any seen with em  g cr  amp fasc  ic  ulation syndrome is a chronic condition treatment options include anti seizure medications such as carb  amaz  ep  ine immun  o  sup  pres  sive drugs and plas  map  her  esis
cran  ial nerve disease is an impaired functioning of one of the twelve cran  ial nerves although it could theoretically be considered a mon  on  euro  pa  thy it is not considered as such under mesh it is possible for a disorder of more than one cran  ial nerve to occur at the same time if a trauma occurs at a location where many cran  ial nerves run together such as the ju  g  ular fo  ssa a bra  inst  em le  sion could also cause impaired functioning of multiple cran  ial nerves but this condition would likely also be accompanied by dis  tal motor impairment a neuro  logical examination can test the functioning of individual cran  ial nerves and detect specific impair  ments
cran  io  di  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia also known as c  dd or li  oni  tis is an extremely rare auto  som  al rec  essive bone disorder that causes calcium to build up in the skull dis  figuring the facial features and reducing life expectancy these calcium deposits decrease the size of cran  ial for  am  ina and can also decrease the hole in the cer  vic  al spinal canal in the few cases recorded most of the sufferers died in childhood the underlying genetics are uncertain
cran  io  facial ab  norm  alities are con  genital mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorders which primarily affect the cran  ium and facial bones they are associated with the development of the phar  yn  ge  al ar  ches approximately 5 of the uk or usa population present with d  ent  o  facial de  form  ities requiring orth  o  gn  ath  ic surgery jaw surgery and orth  od  on  tics br  ace therapy as a part of their definitive treatment
cr  ani  om  andi  bul  ar o  ste  opathy also known as lion s jaw is a developmental disease in dogs causing extensive bon  y changes in the man  di  ble and skull in this disease a cyclical resor  ption of normal bone and replacement by immature bone occurs along the inner and outer surfaces of the affected bones it usually occurs between the ages of 3 and 8 months breeds most commonly affected include the west high  land white terri  er scottish terri  er cair  n terri  er and boston terri  er it is rare in large breed dogs but it has been reported symptoms include firm sw  elling of the jaw dro  oling pain and difficulty eating it is an inherited disease especially in wes  ties in which it has been recognized as an auto  som  al rec  essive trait can  ine dist  emp  er has also been indicated as a possible cause as has e coli infection which could be why it is seen occasionally in large breed dogs growth of le  sions will usually stop around the age of one year and possibly reg  ress this timing coincides with the normal completion of endo  ch  on  dr  al bone growth and os  sification if the disease is extensive especially around the ty  mp  anic bul  la middle ear then the prog  no  sis is guarded a similar disease seen in young bull  mas  ti  ffs is known as cal  vari  al hyper  o  sto  tic syndrome it is also similar to human inf  anti  le cor  tical hyper  o  sto  sis it is characterized by irregular progressive bon  y proliferation and thick  ening of the cor  tical bone of the cal  vari  a which is part of the skull asymmetry of the le  sions may occur which makes it different from cr  ani  om  andi  bul  ar o  ste  opathy symptoms include painful sw  elling of the skull fever and lymp  h no  de sw  elling in most cases it is self limiting
cr  ani  om  et  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia auto  som  al dominant is a disorder is a rare sk  el  etal disorder that results from a hetero  zy  g  ous mutation in human homo  log  ous of progress in an  ky  losis gene an  kh abnormal bone over  growth occurs from the beginning of a child s life as well as throughout their lifetime resulting in the narrowing of the cran  ial form  ania this leads to cran  ial nerve and facial features compression in addition this disorder is located on the 5 p ch  om  some
cran  iop  ag  us twins are con  joined twins who are f  used at the cran  ium this condition occurs in about 10 20 babies in every million births in the united states among this small group cephal  ic con  joining or cran  iop  ag  us twinning represents the ra  rest of con  genital ab  norm  alities only accounting for 2 6 of all con  joined twins additionally con  joined twins are genetically identical and always share the same sex the union in cran  iop  ag  us twins may occur on any portion of the cal  vari  um but does not include either the face or the for  amen magn  um the thor  ax and ab  dom  en are separate and each twin has its own u  bil  ic  us and um  bil  ical cord the union may involve the entire diameter of the head or only a small portion this suggests that although there are many different kinds of vari  abilities already known in the scientific community there are an infinite amount of variations that can occur most of these variations are based on the rotation of one twin s skull to the other and in fact the different phen  o  typ  ic sub groups of cran  iop  ag  us twins are based on all these rot  ational conform  ations each of these factors rotation spot of union affect the development of the brain the vascular system within the brain and overall well  ness of life both of the twins have outside the wom  b relatively few cran  iop  ag  us twins survive the per  in  atal period approximately 40 of con  joined twins are still  born and an additional 33 die within the immediate per  in  atal period usually from organ ab  norm  alities and failure however 25 of cran  iop  ag  us twins survive and can be considered for a surgical separation and several attempts occur yearly worldwide in the last half century the many advances in medicine including brain imaging ne  uro ana  esthesia and neuro  surgical techniques have proven that a successful outcome is possible following separation of total cran  iop  ag  us twins
cran  iop  har  yn  gi  oma is a type of brain tumor derived from pit  u  itary g  land embryonic tissue that occurs most commonly in children but also in men and women in their 50 s and 60 s people may present with bit  em  por  al inferior quad  ran  tan  op  ia leading to bit  em  por  al hem  i  an  op  sia as the tumor may com  press the op  tic chi  asm it has a point prevalence of approximately 2 100 000 cran  iop  har  yn  gi  om  as are also known as ra  th  ke p  ouch tumors hypo  phy  seal duc  t tumors or adam  an  tin  om  as
cran  io  sch  is  is greek κρ  αν  ι  ον k  ran  ion skull and sch  is  is σχ  ί  σ  ις split is a developmental birth defect involving the skull in this disease the cran  ium fails to close completely especially at the oc  ci  p  ital region thus the brain is exposed to the am  ni  os and eventually de  generates causing an  encephal  y
cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis from cran  io cran  ium syn together o  sto  sis relating to bone is a condition in which one or more of the fi  bro  us su  tures in an infant skull prematurely fuses by turning into bone os  sification thereby changing the growth pattern of the skull because the skull cannot expand per  pend  icular to the f  used su  ture it compens  ates by growing more in the direction parallel to the closed su  tures sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the necessary space for the growing brain but results in an abnormal head shape and abnormal facial features in cases in which the compensation does not effectively provide enough space for the growing brain cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis results in increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure leading possibly to visual impairment sleeping impairment eating difficulties or an impairment of mental development combined with a significant reduction in i  q cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis occurs in one in 2000 births cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis is part of a syndrome in 15 to 40 of the patients but it usually occurs as an isolated condition
cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis – anal anomalies – por  ok  er  at  osis syndrome also known as cap syndrome is a cu  taneous condition inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive fashion
cran  io  tab  es is sof  tening or thin  ning of the skull in infants and children which may be normally present in new  bor  ns it is seen mostly in the oc  ci  p  ital and par  ie  tal bones the bones are soft and when pressure is applied they will collapse underneath it when the pressure is relieved the bones will usually snap back into place the term cran  io tab  es is derived from the latin words cran  ium for skull and tab  es for wasting any condition that affects bone growth most notably ric  kets from vitamin d deficiency mar  as  mus sy  phil  is or thal  ass  emia can cause cran  io  tab  es if present during a time of rapid skull growth most especially during gest  ation and infancy it can be a normal feature in premature infants it is the first sign in children and infants with ric  kets
cran  io – len  ticul  o – su  tural dys  pl  asia cl  s  d or boy  ad  ji  ev j  abs syndrome is a ne  on  atal infancy disease caused by a disorder in the 14 th chro  mo  some it is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder meaning that both rec  essive genes must be inherited from each parent in order for the disease to manifest itself the disease causes a significant dil  ation of the end  op  las  mic re  ticul  um in fi  bro  bl  asts of the host with cl  s  d due to the dis  tension of the end  op  las  mic re  ticul  um export of proteins such as coll  agen from the cell is disrupted the production of sec 23 a protein is involved in the path  way of exporting coll  agen the cop  ii path  way but a mis  sense mutation causes and under  production of sec 23 a which inhi  bits the path  way affecting coll  agen secre  tion this decrease in coll  agen secre  tion can lead to the bone defects that are also characteristic of the disease such as sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia and under os  sification decreased coll  agen in cl  s  d affected individuals contributes to improper bone formation because coll  agen is a major protein in the ex  trac  ell  ular matrix and contributes to its proper miner  alization in bones it has also been hypothe  sized that there are other defects in the genetic code besides sec 23 a that contribute to the disorder
cran  k  case dilution is a phenomenon of internal combustion engines in which un  burned diesel or gasoline accumul  ates in the cran  k  case excessively rich fuel mixture or incomplete combustion allows a certain amount of fuel to pass down between the pist  ons and cylinder walls and dilute the engine oil it is more common in situations where fuel is injected at a very high pressure such as  ating oil from the cylinder walls travel past the pist  on rings and collect in the oil pan thus increasing wear and also dilu  ting the lubric  ating oil since the less volatile components of the fuel will have the greatest tendency to con  dense the degree of cran  k  case oil dilution is directly related to the end volatility temperatures of the mixture
cr  aqu  el  ure french cr  aqu  el  é italian cre  tt  at  ura is the fine pattern of dense cracking formed on the surface of materials either as part of the process of ageing or of their original formation or production the term is most often used to refer to temper  a or oil paintings where it is a sign of age that is also sometimes induced in for  ger  ies and ceram  ics where it is often deliberate and usually called crack  le it can also develop in old ivory car  v  ings and painted mini  atures on an ivory backing are prone to cr  aqu  el  ure
cr  ash  worthiness is the ability of a structure to protect its occup  ants during an impact this is commonly tested when investigating the safety of aircraft and vehicles depending on the nature of the impact and the vehicle involved different criteria are used to determine the cr  ash  worthiness of the structure cr  ash  worthiness may be assessed either prospec  tively using computer models e g ls dy  na m  sc dy  tr  an mad  ym  o or experiments or retrospectively by analy  zing crash outcomes several criteria are used to assess cr  ash  worthiness prospec  tively including the de  formation patterns of the vehicle structure the acceleration experienced by the vehicle during an impact and the probability of injury predicted by human body models injury probability is defined using criteria which are mechanical parameters e g force acceleration or de  formation that cor  relate with injury risk a common injury criterion is the head impact criterion h  ic cr  ash  worthiness is assessed retrospectively by analy  zing injury risk in real world cr  ashes often using regression or other statistical techniques to control for the myriad of conf  oun  ders that are present in cr  ashes
when going through withdrawal cr  aving is a psychological urge to administer a discontinued medication or recreational drug
a crawl space vent is a penetration in the wall of a building which allows air to circulate from the crawl space beneath the building to the exter  ior
a cr  ay  fish party is a traditional sum  mer  time eating and drinking celebration in the nordic countries the tradition originated in sweden where a cr  ay  fish party is called a kr  ä  ft  ski  va the tradition has also spread to finland via its swedish speaking population a similar tradition exists in the baltic countries in particular in lithuania and latvia cr  ay  fish parties are generally held during august a tradition that started because cr  ay  fish harvesting in sweden was for most of the 20 th century legally limited to late summer today the kr  ä  ft  premi  är date in early august has no legal significance dining is traditionally out  doors but in practice the party is often driven in  doors by bad weather or aggressive mosquitoes customary party accessories are com  ical paper hats paper tab  lec  lo  ths paper lan  ter  ns often depic  ting the man in the moon and bi  bs a row  dy atmosphere prevails amid noisy eating and traditional drinking songs snap  s  visa the alcohol consumption is often high especially when compared to the amount of food actually eaten it is considered customary to suck the juice out of the cr  ay  fish before sh  elling it ak  v  av  it and other kinds of sn  aps are served as well as beer the cr  ay  fish are boiled in salt water and seas  oned with fresh di  ll – preferably crown di  ll harvested after the plant has flowered – then served cold and eaten with one ’ s fingers bread mush  room pies sur  str  ö  m  ming strong vä  ster  bot  ten cheese sal  ads and other dishes are served buff  et style
craz  ing is the phenomenon that produces a network of fine cracks on the surface of a material for example in a gla  ze layer craz  ing frequently prece  des frac  ture in some gl  assy ther  mop  l  astic pol  ym  ers craz  ing occurs in regions of high hydro  static tension or in regions of very loc  alized yielding which leads to the formation of inter  penetr  ating micro  vo  ids and small fi  bri  ls if an applied ten  sile load is sufficient these bridges el  ong  ate and break causing the micro  vo  ids to grow and coal  es  ce as micro  vo  ids coal  es  ce cracks begin to form
cre  at  ine transporter defect ct  d is an x linked disorder of cre  at  ine metabol  ism caused by defective transport of cre  at  ine into the brain the condition was initially described in reports in 2001 hem  iz  y  g  ous males with this condition show intellectual disability speech delay seizures and behavi  our  al ab  norm  alities hetero  zy  g  ous females can have varying symptoms ct  d is caused by mutations in the sl  c 6 a 8 gene located at the x  q 28 short arm of the sex chro  mo  some clin  ically it resembles the two other forms of cere  br  al cre  at  ine deficiencies cc  d s l ar  gin  ine gly  cine amid  ino  transfer  ase deficiency and gu  an  id  ino  acetate meth  yl  transfer  ase deficiency
in software engineering cre  ational design patterns are design patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms trying to create objects in a manner suitable to the situation the basic form of object creation could result in design problems or in added complexity to the design cre  ational design patterns solve this problem by somehow controlling this object creation cre  ational design patterns are composed of two dominant ideas one is en  capsul  ating knowledge about which concrete classes the system uses another is hiding how instances of these concrete classes are created and combined cre  ational design patterns are further categ  orized into object cre  ational patterns and class cre  ational patterns where object cre  ational patterns deal with object creation and class cre  ational patterns deal with class instan  ti  ation in greater details object cre  ational patterns defer part of its object creation to another object while class cre  ational patterns defer its object creation to sub  classes five well known design patterns that are parts of cre  ational patterns are the abstract factory pattern which provides an interface for creating related or dependent objects without specifying the objects concrete classes buil  der pattern which separates the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations factory method pattern which allows a class to defer instan  ti  ation to sub  classes prototype pattern which specifies the kind of object to create using a proto  typical instance and creates new objects by cloning this prototype sing  leton pattern which ensures that a class only has one instance and provides a global point of access to it
a creative work is a manifestation of creative effort including fine art  work sculp  ture paintings writing literature film  making and musical composition creative works have in common a degree of arbitr  ariness such that it is impro  bable that two people would independently create the same work at its base creative work involves two main steps — having an idea and then turning that idea into a reality the term is frequently u copyright
creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed the created item may be intangible such as an idea a scientific theory a musical composition or a joke or a physical object such as an invention a literary work or a painting schol  arly interest in creativity involves many definitions and concepts pertaining to a number of disciplines psychology cognitive science education philosophy particularly philosophy of science technology the  ology soci  ology lingu  is  tics business studies s  ong  writing and economics covering the relations between creativity and general intelligence mental and neuro  logical processes personality type and creative ability creativity and mental health the potential for fostering creativity through education and training especially as aug  mented by technology the maxim  isation of creativity for national economic benefit and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning
a credit limit is the maximum amount of credit that a financial institution or other lender will extend to a debtor for a particular line of credit sometimes called a credit line line of credit or a trad  eline for example it is the most that a credit card company will allow a card holder to take out at once on a credit card this limit is based on a variety of factors ranging from an individual s ability to make interest payments an organization s cash  flow or ability to repay the credit card debt and is an obligation of the consumer to pay just like all other parts of the balance
cre  n  ated tongue also called s  call  op  ed tongue pie cr  ust tongue lingu  a ind  ent  ata or cre  n  ulated tongue is a descriptive term for the appearance of the tongue when there are ind  ent  ations along the lateral borders the sides as the result of compression of the tongue against the adjacent teeth the oral mu  co  sa in the area of cre  nation is usually of normal color but there may be er  y  them  a red  ness if exposed to a high degree of friction or pressure cre  n  ated tongue is usually as  ymp  tomatic and harmless it is not a disease as such but usually results from habits where the tongue is pressed against the lingual surfaces the side facing the tongue of the dental ar  ches or from any cause of macro  glos  sia enlarged tongue which in itself has many causes such as down syndrome where cre  nation is caused by par  af  unc  tional habits there may also be associated bru  x  ism lin  ea alba or mor  sic  ati  o buc  car  um
cre  ola bodies are a hist  opath  o  logic finding indicative of asthma found in a patient s sp  u  tum they are ci  li  ated colum  nar cells sl  ough  ed from the bron  ch  ial mu  co  sa of a patient with asthma other common findings in the sp  u  tum of asthma patients include char  cot ley  den cryst  als cur  sch  mann s spir  als and e  o  sin  oph  ils and excessive amounts of sp  u  tum in a study by yo  shi  hara et al 60 of pedi  atric asth  matic patients demonstrating acute symptoms were found to have cre  ola bodies in their sp  u  tum these patients had increased levels of neu  tro  phil medi  ated cy  to  k  ine activity concluding that epi  the  li  al damage is associated with a locally enhanced chem  ot  actic signal for and activity of neu  troph  ils but not e  o  sin  oph  ils during acute exacerb  ations of paediatric asthma
the cresp  i effect leo p aul cresp  i 19  16 – 2008 is a behavi  our  al phenomenon observed in rats in a repeatedly carried out task such as finding food in a maze the running speed of the rat is proportional to the size of the reward it obtained on the previous trial the more food reward that was given to it last time upon completion of the task the faster it will run when attempting to complete the same task the effect also works in reverse it is important to note that the size of the reward has little or no influence on the speed of learning but that it does have an influence on the performance of tasks already learned
cre  tin  ism is a condition of severely stun  ted physical and mental growth due to untreated con  genital deficiency of thyro  id hormone con  genital hypo  thyro  i  dis  m usually due to maternal hypo  thyro  i  dis  m
creutz  feldt – jakob disease cjd is a degenerative neuro  logical disease that is incur  able and invariably fatal cjd is at times called a human form of mad cow disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy or bse however given that bse is believed to be the cause of variant creutz  feldt – jakob disease v  cjd in humans the two are often confused cjd is caused by an infectious agent called a pri  on pri  ons are mis  fol  ded proteins that replic  ate by converting their properly fol  ded counterparts in their host to the same mis  fol  ded structure they possess cjd causes the brain tissue to degenerate rapidly and as the disease destroys the brain the brain develops holes and the tex  ture changes to resemble that of a kitchen spon  ge
cr  i du chat syndrome also known as chro  mo  some 5 p deletion syndrome 5 p − said minus syndrome or le  je  une ’ s syndrome is a rare genetic disorder due to a missing part deletion of chro  mo  some 5 its name is a french term cat cry or call of the cat referring to the characteristic cat like cry of affected children it was first described by j  ér  ô  me le  je  une in 1963 the condition affects an estimated 1 in 50 000 live births across all ethn  ic  ities and is more common in females by a 4 3 ratio
the cri  e  gee re  arrangement is a re  arrangement reaction named after ru  dol  f cri  e  gee
cri  gl  er – naj  jar syndrome or cns is a rare inherited disorder affecting the metabol  ism of bi  li  rubin a chemical formed from the breakdown of the hem  e in red blood cells the disorder results in a form of non  hem  ol  y  tic ja  und  ice which results in high levels of un  con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin and often leads to brain damage in infants the disorder is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner this syndrome is divided into types i and ii with the latter sometimes called arias syndrome these two types along with gil  bert s syndrome du  bin – johnson syndrome and ro  tor syndrome make up the five known hereditary defects in bi  li  rubin metabol  ism unlike gil  bert s syndrome only a few hundred cases of cns are known
crime analysis is a law enforcement function that involves systematic analysis for identifying and analy  zing patterns and trends in crime and disorder information on patterns can help law enforcement agencies deploy resources in a more effective manner and assist detectives in identifying and appreh  ending suspects crime analysis also plays a role in devising solutions to crime problems and formulating crime prevention strategies quantitative social science data analysis methods are part of the crime analysis process though qualitative methods such as examining police report narratives also play a role
organized crime in el salvador is a serious problem that has brought tragedy to many places sufficient efforts to understand or deal with this phenomenon in this small central american country have not been made there are an estimated 25 000 gang members at large in el salvador with another 9 000 in prison the most well known gangs called mar  as in col  lo  qu  ial salv  ador  an spanish are mar  a salv  at  ru  cha and their rivals cal  le 18 mar  as are hunted by death squ  ads including som  bra ne  gra newer rivals also include the rising mar  a the rebels 13 criminal youth gangs run lives in el salvador with an estimation of at least 60 000 young people belonging to gangs today el salvador experiences some of the highest murder rates in the latin america it is also considered an epic  enter of the gang crisis along with guatemala and honduras as of march 2012 el salvador has seen a 40 drop in crime due to what the salv  ador  an government called a gang truce in early 2012 there were on average of 16 killings per day but in late march that number dropped to fewer than five per day and on april 14 2012 for the first time in over three years there were no killings in the country overall there were 411 killings in the month of january 2012 but in march the number was 188 more than a 40 reduction in crime all of this has been happening while crime in neighboring honduras has risen to an all time high
cri  mean – congo hemorrha  gic fever c  chf is a widespread tick borne viral disease that is endemic in africa the balkans the middle east and asia the virus is a member of the bun  y  avi  ri  da  e family of r  na viruses it is a zoonotic disease carried by several domestic and wild animals while clinical disease is rare in infected animals it is severe in infected humans with a mortality rate of 10 40 outbreaks of illness are usually attributable to hy  al  om  ma tick bites or contact with infected animals or people
criminal transmission of hiv is the intentional or reckless infection of a person with the human immun  o  deficiency virus hiv this is often con  fl  ated in laws and in discussion with criminal exposure to hiv which does not require the transmission of the virus and often as in the cases of sp  itting and biting does not include a realistic means of transmission some countries or jurisdictions including some areas of the u s have enacted laws expressly to crimin  alize hiv transmission or exposure charging those accused with criminal transmission of hiv others including the united kingdom charge the accused under existing laws with such crimes as murder fraud canada man  slaughter attempted murder or assault
in applied mathematics and astro  dynamics in the theory of dynam  ical systems a crisis is the sudden appearance or disappearance of a strange at  tractor as the parameters of a dynam  ical system are varied this global bi  fur  c  ation occurs when a chaotic at  tractor comes into contact with an unstable periodic orbit or its stable mani  fold as the orbit approaches the unstable orbit it will diverge away from the previous at  tractor leading to a qualitatively different behaviour crises can produce inter  mit  tent behaviour gre  bo  gi ott rome  ir  as and yor  ke distinguished between three types of crises the first type a boundary or an exter  ior crisis the at  tractor is suddenly destroyed as the parameters are varied in the post  bi  fur  c  ation state the motion is transi  ently chaotic moving cha  o  tically along the former at  tractor before being attracted to a fixed point periodic orbit qu  asi  periodic orbit another strange at  tractor or diver  ging to infin  ity in the second type of crisis an interior crisis the size of the chaotic at  tractor suddenly increases the at  tractor encounters an unstable fixed point or periodic solution that is inside the basin of attraction in the third type an at  tractor merging crisis two or more chaotic at  tractors merge to form a single at  tractor as the critical parameter value is passed note that the reverse case sudden appearance shrinking or splitting of at  tractors can also occur the latter two crises are sometimes called explosive bi  fur  c  ations while crises are sudden as a parameter is varied the dynamics of the system over time can show long transi  ents before or  bits leave the neighbourhood of the old at  tractor typically there is a time constant τ for the length of the transi  ent that diver  ges as a power law τ ≈ p − pc γ near the critical parameter value pc the expon  ent γ is called the critical crisis expon  ent there also exist systems where the divergence is stronger than a power law so called super persistent chaotic transi  ents
a crisis plan is the physical manifestation of crisis management with respect to the creation of a real document digital or otherwise outlining a personal or organizational reaction to crisis examples of a crisis plan could include a map of evacuation routes an outline of a personal well  ness recovery action a list of emergency supplies a c  pr manual or a corporate disaster contingency plan a crisis plan could be stored or generated in digital form and be represented through the deployment of such as a smart phone ap  p us  b key pdf file format or various other translations of a lit  eral document every crisis is different and individual plans vary by necessity crisis plan implementation for emergency situations is assisted by modern technology there are numerous app  s available for smart phones and other mobile technology platforms that promote enhanced crisis plan implementation and situ  ational awareness one example is the c  pr choking ap  p for ip  h  one and ip  ad developed in part by the university of washington and king county ems
cris  pin  ess or cris  p  ness is the gu  stat  ory sensation of britt  len  ess in the mouth such that the food item shat  ters immediately upon mas  tication cris  pin  ess differs from cr  un  chin  ess in that a cr  un  chy food continues to provide its material sensation after a few che  ws on the other hand a cris  py food quickly loses the ta  ut equilibrium of its material such as a tightly wrapped sausage a delic  ately wrapped item is usually cris  p unlike such food items as loosely or un  wrapped un  fresh fruit or a wax co  ated cheese it is possible for a food to be cris  py cr  un  chy or both
cris  s  cross heart is a type of con  genital heart defect where the right atri  um is closely associated with the left ven  tric  le in space and the left atri  um is closely associated with the right ven  tric  le although it is classified as a defect the cris  s cross is more of a spatial anomaly than a functional one and it is possible for the heart to have relatively normal functioning
in psy  ch  ome  trics criterion or concrete validity is the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome criterion validity is often divided into con  current and predic  tive validity con  current validity refers to a comparison between the measure in question and an outcome assessed at the same time in standards for educational psychological tests it states con  current validity reflects only the status quo at a particular time predic  tive validity on the other hand compares the measure in question with an outcome assessed at a later time although con  current and predic  tive validity are similar it is cau  tioned to keep the terms and findings separated con  current validity should not be used as a substitute for predic  tive validity without an appropriate supporting rationale an example of con  current validity is a comparison of the scores of the cle  p college al  ge  bra exam with course grades in college al  ge  bra to determine the degree to which scores on the cle  p are related to performance in a college al  ge  bra class an example of predic  tive validity is a comparison of scores on the sat with first semester grade point average g  pa in college this assesses the degree to which sat scores are predic  tive of college performance
critical closing pressure is the internal pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and closes completely if blood pressure falls below critical closing pressure then the vessels collapse this happens during the measurement of blood pressure with a sp  hy  g  mom  an  ome  ter at resting state the arter  ial critical closing pressure is 20 m  mh  g critical closing pressure in arter  ies is higher than the mean vascular filling pressure that develops after death 7 m  mh  g therefore arter  ies collapse after death then fill up with air once the dis  section begins in severe haemorrha  ge blood loss leads to a significant reduction in pressure this combined with activity in the sympathetic autonom  ic nerves supplying smooth muscle leads to vas  o  con  stric  tion to the extent that the vessels may collapse this occurs at the critical closing pressure closing off blood supply to tissues which can lead to toxic shock
critical code studies c  cs is an emerging academic sub  field related to software studies digital humanities cultural studies computer science human computer interface and the di  y do it yourself maker culture its primary focus is on the cultural significance of computer code without excluding or focusing solely upon the code s functional purpose as introduced by mark c marino critical code studies electronic book review critical code studies was initially a method by which scholars can read and explic  ate code the way we might explic  ate a work of literature but the concept also draws upon es  pen aar  seth s conception of a cyber  text as a mechanical device for the production and consumption of verbal signs cyber  text 21 arguing that in order to understand a digital arti  fact we must also understand the constraints and capabilities of the author  ing tools used by the creator of the arti  fact as well as the memory storage and interface required for the user to experience the digital arti  fact evidence that c  cs has gained momentum since 2006 include an article by matthew kir  sch  en  bau  m in the ch  ron  ic  le of higher education c  cs sessions at the modern language association in 2011 that were packed with att  ende  es several academic conferences devoted wholly to critical code studies and a book devoted to the explic  ation of a single line of computer code tit  led 10 print ch  r 205 5 r  nd 1 go  to 10 mont  fort et al mit press
critical illness pol  yn  euro  pa  thy cip and critical illness my  opathy ci  m are overlapping syndro  mes of diffuse sym  metric fl  acci  d muscle weakness occurring in critically ill patients and involving all extre  mi  ties and the di  aphr  ag  m with relative spar  ing of the cran  ial nerves cip and ci  m have similar symptoms and presentations and are often distinguished largely on the basis of specialized electro  physi  o  logic testing or muscle and nerve biopsy the causes of cip and ci  m are unknown though they are thought to be a possible neuro  logical manifestation of systemic infl  am  matory response syndrome cor  ti  co  ster  oids and neuro  muscular blocking agents which are widely used in intensive care may contribute to the development of cip and ci  m as may elev  ations in blood sugar which frequently occur in critically ill patients cip was first described by charles f bol  ton in a series of five patients combined cip and ci  m was first described by nicol  a lat  ron  ico in a series of 24 patients
a critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction the critical mass of a fis  sion  able material depends upon its nuclear properties specifically the nuclear fis  sion cross section its density its shape its enrichment its purity its temperature and its surroundings the concept is important in nuclear weapon design
critical op  al  es  cence is a phenomenon which arises in the region of a continuous or second order phase transition originally reported by charles c  ag  ni  ard de la tour in 18  23 in mixtures of alcohol and water its importance was recognised by thomas andrews in 18  69 following his experiments on the liquid gas transition in carbon dioxide many other examples have been discovered since the phenomenon is most commonly demonstrated in b  inary fluid mixtures such as meth  an  ol and cyclo  hex  ane as the critical point is approached the sizes of the gas and liquid region begin to fluctu  ate over increasingly large length scales as the density fluctuations become of a size comparable to the wa  vel  eng  th of light the light is scattered and causes the normally transparent liquid to appear clou  dy tell  ingly the op  al  es  cence does not diminish as one gets closer to the critical point where the largest fluctuations can reach even centi  metre proportions confirming the physical relevance of smaller fluctuations in 19  08 the polish physic  ist marian sm  olu  cho  wski became the first to ascri  be the phenomenon of critical op  al  es  cence to large density fluctuations in 19  10 albert einstein showed that the link between critical op  al  es  cence and ray  le  igh scat  tering is quantitative
a critic  ality accident is an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction it is sometimes referred to as a critical ex  cur  sion or a critical power ex  cur  sion and represents the un  intentional assembly of a critical mass of a given fissile material such as enriched uranium or plutonium in an unprotected environment a critical or super  critical fis  sion reaction one that is sustained in power or increasing in power generally only occurs inside reactor co  res and occasionally within test environments a critic  ality accident occurs when the same reaction is achieved un  intentionally and in an unsafe environment though dangerous and frequently lethal to humans within the immediate area the critical mass formed is still incapable of producing a nuclear detonation of the type seen in fis  sion bombs as the reaction lacks the many engineering elements that are necessary to induce explosive super  critic  ality the heat released by the nuclear reaction will typically cause the fissile material to expand so that the nuclear reaction becomes sub  critical again within a few seconds in the history of atomic power development 60 critic  ality accidents have occurred including 22 in collections of fissile materials located in process environments outside of a nuclear reactor or critical experiments assembly although process accidents occurring outside of reactors are characterized by a large release of radiation the release is loc  alized and has caused fatal radiation exposure only to persons very near to the event less than 1 metre resulting in 14 fatalities no critic  ality accidents have resulted in nuclear explosions
cr  o mag  non 1 is a fossi  lized human skull of the sub species homo sap  i  ens sap  i  ens it was discovered with other cr  o mag  non specimens in les e  yz  ies france by louis lar  tet in 1868 it is dated to 27 680 ± 270 before present bp the cran  ial cav  ity measures 1600 cubic centi  meters cm 3 the capacity of a modern adult human s cran  ial cav  ity is 1200 1700 cm 3
croatia re  divi  va č  a ka  j š  to – ba  š  tin  ski dan  i is a croatian poe  tical manifestation gathering po  ets of all croatian dial  ects functioning as literary languages the founder of the festival is the croatian poet physician and ambassador dr  ago š  tam  bu  k he is also the author of the wall of poetry z  id od versi at the central square in sel  ca onto which plates of the wre  athed po  ets poe  ta  e oli  ve  ati are mounted with en  gra  ved year of the wre  a  thing name of the poet and a few ver  ses carved into the bra  č  ian mar  ble the principal idea of the festival is that of the three  fol  dness of the croatian language and the idea of ko  in  é  isation mixing of all three croatian dial  ects č  ak  avian ka  j  k  avian and š  to  k  avian as an expression of language comm  onn  ess organisers of the manifestation are the association hr  vat  ski sa  stan  ak 18  88 and the croatian writers association the festival is held annually in the pic  tu  res  que village of sel  ca at the island of bra  č usually in mid july even though there were cases where it was held much earlier such as the first one which was held on holy saturday march 30 1991 every poet reads his own ver  ses in one of the three croatian literary idi  oms at the main stone covered square of st  j  ep  an radi  ć in front of numerous interested admir  ers of the croatian literary word the pin  nac  le of the festival is the election of the most successful poet who is crowned with the wre  ath of olive leaves the decision is made by a three member jury composed of the founder and earlier wre  athe  es oli  ve  ati the crowned poet po  eta oli  ve  atus and the founder then choose the ver  ses that shall be en  gra  ved into the mar  ble plate and mounted onto the wall of poetry of the central sel  can square right in front of the church of the christ the king the versi  fied plate is of white bra  č mar  ble every five years the founder ed  its and publishes the selection of the po  ems of the wre  athed po  ets that were read during the festi  vals of the period entitled mas  lin  ov vi  jen  ac the olive wre  ath so far three titles have been published 1996 2001 and 2005
cro  hn s disease is a type of infl  am  matory bo  wel disease i  b  d that may affect any part of the gastro  intest  inal tract from mouth to an  us signs and symptoms often include ab  domin  al pain diarr  hea which may be bloody if infl  amm  ation is severe fever and weight loss other complications may occur outside the gastro  intest  inal tract and include an  emia skin r  ashes ar  thri  tis infl  amm  ation of the eye and feeling tired the skin r  ashes may be due to infections as well as py  o  der  ma gan  gre  no  sum or er  y  them  a no  do  sum bo  wel obstruction also commonly occurs and those with the disease are at greater risk of bo  wel cancer cro  hn s disease is caused by a combination of environmental immune and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals it results in a chronic infl  am  matory disorder in which the body s immune system attacks the gastro  intest  inal tract possibly directed at micro  bial antigens while cro  hn s is an immune related disease it does not appear to be an auto  immune disease in that the immune system is not being triggered by the body itself the exact underlying immune problem is not clear however it may be an immun  o  deficiency state about half of the overall risk is related to genetics with more than 70 genes found to be involved tobacco smokers are two times more likely to develop cro  hn s disease than non  smokers it also often begins after gastro  enter  i  tis diagnosis is based on a number of findings including biopsy and appearance of the bo  wel wall medical imaging and description of the disease other conditions that can present similarly include irrit  able bo  wel syndrome and beh  ç  et s disease there are no medications or surgical procedures that can cure cro  hn s disease treatment options help with symptoms maintain remission and prevent relap  se in those newly diagnosed a cor  ti  co  ster  o  id may be used for a brief period of time to quickly improve the disease with another medication such as either meth  o  tre  x  ate or a thi  op  urine used to prevent recurrence an important part of treatment is the stopping of smoking among those who do one in five people with the disease are admitted to hospital each year and half of those with the disease will require surgery for the disease at some point over a ten year period while surgery should be used as little as possible it is necessary to address some abs  c  esses certain bo  wel obstruc  tions and cancers checking for bo  wel cancer via colon  o  sco  py is recommended every few years starting eight years after the disease has begun cro  hn s disease affects about 3 2 per 1 000 people in europe and north america it is less common in asia and africa it has historically been more common in the developed world rates have however been increasing particularly in the developing world since the 1970 s infl  am  matory bo  wel disease resulted in 35 000 deaths in 2010 and those with cro  hn s disease have a slightly reduced life expectancy it tends to start in the teens and tw  en  ties although it can occur at any age males and females are equally affected the disease was named after gastro  enter  o  logist bur  ri  ll bernard cro  hn who in 19  32 together with two other colleagues at mount sinai hospital in new york described a series of patients with infl  amm  ation of the terminal i  leum of the small intest  ine the area most commonly affected by the illness
cro  me syndrome is a rare disease defined by various symptoms including epi  le  psy intellectual disability eye and kidney problems it usually causes death in 4 to 8 months
cron  kh  ite – canada syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by multiple poly  ps of the dig  estive tract it is spor  adic i e it does not seem to be a hereditary disease and it is currently considered acquired and idi  opathic i e cause remains unknown about two thirds of patients are of japanese descent and the male to female ratio is 2 1 it was characterized in 1955
a crop circle or crop formation is a pattern created by fl  att  ening a crop usually a cereal the term was first coined in the early nine  teen eigh  ties by colin andrews crop circles have been described as all falling within the range of the sort of thing done in ho  axes by tan  er ed  is professor of physics at trum  an state university although obscure natural causes or alien origins of crop circles are suggested by fringe theorists there is no scientific evidence for such explanations and human causes are consistent for all crop circles the number of crop circles has substantially increased from the 1970 s to current times there has been little scientific study of them circles in the united kingdom are not spread randomly across the landscape but appear near roads areas of medium to dense population and cultural heritage monuments such as st  one  hen  ge or a  ve  bury in 1991 two ho  ax  ers bo  wer and chor  ley took credit for having created many circles throughout england after one of their circles was described by a circle investigator as impossible to be made by human hand formations are usually created overnight although some are reported to have appeared during the day in contrast to crop circles or crop formations archae  ological remains can cause cro  p  marks in the fields in the shapes of circles and squares but they do not appear overnight and they are always in the same places every year
crop milk is a secre  tion from the lining of the crop of parent birds that is reg  urg  itated to young birds it is found among all pigeons and do  ves where it is referred to as pigeon milk an analo  g to crop milk is also secre  ted from the es  op  ha  gus of fl  amin  gos and some pen  gu  ins
cross dominance also known as mixed han  dedness mixed dominance or increased hand efficiency is a motor skill manifestation where a person favors one hand for some tasks and the other hand for others for example a cross dominant person might write with the left hand but throw mainly with the right one it can also refer to mixed lat  er  ality which refers to a person favoring eyes ears feet or hands on one side of the body a person who is cross dominant can also be stronger on the opposite side of the body that they favor for example a right handed person can be stronger on the left side cross dominance can often be a problem when shooting or in activities that require aim although athletes can still achieve success in sports that require accuracy like passing in american football and shooting in basketball overall being mixed handed seems to result in better performance than being strongly handed for sports such as basketball ice hockey and field hockey what these sports have in common is that they require active body movements and also an ability to respond to either side the situation is reversed for r  acqu  et sports such as tennis individuals with crossed hand eye preference seem to be much better at g  ym  nas  tics running and basketball because of the way in which con  gru  ent and crossed sided individuals position their bodies — stanley co  ren the left han  der syndrome chapter 3
cross language information retri  eval cli  r is a sub  field of information retri  eval dealing with retri  eving information written in a language different from the language of the user s qu  ery for example a user may pose their qu  ery in english but retri  eve relevant documents written in french to do so most of cli  r systems use translation techniques cli  r techniques can be classified into different categories based on different translation resources dic  tionary based cli  r techniques parallel corpor  a based cli  r techniques comparable corpor  a based cli  r techniques machine trans  lat  or based cli  r techniques the first workshop on cli  r was held in z  ü  rich during the sig  ir 96 conference workshops have been held yearly since 2000 at the meetings of the cross language evaluation forum cle  f the term cross language information retri  eval has many synon  y  ms of which the following are perhaps the most frequent cross lingual information retri  eval transl  ing  ual information retri  eval multilingual information retri  eval the term multilingual information retri  eval refers to cli  r in general but it also has a specific meaning of cross language information retri  eval where a document collection is multilingual google search had a cross language search feature that was removed in 2013
cross phase modulation x  pm is a non  linear optical effect where one wa  vel  eng  th of light can affect the phase of another wa  vel  eng  th of light through the optical ker  r effect
cross presentation is the ability of certain antigen presenting cells to take up process and present ex  trac  ell  ular antigens with mh  c class i molecules to cd 8 t cells cy  to  toxic t cells cross pri  ming the result of this process describes the naive cy  to  toxic cd 8 t cell stimulation this process is necessary for immunity against most tumors and against viruses that do not readily infect antigen presenting cells or impair d  end  ri  tic cell normal function it is also required for induc  tion of cy  to  toxic immunity by vaccination with protein antigens for example tum  our vaccination cross presentation is of particular importance because it permits the presentation of exo  genous antigens which are normally presented by mh  c ii on the surface of infected d  end  ri  tic cells to be also presented by mh  c i without inf  ecting the d  end  ri  tic cell cross presentation allows the d  end  ri  tic cell to avoid using the endo  genous prote  as  om  al processing path  way which otherwise would divert cellular resources away from mh  c ii presentation processes that present exo  genous antigens after infection such a diversion could func  tionally impair the d  end  ri  tic cell
cross species transmission c  st is the phenomenon of transfer of viral infection from one species usually a similar species to another often seen in emerging viruses where one species transfers to another which in turn transfers to humans examples include hiv aids sars e  bol  a swine flu rabies and bird flu the exact mechanism that facilitates the transfer is unknown however it is believed that viruses with a rapid mutation rate are able to overcome host specific immun  ological defenses this can occur between species that have high contact rates it can also occur between species with low contact rates but usually through an intermediary species bats for example are mammals and can directly transfer rabies to humans through bite and also through aero  soli  zation of bat sal  via and urine which are then absorbed by human mu  co  us memb  ran  es in the nose mouth and eyes similarity between species for example transfer between mammals is believed to be facilitated by similar immun  ological defenses other factors include geographic area intr  aspec  ies behavi  ours and phy  log  ene  tic rel  ate  dness virus emergence relies on two factors initial infection and sustained transmission
cross tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug it often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects – for example acting on the same cell recep  tor or affecting the transmission of certain neuro  transmitters cross tolerance has been observed with pharmaceutical drugs such as anti anxiety agents and illicit substances and sometimes the two of them together often a person who uses one drug can be tolerant to a drug that has a completely different function this phenomenon allows one to become tolerant to a drug that they have never even used before
cross education is a neuro  physiological phenomenon where an increase in strength is witnessed within an un  trained limb following unilateral strength training in the opposite contr  al  ateral limb cross education can also be seen in the transfer of skills from one limb to the other
cross – mc  k  us  ick – bre  en syndrome also known as cross syndrome hypo  pi  gm  entation and micro  phthal  mia and oc  ul  oc  ere  br  al hypo  pi  gm  entation syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by white skin blond hair with yellow gray metallic she  en small eyes with clou  dy cor  ne  as jer  ky ny  stag  mus g  ing  i  val fi  bro  mat  osis and severe mental and physical retar  dation it was characterized in 1967
cross  bite is a form of mal  oc  clu  sion where a tooth or teeth has a more buc  cal or lingual position that is the tooth is either closer to the cheek or to the tongue than its corresponding antagon  ist tooth in the upper or lower dental arch in other words cross  bite is a lateral mis  alignment of the dental ar  ches
in rail transport the crossing sequence is a pattern 2 long 1 short 1 long each about 2 seconds for the long 1 second each for the short spaces sounded by a locom  otive horn or whistle as the train approaches and passes a grade crossing
cros  smo  dal perception or cross modal perception is perception that involves interactions between two or more different sensory modalities examples include syn  esthesia sensory substitution and the mc  gur  k effect in which vision and hearing interact in speech perception cros  smo  dal perception cros  smo  dal integration and cros  smo  dal plas  tic  ity of the human brain are increasingly studied in neuro  science to gain a better understanding of the large scale and long term properties of the brain a related research theme is the study of mul  tis  ens  ory perception and mul  tis  ens  ory integration
in humans the cro  tch is the bottom of the pel  vis the region of the body where the legs join the tor  so and is often considered to include the gro  in and gen  itals this definition also applies to clothing where the cro  tch includes the area of a pair of trousers or shorts where the legs join together the bottom of the cro  tch defines one end of the in  se  am
cro  up also known as lar  yn  go  trac  he  ob  ron  chi  tis is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus the infection leads to sw  elling inside the wind pipe which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of barking cough stri  dor and a ho  arse voice fever and run  ny nose may also be present these symptoms may be mild moderate or severe often it starts or is worse at night it normally lasts one to two days cro  up can be caused by a number of viruses including par  ain  flu  enza and influenza virus rarely is it due to a bacterial infection cro  up is typically diagnosed based on signs and symptoms after potentially more severe causes such as ep  ig  lot  ti  tis or an air  way foreign body have been ruled out further investigations — such as blood tests x rays and cultures — are usually not needed many cases of cro  up are preventable by immun  ization for influenza and di  ph  ther  ia cro  up is usually treated with a single dose of ster  oids by mouth in more severe cases inhal  ed ep  in  eph  rine may also be used hosp  itali  zation is required in one to five percent of cases cro  up is a relatively common condition that affects about 15 of children at some point it most commonly occurs between 6 months and 5 years of age but may rarely be seen in children as old as fifteen it is slightly more common in males than females it occurs most often in autumn before vaccination cro  up was frequently caused by di  ph  ther  ia and was often fatal this cause is now very rare in the western world due to the success of the di  ph  ther  ia vaccine
c  rou  z  on syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder known as a bran  ch  ial arch syndrome specifically this syndrome affects the first bran  ch  ial or phar  yn  ge  al arch which is the precursor of the max  illa and man  di  ble since the bran  ch  ial ar  ches are important developmental features in a growing embryo disturbances in their development create lasting and widespread effects this syndrome is named after octa  ve c  rou  z  on a french physician who first described this disorder he noted the affected patients were a mother and her daughter implying a genetic basis first called cran  io  facial dy  so  sto  sis the disorder was characterized by a number of clinical features this syndrome is caused by a mutation in the fi  bro  blast growth factor recep  tor ii located on chro  mo  some 10 breaking down the name cran  io  facial refers to the skull and face and dy  so  sto  sis refers to mal  formation of bone now known as c  rou  z  on syndrome the characteristics can be described by the ru  dim  entary meanings of its former name what occurs is that an infant s skull and facial bones while in development fuse early or are unable to expand thus normal bone growth cannot occur fusion of different su  tures leads to different patterns of growth of the skull examples include tri  gon  o  cephal  y fusion of the me  topic su  ture br  ach  y  cephal  y fusion of the cor  onal su  ture dol  ic  ho  cephal  y fusion of the sag  it  tal su  ture pl  ag  io  cephal  y unilateral premature closure of lam  b  do  id and cor  onal su  tures oxy  cephal  y fusion of cor  onal and lam  b  do  idal su  tures k  lee  bl  att  scha  e  del premature closure of all su  tures
c  rou  z  ono  der  mo  sk  el  etal syndrome is a disorder characterized by the premature joining of certain bones of the skull cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis during development and a skin condition called ac  anth  osis ni  gr  ic  ans some of the signs and symptoms of c  rou  z  ono  der  mo  sk  el  etal syndrome are similar to those seen with c  rou  z  on syndrome they include prematurely f  used skull bones which affect the shape of the head and face wide set bul  ging eyes due to shallow eye soc  kets eyes that do not point in the same direction str  ab  is  mus a small be  aked nose and an underdeveloped upper jaw people with these conditions are generally of normal intelligence several features distinguish c  rou  z  ono  der  mo  sk  el  etal syndrome from c  rou  z  on syndrome people with c  rou  z  ono  der  mo  sk  el  etal syndrome have ac  anth  osis ni  gr  ic  ans a skin condition characterized by thick dark vel  ve  ty skin in body fol  ds and cre  ases including the neck and under  arms in addition subtle changes may be seen in the bones of the sp  ine verte  bra  e non  can  cer  ous grow  ths called cem  ent  om  as may develop in the jaw during young adul  thood c  rou  z  ono  der  mo  sk  el  etal syndrome is rare the condition is seen in about 1 per million people
crowding is a percep  tual phenomenon where the recognition of objects or graph  em  es presented away from the fo  ve  a is impaired by the presence of other neighbouring objects sometimes called flan  kers it has been suggested that crowding occurs due to mandatory integration of the crowded objects by a tex  ture processing ne  ural mechanism crowding deficits have been specifically found in neuro  psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and au  tism and may have profound clinical implications in these disorders if objects remain within your visual field over time then pri  ming psychology begins to occur and the objects become less clu  t  tered
the cro  we sign or cro  we s sign is the presence of ax  ill  ary ar  mp  it f  reck  ling in people with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type i von reck  ling  ha  usen s disease these f  reck  les occur in up to 30 of people with the disease and their presence is one of seven diagnostic criteria for neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis f  reck  les can also be present in the inter  tri  gin  ous area in neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis such as the ingu  inal fold sub  mam  ill  ary areas and n  ape of the neck this medical sign is named after frank w cro  we july 2 19  19 april 29 1987 an american physician who practiced der  mat  ology in bo  ise id  ah  o in 1956 cro  we et al recognised the auto  som  al dominant here  dity of neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis and the use of 6 or more café au la  it spots to diagnose the condition in 1964 cro  we published work on the use of ax  ill  ary f  reck  ling in its diagnosis which is now referred to as the cro  we sign he noticed that ax  ill  ary f  reck  les are present in about 20 30 of patients with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis but he did not see any in patients who did not have neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis ax  ill  ary f  reck  ling also occurs in other disease processes that closely resemble n  f 1 such as legi  us syndrome cafe au la  it spots ax  ill  ary f  reck  ling and macro  cephal  y without lis  ch no  d  ules neuro  fi  bro  mas or cns tumors and homo  zy  g  ous hn  p  cc mutations cafe au la  it spots ax  ill  ary f  reck  ling and cu  taneous neuro  fi  bro  mas in the setting of hereditary non poly  pos  is col  on cancer also known as lyn  ch syndrome seen with family history of hn  p  cc and cons  angu  inity
crown flash is a rare but observed phenomenon involving the bri  ghtening of a thunder  head crown followed by the appearance of aur  ora like stream  ers emanating into the clear atmosphere the current hypothesis is that sunlight is reflecting off or ref  r  acting through tiny ice cryst  als above the crown of a cumul  on  im  bus cloud these ice cryst  als are aligned by the strong electro magnetic effects around the cloud so the effect may appear as a tall stream  er or pillar of light when the electro magnetic field is disturbed by lightning fl  ashes within the cloud the ice cryst  als are re orientated causing the light pattern to shift very rapidly and appear to dance in a strikingly mechanical fashion the effect may also sometimes known as a le  aping sun  dog as with sun  dogs the observer would have to be in a specific position to see the effect which is not a self generated light such as seen in a lightning strike but rather a changing reflection ref  r  action of the sunlight mentioned in nature in 1971 and in a letter to nature slightly earlier in the same year this phenomenon is regarded as rare and not well documented recently several you  tube videos have emerged that appear to document this phenomenon
crown sh  y  ness is a phenomenon observed in some tree species in which the cro  wns of fully stoc  ked trees do not touch each other forming a can  op  y with channel like gaps it is also known as can  op  y disengagement can  op  y sh  y  ness or inter  crown spac  ing the phenomenon is most prevalent among trees of the same species but also occurs between trees of different species there exist many hypo  theses as to why crown sh  y  ness is an adap  tive behavior though prominent research suggest that it might inhibit spread of leaf eating insect lar  v  ae
crown s  prou  ting is the ability of a plant to regener  ate its shoot system after destruction usually by fire by activating dormant vegetative structures to produce reg  row  th from the root crown the junction between the root and shoot portions of a plant these dormant structures take the form of lig  no  tubers or bas  al epic  orm  ic bu  ds plant species that can accomplish crown s  prou  ting are called crown res  prou  ters distinguishing them from stem or trunk res  prou  ters and like them are characteristic of fire prone habitats such as cha  par  ral in contrast to plant fire survival strategies that decrease the flamm  ability of the plant or by requiring heat to germin  ate crown s  prou  ting allows for the total destruction of the above ground growth crown s  prou  ting plants typically have extensive root systems in which they store nutrients allowing them to survive during fires and spro  ut afterwards early researchers suggested that crown s  prou  ting species might lack species genetic diversity however research on gon  d  wan  an sh  ru  bl  and suggests that crown s  prou  ting species have similar genetic diversity to seed s  prou  ters some genera such as arc  to  stap  hy  los and ce  ano  thus have species that are both res  prou  ters and not both adapted to fire california buc  ke  ye a  es  cul  us califor  nica is an example of a western united states tree which can regener  ate from its root crown after a fire event but can also regener  ate by seed
cr  un  chin  ess is the sensation of mu  ff  led grinding of a foodstuff cr  un  chin  ess differs from cris  p  ness in that a cris  p item is quickly atom  ized while a cr  un  chy one offers sustained gran  ular resistance to jaw action while cris  p  ness is difficult to maintain cr  un  chin  ess is difficult to overcome cr  un  chy foods are associated with freshness
a cr  us frac  ture is a frac  ture the lower legs bones meaning either or both of the ti  bia and fi  bul  a
a crush injury is injury by an object that causes compression of the body this form of injury is common following a natural disaster or after some form of trauma from a deliberate attack common concerns after an injury of this type are r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis and crush syndrome
crush syndrome also traumatic r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis or by  waters syndrome or ground beef blood g  bb is a medical condition characterized by major shock and ren  al failure after a crushing injury to sk  el  etal muscle crush injury is compression of extre  mi  ties or other parts of the body that causes muscle sw  elling and or neuro  logical disturbances in the affected areas of the body while crush syndrome is loc  alized crush injury with systemic manifestations cases occur commonly in catastrophes such as earthquakes to victims that have been trapped under fallen or moving masonry victims of crushing damage present some of the greatest challenges in field medicine and may be among the few situations where a physician is needed in the field the most drastic response to crushing under massive objects may be field ampu  tation even if it is possible to ex  tricate the patient without ampu  tation appropriate physiological preparation is mandatory where per  missive hypo  tension is the standard for pre  hospital care fluid loading is the requirement in crush syndrome
in b  aking a cr  ust is the outer hard skin of bread or the shell of a pie generally it is made up of at least shortening or another fat water flour and salt it may also include milk sugar or other ingredients that contribute to the taste or tex  ture an egg or milk wash can be used to decor  ate the outside as well as co  arse sugar a cr  ust contributes to a pastry the ratio of ingredients and mixing method determines the tex  ture of the cr  ust if the flour is not well mixed with the shortening then water can bind to the available flour causing the glu  ten protein matrix to become over developed this would result in a tough cr  ust as opposed to a fla  ky cr  ust which is more desirable depending on the type of pastry the cr  ust can be baked before it is filled or in baked baked together with the filling in pies two different types of cr  ust exist one cr  ust pie and two cr  ust pie a two cr  ust pie can have either a complete upper cr  ust a lat  tice top or any of a variety of other decorative tops
cru  ve  il  hi  er – bau  m  gar  ten disease or pé  got cru  ve  il  hi  er – bau  m  gar  ten disease is a rare medical condition in which the um  bil  ical or par  au  m  bil  ical ve  ins are dist  ended with an ab  domin  al wall bru  it the cru  ve  il  hi  er bau  m  gar  ten bru  it and palpable thri  ll portal hyper  tension with splen  om  eg  al  y hy  pers  plen  ism and o  es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices with a normal or small liver it was first described by pé  got in 18  33 and then by jean cru  ve  il  hi  er 18  35 and paul clem  ens von bau  m  gar  ten 1907 armstrong et al 19  42 and stein  burg and gal  am  bos 1967 described two different types of the condition cru  ve  il  hi  er bau  m  gar  ten syndrome liver cir  rho  sis or portal hyper  tension is the cause of the dis  tension of the par  au  m  bil  ical ve  ins i e an acquired condition in which the ve  ins reopen due to high portal pressure cru  ve  il  hi  er – bau  m  gar  ten disease the dis  tension of the par  au  m  bil  ical ve  ins is due to failure of um  bil  ical vein closure with little or no evidence of liver disease found on liver biopsy i e a con  genital pat  ency of the um  bil  ical vein leading to portal hyper  tension
a cry break is a vocal break in a tone or note in a song it is characteristic in the singing tone of hank williams where a note seems to break and start over again there are notes that the singer sounds near to the point of starting to cry it is a technique that is used in country singing songs that deal with the issues of sorrow and loss are likely to contain cry breaks train whist  les may also be played in this manner ev  oking the same emotions
crying is the shedding of tears in response to an emotional state the act of crying has been defined as a complex secre  tom  o  tor phenomenon characterized by the shedding of tears from the lac  ri  mal apparatus without any irritation of the oc  ular structures a related medical term is lac  ri  mation which also refers to non emotional shedding of tears crying is also known as we  eping w  ailing wh  imper  ing and b  aw  ling for crying to be described as sobbing it usually has to be accompanied by a set of other symptoms such as slow but erratic inhal  ation occasional instances of breath holding and muscular trem  or a neuro  nal connection between the lac  ri  mal g  land tear duc  t and the areas of the human brain involved with emotion has been established there is debate among scientists over whether or not humans are the only animals that produce tears in response to emotional states charles darwin wrote in the expression of the emotions in man and animals that the keepers of indian elephants in the london zoo told him that their charges shed tears in sorrow tears produced during emotional crying have a chemical composition which differs from other types of tears they contain significantly greater quantities of the hormones pro  l  acti  n ad  re  no  cor  ti  co  tropic hormone leu en  ke  p  hal  in and the elements potassium and man  g  anese
cry  o  fi  br  ino  gen  emia is defined by the presence of circulating cold in  soluble complex  es of fi  br  in fi  br  ino  gen fib  ron  ec  tin and fi  br  in split products with albumin immun  o  glob  ul  ins and plasma proteins that precipitate from the patient s plasma in the cold
cry  o  fi  br  ino  gen  emic pur  pur  a is a skin condition that manifests as painful pur  pur  a with slow healing ul  cer  ations and e  dem  a of both feet during winter months
cry  o  glob  ul  in  emia or cry  o  glob  ul  in  aemia is a medical condition in which the blood contains large amounts of cry  o  glob  ul  ins – proteins mostly immun  o  glob  ul  ins themselves that become in  soluble at reduced temperatures this should be contr  asted with cold agg  lu  tin  ins which cause agg  lu  t  ination of red blood cells cry  o  glob  ul  ins typically precipitate at temperatures below normal body temperature 37 ° c and will dissolve again if the blood is heated the precipit  ated cl  ump can block blood vessels and cause toes and fingers to become gang  ren  ous cry  o  glob  ul  in  emia can be associated with various diseases such as multiple my  el  oma and hepatitis c infection cry  o  glob  ul  ins usually consist of ig  m directed against the fc region of ig  g
cry  o  glob  ul  in  emic pur  pur  a is a skin condition characterized by pur  pur  a and occurring most frequently in multiple my  el  oma and macro  glob  ul  in  emia
cry  o  glob  ul  in  emic vas  cu  li  tis is a skin condition presenting in roughly 15 of people with a circulating cry  op  reci  p  itable protein
cry  op  lan  ation also known as cry  op  lan  ation terr  aces is the alteration of a terrestrial surface by intense frost action that effectively reduces slope steep  ness and lowers mountain and hill peaks cry  op  lan  ation is a variant of pedi  plan  ation that is restricted to cold clim  ates all the cry  op  lan  ation surfaces that exists at present date to the qu  ater  n  ary the term cry  op  lan  ation was introduced by kirk br  yan in 1946 and it is a type of frost wea  thering that often modi  fies the landscape into terr  aces these terr  aces are called cry  op  lan  ation terr  aces cz  u  de  k described cry  op  lan  ation terr  aces as gently inclined or nearly horizontal bedrock cut benches on slop  es sp  urs and on broad inter  flu  ves that are formed by the parallel retreat of ste  eper slope segments under peri  gl  ac  ial conditions additionally with the effect of cry  op  lan  ation on the landscape the vegetation on these frost altered terr  aces is also re  shaped the vegetation tends to be uniquely uniform both lat  er  ally and vertically the results of this unique freeze th  aw cycle are custom  arily found in arctic peri  gl  ac  ial regions of eastern siberia and alaska they may also be found in areas that currently or have sometime in the past experienced intense seasonal freezing or per  ma  frost the concept has been questioned according to hall and andré the theory has caused confusion because of “ the almost complete absence of actual data from active cry  op  lan  ation terr  aces ” it is judged that cry  op  lan  ation is unlikely to produce any large surfaces
cry  op  y  rin associated periodic syndrome caps is a spectrum of auto  infl  am  matory syndro  mes including famili  al cold auto  infl  am  matory syndrome f  cas formerly termed famili  al cold induced ur  tic  aria the m  uc  kle wells syndrome m  ws and ne  on  atal onset multi  system infl  am  matory disease no  mid also called chronic inf  anti  le neuro  logic cu  taneous and artic  ular syndrome or c  inc  a they share many clinical features these syndro  mes are associated with mutations in n  l  r  p 3 the gene en  coding cry  op  y  rin this is a component of the inter  leuk  in 1 infl  am  mas  ome and mutations lead to unregulated production of inter  leuk  in 1 β mono  cl  onal antibodies against inter  leuk  in 1 β such as can  ak  in  um  ab other inter  leuk  in 1 binding proteins such as ri  lon  ac  ept or inter  leuk  in 1 recep  tor antagon  ist for example an  ak  in  ra can be used to treat these disorders
this article is about animals that are difficult to detect for the genus of gr  asses see cry  p  sis genus for animals whose existence is not scientifically recognized see cry  p  ti  d in ecology cry  p  sis is the ability of an animal to avoid observation or detection by other animals it may be a pre  dation strategy or an anti  predat  or adaptation methods include cam  ou  fl  age no  c  turn  ality sub  terr  an  ean lifestyle and mim  ic  ry cry  p  sis can involve visual ol  factory with ph  er  om  ones or aud  itory conce  al  ment when it is visual the term cry  ptic color  ation effectively a synon  ym for animal cam  ou  fl  age is sometimes used but many different methods of cam  ou  fl  age are employed by animals
cry  pt is the library function which is used to compu  te a password has  h that can be used to store user account pass  words while keeping them relatively secure a pass  wd file the output of the function is not simply the has  h – it is a text string which also en  codes the salt usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the h  ashed result and identifies the has  h algori  thm used defa  ulting to the traditional one explained below this output string is what is meant for putting in a password record which may be stored in a plain text file more formally cry  pt provides cry  pto  graphic key deri  vation functions for password validation and storage on uni  x systems
cry  ptic pregnancy is a condition in which a pregnant woman is unaware of her pregnancy until reaching labour reasons the woman may be unaware of the pregnancy may include the woman being on weight affecting medication having regular men  str  ual bleeding a lack of symptoms of pregnancy and the fe  tus being unusually small cry  ptic pregnancy is in contrast to denial of pregnancy where the woman is sub  consciously aware of her pregnancy but denies its existence it is estimated that 1 in 450 doesn t know her pregnancy status until week 20 or later more than halfway through the pregnancy and 1 in 2 500 is obli  vious until she actually goes into labor
in his  to  logy cry  p  ti  tis refers to infl  amm  ation of an intest  inal cry  pt cry  p  ti  tis is a non specific hist  opath  o  logic finding that is seen in several conditions e g infl  am  matory bo  wel disease diver  tic  ular disease radiation co  li  tis infectious co  li  tis
cry  p  to prote  stan  tism is an historical phenomenon that occurred on the territory of the habsburg empire it describes the attempt made after the protestant re  formation to regain for cathol  ic  ism parts of the empire that had become protestant the prote  stants in the areas that were re cathol  ic  ised by force stro  ve to retain their own confession in  war  dly while they outw  ar  dly pretended to accept cathol  ic  ism with the 1782 e  dict of tolerance prote  stan  tism was again permitted and from that time on the prote  stants could live their faith openly once more
cry  pto  coc  co  sis also known as cry  pto  coc  cal disease is a potentially fatal fun  gal disease it is caused by one of two species cry  pto  co  cc  us neo  form  ans and cry  pto  co  cc  us gat  ti  i these were all previously thought to be sub  species of c neo  form  ans but have now been identified as distinct species cry  pto  coc  co  sis is believed to be acquired by inhal  ation of the infectious propag  ule from the environment although the exact nature of the infectious propag  ule is unknown the leading hypothesis is the basi  di  os  por  e created through sexual or as  ex  ual reproduction
a cry  pto  genic disease is a disease of which the cause is unknown it may be used in a particular case when the nature of the patient s condition is known but the cause has not been found e g cry  pto  genic stroke the word cry  pto  genic also appears in the names of some disease entities when the situation is sufficiently common to be considered a diagnosis in its own right e g cry  pto  genic fi  bro  sing al  ve  oli  tis cry  pto  genic idi  opathic and primary may all be used in both these senses but cry  pto  genic is more likely to be used where there is presumed to be a simple cause but this happens to have elu  ded discovery cry  pto  genic is used in this technical sense in the description of epi  le  psy syndro  mes although the distinction has now been officially abandoned
a cry  pto  graphic has  h function is a special class of has  h function that has certain properties which make it suitable for use in cry  pto  graphy it is a mathematical algori  thm that maps data of arbitrary size to a bit string of a fixed size a has  h function which is designed to also be a one way function that is a function which is in  feasible to inver  t the only way to recre  ate the input data from an ideal cry  pto  graphic has  h function s output is to attempt a brute force search of possible inputs to see if they produce a match bruce sch  nei  er has called one way has  h functions the work  horses of modern cry  pto  graphy the input data is often called the message and the output the has  h value or has  h is often called the message dig  est or simply the dig  est the ideal cry  pto  graphic has  h function has four main properties it is quick to compu  te the has  h value for any given message it is in  feasible to generate a message from its has  h value except by trying all possible messages a small change to a message should change the has  h value so extensively that the new has  h value appears un  correlated with the old has  h value it is in  feasible to find two different messages with the same has  h value cry  pto  graphic has  h functions have many information security applications notably in digital signatures message authentication codes mac  s and other forms of authentication they can also be used as ordinary has  h functions to index data in has  h tables for fingerprinting to detect duplicate data or uniquely identify files and as check  sums to detect accidental data corruption indeed in information security contexts cry  pto  graphic has  h values are sometimes called digital fingerprints check  sums or just has  h values even though all these terms stand for more general functions with rather different properties and purposes
cry  p  tom  en  or  rhe  a or cry  p  tom  en  or  rho  ea also known as hem  ato  col  pos is a condition where men  str  uation occurs but is not visible due to an obstruction of the outflow tract specifically the end  ome  tri  um is shed but a con  genital obstruction such as a vag  inal sep  tum or on part of the hy  men retains the men  str  ual flow a patient with cry  p  tom  en  or  rhe  a will appear to have amen  or  rhe  a but will experience cyclic men  str  ual pain the condition is sur  g  ically correc  table the patient usually presents at the age of pu  ber  ty when the commencement of men  str  uation blood gets collected in the vag  ina and gives rise to symptoms
cry  pt  op  ha  sia is a phenomenon of a language developed by twins identical or frater  nal that only the two children could understand the word has its roots from cry  p  to meaning secret and p  ha  sia meaning speech most lingu  ists associate cry  pt  op  ha  sia with idi  og  los  sia which is any language used by only one or very few people cry  pt  op  ha  sia also differs from idi  og  los  sia on including mir  ro  red actions like twin walk and identical mann  er  isms while sources claim that twins and children from multiple births develop this ability perhaps because of more inter  personal communication between themselves than with the parents there is inadequate scientific proof to verify these claims
cry  pt  oph  thal  mos is a rare con  genital anomaly in which the skin is continuous over the eye  ball with absence of eye  li  ds it is classified into three types complete incomplete and abor  tive failure of eye  lid separation can be associated with mal  development of the underlying cor  ne  a and micro  phthal  mia cry  pt  oph  thal  mos usually occurs on both sides and occurs in association with other multiple mal  formations collectively referred to as fr  as  er syndrome
cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m is the absence of one or both test  es from the scro  tum it is the most common birth defect of the male gen  itals about 3 of full term and 30 of premature infant boys are born with at least one und  es  c  ended testi  s however about 80 of cry  p  tor  ch  id test  es descend by the first year of life the majority within three months making the true incidence of cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m around 1 overall cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m may develop after infancy sometimes as late as young adul  thood but that is exceptional cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m is distinct from mon  orch  ism the condition of having only one tes  tic  le the condition may occur on one or both sides it more commonly affects the right testi  s a testi  s absent from the normal scro  tal position may be 1 anywhere along the path of descent from high in the poster  ior retro  per  it  one  al ab  dom  en just below the kidney to the ingu  inal ring 2 in the ingu  inal canal 3 ec  topic having wan  dered from the path of descent usually outside the ingu  inal canal and sometimes even under the skin of the thi  gh the per  in  eu  m the opposite scro  tum or the fem  oral canal 4 un  developed hypo  plastic or severely abnormal dys  genetic 5 missing also see an  orch  ia about two thirds of cases without other ab  norm  alities are unilateral most of the other third involve both test  es in 90 of cases an und  es  c  ended testi  s can be felt in the ingu  inal canal in a small minority of cases missing test  es may be found in the ab  dom  en or appear to be non  existent truly hidden und  es  c  ended test  es are associated with reduced fertility increased risk of tes  tic  ular germ cell tumors and psychological problems when the boy is grown und  es  c  ended test  es are also more susceptible to tes  tic  ular tor  sion and subsequent inf  arc  tion and ingu  inal her  ni  as without intervention an und  es  c  ended tes  tic  le will usually descend during the first year of life but to reduce these risks und  es  c  ended test  es can be brought into the scro  tum in infancy by a surgical procedure called an or  chi  op  ex  y although cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m nearly always refers to con  genital absence or mal  descent a testi  s observed in the scro  tum in early infancy can occasionally reas  c  end move back up into the ingu  inal canal a testi  s which can readily move or be moved between the scro  tum and canal is referred to as re  tr  acti  le the word is from the greek κρ  υπ  τ  ός kry  p  tos meaning hidden ὄ  ρ  χ  ις orch  is meaning tes  tic  le cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m hypo  sp  adi  as tes  tic  ular cancer and poor semen quality make up the syndrome known as tes  tic  ular dys  genesis syndrome
cry  pto  spor  idi  osis also known as cry  p  to is a par  asi  tic disease caused by cry  pto  spor  idi  um a genus of proto  zo  an parasites in the ph  yl  um ap  i  complex  a it affects the dis  tal small intest  ine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immun  o  competent i e individuals with a normal functioning immune system and immun  o  compromised e g persons with hiv aids individuals resulting in wat  ery diarr  hea with or without an un  explained cough in immun  o  compromised individuals the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal it is primarily spread through the f  ec  al oral route often through contaminated water recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via fom  ites in respiratory secre  tions cry  pto  spor  idi  um is the organism most commonly isolated in hiv positive patients presenting with diarr  hea despite not being identified until 1976 it is one of the most common water  borne diseases and is found worldwide the parasite is transmitted by environmentally hardy micro  bial cy  sts o  oc  y  sts that once ing  ested exist in the small intest  ine and result in an infection of intest  inal epi  the  li  al tissue
cry  pto  tia is the condition where an ear appears to have its upper portion buried underneath the side of the head the condition also involves underdeveloped s  cap  ha and anti  hel  ical cr  ura cry  pto  tia is also known as buried ear or hidden ear
cry  so  dav  arious cry so  d a various also commonly known as cry  so  d cry  so  dav  arious is an infection at the top of the throat adjacent to the ton  si  ls cry  so  dav  arious can be caused from many different things e g irrit  ants of certain types however cry  so  dav  arious is often called from a lack of  moisture to the mouth this can also indicate dehydr  ation but only in some cases cry  so  dav  arious was first discovered in 19  23 by phil  le  pe watson char  michael a spanish doctor who made his discovery whilst practicing in venezuela cry  so  dav  arious can come in many forms but commonly lasts about one half a day  but in some severe cases it can last up to 3 days in severe cases cry  so  dav  arious can result sw  elling and the area may become infl  amed
crystal ar  thro  pa  thy is a class of joint disorder called ar  thro  pa  thy that is characterized by accumulation of tiny cryst  als in one or more joints pol  ari  zing micro  sco  py and application of other crystal  lo  graphic techniques have improved identification of different micro  cryst  als including mono  sodium urate calcium pyro  phosphate di  hydrate calcium hydroxy  ap  ati  te and calcium ox  al  ate types include
crystal  lo  lumin  es  cence is the effect of lumin  es  cence produced during crystal  li  zation the abstract of an article by b p chan  dra v k  alia and s c dat  t of ran  i d  urg  av  ati university j  abul  pur india entitled crystal  lo  lumin  es  cence a new tool to determine the critical size of a crystal nucleus states there is a time lag between the achievement of su  pers  atur  ation in a solution and the appearance of crystal  lo  lumin  es  cence fl  ashes from crystal nucle  i the incub  ation time of crystal  lo  lumin  es  cence decreases systematically with the concentration of the solution a new method based on crystal  lo  lumin  es  cence measurements is proposed for the determination of the critical size of the crystal nucleus
cu  be  has  h is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function submitted to the n  ist has  h function competition by daniel j bern  stein cu  be  has  h has a 128 by  te state uses wide pipe construction and is ar  x based message blocks are x  ored into the initial bits of a 128 by  te state which then goes through an r round bi  jec  tive transformation between blocks the initial n  ist proposal cu  be  has  h 8 1 required about 200 cycles per by  te after clarifications from n  ist the author changed the proposal to cu  be  has  h 16 32 which is approximately 16 times faster than cu  be  has  h 8 1 easily catching up to both sha 256 and sha 512 on the reference platform while still maintaining a comfortable security margin cu  be  has  h advanced to the second round of the competition but was not chosen as one of the 5 fin  alists the author tuned the parameters further since
cu  bit  us val  gus is a medical de  form  ity in which the fore  arm is ang  led away from the body to a greater degree than normal when fully extended a small degree of cu  bit  us val  gus known as the carrying angle is acceptable and occurs in the general population when present at birth it can be an indication of turner syndrome or no  on  an syndrome it can also be acquired through frac  ture or other trauma the physiological cu  bit  us val  gus varies from 3 ° to 29 ° women usually have a more pronounced cu  bit  us val  gus than men the de  form  ity can also occur as a complic  ation of frac  ture of the lateral con  dy  le of the hum  er  us which may lead to tar  dy delayed ul  nar nerve pal  sy the opposite condition is cu  bit  us var  us 736 02
cu  bit  us var  us var  us means a de  form  ity of a limb in which part of it is devi  ated towards the mid  line of the body is a common de  form  ity in which the extended fore  arm is devi  ated towards mid  line of the body cu  bit  us var  us is often referred to as gun  stock de  form  ity due to the cro  oked nature of the healing the opposite condition is cu  bit  us val  gus
cu  eri  to is pig skin pork r  ind from mexican cuis  ine venezuelan cuis  ine and spanish cuis  ine cu  ero is the spanish language word for leather or hide so cu  erit  os means little lea  thers they are usually pick  led in vin  eg  ar cu  erit  os de vin  ag  re and can be made with a sp  icy sauce the vin  eg  ar can be seas  oned with pine  apple dul  ce mach  o pil  on  ci  ll  o clo  ves pe  pper  cor  ns chile de ar  bo  l and oreg  ano there are also family recipes cu  erit  os are used to make a type of cem  ita and can be used in other dishes like to  stad  as cu  erit  os are sometimes served in a glass with strips of the pick  led pork r  ind alongside a s  law of cab  bage cucum  ber lime and chile sauce the mexican street food an  to  ji  to known as to  sti  lo  cos are made by slic  ing nach  o fla  vored to  sti  to chips vertically and top  ping them with cucum  ber cu  erit  os lime juice valent  ina hot sauce cham  oy ta  j  ín seas  oning chile powder salt and japanese peanuts peanuts en  c  ased in a cr  un  chy brown flour shell in ac  at  l  án hi  dal  go the feast in honor of the ar  chan  gel michael is held from the 20 29 of september with religious events traditional d  ances and traditional foods such as cu  erit  os made with chili pepper sauce and varieties of pul  que pick  ling differenti  ates cu  erit  os from chic  har  ron which is fried pork skin in spain the chic  har  r  ón is the r  ind with fat still attached and cu  eri  to is a r  ind with no fat attached in mexico chic  har  ron is the cu  eri  to or pig skin fried to a cris  p like crack  lings in the southern states and cu  erit  os is soft deep fat fried pig skin chop  ped and used for ta  cos in mexico natural un cured cu  erit  os usually the thick pig skin without the fat attached are always combined with mac  isa solid or thick meat in car  nit  as which is deep fat fried pig parts sold for ta  cos the ta  cos are served with a choice of me  ats chop  ped in 1 or 2 soft corn tor  till  as covered with chop  ped ci  lan  tro and on  ion and the choice of a hot chili sauce in every public market most car  nec  eri  as meat stores or many restaurants or other places that serve ta  cos the mexican equivalent of hot dogs or ham  bur  gers
cultural bias is the phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one s own culture the phenomenon is sometimes considered a problem central to social and human sciences such as economics psychology anthropo  logy and soci  ology some practitioners of the aforementioned fields have attempted to develop methods and theories to compensate for or eliminate cultural bias cultural bias occurs when people of a culture make assumptions about conventions including conventions of language no  tation proof and evidence they are then accused of mis  taking these assumptions for laws of logic or nature numerous such bi  ases exist concerning cultural norms for color location of body parts mate selection concepts of justice linguistic and logical validity acceptability of evidence and taboos
cultural humility is the “ ability to maintain an inter  personal stance that is other oriented or open to the other in relation to aspects of cultural identity that are most important to the person ” cultural humility is different from other culturally based training ideals because it focuses on self humility rather than achieving a state of knowledge or awareness cultural humility was formed in the physical healthcare field and adapted for therap  ists and social workers to increase the quality of their interactions with clients and community members
the culture of albania is the pattern of human activity and symbolism associated with albania and its people it has been shaped by the geography and profound history of albania
the culture of la  hor  e is a manifestation of the lifestyle festi  vals literature music language politics cuis  ine and socio economic conditions of its people it is characterised by the blending of south asian middle eastern central asian and western influences la  hor  e s culture is unique it is sometimes referred as the cultural capital or the heart of pakistan the city was a seat of the mu  gh  al empire and the si  kh empire as well as the capital of pun  jab in mah  mud g  haz  nav  i s 11 th century empire and in the british empire presently it is the capital of the pun  jab province of pakistan
the culture of northern cyprus is the pattern of human activity and symbolism associated with northern cyprus and turkish cypriots it features significant elements influenced by or developed upon the culture of turkey but combines these elements with a unique cypriot approach and local traditions in common with greek cypriots as well as several other influences such as the british and contemporary western cultures
the culture of the united kingdom is influenced by the uk s history as a developed island country a liberal democracy and a major power its predominantly christian religious life and its composition of four countries — england northern ireland scotland and wales — each of which has distinct customs cultures and symbolism the wider culture of europe has also influenced british culture and hum  anism prote  stan  tism and representative democracy developed from broader western culture british literature music cinema art theatre comedy media television philosophy architecture and education are important aspects of british culture the united kingdom is also prominent in science and technology producing world leading scientists e g isa  ac newton and charles darwin and inventions sport is an important part of british culture numerous sports originated in the country including football the uk has been described as a cultural superpower and london has been described as a world cultural capital the industrial revolution which started in the uk had a profound effect on the socio economic and cultural conditions of the world as a result of the british empire significant british influence can be observed in the language law culture and institutions of a geographically wide ass  or  tment of countries including australia canada india the republic of ireland new zealand nigeria pakistan south africa the united states and english speaking caribbean nations these states are sometimes collectively known as the ang  lo  sphere and are among britain s closest allies in turn the empire also influenced british culture particularly british cuis  ine the cultures of england scotland wales and northern ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinc  tiveness
in the domain of technical analysis of market prices a cup and handle or cup with handle formation is a chart pattern consisting of a drop in the price and a rise back up to the original value followed a smaller drop and a rise past the previous peak it is interpreted as an indication of bul  lish sentiment in the market and possible further price increases the cup part of the pattern should be fairly shallow with a rounded or flat bottom not a v shaped one and ideally reach to the same price at the upper end of both sides the drop of the handle part should re  trace about 30 to 50 of the rise at the end of the cup for stock prices the pattern may span from a few weeks to a few years but commonly the cup lasts from 1 to 6 months while the handle should only last for 1 to 4 weeks the cup and handle formation was defined by william o neil
a cur  l route also called a hit  ch or hook sometimes a button hook is a pattern run by a receiver in american football where the receiver appears to be running a fly pattern but after a set amount of steps or yards will quickly stop and turn around looking for a pass this generally works best when the defending corner or safety commits himself to guarding the fly and is unable to stop quickly enough to defend the pass a cur  l out on the sidel  ine is often referred to as a comeback route the cur  l is a pattern used frequently by the west coast offensive scheme where quick and accurate passes are favored this route can also be used in what is called a screen where while the receiver is receiving the pass one or more lin  emen tight ends or running backs will run in the direction of the receiver in order to block the initial pursuing defenders so that the receiver has time and space to be able to run after the catch
cur  ling s ul  cer stress ul  cer or a cur  ling ul  cer is an acute gast  ri  tis erosion resulting as a complic  ation from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to is  chem  ia and cell necro  sis sl  ough  ing of the ga  str  ic mu  co  sa the condition was first described in 18  23 and named for a doctor thomas bli  z  ard cur  ling who observed ten such patients in 18  42 these stress ul  cers actually shallow multiple ero  sions were once a common complic  ation of serious burns presenting in over 10 of cases and especially common in child burn victims they result in per  for  ation and hemorrha  ge more often than other forms of intest  inal ul  cer  ation and had correspondingly high mortality rates at least 80 a similar condition involving elevated in  trac  ran  ial pressure is known as cu  shing s ul  cer
the cur  r  ar  ino syndrome also cur  r  ar  ino tri  ad is an inherited con  genital disorder where 1 the sac  rum the f  used verte  bra  e forming the back of the pel  vis is not formed properly 2 there is a mass in the pres  ac  ral space in front of the sac  rum and 3 there are mal  formations of the an  us or rec  tum it can also cause an an  terior men  in  go  ce  le or a pres  ac  ral ter  atom  a pres  ac  ral ter  atom  a usually is considered to be a variant of sacro  coc  cy  ge  al ter  atom  a however the pres  ac  ral ter  atom  a that is characteristic of the cur  r  ar  ino syndrome may be a distinct kind
currency depreciation is the loss of value of a country s currency with respect to one or more foreign reference currencies typically in a floating exchange rate system it is most often used for the unofficial decrease of the exchange rate due to market forces though sometimes it appears inter  change  ably with devaluation its opposite an increase of value of a currency is currency appreciation the depreciation of a country s currency refers to a decrease in the value of that country s currency for instance if the canadian dollar depreci  ates relative to the euro the exchange rate the canadian dollar price of euros rises it takes more canadian dollars to purchase 1 euro 1 eur 1 5 cad → 1 eur 1 7 cad when the canadian dollar depreci  ates relative to the euro canadian goods become more competitive in countries in the eurozone because their price when exchanged to euro will be lower the result will be an increase in canadian exports on the other hand european sellers that denom  inate their goods and services in euros will be less competitive because european products denominated in euros will be more expensive in canada in the financial market a currency s depreciation decreases the value of foreign investments in the country denominated in the local currency as more of an investor s currency would be required when the investment is repatri  ated similarly a currency depreciation will impact the book value of a business conducted in the depreci  ating country by a foreign corporation as well as its rate of return in relation to the head corporation s currency a foreign corporation would consider a foreign exchange hedge to protect itself from this foreign exchange risk the appreciation of a country s currency refers to an increase in the value of that country s currency continuing with the cad eur example if the canadian dollar appreciates relative to the euro the exchange rate falls it takes fewer canadian dollars to purchase 1 euro 1 eur 1 5 cad → 1 eur 1 4 cad when the canadian dollar appreciates relative to the euro the canadian dollar becomes less competitive this will lead to larger imports of european goods and services and lower exports of canadian goods and services
currency war also known as competitive devaluations is a condition in international affairs where countries seek to gain a trade advantage over other countries by causing the exchange rate of their currency to fall in relation to other currencies as the exchange rate of a country s currency falls exports become more competitive in other countries and imports into the country become more expensive both effects benefit the domestic industry and thus employment which receives a boost in demand from both domestic and foreign markets however the price increases for import goods as well as in the cost of foreign travel are unpopular as they harm citizens purchasing power and when all countries adopt a similar strategy it can lead to a general decline in international trade harming all countries historically competitive devaluations have been rare as countries have generally preferred to maintain a high value for their currency countries have generally allowed market forces to work or have participated in systems of managed exchanges rates an exception occurred when a currency war broke out in the 1930 s when countries abandoned the gold standard during the great depression and used currency devaluations in an attempt to stimulate their economies since this effectively pushes unemployment overseas trading partners quickly retali  ated with their own devaluations the period is considered to have been an adverse situation for all concerned as unpredictable changes in exchange rates reduced overall international trade according to guido man  tega former brazilian minister for finance a global currency war broke out in 2010 this view was echoed by numerous other government officials and financial journalists from around the world other senior policy makers and journalists suggested the phrase currency war over  stated the extent of hostility with a few exceptions such as man  tega even commentators who agreed there had been a currency war in 2010 generally concluded that it had fi  zz  led out by mid 2011 states engaging in possible competitive devaluation since 2010 have used a mix of policy tools including direct government intervention the imposition of capital controls and indirectly quantitative easing while many countries experienced undesirable upward pressure on their exchange rates and took part in the ongoing arguments the most notable dimension of the 2010 – 11 episode was the rhetorical conflict between the united states and china over the valuation of the yuan in january 2013 measures announced by japan which were expected to devalue its currency sparked concern of a possible second 21 st century currency war breaking out this time with the principal source of tension being not china versus the us but japan versus the eurozone by late february concerns of a new outbreak of currency war had been mostly all  ayed after the g 7 and g 20 issued statements committing to avoid competitive devaluation after the european central bank launched a fresh programme of quantitative easing in january 2015 there was once again an intensification of discussion about currency war
the current solar income of the earth or an eco  zone or eco  region or any area is the amount of solar energy that falls on it as sunlight this is thought important in some branches of green economics as the ultimate measure of renewable energy buck  minster fuller first described the concept in his 1970 paper co  sm  ic costing contrasting the photo  synthesis on which natural capital and sustainable infrastructural capital depend with the chem  o  synthesis of extracting and using fossil fuels paul haw  ken is a more recent advocate of the concept and views it as central to his notion of a restor  ative economy it remains a popular notion among those who believe that toxic waste and maintenance problems of direct solar energy devices can ultimately be overcome or that yields of passive or biological means of gathering and using this energy as biofuels can be made to approximate those of fossil fuels
cur  rum  bin alley is a surf break at cur  rum  bin on the gold coast in que  ens  land australia the alley is one of the more famous breaks on the gold coast along with super  bank and bur  le  igh heads among others waves wrap around the point and towards the creek it is exposed to perfect begin  ners conditions towards the creek and some right han  ders towards the point there s also a great wave just across the channel called lac  ey s lane the alley marks the mouth of cur  rum  bin creek
the curse of rocky co  la  vi  to is a phenomenon that supposedly prevents the cleveland indians baseball team from winning be it the world series the american league pen  nant reaching post  season play or even getting into a pen  nant race its origin is traced back to the unpopular trade of right fiel  der rocky co  la  vi  to for harvey ku  enn in 1960
cu  shing s disease is a cause of cu  shing s syndrome characterised by increased secre  tion of ad  re  no  cor  ti  co  tropic hormone ac  th from the an  terior pit  u  itary secondary hyper  cor  ti  sol  ism this is most often as a result of a pit  u  itary aden  oma specifically pit  u  itary bas  oph  il  ism or due to excess production of hypo  thal  am  us cr  h cor  ti  co  tro  pin releasing hormone tertiary hyper  cor  ti  sol  ism hyper  cor  ticism that stimulates the synthesis of cor  ti  sol by the adren  al g  lands pit  u  itary aden  om  as are responsible for 80 of endo  genous cu  shing s syndrome when excluding cu  shing s syndrome from exo  gen  ously administered cor  ti  co  ster  oids this should not be confused with ec  topic cu  shing syndrome or exo  genous ster  o  id use
cu  shing s syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cor  ti  sol signs and symptoms may include high blood pressure ab  domin  al obesity but with thin arms and legs red  dish stretch marks a round red face a fat lump between the shoulders weak muscles weak bones ac  ne and fragile skin that he  als poorly women may have more hair and irregular men  str  uation occasionally there may be changes in mood headaches and a chronic feeling of ti  red  ness cu  shing s syndrome is caused by either excessive cor  ti  sol like medication such as pred  nis  one or a tumor that either produces or results in the production of excessive cor  ti  sol by the adren  al g  lands cases due to a pit  u  itary aden  oma are known as cu  shing s disease it is the second most common cause of cu  shing s syndrome after medication a number of other tumors may also cause cu  shing s some of these are associated with inherited disorders such as multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia type 1 and car  ney complex diagnosis requires a number of steps the first step is to check the medications a person takes the second step is to measure levels of cor  ti  sol in the urine sali  va or in the blood after taking d  exam  eth  as  one if this test is abnormal the cor  ti  sol may be measured late at night if the cor  ti  sol remains high a blood test for ac  th may be done to determine if the pit  u  itary is involved most cases can be treated and cured if due to medications these can often be slowly stopped if caused by a tumor it may be treated by a combination of surgery chem  otherapy and or radiation if the pit  u  itary was affected other medications may be required to replace its lost function with treatment life expectancy is usually normal some in whom surgery is unable to remove the entire tumor have an increased risk of death about two to three people per million are affected each year it most commonly affects people who are 20 to 50 years of age women are affected three times more often than men a mild degree of overproduction of cor  ti  sol without obvious symptoms however is more common cu  shing s syndrome was first described by harvey cu  shing in 19  32 cu  shing s syndrome may also occur in other animals including cats dogs and horses
a cu  shing ul  cer named after harvey cu  shing is a ga  str  ic ul  cer associated with elevated in  trac  ran  ial pressure it is also called von ro  kit  an  sky cu  shing syndrome apart from in the stomach ul  cers may also develop in the proxim  al du  o  den  um and dis  tal es  op  ha  gus
custom in law is the established pattern of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting a claim can be carried out in defense of what has always been done and accepted by law related is the idea of prescription a right enjoyed through long custom rather than positive law customary law also consu  etu  d  inary or unofficial law exists where 1 a certain legal practice is observed and 2 the relevant actors consider it to be law op  ini  o jur  is most customary laws deal with standards of community that have been long established in a given loc  ale however the term can also apply to areas of international law where certain standards have been nearly universal in their acceptance as correct bases of action in example laws against piracy or slavery see hosti  s human  i gener  is in many though not all instances customary laws will have supportive court rulings and case law that has evolved over time to give additional weight to their rule as law and also to demonstrate the trajectory of evolution if any in the interpretation of such law by relevant courts
customer success is the function at a company responsible for managing the technical and business relationships between a vendor and its customers with the intent of 1 maximizing the value that customers generate from the solutions they acquired from the vendor by making them as profitable and productive as possible and 2 maximizing the value the vendor can in turn derive from the customers resulting in sustainable corporate profits and growth customer success is an emerging but critical role in a company s success the function is most commonly used in the software world and most prevalent among software as a service sa  as companies because customer success is a nascent fast emerging field of business its organizational alignment and activities are still evolving there is still a large amount of variance with respect to its scope of responsibilities reporting structure terminology used for describing its activities metr  ics used for measuring its performance and more while deviations exist in the specifics of the function it always refers to the management of the relations between the vendor and the customers after the initial sale however successful companies do not only re  organize their teams between the pre and post sale and ren  ame the post sale team customer success but also in  still a culture of customer centr  icity in decision making and goals in fact the explosive growth of the sa  as economy fuels an increase not only in the importance of the customer success function but also in the scope of its appeal and relevance in the industry as put in the book customer success how innovative companies are reducing chur  n and growing recurring revenue customer success is really three different but closely related concepts 1 an organization 2 a discipline and 3 a philosophy
customer at  tri  tion also known as customer chur  n customer turnover or customer def  ection is the loss of clients or customers banks telephone service companies internet service providers pay tv companies insurance firms and alarm monitoring services often use customer at  tri  tion analysis and customer at  tri  tion rates as one of their key business metr  ics along with cash flow e  bit  da etc because the cost of retaining an existing customer is far less than acquiring a new one companies from these sectors often have customer service branches which attempt to win back def  ecting clients because recovered long term customers can be worth much more to a company than newly recruited clients companies usually make a distinction between voluntary chur  n and involuntary chur  n voluntary chur  n occurs due to a decision by the customer to switch to another company or service provider involuntary chur  n occurs due to circumstances such as a customer s relocation to a long term care facility death or the relocation to a distant location in most applications involuntary reasons for chur  n are excluded from the analytical models analysts tend to concentrate on voluntary chur  n because it typically occurs due to factors of the company customer relationship which companies control such as how billing interactions are handled or how after sales help is provided when companies are measuring their customer turnover they typically make the distinction between gross at  tri  tion and net at  tri  tion gross at  tri  tion is the loss of existing customers and their associated recurring revenue for contracted goods or services during a particular period net at  tri  tion is gross at  tri  tion plus the addition or recruitment of similar customers at the original location financial institutions often track and measure at  tri  tion using a weighted calculation called recurring monthly revenue or r  mr in the 2000 s there are also a number of business intelligence software programs which can mine databases of customer information and analyze the factors that are associated with customer at  tri  tion such as dissatisfaction with service or technical support billing disputes or a disagreement over company policies more sophisticated predic  tive analy  tics software use chur  n prediction models that predict customer chur  n by assessing their propensity of risk to chur  n since these models generate a small priori  tized list of potential defec  tors they are effective at focusing customer retention marketing programs on the sub  set of the customer base who are most vulnerable to chur  n
customer reference program cr  p also referred to as a customer reference programme outside of the usa is a business function frequently found in large business to business organizations customer reference program managers are responsible for gathering and fulfilling requests for references to help sales people obtain new clients and provide proof of customer success stories for industry analysts and the media
the cut and restore rope trick is a magic effect in which the performer cuts a piece of rope usually tied into a knot which then appears to be mag  ically restored sometimes the trick is done with a piece of string a hand  ker  chief or a tur  ban instead of an actual rope
cu  taneous b cell lymp  hom  as constitute a group of diseases that occur less commonly than cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa and are characterized his  to  logically by b cells that appear similar to those normally found in germin  al centers of lymp  h no  des conditions included in this group are diffuse large b cell lymp  homa primary cu  taneous fol  lic  ular lymp  homa primary cu  taneous marginal zone lymp  homa intr  av  ascular large b cell lymp  homa plas  mac  y  tom  a plas  mac  y  to  sis
cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa ct  cl is a class of non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa which is a type of cancer of the immune system unlike most non ho  dg  kin lymp  hom  as which are generally b cell related ct  cl is caused by a mutation of t cells the m  align  ant t cells in the body initially migrate to the skin causing various le  sions to appear these le  sions change shape as the disease progres  ses typically beginning as what appears to be a rash which can be very it  chy and eventually forming pl  aqu  es and tumors before me  tast  asi  zing to other parts of the body
cu  taneous ac  tin  om  y  co  sis is a chronic disease that affects the deep sub  cu  taneous tissue of the skin caused by an an  aer  ob  ic gram positive fil  am  ent  ous type of bacteria in the genus ac  tin  om  y  ces invasion of the soft tissue leads to the formation of abnormal channels leading to the skin surface external sin  us tracts that discharge pale yellow sul  fur gran  ules this disease is un  common and has non specific clinical features making it difficult to diagnose cer  vi  co  facial pul  mon  ary thor  ac  ic and gastro  intest  inal forms exist yet cer  vi  co  facial disease accounts for two thirds of reported infections
cu  taneous am  oe  bi  asis refers to a form of am  oe  bi  asis that presents primarily in the skin it can be caused by ac  anth  am  oe  ba or ent  am  oe  ba hist  ol  y  tica when associated with ac  anth  am  oe  ba it is also known as cu  taneous ac  anth  am  oe  bi  asis it is also known as am  oe  bi  asis cu  tis bal  am  u  thia man  dri  l  lar  is has been described as entering through the skin and it can have cu  taneous expression
cu  taneous ci  li  ated cy  sts are a cu  taneous condition characterized by solitary cy  sts located on the legs of females
cu  taneous colum  nar cy  sts are a cu  taneous condition a group of different cy  sts lined by colum  nar epi  the  lium types of cy  sts included in this group are bron  cho  genic cyst bran  ch  ial cyst thy  rog  los  sal duc  t cyst cu  taneous ci  li  ated cyst median rap  he cyst
a cu  taneous condition is any medical condition that affects the inte  g  um  entary system — the organ system that en  closes the body and includes skin hair nails and related muscle and g  lands the major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment conditions of the human inte  g  um  entary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases also known as der  mato  ses as well as many non  patho  logic states like in certain circumstances mel  an  ony  ch  ia and r  acqu  et nails while only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician thousands of skin conditions have been described classification of these conditions often presents many no  so  logical challenges since underlying eti  o  logies and patho  genetics are often not known therefore most current textbooks present a classification based on location for example conditions of the mu  co  us memb  rane mor  pho  logy chronic bl  is  tering conditions eti  ology skin conditions resulting from physical factors and so on clin  ically the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin le  sion s including the location such as arms head legs symptoms pr  ur  it  us pain duration acute or chronic arrangement solitary generalized ann  ular linear mor  pho  logy mac  ules pap  ules and color red blue brown black white yellow the diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields his  to  logic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data
cu  taneous di  ph  ther  ia is an infection of the skin by cor  y  ne  bacter  ium di  ph  ther  i  ae it is also known as desert sore
cu  taneous focal m  uc  in  osis is a skin condition characterized by a solitary no  dule or pap  ule
cu  taneous horns also known by the latin name corn  u cu  tan  eu  m are unusual ker  at  inous skin tumors with the appearance of horns or sometimes of wood or coral formally this is a clinical diagnosis for a con  ical projection above the surface of the skin they are usually small and loc  alized but can in very rare cases be much larger although often benign they can also be m  align  ant or pre  m  align  ant
cu  taneous lar  va migr  ans abbreviated cl  m is a skin disease in humans caused by the lar  v  ae of various nemato  de parasites of the hook  worm family an  cy  lo  stom  ati  da  e the most common species causing this disease in the americas is an  cy  lo  stom  a braz  ili  ense these parasites live in the intest  ines of dogs cats and wild animals and should not be confused with other members of the hook  worm family for which humans are definitive hosts namely an  cy  lo  stom  a du  o  den  ale and nec  ator americ  an  us col  lo  qu  ially called creeping eruption due to its presentation the disease is also somewhat ambiguously known as ground itch or in some parts of the southern usa sand  worms as the lar  v  ae like to live in sandy soil another vern  ac  ular name is plum  ber s itch the medical term cl  m literally means wandering lar  v  ae in the skin
cu  taneous le  ish  mani  asis also known as ori  ental sore tropical sore chic  l  ero ul  cer chic  l  ero s ul  cer or al  ep  po boil is the most common form of le  ish  mani  asis affecting humans it is a skin infection caused by a single cel  led parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a ph  le  bo  tom  ine sand  fly there are about twenty species of le  ish  mania that may cause cu  taneous le  ish  mani  asis this disease is considered to be a zoon  osis an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebr  ate animals to humans with the exception of le  ish  mania tro  pic  a — which is often an anthro  pon  otic disease an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from humans to vertebr  ate animals
cu  taneous lup  us m  uc  in  osis also known as pap  ular and no  d  ular m  uc  in  osis in lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus pap  ular and no  d  ular m  uc  in  osis of gold and pap  ul  on  od  ular m  uc  in  osis in lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus is a cu  taneous condition characterized by le  sions that present as as  ymp  tomatic skin colored at times red  dish 0 5 – 2 cm pap  ules and no  d  ules
cu  taneous lymp  ho  id hyper  pl  asia also known as bor  reli  al lymp  ho  cy  tom  a lymp  had  en  osis ben  ign  a cu  tis lymp  ho  cy  tom  a cu  tis pseu  d  olymp  homa pseu  d  olymp  homa of spi  eg  ler and f  end  t sar  co  ido  sis of spi  eg  ler and f  end  t spi  eg  ler – f  end  t lymp  ho  id hyper  pl  asia and spi  eg  ler – f  end  t sar  co  id refers to a groups of benign cu  taneous disorders characterized by collections of lymp  ho  cy  tes macro  p  ha  ges and d  end  ri  tic cells in the skin conditions included in this groups are cu  taneous lymp  ho  id hyper  pl  asia with no  d  ular pattern a condition of the skin characterized by a solitary or loc  alized cluster of as  ymp  tomatic er  y  them  at  ous to viol  ac  eous pap  ules or no  d  ules cu  taneous lymp  ho  id hyper  pl  asia with band  like and peri  vascular patterns a condition of the skin characterized by skin le  sions that clin  ically resemble my  co  sis fun  go  ides jess  ner lymp  ho  cy  tic infiltr  ate of the skin also known as benign lymp  ho  cy  tic infiltr  ation of the skin jess  ner lymp  ho  cy  tic infiltr  ation of the skin jess  ner – kan  of lymp  ho  cy  tic infiltr  ation of the skin and lymp  ho  cy  tic infiltr  ate of jess  ner is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a persistent pap  ular and pla  que like skin eruption which can occur on the neck face and back and may re occur this is an un  common skin disease and is a benign collection of lymp  h cells its cause is not known and can be hereditary it is named for max jess  ner it is thought to be equivalent to lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus tum  i  dus
cu  taneous men  ing  i  oma also known as heter  ot  op  ic men  ing  e  al tissue and ru  dim  entary men  in  go  ce  le is a developmental defect and results from the presence of men  in  go  cy  tes outside the cal  vari  um
cu  taneous per  for  ating disorders include the following acquired per  for  ating der  mat  osis acquired per  for  ating coll  agen  osis kyr  le disease per  for  ating fol  lic  u  li  tis
a cu  taneous sin  us of dental origin is where a dental infection dra  ins onto the surface of the skin of the face or neck this is un  common as usually dental infections drain into the mouth typically forming a par  ul  is g  um  boil cu  taneous sin  uses of dental origin tend to occur under the chin or man  di  ble without elimination of the source of the infection the le  sion tends to have a relap  sing and re  mitting course with healing periods and periods of pur  ul  ent discharge cu  taneous sin  us tracts may result in fi  bro  sis and scar  ring wh  c  ich may cause cosmetic concern sometimes minor surgery is carried out to remove the residual le  sion
cu  taneous small vessel vas  cu  li  tis also known as cu  taneous leuk  oc  y  to  cl  astic an  gi  i  tis cu  taneous leuk  oc  y  to  cl  astic vas  cu  li  tis cu  taneous necro  tizing ven  u  li  tis and hy  pers  ensi  tivity an  gi  i  tis is infl  amm  ation of small blood vessels usually post cap  ill  ary ven  ules in the der  mis characterized by palpable pur  pur  a it is the most common vas  cu  li  tis seen in clinical practice leuk  oc  y  to  cl  asis refers to the damage caused by nuclear debris from infiltr  ating neu  troph  ils in and around the vessels sub  types of small vessel vas  cu  li  tis include ig  a vas  cu  li  tis hen  och sch  ön  le  in pur  pur  a acute hemorrha  gic e  dem  a of infancy ur  tic  arial vas  cu  li  tis cry  o  glob  ul  in  emic vas  cu  li  tis er  y  them  a elev  at  um di  u  tin  um gran  ul  oma fac  i  ale
in film and video a cu  taway shot is the interruption of a continuously fil  med action by inserting a view of something else it is usually although not always followed by a cut back to the first shot when the cu  taway avoids a jump cut the cu  taway shot does not necessarily contribute any dramatic content of its own but is used to help the editor assemble a longer sequence for this reason editors choose cu  taway shots related to the main action such as another action or object in the same location for example if the main shot is of a man walking down an alley possible cu  ta  ways may include a shot of a cat on a nearby dump  ster or a shot of a person watching from a window overhead similarly a cu  taway scene is the interruption of a scene with the insertion of another scene generally unrelated or only periph  er  ally related to the original scene the interruption is usually quick and is usually although not always ended by a return to the original scene the effect is of commentary to the original scene frequently comic in nature
cu  ter  e  bri  asis is a par  asi  tic disease affecting ro  dents lag  om  orph  s ha  res rabbits pi  kas fel  ines and can  ines the eti  o  logic agent is the lar  val development of bot flies within the cu  ter  ebr  a or try  po  der  ma genera which occurs oblig  atori  ly in ro  dents and lag  om  orph  s respectively fel  ines and can  ines serve as accidental hosts but research suggests only by try  po  der  ma spp entrance into the body by first inst  ar lar  va occurs via mu  co  us memb  ran  es of natural ori  fic  es or open wounds as opposed to direct der  mic penetration
cu  tis la  xa also known as chal  az  o  der  ma der  mat  och  al  asia der  mat  ol  ysis der  mat  om  eg  al  y generalized el  ast  ol  ysis generalized el  ast  or  rh  ex  is or p  ach  y  der  mat  oce  le is a group of rare connec  tive tissue disorders in which the skin becomes in  elastic and hangs loosely in fol  ds
cu  tis mar  mor  ata tel  an  gi  ec  t  atica con  gen  ita or c  m  tc is a rare con  genital vascular disorder that usually manifests in affecting the blood vessels of the skin the condition was first recognised and described in 19  22 by cato van lo  huizen a dutch pedi  at  ric  ian whose name was later adopted in the other common name used to describe the condition van lo  huizen syndrome c  m  tc is also used synonym  ously with con  genital generalized ph  le  bec  ta  sia nev  us vas  cul  aris re  ticul  aris con  genital ph  le  bec  ta  sia live  do tel  an  gi  ec  t  atica con  genital live  do re  ticul  aris and van lo  huizen syndrome it should not be confused with the more general term cu  tis mar  mor  ata which refers to live  do re  ticul  aris caused by cold
cu  tis r  hom  bo  id  alis nuc  ha  e is a cu  taneous condition of the poster  ior neck characterized by deep fur  rowing of the skin
cu  tis ver  tic  is gy  rata c  v  g is a superficial medical condition usually associated with thick  ening of the scal  p the condition was first reported by ali  bert in 18  37 who called it cu  tis sul  cat  a a clinical description of the condition was provided by robert in 18  43 and was named by un  na in 1907 it has also been called robert un  na syndrome bull  dog scal  p corru  gated skin cu  tis ver  tic  is plic  ata and p  ach  y  der  mia ver  tic  is gy  rata sufferers show visible fol  ds ri  dges or cre  ases on the surface of the top of the scal  p the number of fol  ds can vary from 2 to roughly 10 and are typically soft and spon  gy these fol  ds cannot be corrected with pressure the condition typically affects the central and rear regions of the scal  p but sometimes can involve the entire scal  p hair loss can occur over time where the scal  p thick  ens though hair within any fur  rows remains normal thus far due to the apparent r  arity of the condition limited research exists and causes are as yet un  determined what is known is that the condition is not exclusively con  genital
cutting is the separation of a physical object into two or more portions through the application of an acutely directed force implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw or in medicine and science the scal  pel and micro  tome however any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting if it has a hard  ness sufficiently larger than the object being cut and if it is applied with sufficient force even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient force see water jet cut  ter
in operations research the cutting stock problem is the problem of cutting standard sized pieces of stock material such as paper rolls or sheet metal into pieces of specified sizes while minim  izing material wasted it is an optimi  zation problem in mathematics that arises from applications in industry in terms of compu  tational complexity the problem is an n  p hard problem redu  ci  ble to the k  nap  sack problem the problem can be formulated as an inte  ger linear programming problem
cyanide poisoning occurs when a living organism is exposed to a compound that produces cyanide ions cn − when dissolved in water common poisonous cyanide compounds include hydrogen cyanide gas and the cryst  alline soli  ds potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide the cyanide ion hal  ts cellular respir  ation by inhi  biting the enzyme cy  to  ch  rome c oxid  ase found in the mit  och  on  dri  a
a cy  ano  hydr  in reaction is an organic chemical reaction by an alde  hyde or ke  tone with a cyanide an  ion or a nit  ri  le to form a cy  ano  hydr  in this nucle  oph  il  ic addition is a reversible reaction but with ali  ph  atic carbon  yl compounds equilibrium is in favor of the reaction products the cyanide source can be potassium cyanide sodium cyanide or trim  ethyl  sil  yl cyanide with aromatic alde  hy  des such as benz  alde  hyde the benzo  in condens  ation is a competing reaction the reaction is used in carbo  hydrate chemistry as a chain extension method for example that of d xy  lose
cyan  osis is the appearance of a blue or purple color  ation of the skin or mu  co  us memb  ran  es due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen satur  ation based on lund  s  gaard and van sl  y  ke s work it is class  ically described as occurring if 5 0 g dl of de  oxy  h  emo  glob  in or greater is present this was based on an estimate of cap  ill  ary satur  ation based on a mean of arter  ial versus peripheral ven  ous blood gas measurements since estimation of hypo  x  ia is usually now based either on arter  ial blood gas measurement or pulse ox  im  e  try this is probably an overestimate with evidence that levels of 2 0 g dl of de  oxy  h  emo  glob  in may reliably produce cyan  osis since however the presence of cyan  osis is dependent upon there being an absolute quantity of de  oxy  h  emo  glob  in the blu  ish color is more readily apparent in those with high h  emo  glob  in counts than it is with those with an  emia also the blu  er color is more difficult to detect on deeply pi  gm  ented skin when signs of cyan  osis first appear such as on the lips or fingers intervention should be made within 3 – 5 minutes because a severe hypo  x  ia or severe circul  atory failure may have induced the cyan  osis the name cyan  osis literally means the blue disease or the blue condition it is derived from the color cy  an which comes from ky  an  ós the greek word for blue
computer crime or cyber  crime in canada is an evolving international phenomenon people and businesses in canada and other countries may be affected by computer crimes that may or may not originate within the borders of their country from a canadian perspective computer crime may be considered to be defined by the council of europe – convention on cyber  crime november 23 2001 canada contributed and is a signatory to this international of criminal offences involving the use of computers offences against the confidentiality integrity and availability of computer data and systems computer related offences content related offences offences related to infringements of copyright and related rights and ancillary liability canada is also a signatory to the additional protocol to the convention on cyber  crime concerning the crimin  alization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems january 28 2003 as of july 25 2008 canada had not yet ratified the convention on cyber  crime or the additional protocol to the convention on cyber  crime concerning the crimin  alization of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems
cyber  sec  tari  anism is the phenomenon of new religious movements and other groups using the internet for text distribution recruitment and information sharing
cycl  an  eus  ma needle cast is a fun  gal disease that is apart of the ph  yl  um as  com  y  co  ta it inf  ects plants that are of pine classification after infection by cycl  an  eus  ma most p  ines do not display symptoms until 10 months after the initial infection symptoms include needles developing yellow spots horizontal brown bands around the needles sw  elling of needles and off white fru  iting bodies formed on infected needles because cycl  an  eus  ma is an as  com  y  ce  te it produces two spor  e types an as  ex  ual con  idi  om  ata and sexual as  com  y  co  ta spor  e controlling cycl  an  eus  ma has presented a challenge as the disease can survive on both living and dead needles during the winter months effective management methods include planting new p  ines in non shad  ed well dra  in  able soil as well as spraying fun  g  icide cycl  an  eus  ma needle cast is an important fun  gal disease because it directly impacts the commercial value of decorative p  ines as well as lum  ber
in many valued logic with lin  early ordered truth values cyclic ne  gation is a un  ary truth function that takes a truth value n and returns n − 1 as value if n is not the lowest value otherwise it returns the highest value for example let the set of truth values be 0 1 2 let den  ote ne  gation and let p be a variable ranging over truth values for these choices if p 0 then p 2 and if p 1 then p 0 cyclic ne  gation was originally introduced by the log  ician and mathem  ati  cian em  il post
cyclic neu  tro  pen  ia or cyclical neu  tro  pen  ia is a form of neu  tro  pen  ia a white blood cell deficiency that tends to occur every three weeks and lasts three to six days at a time due to changing rates of cell production by the bone marrow cyclic neu  tro  pen  ia is the result of auto  som  al domin  antly inherited mutations in ela 2 the gene en  coding neu  tro  phil el  ast  ase and is estimated to occur in 1 in 1 million individuals worldwide treatment includes g c  sf and usually improves after pu  ber  ty
cyclic nucle  o  tide – gated ion channels or c  ng channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic nucle  o  ti  des c  ng channels are non  selective c  ation channels that are found in the memb  ran  es of various tissue and cell types and are significant in sensory trans  duc  tion as well as cellular development their function can be the result of a combination of the binding of cyclic nucle  o  ti  des c  gm  p and camp and either a de  polarization or a hyper  polarization event initially discovered in the cells that make up the re  tina of the eye c  ng channels have been found in many different cell types across both the animal and the plant king  doms c  ng channels have a very complex structure with various sub  units and domains that play a critical role in their function c  ng channels are significant in the function of various sensory pathways including vision and ol  faction as well as in other key cellular functions such as hormone release and chem  o  tax  is
in combin  atorial mathematics cyclic si  eving is a phenomenon by which evaluating a generating function for a finite set at roots of unity counts sym  metry classes of objects acted on by a cyclic group
cyclic succession is a pattern of vegetation change in which in a small number of species tend to replace each other over time in the absence of large scale disturbance observations of cyclic replacement have provided evidence against traditional clement  sian views of an end state climax community with stable species com  positions cyclic succession is one of several kinds of ecological succession a concept in community ecology when used narrowly ‘ cyclic succession ’ refers to processes not initiated by wholesale exo  genous disturbances or long term physical changes in the environment however broader cyclic processes can also be observed in cases of secondary succession in which regular disturbances such as insect outbreaks can ‘ reset ’ an entire community to a previous stage these examples differ from the classic cases of cyclic succession discussed below in that entire species groups are exchanged as opposed to one species for another on geo  logic time scales climate cycles can result in cyclic vegetation changes by directly altering the physical environment
cyclic v  om  iting syndrome us english or cyclical v  om  iting syndrome uk english c  vs is a chronic functional condition of unknown eti  ology characterised by recurring attacks of intense naus  ea v  om  iting and sometimes ab  domin  al pain headaches or migr  ain  es c  vs typically develops during childhood usually between ages 3 and 7 although it often re  mits during adoles  cence it can persist into adult life
a cyclo  addition is a peric  ycl  ic chemical reaction in which two or more un  saturated molecules or parts of the same mol  ecu  le combine with the formation of a cyclic ad  duc  t in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity the resulting reaction is a cy  cli  zation reaction many but not all cyclo  additions are concerted as a class of addition reaction cyclo  additions permit carbon – carbon bond formation without the use of a nucle  ophi  le or electro  phi  le cyclo  additions can be described using two systems of no  tation an older but still common no  tation is based on the size of linear arrangements of atoms in the re  ac  tants it uses paren  theses i j … where the variables are the numbers of linear atoms in each re  ac  tant the product is a cycle of size i j … in this system the standard di  els al  der reaction a 4 2 cyclo  addition the 1 3 di  polar cyclo  addition is a 3 2 cyclo  addition and cyclo  pro  pan  ation of a car  bene with an al  k  ene a 2 1 cyclo  addition a more recent i  up  ac preferred no  tation uses square brackets to indicate the number of electron  s rather than carbon atoms involved in the formation of the product in the i j … no  tation the standard di  els al  der reaction is a 4 2 cyclo  addition the 1 3 di  polar cyclo  addition is 4 2
cycl  op  ia also cyclo  cephal  y or sy  no  phthal  mia is a rare form of holo  pro  sen  cephal  y and is a con  genital disorder birth defect characterized by the failure of the embryonic pro  sen  cephal  on to properly divide the or  bits of the eye into two ca  vities its incidence is 1 in 16 000 in born animals and 1 in 200 in mis  carried fet  uses
cycl  op  legi  a is paralysis of the ci  li  ary muscle of the eye resulting in a loss of accommodation because of the paralysis of the ci  li  ary muscle the cur  v  ature of the lens can no longer be adjusted to focus on nearby objects this results in similar problems as those caused by pres  by  op  ia in which the lens has lost el  as  tic  ity and can also no longer focus on close by objects cycl  op  legi  a with accompanying my  dri  asis dil  ation of pupil is usually due to topical application of muscar  in  ic antagon  ists such as atro  pine and cycl  op  ent  ol  ate
cy  clos  por  i  asis is a disease caused by infection with cy  clos  pora ca  ye  tan  ensis a pathogenic proto  zo  an transmitted by f  ec  es or f  ec  es contaminated food and water outbreaks have been reported due to contaminated fruits and vegetables it is not spread from person to person but can be a hazard for travel  ers as a cause of diarr  hea
cyclo  thy  mia ˌ  sa  ɪ  k  lo  ʊ  ˈ  θ  a  ɪ  mi  ə also called cyclo  th  ym  ic disorder is a type of chronic mood disorder widely considered to be a more chronic but mil  der or sub  threshold form of bipolar disorder cyclo  thy  mia is characterized by numerous mood swings with periods of hypo  man  ic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypo  man  ic episode altern  ating with periods of mild or moderate symptoms of depression that do not meet criteria for a major depres  sive episode an individual with cyclo  thy  mia may feel stable at a baseline level but experience a noticeable shift to an emotional high during sub  threshold hypo  man  ic episodes of el  ation or euphoria with symptoms similar to those of mania but less severe and often cycle to emotional lows with moderate depres  sive symptoms to meet the diagnostic criteria for cyclo  thy  mia a person must experience this altern  ating pattern of emotional high  s and lows for a period of at least two years with no more than two consecutive symptom free months for children and adolescents the duration must be at least one year while diagnosis of cyclo  thy  mia is becoming more common it is not as frequent as that of bipolar disorder diagnosis of cyclo  thy  mia entails the absence of any major depres  sive episode man  ic episode or mixed episode which would qualify the individual for diagnosis of other mood disorders when a major episode manifests after an initial diagnosis of cyclo  thy  mia the individual may qualify for a diagnosis of bipolar i or bipolar ii disorder although estimates vary greatly 15 – 50 of cases of cyclo  thy  mia later advance to the diagnostic criteria for bipolar i and or bipolar ii disorder with cyclo  th  ym  ic features although the emotional high  s and lows of cyclo  thy  mia are less extreme than those of bipolar disorder the symp  tom  at  ology longit  ud  inal course family history and treatment response of cyclo  thy  mia are consistent with bipolar spectrum lifetime prevalence of cyclo  th  ym  ic disorder is 0 4 – 1 frequency appears similar in men and women though women more often seek treatment people with cyclo  thy  mia during periodic hypo  mania euphoria tend to feel an inflated self worth self confidence and el  ation often with rapid speech racing thoughts not much need to sleep increased aggression and impul  sive behavior showing little regard for consequences of decisions — but may sometimes be somewhat fully or hyper productive for a period of several days at a time
cyclo  tro  p  ia is a form of str  ab  is  mus in which compared to the correct positioning of the eyes there is a tor  sion of one eye or both about the eye s visual axis consequently the visual fields of the two eyes appear til  ted relative to each other the corresponding latent condition – a condition in which tor  sion occurs only in the absence of appropriate visual stimul  i – is called cycl  oph  oria cyclo  tro  p  ia is often associated with other disorders of str  ab  ism can result in double vision and can cause other symptoms in particular head tilt in some cases subjective and objective cyclo  deviation may result from surgery for obli  que muscle disorders if the visual system cannot compensate for it cyclo  tro  p  ia and rot  ational double vision cyclo  di  pl  op  ia may result the role of cyclo  tro  p  ia in vision disorders is not always correctly identified in several cases of double vision once the underlying cyclo  tro  p  ia was identified the condition was solved by surgical cyclo  tro  p  ia correction conversely artificially causing cyclo  tro  p  ia in cats leads to reduced vision acu  ity resulting in a defect similar to str  ab  is  mic am  bl  y  op  ia
a variant of ec  cr  ine spir  aden  oma which can be multiple on the scal  p and can coal  es  ce to form a tur  ban tum  our in path  ology a cylin  dro  ma is a tum  our with ne  sts of cells that resemble a cylinder in cross section types include der  mal ec  cr  ine cylin  dro  ma a benign tum  our of the skin aden  o  id c  ys  tic carcin  oma a m  align  ant tum  our of the sali  vary g  land
a cyst is a closed s  ac having a distinct memb  rane and division compared to the nearby tissue hence it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a s  ac not unlike the manner in which water molecules group together forming a bubble however the distinguishing aspect of a cyst is that the cells forming the shell of such a s  ac are distinctly abnormal in both appearance and behaviour when compared to all surrounding cells for that given location it may contain air fluids or semi solid material a collection of p  us is called an abs  c  ess not a cyst once formed a cyst may sometimes resolve on its own when a cyst fails to resolve it may need to be removed by surgery but this will depend on what type of cyst it is and where in the body it has formed some cy  sts are ne  op  l  astic and are thus called c  ys  tic tumors many types are not ne  op  l  astic some are dys  plastic or met  ap  l  astic pseu  do  cy  sts are similar to cy  sts having a s  ac filled with fluid but lack an epi  the  li  al lining
cy  stad  en  o  carcin  oma is a m  align  ant form of a cy  stad  en  oma and is a m  align  ant ne  op  las  m derived from g  land  ular epi  the  lium in which c  ys  tic accumul  ations of retained secre  tions are formed the ne  op  l  astic cells manifest varying degrees of an  ap  la  sia and inv  asi  veness and local extension and me  tast  ases occur cy  stad  en  o  carcin  om  as develop frequently in the ov  aries where pseu  dom  uc  inous and ser  ous types are recognized similar tumor his  to  logy has also been reported in the pan  cre  as although it is a considerably r  arer entity it is the most common m  align  ant o  vari  an tumor contains complex multi loc  ulated cyst but with exuber  ant solid areas in places it usually presents with om  ental me  tast  ases which cause as  cites
cy  stad  en  oma or cy  stom  a is a type of c  ys  tic aden  oma when m  align  ant it is called cy  stad  en  o  carcin  oma
cy  sta  th  ion  in  ur  ia also called cy  sta  th  ion  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that results in an excess of cy  sta  th  ion  ine in the urine it is associated with a con  genital dysfunction of the enzyme cy  sta  th  ion  ase or acquired deficiency of vitamin b 6 which is essential for the function of this enzyme the latter is usually related to an overall deficiency of all the b complex vitamins
con  genital c  ys  tic eye also known as c  ce or c  ys  tic eye  ball is an extremely rare oc  ular mal  formation where the eye fails to develop correctly in uter  o and is replaced by benign fluid filled tissue its incidence is unknown due to the very small number of cases reported an audit by duke elder of the medical literature from 18  80 to 1963 discovered only 28 cases the term was coined in 19  37 by the renowned oph  thal  mo  logist ida mann embry  o  logically the defect is thought to occur around day 35 of gest  ation when the ves  ic  le fails to inv  ag  inate dys  genesis of the ves  ic  le later in development may result in co  lob  oma a separate and less severe mal  formation of the oc  ular structures c  ce is almost always unilateral but at least 2 cases of bilateral involvement have been described patients may also present with skin append  ages attached to the skin surrounding the eyes association with in  trac  ran  ial anomalies has been reported treatment of c  ce is usually by en  uc  le  ation followed by insertion of an oc  ular impl  ant and pro  s  thesis
c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis cf is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs but also the pan  cre  as liver kidneys and intest  ine long term issues include difficulty breathing and cou  gh  ing up m  uc  us as a result of frequent lung infections other signs and symptoms include sin  us infections poor growth fatty sto  ol clu  bbing of the fingers and toes and in  fertility in males among others different people may have different degrees of symptoms cf is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner it is caused by the presence of mutations in both copies of the gene for the c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis trans  memb  rane conduc  tance regulator cf  tr protein those with a single working copy are carriers and otherwise mostly normal cf  tr is involved in production of sweat dig  estive fluids and m  uc  us when cf  tr is not functional secre  tions which are usually thin instead become thick the condition is diagnosed by a sweat test and genetic testing screening of infants at birth takes place in some areas of the world no cure for c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis is known lung infections are treated with antibiotics which may be given intra  ven  ously inhal  ed or by mouth sometimes the antibiotic azi  thro  my  cin is used long term inhal  ed hyper  tonic sal  ine and sal  but  am  ol may also be useful lung transplantation may be an option if lung function continues to worsen pan  cre  atic enzyme replacement and fat soluble vitamin supplem  entation are important especially in the young air  way clearance techniques such as chest physi  otherapy have some short term benefit but long term effects are unclear the average life expectancy is between 42 and 50 years in the developed world lung problems are responsible for death in 80 of people with c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis cf is most common among people of northern european ance  stry and affects about one out of every 3 000 new  bor  ns about one in 25 people is a carrier it is least common in africans and asians it was first recognized as a specific disease by dorothy ander  sen in 1938 with descriptions that fit the condition occurring at least as far back as 15  95 the name c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis refers to the characteristic fi  bro  sis and cy  sts that form within the pan  cre  as
c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis related diabetes c  fr  d is diabetes specifically caused by c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis a genetic condition c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis related diabetes mell  it  us c  fr  d develops with age and the median age at diagnosis is 21 years
a c  ys  tic hy  gro  ma also known as c  ys  tic lymp  han  gi  oma and macro  c  ys  tic lymp  h  atic mal  formation is an often con  genital multi  loc  ulated lymp  h  atic le  sion that can arise anywhere but is class  ically found in the left poster  ior triangle of the neck and ar  mp  its this is the most common form of lymp  han  gi  oma it contains large cyst like ca  vities containing lymp  h a wat  ery fluid that circul  ates throughout the lymp  h  atic system micro  sco  p  ically c  ys  tic hy  gro  ma consists of multiple loc  ules filled with lymp  h in the depth the loc  ules are quite big but they decrease in size towards the surface c  ys  tic hy  gro  mas are benign but can be dis  figuring it is a condition which usually affects children very rarely it can present in adul  thood c  ys  tic hy  gro  ma is also known as lymp  h  atic mal  formation currently the medical field prefers to use the term lymp  h  atic mal  formation because the term c  ys  tic hy  gro  ma means water tumor lymp  h  atic mal  formation is more commonly used now because it is a spon  ge like collection of abnormal growth that contains clear lymp  h  atic fluid the fluid collects within the cy  sts or channels usually in the soft tissue c  ys  tic hy  gro  mas occur when the lymp  h  atic vessels that make up the lymp  h  atic system are not formed properly there are two types of lymp  h  atic mal  formations they are macro  c  ys  tic lymp  h  atic mal  formations large cy  sts and micro  c  ys  tic small cy  sts a person may have only one kind of the mal  formation or can have a mixture of both macro and micro cy  sts c  ys  tic hy  gro  ma can be associated with a nu  ch  al lymp  han  gi  oma or a fe  tal hydro  ps additionally it can be associated with turner syndrome or with no  on  an syndrome a lethal version of this condition is known as cow  ch  ock w  ap  ner kur  tz syndrome that in addition to c  ys  tic hy  gro  ma includes cle  ft pal  ate and lymp  he  dem  a a condition of loc  alized e  dem  a and tissue sw  elling caused by a compromised lymp  h  atic system
c  ys  tic kidney disease refers to a wide range of hereditary developmental and acquired conditions with the inclusion of ne  op  las  ms with c  ys  tic changes over 40 classifications and sub  types have been identified depending on the disease classification the presentation of disease may be from birth or much later into adult life c  ys  tic disease may involve one or both kidneys and may or may not occur in the presence of other anomalies a higher incidence of c  ys  tic kidney disease is found in the male population and prevalence increases with age ren  al cy  sts have been reported in more than 50 of patients over the age of 50 typically cy  sts grow up to 2 88 mm annually and cause related pain and or hemorrha  ge of the c  ys  tic kidney diseases the most common is poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease having two prevalent sub types auto  som  al rec  essive and auto  som  al dominant poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease auto  som  al rec  essive poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease ar  p  k  d is primarily diagnosed in infants and young children auto  som  al dominant poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease ad  p  k  d is most often diagnosed in adul  thood another example of c  ys  tic kidney disease is med  ul  l  ary spon  ge kidney
a c  ys  tic ne  ph  roma also known as multi  loc  ular c  ys  tic ne  ph  roma mixed epi  the  li  al st  rom  al tum  our m  est and ren  al epi  the  li  al st  rom  al tum  our rest is a type of rare benign kidney tum  our
c  ys  tic tum  our of the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  dal region is a very rare tum  our of the heart in the region of the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de it is also known as mes  o  the  li  oma of the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de
c  ys  tica pro  fund  a is a rare disease of the gut lining it is characterized by formation of m  uc  in cy  sts in the muscle layers of the gut lining and it can occur anywhere along the gastro  intest  inal tract when the condition occurs in the stomach it may be termed gast  ri  tis c  ys  tica pro  fund  a and in the small intest  ine enter  i  tis c  ys  tica pro  fund  a when it occurs in the col  on it is termed co  li  tis c  ys  tica pro  fund  a co  li  tis c  ys  tica pro  fund  a is benign but it may mim  ic a tumor when it occurs in the rec  tum it may be termed co  li  tis c  ys  tica pro  fund  a or termed proc  ti  tis c  ys  tica pro  fund  a some consider this synonymous or closely related to solitary rec  tal ul  cer syndrome a consequence of internal rec  tal int  us  suscep  tion it can have benign colum  nar epi  the  lium and mu  cos  al cy  sts deep to the mus  cul  aris mu  co  sa on micro  sco  py hence it can be mistaken for an invasive aden  o  carcin  oma
c  ys  tic  er  co  sis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork ta  pe  worm people may have little or no symptoms for years in some cases particularly in asia solid lum  ps of between one and two centi  metres may develop under the skin after months or years these lum  ps can become painful and sw  oll  en and then resolve a specific form called neuro  c  ys  tic  er  co  sis which affects the brain can give neuro  logical symptoms in developing countries this is one of the most common causes of seizures c  ys  tic  er  co  sis is usually acquired by eating food or drinking water that has ta  pe  worm eggs in it among foods un  cooked vegetables are the major source the ta  pe  worm eggs are present in the f  ec  es of a person infected with the adult worms a condition known as ta  eni  asis ta  eni  asis in the strict sense is a different disease and is due to eating cy  sts in poorly cooked pork people who live with someone with the ta  pe  worm have a greater risk of getting c  ys  tic  er  co  sis the diagnosis can be made by aspiration of a cyst taking pictures of the brain with computer tom  o  graphy ct or magnetic resonance imaging m  ri are most useful for the diagnosis of disease in the brain an increased number of a type of white blood cell called e  o  sin  oph  ils in the cere  br  al spinal fluid and blood is also an indicator infection can be effectively prevented by personal hygiene and sanitation this includes cooking pork well proper toi  lets and sanitary practices and improved access to clean water treating those with ta  eni  asis is important to prevent spread treating the disease when it does not involve the nervous system may not be required treatment of those with neuro  c  ys  tic  er  co  sis may be with the medications pr  azi  quan  tel or al  bend  azole these may be required for long periods of time ster  oids for anti infl  amm  ation during treatment and anti seizure medications may also be required surgery is sometimes done to remove the cy  sts the pork ta  pe  worm is particularly common in asia sub saharan africa and latin america in some areas it is believed that up to 25 of people are affected in the developed world it is very un  common worldwide as of 2010 it caused about 1 200 deaths up from 700 in 1990 c  ys  tic  er  co  sis also affects pigs and cows but rarely causes symptoms as most do not live long enough the disease has occurred in humans throughout history it is one of the neglected tropical diseases
c  ys  tic  er  co  sis cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition caused by ta  enia soli  um
cy  stin  osis is a ly  so  som  al storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cy  st  ine it is a genetic disorder that typically follows an auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance pattern cy  stin  osis is the most common cause of fan  coni syndrome in the pedi  atric age group fan  coni syndrome occurs when the function of cells in ren  al tu  bul  es are impaired leading to abnormal amounts of carbo  hydr  ates and amino acids in the urine excessive ur  ination and low blood levels of potassium and phosp  hates cy  stin  osis was the first documented genetic disease belonging to the group of ly  so  som  al transport defect disorders it is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder resulting from accumulation of free cy  st  ine in ly  so  som  es eventually leading to in  trac  ell  ular crystal formation throughout the body cy  stin  osis is caused by mutations in the ct  ns gene that codes for cy  stin  os  in the ly  so  som  al memb  rane specific transporter for cy  st  ine in  trac  ell  ular metabol  ism of cy  st  ine as it happens with all amino acids requires its transport across the cell memb  rane after degradation of endo  cy  to  sed protein to cy  st  ine within ly  so  som  es it is normally transported to the cy  to  sol but if there is a defect in the carrier protein cy  st  ine is accumulated in ly  so  som  es as cy  st  ine is highly in  soluble when its concentration in tissue ly  so  som  es increase its solu  bility is immediately exceeded and cryst  alline precipit  ates are formed in almost all organs and tissues however the progression of the disease is not related to the presence of cryst  als in target tissues although tissue damage might depend on cy  st  ine accumulation the mechanisms of tissue damage are not fully understood increased in  trac  ell  ular cy  st  ine profoundly distur  bs cellular oxid  ative metabol  ism and glu  ta  th  ione status leading to altered mit  och  on  dri  al energy metabol  ism autop  ha  gy and apop  to  sis cy  stin  osis is usually treated with cy  ste  amine which is prescribed to decrease intr  aly  so  som  al cy  st  ine accumulation however the recent discovery of new pathogenic mechanisms and the development of an animal model of the disease may open possibilities for the development of new treatment modalities to improve long term prog  no  sis
cy  stin  ur  ia is an inherited auto  som  al rec  essive disease that is characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cy  st  ine in the urine leading to the formation of cy  st  ine stones in the kidneys u  re  ter and blad  der it is a type of am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia
a cy  sto  ce  le ˈ  s  ɪ  st  ə  si  ː  l sis t  ə se  el is a medical condition that occurs when the tough fi  bro  us wall between a woman s blad  der and her vag  ina the pu  bo  cer  vic  al fas  cia is torn by childbirth allowing the blad  der to her  ni  ate into the vag  ina u  re  thro  cel  es often occur with cy  stoc  el  es
a cyst is a pathological epi  the  li  al lined cav  ity that fills with fluid or soft material and usually grows from internal pressure generated by fluid being drawn into the cav  ity from os  mo  sis hydro  static pressure the bones of the ja  ws the man  di  ble and max  illa are the bones with the highest prevalence of cy  sts in the human body this is due to the abundant amount of epi  the  li  al remnants that can be left in the bones of the ja  ws the en  am  el of teeth is formed from ec  to  der  m the precursor germ layer to skin and mu  co  sa and so remnants of epi  the  lium can be left in the bone during od  on  to  genesis tooth development the bones of the ja  ws develop from embry  o  logic processes which fuse together and ec  to  der  mal tissue may be trapped along the lines of this fusion this resting epi  the  lium also termed cell rests is usually dormant or under  goes atro  phy but when stimulated may form a cyst the reasons why resting epi  the  lium may prolifer  ate and undergo c  ys  tic transformation are generally unknown but infl  amm  ation is thought to be a major factor the high prevalence of tooth imp  actions and dental infections that occur in the bones of the ja  ws is also significant to explain why cy  sts are more common at these sites cy  sts that arise from tissue s that would normally develop into teeth are referred to as od  on  to  genic cy  sts other cy  sts of the ja  ws are termed non od  on  to  genic cy  sts non od  on  to  genic cy  sts form from tissues other than those involved in tooth development and consequently may contain structures such as epi  the  lium from the nose as the cyst grows from hydraulic pressure it causes the bone around it to resor  b and may cause movement of teeth or other vital structures such as nerves and blood vessels or resor  b the roots of teeth most cy  sts do not cause any symptoms and are discovered on routine dental radio  graphs some cy  sts may not require any treatment but if treatment is required it usually involves some minor surgery to partially or completely remove the cyst in a one or two stage procedure
cy  to  k  ine release syndrome is a common immediate complic  ation occurring with the use of anti t cell anti  body in  fu  sions such as at  g ok  t 3 and t  gn 14  12 but also with the cd 20 anti  body rit  u  xim  ab severe cases are known as cy  to  k  ine storms the patho  genesis is that the antigens bind to the t cell recep  tor activating the t cells before they are destroyed the cy  to  k  ines released by the activated t cells produce a type of systemic infl  am  matory response similar to that found in severe infection characterised by hypo  tension py  re  x  ia and rig  ors the patient feels very un  well as if in a high fever – indeed the cy  to  k  ine release syndrome is effectively a type of non infec  tive fever deaths due to cy  to  k  ine release syndrome with ok  t 3 mu  ro  mon  ab cd 3 have been reported and it can cause life threatening pul  mon  ary e  dem  a if the patient is fluid overloaded however if treated appropriately it is usually not dangerous just extremely unpleasant for the patient the effect is greatly reduced by using low dose ok  t 3 e g 2 mg instead of 5 mg slow in  fusion instead of rapid injection intra  ven  ous administration of an anti hist  amine such as chlor  phen  amine and a cor  ti  co  ster  o  id such as hydro  cor  tis  one prior to starting the at  g ok  t 3 in  fusion with further doses of anti hist  amine and ster  o  id given during the in  fusion if necessary acet  amin  oph  en 500 mg by mouth 1 hour before in  fusion to prevent fever moreover it is recommended that any over  hydr  ation to be corrected before the administration of the first dose either by dial  ysis or with intra  ven  ous fu  ro  sem  ide to prevent the possible development of pul  mon  ary oe  dem  a
a cy  to  k  ine storm also known as cy  to  k  ine cas  c  ade and hyper  cy  to  kin  emia is a potentially fatal immune reaction consisting of a positive feedback loop between cy  to  k  ines and white blood cells with highly elevated levels of various cy  to  k  ines
cy  tom  eg  al  ic inclusion body disease ci  b  d is a series of signs and symptoms caused by cy  tom  eg  alo  virus infection tox  op  las  mo  sis or other rare infections such as her  pes or rub  ella viruses it can produce massive calci  fication of the central nervous system and often the kidneys cy  tom  eg  al  ic inclusion body disease is the most common cause of con  genital ab  norm  alities in the united states it can also cause pneumonia and other diseases in immun  o  compromised patients such as those with hiv aids or recipients of organ transplants
cy  tom  eg  alo  virus from the greek cy  to cell and me  gal  o large is a genus of viruses in the order her  pes  vir  ales in the family her  pes  vi  ri  da  e in the sub  family be  ta  her  pes  vir  in  ae humans and monkeys serve as natural hosts there are currently eight species in this genus including the type species human her  pes  virus 5 h  h  v 5 diseases associated with h  h  v 5 include g  land  ular fever and pneumonia it is typically abbreviated as c  mv the species that inf  ects humans is commonly known as human c  mv h  c  mv or human her  pes  virus 5 h  h  v 5 and is the most studied of all cy  tom  eg  alo  viruses within her  pes  vi  ri  da  e c  mv belongs to the be  ta  her  pes  vir  in  ae sub  family which also includes the genera mu  ro  meg  alo  virus and ro  se  olo  virus h  h  v 6 and h  h  v 7 it is related to other her  pes  viruses within the sub  families of alp  ha  her  pes  vir  in  ae that includes her  pes simpl  ex viruses h  sv 1 and 2 and var  ic  ella zo  ster virus v  z  v and the gam  ma  her  pes  vir  in  ae sub  family that includes ep  stein – bar  r virus all her  pes  viruses share a characteristic ability to remain latent within the body over long periods although they may be found throughout the body c  mv infections are frequently associated with the sali  vary g  lands in humans and other mammals other c  mv viruses are found in several mamm  al species but species isolated from animals differ from h  c  mv in terms of genom  ic structure and have not been reported to cause human disease
cy  tom  eg  alo  virus co  li  tis also known as c  mv co  li  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the col  on caus  es  the infection is spread by sali  va urine respiratory dro  ple  ts sexual contact and blood trans  fu  sions most people are exposed to the virus in their lifetime but it usually produces mild or no symptoms in healthy people however serious c  mv infections can occur in people with weakened immune systems this includes patients receiving chem  otherapy for cancer and patients on immune suppressing medicines following an organ transplant in rare instances more severe c  mv infection involving the gi tract has been reported in people with a healthy immune system
cy  tom  eg  alo  virus es  op  ha  gi  tis is a form of es  op  ha  gi  tis associated with cy  tom  eg  alo  virus it is likely to present with a single deep ul  cer as opposed to the multiple shallow ul  cers seen in her  pes es  op  ha  gi  tis
cy  tom  eg  alo  virus ret  initi  s also known as c  mv ret  initi  s is an infl  amm  ation of the re  tina of the eye that can lead to blindness caused by human cy  tom  eg  alo  virus it occurs predominantly in people whose immune system has been compromised 15 40 of those infected with aids there are different types of ret  initi  s such as ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa causes tunnel vision
cy  top  las  mic incompatibility ci is a phenomenon that results in sperm and eggs being unable to form viable offspring the effect arises from changes in the game  te cells caused by in  trac  ell  ular parasites like wol  b  achi  a which infect a wide range of insect species as the reproductive incompatibility is caused by bacteria that reside in the cy  top  las  m of the host cells it is referred to as cy  top  las  mic incompatibility in 1971 jan  ice yen and a ralph bar  r of ucl  a demonstrated the eti  o  logic relationship of wol  b  achi  a infection and cy  top  las  mic incompatibility in cul  ex mosquit  os when they found that eggs were killed when the sperm of wol  b  achi  a infected males fertili  zed infection free eggs
cy  tor  rh  ysis refers to the permanent and irreparable damage to the cell wall after the complete collapse of a plant cell due to the loss of internal positive pressure hydraulic tur  g  or pressure positive pressure within a plant cell is required to maintain the u  pri  ght structure of the cell wall des  ic  c  ation relative water content of less than or equal to 10 resulting in cellular collapse occurs when the ability of the plant cell to regulate tur  g  or pressure is compromised due to certain environmental stres  sors water continues to diffuse out of the cell after the point of zero tur  g  or pressure where internal cellular pressure is equal to the external atmospheric pressure has been reached generating negative pressure within the cell that negative pressure pulls the center of the cell inward until the cell wall can no longer withstand the strain the inward pressure causes the majority of the collapse to occur in the central region of the cell pushing the organ  elles within the remaining cy  top  las  m against the cell walls unlike plas  mol  ysis a phenomenon that does not occur in nature the plasma memb  rane maintains its connections with the cell wall both during and after cellular collapse cy  tor  rh  ysis of plant cells can be induced in laboratory settings if they are placed in a hyper  tonic solution where the size of the solu  tes in the solution inhibit flow through the po  res in the cell wall matrix polyethylene gly  col is an example of a solu  te with a high molecular weight that is used to induce cy  tor  rh  ysis under experimental conditions environmental stres  sors which can lead to occurrences of cy  tor  rh  ysis in a natural setting include intense drought freezing temperatures and pathogens such as the rice blast fun  gus mag  nap  or  the gr  is  ea
in mathematics a c  à  dl  à  g french continue à dro  ite lim  ite à gau  che r  c  ll “ right continuous with left limits ” or cor  lo  l continuous on the right limit on the left function is a function defined on the real numbers or a sub  set of them that is everywhere right continuous and has left limits everywhere c  à  dl  à  g functions are important in the study of sto  ch  astic processes that admit or even require jumps unlike brow  ni  an motion which has continuous sample paths the collection of c  à  dl  à  g functions on a given domain is known as sk  or  ok  ho  d space two related terms are c  à  gl  à  d standing for continue à gau  che lim  ite à dro  ite the left right reversal of c  à  dl  à  g and c  à  ll  à  l for continue à l un lim  ite à l ’ autre continuous on one side limit on the other side for a function which is inter  change  ably either c  à  dl  à  g or c  à  gl  à  d at each point of the domain
c  œ  ur en sabo  t french for clo  g shaped heart is a radiological sign seen most commonly in patients with tetr  alo  gy of fal  lot a cyan  otic con  genital heart disease it is a radiological term to describe the following findings in the x ray the cardiac size is normal or mildly enlarged the left cardiac border shows up  lifted ap  ex outermost lower most point of the heart at the left side den  oting right ven  tric  ular enlargement exaggerated cardiac wa  ist which means that the pul  mon  ary segment is small and con  cave suggesting in  fun  di  bul  ar pul  mon  ary sten  osis echo  cardi  o  graphy has been used for confirmation and differentiation of con  genital heart diseases
d gly  cer  ic aci  dem  ia a k a d gly  cer  ic ac  id  ur  ia is an inherited disease in the category of in  born errors of metabol  ism it is caused by a mutation in the gene gly  ct  k which en  codes for the enzyme gly  cer  ate kin  ase
d bi  functional protein deficiency officially called 17 β hydroxy  ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase iv deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive per  ox  isom  al fatty acid oxid  ation disorder per  ox  isom  al disorders are usually caused by a combination of per  ox  isom  al assembly defects or by deficiencies of specific per  ox  isom  al enzymes the per  ox  is  ome is an organ  elle in the cell similar to the ly  so  some that functions to de  toxi  fy the cell per  ox  isom  es contain many different enzymes such as catal  ase and their main function is to neutr  alize free radicals and de  toxi  fy drugs such as alcohol for this reason per  ox  isom  es are ubiquitous in the liver and kidney d bp deficiency is the most severe per  ox  isom  al disorder often resembling z  ell  we  ger syndrome characteristics of the disorder include ne  on  atal hy  pot  onia and seizures occurring mostly within the first month of life as well as visual and hearing impairment other symptoms include severe cran  io  facial dis  figur  ation psy  ch  om  o  tor delay and neuro  nal migration defects most on  sets of the disorder begin in the gest  ational weeks of development and most affected individuals die within the first two years of life
the dash diet dietary approaches to stop hyper  tension is a dietary pattern promoted by the u s based national heart lung and blood institute part of the national institutes of health nih an agency of the united states department of health and human services to prevent and control hyper  tension the dash diet is rich in fruits vegetables whole grains and low fat dairy foods includes meat fish poultry nuts and beans and is limited in sugar swee  tened foods and beverages red meat and added fats in addition to its effect on blood pressure it is designed to be a well balanced approach to eating for the general public dash is recommended by the united states department of agriculture us  da as one of its ideal eating plans for all americans the dash diet is based on nih studies that examined three dietary plans and their results none of the plans were vege  tarian but the dash plan incorporated more fruits and vegetables low fat or non  fat dairy beans and nuts than the others studied the dash diet reduced syst  ol  ic blood pressure by 6 mm h  g and di  ast  ol  ic blood pressure by 3 mm h  g in patients with high normal blood pressure formerly called pre hyper  tension those with hyper  tension dropped by 11 and 6 mm h  g respectively these changes in blood pressure occurred with no changes in body weight the dash dietary pattern is adjusted based on daily cal  or  ic intake ranging from 1 600 to 3 100 dietary cal  ories the dash diet was further tested and developed in the optimal mac  ron  u  tri  ent intake trial for heart health omni  heart diet the dash and dash sodium trials demonstrated that a carbo  hydrate rich diet that emphasizes fruits vegetables and low fat dairy products and that is reduced in saturated fat total fat and cho  le  sterol substantially lowered blood pressure and low density li  po  protein cho  le  sterol omni  heart demonstrated that partial replacement of carbo  hydrate with either protein about half from plant sources or with un  saturated fat mostly mon  oun  saturated fat can further reduce blood pressure low density li  po  protein cho  le  sterol and coron  ary heart disease risk in january 2016 dash was named the number 1 for best di  ets overall and for healthy eating tied number 2 for diabetes and ranked number 3 for heart health out of 38 di  ets tested in the us news world report s annual “ best di  ets ” rankings
dl  co or tl  co diff  using capacity or transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide co is the extent to which oxygen passes from the air sac  s of the lungs into the blood commonly it refers to the test used to determine this parameter it was introduced in 19  09
dna damage is an alteration in the chemical structure of dna such as a break in a strand of dna a base missing from the backbone of dna or a chemically changed base such as 8 oh  dg damage to dna that occurs naturally can result from metabol  ic or hydro  ly  tic processes metabol  ism releases compounds that damage dna including reactive oxygen species reactive nitrogen species reactive carbon  yl species lip  id per  oxid  ation products and al  k  yl  ating agents among others while hydro  lysis cle  a  ves chemical bonds in dna naturally occurring oxid  ative dna damages arise at least 10 000 times per cell per day in humans and 50 000 times or more per cell per day in rats as documented below dna damage is distinctly different from mutation although both are types of error in dna dna damage is an abnormal chemical structure in dna while a mutation is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs dna damage and mutation have different biological consequences while most dna damages can undergo dna repair such repair is not 100 efficient un repaired dna damages accumulate in non replic  ating cells such as cells in the brains or muscles of adult mammals and can cause aging also see dna damage theory of aging in replic  ating cells such as cells lining the col  on errors occur upon replic  ation of past damages in the tem  plate strand of dna or during repair of dna damages these errors can give rise to mutations or epi  genetic alterations both of these types of alteration can be replic  ated and passed on to subsequent cell generations these alterations can change gene function or regulation of gene expression and possibly contribute to progression to cancer
the dna damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of un  repaired accumulation of naturally occurring dna damages damage in this context is a dna alteration that has an abnormal structure although both mit  och  on  dri  al and nuclear dna damage can contribute to aging nuclear dna is the main subject of this analysis nuclear dna damage can contribute to aging either indirectly by increasing apop  to  sis or cellular sen  es  cence or directly by increasing cell dysfunction in humans and other mammals dna damage occurs frequently and dna repair processes have evolved to compensate in estimates made for mice on average approximately 1 500 to 7 000 dna le  sions occur per hour in each mouse cell or about 36 000 to 160 000 per cell per day in any cell some dna damage may remain despite the action of repair processes the accumulation of un  repaired dna damage is more prevalent in certain types of cells particularly in non replic  ating or slowly replic  ating cells such as cells in the brain sk  el  etal and cardiac muscle
dna fragmentation is the separation or breaking of dna strands into pieces it can be done intentionally by laboratory personnel or by cells or can occur spontaneously spontaneous or accidental dna fragmentation is fragmentation that gradually accumul  ates in a cell it can be measured by e g the com  et ass  ay the degree of dna fragmentation can predict outcomes for in vitro fertili  zation iv  f and its expansion in  trac  y  top  las  mic sperm injection ic  si the sperm ch  rom  atin dispersion test sc  d and tun  el ass  ay are both effective in detecting sperm dna damage using bright field micro  sco  py the sc  d test appears to be more sensitive than the tun  el ass  ay its main units of measurement is the dna fragmentation index d  fi a d  fi of 20 or more significantly reduces the success rates after ic  si dna fragmentation was first documented by william  son in 1970 when he observed dis  crete olig  om  eric fragments occurring during cell death in primary ne  on  atal liver cultures he described the cy  top  las  mic dna isolated from mouse liver cells after culture as characterized by dna fragments with a molecular weight consisting of multi  ples of 135 k  da this finding was consistent with the hypothesis that these dna fragments were a specific degradation product of nuclear dna
a dna repair deficiency disorder is a medical condition due to reduced functionality of dna repair dna repair defects can cause both an accelerated aging disease and an increased risk of cancer
door deaf  ness ony  ch  dy  stro  phy o  ste  od  y  stro  phy and mental retar  dation syndrome is a genetic disease which is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive fashion door syndrome is characterized by mental retar  dation sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness abnormal nails and p  hal  anges of the hands and feet and variable seizures a similar deaf  ness ony  cho  dy  stro  phy syndrome is transmitted as an auto  som  al dominant trait and has no mental retar  dation some authors have proposed that it may be the same as er  on  en syndrome but since both disorders are extremely rare it is hard to make a determination
dt man  ie is a lingu  is  tical problem in dutch spelling created by the first official modern dutch spelling rules published in 1954 for the netherlands and for flanders
the time correction du  t 1 sometimes also written du  t is the difference between universal time ut 1 which is defined by earth s rotation and coordinated universal time ut  c which is defined by a network of precision atomic c  locks du  t 1 ut 1 − ut  c ut  c is maintained via leap seconds such that du  t 1 remains within the range − 0 9 s du  t 1 0 9 s the reason for this correction is partly that the rate of rotation of the earth is not constant due to tidal braking and the redistribution of mass within the earth including its oceans and atmosphere and partly because the si second as now used for ut  c was already when adopted a little shorter than the current value of the second of mean solar time forecast values of du  t 1 are published by i  ers bulletin a weekly updated values of du  t 1 with 0 1 s precision are broadcast by several time signal services including w  w  v and m  sf these services transmit one pulse per second of some sort to represent positive du  t 1 values from 0 1 to 0 8 seconds the pul  ses sent during seconds 1 through 8 are emphasized in some way generally by transmitting a double pulse the number of emphasized pul  ses gives the value of du  t 1 negative du  t 1 values from − 0 1 to − 0 8 seconds are similarly represented by emphasizing pul  ses 9 through 16 for example a du  t 1 value of − 0 4 would be transmitted by emphasizing pul  ses 9 through 12 the russian time signal rw  m trans  mits an additional correction du  t 1 in 0 02 s incre  ments positive values of du  t 1 from 0 02 to 0 08 s are en  coded by emphasizing pul  ses 21 through 24 negative values are en  coded by emphasizing pul  ses 31 through 34 the actual value of du  t 1 is approxim  ated by the sum of the transmitted du  t 1 du  t 1 the long  wave r  bu time signal also trans  mits du  t 1
da costa s syndrome which was col  lo  qu  ially known as soldier s heart is a syndrome with a set of symptoms that are similar to those of heart disease though a physical examination does not reveal any physiological ab  norm  alities in modern times da costa s syndrome is considered the manifestation of an anxiety disorder and treatment is primarily behavioral involving modifications to lifestyle and exercise the condition was named after jacob mend  es da costa who investigated and described the disorder during the american civil war it is also vari  ously known as cardiac neuro  sis chronic asth  enia effort syndrome functional cardiovascular disease neuro  circul  atory asth  enia primary ne  ur  asth  enia sub  acute asth  enia and irrit  able heart
d  ac  ry  o  ad  eni  tis is infl  amm  ation of the lac  ri  mal g  lands the tear producing g  lands
d  ac  ry  oc  y  sti  tis is an infection of the lac  ri  mal s  ac secondary to obstruction of the nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t at the junction of lac  ri  mal s  ac the term derives from the greek d  á  kry  on tear cy  sta s  ac and i  tis infl  amm  ation it causes pain red  ness and sw  elling over the inner aspect of the lower eye  lid and ep  ip  hor  a when nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t obstruction is secondary to a con  genital barrier it is referred to as d  acro  cy  sto  ce  le it is most commonly caused by stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us and st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae the most common complic  ation is cor  ne  al ul  cer  ation frequently in association with s pneu  mon  i  ae the main  stays of treatment are oral antibiotics warm com  presses and relief of nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t obstruction by d  ac  ry  oc  y  stor  hin  o  stom  y
d  ac  ty  li  tis or sausage digit is infl  amm  ation of an entire digit a finger or toe and can be painful the word d  ac  ty  l comes from the greek word dak  ty  los meaning finger in its medical term it refers to both the fingers and the toes
da  ent  l town  send sie  gel syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by blue s  cler  ae kidney mal  function thin skin and hydro  cephal  us it was first identified by d l da  ent  l et al in 1978 da  ent  l town  send sie  gel syndrome is also known as hydro  cephal  us blue s  cl  era ne  ph  ro  pa  thy and famili  al ne  ph  ro  sis hydro  cephal  us thin skin blue s  cler  ae syndrome
the da  g ham  mar  sk  jö  ld inver  t is a 4 cent value postage stamp error issued on 23 october 1962 by the united states postal service then known as the post office department one year after the death of da  g ham  mar  sk  jö  ld secretary general of the united nations in an airplane crash the stamp showing the yellow background inver  ted relative to the image and text is also known as the day s folly after post  master general j edward day who ordered the intentional re  printing of the yellow inver  t commenting the post office department is not running a jack  pot operation the stamp re  print was in effect a deliberate error produced by the post office department to avoid creating a r  arity it was decided to re  print 40 million of the inver  ted stamps after the discovery of the error so there would be no r  arity factor in the inver  ted stamp and to prevent people profiting from the postal service s mistake the re  prints were issued to the public on 16 november and described as a special printing the black brown and yellow commemor  ative stamp with yellow background correctly printed has a scott catalogue number of 120  3 but the inver  ted error is numbered 120  4 the catalogue value of the inver  t is worth little more than the normal the stamp printed on gi  ori press in plates of 200 was designed by herbert san  born and en  gra  ved by c a bro  oks 121 440 000 normal stamps were printed and 40 270 000 of the inver  ted re  print were produced it has not been recorded how many original inver  t stamps were produced and it is virtually impossible to tell a re  print from an original unless it has a clear early date but an inver  t error on a first day cover proving that stamp was from the original printing and not from the re  print was sold in 2005 for us 3 500 the fin  der of the discovery sheet a new jersey jewel  er named leonard sherman obtained a court injunction against the re  printing but it came too late to stop production he did however receive an aff  id  av  it from the then post office department that his was the original sheet in 1987 sherman donated his sheet to the american phil  at  el  ic society because the re  print dashed his hopes of owning a valuable stamp error mad magazine later commemor  ated the affair by printing a par  ody stamp that looked similar to the real issue but put a crying sherman in place of ham  mar  sk  jo  ld with money flying away from him
dah  l  berg bor  er newcom  er syndrome is a rare auto  som  al x linked rec  essive genetic condition characterized by a pro  lapse of the bic  us  pid valve progressive kidney failure con  genital lymp  he  dem  a hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m and very short end bones of fingers treatment for this condition is based on its symptoms these treatments may include manual lymp  h  atic drainage consumption of beta bloc  kers or anti  co  ag  ul  ants for the bic  us  pid valve pro  lapse and vitamin d or calcium carbon  ate tablets for the hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m this condition is also known as lymp  he  dem  a hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m syndrome hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m lymp  he  dem  a syndrome and simply dah  l  berg syndrome
daily light integral d  li is the amount of par received each day as a function of light intensity instan  taneous light μ  mol · m − 2 · s − 1 and duration day it is expressed as mol  es of light mol per square meter m − 2 per day d − 1 or mol · m − 2 · d − 1 mol  es per day the daily light integral d  li is a measure of the amount of light received in a single day in a particular area for example the number of mol  es of photo  synthe  tically active radiation par pho  tons received during a single day in a square meter or mol · m − 2 · d − 1 another example is the total solar radiation received during a single day in a square meter or w · m − 2 depending on the application or research question the time integral of incident light may be a more useful tool than the instan  taneous incident light d  li varies depending on latitude time of year and cloud cover and ranges from 5 60 mol · m − 2 · d − 1 in the united states for par in green  houses or growth chambers d  li values are typically much lower which can affect the shoot root ratio mor  pho  logy and the timing of flowering on a sunny winter day in the middle lati  tudes a plant receives about 9 mol  es day if it is clou  dy the d  li drops to 3 mol  es day in the summer the d  li for a sunny day is about 26 mol  es day and 12 mol  es day for a clou  dy day each type of plant has a different d  li range for optimal growth d  li is directly correlated with plant quality and a minimum amount of light is required for marketable plants measuring d  li over a growing season and comparing it to results can help a grower decide which varieties work for his or her location example calculation d  li mol m 2 day average light intensity μ  mol m 2 s · time in seconds 1 000 000 d  li mol m 2 day par · h · 3600 1 000 000 see also daily pp  f can be calculated directly from the instan  taneous pp  f from the following equation μ  mol m − 2 s − 1 multiplied by 86 400 and divided by 106 mol m − 2 d − 1 so 1 μ  mol m − 2 s − 1 0 08  64 mol m − 2 d − 1 with continuous light and 2100 μ  mol m − 2 s − 1 90 72 mol m − 2 d − 1 with 12 hours light
the d  akin oxid  ation or d  akin reaction is an organic re  do  x reaction in which an orth  o or para hydrox  yl  ated phen  yl alde  hyde 2 hydroxy  benz  alde  hyde or 4 hydroxy  benz  alde  hyde or ke  tone reacts with hydrogen per  oxide in base to form a ben  zen  edi  ol and a car  box  y  late overall the carbon  yl group is ox  idi  zed and the hydrogen per  oxide is reduced the d  akin oxid  ation which is closely related to the ba  e  yer vil  li  ger oxid  ation is not to be confused with the d  akin west reaction though both are named after henry dr  ys  dale d  akin
the d  akin – west reaction is a chemical reaction that trans  forms an amino acid into a ke  to amide using an acid an  hy  dri  de and a base typically py  ri  dine it is named for henry dr  ys  dale d  akin 18  80 – 1952 and ran  dol  ph west 1890 – 1949 of special note the ke  to amide product is always rac  emic however in 2016 sch  rein  er and co  workers reported the first asymmetric variant of this reaction the d  akin – west reaction with py  ri  dine as a base and solvent ref  lux  ing conditions are required however with the addition of 4 di  meth  yl  amin  op  y  ri  dine d  map as a catalyst the reaction can take place at room temperature with some acids this reaction can take place even in the absence of an α amino group this reaction should not be confused with the d  akin reaction
structural dam  p  ness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building either the result of intrusion from outside or condens  ation from within the structure a high proportion of dam  p problems in buildings are caused by condens  ation rain penetration or rising dam  p
dam  ping capacity is the ability of a material to absorb energy by converting mechanical energy into heat
dam  ping off or dam  ping off is a horticultural disease or condition caused by a number of different pathogens that kill or weaken seeds or se  ed  lings before or after they germin  ate it is most prevalent in wet and cool conditions
dancing mania also known as dancing plague cho  re  om  ania st john s dance and historically st vit  us dance was a social phenomenon that occurred primarily in mainland europe between the 14 th and 17 th centuries it involved groups of people dancing er  rati  cally sometimes thousands at a time the mania affected men women and children who danced until they collapsed from exhaustion one of the first major outbreaks was in a  ach  en in the holy roman empire in 13  74 and it quickly spread throughout europe one particularly notable outbreak occurred in strasbourg in 1518 also in the holy roman empire affecting thousands of people across several centuries dancing mania was not an isolated event and was well documented in contemporary reports it was nevertheless poorly understood and remedies were based on gu  ess  work generally musicians accompanied dan  cers to help ward off the mania but this tactic sometimes back  fired by encouraging more to join in there is no consensus among modern day scholars as to the cause of dancing mania the several theories proposed range from religious cul  ts being behind the proc  essions to people dancing to relieve themselves of stress and put the poverty of the period out of their minds it is however thought to have been a mass psycho  genic illness in which the occurrence of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause affect a large group of people as a form of social influence
d  and  ru  ff is the shedding of dead skin cells from the scal  p as skin cells die a small amount of fla  king is normal about 487 000 cells cm 2 get released normally after deter  gent treatment some people however experience an unusually large amount of fla  king either chronically or as a result of certain triggers up to 800 000 cells cm 2 which can also be accompanied by red  ness and irritation d  and  ru  ff is a common scal  p disorder affecting almost half of the population at the post pu  ber  tal age and of any sex and ethnicity it often causes it  ching it has been well established that ker  at  in  oc  y  tes play a key role in the expression and generation of immun  ological reactions during d  and  ru  ff formation the severity of d  and  ru  ff may fluctu  ate with season as it often wor  sens in winter d  and  ru  ff is rare before pu  ber  ty peaks in the teens and early tw  en  ties and declines with age thereafter most cases of d  and  ru  ff can be easily treated with specialized sham  poos there is however no true cure those affected by d  and  ru  ff find that it can cause social or self esteem problems indicating treatment for both psychological and physiological reasons
dan  dy – walker syndrome d  ws is a rare group of con  genital human brain mal  formations there are three sub  types which affect multiple organs to varying degrees but the fundamental ab  norm  alities involve the cere  bell  um which controls muscle coordination the adjacent fourth ven  tric  le is often affected which can alter the flow of cere  bro  spinal fluid increase in  trac  ran  ial pressure and lead to multiple other brain function problems the degree of disability varies but is typically lifelong treatment may involve physical therapy special education or surgical placement of a cere  br  al sh  unt it is named for walter dan  dy and arthur earl walker
the dang  ling else is a problem in computer programming in which an optional else clause in an if – then – else statement results in ne  sted condi  tion  als being ambiguous formally the reference context free gr  ammar of the language is ambiguous meaning there is more than one correct par  se tree in many programming languages one may write conditionally executed code in two forms the if then form and the if then else form – the else clause is optional if a then si  f b then s 1 else s 2 this gives rise to an ambiguity in interpretation when there are ne  sted statements specifically whenever an if then form appears as s 1 in an if then else form if a then if b then s else s 2 in this example s is unambiguously executed when a is true and b is true but one may interpret s 2 as being executed when a is false thus attaching the else to the first if or when a is true and b is false thus attaching the else to the second if in other words one may see the previous statement as either of the following expressions if a then if b then s else s 2 or  if a then if b then s else s 2 the dang  ling else problem dates to al  go  l 60 and has been resolved in various ways in subsequent languages in lr par  s  ers the dang  ling else is the ar  che  typ  al example of a shift reduce conflict
the dan  he  iser ann  ulation or dan  he  iser t  ms cycl  op  ent  ene ann  ulation is an organic reaction of an α β un  saturated ke  tone and a tri  al  k  yl  sil  yl  all  ene e g trim  ethyl  sil  yl or tri  iso  prop  yl  sil  yl in the presence of a lewis acid to give a tri  al  k  yl  sil  yl  cycl  op  ent  ene in a reg  io  controlled ann  ulation file dan  he  is  er  ann  ulation 03 p  ng
the dan  he  iser benz  ann  ulation is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry to generate highly substituted phen  ols in a single step it is named after its invent  or dr rick dan  he  iser
dan  on disease or gly  co  gen storage disease type iib is a metabol  ic disorder dan  on disease is an x linked ly  so  som  al and gly  co  gen storage disorder associated with hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy sk  el  etal muscle weakness and intellectual disability
d  ari  er s disease dar also known as d  ari  er disease d  ari  er – white disease dy  sk  er  at  osis fol  lic  ul  aris and ker  at  osis fol  lic  ul  aris is an auto  som  al dominant disorder discovered by french der  mato  logist fer  din  and jean d  ari  er d  ari  er s is characterized by dark cru  sty pat  ches on the skin sometimes containing p  us the cru  sty pat  ches are also known as ker  ato  tic pap  ules ker  at  osis fol  lic  ul  aris or dy  sk  er  at  osis fol  lic  ul  aris mild forms of the disease are the most common consisting solely of skin r  ashes that fl  are up under certain conditions such as high hum  idity high stress or tight fitting clothes even in mild forms short stature combined with poorly formed finger  nails containing vertical stri  ations are diagnostic
the d  ari  én gap spanish reg  ión del d  ari  én or tap  ón del d  ari  én is a break in the pan american highway consisting of a large swa  th of un  developed swam  pl  and and forest within panama s d  ari  én province in central america and the northern portion of colombia s ch  oc  ó department in south america it measures just over 160 km 99 mi long and about 50 km 31 mi wide road  building through this area is expensive and the environmental cost is high political consensus in favor of road construction has not emerged consequently there is no road connection through the d  ari  én gap connecting north america with south america and it is the missing link of the pan american highway the geography of the d  ari  én gap on the colombian side is dominated primarily by the river delta of the at  ra  to river which creates a flat marsh  land at least 80 km 50 mi wide half of this being swam  pl  and the ser  ran  ía del b  aud  ó range extends along colombia s pacific coast and extends into panama the pan  am  anian side in sharp contrast is a mountainous rain  forest with terrain reaching from 60 m 200 ft in the valley floors to 1 845 m 6 0  53 ft at the tall  est peak cer  ro tac  arc  una in the ser  ran  ía del d  ari  én
in electronics industry dark silicon is the amount of circu  it  ry of an integrated circuit that cannot be powered on at the nominal operating voltage for a given thermal design power t  dp constraint this is a challenge in the era of nan  ome  ter semiconductor no  des where trans  is  tor scaling and voltage scaling are no longer in line with each other resulting in the failure of den  nard scaling this dis  continuation of den  nard scaling has led to sharp increases in power den  sities that hamper powering on all the trans  is  tors simultaneously at the nominal voltage while keeping the chip temperature in the safe operating range according to recent studies researchers from different groups have projected that at 8 nm technology no  des the amount of dark silicon may reach up to 50 80 depending upon the processor architecture cooling technology and application work  loads dark silicon may be unavoidable even in server work  loads with abundance of inherent client request level parall  el  ism
dar  ti  tis pronounced d  art eye tis is a condition which can affect dar  ts players and severely damage their performance it can be compared to the y  ip  s an expression used to describe apparent loss of fine motor skills without any explanation the term is used in reference to players who struggle with some kind of psychological problem with their technique and or release of their dar  ts the most famous case of dar  ti  tis was in 1986 when five times world champion eric bris  tow revealed he was having problems with the release of his dar  ts bris  tow managed to make a partial recovery from the condition and even managed to regain the number one position in the world rankings
darwin s tuber  cle or aur  icular tuber  cle is a con  genital ear condition which often presents as a thick  ening on the heli  x at the junction of the upper and middle thirds
a dar  w  inian puzzle is a trait that appears to reduce the fitness of individuals that possess it such traits attract the attention of evolutionary biologists several human traits pose challenges to evolutionary thinking as they are relatively prevalent but are associated with lower reproductive success through reduced fertility and or longevity some of the classic examples include left han  dedness men  op  ause and mental disorders these traits are also found in animals a pe  a  cock shows an example of a trait that may reduce its fitness the bigger the tail the easier it is seen by predators and it also may hinder the movement of the pe  a  cock darwin in fact solved this puzzle by explaining the pe  a  cock s tail as evidence of sexual selection a bigger tail confers evolutionary fitness on the male by allowing it to attract more females than other males with shorter tails the phrase dar  w  inian puzzle itself is rare and of unclear origin it s typically talked about in the context of animal behavior
the dar  z  ens reaction also known as the dar  z  ens condens  ation or gly  ci  d  ic ester condens  ation is the chemical reaction of a ke  tone or alde  hyde with an α halo  ester in the presence of base to form an α β epo  xy ester also called a gly  ci  d  ic ester this reaction was discovered by the organic chem  ist au  gu  ste george dar  z  ens in 19  04
data administration or data resource management is an organizational function working in the areas of information systems and computer science that plans organiz  es describes and controls data resources data resources are usually as stored in databases under a database management system or other software such as electronic spre  ad  sheets in many smaller organizations data administration is performed occasionally or is a small component of the database administrator ’ s work in the context of information systems development data administration ideally begins at system conception ensuring there is a data dic  tionary to help maintain consistency avoid redundancy and model the database so as to make it logical and usable by means of data model  ing including database normalization techniques
data center predic  tive model  ing d  c  pm is the ability to forecast the performance of a data center into the future be it its energy use energy efficiency performance of the myriad pieces of equipment even cost an important part of forecasting data center performance is the use of compu  tational fluid dynamics cf  d to quantify the air  flow and temperatures that would occur if physical changes were made to the data center space the use of cf  d moves d  c  pm from a prob  abil  istic type of forecasting to a physics based one the term d  c  pm has been in use since june 2011 and was adopted by ro  mon  et to differentiate d  c  pm from data center infrastructure management d  ci  m which only tracks the present performance of the elements of a data center another example of the same technology was presented in russia by institute of applied mathematical research kare  lian research centre russian academy of sciences the technology is developed since 2011 under support of fa  sie and r  f  br
data literacy is the ability to read create and communicate data as information and has been formally described in varying ways discussion of the skills inherent to data literacy and possible instruc  tional methods have emerged as data collection becomes rou  tini  zed and talk of data analysis and big data has become commonplace in the news business government and society in countries across the world
data loss is an error condition in information systems in which information is destroyed by failures or neglect in storage transmission or processing information systems implement backup and disaster recovery equipment and processes to prevent data loss or restore lost data data loss is distinguished from data un  availability which may arise from a network out  age although the two have substantially similar consequences for users data un  availability is temporary while data loss may be permanent data loss is also distinct from data breach incident where data falls into the wrong hands although the term data loss has been used in those incidents
in software engineering the data m  app  er pattern is an architectural pattern it was named by martin fow  ler in his 2003 book patterns of enterprise application architecture the interface of an object conforming to this pattern would include functions such as create read update and delete that operate on objects that represent domain entity types in a data store a data m  app  er is a data access layer that performs bi  direc  tional transfer of data between a persistent data store often a rel  ational database and an in memory data representation the domain layer the goal of the pattern is to keep the in memory representation and the persistent data store independent of each other and the data m  app  er itself the layer is composed of one or more m  app  ers or data access objects performing the data transfer m  app  er implement  ations vary in scope generic m  app  ers will handle many different domain entity types dedicated m  app  ers will handle one or a few
data mining is an inter  disciplinary sub  field of computer science it is the compu  tational process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the inter  section of artificial intelligence machine learning statistics and database systems the overall goal of the data mining process is to extract information from a data set and transform it into an understandable structure for further use aside from the raw analysis step it involves database and data management aspects data pre processing model and infer  ence considerations interest  ingness metr  ics complexity considerations post processing of discovered structures vis  u  alization and online updating data mining is the analysis step of the knowledge discovery in databases process or k  dd the term is a mis  no  mer because the goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data not the extraction mining of data itself it also is a buzz  word and is frequently applied to any form of large scale data or information processing collection extraction warehousing analysis and statistics as well as any application of computer decision support system including artificial intelligence machine learning and business intelligence the book data mining practical machine learning tools and techniques with j  ava which covers mostly machine learning material was originally to be named just practical machine learning and the term data mining was only added for marketing reasons often the more general terms large scale data analysis and analy  tics – or when referring to actual methods artificial intelligence and machine learning – are more appropriate the actual data mining task is the automatic or semi automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown interesting patterns such as groups of data records cluster analysis unusual records anomaly detection and depend  encies association rule mining this usually involves using database techniques such as spatial indices these patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data and may be used in further analysis or for example in machine learning and predic  tive analy  tics for example the data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system neither the data collection data preparation nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step but do belong to the overall k  dd process as additional steps the related terms data dre  dging data fishing and data sno  oping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are or may be too small for reliable statistical infer  ences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered these methods can however be used in creating new hypo  theses to test against the larger data populations
data theft is a growing phenomenon primarily caused by system administrators and office workers with access to technology such as database ser  vers des  k  top computers and a growing list of hand held devices capable of storing digital information such as us  b flash drives i  pods and even digital cameras since employees often spend a considerable amount of time developing contacts and confidential and copy  righ  ted information for the company they work for they may feel they have some right to the information and are inclined to copy and or delete part of it when they leave the company or misuse it while they are still in employment alternatively an employee may choose to deliberately abuse trusted access to information for the purpose of exposing misconduct by the employer from the perspective of the society such an act of whist  le  blowing can be seen as positive and is in certain situations protected by law in some jurisdictions such as the usa while most organizations have implemented fire  walls and intrusion detection systems very few take into account the threat from the average employee that copies proprietary data for personal gain or use by another company a common scenario is where a sales person makes a copy of the contact database for use in their next job typically this is a clear violation of their terms of employment notable acts of data theft by a self proclaimed whist  le  b  lower have been done by chelsea manning edward snow  den and her  vé fal  ci  ani
data thinking is the generic mental pattern observed during the processes of picking a subject to start with identifying its parts or components organizing and describing them in an informative fashion that is relevant to what motivated and initiated the whole processes the term was created by mario f  aria and ro  ger  io pan  ig  assi in 2013 when they were writing a book about data science data analy  tics data management and how data practitioners were able to achieve their goals mario f  aria is one of the first chief data officers in the world
database administration is the function of managing and maintaining database management systems d  bms software mainstream d  bms software such as oracle ibm db 2 and microsoft s  q  l server need ongoing management as such corporations that use d  bms software often hire specialized it information technology personnel called database administrators or d  bas
in lingu  is  tics d  ative shift is a pattern in which the sub  categ  ori  zation of a ver  b can take on two altern  ating forms in the obli  que d  ative od form the ver  b takes a nou  n phrase n  p and a pre  posi  tional phrase pp the second of which is not an argument john gave n  p a book pp to mary in the double object construction doc form the ver  b takes two nou  n phrases both of which are arguments john gave n  p mary n  p a book
david after dentist is an internet phenomenon which started when david dev  ore jr s father posted a video on the internet of his reaction to an  esthesia after he had been given oral surgery as of 3 march 2016 it has been viewed over 132 million times on you  tube
the electromagnetic dawn chorus is a phenomenon that occurs most often at or shortly after dawn local time with the proper radio equipment dawn chorus can be converted to sounds that resemble birds dawn chorus by coincidence the electromagnetic dawn chorus is believed to be generated by a dop  pl  er shifted cyclo  tr  on interaction between anis  o  tropic distribu  tions of energetic 40 k  ev electron  s and ambient background v  lf noise these energetic electron  s are generally injected into the inner magne  to  sphere at the onset of the sub  storm expansion phase dawn chor  uses occur more frequently during magnetic storms this phenomenon also occurs during aur  or  ae when it is termed an aur  oral chorus
the dawn phenomenon sometimes called the dawn effect is an early morning usually between 2 a m and 8 a m increase in blood sugar glucose relevant to people with diabetes it is different from chronic som  og  yi rebound in that dawn phenomenon is not associated with no  c  tur  nal hypo  gly  cem  ia the dawn phenomenon can be managed in many patients by avoiding carbo  hydrate intake at bed  time adjusting the do  sage of medication or insulin switching to a different medication or by using an insulin pump to administer extra insulin during early morning hours in most of the cases there is no need to change insulin do  sing of patients who encounter the dawn phenomenon
de  graz  ia gallery in the sun historic district is the artistic manifestation and architecture constructed by et  tore de  graz  ia the property is a series of buildings scattered throughout a natural desert setting built in tuc  son near the inter  section of swan road and sky  line the property is now a museum open to the public construction began in 1951 with the open air mission in the sun followed by a series of other expres  sion  istic ad  o  be buildings the gallery museum was constructed in 1965 with details including cac  tus flo  oring exposed wood be  ams raf  ters and unique artistic finishes the gallery replaced the first de  graz  ia building constructed in 1944 on the corner of prince and campbell road artists and friends who spent time at the new gallery included thomas hart bent  on olaf wi  e  gh  or  st jack van ry  der pete martinez and ross san  tee in 2006 the 10 ac  re 40 000 m 2 property now a museum of de  graz  ia s work was listed on the national register of historic places
the dem  ay  o reaction is a photo  chemical reaction in which the en  ol of a 1 3 di  ke  tone reacts with an al  k  ene or another species with a c c bond and the resulting cyclo  bu  tane ring under  goes a re  tro al  do  l reaction to yield a 1 5 di  ke  tone the dem  ay  o reaction the net effect is to add the two carbon atoms in the c c double bond between the two carbon  yl groups of the di  ke  tone it is thus useful in syn  theses both as a relatively selective way to join two parts of a mol  ecu  le and as a way to apply the more developed chemistry of 1 3 di  ke  tone synthesis to 1 5 di  ke  tones the first part is a 2 2 cyclo  addition the ensuing re  tro al  do  l cle  av  age is favored by the relative instability of the cyclo  bu  tane ring
des  anc  tis – cac  chi  one syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by the skin and eye symptoms of x  ero  der  ma pi  gm  ent  o  sum x  p occurring in association with micro  cephal  y progressive mental retar  dation retar  ded growth and sexual development deaf  ness cho  re  o  athe  to  sis at  ax  ia and quad  ri  pa  res  is
de bar  sy syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder symptoms include cu  tis la  xa loose hanging skin as well as other eye mus  cul  osk  el  etal and neuro  logical ab  norm  alities it is usually progressive manifest  ing side effects that can include clou  ded cor  ne  as cat  ar  acts short stature dy  st  onia or pro  geria premature aging it was first described in 1967 by de bar  sy et al and as of 2011 there have been 27 cases reported worldwide the genes that cause de bar  sy syndrome have not been identified yet although several studies have narrowed down the symptoms cause a study by re  vers  ade et al has shown that a mutation in py  cr 1 the genetic sequence that codes for mit  och  on  dri  al enzymes that break down pro  line are prevalent in cases of auto  som  al rec  essive cu  tis la  xa arc  l a condition very similar to de bar  sy syndrome a study by lea  o tel  es et al has shown that de bar  sy syndrome may be related to mutations in at  p 6 v 0 a 2 gene known as at  p 6 v 0 a 2 c  dg by the new naming system alternative names for de bar  sy syndrome include cor  ne  al clou  ding cu  tis la  xa mental retar  dation cu  tis la  xa growth deficiency syndrome de bar  sy – mo  ens – di  er  c  ks syndrome and pro  ger  o  id syndrome of de bar  sy
de g  aren  ge  ot s her  nia is a rare subtype of an incarcer  ated fem  oral her  nia this ep  on  ym may be used to describe the incarceration of the ver  mi  form appendix within a fem  oral her  nia ak  op  ian and alexander named this her  nia after the 18 th century par  is  ian surgeon rene jacques cro  iss  ant de g  aren  ge  ot he is quoted in the surgical literature as the first to describe this situation in 17  31 although the surgeon s full last name is cro  iss  ant de g  aren  ge  ot for linguistic convenience it has been suggested to abbrevi  ate this ep  on  ym to de g  aren  ge  ot similar as with the situation of an amy  and s her  nia the true nature of the incarcer  ated tissue is rarely diagnosed pre  oper  atively patients present clin  ically similar to other incarcer  ated fem  oral her  ni  ae treatment consists of an append  ic  ec  tomy and her  nia repair l  apar  o  scopic options are described
de mus  set s sign is a condition in which there is rhy  th  mic no  dding or bo  bbing of the head in synchron  y with the beating of the heart in general as a result of a  or  tic in  sufficiency whereby blood from the a  or  ta reg  urg  itates into the left ven  tric  le due to a defect in the a  or  tic valve the no  dding is an indication that the syst  ol  ic pulse is being felt by the patient because of the increased pulse pressure resulting from the a  or  tic in  sufficiency the condition was named after the french poet alfred de mus  set
de quer  vain s thyro  idi  tis can also be known as sub  acute gran  ul  om  at  ous thyro  idi  tis or giant cell thyro  idi  tis males and females of all ages may be affected it is a member of the group of thyro  idi  tis conditions known as resolving thyro  idi  tis
de quer  vain syndrome french pron  unciation ​ d  ə k  ɛ  ʁ  v  ɛ  ̃ also known as black  berry thumb tex  ting thumb gam  er s thumb was  her  woman s sp  rain rad  ial sty  loid ten  o  sy  no  vi  tis de quer  vain disease de quer  vain s ten  o  sy  no  vi  tis de quer  vain s sten  o  sing ten  o  sy  no  vi  tis mother s wrist or mommy thumb is a ten  o  sy  no  vi  tis of the she  ath or tunnel that surrounds two tend  ons that control movement of the thumb
de vi  vo disease is an auto  som  al dominant developmental disorder associated with a deficiency of glut 1 also known as glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome glut 1 ds
in dis  crete time control theory the dead beat control problem consists of finding what input signal must be applied to a system in order to bring the output to the steady state in the smallest number of time steps for an n  th order linear system it can be shown that this minimum number of steps will be at most n depending on the initial condition provided that the system is null controllable that it can be brought to state zero by some input the solution is to apply feedback such that all poles of the closed loop transfer function are at the origin of the z plane for more information about transfer functions and the z plane see z transform therefore the linear case is easy to solve by extension a closed loop transfer function which has all poles of the transfer function at the origin is sometimes called a dead beat transfer function for non  linear systems dead beat control is an open research problem see nes  ic reference below dead beat controllers are often used in process control due to their good dynamic properties they are a classical feedback controller where the control gains are set using a table based on the plant system order and norm  alized natural frequency the dead  beat response has the following characteristics 1 zero steady state error 2 minimum rise time 3 minimum settling time 4 less than 2 over  shoot under  shoot 5 very high control signal output
the dead rabbits riot was a two day civil disturbance in new york city resulting from what was originally a small scale street fight between members of the dead rabbits and the bow  ery boys into a cit  y  wide gang war which lasted from july 4 – 5 18  57 taking advantage of the dis  organized state of the city s police force brought about by the conflict between the municipal and metropolitan police the fighting would spiral into widespread looting and damage of property by gang  sters and other criminals from all parts of the city it is estimated that between 800 and 1 000 gang members took part in the riots along with several hundred others who used the disturbance to loo  t the bow  ery area it was the largest disturbance since the ast  or place riot in 18  49 and the biggest scene of gang violence un  surpassed until the new york draft riots of 18  63 order was restored only by the new york state militia supported by det  ach  ments of city police under major general charles w sand  ford
dead arm sometimes grape can  ker is a disease of grapes caused by a deep seated wood rot of the arms or trunk of the gra  pe  vine as the disease progres  ses over several years one or more arms may die hence the name dead  arm eventually the whole vine will die in the 1970 s dead arm was identified as really being two diseases caused by two different fun  gi eu  typ  a lat  a and ph  om  op  sis viti  cola syn cry  pto  spo  rella viti  cola
in poker dead money is the amount of money in the pot other than the equal amounts bet by active remaining players in that pot examples of dead money include money contributed to the pot by players who have fol  ded a dead blind posted by a player returning to a game after missing blin  ds or an odd chip left in the pot from a previous deal for example eight players each ante 1 one player opens for 2 and gets two call  ers making the pot total 14 three players are now in the pot having contributed 3 each for 9 live money the remaining 5 representing the antes of the players who fol  ded is dead money the amount of dead money in a pot affects the pot odds of plays or rules of thumb that are based on the number of players the term dead money is also used in a derog  atory sense to refer to money put in the pot by players who are still legally eligible to win it but who are unlikely to do so because they are unskilled increasing the expected return of other players this can also be applied to the player himself let s invite john every week he s dead money the term dead money also applies in tournam  ents when many casual players enter events with virtually no chance of winning
in economics a dead  weight loss also known as excess burden or alloc  ative inefficiency is a loss of economic efficiency that can occur when equilibrium for a good or service is not achieved or is not achievable causes of dead  weight loss can include monopoly pricing in the case of artificial scarcity externalities taxes or subsidies and binding price ceilings or floors including minimum wages the term dead  weight loss may also be referred to as the excess burden of monopoly or taxation
deaf blindness is the condition of little or no useful sight and little or no useful hearing educ  ationally individuals are considered to be deaf blind when the combination of their hearing and sight loss causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they require significant and unique adaptations in their educational programs helen keller was one such individual
de  amid  ation is a chemical reaction in which an amide functional group is removed from an organic compound in bio  chemistry the reaction is important in the degradation of proteins because it damages the amide containing side chains of the amino acids asparag  ine and glu  tam  ine in the bio  chemical de  amid  ation reaction the side chain of an asparag  ine attacks the following pep  tide group in black at top right of figure forming a sym  metric succ  in  im  ide intermediate in red the sym  metry of the intermediate results in two products of its hydro  lysis either as  part  ate in black at left or in iso  as  part  ate which is a beta amino acid in green at bottom right this process is considered a de  amid  ation because the amide in the asparag  ine side chain is replaced by a car  box  y  late group however a similar reaction can occur in as  part  ate side chains yielding a partial conversion to iso  as  part  ate
the dear enemy effect or dear enemy recognition is an eth  ological phenomenon in which two neighbouring territorial animals become less aggressive toward one another once territorial borders are well established as territory owners become accustomed to their neighbours they exp  end less time and energy on defensive behaviors directed toward one another however aggression toward unfamiliar neighbours remains the same some authors have suggested the dear enemy effect is territory residents displaying lower levels of aggression toward familiar neighbours compared to unfamiliar individuals who are non territorial flo  at  ers the dear enemy effect has been observed in a wide range of animals including mammals birds repti  les am  phi  bians fish and inver  te  br  ates the behavi  our  al effect can be mod  ulated by factors such as the location of the familiar and unfamiliar animal the season and the presence of females the dear enemy effect is the conver  se of the nasty neighbour effect in which some species are more aggressive towards their neighbours than towards unfamiliar strangers
death spiral is a condition of the insurance market in which costs rapidly increase as a result of changes in the covered population it is the result of adverse selection in insurance policies in which lower risk policy holders choose to change policies or be un  insured the term is found in the academic literature at least as early as cut  ler and z  eck  ha  user s 1998 paper adverse selection in health insurance which refers explicitly to an adverse selection death spiral
in medicine deb  ility is being weak or feeble
debt lag is a condition which results from over  use of one ’ s credit card or other forms of credit while travelling the debt itself can refer to the amount spent in the lead up to travelling during the trip and any unexpected costs which come about from that trip such as cross currency conversion fees and foreign atm access charges the condition of debt lag may last months or even years after a person ’ s trip is complete as long as the debt accrued within the travel period is still outstanding it is recommended that sufferers of debt lag seek treatment as soon as possible to avoid paying exorbitant fees in interest charges the term debt lag is similar to jet lag in that both have to do with travel however travellers can be affected by debt lag without leaving their time zone jet lag refers to the condition sustained by the body after rapid long distance travel which requires days of adjustment upon return debt lag works in much the same way as it refers to a traveller ’ s need to adjust upon return as well except it is more directly related to the traveller ’ s financial situation than their biological one
debt overhang is the condition of an organization for example a business government or family that has existing debt so great that it cannot easily borrow more money even when that new borrowing is actually a good investment that would more than pay for itself this problem emerges for example if a company has a new investment project with positive net present value n  p  v but cannot capture the investment opportunity due to an existing debt position i e the face value of the existing debt is bigger than the expected payoff hence the equity holders will be reluctant to invest in such a project because most of the benefits will be re  aped by the debt holders in addition debt holders will not finance the firm if the company cannot convince the debt holders that the project will not fail the situation emerges if existing deb  th  olders of a company can be expected to lay claim to part of the profits of the new project and this renders the n  p  v of the project when undertaken by this company negative
the de  bus rad  z  is  ze  wski im  id  azole synthesis is an organic reaction used for the synthesis of im  id  az  oles from a dic  ar  bon  yl an alde  hyde and ammonia the dic  ar  bon  yl component is commonly gly  ox  al but can also include various 1 2 di  ke  tones and ke  to  alde  hy  des the method is used commercially to produce several im  id  az  oles the process is an example of a multi  component reaction the reaction can be viewed as occurring in two stages in the first stage the dic  ar  bon  yl and ammonia con  dense to give an di  im  ine shown with unusual orientation of n h groups de  bus rad  z  is  ze  wski im  id  azole synthesis part i in the second stage this di  im  ine cond  enses with the alde  hyde de  bus rad  z  is  ze  wski im  id  azole synthesis part i this reaction is named after hein  rich de  bus and bron  is  ław leonard rad  z  is  ze  wski a modification of this general method where one equivalent of ammonia is replaced by an amine affords n substituted im  id  az  oles in good yields ar  du  en  go im  id  az  oles
dec  al  age on a fixed wing aircraft is the angle difference between the upper and lower wings of a bi  plane i e the acute angle contained between the ch  ords of the wings in question the dec  al  age is said to be positive when the upper wing has a higher angle of incidence than the lower wing and negative when higher wing s angle of incidence is lower than the angle of incidence of the lower wing positive dec  al  age results in greater lift from the upper wing than the lower wing the difference increasing with the amount of dec  al  age in real life the bi  plane top wing is usually rigged with less angle of incidence i e negative dec  al  age causing the air  stream separation and ensuing loss of lift stall occur first on the lower wing providing the bi  plane with extra margin of stability in stall dec  al  age angle can also refer to the difference in angle of the ch  ord line of the wing and the ch  ord line of the horizontal stabili  zer this is different from the angle of incidence which refers to the angle of the wing cord to the longit  ud  inal axis of the fus  el  age without reference to the horizontal stabili  zer file dec  al  age j  pg
dec  ap  itation from latin cap  ut cap  i  tis meaning head is the complete separation of the head from the body in humans and most other animals death will always result from such an injury since sever  ing the head deprives all other organs of the involuntary functions that are essential for the body to function while the brain itself is deprived of oxy  genated blood the term be  heading refers to the act of deliberately dec  ap  itating a person either as a means of murder or execution it may be accomplished for example with an axe sword knife or by other more sophisticated means such as a guil  lo  tine an execu  tioner who carries out executions by be  heading is called a head  sman accidental dec  ap  itation can be the result of an explosion car or industrial accident improperly administered execution by hanging or other violent injury suicide by dec  ap  itation is rare but not unknown the national laws of saudi arabia yemen and qatar permit be  heading but in practice saudi arabia is the only country that continues to be  head its offenders regularly as a punishment for crime less commonly dec  ap  itation can also refer to the removal of the head from a body that is already dead this might be done to take the head as a tro  phy for public display to make the deceased more difficult to identify for cry  on  ics or for other more es  o  ter  ic reasons
dec  ar  box  yl  ation is a chemical reaction that removes a car  box  yl group and releases carbon dioxide co 2 usually dec  ar  box  yl  ation refers to a reaction of car  box  yl  ic acids removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain the reverse process which is the first chemical step in photo  synthesis is called car  box  yl  ation the addition of co 2 to a compound enzymes that cataly  ze dec  ar  box  yl  ations are called dec  ar  box  yl  ases or the more formal term car  box  y ly  ases ec number 4 1 1
dec  ar  box  yl  ative cross coupling reactions are chemical reactions in which a stable substituted car  box  yl  ic acid is reacted with a hali  de r – x r ar  yl al  ky  l etc in the presence of a metal catalyst base and oxid  ant to form a new carbon carbon bond with loss of carbon dioxide dec  ar  box  yl  ative cross coupling general reaction scheme a significant advantage of this reaction is that it uses relatively inexpensive car  box  yl  ic acids or their salts and is far less air and moisture sensitive in comparison to typical cross coupling organ  om  et  all  ic reagents furthermore the car  box  yl  ic acid mo  i  ety is a common feature of natural products and can also be prepared by relatively benign air oxid  ations additional benefits include the broad tolerance of functional groups as well as the capacity to avoid the use of strong bases an important elementary step in this reaction is proto  dec  ar  box  yl  ation or metall  ation to first convert the c – co  oh bond to a c – h or c – m bond respectively
in decision theory a decision rule is a function which maps an observation to an appropriate action decision rules play an important role in the theory of statistics and economics and are closely related to the concept of a strategy in game theory in order to evaluate the usefulness of a decision rule it is necessary to have a loss function detailing the outcome of each action under different states
the de  colonization of asia was the gradual growth of independence movements on the asian continent leading ultimately to the retreat of foreign powers and the creation of a number of nation states in the region a number of events were cataly  sts for this shift most importantly the second world war prior to world war ii some countries such as the philippines during 1898 had proclaimed independence from spain
in medicine de  compensation is the functional deterioration of a previously working structure or system de  compensation may occur due to fatigue stress illness or old age when a system is compensated it is able to function despite stres  sors or defects de  compensation describes an inability to compensate for these deficiencies it is a general term commonly used in medicine to describe a variety of situations
de  compression sickness d  cs also known as di  vers disease the ben  ds or ca  is  son disease describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depres  sur  isation d  cs most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving de  compression i e during as  cent but may be experienced in other depres  sur  isation events such as working in a ca  is  son flying in an un  pressur  ised aircraft and extra  vehic  ular activity from spacecraft since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body d  cs can produce many symptoms and its effects may vary from joint pain and r  ashes to paralysis and death individual suscep  tibility can vary from day to day and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all the classification of types of d  cs by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago exposure to d  cs on diving can be managed through proper de  compression procedures and contracting it is now un  common its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and di  vers universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their as  cent speed if d  cs is contracted it is treated by hyper  bar  ic oxygen therapy in a re  compression chamber if treated early there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery d  cs is a sub  set of de  compression illness dci which includes both d  cs and arter  ial gas embol  ism age
in object oriented programming the decor  ator pattern also known as wrap  per an alternative naming shared with the adap  ter pattern is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object either st  atically or dynam  ically without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class the decor  ator pattern is often useful for adhering to the single responsibility principle as it allows functionality to be divided between classes with unique areas of concern
in marketing the de  coy effect or asymmetric dominance effect is the phenomenon whereby consumers will tend to have a specific change in preference between two options when also presented with a third option that is asymmetr  ically dominated an option is asymmetr  ically dominated when it is inferior in all respects to one option but in comparison to the other option it is inferior in some respects and superior in others in other words in terms of specific attributes determining prefer  ability it is completely dominated by i e inferior to one option and only partially dominated by the other when the asymmetr  ically dominated option is present a higher percentage of consumers will prefer the domin  ating option than when the asymmetr  ically dominated option is absent the asymmetr  ically dominated option is therefore a de  coy serving to increase preference for the domin  ating option the de  coy effect is also an example of the violation of the independence of irrelevant alternatives ax  i  om of decision theory
decre  oli  zation is a phenomenon whereby over time a cre  ole language re  conver  ges with one of the standard languages from which it originally derived first proposed by keith wh  inno  m at the 1968 mona conference the concept has come under fire in recent years from such lingu  ists as bick  er  ton and ric  k  ford since at its inception it sought to overturn long held elements of the theory of cre  ole continu  a
in mathematics in particular the study of abstract al  ge  bra a de  de  kind – has  se norm is a function on an integral domain that gener  alises the notion of a eu  cli  dean function on eu  cli  dean domains
in an insurance policy the deductible is the amount of expenses that must be paid out of pocket before an insurer will pay any expenses in general usage the term deductible may be used to describe one of several types of clauses that are used by insurance companies as a threshold for policy payments deduc  ti  bles are typically used to deter the large number of claims that a consumer can be reasonably expected to bear the cost of by restricting its coverage to events that are significant enough to incur large costs the insurance firm expects to pay out slightly smaller amounts much less frequently incurring much higher savings as a result insurance premiums are typically cheaper when they involve higher deduc  ti  bles for example health insurance companies offer plans with high premiums and low deduc  ti  bles or plans with low premiums and high deduc  ti  bles one plan may have a premium of 1 0  87 a month with a 6 000 deductible while a competitive plan may have a premium of 8  77 a month with a 12 700 deductible the consumer with the 6 000 deductible will have to pay 6 000 in health care costs before the insurance plan pays anything the consumer with the 12 700 deductible will have to pay 12 700 deduc  ti  bles are normally provided as clauses in an insurance policy that dictate how much of an insurance covered expense is borne by the policy  holder they are normally quoted as a fixed quantity and are a part of most policies covering losses to the policy holder the insurer then becomes liable for claim  able expenses that exceed this amount subject to the maximum sum claim  able indicated in the contract depending on the policy the deductible may apply per covered incident or per year for policies where incidents are not easy to de  limit health insurance for example the deductible is typically applied per year several deduc  ti  bles can be set by the insurer based on the cause of the claim for example a single housing insurance policy may contain multiple deductible amounts for loss or damage arising from theft fire natural calam  ities evacuation etc there are also deductible reimbursement programs that reimburse a deductible in the event of an automobile home boat y  acht or health insurance claim
deep der  mat  op  hy  to  sis is a rare condition in which der  mat  op  hy  tes inv  ades the deep der  mis sub  cu  tis or even internal organs the known causes of this condition are caused by primary or secondary immun  o  deficiency which includes organ tran  plant recipients mag  lign  ant condi  tion  ds e g leuk  emia hiv infection it is also associated with asthma at  op  ic der  mati  tis and diabetes recently it has been proven that deficiency in the n  f κ  b sign  aling pathways the nonsense mutation of card 9 complex cas  p  ase recruitment domain containing protein 9 are susceptible for chronic fun  gal infection thus also susceptible for deep der  mat  op  hy  to  sis
deep vein thro  m  bo  sis or deep ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis dv  t is the formation of a blood clo  t thro  m  bus within a deep vein most commonly the legs non  specific signs may include pain sw  elling red  ness warm  ness and eng  org  ed superficial ve  ins pul  mon  ary embol  ism a potentially life threatening complic  ation is caused by the det  achment emb  oli  zation of a clo  t that travels to the lungs together dv  t and pul  mon  ary embol  ism constitute a single disease process known as ven  ous thro  m  bo  embol  ism post thro  m  bo  tic syndrome another complic  ation significantly contributes to the health care cost of dv  t in 18  56 german patho  logist ru  dol  f vir  chow post  ulated the interplay of three processes resulting in ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis now known as vir  chow s tri  ad a decreased blood flow rate ven  ous st  asis increased tendency to clo  t hyper  co  ag  ul  ability and changes to the blood vessel wall dv  t formation typically begins inside the valves of the calf ve  ins where the blood is relatively oxygen deprived which activ  ates certain bio  chemical pathways several medical conditions increase the risk for dv  t including cancer trauma and anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome other risk factors include older age surgery im  mobilization as with bed rest orth  o  ped  ic casts and sitting on long flights combined oral contrac  ep  tives pregnancy the post  natal period and genetic factors those genetic factors include deficiencies with anti  thro  m  bin protein c and protein s the mutation of factor v le  iden and the property of having a non o blood type individuals suspected of having dv  t may be assessed using a clinical prediction rule such as the wells score a d di  mer test may also be used to assist with excluding the diagnosis because of its high sensitivity or to signal a need for further testing diagnosis is most commonly done with ul  tras  ound of the suspected ve  ins prevention options for at risk individuals include early and frequent walking calf exercises anti  co  ag  ul  ants aspir  in graduated compression stock  ings and inter  mit  tent pneumatic compression anti  co  ag  ulation is the standard treatment typical medications include low molecular weight he  par  in or a vitamin k antagon  ist wearing graduated compression stock  ings appears to reduce the risk of post thro  m  bo  tic syndrome the rate of dv  ts increases from childhood to old age in adul  thood about one in 1000 adults is affected per year
a deep water blackout is a loss of consciousness caused by cere  br  al hypo  x  ia on asc  ending from a deep free  dive or breath hold dive typically of ten metres or more when the swim  mer does not necessarily experience an urgent need to breathe and has no other obvious medical condition that might have caused it victims typically black out close to the surface usually within the top three metres sometimes even as they break surface and have often been seen to approach the surface without apparent distress only to sink away it is quite rare for black  outs to occur while at the bottom or in the early stages of as  cent di  vers who drown in these stages are usually found to have inhal  ed water indicating that they were conscious and succumbed to an uncontrollable urge to breathe rather than bl  acking out victims are usually established practitioners of deep breath hold diving are fit strong swim  mers and have not experienced problems before survivors of deep water blackout are typically puzzled as to why they bl  acked out breath hold diving is often referred to elsewhere as dynamic ap  no  ea diving or free diving blackout may also be referred to as a syn  cope medicine or fain  ting
def  alc  ation is mis  appropriation of funds by a person trusted with its charge also the act of mis  appropriation or an instance thereof the term is more specifically used by the united states bankruptcy code to describe a category of acts that tain  t a particular debt such that it cannot be discharged in bankruptcy the united states supreme court addressed the issue in 2013 holding that def  alc  ation in the context of the u s bankruptcy code requires proof of a cul  pable state of mind … involving knowledge of or gross reck  lessness in respect to the improper nature of the relevant fi  du  ci  ary behavior in accounting terminology especially with respect to the area of audit def  alc  ation means a mis  appropriation of assets or theft of assets by employees or officers of a corporation def  alc  ation occurs when a debtor commits a bad act while acting in a fi  du  ci  ary capacity the classic example of def  alc  ation is when a truste  e reck  lessly invests trust funds and loses the money if the beneficiary wins a judgment against the truste  e and the truste  e files for bankruptcy the debt the judgment cannot be discharged in bankruptcy because the debt was the result of a def  alc  ation def  alc  ation for example applies when a debtor is acting in a fi  du  ci  ary capacity to constitute a def  alc  ation the conduct involves a degree of culp  ability that is greater than negligence but the act does not need to rise to the level of a fraud under common law def  alc  ation requires a showing of conscious behavior or extreme reck  lessness the term is used in legal proceedings other than bankruptcy to refer more generally to embe  zz  lement it is often used in the context of the title insurance business a title agent who mis  uses funds intended to be used to close insured transactions is said to be involved in a def  alc  ation many title insurers have their own def  alc  ation units
def  at  ting is the chemical dis  solving of der  mal li  pi  ds from the skin on contact with def  at  ting agents this can result in water loss from the affected area and cause the whit  ening and drying of the skin which may result in cracking secondary infection and chemical irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis
defa  un  ation is the loss of animals from ecological communities the growth of the human population combined with advances in harvesting technologies has led to more intense and efficient exploitation of the environment this has resulted in the depletion of large vertebr  ates from ecological communities creating what has been termed empty forest defa  un  ation differs from extinction it includes both the disappearance of species and declines in abundance defa  un  ation effects were first implied at the symposi  um of plant animal interactions at the university of camp  inas brazil in 1988 in the context of neo  tropical forests since then the term has gained broader usage in conservation biology as a global phenomenon
a defense wound or self defense wound is an injury received by the victim of an attack while trying to defend against the ass  ail  ant defensive wounds are often found on the hands and fore  arms where the victim has raised them to protect the head and face or to fend off an assault but may also be present on the feet and legs where a victim attempts defense while lying down and kicking out at the ass  ail  ant the appearance and nature of the wound varies with the type of weapon used and the location of the injury and may present as a lac  eration abra  sion con  tu  sion or bone frac  ture where a victim has time to raise hands or arms before being shot by an ass  ail  ant the injury may also present as a gunshot wound severe lac  eration of the pal  mar surface of the hand or partial ampu  tation of fingers may result from the victim gras  ping the blade of a weapon during an attack in forensic path  ology the presence of defense wounds is highly indicative of homicide and also proves that the victim was at least initially conscious and able to offer some resistance during the attack defense wounds may be classified as active or passive a victim of a knife attack for example would receive active defense wounds from gras  ping at the knife s blade and passive defense wounds on the back of the hand if it was raised up to protect the face
a defensive war is one of the causes that justify war by the criteria of the just war tradition it means a war where at least one nation is mainly trying to defend itself from another as opposed to a war where both sides are trying to invade and conquer each other
deference also called submission or passivity is the condition of submitting to the esp  oused legitimate influence of one s superior or superiors deference implies a yielding or submitting to the judgment of a recognized superior out of respect or rever  ence deference has been studied extensively by political scientists socio  logists and psychologists
in medicine a deficiency is a lack or shortage of a functional entity by less than normal or necessary supply or function
deficiency of the inter  leuk  in 1 – recep  tor antagon  ist di  ra is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic auto  infl  am  matory syndrome resulting from mutations in il 1 r  n the gene en  coding the inter  leuk  in 1 recep  tor antagon  ist the mutations result in an abnormal protein that is not secre  ted exposing the cells to un  opposed inter  leuk  in 1 activity this results in sterile multi  focal o  ste  om  ye  li  tis bone infl  amm  ation in multiple places perio  sti  tis infl  amm  ation of the memb  rane surrounding the bones and pu  st  ul  osis due to skin infl  amm  ation from birth di  ra is a newly discovered auto  infl  am  matory disease children with the disorder display a con  stell  ation of serious and potentially fatal symptoms that include sw  elling of bone tissue bone pain and de  form  ity infl  amm  ation of the perio  steu  m a layer of connec  tive tissue around bone and a rash that can span from small individual pu  st  ules to extensive pu  st  ul  osis that covers most of the patient ’ s body most of the children begin to have symptoms from birth to 2 weeks of age children with di  ra have inherited mutations in il 1 r  n a gene that en  codes a protein known as il 1 recep  tor antagon  ist il 1 ra il 1 ra binds to the same cell recep  tors as the infl  am  matory protein il 1 and blocks its infl  am  matory actions without il 1 ra the children ’ s bodies cannot control systemic infl  amm  ation that can be caused by il 1 although mutations that cause di  ra are rare as many as 2 5 percent of the population of northwest puerto rico are carriers since di  ra is rec  essively inherited these data suggest that it may be present in about 1 in 6 300 births in this population mutations may also be more common in individuals of dutch descent most patients with di  ra respond well to an  ak  in  ra the same drug previously mentioned for no  mid treatment a synthetic form of human il 1 ra
deficit spending is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time also called simply deficit or budget deficit the opposite of budget surplus the term may be applied to the budget of a government private company or individual government deficit spending is a central point of controversy in economics as discussed below
in economics deflation can be described as a decrease in the general price level of goods and services or currency appreciation with respect to the same goods and services deflation occurs when the inflation rate falls below 0 a negative inflation rate inflation reduces the real value of money over time conversely deflation increases the real value of money – the currency of a national or regional economy this allows one to buy more goods and services than before with the same amount of money economists generally believe that deflation is a problem in a modern economy because it may increase the real value of debt especially if unpredictable and may aggravate recessions and lead to a deflationary spiral deflation is distinct from dis  inflation a slow down in the inflation rate i e when inflation declines to a lower rate but is still positive
deforestation is one of the main causes of climate change it is the second largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere after fossil fuel combustion deforestation and forest degradation contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions through combustion of forest biomass and de  composition of remaining plant material and soil carbon it used to account for more than 20 of carbon dioxide emissions but it ’ s currently somewhere around the 10 mark by 2008 deforestation was 12 of total co 2 or 15 if pe  at  lands are included these proportions are likely to have fallen since given the continued rise of fossil fuel use averaged over all land and ocean surfaces temperatures warm  ed roughly 1 53 ° f 0 85 ° c between 18  80 and 2012 according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change in the northern hemisphere 1983 to 2012 were the warmest 30 year period of the last 1400 years
deforestation in haiti is a severe environmental problem hai  tians burn wood char  coal for 60 of their domestic energy production in 19  23 over 60 of haiti s land was fore  sted in 2006 less than 2 of the land was fore  sted this estimate has been challenged as incorrect and a product of cultural bias by researchers conducting actual research and the true basis for this 2 estimate is unknown a better estimate is 32 and much of the impetus for earlier estimates of 2 were likely biased researchers attempting to characterize the independent black republic of haiti as over  populated and ignorant in recent times this 2 estimate that has no basis in scientific literature has been used repeatedly by non profit and charities to solic  it donations and characterise haiti and hai  tians as either ignorant or hopeless instead evidence points to the widespread use of char  coal by hai  tians to be a source of reforestation as economically and environmentally ad  ept hai  tians use long held practices to protect and regener  ate the first resources to create a sustainable source for coal
a de  form  ity dys  morph  ism or dys  morph  ic feature is a major ab  normality in the shape of a body part or organ compared to the normal shape of that part
de  generation is deterioration in the medical sense generally it is the change from a higher to a lower form more specifically it is the change of tissue to a lower or less func  tionally active form true de  generation when there is actual chemical change of the tissue itself infiltr  ation when the change consists of the deposit of abnormal matter in the tissues degenerative disease
de  generation of one or more inter  vertebr  al dis  c s of the sp  ine often called degenerative dis  c disease dd  d or degenerative dis  c disorder is a patho  logic process of certain path  ology that may cause acute or chronic low back or neck pain the typical radio  graphic findings in dd  d are black dis  cs dis  c space narrowing vacuum dis  c end plate sclerosis and o  ste  op  hy  te formation dd  d can greatly affect the suffer  er s quality of life dis  c de  generation is a disease of micro macro trauma and of aging and though for most people is not a problem in certain individuals a de  generated dis  c can cause severe chronic pain if left untreated
de  gos disease also called m  align  ant atro  ph  ic pap  ul  osis is a rare vas  cul  opathy that affects the lining of the medium and small ve  ins and arter  ies resulting in oc  clu  sion block  age of the vessel and tissue inf  arc  tion the blood vessels affected include those supplying the skin gastro  intest  inal tract and central nervous system this can result in bo  wel is  chem  ia mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia or is  chem  ic co  li  tis chronic skin le  sions oc  ular le  sions stro  kes spinal le  sions mon  on  eur  i  tis multi  pl  ex epi  le  psy headaches or cognitive disorders ple  ural or peric  ardi  al eff  u  sions are also reported there are fewer than 50 living patients at present known worldwide and fewer than 200 reported in medical literature the outcome of this disease can be fatal with a median survival of 2 to 3 years although some appear to have a benign form de  gos ac  an  thom  a which affects only the skin l  apar  o  sco  py may be an effective means of screening those with cu  taneous le  sions to determine if systemic disease is present treatment options are limited and until recently consisted mainly of anti  plat  elet drugs or anti  co  ag  ul  ants or immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants with few reports of prolonged survival more recently ecu  li  z  um  ab and tre  pro  st  ini  l have been employed response to ecu  li  z  um  ab is often immediate and dramatic but has been of limited duration in all so treated tre  pro  st  ini  l use has been reported to result in clearing of gastro  intest  inal and cns findings as well as clearing of cu  taneous le  sions but reports are limited tre  pro  st  ini  l may be more effective than other vas  o  di  lators because it may also increase the population of circulating endo  the  li  al cells allowing an  gi  o  genesis there are suggestions that de  gos disease is not a separate disorder but the final result of several vascular systemic disorders
in telecommunication degradation is the loss of quality of an electronic signal which may be categ  orized as either grac  eful or catastrophic and has the following meanings 1 the deterioration in quality level or standard of performance of a functional unit 2 in communications a condition in which one or more of the required performance parameters fall outside predetermined limits resulting in a lower quality of service there are several forms and causes of degradation in electric signals both in the time domain and in the physical domain including run  t pulse voltage spike j  itter w  ander swim drift g  lit  ch ringing cros  stal  k antenna effect not the same antenna effect as in ic manufacturing and phase noise degradation usually refers to reduction in quality of an analo  g or digital signal when a signal is being transmitted or received it under  goes changes which are undesirable these changes are called degradation degradation is usually caused by 1 weather or environmental conditions 2 terrain 3 other signals 4 faulty or poor quality equipment
in graph theory the degree diameter problem is the problem of finding the largest possible graph g in terms of the size of its ver  tex set v of diameter k such that the largest degree of any of the ver  tices in g is at most d the size of g is bounded above by the moore bound for 1 k and 2 d only the petersen graph the hoff  man sing  leton graph and maybe a graph of diameter k 2 and degree d 57 attain the moore bound in general the largest degree diameter graphs are much smaller in size than the moore bound
in the mathematical subject of geome  tric group theory a de  hn function named after max de  hn is an optimal function associated to a finite group presentation which bounds the area of a relation in that group that is a freely reduced word in the generators representing the identity element of the group in terms of the length of that relation see pp 79 – 80 in the growth type of the de  hn function is a quasi is  ome  try invari  ant of a fin  itely presented group the de  hn function of a fin  itely presented group is also closely connected with non deter  minis  tic algori  th  mic complexity of the word problem in groups in particular a fin  itely presented group has sol  vable word problem if and only if the de  hn function for a finite presentation of this group is recur  sive see theore  m 2 1 in the notion of a de  hn function is motivated by is  oper  im  etr  ic problems in geometry such as the classic is  oper  im  etr  ic inequality for the eu  cli  dean plane and more generally the notion of a filling area function that estimates the area of a minimal surface in a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold in terms of the length of the boundary curve of that surface
dehydr  ation refers to a deficit of total body water with an accompanying disruption of metabol  ic processes dehydr  ation is also a cause for hyper  nat  re  mia the term dehydr  ation is distinct from hypo  vol  emia loss of blood volume particularly plasma dehydr  ation occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake usually due to exercise or disease but also due to high environmental temperature mild dehydr  ation can be also be caused by immer  sion di  u  res  is and this may increase risk of de  compression sickness in di  vers most people can tolerate a three to four percent decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects a five to eight percent decrease can cause fatigue and di  zz  iness loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration accompanied by severe thirst death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty five percent of the body water mild dehydr  ation is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral re  hydr  ation
de  hydro  gen  ation is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen from a mol  ecu  le it is the reverse of hydro  gen  ation de  hydro  gen  ation is an important reaction because it conver  ts al  kan  es which are relatively inert and thus low valued to ole  fins which are reactive and thus more valuable al  ken  es are precursors to alde  hy  des alcohol  s pol  ym  ers and arom  atics de  hydro  gen  ation processes are used extensively to produce arom  atics and sty  rene in the petro  chemical industry such processes are highly endo  ther  mic and require temperatures of 500 ° c and above de  hydro  gen  ation also conver  ts saturated fats to un  saturated fats enzymes that cataly  ze de  hydro  gen  ation are called de  hydro  gen  ases
de  hydro  halo  gen  ation is an chemical reaction that involves removal of elimination of a hydrogen hali  de from a sub  str  ate the reaction is usually associated with the synthesis of al  ken  es but it has wider applications
de  jer  ine – ro  ussy syndrome or thal  am  ic pain syndrome is a condition developed after a thal  am  ic stroke a stroke causing damage to the thal  am  us is  chem  ic stro  kes and hemorrha  gic stro  kes can cause le  sion  ing in the thal  am  us the le  sions usually present in one hemisphere of the brain most often cause an initial lack of sensation and ting  ling in the opposite side of the body weeks to months later num  b  ness can develop into severe and chronic pain that is not proportional to an environmental stimulus called dy  sa  esthesia or allo  dy  nia as initial stroke symptoms num  b  ness and ting  ling dissip  ate an imbalance in sensation causes these later syndro  mes character  izing de  jer  ine – ro  ussy syndrome although some treatments exist they are often expensive chemically based invasive and only treat patients for some time before they need more treatment called refrac  tory treatment
de  jer  ine – so  tt  as disease also known as de  jer  ine – so  tt  as syndrome de  jer  ine – so  tt  as neuro  pa  thy progressive hyper  troph  ic inter  sti  tial pol  yn  euro  pa  thy of childhood and on  ion bul  b neuro  pa  thy and hereditary motor and sensory pol  yn  euro  pa  thy type iii and char  cot – marie – tooth disease type 3 is a hereditary neuro  logical disorder characterised by damage to the peripheral nerves and resulting progressive muscle wasting the condition is caused by mutations in a various genes and currently has no known cure the disorder is named for joseph jules de  jer  ine and jules so  tt  as french neuro  logists who first described it
delay is an audio effect which records an input signal to an audio storage medium and then plays it back after a period of time the delayed signal may either be played back multiple times or played back into the recording again to create the sound of a repeating dec  aying echo delay effects range from a subtle echo effect to a pronounced blending of previous sounds with new sounds delay effects can be created using tape lo  ops an approach developed in the 1940 s and 1950 s analo  g effects units which were introduced in the 1970 s digital effects ped  als introduced in 1984 and audio software plu  gins developed in the 2000 s
delayed bl  is  ters are a cu  taneous condition observed weeks to months after the initial healing of second degree thermal burns donor sites of split thickness skin graf  ts and recipient sites of split thickness skin graf  ts
delayed e  jac  ulation also called retar  ded e  jac  ulation or inhi  bited e  jac  ulation is a man s inability for or persistent difficulty in achieving org  asm despite typical sexual desire and sexual stimulation generally a man can reach org  asm within a few minutes of active thru  sting during sexual inter  course whereas a man with delayed e  jac  ulation either does not have org  as  ms at all or cannot have an org  asm until after prolonged inter  course which might last for 30 – 45 minutes or more in most cases delayed e  jac  ulation presents the condition in which the man can climax and e  jac  ulate only during ma  st  urb  ation but not during sexual inter  course it is the least common of the male sexual dys  functions and can result as a side effect of some medications in one survey 8 of men reported being unable to achieve org  asm over a 2 month period or longer in the previous year
delayed grati  fication or deferred grati  fication is the ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward generally delayed grati  fication is associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later a growing body of literature has linked the ability to delay grati  fication to a host of other positive outcomes including academic success physical health psychological health and social competence a person s ability to delay grati  fication relates to other similar skills such as patience impulse control self control and will  power all of which are involved in self regulation broadly self regulation encompasses a person s capacity to adapt the self as necessary to meet demands of the environment delaying grati  fication is the reverse of delay dis  counting which is the preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger but delayed rewards and refers to the fact that the subjective value of reward decreases with increasing delay to its receipt it is the  orized that the ability to delay rewards is under the control of the cognitive aff  ective personality system caps several factors can affect a person s ability to delay grati  fication cognitive strategies such as the use of dis  tracting or cool thoughts can increase delay ability as can neuro  logical factors such as strength of connections in the frontal stri  atal path  way behavioral researchers have focused on the contingencies that govern choices to delay reinforcement and have studied how to manipulate those contingencies in order to leng  then delay age plays a role too children under 5 years old demonstrate a marked lack of delayed grati  fication ability and most commonly seek immediate grati  fication a very small difference between males and females suggest that females may be better at delaying rewards the ability to wait or seek immediate reinforcement is related to avoidance related behaviors such as procrast  ination and to other clinical diagnoses such as anxiety attention deficit hyper  activity disorder and depression sigmund fre  ud the father of psycho  analy  tic theory discussed the ego s role in balancing the immediate pleasure driven desires of the id with the morality driven choices of the super  ego f  under and block expanded psycho  analy  tic research on the topic and found that impul  sivity or a lack of ego control has a stronger effect on one s ability to delay rewards if a reward is more desirable finally environmental and social factors play a role for example delay is affected by the self imposed or external nature of a reward contingency by the degree of task engagement required during the delay by early mother child relationship characteristics by a person s previous experiences with unreliable promises of rewards e g in poverty and by contemporary soci  oc  ul  tural expectations and paradi  g  ms research on animals comprises another body of literature describing delayed grati  fication characteristics that are not as easily tested in human samples such as ecological factors affecting the skill
a delayed hem  ol  y  tic transfusion reaction is a type of transfusion reaction this can occur one to four weeks after the transfusion one way this can occur is if a person without a kid  d blood antigen receives a kid  d antigen in a transfusion a hem  ol  y  tic reaction can occur between 3 and 14 days as a result of a secondary immune response with a drop in h  emo  glob  in level fever ja  und  ice or h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia
delayed milestone also called developmental delays is used to describe the condition where a child does not reach one of these stages at the expected age however in most cases a wide variety of ages can be considered normal and not a cause for medical concern milestones are often measured using per  centi  les and for many milestones a value between the 5 th and 95 th per  centi  le does not require intervention though values towards the edges of that range can be associated with other medical conditions it is not possible to treat it has been suggested that measurement of posture sway may be an early indicator
delayed onset muscle so  reness doms also called muscle fever is the pain and sti  ff  ness felt in muscles several hours to days after un  accustomed or stren  uous exercise the so  reness is felt most strongly 24 to 72 hours after the exercise it is thought to be caused by ec  centric leng  th  ening exercise which causes micro  trauma to the muscle fi  bers after such exercise the muscle adap  ts rapidly to prevent muscle damage and thereby so  reness if the exercise is repeated delayed onset muscle so  reness is one symptom of exercise induced muscle damage the other is acute muscle so  reness which appears during and immediately after exercise
pu  ber  ty is described as delayed pu  ber  ty with exceptions when an organism has passed the usual age of onset of pu  ber  ty with no physical or hormonal signs that it is beginning pu  ber  ty may be delayed for several years and still occur normally in which case it is considered constitutional delay of growth and pu  ber  ty a variation of healthy physical development delay of pu  ber  ty may also occur due to malnutrition many forms of systemic disease or to defects of the reproductive system hypo  gon  ad  ism or the body s responsiveness to sex hormones
delayed sleep phase disorder d  spd also known as delayed sleep phase syndrome or delayed sleep phase type and in the 2014 revision of the international classification of sleep disorders isc  d 3 delayed sleep wake phase disorder is a chronic dys  regulation of a person s cir  c  adi  an rhythm biological clock compared to the general population and relative to societal norms the disorder affects the timing of sleep peak period of aler  tness the core body temperature rhythm and hormonal and other daily cycles people with d  spd generally fall asleep some hours after midnight and have difficulty waking up in the morning people with d  spd probably have a cir  c  adi  an period significantly longer than 24 hours depending on the severity the symptoms can be managed to a greater or lesser degree but no cure is known affected people often report that while they do not get to sleep until the early morning they do fall asleep around the same time every day unless they have another sleep disorder such as sleep ap  ne  a in addition to d  spd patients can sleep well and have a normal need for sleep however they find it very difficult to wake up in time for a typical school or work day if they are allowed to follow their own schedules e g sleeping from 3 00 am to 12 00 noon their sleep is improved and they may not experience excessive day  time sleep  iness attempting to force oneself onto day  time society s schedule with d  spd has been compared to constantly living with jet lag d  spd has in fact been referred to as social jet lag the syndrome usually develops in early childhood or adoles  cence an adoles  cent version may disappear in late adoles  cence or early adul  thood otherwise d  spd is a lifelong condition prevalence among adults equally distributed among women and men is around 0 15 or three in 2 000 prevalence among adolescents is as much as 7 – 16 d  spd was first formally described in 1981 by elliot d we  it  z  man and others at monte  fi  ore medical center it is responsible for 7 – 10 of patient complaints of chronic in  som  nia however since many doctors are unfamiliar with the condition it often goes untreated or is treated in  appropriately d  spd is often mis  diagnosed as primary in  som  nia or as a psychiatric condition d  spd can be treated or helped in some cases by careful daily sleep practices light therapy dark therapy and medications such as mel  at  on  in and mod  a  fin  il provi  gil the former is a natural neuro  hormone partly responsible for the human body clock at its most severe and inflexible d  spd is a disability a chief difficulty of treating d  spd is in maintaining an earlier schedule after it has been established as the patient s body has a strong tendency to reset the sleeping schedule to its intrinsic late times people with d  spd may improve their quality of life by choosing careers that allow late sleeping times rather than forcing themselves to follow a conventional 9 to 5 work schedule
in software engineering the delegation pattern is a design pattern in object oriented programming that allows object composition to achieve the same code reuse as inheritance in the example below using the ko  t  lin programming language the class window delegates the area call to its internal rec  t  angle object its delegate class rec  t  angle val width int val height int fun area width height class window val bounds rec  t  angle delegation fun area bounds area some languages have special support for delegation built in in delegation an object handles a request by delegating to a second object the delegate the delegate is a hel  per object but with the original context with language level support for delegation this is done implicitly by having a h  re  f medi  a  wi  ki index php title self computer science class mw redirect title self computer science self a in the delegate refer to the original sending object not the delegate receiving object in the delegate pattern this is instead accomplished by explicitly passing the original object to the delegate as an argument to a method note that delegation is often used loosely to refer to the distinct concept of forwarding where the sending object simply uses the corresponding member on the receiving object evaluated in the context of the receiving object not the original object
deli  ri  um or acute confu  sional state is an organically caused decline from a previously attained baseline level of cognitive function it is ty  pi  fied by fluctu  ating course attenti  onal deficits and generalized severe dis  organization of behavior it typically involves other cognitive deficits changes in ar  ous  al hyper  active hypo  active or mixed percep  tual deficits altered sleep wake cycle and psychotic features such as halluc  inations and delu  sions deli  ri  um itself is not a disease but rather a clinical syndrome a set of symptoms it may result from an underlying disease over consumption of alcohol from drugs administered during treatment of a disease withdrawal from drugs or from any number of health factors deli  ri  um may be difficult to diagnose without the proper establishment of the baseline mental function of a patient deli  ri  um may be caused by a disease process outside the brain that nonetheless affects the brain such as infection ur  inary tract infection pneumonia or drug effects particularly antic  hol  iner  g  ics or other cns depres  s  ants benzo  di  az  ep  ines and op  io  ids although halluc  inations and delu  sions are sometimes present in deli  ri  um these are not required for the diagnosis and the symptoms of deli  ri  um are clin  ically distinct from those induced by psycho  sis or halluc  in  ogens with the exception of deli  ri  ants deli  ri  um must by definition be caused by an organic process i e a physically identifiable structural functional or chemical problem in the brain see organic brain syndrome and thus fluctuations of mentation due to changes in purely psychiatric processes or diseases such as sudden psycho  sis from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are by definition not termed deli  ri  um like its components inability to focus attention mental confusion and various impair  ments in awareness and temporal and spatial orientation deli  ri  um is the common manifestation of new organic brain dysfunction for any reason deli  ri  um requires both a sudden change in mentation and an organic cause for this thus without careful assessment and history deli  ri  um can easily be confused with a number of psychiatric disorders or long term organic brain syndro  mes because many of the signs and symptoms of deli  ri  um are conditions also present in dementia depression and psycho  sis deli  ri  um may newly appear on a background of mental illness baseline intellectual disability or dementia without being due to any of these problems treatment of deli  ri  um requires treating the underlying cause in some cases temporary or palliative or symptomatic treatments are used to comfort the person or to allow other care for example a person who without understanding is trying to pull out a ventilation tube that is required for survival deli  ri  um is probably the single most common acute disorder affecting adults in general hospitals it affects 10 20 of all hosp  itali  zed adults and 30 40 of elderly who are hosp  itali  zed and up to 80 of those in ic  u among those requiring critical care deli  ri  um is a risk for death within the next year anti  psycho  tics are not supported for the treatment or prevention of deli  ri  um among those who are in hospital however when deli  ri  um is caused by alcohol or sed  ative hypno  tic withdrawal benzo  di  az  ep  ines are typically used
deli  ri  um trem  ens d  ts is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol when it occurs it is often three days into the withdrawal symptoms and lasts for two to three days people may also see or hear things other people do not physical effects may include shaking shi  vering irregular heart rate and swe  ating occasionally a very high body temperature or seizures may result in death alcohol is one of the most dangerous drugs to experience withdrawal from deli  ri  um trem  ens typically only occurs in people with a high intake of alcohol for more than a month a similar syndrome may occur with benzo  di  az  ep  ine and bar  bit  urate withdrawal withdrawal from stimul  ants such as cocaine does not have major medical complications in a person with deli  ri  um trem  ens it is important to rule out other associated problems such as electro  ly  te ab  norm  alities pan  cre  ati  tis and alcoholic hepatitis prevention is by treating withdrawal symptoms if deli  ri  um trem  ens occurs aggressive treatment improves outcomes treatment in a quiet intensive care unit with sufficient light is often recommended benzo  di  az  ep  ines are the medication of choice with di  az  ep  am lor  az  ep  am chlor  di  az  epo  x  ide and ox  az  ep  am all commonly used they should be given until a person is lightly sleeping the anti  psychotic hal  oper  ido  l may also be used the vitamin thi  amine is recommended mortality without treatment is between 15 and 40 currently death occurs in about 1 to 4 of cases about half of people with alcoholism will develop withdrawal symptoms upon reducing their use of these three to five percent develop d  ts or have seizures the name deli  ri  um trem  ens was first used in 18  13 however the symptoms were well described since the 1700 s the word deli  ri  um is latin for going off the fur  row a p  lowing metaphor it is also called shaking frenzy and saunders su  tton syndrome include barrel fever blue horrors bott  le  ache bats drun  ken horrors elephants gallon dist  emp  er qu  art mania pink sp  id  ers among others
delta beta thal  ass  emia is a form of thal  ass  emia and is auto  som  al rec  essive in terms of here  dity it is associated with h  emo  glob  in sub  unit delta
delu  sional disorder is a mental illness in which the patient presents with delu  sions but with no accompanying prominent halluc  inations thought disorder mood disorder or significant fl  att  ening of affect delu  sions are a specific symptom of psycho  sis delu  sions can be bizarre or non bizarre in content non bizarre delu  sions are fixed false beliefs that involve situations that could potentially occur in real life examples include being followed or poisoned apart from their delu  sions people with delu  sional disorder may continue to soci  alize and function in a normal manner and their behavior does not generally seem odd or bizarre however the preoccupation with delu  sional ideas can be disruptive to their overall lives for the diagnosis to be made aud  itory and visual halluc  inations cannot be prominent though ol  factory or t  acti  le halluc  inations related to the content of the delusion may be present to be diagnosed with a delu  sional disorder the delusion s cannot be due to the effects of a drug medication or general medical condition and delu  sional disorder cannot be diagnosed in an individual previously properly diagnosed with schizophrenia a person with delu  sional disorder may be high functioning in daily life recent and comprehensive me  ta  analyses of scientific studies point to an association between a deterioration in aspects of i  q in psychotic patients in particular percep  tual reasoning according to german psychiatrist em  il kra  ep  elin patients with delu  sional disorder remain coherent sensible and reasonable the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm defines six sub  types of the disorder characterized as ero  tom  anic believes that someone is in love with them grandiose believes that they are the greatest strongest fastest richest and or most intelligent person ever jealous believes that the love partner is cheating on them persecu  tory delu  sions that the person or someone to whom the person is close is being mal  evol  ently treated in some way som  atic believes that they have a disease or medical condition and mixed i e having features of more than one subtype delu  sions also occur as symptoms of many other mental disorders especially the other psychotic disorders the dsm iv and psychologists generally agree that personal beliefs should be evaluated with great respect to cultural and religious differences since some cultures have widely accepted beliefs that may be considered delu  sional in other cultures
delu  sional paras  it  osis also known as delu  sional inf  est  ation or ek  bo  m s syndrome is a delu  sional disorder in which individuals incorrectly believe they are infested with parasites insects or bugs whereas in reality no such inf  est  ation is present individuals with delu  sional paras  it  osis usually report t  acti  le halluc  inations known as form  ication a sensation resembling insects crawling on or under the skin delu  sional paras  it  osis is a mental disorder characterized by a fixed false belief that a skin inf  est  ation exists which is in contrast to cases of actual paras  it  osis such as s  cab  ies and inf  est  ation with demo  dex in which a skin inf  est  ation is present and identifiable by a physician through physical examination or laboratory tests mor  g  ell  ons is poorly understood but appears to be a form of this condition the alternative name ek  bo  m s syndrome was named after swedish neuro  logist karl axel ek  bo  m who published sem  inal accounts of the disease in 19  37 and 1938 it is differentiated from will  is ek  bo  m disease wed another name for rest  less legs syndrome
demand vacuum in economics and marketing is the effect created by consumer demand on the supply chain the term refers to an analogy whereby consumer demand for a product or service creates a vacuum at the end of the supply chain which pulls the product through the chain by causing the suppliers to provide more product the marketing strategy of pull strategy aims to create a demand vacuum through advertising and promotion to the consumer this is to be compared with push strategy that tries to push the product through the supply chain by promoting the product to sellers and encouraging them to carry it
dementia also known as sen  ility is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person s daily functioning other common symptoms include emotional problems problems with language and a decrease in motivation a person s consciousness is usually not affected a dementia diagnosis requires a change from a person s usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging these diseases also have a significant effect on a person s ca  reg  i  vers the most common type of dementia is alzheimer s disease which makes up 50 to 70 of cases other common types include vascular dementia 25 lew  y body dementia 15 and fron  to  temporal dementia less common causes include normal pressure hydro  cephal  us par  kinson s disease sy  phil  is and creutz  feldt – jakob disease among others more than one type of dementia may exist in the same person a small proportion of cases run in families in the dsm 5 dementia was reclassi  fied as a neuro  cognitive disorder with various degrees of severity diagnosis is usually based on history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood work used to rule out other possible causes the mini mental state examination is one commonly used cognitive test efforts to prevent dementia include trying to decrease risk factors such as high blood pressure smoking diabetes and obesity screening the general population for the disorder is not recommended there is no cure for dementia chol  in  est  erase inhi  bit  ors such as don  e  pe  z  il are often used and may be beneficial in mild to moderate disorder overall benefit however may be minor for people with dementia and those who care for them many measures can improve their lives cognitive and behavioral interventions may be appropriate educating and providing emotional support to the ca  reg  i  ver is important exercise programs are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and potentially improve outcomes treatment of behavioral problems with anti  psycho  tics is common but not usually recommended due to the little benefit and side effects including an increased risk of death globally dementia affects 36 million people about 10 of people develop the disorder at some point in their lives it becomes more common with age about 3 of people between the ages of 65 – 74 have dementia 19 between 75 and 84 and nearly half of those over 85 years of age in 2013 dementia resulted in about 1 7 million deaths up from 0 8 million in 1990 as more people are living longer dementia is becoming more common in the population as a whole for people of a specific age however it may be becoming less frequent at least in the developed world due to a decrease in risk factors it is one of the most common causes of disability among the old it is believed to result in economic costs of 604 billion usd a year people with dementia are often physically or chemically restrained to a greater degree than necessary raising issues of human rights social stigma against those affected is common
dementia pra  eco  x a premature dementia or pre  co  cious madness is a chronic deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration usually beginning in the late teens or early adul  thood schizophrenia is the new word describing this disease the term was first used in 18  91 by arnold pick 18  51 – 19  24 a professor of psychiatry at charles university in prague his brief clinical report described the case of a person with a psychotic disorder resembling he  be  ph  ren  ia german psychiatrist em  il kra  ep  elin 18  56 – 19  26 popul  ar  ised it in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that eventually became a different disease concept and rel  ab  eled as schizophrenia kra  ep  elin reduced the complex psychiatric tax  on  om  ies of the nineteenth century by dividing them into two classes man  ic depres  sive psycho  sis and dementia pra  eco  x this division commonly referred to as the kra  ep  el  inian dic  ho  tomy had a fundamental impact on twentieth century psychiatry though it has also been questioned the primary disturbance in dementia pra  eco  x is a disruption in cognitive or mental functioning in attention memory and goal directed behaviour kra  ep  elin contr  asted this with man  ic depres  sive psycho  sis now termed bipolar disorder and also with other forms of mood disorder including major depres  sive disorder he eventually concluded that it was not possible to distinguish his categories on the basis of cross sectional symptoms kra  ep  elin viewed dementia pra  eco  x as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered however by 19  13 and more explicitly by 1920 kra  ep  elin admitted that while there may be a residual cognitive defect in most cases the prog  no  sis was not as uniformly dire as he had stated in the 1890 s still he regarded it as a specific disease concept that implied incur  able inexplicable madness
dementia pu  gil  is  tica dp is a type of chronic traumatic encephalopathy c  te a neuro  degenerative disease with features of dementia dp may affect amateur or professional box  ers wrest  lers as well as athletes in other sports who suffer con  cus  sions dp is also called chronic box  er s encephalopathy traumatic box  er ’ s encephalopathy box  er s dementia chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing ct  bi b and punch drunk syndrome dp was historically considered equivalent to c  te but is now considered a subtype of c  te the condition is caused by repeated con  cus  sive and sub con  cus  sive blows blows that are below the threshold of force necessary to cause con  cus  sion or both because of the concern that boxing may cause dp there is a movement among medical professionals to ban the sport medical professionals have called for such a ban since as early as the 1950 s symptoms and signs of dp develop progressively over a long latent period sometimes amounting to decades with the average time of onset being about 12 to 16 years after the start of a career in boxing the condition is thought to affect around 15 to 20 of professional box  ers
dementia with lew  y bodies d  lb is a type of dementia that gradually wor  sens over time additional symptoms may include fluctuations in aler  tness seeing things that other people do not slowness of movement trouble walking and rigidity excessive movement during sleep and mood changes such as depression are also common the cause is unknown there is typically no family history among those affected the underlying mechanism involves the buil  dup of lew  y bodies clum  ps of alpha sy  nucle  in protein in neurons it is classified as a neuro  degenerative disorder a diagnosis may be suspected based on symptom with blood tests and medical imaging done to rule out other possible causes the differential diagnosis includes par  kinson s and alzheimer s there is no cure for d  lb treatments try to improve mental psychiatric and motor symptoms ace  ty  l  chol  in  est  erase inhi  bit  ors such as don  e  pe  z  il may provide some benefit some motor problems may improve with le  vo  dop  a anti  psycho  tics even for halluc  ination should generally be avoided due to side effects d  lb is the most common cause of dementia after alzheimer s and vascular dementia it typically begins after the age of 50 about 0 1 of those over 65 are affected males appear to be more commonly affected than females in the late part of the disease people may depend entirely on others for their care life expectancy following diagnosis is around 8 years the abnormal deposits that cause the disease were discovered in 19  12 by fre  der  ic lew  y
the dem  jan  ov re  arrangement is the chemical reaction of primary am  ines with nit  rous acid to give re  arranged alcohol  s it involves substitution by a hydrox  yl group with a possible ring expansion it is named after the russian chem  ist nikol  ai jak  ov  lev  ich dem  jan  ov dem an  ov dem  i  an  ov 18  61 – 1938
demo  dex m  ite bite is a cu  taneous condition caused by inf  est  ation by demo  dex fol  lic  ul  orum
demo  di  co  sis also called demo  dec  tic man  ge or red man  ge is caused by a sensitivity to and over  population of demo  dex can  is as the animal s immune system is unable to keep the mit  es under control demo  dex is a genus of m  ite in the family demo  dic  idae demo  dex can  is occurs naturally in the hair fol  lic  les of most dogs in low numbers around the face and other areas of the body in most dogs these mit  es never cause problems however in certain situations such as an underdeveloped or impaired immune system intense stress or malnutrition the mit  es can reproduce rapidly causing symptoms in sensitive dogs that range from mild irritation and hair loss on a small patch of skin to severe and widespread infl  amm  ation secondary infection and in rare cases can be a life threatening condition small pat  ches of demo  di  co  sis often correct themselves over time as the dog s immune system mat  ures although treatment is usually recommended
as of 2005 alaska has an estimated population of 663 661 which is an increase of 5 906 or 0 9 from the prior year and an increase of 36 730 or 5 9 since the year 2000 this includes a natural increase since the last census of 36 590 people 53 132 births minus 16 542 deaths and an increase due to net migration of 1 181 people into the state immigration from outside the united states resulted in a net increase of 5 800 people and migration within the country produced a net loss of 4 619 people more than half of the state s population lives in anchor  age jun  e  au and fair  banks with two fifths in anchor  age alone as of 1 january 2012 alaska had a population of 7  31 449 with a population of 710 231 according to the 2010 u s census alaska is the 47 th most populous and least densely populated state for purposes of the federal census the state is divided into artificial divisions defined geographically by the united states census bureau for statistical purposes only the center of population of alaska is located approximately 64 37 kilometers 40 00 mi east of anchor  age at 61 28  8  254 n latitude 148 7  16  9  68 w longitude in 2006 alaska had a larger percentage of tobacco smokers than the national average with 24 of al  as  kan adults smoking
as of 2009 arizona had a population of 6 343 million which is an increase of 213 311 or 3 6 from the prior year and an increase of 1 0  35 686 or 20 2 since the year 2000 this includes a natural increase since the last census of 297 9  28 people that is 564 0  62 births minus 266 134 deaths and an increase due to net migration of 745 9  44 people into the state immigration from outside the united states resulted in a net increase of 204 661 people and migration within the country produced a net increase of 541 283 people new population figures for the year ending july 1 2006 indicate that arizona is the fastest growing state in the united states with 3 6 population growth since 2005 exceeding the growth of the previous leader nevada the most recent population estimates released by the us census put the population at 6 8  28 0  65 in 2015 the population density of the state is 45 2 people per square mile in 2010 there were an estimated 460 000 illegal immigrants in the state these constituted an estimated 7 9 of the population the center of population of arizona is located in mari  cop  a county which contains over 61 of arizona s population
as of july 1 2006 the united states commonwealth of k  ent  ucky had an estimated population of 4 206 0  74 which is an increase of 33 466 or 0 8 from the prior year and an increase of 164 586 or 4 1 since the year 2000 this includes a natural increase since the last census of 77 156 people that is 287 222 births minus 210 0  66 deaths and an increase due to net migration of 59 604 people into the state immigration from outside the united states resulted in a net increase of 27 435 people and migration within the country produced a net increase of 32 169 people as of 2004 k  ent  ucky s population included about 95 000 foreign born 2 3 the population density of the state is 101 7 people per square mile k  ent  ucky s total population has grown during every decade since records began however during most decades of the 20 th century there was also net out migration from k  ent  ucky since 1900 rural k  ent  ucky counties have experienced a net loss of over 1 million people from migration while urban areas have experienced a slight net gain the center of population of k  ent  ucky is located in washington county in the city of wil  lis  burg
the united states census bureau estimates that the population of louisiana was 4 670 724 on july 1 2015 a 3 03 increase since the 2010 united states census as of july 2005 prior to the land  fall of hurricanes katrina and rita louisiana has an estimated population of 4 670 724 which is an increase of 21 0  48 or 0 4 from the prior year and an increase of 137 352 or 3 03 since 2010 this includes a natural increase since the last census of 129 8  89 people that is 350 818 births minus 220 9  29 deaths and a decrease due to net migration of 69 373 people out of the state immigration from outside the united states resulted in a net increase of 20 174 people and migration within the country produced a net loss of 89 547 people the population density of the state is 104 9 people per square mile the center of population of louisiana is located in poin  te cou  pee parish in the city of new roads according to the 2000 u s census 14 7 of the population aged 5 and older speak french or ca  jun french at home while 1 5 speak spanish
according to the u s census bureau as of 2015 the state of ok  la  homa has an estimated population of 3 911 338 which is an increase of 159 9  87 or 4 26 since the year 2010 ok  la  homa is the 28 th most populous state in the united states
the demographics of venezuela are the condition and overview of venezuela s peoples demographic topics include basic education health and population statistics as well as identified racial and religious affili  ations the venezuelan people comprise a combination of herit  ages the historically present amer  indians spanish colon  ists and african slaves have all contributed to varying degrees later waves of european groups italians portuguese and germans migrated to venezuela in the 20 th century influencing many aspects of venezuelan life including its culture language food and music about 51 6 of the population is mes  tiz  o while 43 6 are white of european ance  stry and or middle eastern ance  stry another 3 7 is black african while 2 7 is of full amer  indian ance  stry and 1 0 other races principally asian people three amer  indian tribes located in the country are the way  u  u located in the west in zu  lia state and the timo  to cu  ic  as also in the west in mé  ri  da state in the an  des about 85 of the population live in urban areas in the northern portion of the country and currently resides in the urban conglomer  ations car  ac  as mar  ac  ay mar  ac  ai  bo valencia etc that are concentrated in venezuela s northern coastal mountain strip nearly half of venezuela s geographic area lies south of the or  in  oc  o river however this region contains only 5 of the venezuelan population the world fac  t  book 2011 estimate puts venezuela s total population at 27 635 743 inhabitants additionally over the past five years venezuelan society s general age structure has been tren  ding towards the homo  log  ous structure found in cuba western europe japan and other healthy and rapidly aging societies notably there has been a significant increase in the proportion and gross numbers of elderly venezuel  ans aged 65 and up as well as a corresponding drop in the total fertility
a dem  yel  inating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the my  elin she  ath of neurons is damaged this damage imp  airs the conduc  tion of signals in the affected nerves in turn the reduction in conduc  tion ability causes deficiency in sensation movement cogn  ition or other functions depending on which nerves are involved some dem  yel  inating diseases are caused by genetics some by infectious agents some by auto  immune reactions and some by unknown factors organ  op  hosp  hates a class of chemicals which are the active ingredients in commercial insectic  ides such as sheep dip weed killers and fle  a treatment preparations for pets etc will also dem  yel  inate nerves neuro  le  p  tics can also cause dem  yel  ination dem  yel  inating diseases are traditionally classified in two kinds dem  yel  inating my  el  ino  cl  astic diseases and dem  yel  inating leuko  dy  stro  ph  ic diseases in the first group a normal and healthy my  elin is destroyed by a toxic chemical or auto  immune substance in the second group my  elin is abnormal and de  generates the second group was denominated dy  sm  yel  inating diseases by pos  er in the most known example multiple sclerosis there is good evidence that the body s own immune system is at least partially responsible acquired immune system cells called t cells are known to be present at the site of le  sions other immune system cells called macro  p  ha  ges and possibly m  ast cells as well also contribute to the damage some dem  yel  inating diseases are caused by genetics some by infectious agents some by auto  immune reactions some by exposure to chemical agents and some by unknown factors vitamin b 12 deficiency can cause dem  yel  ination
in ph  one  tics den  as  alization is the loss of nas  al air  flow in a nas  al sound such as a nas  al cons  on  ant or a nas  al vo  wel that may be due to speech path  ology but also occurs when the sin  uses are blocked from a common cold in which case it is called a nas  al voice the latter is not a linguistic term the symbol in the extended ip  a is ⟨ ◌ ͊ ⟩ when one speaks with a cold the nas  al passages still function as a reson  ant cav  ity so a den  as  alized nas  al m  ͊ does not sound like a voiced oral stop b and a den  as  alized vo  wel a  ͊ does not sound like an oral vo  wel a however there are cases of historical or all  op  hon  ic den  as  alization that have produced oral stops in some languages with nas  al vo  wels such as pa  ic  ĩ nas  al cons  on  ants may only occur before nas  al vo  wels but before oral vo  wels pre  nas  alized stops are found this all  op  hon  ic variation is likely to be from a historical process of partial den  as  alization similarly several languages around pu  get sound underwent a process of den  as  alization about one century ago except in special speech registers such as baby talk the nas  als m n became the voiced stops b d it appears from historical records that there was an intermediate stage when the stops were pre  nas  alized stops ᵐ  b ⁿ  d or post  stopped nas  als m  ᵇ n  ᵈ something similar is currently happening with word initial nas  als in korean in some contexts m is neither m nor b but m  ͊
a d  end  ri  tic sp  ine or sp  ine is a small memb  ran  ous pro  tru  sion from a ne  uron s d  end  r  ite that typically receives input from a single ax  on at the syn  ap  se d  end  ri  tic sp  ines serve as a storage site for syn  ap  tic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the ne  uron s cell body most sp  ines have a bul  b  ous head the sp  ine head and a thin neck that connects the head of the sp  ine to the shaft of the d  end  r  ite the d  end  rit  es of a single ne  uron can contain hundreds to thousands of sp  ines in addition to sp  ines providing an anatom  ical sub  str  ate for memory storage and syn  ap  tic transmission they may also serve to increase the number of possible contacts between neurons
d  ener  vation is any loss of nerve supply regardless of the cause if the nerves lost to d  ener  vation are part of the neuro  nal communication to a specific function in the body then altered or a loss of physiological functioning can occur d  ener  vation can be caused by injury or be a symptom of a disorder like als and post polio syndrome additionally it can be a useful surgical technique to alleviate major negative symptoms such as in ren  al d  ener  vation d  ener  vation can have many harmful side effects such as increased risk of infection and tissue dysfunction
d  ener  vation su  pers  ensi  tivity is the sharp increase of sensitivity of post syn  ap  tic memb  ran  es to a chemical transmitter after d  ener  vation it is a compensatory change mechanism cause of d  ener  v  ative su  pers  enti  vity is unknown part of answer is that the number of recep  tors in the post syn  ap  tic memb  rane of effec  tor cells increases when no  rep  in  eph  rine or ace  ty  l  ch  oline is no longer released at syn  ap  se a  process called up  regulation of recep  tor therefore when a dose of hormone is now injected into the circul  atory blood the effec  tor reaction is vastly enhanced
den  gue fever is a mosquito borne tropical disease caused by the den  gue virus symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection this may include a high fever headache v  om  iting muscle and joint pains and a characteristic skin rash recovery generally takes two to seven days in a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life threatening den  gue hemorrha  gic fever resulting in bleeding low levels of blood plat  el  ets and blood plasma leakage or into den  gue shock syndrome where dangerously low blood pressure occurs den  gue is spread by several species of mosquito of the a  edes type principally a a  egyp  ti the virus has five different types infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type but only short term immunity to the others subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications a number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its r  na a novel vaccine for den  gue fever has been approved in three countries but it is not yet commercially available prevention is by reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites this may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body treatment of acute den  gue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intra  ven  ously for mild or moderate disease for more severe cases blood transfusion may be required about half a million people require admission to hospital a year non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drug n  s  aids such as i  bu  prof  en should not be used den  gue has become a global problem since the second world war and is common in more than 110 countries each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected and approximately 10 000 to 20 000 die the earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 17  79 its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20 th century apart from eliminating the mosquitoes work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus
den  gue virus den  v is the cause of den  gue fever it is a mosquito borne single positive stranded r  na virus of the family fla  vivi  ri  da  e genus fla  vi  virus five sero  types of the virus have been found all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease nevertheless scientists are finding their understanding of den  gue virus may be simplistic as rather than distinct anti  genic groups there appears to be a continu  um this same study identified 47 strains of den  gue virus additionally co  infection with and lack of rapid tests for zi  ka virus and chi  kun  gun  ya complicate matters in real world infections its genome is about 11000 bases of positive sense single stranded r  na s  sr  na that codes for three structural proteins cap  sid protein c memb  rane protein m envelope protein e and seven non  structural proteins ns 1 ns 2 a ns 2 b ns 3 ns 4 a ns 4 b ns 5 it also includes short non coding regions on both the 5 and 3 ends
den  nie – mar  fan syndrome is a syndrome in which there is association of sp  astic par  ap  legi  a of the lower limbs and mental retar  dation in children with con  genital sy  phil  is both sexes are affected and the onset of the disease can be acute or insidious with slow progression from weakness to quad  ri  ple  gia epi  le  psy cat  ar  act and ny  stag  mus may be also be found the syndrome was described by charles cl  ayton den  nie in 1929 and an  to  ine mar  fan in 1936
dens ev  ag  in  atus is a condition found in teeth where the outer surface appears to form an extra bump or cus  p pre  mol  ars are more likely to be affected than any other tooth this may be seen more frequently in asians but almost exclusively in down syndrome the pulp of the tooth may extend into the dens ev  ag  in  atus there is a risk of the dens ev  ag  in  atus chip  ping off in normal function hence this condition requires monitoring as the tooth can lose its blood and nerve supply as a result and may need root canal treatment
dens inv  ag  in  atus also known as dens in d  ente tooth within a tooth is a condition found in teeth where the outer surface fol  ds inward there are cor  onal and radic  ular forms with the cor  onal form being more common dens inv  ag  in  atus is a mal  formation of teeth most likely resulting from an in  fol  ding of the dental pap  illa during tooth development or inv  ag  ination of all layer of the en  am  el organ in dental pap  il  la  e affected teeth show a deep in  fol  ding of en  am  el and d  ent  ine starting from the for  amen co  ec  um or even the tip of the cus  ps and which may extend deep into the root teeth most affected are max  ill  ary lateral incis  ors and bilateral occurrence is not un  common the mal  formation shows a broad spectrum of mor  pho  logic variations and frequently results in early pulp necro  sis root canal therapy may present severe problems because of the complex anatomy of the teeth ae  ti  ology prevalence classification and therapeutic considerations including root canal therapy ap  ical surgery and prevention of pul  pal involvement are reviewed eti  ology 1 increased loc  alised pressure 2 focal growth retar  dation and stimulation types 1 cor  onal 2 radic  ular types type 1 that is confined to the cro  wn  type 2 extend below ce  j and ends in a blind s  ac that may or may not communicate with adjacent dental pul  p  type 3 extend to the root and per  for  ate in the ap  ex or lateral radic  ular area without communicating the pulp
dent s disease or dent disease is a rare x linked rec  essive inherited condition that affects the proxim  al ren  al tu  bul  es of the kidney it is one cause of fan  coni syndrome and is characterized by tu  bul  ar prote  in  ur  ia excess calcium in the urine formation of calcium kidney stones ne  ph  ro  cal  cin  osis and chronic kidney failure dent s disease is often used to describe an entire group of famili  al disorders including x linked rec  essive ne  ph  ro  li  thi  asis with kidney failure x linked rec  essive hypo  phosp  hat  emic ric  kets and both japanese and idi  opathic low molecular weight prote  in  ur  ia about 60 of patients have mutations in the cl  cn 5 gene dent 1 which en  codes a kidney specific chloride prot  on anti  porter and 15 of patients have mutations in the o  cr  l 1 gene dent 2
a dental abs  c  ess also termed a d  ent  o  al  ve  ol  ar abs  c  ess tooth abs  c  ess or root abs  c  ess is a loc  alized collection of p  us associated with a tooth the most common type of dental abs  c  ess is a peri  ap  ical abs  c  ess and the second most common is a period  on  tal abs  c  ess in a peri  ap  ical abs  c  ess usually the origin is a bacterial infection that has accumulated in the soft often dead pulp of the tooth this can be caused by tooth decay broken teeth or extensive period  on  tal disease or combinations of these factors a failed root canal treatment may also create a similar abs  c  ess a dental abs  c  ess is a type of od  on  to  genic infection although commonly the latter term is applied to an infection which has spread outside the local region around the caus  ative tooth
dental av  ul  sion is the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket in al  ve  ol  ar bone owing to trauma the treatment for permanent teeth consists of re  plantation immediately if possible deci  duous teeth should not be re  planted due to the risk of damaging the permanent tooth germ immediate re  plantation ensures the best possible prog  no  sis but is not always possible since more serious injuries may be present studies have shown that teeth that are protected in a physi  o  logically ideal media can be re  planted within 15 minutes to one hour after the accident with good prog  no  sis the success of delayed re  plantation depends on the vitality of the cells remaining on the root surface in normal conditions a tooth is connected to the socket by means of the period  on  tal lig  ament when a tooth is knocked out that lig  ament stretches and spl  its in half maintaining the vitality of the cells that remain attached to the root surface is the key to success following re  plantation years ago it was thought that the key to maintaining root cell vitality was keeping the knocked out tooth wet thus giving rise to storage media recommendations such as water the mouth and milk recent research has shown that one of the key elements for maintaining vitality is storing the tooth in an environment that closely resembles the original socket environment this environment is one that has the proper o  sm  ol  ality cell pressure ph nutritional metabol  ites and glucose there are scientifically designed storage media that provide this environment these storage media are now available in retail products use of devices that incorporate the ideal storage media and protective apparat  uses have increased the success rate of re  planted knocked out teeth to over 90 when used within sixty minutes of the accident
dental bar  o  trauma is a condition in which barome  tric pressure changes in the external environment cause damage to the denti  tion the problem can occur owing to a miniature void within a filled tooth it is technically difficult to completely prevent void spaces occurring when placing a filling and carrying out root canal treatment according to bo  yle s law when the external pressure rises or falls the trapped air within the void will attempt to expand or contract the stresses this places on the tooth structure can cause pain or rarely frac  turing of the tooth structure typically this is seen in s  cuba di  vers or avi  ators who experience pressure changes in the course of their activity identifying the pain during a pressure change is a diagnostic indicator for the clin  ician treatment involves removing the void space by carefully replacing the offending restoration repeating the endo  don  tic treatment or removing the tooth
dental car  ies also known as tooth decay ca  vities or car  ies is a breakdown of teeth due to activities of bacteria the ca  vities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating complications may include infl  amm  ation of the tissue around the tooth tooth loss and infection or abs  c  ess formation the cause of car  ies is bacterial breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth en  am  el denti  n and cem  ent  um this occurs due to acid made from food debris or sugar on the tooth surface simple sugars in food are these bacteria s primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor if mineral breakdown is greater than build up from sources such as sali  va car  ies results risk factors include conditions that result in less sali  va such as diabetes mell  it  us s  jo  gre  n s syndrome and some medications medications that decrease sali  va production include anti  hist  am  ines and anti  depres  s  ants car  ies is also associated with poverty poor cleaning of the mouth and rec  eding g  ums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth prevention includes regular cleaning of the teeth a diet low in sugar and small amounts of flu  oride bru  shing the teeth twice per day and flo  s  sing between the teeth once a day is recommended by many flu  oride may be from water salt or tooth  paste among other sources treating a mother s dental car  ies may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the numbers of certain bacteria screening can result in earlier detection depending on the extent of destruction various treatments can be used to restore the tooth to proper function or the tooth may be removed there is no known method to grow back large amounts of tooth the availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en or i  bu  prof  en may be taken for pain worldwide approximately 2 43 billion people 36 of the population have dental car  ies in their permanent teeth the world health organization estimates that nearly all adults have dental car  ies at some point in time in baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9 of the population they have become more common in both children and adults in recent years the disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption and less common in the developing world car  ies is latin for rot  ten  ness
dental fluor  osis also termed mo  tt  led en  am  el is an extremely common disorder characterized by hypo  miner  alization of tooth en  am  el caused by ing  estion of excessive flu  oride during en  am  el formation it appears as a range of visual changes in en  am  el causing degrees of intrinsic tooth dis  color  ation and in some cases physical damage to the teeth the severity of the condition is dependent on the dose duration and age of the individual during the exposure the very mild and most common form of fluor  osis is characterized by small opaque paper white areas scattered ir  regularly over the tooth covering less than 25 of the tooth surface in the mild form of the disease these mo  tt  led pat  ches can involve up to half of the surface area of the teeth when fluor  osis is moderate all of the surfaces of the teeth are mo  tt  led and teeth may be ground down and brown stain  s frequently dis  figure the teeth severe fluor  osis is characterized by brown dis  color  ation and dis  crete or con  flu  ent pit  ting brown stain  s are widespread and teeth often present a corro  ded looking appearance people with fluor  osis are relatively resistant to dental car  ies tooth decay caused by bacteria although they may be of cosmetic concern in moderate to severe fluor  osis teeth are physically damaged
dental su  blu  x  ation is a traumatic injury in which the tooth has increased mobility i e is loosen  ed but has not been displaced from its original site in the j  aw  bone
d  ent  at  or  u  br  al palli  d  olu  y  sian atro  phy dr  pla is an auto  som  al dominant spin  oc  ere  bell  ar de  generation caused by an expansion of a ca  g repeat en  coding a poly  glu  tam  ine tract in the atro  ph  in 1 protein it is also known as ha  w river syndrome and nai  to o  yan  agi disease although this condition was perhaps first described by smith et al in 1958 and several spor  adic cases have been reported from western countries this disorder seems to be very rare except in japan there are at least eight neuro  degenerative diseases that are caused by expanded ca  g repeats en  coding poly  glu  tam  ine poly  q stretches see trin  uc  le  o  tide repeat disorder the expanded ca  g repeats create an adverse gain of function mutation in the gene products of these diseases dr  pla is most similar to hun  t  ington s disease
a denti  ger  ous cyst or fol  lic  ular cyst is an od  on  to  genic cyst thought to be of developmental origin associated with the crown of an un  erupted or partially erupted tooth the cyst cav  ity is lined by epi  the  li  al cells derived from the reduced en  am  el epi  the  lium of the tooth forming organ regarding its patho  genesis it has been suggested that the pressure exerted by an erup  ting tooth on the fol  lic  le may obstruct ven  ous flow inducing accumulation of exu  date between the reduced en  am  el epi  the  lium and the tooth crown in addition to the developmental origin some authors have suggested that peri  ap  ical infl  amm  ation of non vital deci  duous teeth in proximity to the fol  lic  les of un  erupted permanent successors may be a factor for triggering this type of cyst formation his  to  logically a normal dental fol  lic  le is lined by en  am  el epi  the  lium whereas a denti  ger  ous cyst is lined by non ker  at  ini  zed str  ati  fied squ  am  ous epi  the  lium since the denti  ger  ous cyst develops from fol  lic  ular epi  the  lium it has more potential for growth differentiation and de  generation than a radic  ular cyst occasionally the wall of a denti  ger  ous cyst may give rise to a more ominous mu  co  ep  id  er  mo  id carcin  oma due to the tendency for denti  ger  ous cy  sts to expand rapidly they may cause pathological fractu  res of jaw bones on fine needle aspiration thin straw colored fluid is seen the usual radio  graphic appearance is that of a well demarc  ated radi  ol  uc  ent le  sion attached at an acute angle to the cer  vic  al area of an un  erupted tooth the border of the le  sion may be radi  opaque the radio  graphic differentiation between a denti  ger  ous cyst and a normal dental fol  lic  le is based merely on size radio  graphically a denti  ger  ous cyst should always be differentiated from a normal dental fol  lic  le denti  ger  ous cy  sts are the most common cy  sts with this radio  graphic appearance radio  graphically the cyst appears uni  loc  ular with well defined margins and often s  cl  erotic borders but sometimes it may be multi  loc  ular in appearance and may also have a continuous c  ys  tic memb  rane infected cy  sts show ill defined margins fol  lic  ular space more than 3 mm is to be considered a denti  ger  ous cyst radio  graphically there are three types of denti  ger  ous cyst namely the central type lateral type and the circum  fer  ential type the most common location of denti  ger  ous cy  sts are the man  di  bul  ar 3 rd mol  ars and the max  ill  ary can  ines and they rarely involve deci  duous teeth and are occasionally associated with od  on  tom  es a denti  ger  ous cyst is often treated by exc  ision of the cyst along with the extraction of the as  so  sci  ated tooth in case of a large cyst mar  sup  i  alization is done
denti  n dys  pl  asia is a genetic disorder of teeth commonly exhi  biting an auto  som  al dominant inheritance it is characterized by presence of normal en  am  el but atypical denti  n with abnormal pul  pal mor  pho  logy there are two types type i is the radic  ular type and type ii is the cor  onal type in the radic  ular type the roots of teeth are shorter than normal and the pulp chamber may be nearly gone the pulp chamber is sometimes described as having a cres  cent shaped appearance in the cor  onal type the pul  ps are enlarged and are described as having a th  ist  le tube appearance in permanent denti  tion in the deci  duous denti  tion cor  onal denti  n dys  pl  asia bears a resemblance to d  ent  ino  genesis im  perfec  ta type ii radio  graphic features type 1 roots are short blunt and con  ical in deci  duous teeth pulp chambers and root can  als are completely obliter  ated while in permanent they may be cres  cent shaped type 2 the pulp chamber of the deci  duous teeth become completely obliter  ated the permanent teeth displays large pulp chamber in the cor  onal portion of the tooth referred to as th  ist  le tube appearance pulp stones may be found his  to  logic features type 1 normal d  ent  inal tu  bu  le formation is blocked and new denti  n forms around obstacles known as lava flowing around b  oul  ders
denti  n hy  pers  ensi  tivity abbreviated to dh or d  hs and also termed sensitive denti  n denti  n sensitivity cer  vic  al sensitivity and cer  vic  al hy  pers  ensi  tivity is dental pain which is sharp in character and of short duration arising from exposed denti  n surfaces in response to stimul  i typically thermal evapor  ative t  acti  le os  mo  tic chemical or electrical and which cannot be ascri  bed to any other dental disease a degree of denti  n sensitivity is normal but pain is not usually experienced in everyday activities like drinking a cool  ed drink therefore although the terms denti  n sensitivity and sensitive denti  n are used inter  change  ably to refer to dental hy  pers  ensi  tivity the latter term is the most accurate
d  ent  ino  genesis im  perfec  ta di is a genetic disorder of tooth development this condition is a type of denti  n dys  pl  asia that causes teeth to be dis  colored most often a blue gray or yellow brown color and trans  luc  ent giving teeth an op  al  es  cent she  en teeth are also weaker than normal making them prone to rapid wear break  age and loss these problems can affect both primary deci  duous teeth and permanent teeth this condition is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant pattern which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder d  ent  ino  genesis im  perfec  ta affects an estimated 1 in 6 000 to 8 000 people
there is a lack of dental care in rural alaska because many alaska natives live in rural villages most of which are only accessible by boat or bush plane there are many programs to help alaska natives understand the importance of dental care while helping them to receive the professional care and guidance that is needed there are many problem issues within the rural alaska native population such as tooth disease to help with these health issues there are denti  sts as well as dental therapist aides who travel to these villages to perform care these programs are funded by the united states federal government and the alaska native corporations
d  ent  om  andi  bul  ar sens  or  im  o  tor dysfunction is a medical condition involving the man  di  ble lower jaw upper three cer  vic  al neck verte  bra  e and the surrounding muscle and nerve areas there is a concentrated nerve center in this area called the tri  gem  inal nucleus this major path  way of nerves controls pain signals from the teeth face head and neck and carries them to the brain d  ent  om  andi  bul  ar sens  or  im  o  tor dysfunction refers to a condition in which an individual experiences chronic pain or sti  ff  ness from these nerve inputs as a result of dental force imbalances
d  ent  ure related stom  ati  tis also termed d  ent  ure sore mouth d  ent  ure stom  ati  tis chronic atro  ph  ic candi  di  asis candi  da associated d  ent  ure induced stom  ati  tis and d  ent  ure associated er  y  them  at  ous stom  ati  tis is a common condition where mild infl  amm  ation and red  ness of the oral mu  co  us memb  rane occurs beneath a d  ent  ure in about 90 of cases candi  da species are involved which are normally a harmless component of the oral micro  bio  ta in many people d  ent  ure related stom  ati  tis is the most common form of oral candi  di  asis a ye  ast infection of the mouth it is more common in elderly people and in those who wear a complete upper d  ent  ure a d  ent  ure which replaces all the upper teeth worn by someone with no natural teeth in their upper jaw d  ent  ure related stom  ati  tis is more likely to develop when the d  ent  ure is left constantly in the mouth rather than removing it during sleep and when the d  ent  ure is not cleaned regularly
the denver convergence vor  tic  ity zone d  c  v  z is an oro  graphically induced atmospheric phenomenon characterized by conver  gent winds east of the denver metropolitan area typically 50 to 100 km in length and oriented in a north south direction this meteorological feature was subject to academic scrutiny following a large outbreak of denver area tor  nad  oes in 1981 and has been used to explain the propensity of the area to spa  wn land  sp  out mis  oc  ycl  one and super  cell mes  oc  ycl  one tor  nad  oes the d  c  v  z is often associated with the denver cyclone effect although the denver cyclone is considered a distinct atmospheric phenomenon by some scientists
den  ys – dr  ash syndrome d  ds or dr  ash syndrome is a rare disorder or syndrome characterized by gon  ad  al dys  genesis ne  ph  ro  pa  thy and wil  ms tumor
de  oxy  gen  ation is a chemical reaction involving the removal of oxygen atoms from a mol  ecu  le the term also refers to the removal molecular oxygen o 2 from gases and solvents a step in air free technique and gas pur  i  fiers as applied to organic compounds de  oxy  gen  ation is a component of fuels production as well a type of reaction employed in organic synthesis e g of pharmaceuticals
in software engineering dependency injection is a software design pattern that implements in  version of control for resolving depend  encies a dependency is an object that can be used a service an injection is the passing of a dependency to a dependent object a client that would use it the service is made part of the client s state passing the service to the client rather than allowing a client to build or find the service is the fundamental requirement of the pattern dependency injection allows a program design to follow the dependency in  version principle the client delegates the responsibility of providing its depend  encies to external code the injec  tor the client is not allowed to call the injec  tor code it is the injecting code that construc  ts the services and calls the client to inject them this means the client code does not need to know about the injecting code the client does not need to know how to construct the services the client does not need to know which actual services it is using the client only needs to know about the intrinsic interfaces of the services because these define how the client may use the services this separates the responsibilities of use and construction there are three common means for a client to accept a dependency injection set  ter interface and construc  tor based injection set  ter and construc  tor injection differ mainly by when they can be used interface injection differs in that the dependency is given a chance to control its own injection all require that separate construction code the injec  tor take responsibility for introducing a client and its depend  encies to each other
dependency theory is a sub  field of database theory which studies implication and optimi  zation problems related to logical constraints commonly called depend  encies on databases the best known class of such depend  encies are functional depend  encies which form the foundation of keys on database relations another important class of depend  encies are the multi  valued depend  encies a key algori  thm in dependency theory is the chase and much of the theory is devoted to its study
dependent personality disorder dp  d formerly known as asth  en  ic personality disorder is a personality disorder that is characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people this personality disorder is a long term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs with only a minority achieving normal levels of independence the cause of dependent personality disorder is unknown ta study in 2012 estimated that between 55 and 72 of the risk of the condition is inherited from one s parents the difference between a dependent personality and a dependent personality disorder is somewhat subjective which makes diagnosis sensitive to cultural influences such as gender role expectations
in population dynamics dep  ens  ation is the effect on a population such as a fish stock whereby due to certain causes a decrease in the breeding population mature individuals leads to reduced production and survival of eggs or offspring the causes may include pre  dation levels rising per offspring given the same level of overall predat  or pressure or the alle  e effect particularly the reduced likelihood of finding a mate although dep  ens  ation is often considered in relation to the population being harvested especially fish the actual level of harvesting by definition is not part of dep  ens  ation
de  person  alization disorder dp  d also known as de  person  alization dere  alization syndrome is a mental disorder in which the person has persistent or recurrent feelings of de  person  alization and or dere  alization symptoms can be classified as either de  person  alization or dere  alization de  person  alization is described as feeling disconnected or e  strang  ed from one s body thoughts or emotions individuals experiencing de  person  alization may report feeling as if they are an outside observer of their own thoughts or body and often report feeling a loss of control over their thoughts or actions in some cases individuals may be unable to accept their reflection as their own or they may have out of body experiences while de  person  alization is a sense of det  achment from one s self dere  alization is described as det  achment from one s surroundings individuals experiencing dere  alization may report percei  ving the world around them as fo  ggy dream  like sur  real or vis  ually distorted in addition to these de  person  alization dere  alization disorder symptoms the inner turmoil created by the disorder can result in depression self harm low self esteem anxiety attacks panic attacks pho  bias etc it can also cause a variety of physical symptoms including chest pain blur  ry vision visual snow naus  ea and the sensation of pins and needles in one s arms or legs de  person  alization dere  alization disorder is thought to be caused largely by severe traumatic lifetime events including childhood abuse accidents natural disasters war torture and bad drug experiences it is unclear whether genetics play a role however there are many neuro  chemical and hormonal changes in individuals with de  person  alization disorder the disorder is typically associated with cognitive disruptions in early percep  tual and attenti  onal processes diagnostic criteria for de  person  alization dere  alization disorder includes among other symptoms persistent or recurrent feelings of det  achment from one s mental or bodily processes or from one s surroundings a diagnosis is made when the dissoci  ation is persistent and interferes with the social and or occupational functions of daily life however accurate descriptions of the symptoms are hard to provide due to the subjective nature of de  person  alization dere  alization and person s ambiguous use of language when describing these episodes in the dsm 5 it was combined with dere  alization disorder and ren  amed to de  person  alization dere  alization disorder dd  pd in the dsm 5 it remains classified as a dissoci  ative disorder while in the ic  d 10 it is called de  person  alization dere  alization syndrome and classified as a neuro  tic disorder although the disorder is an alteration in the subjective experience of reality it is not a form of psycho  sis as the person maintains the ability to distinguish between their own internal experiences and the objective reality of the outside world during ep  is  od  ic and continuous de  person  alization the person can distinguish between reality and fantasy in other words their grasp on reality remains stable at all times while de  person  alization dere  alization disorder was once considered rare lifetime experiences with the disorder occur in approximately 1 – 2 of the general population the chronic form of this disorder has a reported prevalence of 0 8 to 1 9 while these numbers may seem small de  person  alization dere  alization experiences have been reported by a majority of the general population with varying degrees of intensity while brief episodes of de  person  alization or dere  alization can be common in the general population the disorder is only diagnosed when these symptoms cause significant distress or impair social occupational or other important areas of functioning
depression storage capacity in soil science is the ability of a particular area of land to retain water in its pits and depres  sions thus preventing it from flowing depression storage capacity along with infiltr  ation capacity is one of the main factors involved in hor  ton over  land flow whereby water volume sur  passes both infiltr  ation and depression storage capacity and begins to flow horizon  tally across land possibly leading to flooding and soil erosion the study of land s depression storage capacity is important in the fields of geo  logy ecology and especially hydro  logy
depres  sive personality disorder also known as mel  anch  ol  ic personality disorder is a controversial psychiatric diagnosis that den  o  tes a personality disorder with depres  sive features originally included in the american psychiatric association s dsm ii depres  sive personality disorder was removed from the dsm iii and dsm iii r recently it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis depres  sive personality disorder is currently described in appendix b in the dsm iv tr as worthy of further study although no longer listed as a personality disorder the diagnosis is included under the section “ personality disorder not otherwise specified ” while depres  sive personality disorder shares some similarities with mood disorders such as dys  thy  mia it also shares many similarities with personality disorders including avoid  ant personality disorder some researchers argue that depres  sive personality disorder is sufficiently distinct from these other conditions so as to warrant a separate diagnosis
depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions 3 d and the distance of an object depth sensation is the corresponding term for animals since although it is known that animals can sense the distance of an object because of their ability to move accurately or to respond consistently according to that distance it is not known whether they perceive it in the same subjective way that humans do depth perception arises from a variety of depth cu  es these are typically classified into bin  oc  ular cu  es that are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes and mon  oc  ular cu  es that can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye bin  oc  ular cu  es include stere  op  sis eye convergence disparity and yielding depth from bin  oc  ular vision through exploitation of paral  lax mon  oc  ular cu  es include size distant objects sub  tend smaller visual angles than near objects grain size and motion paral  lax
de  pur  ination is a chemical reaction of pur  ine de  oxy  ri  bon  uc  le  o  sides de  oxy  aden  os  ine and de  oxy  gu  an  os  ine and ri  bon  uc  le  o  sides aden  os  ine or gu  an  os  ine in which the β n gly  co  sid  ic bond is hydro  ly  tically cle  a  ved releasing a nucle  ic base aden  ine or gu  an  ine respectively the second product of de  pur  ination of de  oxy  ri  bon  uc  le  o  sides and ri  bon  uc  le  o  sides is sugar 2 ’ de  oxy  ri  bo  se and ri  bo  se respectively more complex compounds containing nucle  o  side residues nucle  o  ti  des and nucle  ic acids also suffer from de  pur  ination de  oxy  ri  bon  uc  le  o  sides and their derivatives are substantially more prone to de  pur  ination than their corresponding ri  bon  uc  le  o  side counterparts loss of py  ri  mid  ine bases cy  to  sine and thy  mine occurs by a similar mechanism but at a substantially lower rate when de  pur  ination occurs with dna it leads to the formation of ap  ur  in  ic site and results in an alteration of the structure studies estimate that as many as 5 000 pur  ines are lost this way each day in a typical human cell in cells one of the main causes of de  pur  ination is the presence of endo  genous metabol  ites undergoing chemical reactions ap  ur  in  ic sites in double stranded dna are efficiently repaired by portions of the base exc  ision repair ber path  way de  pur  inated bases in single stranded dna undergoing replic  ation can lead to mutations because in the absence of information from the complementary strand ber can add an incorrect base at the ap  ur  in  ic site resulting in either a transition or trans  version mutation de  pur  ination is known to play a major role in cancer initiation hydro  ly  tic de  pur  ination is one of the principal forms of damage to ancient dna in fossil or sub  fossil material since the base remains un  repaired this results in both loss of information the base sequence and difficulties in recovery and in vitro replic  ation of the damaged mol  ecu  le by the poly  mer  ase chain reaction
de  que  í  sm  o is a phenomenon in spanish gr  ammar considered wrong in prescriptive works it is using de que instead of que as the complem  enti  zer introducing a verbal complement clause it can be seen as the opposite of que  í  sm  o which involves using que when de que is to be used for example me di  jo de que estab  a can  s  ado he told me that he was tired is a case of de  que  í  sm  o since the prescriptive construction is me di  jo que estab  a can  s  ado de  que  í  sm  o is considered peculiar to less educated speakers most likely as an instance of hyper  correction in the attempt to avoid que  í  sm  o or perhaps a con  fl  ation with the refl  exi  ve use which can sometimes be quite superfic  ially similar me al  egr  o de que se  á  is fel  ices gr  amm  atically normal with a refl  exi  ve ver  b i am pleased me al  egr  a de que se  á  is fel  ices prescri  p  tively incorrect non refl  exi  ve de  que  í  sm  o usually me al  egr  a que se  á  is fel  ices it pleases me
in psychiatry der  ail  ment also loosen  ing of association as  yn  des  is as  yn  de  tic thinking knight s move thinking or ent  g  leis  en is a thought disorder characterized by discourse consisting of a sequence of unrelated or only remotely related ideas the frame of reference often changes from one sentence to the next in a mild manifestation this thought disorder is characterized by sli  pp  age of ideas further and further from the point of a discussion der  ail  ment can often be manifestly caused by intense emotions such as euphoria or hysteria some of the synon  y  ms given above loosen  ing of association as  yn  de  tic thinking are used by some authors to refer just to a loss of goal discourse that sets off on a particular idea w  anders off and never returns to it a related term is tang  enti  ality — it refers to off the point obli  que or irrelevant answers given to questions in some studies on creativity knight s move thinking while it describes a similarly loose association of ideas it is not considered a mental disorder or the hallmark of one it is sometimes used as a synon  ym for lateral thinking
der  b  ices or der  bikes persian د  ر  ب  ی  ک ‌ ه  ا ‎ ‎ were a small pocket of tribal people located at or around hy  r  can  ia which is an area located in the northern borders of the iranian pl  ate  au most of what history can re  count of this tribe is from the writ  ings of c  te  si  as led by their leader amor  a  eus der  b  ices led a rebellion against cy  rus the great causing the mortal w  ounding of the king they are however eventually defeated by cy  rus and incorporated into the persian empire it is critical to note that the account of der  b  ices is basically the work of c  te  si  as and offers one of the plausible versions by which cy  rus the great is killed other plausible accounts include that of her  odo  tus which revolves around the mass  ag  at  ae and various other versions including one by xen  oph  on which states cy  rus the great actually died peacefully at his palace regardless this article and der  b  ices by association makes sense in the context of historical re  port  ings of c  te  si  as which according to at least a few historians is the most credible version along with that of her  odo  tus since he c  te  ias had been a long while in per  sia as a doctor
dere  alization or dere  alisation sometimes abbreviated as dr is an alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems un  real other symptoms include feeling as though one s environment is lacking in spontane  ity emotional colouring and depth it is both a dissoci  ative symptom of many conditions such as psychiatric and neuro  logical disorders and a stand  alone disorder see below dere  alization is a subjective experience of un  reality of the outside world while de  person  alization is sense of un  reality in one s personal self although most authors currently regard dere  alization surroundings and de  person  alization self as independent construc  ts many do not want to separate dere  alization from de  person  alization the main reason for this is no  so  logical because these symptoms often co occur but there is another more philosophical reason the idea that the phenomen  ological experience of self others and world is one continuous whole thus feelings of un  reality may blend in and the person may puzzle over deciding whether it is the self or the world that feels un  real to them chronic dere  alization may be caused by oc  ci  p  ital – temporal dysfunction these symptoms are common in the population with a lifetime prevalence of up to 5 and 31 – 66 at the time of a traumatic event
der  m  abra  sion is a type of surgical skin plan  ing typically performed in a professional medical setting by a der  mato  logist or plastic surgeon trained specifically in this procedure der  m  abra  sion has been practiced for many years before the advent of las  ers and involves the controlled deeper abra  sion wearing away of the upper to mid layers of the skin with any variety of strong abra  sive devices including a wire brush diamond wheel or f  raise sterilized sand  paper salt cryst  als or other mechanical means der  m  abra  sion should not be confused with micro  der  m  abra  sion which is a newer and non surgical cosmetic procedure performed by non physician personnel nurses esthe  tic  ians medical assistants and most recently un  trained individuals in their homes der  m  abra  sion procedures are surgical invasive procedures that typically require a local anaesthetic often they are performed in surgical su  ites or in professional medical centers since the procedure can typically remove the top to deeper layers of the ep  id  er  mis and extend into the retic  ular der  mis there is always minor skin bleeding the procedure carries risks of scar  ring skin dis  color  ation infections and facial her  pes virus cold sore re  activation in aggressive der  m  abra  sion cases there is often tremendous skin bleeding and spray during the procedure that has to be controlled with pressure after  ward the skin is normally very red and raw looking depending on the level of skin removal with der  m  abra  sion it takes an average of 7 – 30 days for the skin to fully heal re epi  the  li  alize often this procedure was performed for deeper ac  ne scar  ring and deep surgical scars der  m  abra  sion is rarely practiced currently and there are very few doctors who are trained and still perform this surgery der  m  abra  sion has largely been replaced all over the world by newer and somewhat simpler technologies including las  ers co 2 or er  bi  um y  ag laser laser technologies carry the advantage of little to no bleeding and are often less operator dependent than der  m  abra  sion the purpose of surgical der  m  abra  sion is to help diminish the appearance of deeper scars and skin imperfections often the goal is to smooth the skin and in the process remove small scars as from ac  ne uneven skin tone from scars or birth  marks sun damage tat  to  os age spots stretch marks or fine wr  ink  les der  m  abra  sion is a mechanical surgical skin plan  ing method which has remained popular partially because it may afford an overall lower cost affordable and may provide similar superior results as newer laser method for certain skin conditions
in der  mato  logic path  ology a der  mal cylin  dro  ma also der  mal ec  cr  ine cylin  dro  ma and less specifically cylin  dro  ma is a benign ad  n  ex  al tumor which occurs on the scal  p and fore  head multiple cylin  dro  mas may grow together in a hat like configuration sometimes referred to as a tur  ban tumor cylin  dro  mas are un  common dys  pl  asi  as of skin append  ages
der  mal d  end  ro  cy  te ham  ar  tom  a is characterized by a rounded med  al  lion like le  sion on the upper trunk in which there is a proliferation of fu  si  form cd 34 factor x  iiia positive cells in the mid and retic  ular der  mis
der  mati  tis also known as ecz  ema is a group of diseases that results in infl  amm  ation of the skin these diseases are characterized by it  chin  ess red skin and a rash in cases of short duration there may be small bl  is  ters while in long term cases the skin may become thick  ened the area of skin involved can vary from small to the entire body der  mati  tis is a group of skin conditions that includes at  op  ic der  mati  tis allergic contact der  mati  tis irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis and st  asis der  mati  tis the exact cause of der  mati  tis is often unclear cases are believed to often involve a combination of irritation allergy and poor ven  ous return the type of der  mati  tis is generally determined by the person s history and the location of the rash for example irrit  ant der  mati  tis often occurs on the hands of people who frequently get them wet allergic contact der  mati  tis however can occur following brief exposures to specific substances to which a person is sensitive treatment of at  op  ic der  mati  tis is typically with mois  tur  iz  ers and ster  o  id cre  ams the ster  o  id cre  ams should generally be of mid to high strength and used for less than two weeks at a time as side effects can occur antibiotics may be required if there are signs of skin infection contact der  mati  tis is typically treated by avoiding the aller  gen or irrit  ant anti  hist  am  ines may be used to help with sleep and to decrease night  time scrat  ching der  mati  tis was estimated to affect 334 million people globally in 2013 at  op  ic der  mati  tis is the most common type and generally starts in childhood in the united states it affects about 10 30 of people contact der  mati  tis is two times more common in females than males allergic contact der  mati  tis affects about 7 of people at some point in time irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis is common especially among people who do certain jobs however exact rates are unclear
der  mati  tis gan  gre  no  sa also known as gang  rene of the skin is a cu  taneous condition caused by infection by clo  stri  dium resulting in a necro  sis and sl  ough  ing of the skin
der  mati  tis her  peti  form  is dh or du  h  ring s disease is a chronic bl  is  tering skin condition characterised by bl  is  ters filled with a wat  ery fluid despite its name dh is neither related to nor caused by her  pes virus the name means that it is a skin infl  amm  ation having an appearance similar to her  pes dh was first described by louis adol  ph  us du  h  ring in 18  84 a connection between dh and co  eli  ac disease was recognised in 1967 although the exact causal mechanism is not known dh is a specific manifestation of co  eli  ac disease the age of onset is usually about 15 40 but dh can also affect children and the elderly men and women are equally affected estimates of dh prevalence vary from 1 in 400 to 1 in 10000 it is most common in patients of northern european northern indian ance  stry and is associated with the h  la d  q 2 hap  lo  type along with co  eli  ac disease and glu  ten sensitivity
der  mati  tis rep  ens also known as acro  der  mati  tis continu  a acro  der  mati  tis per  st  ans pu  st  ular acro  der  mati  tis acro  der  mati  tis continu  a of hallo  pe  au acro  der  mati  tis continu  a sup  pur  ativa hallo  pe  au hallo  pe  au s acro  der  mati  tis hallo  pe  au s acro  der  mati  tis continu  a and der  mati  tis rep  ens cro  cker is a rare sterile pu  st  ular eruption of the fingers and toes that slowly extends proxim  ally
der  mat  och  al  asis is a medical condition defined as an excess of skin in the upper or lower eye  lid also known as bag  gy eyes it may be either an acquired or a con  genital condition it is generally treated with ble  phar  op  la  sty
der  mato  fi  bro  sar  coma pro  tuber  ans d  f  sp is a very rare tumor it is a rare ne  op  las  m of the der  mis layer of the skin and is classified as a sar  coma there is only about one case per million per year d  f  sp is a fi  bro  sar  coma more precisely a cu  taneous soft tissue sar  coma in many respects the disease behaves as a benign tumor but in 2 – 5 of cases it can me  tast  asi  ze so it should be considered to have m  align  ant potential it occurs most often in adults in their thir  ties it has been described con  gen  it  ally in children and the elderly it accounts for approximately 2 – 6 of soft tissue sar  coma cancers
der  mato  graphic ur  tic  aria also known as der  mo  graph  ism der  mato  graph  ism or skin writing is a skin disorder and one of the most common types of ur  tic  aria affecting 4 – 5 of the population
a der  mat  om  y  co  sis is a skin disease caused by a fun  gus this excludes der  mat  op  hy  to  sis examples of der  mat  om  y  co  ses are tin  ea and cu  taneous candi  di  asis
der  mat  om  yo  si  tis dm is a connec  tive tissue disease related to poly  my  osi  tis pm that is characterized by infl  amm  ation of the muscles and the skin while dm most frequently affects the skin and muscles it is a systemic disorder that may also affect the joints the es  op  ha  gus the lungs and the heart in the united states the incidence of dm is estimated at 5 5 cases per million people
der  mat  opath  ia pi  gm  ent  osa re  ticul  aris d  pr also known as der  mat  opath  ia pi  gm  ent  osa re  ticul  aris hyper  ker  ato  tica et mutil  ans der  mat  opath  ia pi  gm  ent  osa re  ticul  aris hypo  hi  do  tica et atro  ph  ica and der  mat  opathic pi  gm  ent  osa re  ticul  aris is a rare auto  som  al dominant con  genital disorder that is a form of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia der  mat  opath  ia pi  gm  ent  osa re  ticul  aris is composed of the tri  ad of generalized retic  ulate hyper  pi  gm  entation non  cic  at  ric  ial al  op  ec  ia and ony  cho  dy  stro  phy
in path  ology der  mat  opathic lymp  had  en  opathy also der  mat  opathic lymp  had  eni  tis is lymp  h no  de path  ology due to skin disease
der  mat  op  hy  ti  ds are fun  gus free disseminated skin le  sions resulting from induced sensi  tization in patients with ring  worm infections the most common der  mat  op  hy  ti  d is an infl  amm  ation in the hands resulting from a fun  gus infection of the feet der  mat  op  hy  ti  ds normally disappear when the primary ring  worm infection is treated der  mat  op  hy  ti  ds may resemble er  y  them  a no  do  sum
der  mat  op  hy  to  sis also known as ring  worm is a fun  gal infection of the skin typically it results in a red it  chy scal  y circular rash hair loss may occur in the area affected symptoms begin four to fourteen days after exposure multiple areas can be affected at a given time about 40 types of fun  gi can cause ring  worm they are typically of the tric  hop  hy  ton micro  spor  um or ep  id  er  mop  hy  ton type risk factors include using public sho  wers contact sports such as wrestling excessive swe  ating contact with animals obesity and poor immune function ring  worm can spread from other animals or between people diagnosis is often based on the appearance and symptoms it may be confirmed by either cul  turing or looking at a skin scrap  ing under a micro  scope prevention is by keeping the skin dry not walking ba  ref  oot in public and not sharing personal items treatment is typically with anti  fun  gal cre  ams such as clo  trim  azole or mi  con  azole if the scal  p is involved anti  fun  g  als by mouth such as flu  con  azole may be needed up to 20 of the population may be infected by ring  worm at any given time infections of the gro  in are more common in males while infections of the scal  p and body occur equally in both sexes infections of the scal  p are most common in children while infections of the gro  in are most common in the elderly description of ring  worm date back to ancient history
der  mato  poly  my  osi  tis also called pm dm is a family of my  osi  tis disorders that includes poly  my  osi  tis and der  mat  om  yo  si  tis
der  mato  ses of pregnancy are the infl  am  matory skin diseases that are specific to women while they are pregnant while some use the term poly  morph  ic eruption of pregnancy to cover these this term is a synon  ym used in the uk for pr  uri  tic ur  tic  arial pap  ules and pl  aqu  es of pregnancy which is the common  est of these skin conditions skin diseases seen during pregnancy include
der  mat  osis negl  ec  ta is a skin condition in which accumulation of se  bum ker  atin sweat dirt and debris leads to a loc  alized patch of skin dis  color  ation or a wart like pla  que it is caused by inadequate hygiene of a certain body part usually due to some form of disability or a condition that is associated with pain or increased sensitivity to touch hyper  esthesia or im  mobility der  mat  osis negl  ec  ta typically develops several months after a disability or other afflic  tion leads to improper cleaning patients may deny that negligence is the cause of the le  sion even though it completely resol  ves on vigorous rub  bing with alcohol sw  abs or water and soap which provides both diagnosis and treatment recognizing the diagnosis avoids unnecessary skin biop  sies examples of case reports from the literature include a man who avoided washing the skin area surrounding an artificial pac  emaker out of fear it might be damaged a woman who didn t clean the right side of her chest due to hyper  esthesia following an ampu  tation for breast cancer ma  stec  tomy a girl who was afraid to wash the area around an ab  domin  al scar and a man with multiple fractu  res shoulder dis  location and rad  ial nerve pal  sy which significantly reduced his mobility
der  mat  osis pap  ul  osa ni  gra dp  n is a condition of many small benign skin le  sions on the face a condition generally presenting on dark skin  ned individuals dp  n is extremely common affecting up to 30 of black people in the us from a his  to  logical perspective dp  n resembles se  bor  rhe  ic ker  ato  ses the condition may be cosme  tically undesirable to some patients they should not be confused for les  er tr  é  l  at sign a sudden explosion of le  sions due to a growing tumor
der  mat  oth  la  sia is a cu  taneous neuro  sis characterized by a person s uncontrollable desire to rub or pinch him herself to form bru  ised areas on the skin sometimes as a defense against pain elsewhere
der  mo  cy  sti  dium is a genus of cyst forming par  asi  tic pro  tists of fish which are the caus  ative agents of der  mo  cy  sti  di  osis
a der  mo  id cyst is a ter  atom  a of a c  ys  tic nature that contains an array of develop  mentally mature solid tissues it frequently consists of skin hair fol  lic  les and sweat g  lands while other commonly found components include clum  ps of long hair pockets of se  bum blood fat bone nails teeth eyes car  til  age and thyro  id tissue as der  mo  id cy  sts grow slowly and contain mature tissue this type of c  ys  tic ter  atom  a is nearly always benign in those rare cases where  in the der  mo  id cyst is m  align  ant a squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma usually develops in adults while infants and children usually present with an endo  der  mal sin  us tumor
der  mo  id sin  us is a thought to be a genetic skin condition in dogs it is also known as pil  on  idal sin  us however unlike pil  on  idal sin  us in humans the der  mo  id sin  us in dogs is a ne  ural tube defect der  mo  id sin  us is sometimes also confused with der  mo  id cyst a ter  atom  a a der  mo  id sin  us is rare in dogs and cats it can appear as single or multiple lum  ps on the dor  sal mid  line the sin  us is caused in the embryonic stage of development in normal development the ne  ural tube from which the sp  ine develops separates from the skin in the case of a der  mo  id sin  us this separation has not fully taken place the result is that in some cases the der  mo  id sin  us remains connected to the animal s spinal cord in other cases the sin  us termin  ates in a blind s  ac that is less dangerous to remove his  to  logically the der  mo  id sin  us contains hair fol  lic  les se  bac  eous g  lands and sweat g  lands if the sin  us becomes infected it can result in men  ing  i  tis and m  ye  li  tis symptoms of which are spinal pain rigidity and fever in serious cases the condition can be life threatening the der  mo  id sin  us gene is believed by some to be rec  essive meaning that the animal must receive one defective gene from each parent in order to develop the condition where one parent carries the gene and the other does not the offspring remain carriers and can continue to pass the defective gene on to their offspring in turn others believe that the der  mo  id sin  us condition is more appropriately characterized as poly  genic involving multiple genes in any case because of the genetic nature of this potentially dangerous condition most breeders and veterinarians advise against breeding animals that have a der  mo  id sin  us or have a parent that is known to carry the gene surgical exc  ision is the only remedy for this condition with veterinary surgeons removing abnormal tissue and closing any connections to the sp  ine in some cases reg  row  th of the sin  us occurs a variety of tests such as a my  elo  gram or a f  ist  ul  o  gram may be undertaken to determine how deep the sin  us goes other more basic tests such as a complete blood count bio  chemical profile and ur  in  al  ysis can be performed to determine if infection or other problems exist compu  ted tom  o  graphy sc  ans and magnetic resonance imaging may be undertaken to determine if neuro  logical signs exist as a result of the sin  us breeds known to be affected include rho  de  sian ri  dge  back and thai ri  dge  back in which it is hereditary kerry blue terri  ers shi  h tz  us and box  ers
der  mo  od  on  to  dys  pl  asia is dental problems tric  ho  dys  pl  asia and nail and skin problems
the description experience gap is a phenomenon in experimental behavioral studies of decision making the gap refers to the observed differences in people ’ s behavior depending on whether their decisions are made towards clearly outlined and described outcomes and prob  abilities or whether they simply experience the alternatives without having any prior knowledge of the consequences of their choices in both described and experienced choice tasks the experimental task usually involves selecting between one of two possible choices that lead to certain outcomes the outcome could be a gain or a loss and the prob  abilities of these outcomes vary of the two choices one is prob  abil  is  tically safer than the other the other choice then offers a compar  ably impro  bable outcome the specific pay  offs or outcomes of the choices in terms of the magnitude of their potential gains and losses varies from study to study
a description error or selection error is an error or more specifically a human error that occurs when a person performs the correct action on the wrong object due to insufficient specification of an action which would have led to a desired result this commonly happens when similar actions lead to different results a typical example is a panel with rows of identical switches where it is easy to carry out a correct action flip a switch on a wrong switch due to their insufficient differentiation this error can be very dis  ori  enting and usually causes a brief loss of situation awareness or autom  ation surprise if noticed right away but much worse if it goes unnoticed it could cause more serious problems so allowances such as clearly highlighting a selected item should be made in interaction design donald norman describes the subject in his book the design of everyday things there he describes how user centered design can help account for human limitations that can lead to errors like description errors james reason also covers the subject in his book human error
desert d  ᵻ  ˈ  z  ɜ  ː  rt in philosophy is the condition of being deserving of something whether good or bad
the desert night cam  ou  fl  age pattern is a two color grid cam  ou  fl  age pattern used by the united states military during the gulf war it was designed to aid soldiers in conce  al  ment from older generation enemy night vision devices n  v  ds the pattern is now considered obsolete due to the increase in capability of foreign night vision devices during the first gulf war clothing sets in this pattern were issued to us troops as an over jacket with a remo  vable insulating liner and over pants both being designed to be worn over the issued six color desert battle dress uniform during night  time operations no night specific pattern has been created to replace this gear for night  time use in a desert environment as advan  cements in infra  red refl  ec  tance technology in first the desert cam  ou  fl  age uniform and finally the marine corps combat utility uniform and army combat uniform have eliminated the need for a separate night  time over  gar  ment
in a general sense the design load is the maximum amount of something a system is designed to handle or the maximum amount of something that the system can produce which are very different meanings for example a crane with a design load of 20 tons is designed to be able to lift loads that weigh 20 tons or less however when a failure could be catastrophic such as a crane dropping its load or collapsing entirely a factor of safety is necessary as a result the crane should lift about 2 to 5 tons at the most in structural design a design load is greater than the load which the system is expected to support this is because engineers incorporate a safety factor in their design in order to ensure that the system will be able to support at least the expected loads called specified loads despite any problems with construction materials etc that go unnoticed during construction a he  ater would have a general design load meaning the maximum amount of heat it can produce a bridge would have a specified load with the design load being determined by engineers and applied as a theoretical load intended to ensure the actual real world capacity of the specified load
designer stub  ble is a short growth of a man s facial hair that became popular in the 1980 s this style was worn and re  invented by singer george michael and actor don johnson and was adopted by many others several companies manufacture beard trim  mers designed to maintain designer stub  ble which is also known as five o clock shadow
sexual desire discrepancy s  dd is the difference between one s desired frequency of sexual inter  course and the actual frequency of sexual inter  course within a relationship among couples seeking sex therapy problems of sexual desire are the most commonly reported dys  functions yet have historically been the most difficult to treat successfully sexual satisfaction in a relationship has a direct relationship with overall relationship satisfaction and relationship well being sexual desire and sexual frequency do not stem from the same domains sexual desire characterizes an underlying aspect of sexual motivation and is associated with romantic feelings while actual sexual activity and inter  course is associated with the development and advancement of a given relationship thus together sexual desire and sexual frequency can successfully predict the stability of a relationship while higher individual sexual desire discrepancies among married individuals may undermine overall relationship well being higher s  dd scores for females may be beneficial for romantic relationships because those females have high levels of passionate love and attachment to their partner studies suggest that women with higher levels of desire relative to that of their partners may experience fewer relationship adjustment problems than women with lower levels of desire relative to their partners empirical evidence has shown that sexual desire is a factor that heavily influences couple satisfaction and relationship continuity which has been one of the main reasons for the interest in this research domain of human sexuality
des  min related my  o  fi  bri  ll  ar my  opathy is a sub  group of the my  o  fi  bri  ll  ar my  opathy diseases and is the result of a mutation in the gene that codes for des  min which prevents it from forming protein fil  aments instead forming aggregates of des  min and other proteins throughout the cell
in medicine des  mop  la  sia is the growth of fi  bro  us or connec  tive tissue it is also called des  mop  l  astic reaction to emphasize that it is secondary to an insult des  mop  la  sia may occur around a ne  op  las  m causing dense fi  bro  sis around the tumor or scar tissue adhe  sions within the ab  dom  en after ab  domin  al surgery des  mop  la  sia is usually only associated with m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms which can ev  oke a fi  bro  sis response by invading healthy tissue invasive duc  tal carcin  om  as of the breast often have a sci  r  rh  ous stell  ate appearance caused by des  mop  l  astic formations
in medicine a des  mop  l  astic fi  bro  ma is a benign fi  bro  us tumor of bone affecting children and young adults potentially resulting in cor  tical bone destruction it can also occur in the hand a famous occurrence of this particular form of the disease involved ital  o australian ric  car  do tor  res  an in 2011 with 18 cm of fem  ur needing to be removed with the now widely recognized method of aggressive cu  re  tt  age being employed
des  mop  l  astic mel  anom  a also known as a neuro  tropic mel  anom  a or sp  ind  led mel  anom  a is a rare cu  taneous condition characterized by a deeply infiltr  ating type of mel  anom  a with an abundance of fi  bro  us matrix it usually occurs in the head and neck region of older people with sun damaged skin diagnosis can be difficult as it has a similar appearance to s  cl  ero  sing mel  an  oc  y  tic ne  vi as well as some non  mel  an  oc  y  tic skin le  sions such as scars fi  bro  mas or cy  sts des  mop  l  astic mel  anom  as tend to recur locally with distant me  tast  asis being less common
des  mop  l  astic small round cell tumor is an aggressive and rare cancer that primarily occurs as masses in the ab  dom  en other areas affected may include the lymp  h no  des the lining of the ab  dom  en di  aphr  ag  m sp  leen liver chest wall skull spinal cord large intest  ine small intest  ine blad  der brain lungs tes  tic  les ov  aries and the pel  vis reported sites of met  at  astic spread include the liver lungs lymp  h no  des brain skull and bones the tumor is classified as a soft tissue sar  coma it is considered a childhood cancer that predominantly strikes boys and young adults the disease rarely occurs in females but when it does the tumors can be mistaken for o  vari  an cancer in dogs m  ast cell tumors are the most frequent round cell tumor
a des  mop  l  astic tric  ho  epi  the  li  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a solitary firm skin le  sion on the face
des  mo  ster  o  losis is a defect in cho  le  sterol bio  synthesis it results in an accumulation of des  mo  sterol it has been associated with 24 de  hydro  cho  le  sterol reduc  t  ase
des  pec  i  ation is the loss of a unique species of animal due to its combining with another previously distinct species it is the opposite of speci  ation and is much more rare it is similar to extinction in that there is a loss of a unique species but without the associated loss of a biological line  age
des  qu  am  ation from latin des  qu  am  are meaning to scr  ape the scales off a fish also called skin pe  eling is the shedding of the outermost memb  rane or layer of a tissue such as the skin
des  qu  am  ative g  ing  i  vi  tis dg is an er  y  them  at  ous red des  qu  am  at  ous shedding and ul  cer  ated appearance of the g  ums it is a descriptive term and can be caused by several different disorders
des  qu  am  ative inter  sti  tial pneumonia is a form of idi  opathic inter  sti  tial pneumonia featuring elevated levels of macro  p  ha  ges its name is derived from the former belief that these macro  p  ha  ges were pneu  mo  cy  tes that had des  qu  am  ated it is associated with patients with a history of smoking treatment with meth  yl  pred  n  isol  one has been reported
the destruction of country houses in ireland was a phenomenon of the irish revolutionary period 19  19 – 19  23 which saw approximately 275 country houses deliberately burned down blown up or otherwise destroyed by the irish republican army ira the vast majority of the houses known in ireland as big houses belonged the anglo irish aristo  cracy of the protestant asc  end  ancy although the houses of some roman catholic unionists and or suspected inform  ers were also targeted although the practice by the ira of destroying country houses began in the irish war of independence most of the buildings were destroyed during the irish civil war 19  22 – 23 today most of the targeted buildings are in ruins or have been demol  ished some were restored by their owners albeit often smaller in size or were later rebuilt and are now used for other purposes
the destruction of country houses in 20 th century britain was a phenomenon brought about by a change in social conditions during which a large number of country houses of varying architectural merit were demol  ished collectively termed by several authors the lost houses the final chapter in the history of these often now forgotten houses has been described as a cultural tragedy the british no  bility had been demol  ishing their country houses since the 15 th century when comfort replaced for  tification as an essential need for many demol  ishing and rebuilding their country homes became a lifelong hobby in particular during the 18 th century when it became fashionable to take the grand tour and return home with art treasures supposedly brought from classical civilizations during the 19 th century many houses were enlarged to accommodate the increasing armies of servants needed to create the fam  ed country house lifestyle less than a century later this often meant they were of an un  manageable size in the early 20 th century the demolition accelerated while rebuilding largely ceased the demo  li  tions were not confined to england but spread throughout britain by the end of the century even some of the new country houses by lu  ty  ens had been demol  ished there were a number of reasons social political and most importantly financial in rural areas of britain the loss of the country houses and their est  ates was tantamount to a social revolution well into the 20 th century it was common for the local squ  ire to provide large scale employment housing and patronage to the local school church and a cott  age hospital the big house was the bedrock of rural society since 1900 1 200 country houses have been demol  ished in england in scotland the figure is proportionally higher there 378 architec  turally important country houses have been destroyed 200 of these since 1945 included in the destruction were works by robert adam including bal  bar  die house and the monumental hamilton palace one firm charles brand of dun  dee demol  ished at least 56 country houses in scotland in the 20 years between 1945 and 1965 in england it has been estimated that one in six of all country houses were demol  ished during the 20 th century
the destruction of sites associated with early islam is an ongoing phenomenon that has occurred mainly in the he  ja  z region of western saudi arabia particularly around the holy cities of mecca and medina the demolition has focused on mosques burial sites homes and historical locations associated with the islamic prophet muhammad and many of the founding personalities of early islamic history in saudi arabia many of the demo  li  tions have officially been part of the continued expansion of the mas  j  id al har  am at mecca and the prophet s mosque in medina and their auxiliary service facilities in order to accommodate the ever increasing number of muslims performing the pil  grim  age ha  j  j
des  ul  fon  yl  ation reactions are chemical reactions leading to the removal of a sul  fon  yl group from organic compounds as the sul  fon  yl functional group is electr  on withdrawing methods for cle  aving the sul  fur carbon bonds of sul  f  ones are typically reduc  tive in nature ole  fin  ation or replacement with hydrogen may be accomplished using reduc  tive des  ul  fon  yl  ation methods
det  achment old french de from and at t  ach joining with a stake under international law is the formal permanent separation of and loss of sovereignty over some territory to another geo political entity either adjacent or non con  ti  gu  ous after world war i alsace and lorraine were a formal det  achment from germany more often det  achment occurs as a process within a country for example the creation of the federal district of columbia resulted from a det  achment of territory from the state of mary  land the removal of territory from a city or special district is a det  achment within a country det  achment is governed by the laws of the super  ven  ing entity det  achment can be considered the opposite or reverse of annexation
in lingu  is  tics determin  er spreading ds is the appearance of more than one determin  er associated with a nou  n phrase usually marking an ad  jec  tive as well as the nou  n itself the extra determin  er has been called an ad  jec  ti  val determin  er typical examples involve multiple occurrences of the definite article or defin  it  eness marking such as is found in modern greek 1 determin  er spreading in greek is not obligatory and it contrasts with a non spreading example 2 researchers have tried to elu  ci  date the nature of the difference both syn  tac  tically and sem  an  tically between these two kinds of structures one widely accepted conclusion is that the determin  er spreading structure requires a kind of focus usually contr  as  tive on the ad  jec  tive so that 1 is appropriate as where i bought the red dress not the blue one would be and that the ad  jec  tive in question must be inter  sec  tive so no determin  er spreading is possible in the equivalent of the former minister greek o pro  ig  ou  men  os o ip  ur  gos and that loose compounds cannot participate in this 3 when determin  er spreading involves the definite article such nou  n phrases are sometimes called poly  defin  ites determin  er spreading is also found in albanian and in certain ger  man  ic varieties in some dial  ects of swedish it has also been reported to occur with the indefinite article
determining the number of clusters in a data set a quantity often labeled k as in the k means algori  thm is a frequent problem in data clu  stering and is a distinct issue from the process of actually solving the clu  stering problem for a certain class of clu  stering algori  th  ms in particular k means k me  do  ids and expectation – maxim  ization algori  thm there is a parameter commonly referred to as k that specifies the number of clusters to detect other algori  th  ms such as d  b  scan and op  tics algori  thm do not require the specification of this parameter hierarchical clu  stering avoids the problem altogether the correct choice of k is often ambiguous with interpretations depending on the shape and scale of the distribution of points in a data set and the desired clu  stering resolution of the user in addition increasing k without penalty will always reduce the amount of error in the resulting clu  stering to the extreme case of zero error if each data point is considered its own cluster i e when k equals the number of data points n intu  i  tively then the optimal choice of k will strike a balance between maximum compression of the data using a single cluster and maximum accuracy by assigning each data point to its own cluster if an appropriate value of k is not apparent from prior knowledge of the properties of the data set it must be chosen somehow there are several categories of methods for making this decision
developmental coordination disorder d  cd also known as developmental dy  spra  x  ia or quite simply dy  spra  x  ia is a chronic neuro  logical disorder beginning in childhood that can affect planning of movements and co ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body developmental coordination disorder is diagnosed in the absence of other neuro  logical impair  ments like cere  br  al pal  sy muscular dy  stro  phy multiple sclerosis or par  kinson s disease it affects 5 to 6 percent of school aged children this disorder progres  ses to adul  thood therefore making it a lifelong condition
developmental disability is a diverse group of chronic conditions that are due to mental or physical impair  ments developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life especially in language mobility learning self help and independent living developmental disabilities can be detected early on and do persist throughout an individual s lifespan developmental disability that affects all areas of a child s development is sometimes referred to as global developmental delay most common developmental disabilities fragile x syndrome f  xs is thought to cause au  tism and intellectual disability usually among boys down syndrome is a condition in which people are born with an extra copy of chro  mo  some 21 normally a person is born with two copies of chro  mo  some 21 however if they are born with down syndrome they have an extra copy of this chro  mo  some this extra copy affects the development of the body and brain causing physical and mental challenges for the individual pervasive developmental disorders p  dd are a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social communication and behavioral challenges fe  tal alcohol spectrum disorders fas  d are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy fas  ds are 100 preventable if a woman does not drink alcohol during pregnancy cere  br  al pal  sy cp is a group of disorders that affect a person ’ s ability to move and maintain balance and posture cp is the most common motor disability in childhood intellectual disability also sometimes pro  s  crip  tively known as mental retar  dation is defined as an i  q below 70 along with limitations in adap  tive functioning and onset before the age of 18 years
developmental disorders is a group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas there are several ways of using this term the most narrow concept is used in the category specific disorders of psychological development in the ic  d 10 these disorders comprise language disorders learning disorders motor disorders and au  tism spectrum disorders in broader definitions ad  hd is included and the term used is neuro  developmental disorders yet others include anti  social behavior and schizophrenia that begins in childhood and continues through life however these two latter conditions are not as stable as the other developmental disorders and there is not the same evidence of a shared genetic liability developmental disorders are present from early life they usually improve as the child grows older but they also entail impair  ments that continue through adult life there is a strong genetic component and more males are afflicted than females
a devi  ancy amp  lification spiral also called devi  ance amp  lification is a media hy  pe phenomenon defined by media critics as a cycle of increasing numbers of reports on a category of anti  social behaviour or some other undesirable event leading to a moral panic
in financial mathematics a deviation risk measure is a function to quantify financial risk and not necessarily downside risk in a different method than a general risk measure deviation risk measures gener  alize the concept of standard deviation
the devil s foot  prints were a phenomenon that occurred in february 18  55 around the ex  e estu  ary in east dev  on and south dev  on england after a heavy snow  fall tr  ails of ho  of like marks appeared overnight in the snow covering a total distance of some 40 to 100 miles the foot  prints were so called because some people believed that they were the tracks of satan as they were allegedly made by a clo  ven ho  of many theories have been put forward to explain the incident and some aspects of its ver  acity have also been called into question
devil facial tum  our disease d  ft  d is an aggressive non viral transmissible par  asi  tic cancer among tas  man  ian dev  ils the first official case of d  ft  d was described in 1996 in australia in the subsequent decade the disease ravaged tas  mania s wild dev  ils with estimates of decline ranging from 20 to as much as 50 of the devil population across over 65 of the state affected high density populations suffer up to 100 mortality in 12 – 18 months the disease has mainly been concentrated in tas  mania s eastern half visible signs of d  ft  d begin with le  sions and lum  ps around the mouth these develop into can  cer  ous tum  ours that may spread from the face to the entire body dev  ils usually die within six months from organ failure secondary infection or metabol  ic starvation as the tum  ours interfere with feeding d  ft  d affects males and females equally at present the population has dwind  led by 70 since 1996 as of 2010 80 of population is infected the most plausible route of transmission is through biting particularly when can  ine teeth come into direct contact with the dise  ased cells other modes of transmission include but are not limited to the ing  est  ing of an infected carcass or the sharing of food both of which involve an al  log  ene  ic transfer of cells between unrelated individuals six females have been found with a partial immunity breeding in captivity has begun in an attempt to save the population
dev  on col  ic was a condition that affected people in the english county of dev  on during parts of the 17 th and 18 th centuries before it was discovered to be lead poisoning the first written account of the col  ic comes from 16  55 symptoms began with severe ab  domin  al pains and the condition was occasionally fatal cider is the traditional drink of dev  onians and the connection between the col  ic and cider drinking had been observed for many years the condition was commonly attributed to the acidity of the bever  age william mus  grave s publication de ar  thri  tide symp  tom  atica 2 nd ed  n 17  15 included the first scientific description of dev  on  shire col  ic – it was later referred to by john hu  x  ham and sir george baker however the precise cause was not discovered until the 1760 s when dr george baker put forward the hypothesis that poisoning from lead in cider was to blame he observed that the symptoms of the col  ic were similar to those of lead poisoning he pointed out that lead was used in the cider making process both as a component of the cider presses and in the form of lead shot which was used to clean them he also conducted chemical tests to demonstrate the presence of lead in dev  on apple juice the publication of his results met with some hostile reaction from cider manufacturers keen to defend their product once baker s conclusions became accepted and the elimination of lead from the cider presses was undertaken the col  ic declined by 18  18 baker s son reported that it was hardly known to exist in dev  on
the de  w point depression t td is the difference between the temperature and de  w point temperature at a certain height in the atmosphere for a constant temperature the smaller the difference the more moisture there is and the higher the relative hum  idity in the lower tro  po  sphere more moisture small de  w point depression results in lower cloud bases and lifted condens  ation levels l  cl l  cl height is an important factor mod  ulating severe thunder  storms one example concerns tor  nad  o  genesis with tor  nad  oes most likely if the de  w point depression is 20 ° f 11 ° c or less and the likelihood of large intense tor  nad  oes increasing as de  w point depression decreases l  cl height also factors in down  burst and micro  burst activity conversely instability is increased when there is a mid level dry layer large de  w point depression known as a dry punch which is favorable for conv  ection if the lower layer is buoyant as it measures moisture content in the atmosphere the de  w point depression is also an important indicator in agricultural and forest meteor  ology particularly in predicting wild  fires
a de  w  bow is an optical effect similar to a rain  bow where the de  w  drops reflect and disper  se sunlight producing all the colours in the visible spectrum
dex  ip  p  us of cos also called diox  ip  p  us 4 th century bc a greek physician of cos who was one of the pupils of the celebrated hippo  crates and lived in the 4 th century bc hec  atom  nus prince of c  aria 385 377 bc sent for him to cure his sons ma  us  ol  us and pi  x  od  ar  us of a dangerous illness which he undertook to do upon condition that hec  atom  nus should cease from waging war against his country he wrote some medical works of which nothing but the titles remain he was blamed by eras  is  tr  atus for his excessive severity in restricting the quantity of drink allowed to his patients he is quoted by plu  tar  ch and a  ul  us gel  li  us in the controversy that was maintained among some of the ancient physicians as to whether the drink passed down the wind  pipe or the gul  let
d  extr  o transposition of the great arter  ies d transposition of the great arter  ies d  extr  o t  ga or d t  ga sometimes also referred to as complete transposition of the great arter  ies is a birth defect in the large arter  ies of the heart the primary arter  ies the a  or  ta and the pul  mon  ary artery are transposed it is called a cyan  otic con  genital heart defect ch  d because the new  born infant turns blue from lack of oxygen in seg  mental analysis this condition is described as ven  tric  ul  o  arter  ial dis  cord  ance with atri  o  ven  tric  ular conc  ord  ance or just ven  tric  ul  o  arter  ial dis  cord  ance d t  ga is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arter  ies t  ga however t  ga is a more general term which may also refer to le  vo transposition of the great arter  ies l t  ga another term commonly used to refer to both d t  ga and l t  ga is transposition of the great vessels tg  v although this term might have an even broader meaning than t  ga
d  ext  ro  car  dia from latin dexter meaning right and greek kar  dia meaning heart is a rare con  genital defect in which the ap  ex of the heart is located on the right side of the body there are two main types of d  ext  ro  car  dia d  ext  ro  car  dia of embryonic arrest also known as isolated d  ext  ro  car  dia and d  ext  ro  car  dia sit  us in  versus d  ext  ro  car  dia sit  us in  versus is further divided
d  hat syndrome san  sk  r  it ध  ा  त  ु द  ो  ष iast d  h  ā  tu do  ṣ  a is a condition found in the cultures of the indian sub  continent in which male patients report that they suffer from premature e  jac  ulation or impotence and believe that they are passing semen in their urine the condition has no known organic eti  ology in traditional hindu spirit  uality semen is described as a vital fluid the discharge of this vital fluid either through sex or ma  st  urb  ation is associated with marked feelings of anxiety and dy  sp  h  oria often the patient describes the loss of a whi  tish fluid while passing urine at other times marked feelings of guilt associated with what the patient assumes is excessive ma  st  urb  ation are noted this is based on an old hindu belief that it takes forty drops of blood to create a drop of bone marrow and forty drops of bone marrow to create a drop of sperm many doctors view d  hat as a folk diagnostic term used in india to refer to anxiety and hypo  ch  on  dri  ac  al concerns associated with the discharge of semen with dis  color  ation of the urine and feelings of weakness and exhaustion d  hat is thought to be a culture bound syndrome similar to j  ir  yan south east asia pr  ame  ha sri lanka and sh  en k u  ei china d  hat syndrome might be related to other post org  as  mic diseases such as post co  ital tr  ist  esse pc  t post  org  as  mic illness syndrome po  is and sexual headache
the di pi methane re  arrangement is a photo  chemical reaction of a molecular entity that contains two π systems separated by a saturated carbon atom a 1 4 di  ene or an all  yl substituted aromatic ring to form an ene or ar  yl substituted cyclo  pro  pan  e the re  arrangement reaction formally amounts to a 1 2 shift of one ene group in the di  ene or the ar  yl group in the all  yl aromatic analo  g and bond formation between the lateral carbons of the non migr  ating mo  i  ety di pi methane re  arrangement
di  george syndrome also known as 22 q 11 2 deletion syndrome is a syndrome caused by the deletion of a small segment of chro  mo  some 22 di  george syndrome is the most common micro  deletion syndrome characterized by low copy repeats and the deletion occurs near the middle of the chro  mo  some at a location designated 22 q 11 2 — signi  fying its location on the long arm of one of the pair of chro  mo  som  es 22 on region 1 band 1 sub band 2 the inheritance pattern is auto  som  al dominant and it has a prevalence estimated at 1 4000 the syndrome was described in 1968 by the pedi  atric endocr  ino  logist angel  o di  george 22 q 11 deletion is also associated with trun  cus arter  io  sus and tetr  alo  gy of fal  lot it is a common but ill understood genetic disorder resulting in medical complications cognitive impairment and brain mor  pho  logic changes the complex medical care of patients needs a multidisciplinary approach to improve the function of many organ systems
diabetes mell  it  us in cats is a chronic disease that affects carbo  hydrate metabol  ism due to either an insufficient insulin response or insulin resistance like diabetes in humans it is characterized by chronically high blood glucose diabetes strikes 1 in 400 cats though recent veterinary studies note that it has become increasingly common symptoms in cats are similar to those in humans diabetes in cats occurs less frequently than in dogs 80 95 of diabe  tic cats experience something similar to type 2 diabetes but are generally severely insulin dependent by the time symptoms are diagnosed the condition is treat  able and treated properly the cat can experience a normal life expectancy in type 2 cats prompt effective treatment may lead to in which the cat no longer needs injected insulin untreated the condition leads to increasingly weak legs in cats and eventually malnutrition ke  to  aci  do  sis and or dehydr  ation and death
diabetes mell  it  us is a disease in which the beta cells of the endocrine pan  cre  as either stop producing insulin or can no longer produce it in enough quantity for the body s needs the condition is commonly divided into two types depending on the origin of the condition type 1 diabetes sometimes called juvenile diabetes is caused by destruction of the beta cells of the pan  cre  as the condition is also referred to as insulin dependent diabetes meaning exo  genous insulin injections must replace the insulin the pan  cre  as is no longer capable of producing for the body s needs dogs can have insulin dependent or type 1 diabetes research finds no type 2 diabetes in dogs because of this there is no possibility the permanently damaged pan  cre  atic beta cells could re activate to eng  ender a remission as may be possible with some fel  ine diabetes cases where the primary type of diabetes is type 2 there is another less common form of diabetes diabetes insi  pi  dus which is a condition of insufficient anti  di  u  re  tic hormone or resistance to it this most common form of diabetes strikes 1 in 500 dogs the condition is treat  able and need not shorten the animal s life span or interfere with quality of life if left untreated the condition can lead to cat  ar  acts increasing weakness in the legs neuro  pa  thy malnutrition ke  to  aci  do  sis dehydr  ation and death diabetes mainly affects middle age and older dogs but there are juvenile cases the typical can  ine diabetes patient is middle age female and overweight at diagnosis the number of dogs diagnosed with diabetes mell  it  us has increased three fold in thirty years in survival rates from almost the same time only 50 survived the first 60 days after diagnosis and went on to be successfully treated at home currently diabe  tic dogs receiving treatment have the same expected lifespan as non diabe  tic dogs of the same age and gender
diabetes insi  pi  dus di is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and ex  cre  tion of large amounts of severely dilute urine with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the concentration of the urine there are different types of di each with a different set of causes the most common type in humans is the neuro  logical form called central di c  di which involves a deficiency of ar  gin  ine vas  op  res  sin av  p also known as anti  di  u  re  tic hormone adh the second common type of di is ne  ph  ro  genic diabetes insi  pi  dus n  di which is due to kidney or ne  phr  on dysfunction caused by an in  sensitivity of the kidneys or ne  ph  ron  s to adh di can also be gest  ational or caused by alcohol or some types of drug abuse di should not be confused with no  c  tur  ia although they have a common name diabetes mell  it  us and diabetes insi  pi  dus are two entirely separate conditions with unrelated mechanisms both cause large amounts of urine to be produced poly  ur  ia however diabetes insi  pi  dus is either a problem with the production of anti  di  u  re  tic hormone central diabetes insi  pi  dus or kidney s response to anti  di  u  re  tic hormone ne  ph  ro  genic diabetes insi  pi  dus whereas diabetes mell  it  us causes poly  ur  ia via a process called os  mo  tic di  u  res  is due to the high blood sugar le  aking into the urine and taking excess water along with it the number of new cases of diabetes insi  pi  dus each year is 3 in 100 000 diabetes insi  pi  dus usually starts in childhood or early adul  thood and affects men more commonly than women the term diabetes is derived from the greek word meaning si  ph  on
diabetes mell  it  us dm commonly referred to as diabetes is a group of metabol  ic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent ur  ination increased thirst and increased hunger if left untreated diabetes can cause many complications acute complications can include diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis non  ke  to  tic hyper  o  sm  ol  ar coma or death serious long term complications include heart disease stroke chronic kidney failure foot ul  cers and damage to the eyes diabetes is due to either the pan  cre  as not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced there are three main types of diabetes mell  it  us type 1 dm results from the pan  cre  as s failure to produce enough insulin this form was previously referred to as insulin dependent diabetes mell  it  us id  dm or juvenile diabetes the cause is unknown type 2 dm begins with insulin resistance a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly as the disease progres  ses a lack of insulin may also develop this form was previously referred to as non insulin dependent diabetes mell  it  us n  id  dm or adult onset diabetes the primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise gest  ational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet regular physical exercise a normal body weight and avoiding use of tobacco control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot care are important for people with the disease type 1 dm must be managed with insulin injections type 2 dm may be treated with medications with or without insulin insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 dm gest  ational diabetes usually resol  ves after the birth of the baby as of 2015 an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide with type 2 dm making up about 90 of the cases this represents 8 3 of the adult population with equal rates in both women and men as of 2014 trends suggested the rate would continue to rise diabetes at least dou  bles a person s risk of early death from 2012 to 2015 approximately 1 5 to 5 0 million deaths each year resulted from diabetes the global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be us 6  12 billion in the united states diabetes cost 245 billion in 2012
diabetes mell  it  us and deaf  ness dad or mater  nally inherited diabetes and deaf  ness mid  d is a subtype of diabetes which is caused from a point mutation at position 3  243 in human mit  och  on  dri  al dna which consists of a circular genome this affects the gene en  coding tr  n  al  eu because mit  och  on  dri  al dna is contributed to the embryo by the o  oc  y  te and not by sper  mato  zo  a this disease is inherited from maternal family members only as indicated by the name mid  d is characterized by diabetes and sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss
diabetes mell  it  us type 1 also known as type 1 diabetes is a form of diabetes mell  it  us in which not enough insulin is produced the lack of insulin results in high blood sugar levels the classical symptoms are frequent ur  ination increased thirst increased hunger and weight loss additional symptoms may include blur  ry vision feeling tired and poor healing symptoms typically develop over a short period of time the cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown it however is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors risk factors include having a family member with the condition the underlying mechanism involves an auto  immune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pan  cre  as diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or a 1 c in the blood type 1 diabetes may be distinguished from type 2 by auto  anti  body testing there is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes treatment with insulin is typically required for survival insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump a diabe  tic diet and exercise are an important part of management untreated diabetes can cause many complications complications of relatively rapid onset include diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis and non  ke  to  tic hyper  o  sm  ol  ar coma long term complications include heart disease stroke kidney failure foot ul  cers and damage to the eyes furthermore complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive insulin treatment type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5 – 10 of all diabetes cases the number of people affected globally is unknown although it is estimated that about 80 000 children develop the disease each year within the united states the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100 000 per year in east asia and latin america and around 30 new cases per 100 000 per year in scandinavia and kuwait it typically begins in children and young adults
diabetes mell  it  us type 2 also known as type 2 diabetes is a long term metabol  ic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin common symptoms include increased thirst frequent ur  ination and un  explained weight loss symptoms may also include increased hunger feeling tired and so  res that do not heal often symptoms come on slowly long term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease stro  kes diabe  tic re  tin  opathy which can result in blindness kidney failure and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to ampu  tations the sudden onset of hyper  o  sm  ol  ar hyper  gly  c  emic state may occur however ke  to  aci  do  sis is un  common type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and not enough exercise some people are more genetically at risk than others type 2 diabetes makes up about 90 of cases of diabetes with the other 10 due primarily to diabetes mell  it  us type 1 and gest  ational diabetes in diabetes mell  it  us type 1 there is an absolute lack of insulin due to breakdown of is  let cells in the pan  cre  as diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fast  ing plasma glucose oral glucose tolerance test or a 1 c type 2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal weight exercising regularly and eating properly treatment involves exercise and dietary changes if blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered the medication met  form  in is typically recommended many people may eventually also require insulin injections in those on insulin routinely checking blood sugar levels is advised however this may not be needed in those taking pills b  ari  atric surgery often improves diabetes in those who are ob  ese rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity as of 2013 there were approximately 368 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985 typically it begins in middle or older age although rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten year shorter life expectancy diabetes was one of the first diseases described the importance of insulin in the disease was determined in the 1920 s
diabe  tic an  gi  opathy is a form of an  gi  opathy associated with diabetes mell  it  us while not exclusive the two most common forms are diabe  tic re  tin  opathy and diabe  tic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy whose path  op  hy  sio  logies are largely identical
a diabe  tic bul  la also known as bul  losis diabe  tic  orum and bull  ous eruption of diabetes mell  it  us is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a non  infl  am  matory spontaneous pain  less bl  ister often in ac  ral locations peripheral body parts such as feet toes hands fingers ears or nose seen in diabe  tic patients
diabe  tic cardi  om  y  opathy is a disorder of the heart muscle in people with diabetes it can lead to inability of the heart to circulate blood through the body effectively a state known as heart failure with accumulation of fluid in the lungs pul  mon  ary e  dem  a or legs peripheral e  dem  a most heart failure in people with diabetes results from coron  ary artery disease and diabe  tic cardi  om  y  opathy is only said to exist if there is no coron  ary artery disease to explain the heart muscle disorder
diabe  tic ch  ei  ro  ar  thro  pa  thy is a cu  taneous condition characterized by thick  ened skin and limited joint mobility of the hands and fingers leading to fl  ex  ion contr  actu  res a condition associated with diabetes mell  it  us and it is observed in roughly 30 of diabe  tic patients with longstanding disease limited joint mobility or l  j  m is a complic  ation of type 1 diabetes it was one of the earliest known complications first documented in 1974
diabe  tic coma is a reversible form of coma found in people with diabetes mell  it  us it is a medical emergency three different types of diabe  tic coma are identified 1 severe low blood sugar in a diabe  tic person 2 diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis usually type 1 advanced enough to result in un  consciousness from a combination of a severely increased blood sugar level dehydr  ation and shock and exhaustion 3 hyper  o  sm  ol  ar non  ke  to  tic coma usually type 2 in which an extremely high blood sugar level and dehydr  ation alone are sufficient to cause un  consciousness in most medical contexts the term diabe  tic coma refers to the diagnos  tical dilemma posed when a physician is confronted with an unconscious patient about whom nothing is known except that they have diabetes an example might be a physician working in an emergency department who receives an unconscious patient wearing a medical identification tag saying diabe  tic parame  dic  s may be called to rescue an unconscious person by friends who identify them as diabe  tic brief descriptions of the three major conditions are followed by a discussion of the diagnostic process used to distinguish among them as well as a few other conditions which must be considered an estimated 2 to 15 percent of diabe  tics will suffer from at least one episode of diabe  tic coma in their life  times as a result of severe hypo  gly  cem  ia
diabe  tic der  mad  ro  mes constitute a group of cu  taneous conditions commonly seen in people with diabetes with longstanding disease conditions included in this group are ac  ral dry gang  rene caro  ten  osis diabe  tic der  mop  athy diabe  tic bul  la diabe  tic ch  ei  ro  ar  thro  pa  thy mal  um per  for  ans necro  bio  sis li  po  i  dic  a limited joint mobility is observed in roughly 30 of people with diabetes with longstanding disease s  cl  ere  dem  a wa  xy skin is observed in roughly 50
diabe  tic der  mop  athy also known as shin spots is a type of skin le  sion usually seen in people with diabetes mell  it  us it is characterized by dull red pap  ules that progress to well circum  scri  bed small round atro  ph  ic hyper  pi  gm  ented skin le  sions usually on the sh  ins it is the most common of several diabe  tic skin conditions being found in up to 30 of diabe  tics similar le  sions can occasionally be found in non diabe  tics usually following trauma or injury to the area however 4 le  sions strongly suggests diabetes
a diabe  tic foot is a foot that exhi  bits any path  ology that results directly from diabetes mell  it  us or any long term or chronic complic  ation of diabetes mell  it  us presence of several characteristic diabe  tic foot patho  logies such as infection diabe  tic foot ul  cer and neuro  path  ic o  ste  o  ar  thro  pa  thy is called diabe  tic foot syndrome due to the peripheral nerve dysfunction associated with diabetes diabe  tic neuro  pa  thy patients have a reduced ability to feel pain this means that minor injuries may remain undis  covered for a long while people with diabetes are also at risk of developing a diabe  tic foot ul  cer research estimates that the lifetime incidence of foot ul  cers within the diabe  tic community is around 15 and may become as high as 25 in diabetes peripheral nerve dysfunction can be combined with peripheral artery disease pad causing poor blood circulation to the extre  mi  ties diabe  tic an  gi  opathy around half of patients with a diabe  tic foot ul  cer have co existing pad where wounds take a long time to heal infection may set in and lower limb ampu  tation may be necessary foot infection is the most common cause of non traumatic ampu  tation in people with diabetes
diabe  tic foot ul  cer is a major complic  ation of diabetes mell  it  us and probably the major component of the diabe  tic foot wound healing is an in  nate mechanism of action that works reliably most of the time a key feature of wound healing is step  wise repair of lost ex  trac  ell  ular matrix ec  m that forms the largest component of the der  mal skin layer but in some cases certain disorders or physiological insult distur  bs the wound healing process diabetes mell  it  us is one such metabol  ic disorder that impedes the normal steps of the wound healing process many studies show a prolonged infl  am  matory phase in diabe  tic wounds which causes a delay in the formation of mature gran  ulation tissue and a parallel reduction in wound ten  sile strength treatment of diabe  tic foot ul  cers should include blood sugar control removing dead tissue from the wound dres  sings and removing pressure from the wound through techniques such as total contact casting surgery in some cases may improve outcomes hyper  bar  ic oxygen therapy may also help but is expensive it occurs in 15 of people with diabetes and prece  des 84 of all diabetes related lower leg ampu  tations
diabe  tic hypo  gly  cem  ia is a low blood glucose level occurring in a person with diabetes mell  it  us it is one of the most common types of hypo  gly  cem  ia seen in emergency departments and hospitals according to the national electronic injury surveillance system all injury program ne  iss ai  p and based on a sample examined between 2004 and 2005 an estimated 55 8  19 cases 8 0 of total ad  missions involved insulin and severe hypo  gly  cem  ia is likely the single most common event in general hypo  gly  cem  ia occurs when a treatment to lower the elevated blood glucose of diabetes in  accurately matches the body s physiological need and therefore causes the glucose to fall to a below normal level
diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis d  ka is a potentially life threatening complic  ation in people with diabetes mell  it  us it happens predominantly in those with type 1 diabetes but it can occur in those with type 2 diabetes under certain circumstances d  ka results from a shortage of insulin in response the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing ac  id  ic ke  tone bodies that cause most of the symptoms and complications d  ka may be the first symptom of previously un  diagnosed diabetes but it may also occur in people known to have diabetes as a result of a variety of causes such as inter  current illness or poor compliance with insulin therapy v  om  iting dehydr  ation deep gasping breathing confusion and occasionally coma are typical symptoms d  ka is diagnosed with blood and urine tests it is distinguished from other r  arer forms of ke  to  aci  do  sis by the presence of high blood sugar levels treatment involves intra  ven  ous fluids to correct dehydr  ation insulin to suppress the production of ke  tone bodies treatment for any underlying causes such as infections and close observation to prevent and identify complications d  ka is a medical emergency and without treatment it can lead to death d  ka was first described in 18  86 until the introduction of insulin therapy in the 1920 s it was almost universally fatal it now carries a mortality of less than 1 with adequate and timely treatment
diabe  tic my  on  ec  ro  sis is a rare complic  ation of diabetes it is caused by inf  arc  ted muscle tissue usually in the thi  gh
diabe  tic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy or diabe  tic kidney disease is a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the cap  il  lar  ies in the kidneys glo  mer  uli it is characterized by ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome and diffuse scar  ring of the glo  mer  uli it is due to longstanding diabetes mell  it  us and is a prime reason for dial  ysis in many developed countries it is classified as a small blood vessel complic  ation of diabetes
diabe  tic neuro  path  ies are nerve damaging disorders associated with diabetes mell  it  us these conditions are thought to result from diabe  tic micro  vascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves v  asa ner  vor  um in addition to macro  vascular conditions that can culminate in diabe  tic neuro  pa  thy relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabe  tic neuro  pa  thy include third nerve pal  sy mon  on  euro  pa  thy mon  on  euro  pa  thy multi  pl  ex diabe  tic am  yo  tro  phy a painful pol  yn  euro  pa  thy autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy and thor  a  co  ab  domin  al neuro  pa  thy
diabe  tic re  tin  opathy ˌ  r  ɛ  tn  ˈ  ɑ  p  ə  θ  i also known as diabe  tic eye disease is when damage occurs to the re  tina due to diabetes it can eventually lead to blindness it is an oc  ular manifestation of diabetes a systemic disease which affects up to 80 percent of all patients who have had diabetes for 20 years or more despite these intimidating statistics research indicates that at least 90 of these new cases could be reduced if there were proper and vigilant treatment and monitoring of the eyes the longer a person has diabetes the higher his or her chances of developing diabe  tic re  tin  opathy each year in the united states diabe  tic re  tin  opathy accounts for 12 of all new cases of blindness it is also the leading cause of blindness for people aged 20 to 64 years
di  ad  o  cho  k  ine  sia or di  ad  o  cho  kin  esis is the ability to make antagon  istic movements in quick succession altern  ately bringing a limb into opposite positions as of fl  ex  ion and extension or of pro  nation and sup  ination speech language path  ology defines it as the speed necessary to stop a determined motor impulse and substitute it with its opposite the relative timing of this kind of movements is also called alternate motion rates am  r or sequ  ential motor rates s  mr loss of ability dys  di  ad  o  cho  k  ine  sia is characteristic of cere  bell  ar diseases many clinical tests may be employed to test for such disturbances altern  ating movements patient is told e g to pron  ate and sup  inate his hands in rapid succession holding fore  arms vertically in cere  bell  ar diseases the movements are irregular and inaccurate in case of the pyram  idal tract le  sion the motion may be slowed or incomplete stewart holmes rebound sign patient tries to flex the el  bow against applied resistance when physician s grip is suddenly released the patient should be able to deter it from re  boun  ding with cere  bell  ar disease the fore  arm may sway in several cycles the patient may even strike himself if not guarded number of instrumental techniques can be used to investigate speech motor skills such as imaging movement trans  duc  tion and point tracking
a diagnosis of exclusion per exclu  sion  em is a diagnosis of a medical condition reached by a process of elimination which may be necessary if presence cannot be established with complete confidence from history examination or testing such elimination of other reasonable possibilities is a major component in performing a differential diagnosis the largest category of diagnosis by exclusion is seen among psychiatric disorders where the presence of physical or organic disease must be excluded as a prerequisite for making a functional diagnosis diagnosis by exclusion tends to occur where scientific knowledge is scarce specifically where the means to verify a diagnosis by an objective method is absent as a specific diagnosis cannot be confirmed a fall back position is to exclude that group of known causes that may cause a similar clinical presentation
diagnostic substitution is a phenomenon in which one label for a condition becomes replaced with another causing an apparent decrease in the rate of the first condition and increase in the rate of the second
the diamond cubic crystal structure is a repeating pattern of 8 atoms that certain materials may adopt as they soli  di  fy while the first known example was diamond other elements in group 14 also adopt this structure including α tin the semi  conductors silicon and ger  man  ium and silicon ger  man  ium allo  ys in any proportion
diamond – black  fan an  emia d  ba also known as black  fan diamond an  emia inherited pure red cell ap  la  sia and as inherited er  y  thro  bl  ast  open  ia is a con  genital er  y  thro  id ap  la  sia that usually presents in infancy d  ba causes low red blood cell counts an  emia without substantially affecting the other blood components the plat  el  ets and the white blood cells which are usually normal this is in contrast to sh  wach  man – bo  dian – diamond syndrome in which the bone marrow defect results primarily in neu  tro  pen  ia and fan  coni an  emia where all cell lines are affected resulting in pan  cy  top  enia a variety of other con  genital ab  norm  alities may also occur in d  ba
di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia is a defect or hole in the di  aphr  ag  m that allows the ab  domin  al contents to move into the chest cav  ity treatment is usually surgical the following types of di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia exist con  genital di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia mor  g  ag  ni s her  nia bo  ch  dal  ek her  nia hi  atal her  nia i  atro  genic di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia traumatic di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia
di  aphr  agm  atic rupture also called di  aphr  agm  atic injury or tear is a tear of the di  aphr  ag  m the muscle across the bottom of the rib  cage that plays a crucial role in respir  ation most commonly acquired di  aphr  agm  atic tears result from physical trauma di  aphr  agm  atic rupture can result from blunt or penetr  ating trauma and occurs in about 5 of cases of severe blunt trauma to the trunk diagnostic techniques include x ray compu  ted tom  o  graphy and surgical techniques such as l  apar  o  tomy diagnosis is often difficult because signs may not show up on x ray or signs that do show up appear similar to other conditions signs and symptoms included chest and ab  domin  al pain difficulty breathing and decreased lung sounds when a tear is discovered surgery is needed to repair it injuries to the di  aphr  ag  m are usually accompanied by other injuries and they indicate that more severe injury may have occurred the outcome often depends more on associated injuries than on the di  aphr  agm  atic injury itself since the pressure is higher in the ab  domin  al cav  ity than the chest cav  ity rupture of the di  aphr  ag  m is almost always associated with her  ni  ation of ab  domin  al organs into the chest cav  ity which is called a traumatic di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia this her  ni  ation can interfere with breathing and blood supply can be cut off to organs that her  ni  ate through the di  aphr  ag  m damaging them
diarr  hea also spelled diarr  ho  ea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bo  wel movements each day it often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydr  ation due to fluid loss signs of dehydr  ation often begin with loss of the normal stret  chin  ess of the skin and irrit  able behaviour this can progress to decreased ur  ination loss of skin color a fast heart rate and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe loose but non wat  ery sto  ols in babies who are breast  fed however may be normal the most common cause is an infection of the intest  ines due to either a virus bacteria or parasite a condition known as gastro  enter  i  tis these infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by sto  ol or directly from another person who is infected it may be divided into three types short duration wat  ery diarr  hea short duration bloody diarr  hea and if it lasts for more than two weeks persistent diarr  hea the short duration wat  ery diarr  hea may be due to an infection by cholera although this is rare in the developed world if blood is present it is also known as dy  sen  tery a number of non infectious causes may also result in diarr  hea including hyper  thyro  i  dis  m lac  tose intolerance infl  am  matory bo  wel disease a number of medications and irrit  able bo  wel syndrome in most cases sto  ol cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause prevention of infectious diarr  hea is by improved sanitation clean drinking water and hand washing with soap breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against ro  ta  virus oral re  hydr  ation solution ors which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar is the treatment of choice zinc tablets are also recommended these treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years when people have diarr  hea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breast  fed if commercial ors are not available hom  em  ade solutions may be used in those with severe dehydr  ation intra  ven  ous fluids may be required most cases however can be managed well with fluids by mouth antibiotics while rarely used may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarr  hea and a high fever those with severe diarr  hea following travelling and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their sto  ol l  oper  amide may help decrease the number of bo  wel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease about 1 7 to 5 billion cases of diarr  hea occur per year it is most common in developing countries where young children get diarr  hea on average three times a year total deaths from diarr  hea are estimated at 1 26 million in 2013 – down from 2 58 million in 1990 in 2012 it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five 0 76 million or 11 frequent episodes of diarr  hea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age other long term problems that can result include stun  ted growth and poor intellectual development
dias  chis  is from greek δι  ά  σχ  ισ  ις meaning shocked throughout is a sudden loss or change of function in a portion of the brain connected to a distant but damaged brain area the site of the originally damaged area and of the dias  chis  is are connected to each other by neurons the loss of the damaged structure disrup  ts the function of the remaining intact systems and causes a physiological imbalance the injury is produced by an acute focal disturbance in an area of the brain from traumatic brain injury or stroke for example some function may be restored with gradual read  just  ment of the intact but suppressed areas through intervention and the brain s natural neuro  plas  tic  ity the term dias  chis  is was coined by constan  tin von mon  ak  ow in 1914 currently the term dias  chis  is is used to describe a depression of regional neuro  nal metabol  ism and cere  br  al blood flow caused by dysfunction in an anatom  ically separate but func  tionally related neuro  nal region von mon  ak  ow s concept of neuro  physical changes in distant brain tissue to the focal le  sion led to a widespread clinical interest doctors were interested in how dias  chis  is could describe the signs and symptoms of brain le  sions that could not be explained the areas of the brain are connected by vast organized neuro  nal pathways that allow one area of the brain to influence other areas more dis  tal to it understanding these dense pathways helps to link a le  sion causing brain damage in one area of the brain to de  generation in a more dis  tal brain area a focal le  sion causes damage that also distur  bs the structural and functional connectivity to the brain areas dis  tal to the le  sion the primary mechanism of dias  chis  is is functional de  a  ffer  entation which is the loss of the input of information from the part of the brain that is now damaged the decrease in information and ne  ural firing to the dis  tal brain area causes those syn  ap  tic connections to weaken and initiates a change in the structural and functional connectivity around that area this leads to dias  chis  is dias  chis  is is also influenced by many other factors including sto  ke brain sw  elling and neuro  anatom  ical dis  connection the severity of these factors is manifested in altered neuro  nal exc  itability hy  po metabol  ism and hy  po per  fusion there are two types of dias  chis  is the first is focal dias  chis  is which refers to the remote neuro  physiological changes that are caused by a focal le  sion based on von mon  ak  ow s definition the second type of dias  chis  is is non focal dias  chis  is and it focuses on the changes in the strength and direction of ne  ural pathways and connectivity between brain areas this type of dias  chis  is has only been a topic in recent study as a result of the advancement of brain imaging tools and technology these new tools allow for better understanding of the organization of the brain connectivity and further investigation into new types of dias  chis  is like non focal or connec  tional dias  cis  is this new type of dias  chis  is relates much more closely to clinical findings
in path  ology di  ast  asis is the separation of parts of the body that are normally joined together such as the separation of certain ab  domin  al muscles during pregnancy or of adjacent bones without frac  ture
di  ast  asis rec  ti also known as ab  domin  al separation is commonly defined as a gap of roughly 2 7 cm or greater between the two sides of the rec  tus ab  domin  is muscle this condition has no associated morbi  dity or mortality the distance between the right and left rec  tus ab  domin  is muscles is created by the stretching of the lin  ea alba a connec  tive coll  agen she  ath created by the ap  on  euro  sis inser  tions of the trans  verse ab  domin  is internal obli  que and external obli  que di  ast  asis of this muscle occurs principally in two populations new  bor  ns and pregnant women it is also known to occur in men in the new  born the rec  tus ab  domin  is is not fully developed and may not be sealed together at mid  line di  ast  asis rec  ti is more common in premature and black new  bor  ns in pregnant or post  par  tum women the condition is caused by the stretching of the rec  tus ab  domin  is by the growing uter  us it is more common in multi  par  ous women due to repeated episodes of stretching when the defect occurs during pregnancy the uter  us can sometimes be seen bul  ging through the ab  domin  al wall beneath the skin women are more susceptible to develop di  ast  asis rec  ti when over the age of 35 high birth weight of child multiple birth pregnancy and multiple pregnancies additional causes can be attributed to excessive ab  domin  al exercises after the first trim  ester of pregnancy
di  ast  asis symp  h  ysis pu  bis is the separation of normally joined pu  bic bones as in the dis  location of the bones without a frac  ture
di  ast  em  atom  ye  lia occasionally di  ast  om  ye  lia is a con  genital disorder in which a part of the spinal cord is split usually at the level of the upper lum  bar verte  bra di  ast  em  atom  ye  lia is a rare con  genital anomaly that results in the splitting of the spinal cord in a longit  ud  inal sag  it  tal direction females are affected much more commonly than males this condition occurs in the presence of an osse  ous bone car  ti  lag  inous or fi  bro  us sep  tum in the central portion of the spinal canal which then produces a complete or incomplete sag  it  tal division of the spinal cord into two hemic  ords when the split does not re  unite dist  ally to the spur the condition is referred to as a diplom  ye  lia or true duplication of the spinal cord
di  ast  ol  ic heart failure and di  ast  ol  ic dysfunction refer to the decline in performance of one usually the left ven  tric  le or both left and right ven  tric  les during di  ast  ole di  ast  ole is the cardiac cycle phase during which the heart is relaxing and filling with incoming blood that is being returned from the body through the inferior iv  c and superior sv  c ven  ae cav  ae to the right atri  um and from lungs through pul  mon  ary ve  ins to the left atri  um in di  ast  ol  ic failure if the patient has symptoms there is a patho  logic cause inducing them di  ast  ol  ic dysfunction can be found when doing a dop  pl  er echo  cardi  o  graphy in an apparently healthy patient mainly in an elderly person
di  astro  ph  ic dys  pl  asia d  td is an auto  som  al rec  essive dys  pl  asia which affects car  til  age and bone development di  astro  ph  ism is a general word referring to a tw  isting di  astro  ph  ic dys  pl  asia is due to mutations in the sl  c 26 a 2 gene affected individuals have short stature with very short arms and legs and joint problems that restrict mobility
in medicine and allied fields di  ath  esis from greek δι  ά  θε  σ  ις is a hereditary or constitutional pre  disposition to a disease or other disorder at  op  ic di  ath  esis is a pre  disposition to develop one or more of hay fever allergic rh  initi  s bron  ch  ial asthma or at  op  ic der  mati  tis
dic  ar  box  yl  ic am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia is a rare form of am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia 1 35 000 births which is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder of ur  inary glu  tam  ate and as  part  ate due to genetic errors related to transport of these amino acids mutations resulting in a lack of expression of the sl  c 1 a 1 gene a member of the solu  te carrier family are found to cause development of dic  ar  box  yl  ic am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia in humans sl  c 1 a 1 en  codes for e  aat 3 which is found in the neurons intest  ine kidney lung and heart e  aat 3 is part of a family of high aff  inity glu  tam  ate transporters which transport both glu  tam  ate and as  part  ate across the plasma memb  rane
dic  h  rom  acy di meaning two and ch  roma meaning color is the state of having two types of functioning color recep  tors called cone cells in the eyes organisms with dic  h  rom  acy are called dic  h  ro  mats dic  h  ro  mats can match any color they see with a mixture of no more than two pure spectr  al lights by comparison tric  h  ro  mats require three pure spectr  al lights to match all colors that they can perceive and tetr  ach  ro  mats require four dic  h  rom  acy in humans is a color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning it is hereditary and sex linked predominantly affecting males dic  h  rom  acy occurs when one of the cone pig  ments is missing and color is reduced to two dimensions
dic  h  rom  atism or poly  ch  rom  atism is a phenomenon where a material or solution s h  ue is dependent on both the concentration of the absorbing substance and the depth or thickness of the medium tra  ver  sed in most substances which are not dic  h  rom  atic only the bri  ght  ness and satur  ation of the colour depend on their concentration and layer thickness examples of dic  h  rom  atic substances are pum  p  kin seed oil bro  mop  hen  ol blue and res  az  ur  in when the layer of pum  p  kin seed oil is less than 0 7 mm thick the oil appears bright green and in layer thick  er than this it appears bright red the phenomenon is related to both the physical chemistry properties of the substance and the physiological response of the human visual system to colour this combined physi  co  chemical – physiological basis was first explained in 2007
in analy  tic number theory the dick  man function or dick  man – de bru  ij  n function ρ is a special function used to estimate the proportion of smooth numbers up to a given bound it was first studied by actu  ary karl dick  man who defined it in his only mathematical publication and later studied by the dutch mathem  ati  cian nico  la  as go  vert de bru  ij  n
di  d  actic organisation is the ability of neurons within a network to im  part their pattern of syn  ap  tic connectivity and or response properties to other neurons the term di  d  actic is used because this kind of influence is uni  direc  tional each individual instance of di  d  actic organisation between two connected neurons does not involve a bi  direc  tional transfer of connectivity or response property information between them
the di  der  ot effect is a social phenomenon related to consumer goods that comprises two ideas the first pos  its that goods purchased by consumers will be cohesive to their sense of identity and as a result will be complementary to one another the second states that the introduction of a new possession that is devi  ant from the consumer s current complementary goods can result in a process of spir  aling consumption the term was coined by anthropo  logist and scholar of consumption patterns grant mc  crack  en in 1988 and is named after the french philosopher den  is di  der  ot 17  13 – 1784 who first described the effect in an essay the term has become common in discussions of sustainable consumption and green consumer  ism in regard to the process whereby a purchase or gift creates dissatisfaction with existing possessions and environment provoking a potentially spir  aling pattern of consumption with negative environmental psychological and social impacts
die swell also known as ex  tru  date swell or bar  us effect is a common phenomenon in poly  mer processing die swell occurs in instances of poly  mer ex  tru  sion in which a stream of poly  mer  ic material is forced through a die a specialized tool in manufacturing to shape or cut poly  mer  ic materials die swell is an instance where a poly  mer stream is compressed by entrance into a die and is followed by a partial recovery or “ swell ” back to the former shape and volume of the poly  mer after ex  iting the die hence the term die swell die swell is a phenomenon directly related to ent  ro  py and the relaxation of the poly  mer within the flow stream initially a flow stream has a constant rate before entering the die and the pol  ym  ers within the stream occupy a roughly spher  ical conform  ation maximizing ent  ro  py ex  tru  sion through the die causes an increase in flow rate through the poly  mer flow stream as the poly  mer spends time inside the die and is subject to the much increased flow rate the pol  ym  ers lose the spher  ical shape becoming longer due to the increased flow rate physical entang  lements may relax if the time scale of the poly  mer within the die is long enough when the poly  mer stream leaves the die the remaining physical entang  lements cause the pol  ym  ers in the die stream to regain a portion of its former shape and spher  ical volume in order to return to the roughly spher  ical conform  ation that maxim  izes ent  ro  py the dis  entang  lement of poly  mer chains is a k  ine  tic process and so the longer the die is the more time is given for the physical entang  lements within the poly  mer stream to dis  ent  angle with a longer die and a slower poly  mer flow stream less pronounced die swell will be observed this is due to the longer die providing a longer time period for poly  mer when subject to the increase flow rate to dis  ent  angle this characteristic relaxation time determines the length of time the poly  mer must spend inside the die to minimize die swell die swell illustration
the di  eck  mann condens  ation is the intr  am  ol  ec  ular chemical reaction of di  esters with base to give β ke  to  esters it is named after the german chem  ist walter di  eck  mann 18  69 – 19  25 the equivalent inter  molecular reaction is the cla  is  en condens  ation the di  eck  mann condens  ation
di  el vertical migration also known as di  ur  nal vertical migration is a pattern of movement used by some organisms such as co  pe  pods living in the ocean and in lakes the migration occurs when organisms move up to the ep  ip  el  agic zone at night and return to the mes  op  el  agic zone of the oceans or to the hy  poli  m  n  ion zone of lakes during the day the word di  el comes from the latin dies day and means a 24 hour period it is referred to as the greatest migration in the world in terms of biomass
di  electro  pho  res  is or de  p is a phenomenon in which a force is exerted on a di  electric particle when it is subjected to a non uniform electric field this force does not require the particle to be charged all particles exhibit di  electro  pho  re  tic activity in the presence of electric fields however the strength of the force depends strongly on the medium and particles electrical properties on the particles shape and size as well as on the frequency of the electric field consequently fields of a particular frequency can manipulate particles with great selectivity this has allowed for example the separation of cells or the orientation and manipulation of nan  op  articles and nano  wires furthermore a study of the change in de  p force as a function of frequency can allow the electrical or electro  physiological in the case of cells properties of the particle to be elu  ci  dated
the di  els – al  der reaction is an organic chemical reaction specifically a 4 2 cyclo  addition between a con  ju  gated di  ene and a substituted al  k  ene commonly termed the dien  ophi  le to form a substituted cyclo  hex  ene system it was first described by otto di  els and kurt al  der in 19  28 for which work they were awarded the nobel prize in chemistry in 1950 the di  els – al  der reaction is particularly useful in synthetic organic chemistry as a reliable method for forming 6 memb  ered systems with good control over regio and stereo  chemical properties the underlying concept has also been applied to other π systems such as carbon  y  ls and im  ines to furnish the corresponding heter  oc  ycles known as the heter  o di  els – al  der reaction di  els – al  der reactions can be reversible under certain conditions the reverse reaction is known as the re  tro di  els – al  der reaction the reaction discovered by di  els and al  der in 19  28
di  encephal  ic syndrome di  encephal  ic syndrome of em  aci  ation or russell s syndrome is a rare neuro  logical disorder seen in infants and children and characterised by failure to thrive and severe em  aci  ation despite normal or slightly decreased cal  or  ic intake locomo  tor hyper  activity and euphoria less commonly it may involve skin p  all  or without ana  emia hypo  gly  ca  emia and hypo  tension the syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal cause of failure to thrive in children failure to thrive presents on average at 7 months of age of note the syndrome is not associated with developmental delay there may be associated hydro  cephal  us di  encephal  ic syndrome was first described by russell in 1951 it is usually caused by a brain tumor such as a low grade gli  oma or astro  cy  tom  a located in the hypo  thal  am  ic op  tic chi  as  matic region it is not yet understood how di  encephal  ic syndrome causes the effects on appetite and metabol  ism which are seen though in  appropriately high growth hormone release has been proposed as has excessive β li  pot  ro  pin secre  tion and overall increased metabol  ic demand it is treated with nutritional optimis  ation while the underlying le  sion is treated with chem  otherapy surgery or radi  otherapy
di  ent  am  oe  bi  asis is a medical condition caused by infection with di  ent  am  oe  ba frag  il  is a single cell parasite that inf  ects the lower gastro  intest  inal tract of humans it is an important cause of travel  er s diarr  hea chronic ab  domin  al pain chronic fatigue and failure to thrive in children
diesel engine runaway is a rare condition affecting diesel engines in which the engine draws extra fuel from an unintended source and over  speeds at higher and higher r  pm until destroyed by mechanical failure or bearing seizure through lack of lubric  ation
dies  eling or engine run on is a condition that can occur in spark plug ign  ited gasoline powered internal combustion engines whereby the engine keeps running for a short period after being turned off due to the engine kicking back upon shutdown drawing fuel through the car  bu  re  tor into the engine and ign  iting it without a spark dies  eling is so named because it is similar in effect to how diesel engines operate by firing without a spark the ignition source of a diesel engine is the heat generated by the compression of the air in the cylinder rather than a spark as in gasoline engines the dies  eling phenomenon occurs not just because the compression ratio is sufficient to cause auto ignition of the fuel but also because a hot spot inside the cylinder spark plug electro  de combustion chamber valve edge or even excess carbon starts combustion an automobile engine that is dies  eling will typically sp  utter then gradually stop this is normally seen in car  bu  re  ted engines with many miles on them dies  eling is not nearly as common as it once was because it most commonly occurs in engines equipped with car  bu  re  tors the vast majority of vehicles manufactured after 1987 are fuel injected the injec  tors and high pressure fuel pump immediately cease supplying fuel to the cylin  ders when the ignition is switched off if the injec  tor is damaged or dirty a small amount of fuel can enter the chamber and be ign  ited causing a sp  utter or two after the engine is switched off until the mass market introduction of fuel injection the industry s remedy for dies  eling was to install an electric sol  en  o  id into the fuel supply circuit of the car  bu  re  tor energi  zed by the ignition co  il primary wire when activated the sol  en  o  id would open and allow fuel to flow normally out of the float bowl through the fuel metering jets and into the engine when de  activated the sol  en  o  id would close and prevent fuel from being drawn through the jets and into the engine this provided a simple adequate solution to the dies  eling problem dies  eling in the sense of engine run on and disregarding combustible gaseous mixtures via the air intake can also occur in diesel engines when the pist  on or seals fail due to overheating admitting engine oil into the cylinder a structurally failing diesel engine will often accelerate when the thro  ttle is released even after fuel injection is switched off some car  bu  re  ted engines have low pressure fuel pumps they are typically designed only to overcome a loss of suc  tion in the fuel line near the engine due to fuel evapor  ation in hot weather to supply sufficient fuel to maintain sto  ic  hi  ome  tric combustion under heavy load with wide open thro  ttle or a combination of the two fuel demand is low at idle and there is more than enough mani  fold vacuum to draw sufficient fuel for combustion even if the fuel pump is switched off gasoline engines that are much smaller than the typical automotive engine are usually car  bu  re  ted for economic and engineering reasons dies  eling can occur in such engines these engines include those installed in small generators mo  peds scoo  ters small motorcycles all terrain vehicles and most lawn and garden power tools
a diet coke and ment  os eruption altern  ately diet coke and ment  os ge  yser or ment  os eruption is a reaction between the carbon  ated bever  age diet coke and ment  os min  ts that causes the bever  age to spray out of its container the gas released by the can  dies creates an eruption that pushes most of the liquid up and out of the bottle lee ma  rek and ma  rek s kid scientists were the first to demonstrate the experiment on television in 1999 steve sp  ang  ler s televised demonstration of the eruption in 2005 went viral on you  tube launching a chain of several other diet coke and ment  os experiment viral videos
die  ul  af  oy s le  sion ex  ul  cer  ati  o simpl  ex die  ul  af  oy is a medical condition characterized by a large tor  tuous arter  io  le most commonly in the stomach wall sub  mu  cos  al that ero  des and ble  eds it can present in any part of the gastro  intest  inal tract it can cause ga  str  ic hemorrha  ge but is relatively un  common it is thought to cause less than 5 of all gastro  intest  inal ble  eds in adults it was named after french surgeon paul georg  es die  ul  af  oy who described this condition in his paper ex  ul  cer  ati  o simpl  ex le  ç  ons 1 3 in 1898 it is also called cali  ber persistent artery or an  eur  ys  m of ga  str  ic vessels however unlike most other an  eur  ys  ms these are thought to be developmental mal  formations rather than degenerative changes
in calcul  us a branch of mathematics a differenti  able function of one real variable is a function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain as a result the graph of a differenti  able function must have a non vertical tang  ent line at each point in its domain be relatively smooth and cannot contain any breaks ben  ds or cus  ps more generally if x 0 is a point in the domain of a function f then f is said to be differenti  able at x 0 if the derivative f ′ x 0 exists this means that the graph of f has a non vertical tang  ent line at the point x 0 f x 0 the function f may also be called locally linear at x 0 as it can be well approxim  ated by a linear function near this point
in mathematics differential rings differential fields and differential al  ge  br  as are rings fields and al  ge  br  as equipped with fin  itely many deri  vations which are un  ary functions that are linear and satisfy the lei  bn  iz product rule a natural example of a differential field is the field of rational functions c t in one variable over the complex numbers where the deri  vation is the differentiation with respect to t differential al  ge  bra refers also to the area of mathematics consisting in the study of these al  ge  bra  ic objects and their use for an al  ge  bra  ic study of the differential equations differential al  ge  bra was introduced by joseph rit  t
in mathematics differential calcul  us is a sub  field of calcul  us concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities change it is one of the two traditional divisions of calcul  us the other being integral calcul  us the primary objects of study in differential calcul  us are the derivative of a function related notions such as the differential and their applications the derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the rate of change of the function near that input value the process of finding a derivative is called differentiation geome  tr  ically the derivative at a point is the slope of the tang  ent line to the graph of the function at that point provided that the derivative exists and is defined at that point for a real valued function of a single real variable the derivative of a function at a point generally determines the best linear approximation to the function at that point differential calcul  us and integral calcul  us are connected by the fundamental theore  m of calcul  us which states that differentiation is the reverse process to integration differentiation has applications to nearly all quantitative disciplines for example in physics the derivative of the displacement of a moving body with respect to time is the velocity of the body and the derivative of velocity with respect to time is acceleration the derivative of the momentum of a body equals the force applied to the body re  arranging this derivative statement leads to the famous f ma equation associated with newton s second law of motion the reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a derivative in operations research derivatives determine the most efficient ways to transport materials and design factories derivatives are frequently used to find the maxim  a and minim  a of a function equations involving derivatives are called differential equations and are fundamental in describing natural phenomena derivatives and their gener  alizations appear in many fields of mathematics such as complex analysis functional analysis differential geometry measure theory and abstract al  ge  bra
in mathematics the differential coefficient of a function f x is what is now called its derivative df x d  x the not necessarily constant multiplic  ative factor or coefficient of the differential d  x in the differential df x a coefficient is usually a constant quantity but the differential coefficient of f is a constant function only if f is a linear function when f is not linear its differential coefficient is a function call it f ′ derived by the differentiation of f hence the modern term derivative the older usage is now rarely seen early edi  tions of sil  van  us p thompson s calcul  us made easy use the older term in his 1998 update of this text martin gar  dner lets the first use of differential coefficient stand along with thompson s criticism of the term as a needlessly obscure phrase that should not intimidate students and substitutes derivative for the remainder of the book
differential object marking dom is a linguistic phenomenon that is present in more than 300 languages the term was coined by georg bos  song in languages where dom is active direct objects are divided in two different classes depending on different meanings and in most dom languages only one of the classes receives a marker the other being un  marked but there are languages like finnish where both types of objects are marked with different end  ings
differential sticking is a problem that occurs when drilling a well with a greater well bore pressure than formation pressure as is usually the case the drill pipe is pressed against the well  bore wall so that part of its circum  fer  ence will see only reservoir pressure while the rest will continue to be pushed by well  bore pressure as a result the pipe becomes stuck to the wall and can require millions of pounds of force to remove which may prove impossible in many cases the drilling fluid mud weight is reduced thus relieving the pressure difference and releasing the stuck pipe string should this option be unavailable as in sour gas wells a specialty fishing company is called to retri  eve the stuck pipe or fish many options exist once a fishing company is on site oil or nitrogen may be pumped down the well or the fish may be washed over using a carbide shoe on a string of wash  pipe j  arr  ing is not usually attempted with differential sticking due to the massive amount of pressure that holds the pipe in place
differentiated service is a design pattern for business services and software in which the service varies automatically according to the identity of the consumer and or the context in which the service is used sometimes known as smart service or context aware service
the diff  ie – hel  l  man problem d  h  p is a mathematical problem first proposed by whit  field diff  ie and martin hel  l  man in the context of cry  pto  graphy the motivation for this problem is that many security systems use mathematical operations that are fast to compu  te but hard to reverse for example they enable encry  p  ting a message but reversing the encryption is difficult if solving the d  h  p were easy these systems would be easily broken
diff  r  action in time is a phenomenon associated with the quantum dynamics of suddenly released matter waves initially confined in a region of space it was introduced in 1952 by mar  cos mo  shin  sky with the shut  ter problem a matter wave beam stopped by an absorbing shut  ter exhi  bits an osci  ll  atory density profile during its propagation after removal of the shut  ter whenever this propagation is accurately described by the time dependent schrö  d  inger equation the transi  ent wave functions resemble the solutions that appear for the intensity of light subject to fres  nel diff  r  action by a straight edge for this reason the transi  ent phenomenon was dubbed diff  r  action in time and has since then been recognised as ubiquitous in quantum dynamics the experimental confirmation of this phenomenon was only achieved about half a century later in the group of ultra  cold atoms directed by jean d  ali  bard
diffuse idi  opathic pul  mon  ary neuro  endocrine cell hyper  pl  asia di  p  nec  h is diffuse paren  ch  ym  al lung disease which often presents with symptoms of cough and short  ness of breath the pathological definition published by the world health organization is “ a generalized proliferation of scattered single cells small no  d  ules neuro  endocrine bodies or linear prolifer  ations of pul  mon  ary neuro  endocrine p  ne cells that may be confined to the bron  ch  ial and bron  chi  ol  ar epi  the  lium ” the true prevalence of this disease is not known to date just under 200 cases have been reported in the literature however with an increase in recognition of this disease by radio  logists and pul  mono  logists the number of cases has been increasing di  p  nec  h predominantly affects middle aged women with slowly progressive lung obstruction di  p  nec  h is usually discovered in one of two ways 1 as an unexpected finding following a lung surgery or 2 by evaluation of a patient in a pul  mon  ary clinic with longstanding un  explained symptoms
diffuse al  ve  ol  ar damage is a his  to  logical pattern in lung disease it is seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome ards transfusion related acute lung injury tr  ali and acute inter  sti  tial pneumonia ai  p
diffuse ax  onal injury d  ai is a brain injury in which damage in the form of extensive le  sions in white matter tracts occurs over a widespread area d  ai is one of the most common and devastating types of traumatic brain injury and is a major cause of un  consciousness and persistent vegetative state after severe head trauma it occurs in about half of all cases of severe head trauma and may be the primary damage that occurs in con  cus  sion the outcome is frequently coma with over 90 of patients with severe d  ai never regaining consciousness those who do wake up often remain significantly impaired d  ai can occur in every degree of severity from very mild or moderate to very severe con  cus  sion may be a mil  der type of diffuse ax  onal injury
diffuse es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm des is a condition characterized by uncoordinated contr  actions of the es  op  ha  gus which may cause difficulty sw  allowing dy  sp  ha  gia or reg  urg  itation in some cases it may causes symptoms such as chest pain similar to heart disease the cause of des remains unknown certain ab  norm  alities on x ray imaging are commonly observed in des such as a cor  k  screw or ros  ary be  ad es  op  ha  gus although these findings are not unique to this condition specialized testing called man  ome  try can be performed to evaluate the motor function of the es  op  ha  gus which can help identify abnormal patterns of muscle contraction within the es  op  ha  gus that are sugges  tive of des the treatment of des consists primarily of medications such as acid suppressing agents like prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors calcium channel bloc  kers or nitrates in only extremely rare cases surgery may be considered people with des have higher incid  ences of gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease ger  d and anxiety
diffuse idi  opathic sk  el  etal hyper  o  sto  sis dish is a non infl  am  matory spon  dy  lo  ar  thro  pa  thy of the sp  ine it is characterized by spin  y an  ky  losis and en  thes  opathy os  sification of the lig  aments and en  theses it most commonly affects the thor  ac  ic and thor  aco lum  bar sp  ine but involvement is variable and can include the entire sp  ine the dis  c spaces fac  et and sacro  ili  ac joints remain unaffected diagnosis requires con  flu  ent os  sification of at least four con  ti  gu  ous vertebr  al bodies class  ically advanced disease may have melted candle wax appearance along the sp  ine on radio  graphic studies the calci  fication and os  sification is most common on the right side of the sp  ine in people with d  ext  ro  car  dia and sit  us in  versus this calci  fication occurs on the left side which confirms the role of the descending thor  ac  ic a  or  ta in preventing the physical manifestations of dish on one side of the sp  ine
diffuse inf  anti  le fi  bro  mat  osis is a condition affecting infants during the first 3 years of life it is usually confined to the muscles of the arms neck and shoulder area there is a mul  tic  entr  ic infiltr  ation of muscle fi  bers with fi  bro  bl  asts resembling those seen in ap  on  euro  tic fi  bro  mas
diffuse infiltr  ative lymp  ho  cy  to  sis syndrome occurs in hiv positive patients with low cd 4 counts it is similar to sjö  gre  n s syndrome with pain  less par  o  ti  d and sub  man  di  bul  ar sw  elling and sic  ca symptoms the syndrome typically improves with ha  art
a diffuse intrinsic pon  tine gli  oma di  pg is a tum  our located in the p  ons middle of the brain stem the brain stem is the bot  tom  most portion of the brain connecting the cere  bru  m with the spinal cord the majority of brain stem tum  ours occur in the p  ons and are diff  us  ely infiltr  ating they grow amidst the nerves and therefore cannot be sur  g  ically removed gli  oma is a general name for any tum  our that arises from the supportive tissue called glia which help keep the neurons in place and functioning well the brain stem contains all of the a  ffer  ent incoming neurons within the spinal cord as well as important structures involved in eye movements and in face and throat muscle control and sensation
diffuse lam  ell  ar ker  ati  tis dl  k is a sterile infl  amm  ation of the cor  ne  a which may occur after ref  r  active surgery such as la  si  k its incidence has been estimated to be 1 in 500 patients though this may be as high as 32 in some cases
diffuse large b cell lymp  homa dl  b  cl or dl  bl is a cancer of b cells a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies it is the most common type of non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa among adults with an annual incidence of 7 – 8 cases per 100 000 people per year this cancer occurs primarily in older individuals with a median age of diagnosis at approximately 70 years of age though it can also occur in children and young adults in rare cases dl  b  cl is an aggressive tumor which can arise in virtually any part of the body and the first sign of this illness is typically the observation of a rapidly growing mass sometimes associated with fever weight loss and night swe  ats the causes of diffuse large b cell lymp  homa are not well understood usually dl  b  cl arises from normal b cells but it can also represent a m  align  ant transformation of other types of lymp  homa or leuk  emia an underlying immun  o  deficiency is a significant risk factor infection with ep  stein – bar  r virus has also been found to contribute to the development of some sub  groups of dl  b  cl diagnosis of dl  b  cl is made by removing a portion of the tumor through a biopsy and then examining this tissue using a micro  scope usually a hem  at  opath  o  logist makes this diagnosis several sub  types of dl  b  cl have been identified each having a different clinical presentation and prog  no  sis however the usual treatment for each of these is chem  otherapy often in combination with an anti  body targeted at the tumor cells through these treatments more than half of patients with dl  b  cl can be cured and the overall five year survival rate for older adults is around 58
diffuse my  el  ino  cl  astic sclerosis sometimes referred to as sch  il  der s disease is a very inf  requ  ent neuro  degenerative disease that presents clin  ically as pseu  do  tum  our  al dem  yel  inating le  sions that make its diagnosis difficult it usually begins in childhood affecting children between 5 and 14 years old but cases in adults are possible this disease is considered one of the borderline forms of multiple sclerosis because some authors consider them different diseases and others ms variants other diseases in this group are neuro  m  ye  li  tis op  tica n  mo bal  o concentr  ic sclerosis and mar  burg multiple sclerosis
diffuse pan  bron  chi  oli  tis dp  b is an infl  am  matory lung disease of unknown cause it is a severe progressive form of bron  chi  oli  tis an infl  am  matory condition of the bron  chi  oles small air passages in the lungs the term diffuse signifies that le  sions appear throughout both lungs while pan  bron  chi  oli  tis refers to infl  amm  ation found in all layers of the respiratory bron  chi  oles those involved in gas exchange dp  b causes severe infl  amm  ation and no  dule like le  sions of terminal bron  chi  oles chronic sin  u  si  tis and intense cou  gh  ing with large amounts of sp  u  tum production the disease is believed to occur when there is suscep  tibility or a lack of immune system resistance to dp  b causing bacteria or viruses caused by several genes that are found predominantly in individuals of east asian descent the highest incidence occurs among japanese people followed by koreans dp  b occurs more often in males and usually begins around age 40 it was recognized as a distinct new disease in the early 1960 s and was formally named diffuse pan  bron  chi  oli  tis in 1969 if left untreated dp  b progres  ses to bron  chi  ec  tas  is an irreversible lung condition that involves enlargement of the bron  chi  oles and pooling of m  uc  us in the bron  chi  ol  ar passages daily treatment of dp  b with macro  li  de antibiotics such as er  y  thro  my  cin e  ases symptoms and increases survival time but the disease currently has no known cure the eventual result of dp  b can be respiratory failure and heart problems
diffuse prolifer  ative ne  ph  ri  tis dp  n or glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis dp  gn is a type of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis that is the most serious form of ren  al le  sions in s  le and is also the most common occurring in 35 to 60 of patients most of the glo  mer  uli show endo  the  li  al and mes  an  gi  al proliferation affecting the entire glo  mer  ul  us leading to diffuse hyper  cellul  arity of the glo  mer  uli producing in some cases epi  the  li  al cres  cents that fill bowman s space when extensive immune complex  es create an overall thick  ening of the cap  ill  ary wall resembling rigid wire lo  ops on routine light micro  sco  py electr  on micro  sco  py reveals electr  on dense sub  endo  the  li  al immune complex  es between endo  the  lium and basement memb  rane immune complex  es can be vis  u  alized by stain  ing with fluorescent antibodies directed against immun  o  glob  ul  ins or complement resulting in a gran  ular fluorescent stain  ing pattern in due course glo  mer  ular injury gives rise to scar  ring glo  mer  ul  os  clerosis most of these patients have hem  atur  ia with moderate to severe prote  in  ur  ia hyper  tension and ren  al in  sufficiency
diffuse unilateral sub  acute neuro  ret  initi  s dus  n is a rare condition that occurs in otherwise healthy often young patients and is due to the presence of a sub  re  tin  al nemato  de
diffusion controlled or diffusion limited reactions are reactions that occur so quickly that the reaction rate is the rate of transport of the re  ac  tants through the reaction medium usually a solution as quickly as the re  ac  tants encounter each other they react the process of chemical reaction can be considered as involving the diffusion of re  ac  tants until they encounter each other in the right sto  ic  hi  ome  try and form an activated complex which can form the product species the observed rate of chemical reactions is generally speaking the rate of the slow  est or rate determining step in diffusion controlled reactions the formation of products from the activated complex is much faster than the diffusion of re  ac  tants and thus the rate is governed by collision frequency diffusion control is rare in the gas phase where rates of diffusion of molecules are generally very high diffusion control is more likely in solution where diffusion of re  ac  tants is slower due to the greater number of collis  ions with solvent molecules reactions where the activated complex forms easily and the products form rapidly are most likely to be limited by diffusion control examples are those involving catal  ysis and enz  ym  atic reactions heterogeneous reactions where re  ac  tants are in different phases are also candidates for diffusion control one classical test for diffusion control is to observe whether the rate of reaction is affected by stirring or ag  itation if so then the reaction is almost certainly diffusion controlled under those conditions
diffusion of responsibility is a soci  op  sy  cho  logical phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present considered a form of attribution the individual assumes that others either are responsible for taking action or have already done so the phenomenon tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size and when responsibility is not explicitly assigned it rarely occurs when the person is alone and diffusion increases with groups of three or more
dig  estion chambers are a his  to  logic finding in nerves that are undergoing wall  er  ian de  generation
dig  estive system ne  op  las  ms are tumors which affect the dig  estive system types include es  op  ha  ge  al cancer ga  str  ic cancer small intest  inal cancer colo  rec  tal cancer anal cancer
in electronics a digital to analo  g conver  ter dac d a d – a d 2 a or d to a is a device that conver  ts a digital signal into an analo  g signal an analo  g to digital conver  ter ad  c performs the reverse function there are several dac architec  tures the suitability of a dac for a particular application is determined by six main parameters physical size power consumption resolution maximum sampling frequency accuracy and cost due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components all but the most specialized d  acs are implemented as integrated circuits ics digital to analo  g conversion can de  grade a signal so a dac should be specified that has insignificant errors in terms of the application d  acs are commonly used in music players to convert digital data streams into analo  g audio signals they are also used in telev  is  ions and mobile phones to convert digital video data into analo  g video signals which connect to the screen drivers to display mono  ch  rome or color images these two applications use d  acs at opposite ends of the speed resolution trade off the audio dac is a low speed high resolution type while the video dac is a high speed low to medium resolution type dis  crete d  acs would typically be extremely high speed low resolution power hungry types as used in military radar systems very high speed test equipment especially sampling osci  l  lo  sco  pes may also use dis  crete d  acs
digital cam  ou  fl  age is a type of cam  ou  fl  age pattern combining micro and macro patterns often though not necessarily with a pi  x  ell  ated look created with computer assistance the function is to provide military cam  ou  fl  age over a range of distances or equival  ently over a range of scales in the manner of frac  t  als not all mul  tis  cal  e patterns are pi  x  ell  ated and not all pi  x  ell  ated patterns work at different scales so being pi  x  el  ated does not of itself guarantee improved performance the root of the modern digital cam  ou  fl  age patterns can be traced back to 1930 s experiments in europe for the german and soviet armies modern digital patterns date to the 1970 s with work by u s army officer timothy o neill for armor cam  ou  fl  age later followed by canadian development of cad  pat and then with us work led by o neill which created mar  pat
digital continuity is the ability to maintain the digital information of a creator in such a way that the information will continue to be available as needed despite changes in digital technology it focuses on making sure that information is complete available and therefore usable activities involved with managing digital continuity include information management information risk assessment and managing technical environments including file format conversion digital continuity management is particularly important to organisations that have a duty to maintain accountability and to act transparently and legally such as government and infrastructure companies digital continuity is also an important issue for organisations responsible for maintaining repos  itories of information in digital form over time such as archives and libraries
dig  it  ally controlled impe  dance is a function for controlling impe  dance in fp  gas series resistance to match line impe  dance parallel resistance to avoid reflection
di  go  x  in poisoning also known as di  go  x  in toxicity is a type of poisoning that may occur in people who take too much of the drug di  go  x  in in a short period of time or in those who accumulate high levels of di  go  x  in in their blood during long term treatment di  go  x  in derived from fo  x  glove plants of the genus dig  ital  is is a medication prescribed to people with heart failure and or atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation
di  hydro  py  ri  mid  ine de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency dp  d deficiency is an auto  som  al reces  si  vem  e  tab  ol  ic disorder in which there is absent or significantly decreased activity of di  hydro  py  ri  mid  ine de  hydro  gen  ase an enzyme involved in the metabol  ism of ur  ac  il and thy  mine individuals with this condition may develop life threatening toxicity following exposure to 5 fluor  our  ac  il 5 fu a chem  otherapy drug that is used in the treatment of cancer beside 5 fu widely prescribed oral fluor  op  y  ri  mid  ine cap  ec  it  ab  ine x  el  oda could put dp  d deficient patients at risk of experiencing severe or lethal tox  ic  ities as well
di  k  ty  oma or ci  li  ary body med  ul  lo  epi  the  li  oma or ter  at  on  euro  ma is a rare tumor arising from primitive med  ul  l  ary epi  the  lium in the ci  li  ary body of the eye almost all di  k  ty  om  as arise in the ci  li  ary body although rarely they may arise from the op  tic nerve head or re  tina the name di  k  ty  oma comes from its characteristic findings on his  to  logy
di  lac  eration is a developmental disturbance in shape of teeth it refers to an ang  ulation or a sharp bend or curve in the root or crown of a formed tooth
dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy d  cm is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump blood efficiently the decreased heart function can affect the lungs liver and other body systems d  cm is one of the cardi  om  y  opath  ies a group of diseases that affect primarily the heart muscle different cardi  om  y  opath  ies have different causes and affect the heart in different ways in d  cm a portion of the my  o  cardi  um is dil  ated often without any obvious cause left or right ven  tric  ular syst  ol  ic pump function of the heart is impaired leading to progressive heart enlargement via ven  tric  ular hyper  tro  phy and ven  tric  ular dil  ation a process called ven  tric  ular remo  deling dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy is the most common form of non is  chem  ic cardi  om  y  opathy it occurs more frequently in men than in women and is most common between the ages of 20 and 60 years about one in three cases of cong  estive heart failure chf is due to dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy also occurs in children
a dil  ated por  e also known as a dil  ated por  e of win  er is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a solitary prominent open com  edo on the face or upper trunk of an individual they can occur on either young or elderly individuals they are benign however they can be considered un  sigh  tly the only cur  ative method of removal is a punch exc  ision usually 1 – 3 mm las  ers and other superficial means of removal have proven to be ineffective
in methods of abortion dil  ation and evacuation d e also sometimes called dil  ation and extraction is the dil  ation of the cer  vi  x and surgical evacuation of the contents of the uter  us it is a method of abortion as well as a therapeutic procedure used after mis  carriage to prevent infection by ensuring that the uter  us is fully evacuated in various health care centers it may be called by different names d e dil  ation and evacuation er  po  c evacuation of retained products of conception top or stop surgical termination of pregnancy d e normally refers to a specific second trim  ester procedure however some sources use the term d e to refer more generally to any procedure that involves the processes of dil  ation and evacuation which includes the first trim  ester procedures of manual and electric vacuum aspiration
the dim effect is a natural phenomenon named by bre  tt c rat  cli  ffe in which nature is said to mim  ic art the dim effect occurs when the following events occur in sequence 1 an element of nature never seen before and assumed not to exist is represented synthe  tically 2 the same element is discovered to actually exist in nature entirely without human intervention the dim effect is named after a 3 d animated character dim the rhin  o  cer  os bee  tle from the film a bug s life
in mathematics specifically set theory a dimensional operator on a set e is a function from the sub  sets of e to the sub  sets of e
in music a diminished tri  ad also known as the minor flat  ted fifth m ♭ 5 is a tri  ad consisting of two minor thirds above the root — if built on c a diminished tri  ad would have a c an e ♭ and a g ♭ it resembles a minor tri  ad with a lowered fl  att  ened fifth it can be represented by the inte  ger no  tation 0 3 6 in the common practice period the diminished tri  ad is considered dis  son  ant or unstable because the dis  son  ant diminished fifth symmetr  ically divides the octa  ve the lack of t  onal center or stability possession of a leading tone and the dominant function give the ch  ord drive
in economics diminishing returns is the decrease in the marginal incremental output of a production process as the amount of a single factor of production is incre  mentally increased while the amounts of all other factors of production stay constant the law of diminishing returns states that in all productive processes adding more of one factor of production while holding all others constant ce  ter  is pari  bus will at some point yield lower incremental per unit returns the law of diminishing returns does not imply that adding more of a factor will decrease the total production a condition known as negative returns though in fact this is common a common sort of example is adding more people to a job or assemb  ling a car on a factory floor at some point adding more workers causes problems such as workers getting in each other s way or frequently finding themselves waiting for access to a part in all of these processes producing one more unit of output per unit of time will eventually cost increasingly more due to inputs being used less and less effectively the law of diminishing returns is a fundamental principle of economics it plays a central role in production theory
the dim  roth re  arrangement is a re  arrangement reaction taking place with certain 1 2 3 tri  az  oles where endo  cyclic and ex  oc  ycl  ic nitrogen atoms switch place this organic reaction was discovered in 19  09 by otto dim  roth dim  roth re  arrangement with r a phen  yl group the reaction takes place in boiling py  ri  dine for 24 hours this type of tri  azole has an amino group in the 5 position after ring opening to a di  az  o intermediate c c bond rotation is possible with 1 3 migration of a prot  on certain 1 al  ky  l 2 im  in  op  y  ri  mid  ines also display this type of re  arrangement py  ri  mid  ine dim  roth in the first step is an addition reaction of water followed by ring opening of the hem  i  am  inal to the am  ino  alde  hyde followed by ring closure
in mathematics dini s criterion is a condition for the point  wise convergence of fou  rier series introduced by dini
in computer science the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in con  current algori  thm design to illustrate synchron  ization issues and techniques for resolving them it was originally formulated in 1965 by ed  s  ger di  j  k  stra as a student exam exercise presented in terms of computers competing for access to tape drive periph  er  als soon after tony ho  are gave the problem its present formulation
dio  genes syndrome also known as sen  ile squ  al  or syndrome is a disorder characterized by extreme self neglect domestic squ  al  or social withdrawal apathy compul  sive ho  ar  ding of garbage or animals and lack of shame sufferers may also display symptoms of cat  at  onia the condition was first recognized in 1966 and designated dio  genes syndrome by clark et al the name derives from dio  genes of sin  ope an ancient greek philosopher a cyn  ic and an ultimate minim  alist who allegedly lived in a large jar in athens not only did he not ho  ard but he actually sought human company by vent  uring daily to the ag  ora therefore this ep  on  ym is considered to be a mis  no  mer other possible terms are sen  ile breakdown pl  yu  sh  kin s syndrome after a character from go  go  l s novel dead souls social breakdown and sen  ile squ  al  or syndrome frontal lo  be impairment may play a part in the causation or  rell et al 1989
di  p  hal  lia pen  ile duplication pd di  ph  all  ic ter  ata or di  ph  all  as  par  atus is a rare developmental ab  normality in which a male infant is born with two pen  ises the first reported case was by johann  es jacob w  ec  ker in 16  09 its occurrence is 1 in 5 5 million boys in the united states when di  p  hal  lia is present it is usually accompanied by ren  al vertebr  al hind  gut ano  rec  tal or other con  genital anomalies there is also a higher risk of sp  ina bi  fi  da infants born with pd and its related conditions have a higher death rate from various infections associated with their more complex ren  al or colo  rec  tal systems it is thought di  p  hal  lia occurs in the fe  tus between the 23 rd and 25 th days of gest  ation when an injury chemical stress or malfunctioning home  o  box genes hamper proper function of the c  aud  al cell mass of the fe  tal mes  o  der  m as the u  ro  genital sin  us separates from the genital tuber  cle and rec  tum to form the penis
di  ph  ther  ia is an infection caused by the bacter  ium cor  y  ne  bacter  ium di  ph  ther  i  ae signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe they usually start two to five days after exposure symptoms often come on fairly gradually beginning with a sore throat and fever in severe cases a grey or white patch develops in the throat this can block the air  way and create a barking cough as in cro  up the neck may swell in part due to large lymp  h no  des a form of di  ph  ther  ia that involves the skin eyes or gen  itals also exists complications may include my  o  cardi  tis infl  amm  ation of nerves kidney problems and bleeding problems due to low blood plat  el  ets my  o  cardi  tis may result in an abnormal heart rate and infl  amm  ation of the nerves may result in paralysis di  ph  ther  ia is usually spread between people by direct contact or through the air it may also be spread by contaminated objects some people carry the bacteria without having symptoms but can still spread the disease to others there are three main types of c di  ph  ther  i  ae causing different sever  ities of disease the symptoms are due to a toxin produced by the bacteria diagnosis can often be made based on the appearance of the throat with confirmation by culture previous infection may not prevent against future infection a vaccine known as di  ph  ther  ia tox  o  id is effective for prevention and available in a number of formulations three or four doses given along with te  tan  us tox  o  id and ac  ell  ular per  tus  sis vaccine are recommended during childhood further doses are recommended every ten years protection can be verified by measuring the anti  toxin level in the blood treatment is with the antibiotic er  y  thro  my  cin or pen  ic  ill  in g these antibiotics may also be used for prevention in those who have been exposed to the infection a surgical procedure known as a trac  he  o  stom  y is sometimes needed to open the air  way in severe cases in 2013 4 700 cases were officially reported down from nearly 100 000 in 1980 it is believed however that about a million cases occurred per year before the 1980 s it currently occurs most often in sub saharan africa india and indonesia in 2013 it resulted in 3 300 deaths down from 8 000 deaths in 1990 in areas where it is still common children are most affected it is rare in the developed world due to widespread vaccination in the united states 57 cases were reported between 1980 and 2004 death occurs in between 5 and 10 of those affected the disease was first described in the 5 th century bc by hippo  crates the bacter  ium was discovered in 1882 by ed  win kle  bs
di  ph  yl  lo  bo  thri  asis is the infection caused by ta  pe  worms of the di  ph  yl  lo  bo  thri  um genus commonly di  ph  yl  lo  bo  thri  um lat  um
di  plac  us  is also known as di  plac  us  is bin  aur  alis or inter a  ural pitch difference ip  d is a type of hearing disorder that is the perception of a single aud  itory stimulus as two separate sounds which may differ in pitch or in time it is typically though not exclusively experienced as a secondary symptom of sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss although not all patients with sensory ne  ural hearing loss may experience di  plac  us  is or tin  nit  us onset is usually spontaneous and can occur at the time of an acous  tic trauma or in the midst of an ear infection sufferers may experience the effect permanently or it may resolve on its own treatment includes a full medical examination as well as an audi  ological examination that may explain the nature of the problem if needed amp  lification may relieve the symptoms of di  plac  us  is therapy in helping the patient understand the cause of the symptom and tin  nit  us retraining may provide some relief in at least some cases amp  lification makes no difference and there is no treatment other than waiting for natural resolution
diplo  bl  ast  y is a condition of the bl  ast  ula in which there are two primary germ layers the ec  to  der  m and endo  der  m diplo  bl  astic organisms are organisms which develop from such a bl  ast  ula and include cn  id  aria and c  ten  op  hor  a formerly grouped together in the ph  yl  um coel  enter  ata but later understanding of their differences resulted in their being placed in separate phy  la the endo  der  m allows them to develop true tissue this includes tissue associated with the gut and associated g  lands the ec  to  der  m on the other hand gives rise to the ep  id  er  mis the nervous tissue and if present ne  ph  ri  dia simpler animals such as sea spon  ges have one germ layer and lack true tissue organization all the more complex animals from flat worms to humans are tri  plo  bl  astic with three germ layers a mes  o  der  m as well as ec  to  der  m and endo  der  m the mes  o  der  m allows them to develop true organs groups of diplo  bl  astic animals alive today include jell  y  fish cor  als sea an  em  ones and comb jel  lies
diplo  id tri  plo  id mo  sa  ic  ism d  t  m is a chro  mo  some disorder individuals with diplo  id tri  plo  id syndrome have some cells with three copies of each chro  mo  some for a total of 69 chro  mo  som  es called tri  plo  id cells and some cells with the usual 2 copies of each chro  mo  some for a total of 46 chro  mo  som  es called diplo  id cells having two or more different cell types is called mo  sa  ic  ism diplo  id tri  plo  id mo  sa  ic  ism can be associated with trun  cal obesity body facial asymmetry weak muscle tone hy  pot  onia delays in growth mild differences in facial features fusion or web  bing between some of the fingers and or toes syn  d  ac  ty  ly and irregularities in the skin pi  gm  entation intellectual disabilities may be present but are highly variable from person to person ranging from mild to more severe the chro  mo  some disorder is usually not present in the blood a skin biopsy or analy  zing cells in the urine is needed to detect the tri  plo  id cells people usually have 46 chro  mo  som  es in the cells in the body chro  mo  som  es are the micro  sco  p  ically small structures in the nucleus of the body ’ s cells that carry genetic information in people with diplo  id tri  plo  id mo  sa  ic  ism two populations of cells co exist some cells called diplo  id have 46 chro  mo  som  es other cells called tri  plo  id have an extra set of 23 chro  mo  som  es making 69 in all tri  plo  id  y is not the same as tr  is  omy in tr  is  omy there is an extra copy of just one chro  mo  some making a total of 47 down ’ s syndrome is an example of tr  is  omy with an extra copy of chro  mo  some 21 in tri  plo  id  y there is an extra copy of each of the 23 chro  mo  som  es making a total of 69 there are thought to be over 60 people living with this disorder all over the world it may not be a rare as we think as more and more cases are being diagnosed yearly the oldest living diagnosed is well in their 30 s the children with it are happy fun loving social kids and life expectancy seems to be getting longer and longer early intervention is the key although they can have a lot of physical needs they are full of joy and love the information out there about d  t  m is outdated it is not a death sentence other names for diplo  id tri  plo  id mo  saic 1 diplo  id  y tri  plo  id  y 2 2 n 3 n mix  op  lo  id  y 3 tri  plo  id  y mo  sa  ic  ism 4 diplo  id tri  plo  id mo  sa  ic  ism 5 d  t  m 6 mo  saic tri  plo  id
di  pl  op  hon  ia also known as di  ph  th  on  gia is a phenomenon in which a voice is perceived as being produced with two con  current pit  ches di  pl  op  hon  ia is a result of vocal fold vibrations that are quasi periodic in nature it has been reported from old days but there are no uniform interpretation of established mechanisms it has been established that di  pl  op  hon  ia can be caused by various vocal fold patho  logies such as vocal fol  ds poly  p vocal fold no  dule recurrent lar  yn  ge  al nerve paralysis or vesti  bul  ar fold hyper  tro  phy
di  pl  op  ia commonly known as double vision is the simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be displaced horizon  tally vertically diag  onally i e both vertically and horizon  tally or rot  ationally in relation to each other it is usually the result of impaired function of the extra  oc  ular muscles e  oms where both eyes are still functional but they cannot converge to target the desired object problems with e  oms may be due to mechanical problems disorders of the neuro  muscular junction disorders of the cran  ial nerves iii iv and vi that stimulate the muscles and occasionally disorders involving the supran  uc  lear oc  ul  om  o  tor pathways or ing  estion of toxins di  pl  op  ia can be one of the first signs of a systemic disease particularly to a muscular or neuro  logical process and it may disrupt a person ’ s balance movement and or reading abilities
diplo  po  dia is a con  genital anomaly in te  tra  pods that involves duplication of elements of the foot on the h  ind limb it comes from the greek roots di  plo double and pod foot diplo  po  dia is often found in conjunction with other structural ab  norm  alities and can be lethal it is more extreme than poly  d  ac  ty  ly the presence of extra digits
the di  py  gus de  form  ity is a severe con  genital de  form  ity where the body axis for  ks left and right part  way along the tor  so with the poster  ior end pel  vis and legs duplic  ated myr  tle cor  bin was a di  py  gus she married and had 5 children in human cases the inner two of the four hind  quarters develop much smaller than normal this is a type of ter  as cat  ad  id  ym  um monster twin  ned below another sort of de  form  ity with extra legs can happen from a de  generated con  joined twin as may have happened with frank l  ent  ini with his third leg
in mathematics a di  rac spectrum named after paul di  rac is the spectrum of ei  gen  values of a di  rac operator on a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold with a spin structure the iso  spectr  al problem for the di  rac spectrum asks whether two ri  em  ann  ian spin mani  fol  ds have identical spec  tra the di  rac spectrum depends on the spin structure in the sense that there exists a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold with two different spin structures that have different di  rac spec  tra
direct labour cost variance is the difference between the standard cost for actual production and the actual cost in production there are two kinds of labour vari  ances labour rate variance is the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost paid for the actual number of hours labour efficiency variance is the difference between the standard labour hour that should have been worked for the actual number of units produced and the actual number of hours worked when the labour hours are valued at the standard rate
in variance analysis accounting direct material price variance is the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost for the actual quantity of material purchased it is one of the two components the other is direct material usage variance of direct material total variance
in variance analysis accounting direct material total variance is the difference between the actual cost of actual number of units produced and its budgeted cost in terms of material direct material total variance can be divided into two components the direct material price variance the direct material usage variance
in variance analysis direct material usage efficiency quantity variance is the difference between the standard quantity of materials that should have been used for the number of units actually produced and the actual quantity of materials used valued at the standard cost per unit of material it is one of the two components the other is direct material price variance of direct material total variance
directed attention fatigue d  af is a neuro  logical phenomenon that results from over  use of the brain ’ s inhi  bit  ory attention mechanisms which handle incoming dis  tr  actions while maintaining focus on a specific task the greatest threat to a given focus of attention is competition from other stimul  i that can cause a shift in focus this is because one maintains focus on a particular thought by inhi  biting all potential dis  tr  actions and not by strengthening that central mental activity directed attention fatigue occurs when a particular part of the brain ’ s global inhi  bit  ory system is over  worked due to the suppression of increasing numbers of stimul  i this temporary condition is not a clinical illness or a personality disorder it is rather a temporary fatigue of the inhi  bit  ory mechanisms in the brain according to inhi  bi  tion theory it is natural for one to alternate between periods of attention and distraction although one ’ s efforts may involve very different tasks each incoming stimulus calls upon the same directed attention mechanism
in mathematics the di  rich  let beta function also known as the catalan beta function is a special function closely related to the ri  emann ze  ta function it is a particular di  rich  let l function the l function for the altern  ating character of period four
in mathematics the di  rich  let or first type boundary condition is a type of boundary condition named after peter gust  av le  je  une di  rich  let 18  05 – 1859 when imposed on an ordinary or a partial differential equation it specifies the values that a solution needs to take on along the boundary of the domain the question of finding solutions to such equations is known as the di  rich  let problem in engineering applications a di  rich  let boundary condition may also be referred to as a fixed boundary condition
in mathematics the di  rich  let conditions are sufficient conditions for a real valued periodic function f to be equal to the sum of its fou  rier series at each point where f is continuous moreover the behavior of the fou  rier series at points of dis  continuity is determined as well it is the mid  point of the values of the dis  continuity these conditions are named after peter gust  av le  je  une di  rich  let the conditions are f must be absolutely integr  able over a period f must have a finite number of extre  ma in any given bounded interval i e there must be a finite number of maxim  a and minim  a in the interval f must have a finite number of dis  continu  ities in any given bounded interval however the dis  continuity cannot be infinite these three conditions are satisfied if f is a function of bounded variation over a period
in mathematics a di  rich  let problem is the problem of finding a function which solves a specified partial differential equation p  de in the interior of a given region that takes prescribed values on the boundary of the region the di  rich  let problem can be solved for many p  des although originally it was posed for lap  l  ace s equation in that case the problem can be stated as follows given a function f that has values everywhere on the boundary of a region in r  n is there a unique continuous function u twice continuously differenti  able in the interior and continuous on the boundary such that u is harmon  ic in the interior and u f on the boundary this requirement is called the di  rich  let boundary condition the main issue is to prove the existence of a solution uniqueness can be proved using the maximum principle
di  ro  fil  ari  asis is an infection by parasites in the di  ro  fil  aria genus it can be caused by di  ro  fil  aria im  miti  s di  ro  fil  aria rep  ens di  ro  fil  aria ten  u  is
a dirty thunder  storm also volcanic lightning is a weather phenomenon that is related to the production of lightning in a volcanic plu  me a famous image of the phenomenon was photograph  ed by carlos guti  er  rez and occurred in chile above the cha  iten volcano it circulated widely on the internet other instances have been reported above alaska s mount august  ine volcano iceland s ey  j  af  jal  la  jö  k  ull volcano and mount et  na in sicily italy
disability is an impairment that may be physical cognitive intellectual mental sensory developmental or some combination of these that results in restrictions on an individual s ability to participate in what is considered normal in their everyday society a disability may be present from birth or occur during a person s lifetime disabilities is an umbrella term covering impair  ments activity limitations and participation restrictions an impairment is a problem in body function or structure an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations thus disability is a complex phenomenon reflecting an interaction between features of a person ’ s body and features of the society in which he or she lives — world health organization disabilities disability is a contested concept with different meanings for different communities it may be used to refer to physical or mental attributes that some institutions particularly medicine view as needing to be fixed the medical model it may refer to limitations imposed on people by the constraints of an ab  le  ist society the social model or the term may serve to name a social identity claimed by people with disabilities the discussion over disability s definition arose out of disability activism in the u s and u k in the 1970 s which challenged how medical conceptions of human variation dominated popular discourse about disabilities and how these were reflected in common terminology e g handicapped cripple debates about proper terminology and their implied politics continue in disability communities and the academic field of disability studies in many countries the law requires that disabilities documented by a healthcare provider in order to assess which citizens qualify for disability benefits
in medical terminology dis  artic  ulation is the separation of two bones at their joint either naturally by way of injury or by a surgeon during ampu  tation
a disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human material economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources in contemporary academia disasters are seen as the consequence of in  appropriately managed risk these risks are the product of a combination of both hazards and vulnerability hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters as in the case of un  inhabited regions developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater as a percentage of gdp in developing countries than in industrialized countries
disaster convergence is the phenomenon of individuals or groups moving towards a disaster stricken area conver  gers have many reasons for heading towards a disaster area kend  ra and wach  tend  or  f 2002 identified seven distinct categories of conver  gers these categories are mour  ners the anxious re  tur  ners the curious the help  ers the explo  iters and the supporters
a dis  c pro  tru  sion is a disease condition which can occur in some vertebr  ates including humans in which the outermost layers of the an  ul  us fi  bro  sus of the inter  vertebr  al dis  cs of the sp  ine are intact but bul  ge when one or more of the dis  cs are under pressure many disk ab  norm  alities seen on m  ri that are loosely referred to her  ni  ation are actually just incidental findings these may be unrelated to any symptoms and are just bul  ges of the annul  us fi  bro  sus jensen and colleagues in an m  ri study of the lum  bar sp  ine in 98 as  ymp  tomatic adults found that in more than half there was a symmetr  ical extension of a dis  c or dis  cs beyond the margins of the inter  space bul  ging in 27 percent there was a focal or asymmetrical extension of the dis  c beyond the margin of the inter  space pro  tru  sion and in only 1 percent was there more extreme extension of the dis  c ex  tru  sion or sequestr  ation these findings emphasize the importance of using precise terms in describing the imaging ab  norm  alities and evaluating them strictly in the context of the patient s symptoms a dis  c pro  tru  sion may progress to a spinal dis  c her  ni  ation a condition in which there is a tear in the an  ul  us fi  bro  sus
discer  n  ment is the ability to obtain sharp perceptions or to judge well or the activity of so doing in the case of judgment discer  n  ment can be psychological or moral in nature in the sphere of judgment discer  n  ment involves going past the mere perception of something and making nuanced judgments about its properties or qualities considered as a virtue a discer  ning individual is considered to possess wisdom and be of good judgement especially so with regard to subject matter often overlooked by others
disci  tis or dis  ki  tis is an infection in the inter  vertebr  al dis  c space that affects different age groups in adults it can lead to severe consequences such as sep  sis or ep  id  ural abs  c  ess but can also spontaneously resolve especially in children under 8 years of age disci  tis occurs post sur  g  ically in approximately 1 2 percent of patients after spinal surgery
a dis  cl  ination is a line defect in which rot  ational sym  metry is violated in analogy with dis  locations in cryst  als the term dis  inclination for liquid cryst  als first used by f c frank and since then has been modified to its current usage dis  cl  ination it is a defect in the orientation of director whereas a dis  location is a defect in posi  tional order
dis  co  id lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus dle is a chronic skin condition of so  res with infl  amm  ation and scar  ring favoring the face ears and scal  p and at times on other body areas these le  sions develop as a red infl  amed patch with a scaling and cru  sty appearance the center areas may appear lighter in color with a rim darker than the normal skin dis  co  id lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus can be divided into loc  alized generalized and childhood dis  co  id lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus
the discounted pay  back period is the amount of time that it takes to cover the cost of a project by adding positive discounted cash flow coming from the profits of the project the advantage of using the discounted pay  back period over the pay  back period is that it takes into account time value of money
discover  ability is the ability of something especially a piece of content or information to be found discover  ability is a concern in library and information science many aspects of digital media software and web development and in marketing since a thing cannot be used if people cannot find it or don t understand what it s for metad  ata or information about information such as a book s title a product s description or a website s key  words affects how discover  able something is organizing information by putting it into alphabetical order or including it in a search engine is an example of how to improve discover  ability discover  ability is related to but different from accessibility and us  ability other qualities that affect the usefulness of a piece of information
a discrepancy function is a mathematical function which describes how closely a structural model conforms to observed data larger values of the discrepancy function indicate a poor fit of the model to data in general the parameter estimates for a given model are chosen so as to make the discrepancy function for that model as small as possible there are several basic types of discrepancy functions including maximum likelihood ml generalized least squares g  ls and ordinary least squares ols which are considered the classical discrepancy functions discrepancy functions all meet the following basic criteria they are non negative i e always greater than or equal to zero they are zero only if the fit is perfect i e if the model and parameter estimates perfectly reproduce the observed data the discrepancy function is a continuous function of the elements of s the sample co  variance matrix and σ θ the reproduced estimate of s obtained by using the parameter estimates and the structural model in order for maximum likelihood to meet the first criterion it is used in a revised form as the devi  ance
dis  crete pap  ular lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus is a skin condition caused by fi  bro  bl  asts producing abnormally large amounts of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des characterized by the occurrence of wa  xy flesh colored pap  ules
in numerical analysis compu  tational physics and simulation discre  tization error or tr  unc  ation error is the error inherent in discre  tization it results from the fact that a function of a continuous variable is represented in the computer by a finite number of evaluations for example on a lat  tice discre  tization error can usually be reduced by using a more fin  ely spac  ed lat  tice with an increased compu  tational cost whenever continuous data is discre  tized there is always some amount of discre  tization error the goal is to reduce the amount to a level considered negligible for the model  ing purposes at hand
a disease is a particular abnormal condition a disorder of a structure or function that affects part or all of an organism the study of disease is called path  ology which includes the causal study of eti  ology disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs it may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or it may be caused by internal dys  functions particularly of the immune system such as an immun  o  deficiency or a hy  pers  ensi  tivity including allergies and auto  immunity in humans disease is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain dysfunction distress social problems or death to the person afflicted or similar problems for those in contact with the person in this broader sense it sometimes includes injuries disabilities disorders syndro  mes infections isolated symptoms devi  ant behaviors and atypical variations of structure and function while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distingu  ishable categories diseases can affect people not only physically but also emotionally as contracting and living with a disease can alter the affected person s perspective on life death due to disease is called death by natural causes there are four main types of disease infectious diseases deficiency diseases genetic diseases both hereditary and non hereditary and physiological diseases diseases can also be classified as communicable and non communicable the dead  liest diseases in humans are coron  ary artery disease blood flow obstruction followed by cere  bro  vascular disease and lower respiratory infections
disease inform  atics is the application of information science in defining the diseases with least error identifying most of the targets to combat a cluster of diseases disease causal chain and designing a holistic solution health strategy to the problem
the disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a disease with biological neuro  logical genetic and environmental sources of origin the traditional medical model of disease requires only that an abnormal condition be present that causes discomfort dysfunction or distress to the individual afflicted the contemporary medical model attributes addiction in part to changes in the brain s mes  o  lim  bic path  way the medical model also takes into consideration that such disease may be the result of other biological psychological or soci  ological entities despite an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of these entities the common biom  ol  ec  ular mechanisms underlying all forms of addiction – cre  b and δ  fo  sb – were reviewed by eric j nest  ler in a 2013 review
the modern disease theory of alcoholism states that problem drinking is sometimes caused by a disease of the brain characterized by altered brain structure and function the american medical association ama declared that alcoholism was an illness in 1956 in 1991 the ama further endorsed the dual classification of alcoholism by the international classification of diseases under both psychiatric and medical sections
in medicine dis  equilibrium refers to an impaired sense of equilibri  o  ception it is one of the causes of di  zz  iness
dis  inflation is a decrease in the rate of inflation – a slowdown in the rate of increase of the general price level of goods and services in a nation s gross domestic product over time it is the opposite of refl  ation dis  inflation occurs when the increase in the “ consumer price level ” slows down from the previous period when the prices were rising if the inflation rate is not very high to start with dis  inflation can lead to deflation – decreases in the general price level of goods and services for example if the annual inflation rate for the month of january is 5 and it is 4 in the month of february the prices dis  inflated by 1 but are still increasing at a 4 annual rate again if the current rate is 1 and it is – 2 for the following month prices dis  inflated by 3 i e 1 – 2 and are decreasing at a 2 annual rate
dis  inhi  bited attachment disorder of childhood dad according to the international classification of diseases ic  d 10 is defined as a particular pattern of abnormal social functioning that arises during the first five years of life and that tends to persist despite marked changes in environmental circumstances e g diffuse non  selectively focused attachment behaviour attention seeking and indiscriminately friendly behaviour poorly mod  ulated peer interactions depending on circumstances there may also be associated emotional or behavi  our  al disturbance – f 94 2 of the ic  d 10 dis  inhi  bited attachment disorder is a subtype of the ic  d 10 category f 94 disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and adoles  cence the other subtype of f 94 is reactive attachment disorder of childhood rad – f 94 1 synonymous or similar disorders include aff  ection  less psychop  athy and institutional syndrome within the ic  d 10 category scheme dis  inhi  bited attachment disorder specifically excludes asper  ger syndrome f 84 5 hospit  alism in children f 43 2 and hyper  k  ine  tic disorders f 90
dis  inhi  bited social engagement disorder d  sed or dis  inhi  bited attachment disorder of childhood is an attachment disorder that consists of a pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and inter  acts with unfamiliar adults and which significantly imp  airs young children ’ s abilities to relate inter  personally to adults and peers for example sitting on the lap of a stranger or peer or leaving with a stranger d  sed is exclusively a childhood disorder and is not diagnosed before the age of nine months or after the age of five infants and very young children are at risk if they receive inconsistent or insufficient care from a primary ca  reg  i  ver
in psychology dis  inhi  bi  tion is a lack of restraint manifested in disregard for social conventions impul  sivity and poor risk assessment dis  inhi  bi  tion affects motor instinc  tual emotional cognitive and percep  tual aspects with signs and symptoms similar to the diagnostic criteria for mania hy  pers  ex  uality hyper  p  ha  gia and aggressive out  bursts are indicative of dis  inhi  bited instinc  tual drives
dis  junc  tive cogn  ition is a common phenomenon in dreams first identified by psycho  analyst mark bl  ech  ner in which two aspects of cogn  ition do not match each other the dream  er is aware of the dis  junction yet that does not prevent it from remaining the most frequent dis  junction is between appearance and identity such as i knew it was my mother even though it didn t look like her the dream  er recognizes a character s identity even though the appearance does not match the identity such dreams are usually not experienced as bizarre despite the fact that such a statement in waking life would be considered psychotic in waking life most people would assume that they mis  identified the person and correct for it but not in dreams dis  junc  tive cogn  ition can also involve time perception it is quite common to dream that as an adult one goes back to a time and place of one s childhood in this case the perceived age of the dream  er is dis  junc  tive with the setting of the dream it is much less common to perceive the opposite dreaming of oneself as a child where the time and place are that of one s adul  thood however it is common to dream of other people whom one knew at an earlier age appearing in the present this is especially frequent in the dreams of people who have lost close relatives for example a  har  on app  el  feld reported i dreamed about my parents they had not aged since we were together sixty three years ago in prague and their faces expressed amazement that i had grown older we were briefly united in mutual aston  ishment and i knew that i had something important to tell them but as in every profound dream i could not get the words out bl  ech  ner calls dis  junc  tive cogn  itions the commonplace bizar  reness of dream  life some things that happen in dreams feel bizarre to the dream  er but dis  junc  tive cogn  itions usually do not another commonplace bizar  reness of dreams is the inter  object in which the dream  er sees something between two objects as in i dreamt of something between a swimming pool and an aqu  educ  t or between a cell phone and a baby dis  junc  tive cogn  itions reveal much about how the brain is organized bl  ech  ner has suggested that whenever dis  junc  tive cogn  itions occur the two aspects of cogn  ition that are dis  junc  tive are handled in different parts of the brain whose mutual integration is suppressed or shifted during sleep dis  junc  tive cogn  itions between what the person looks like and who the person is suggest two brain systems for those aspects of perception this is supported by research in neuro  psychology and neuro  biology for example some people who have suffered stro  kes or other brain damage have a syndrome known as pro  sop  agno  sia a pro  sop  agno  sic man may look at his wife of 50 years see all of her features clearly and yet not recognize who she is in such people the process of seeing is intact but the process of facial recognition is damaged there is also the phenomenon of cap  gr  as syndrome in which a person may feel that a close relative is actually an im  post  or the features of the relative are recogniz  able but the person s identity is not and there is also f  regol  i delusion in which a person may mistakenly identify strangers as people he actually knows in all of these syndro  mes there is a dis  junction between the appearance and perceived identity of the person neuro  biological research has identified separate areas of the brain responsible for recognizing faces in humans identifying unfamiliar faces activ  ates one region of the brain the fu  si  form face area while recognizing familiar faces also activ  ates another area of the brain in the lateral mid  temporal cor  tex a similar division of function is found in mac  a  que monkeys such findings indicate that the process of recognizing faces may be achieved by special parts of the brain that are different from the brain areas involved in analy  zing the general visual features of things since the brain has separate systems for deciding what a person looks like and who the person is this division of labor may be responsible not only for dis  junc  tive cogn  itions but also the phenomenon of transfer  ence in psycho  analy  tic treatment patients frequently experience transfer  ence in which the psycho  analyst is perceived to be very much like someone from the patient s past as in dis  junc  tive cogn  itions of dreams the patient may feel you look like dr x but you feel like my mother the separate areas of the brain involved in telling us what the person looks like and who the person is may give a neuro  biological basis for transfer  ence the phenomenon in which we know who a person is yet we react emotionally to that person as if they are someone else
the term disk space is an amount of computer storage space on random access memory devices such as on a hard drive fl  op  py or us  b flash drive disk space units are commonly measured in large numbers of by  tes such as ki  lob  y  tes me  gab  y  tes and gi  gab  y  tes with each unit 10  24 times larger than the previous unit the term originated in the 1950 s for the storage area on a hard disk drive which internally had disk shaped plat  ters to rot  ate quickly as storage devices have been created in other shapes the term disk space has still been used to refer to areas of permanent storage on various storage devices the total disk space can span multiple devices such as areas on an array of disk drives the broader term storage space is so widely used that it can be mistaken for property storage as with items stored in a closet or storage bin hence the term disk space has remained in use even when the storage devices are no longer shaped like disks when storage of data is not permanent then the common term memory space is often used instead
a dis  located shoulder occurs when the hum  er  us separates from the s  cap  ula at the shoulder joint glen  o  hum  eral joint the shoulder joint has the greatest range of motion of any joint at the cost of low joint stability and it is therefore particularly susceptible to su  blu  x  ation partial dis  location and dis  location approximately half of major joint dis  locations seen in emergency departments involve the shoulder
in materials science a dis  location is a crystal  lo  graphic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure the presence of dis  locations strongly influences many of the properties of materials the theory describing the elastic fields of the defects was originally developed by vi  to vol  terr  a in 1907 but the term dis  location to refer to a defect on the atomic scale was coined by g i taylor in 19  34 some types of dis  locations can be vis  u  alized as being caused by the termination of a plane of atoms in the middle of a crystal in such a case the surrounding planes are not straight but instead they bend around the edge of the terminating plane so that the crystal structure is perfectly ordered on either side the analogy with a stack of paper is apt if half a piece of paper is inserted in a stack of paper the defect in the stack is only noticeable at the edge of the half sheet the two primary types of dis  locations are edge dis  locations and screw dis  locations mixed dis  locations are intermediate between these mathem  atically dis  locations are a type of topo  logical defect sometimes called a sol  it  on dis  locations behave as stable particles they can move around but maintain their identity two dis  locations of opposite orientation can cancel when brought together but a single dis  location typically cannot disappear on its own
acquired hip dis  location has the highest incidence rate immediately after hip replacement surgery and continues to have a high level for possibility of incidence throughout the first three months following the surgery following a primary total hip replacement surgery 3 9 of patients experience hip dis  location during the twenty six post  operative weeks following a revision total hip replacement surgery approximately 14 4 of patients experience hip dis  location during the twenty six post  operative weeks the incidence of hip dis  location following hip replacement surgery greatly depends on patient surgical and hip impl  ant factors pre  operative hip range is the most likely the most influential contribution as to whether a hip is able to remain stable or not because hip stability greatly depends on hip range of motion it is crucial for a hip ’ s post  operative range of motion to fall within a certain range in order to ensure maximum stability following partial or total hip replacement surgery patients with 115 degrees or greater of combined pre  operative ad  duc  tion internal rotation and ad  duc  tion as well as a poster  ior approach experienced hip dis  location at a considerably higher frequency than patients who had less than 115 degrees of combined hip range of motion in addition to the degrees of range of motion a patient possesses post surgery size of the fem  oral head is another large contributing factor to the stability of the hip high pre  operative motion in combination with a poster  ior approach and fem  oral head size that is less than 32 mm had the highest hip dis  location rate in general the larger the head of the fem  ur post surgery the less likely a patient is to experience dis  location this is because during the replacement surgery a patient ’ s “ ball and socket ” of the fem  ur head and hip socket are changed and no longer fit together in the perfect way they did prior to surgery when a fem  ur head is smaller than 32 mm post surgery the loo  ser the “ ball ” fem  ur head fits inside the hip “ socket ” therefore increasing the likelihood for the fem  ur to slip and slide out of the socket causing hip dis  location
dis  locations occur when two bones that originally met at the joint det  ach dis  locations should not be confused with su  blu  x  ation su  blu  x  ation is when the joint is still partially attached to the bone when a person has a dis  located jaw it is difficult to open and close the mouth dis  location can occur following a series of events if the jaw locks while open or unable to close if the jaw is dis  located it may cause an extreme headache or inability to concentrate when the muscle s alignment is out of sync a pain will occur due to unwanted rotation of the jaw if the pain remains constant it may require surgery to re  align the jaw depending on the severity of the jaw s dis  location pain relief such as par  acet  am  ol may assist to alleviate the initial chronic pain if the pain relief is taken for an extended period of time it may negatively affect the person while talking eating drinking etc
disorder of written expression is a type of learning disability in which a person ’ s writing ability falls substantially below normally expected range based on the individual ’ s age educational background and measured intelligence poor writing skills must interfere significantly with academic progress or daily activities that involves written expression spelling gr  ammar handwriting punctu  ation word usage etc this disorder is also generally con  current with disorders of reading and or mathematics as well as disorders related to behavior since it is so often associated with other learning disorders and mental problems it is uncertain whether it can appear by itself the prevalence of disorder of written expression is estimated to be of a similar frequency to other learning disorders between 3 5 a diagnosis can be made based on results of several assessments
in the study of sto  ch  astic processes in mathematics a disorder problem or quick  est detection problem formulated by kol  mo  gor  ov is the problem of using ongoing observations of a sto  ch  astic process to detect as soon as possible when the prob  abil  istic properties of the process have changed this is a type of change detection problem an example case is to detect the change in the drift parameter of a wi  ener process
disorders of calcium metabol  ism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium the serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body in a healthy physi  ology ex  trac  ell  ular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of par  ath  yro  id hormone vitamin d and the calcium sensing recep  tor disorders in calcium metabol  ism can lead to hypo  cal  cem  ia decreased plasma levels of calcium or hyper  cal  cem  ia elevated plasma calcium levels
disorders of consciousness are organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimul  i dysfunction of the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es or brain stem retic  ular formation may result in this condition consciousness is the state of awareness of self and environment and responsiveness to external stimulation and inner need un  consciousness is a state of un  awareness of self and environment or a suspension of those mental activities by which people are made aware of themselves and their environment coupled always with a diminished responsiveness to environmental stimul  i and remain behavi  orally un  responsive to all external stimul  i sleep is a recurrent reversible physi  o  logic form of reduced consciousness in which the responsiveness of brain systems responsible for cognitive function is globally reduced so that the brain does not respond readily to environmental stimul  i a key difference between sleep and coma is that sleep is intrinsically reversible on sufficient stimulation to a normal waking state in contrast if patients with patho  logic alterations of consciousness can be awakened at all they rapidly fall back into a sleep like state when stimulation ceases disorder of consciousness leading to acute confu  sional state and coma are one of the common  est neuro  logical emergency in clinical practice over last century there are long list of causes leading to alteration of consciousness classical approach to reach the final diagnosis depends on systematic approach
disorders of sex development ds  d sometimes referred to as disorders of sex differentiation or differences of sex development are medical conditions involving the reproductive system more specifically these terms refer to con  genital conditions in which development of chro  mo  som  al gon  ad  al or anatom  ical sex is atypical the term has been controversial the world health organization and many medical journals still reference ds  ds as inter  sex traits or conditions the council of europe and inter american commission on human rights have called for a review of medical classifications that unnecessarily medic  alize inter  sex traits
dis  organized schizophrenia also known as he  be  ph  ren  ia is a subtype of schizophrenia although it is not recognized in the latest version of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dis  organized schizophrenia is thought to be an extreme expression of the dis  organization syndrome that has been hypothe  sized to be one aspect of a three factor model of symptoms in schizophrenia the other factors being reality distortion involving delu  sions and halluc  inations and psy  ch  om  o  tor poverty lack of speech lack of spontaneous movement and various aspects of bl  unting of emotion
dis  parag  ement in united states trademark law is a statutory cause of action that permits a party to petition the trademark trial and appeal board tt  ab of the patent and trademark office p  to to cancel a trademark registration that may dispar  age or fal  sely suggest a connection with persons living or dead institutions beliefs or national symbols or bring them into contempt or disrepute unlike claims regarding the validity of the mark a dis  parag  ement claim can be brought at any time subject to equitable defenses such as l  aches
disparity of worship or disparity of cult dispar  itas cul  tus is a di  ri  ment impediment in roman catholic can  on law a reason why a marriage can not be vali  dly contracted without a dispens  ation stemming from one person being certainly bap  tized and the other certainly not bap  tized the reasons for this impediment is that the marriage will not be a sac  ram  ent with one spouse un  bap  tized that the un  bap  tized person s views on marriage may be incompatible with the catholic views and that such a marriage may hinder the practice of religion on part of the catholic spouse and any children disparity of worship does not affect the marriage of a catholic or bap  tized non catholic with one whose bap  tism even after careful investigation concerning the bap  ti  sm  al ceremony or its validity remains doubtful neither does it in any way influence the marriage of two who after di  ligent examination are still considered doub  tfully bap  tized a marriage between a catholic and a bap  tized non catholic is a mixed marriage though sometimes referred to by this term the permission of the bishop is required merely to make the union lic  it the marriage is valid but illicit without it disparity of worship can be dispensed for grave reasons and on the promises usually written from the spouses the un  bap  tized not to interfere with the spouse s practice of religion or the raising of the children in religion the catholic to practice the catholic religion and raise the children in it
in op  tics dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency media having this common property may be termed disper  sive media sometimes the term ch  rom  atic dispersion is used for specificity although the term is used in the field of op  tics to describe light and other electromagnetic waves dispersion in the same sense can apply to any sort of wave motion such as acous  tic dispersion in the case of sound and seis  mic waves in gravity waves ocean waves and for telecommunication signals propagating along transmission lines such as co  ax  ial cable or optical fiber in op  tics one important and familiar consequence of dispersion is the change in the angle of ref  r  action of different colors of light as seen in the spectrum produced by a disper  sive pr  ism and in ch  rom  atic aberr  ation of l  enses design of compound ach  rom  atic l  enses in which ch  rom  atic aberr  ation is largely cancelled uses a quantification of a glass s dispersion given by its ab  be number v where lower ab  be numbers correspond to greater dispersion over the visible spectrum in some applications such as telecommunications the absolute phase of a wave is often not important but only the propagation of wave packets or pul  ses in that case one is interested only in variations of group velocity with frequency so called group velocity dispersion g  vd
contrast in visual perception is the difference in appearance of two or more parts of a field seen simultaneously or successively hence bri  ght  ness contrast ligh  tness contrast color contrast simultaneous contrast successive contrast etc contrast in physics is a quantity intended to cor  relate with the perceived bri  ght  ness contrast usually defined by one of a number of formulae see below which involve e g the lumin  ances of the stimul  i considered for example δ  l l near the lumin  ance threshold known as weber contrast or l  h ll for much higher lumin  ances a contrast can also be due to differences of ch  rom  atic  ity specified by color  im  etr  ic characteristics e g the color difference δ  e cie 1976 uc  s visual information is always contained in some kind of visual contrast thus contrast is an essential performance feature of electronic visual displays the contrast of electronic visual displays depends on the electrical driving analo  g or digital input signal on the ambient illumin  ation and on the direction of observation i e viewing direction
display lag is a phenomenon associated with some types of liquid crystal displays l  cds like smar  t  phones and computers and nearly all types of high definition telev  is  ions h  d  t  vs it refers to lat  ency or lag measured by the difference between the time there is a signal input and the time it takes the input to display on the screen this lag time has been measured as high as 68 ms or the equivalent of 3 4 frames on a 60 h  z display display lag is not to be confused with pi  x  el response time currently the majority of manufacturers do not include any specification or information about display lat  ency on the screens they produce
in object oriented programming the dispose pattern is a design pattern for resource management in this pattern a resource is held by an object and released by calling a method – usually called close dispose free release or similar – which releases any resources the object is holding onto many languages offer language construc  ts to avoid having to call the dispose method explicitly in common situations the dispose pattern is primarily used in languages whose run  time environment have automatic garbage collection see motivation below and thus may be sty  led as manual resource management in languages with automatic memory management
disposi  tional affect similar to mood is a personality trait or overall tendency to respond to situations in stable predictable ways this trait is expressed by the tendency to see things in a positive or negative way people with high positive aff  ec  tivity tend to perceive things through pink lens while people with high negative aff  ec  tivity tend to perceive things through black lens the level of disposi  tional affect affects the sens  ations and behavior immediately and most of the time in unconscious ways and its effect can be prolonged between a few weeks to a few months research shows that there is a correlation between disposi  tional affect both positive and negative and important aspects in psychology and social science such as personality culture decision making negotiation psychological resilience and coping with stressful life events that is why this topic is important both in social psychology research and organizational psychology research
disruptive pattern cam  ou  fl  age uniform dp  cu also nick  named aus  cam or jelly bean cam  o is a five colour military cam  ou  fl  age pattern used by the australian defence force it was developed and tested during the late 1970 s and early 1980 s the dp  cu will be replaced by the australian mul  tic  am cam  ou  fl  age uniform am  cu which uses an australian multi cam  ou  fl  age pattern based on mul  tic  am
disruptive mood dys  regulation disorder d  m  dd is a mental disorder in children and adolescents characterized by a persistently irrit  able or angry mood and frequent temper out  bursts that are disproportionate to the situation and significantly more severe than the typical reaction of same aged peers the symptoms of d  m  dd resemble those of attention deficit hyper  activity disorder ad  hd op  posi  tional defi  ant disorder odd anxiety disorders and childhood bipolar disorder d  m  dd first appeared as a disorder in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition dsm 5 in 2013 and is classified as a depres  sive disorder treatments include medication to manage mood symptoms as well as individual and family therapy to address emotion regulation skills children with d  m  dd are at risk for developing depression and anxiety later in life
dis  sec  ting cell  u  li  tis of the scal  p also known as dis  sec  ting scal  p cell  u  li  tis dis  sec  ting fol  lic  u  li  tis of the scal  p peri  fol  lic  u  li  tis cap  i  tis abs  ce  dens et suff  o  di  ens of hoff  man peri  fol  lic  u  li  tis abs  ce  dens et suff  o  di  ens or fol  lic  u  li  tis abs  ce  dens et suff  o  di  ens is an infl  am  matory condition of the scal  p that can lead to scar  ring al  op  ec  ia which begins with deep infl  am  matory no  d  ules primarily over oc  ci  put that progres  ses to coal  es  cing regions of bo  ggy scal  p bo  ggy tissue has a high fluid level that results in a spon  gy feeling iso  tre  tin  o  in proves to be the medicine of choice for the treatment of the disease
in medical path  ology a dis  section is a tear within the wall of a blood vessel which allows blood to separate the wall layers by separating a portion of the wall of the artery a layer of the tun  ica intim  a or tun  ica media a dis  section creates two lum  ens or passages within the vessel the native or true lum  en and the false lum  en created by the new space within the wall of the artery
in geometry a dis  section problem is the problem of parti  tioning a geome  tric figure such as a poly  top  e or ball into smaller pieces that may be re  arranged into a new figure of equal content in this context the parti  tioning is called simply a dis  section of one poly  top  e into another it is usually required that the dis  section use only a finite number of pieces the bol  y  ai – ger  wien theore  m states that any poly  gon may be dis  sec  ted into any other poly  gon of the same area it is not true however that any poly  he  dron has a dis  section into any other poly  he  dron of the same volume this process is possible however for any two honey  comb  s such as cu  be in three dimension and any two z  ono  he  dra of equal volume in any dimension a dis  section into tri  angles of equal area is called an equi  dis  section most poly  g  ons cannot be equi  dis  sec  ted and those that can often have restrictions on the possible numbers of tri  angles for example mon  sky s theore  m states that there is no odd equi  dis  section of a square
disseminated coccidio  id  om  y  co  sis also known as coccidio  idal gran  ul  oma is a systemic infection with coccidio  ides im  miti  s in which 15 20 of people develop skin le  sions
disseminated disease refers to a diffuse disease process generally either infectious or ne  op  l  astic the term may sometimes also characterize connec  tive tissue disease a disseminated infection for example has extended beyond its origin or ni  dus and involved the blood  stream to seed other areas of the body similarly one can view me  ta  static cancer as a disseminated infection in that it has extended into the blood  stream or into the lymp  h  atic system and thus see  ded distant sites a process known as me  tast  asis disseminated disease often contrasts loc  alized disease
disseminated intr  av  ascular co  ag  ulation d  ic also known as disseminated intr  av  ascular co  ag  ul  opathy or less commonly as consum  ptive co  ag  ul  opathy is a pathological process characterized by the widespread activation of the clo  tting cas  c  ade that results in the formation of blood clo  ts in the small blood vessels throughout the body this leads to compromise of tissue blood flow and can ultimately lead to multiple organ damage in addition as the co  ag  ulation process consumes clo  tting factors and plat  el  ets normal clo  tting is disrupted and severe bleeding can occur from various sites d  ic does not occur by itself but only as a complicating factor from another underlying condition usually in those with a critical illness the combination of widespread loss of tissue blood flow and simultaneous bleeding leads to an increased risk of death in addition to that posed by the underlying disease d  ic can be over  t and severe in some cases but mil  der and insidious in others the diagnosis of d  ic depends on the findings of characteristic laboratory tests and clinical background treatment is mainly geared towards the underlying condition
disseminated superficial ac  tin  ic por  ok  er  at  osis ds  ap is a non contagious skin condition with apparent genetic origin in the s  art 3 gene it most often presents in sun exposed areas of the body some ds  ap cases have been reported in patients with acute immune compromised situations particularly in the elderly for those with sun damaged skin the le  sions usually begin to appear in the patient s 20 s and increase in number and visibility in the 40 s or 50 s commonly though not always the number and visibility of le  sions is in direct proportion to the amount of sun damage to the affected area le  sions generally are characterized by an ir  regularly shaped thread like ring that is usually the size of a pencil eras  er though le  sions vary and may be half or double that size the thread like ring is very thin much like fabric thread for se  wing and raised such that it is both palpable and visible the interior of the ring may be rough like sand  paper or smooth the interior is often dis  colored though colors vary from patient to patient le  sions due to their vascular nature can also vary according to body temperature environmental temperatures and other external stimul  i the internal ring color is most often red  dish pur  pl  ish pink or brown some patients report it  ching and irritation associated with the condition and many report no notable sensation although no known hormonal link has been found ds  ap occurs more commonly in women a study in 2000 was done on a chinese family in which a loc  us for a gene was located
dissent aversion is the judicial phenomenon that implies that judges do not like diss  enting opinions nor do they like to dissent themselves a common example is as follows on a panel of three judges only one feels strongly about the decision one of the two remaining may side with the first judge leaving the third judge with the option of diss  enting on an issue they do not feel strongly about or sid  ing with the majority judges dislike dissent for many reasons dissent aversion can come from these sources it fr  ays collegi  ality judges have to work together in the future it magni  fies the majority opinion it is additional work it de  tracts from the significance of their own majority opinions dissent is more frequent in us federal courts of appeals where the number of judges is higher according to some research this is because the larger the court the less frequently judges must work with each other and accordingly have less incentive to extend courtesy and favors
in ph  on  ology particularly within historical lingu  is  tics dis  simil  ation is a phenomenon whereby similar cons  on  ants or vo  wels in a word become less similar for example when a r sound occurs before another in the middle of a word in rho  tic dial  ects of english the first tends to drop out as in bes  er  k for ber  ser  k sup  prise for surprise pati  cular for particular and go  ven  or for governor – this does not affect the pron  unciation of government which has only one r but english government tends to be pronounced go  ver  ment dropping out the first n an example where a relatively old case of ph  one  tic dis  simil  ation has been artificially undone in the spelling is english colonel whose standard pron  unciation is k  ə  r  n  ə  l in english it was formerly spelt coron  el and is a borrowing from french coron  nel which arose as a result of dis  simil  ation from italian col  onn  ello
dissoci  ated sensory loss is a pattern of neuro  logical damage caused by a le  sion to a single tract in the spinal cord which involves selective loss of fine touch and propri  o  ception without loss of pain and temperature or vice versa understanding the mechanisms behind these selective le  sions requires a brief discussion of the anatomy involved loss of pain and temperature are due to damage to the lateral spin  o  thal  am  ic tracts which cross the central part of the cord close to the level where they enter it and travel up the spinal column on the opposite side to the one they in  nerv  ate i e they asc  end contr  al  ater  ally note that a le  sion of the lateral spin  o  thal  am  ic tract at a given level will not result in sensory loss for the der  mat  ome of the same level this is due to the fi  bers of the tract of lis  s  auer which transmit the ne  uron one or two levels above the affected segment thus bypassing the seg  mental le  sion on the contr  al  ateral side loss of fine touch and propri  o  ception are due to damage to the dor  sal columns which do not cross the cord until the bra  inst  em and so travel up the column on the same side to the one they in  nerv  ate i e they asc  end ip  si  lat  er  ally this means that a le  sion of the dor  sal columns will cause loss of touch and propri  o  ception below the le  sion and on the same side as it while a le  sion of the spin  o  thal  am  ic tracts will cause loss of pain and temperature below the le  sion and on the opposite side to it dissoci  ated sensory loss always suggests a focal le  sion within the spinal cord or bra  inst  em the location of cord le  sions affects presentation for instance a central le  sion such as that of syr  ing  om  ye  lia will knock out second order neurons of the spin  o  thal  am  ic tract as they cross the centre of the cord and will cause loss of pain and temperature without loss of fine touch or propri  o  ception other causes of dissoci  ated sensory loss include diabetes mell  it  us syr  ing  om  ye  lia brown sé  qu  ard syndrome lateral med  ul  l  ary syndrome aka wall  en  berg s syndrome an  terior spinal artery thro  m  bo  sis tan  gi  er disease sub  acute combined de  generation multiple sclerosis tab  es dor  sal  is fried  reich s at  ax  ia or other spin  oc  ere  bell  ar de  generation
dissoci  ated vertical deviation dvd is an eye condition which occurs in association with a squ  int typically inf  anti  le es  o  tro  p  ia the exact cause is unknown although it is logical to assume it is from faulty in  ner  vation of eye muscles
dissoci  ative disorders dd are conditions that involve disruptions or break  downs of memory awareness identity or perception people with dissoci  ative disorders use dissoci  ation a defense mechanism patho  logically and involun  tarily dissoci  ative disorders are thought to primarily be caused by psychological trauma the dissoci  ative disorders listed in the american psychiatric association s dsm 5 are as follows dissoci  ative identity disorder formerly multiple personality disorder the alter  nation of two or more distinct personality states with impaired recall among personality states in extreme cases the host personality is unaware of the other altern  ating personalities however the alternate personalities are aware of all the existing personalities this category now includes the old dere  alization disorder category dissoci  ative amnesia formerly psycho  genic amnesia the temporary loss of recall memory specifically ep  is  od  ic memory due to a traumatic or stressful event it is considered the most common dissoci  ative disorder amongst those documented this disorder can occur abruptly or gradually and may last minutes to years depending on the severity of the trauma and the patient dissoci  ative fu  gue formerly psycho  genic fu  gue is now sub  sum  ed under the dissoci  ative amnesia category it is described as reversible amnesia for personal identity usually involving un  planned travel or wandering sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity this state is typically associated with stressful life circumstances and can be short or lengthy de  person  alization disorder periods of det  achment from self or surrounding which may be experienced as un  real lacking in control of or outside of self while retaining awareness that this is only a feeling and not a reality the old category of dissoci  ative disorder not otherwise specified is now split into two other specified dissoci  ative disorder and unspecified dissoci  ative disorder these categories are used for forms of pathological dissoci  ation that do not fully meet the criteria of the other specified dissoci  ative disorders or if the correct category has not been determined both dissoci  ative amnesia and dissoci  ative fu  gue usually emerge in adul  thood and rarely occur after the age of 50 the ic  d 10 classi  fies conversion disorder as a dissoci  ative disorder while the dsm iv classi  fies it as a som  ato  form disorder
dissoci  ative disorder not otherwise specified dd  nos is a mental health diagnosis for pathological dissoci  ation that matches the dsm iv criteria for a dissoci  ative disorder but does not fit the full criteria for any of the specifically identified sub  types which include de  person  alization disorder dissoci  ative amnesia dissoci  ative fu  gue and dissoci  ative identity disorder the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems ic  d 10 refers to the diagnosis as dissoci  ative disorder unspecified examples of dd  nos include gan  ser s syndrome disorders similar to dissoci  ative identity disorder chronic dissoci  ative states as a result of being exposed to coercive persuasion and dere  alization unaccompanied by de  person  alization dd  nos is the most common dissoci  ative disorder and is diagnosed in 40 of dissoci  ative disorder cases it is often co mor  bid with other mental illnesses such as complex post  traumatic stress disorder major depres  sive disorder personality disorders substance abuse disorders and eating disorders
dissoci  ative identity disorder did previously known as multiple personality disorder mp  d is a mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissoci  ated personality states that altern  ately show in a person s behavior accompanied by memory impairment for important information not explained by ordinary for  get  fulness these symptoms are not accounted for by substance abuse seizures other medical conditions nor by imaginative play in children diagnosis is often difficult as there is considerable com  or  bi  dity with other mental disorders mal  ing  ering should be considered if there is possible financial or forensic gain as well as fac  ti  tious disorder if help seeking behavior is prominent did is one of the most controversial psychiatric disorders with no clear consensus on diagnostic criteria or treatment research on treatment efficacy has been concerned primarily with clinical approaches and case studies dissoci  ative symptoms range from common lapses in attention becoming distracted by something else and day  dreaming to pathological dissoci  ative disorders no systematic empir  ically supported definition of dissoci  ation exists it is not the same as schizophrenia although neither epidemiological surveys nor longit  ud  inal studies have been conducted it is generally believed that did rarely resol  ves spontaneously symptoms are said to vary over time in general the prog  no  sis is poor especially for those with com  or  bid disorders there are few systematic data on the prevalence of did the international society for the study of trauma and dissoci  ation states that the prevalence is between 1 and 3 in the general population and between 1 and 5 in in  patient groups in europe and north america did is diagnosed more frequently in north america than in the rest of the world and is diagnosed three to nine times more often in females than in males the prevalence of did diagnoses increased greatly in the latter half of the 20 th century along with the number of identities often referred to as al  ters claimed by patients increasing from an average of two or three to approximately 16 did is also controversial within the legal system where it has been used as a rarely successful form of the insan  ity defense the 1990 s showed a parallel increase in the number of court cases involving the diagnosis dissoci  ative disorders including did have been attributed to disruptions in memory caused by trauma and other forms of stress but research on this hypothesis has been characterized by poor methodology so far scientific studies usually focusing on memory have been few and the results have been in  conclusive an alternative hypothesis for the cause of did is as a by product of techniques employed by some therap  ists especially those using hypno  sis and disagreement between the two positions is characterized by intense debate did became a popular diagnosis in the 1970 s 80 s and 90 s but it is unclear if the actual rate of the disorder increased if it was more recognized by health care providers or if soci  oc  ul  tural factors caused an increase in therapy induced i  atro  genic presentations the unusual number of diagnoses after 1980 clu  stered around a small number of clin  icians and the sugg  esti  bility characteristic of those with did support the hypothesis that did is therapist induced the unusual clu  stering of diagnoses has also been explained as due to a lack of awareness and training among clin  icians to recognize cases of did
dis  tal 18 q is a genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within one of the two copies of chro  mo  some 18 the deletion involves the dis  tal section of 18 q and typically extends to the tip of the long arm of chro  mo  some 18
dis  tal tr  is  omy 10 is a rare chro  mo  som  al disorder that causes slow post  natal growth and severe intellectual disability humans like all sexually reproducing species have som  atic cells that are in diplo  id 2 n state meaning that n represent the number of chro  mo  som  es and 2 the number of their copies in humans there are 23 chro  mo  som  es but there are two sets of them one from mother and one from father total  ing in 46 that are arranged according to their size function and genes they carry each cell is supposed to have two of each but sometimes due to mutations or mal  functions during cell division mistakes are made that cause serious health problems one such error is the cause of dis  tal tr  is  omy 10 q disorder each chro  mo  some has two arms labeled p for peti  te or short and q for long if both arms are equal in length the chro  mo  some is said to be me  tac  entr  ic if arms lengths are unequal chro  mo  some is said to be sub  me  tac  entr  ic and if p arm is so short that is hard to observe but still present then the chro  mo  some is acro  centric in dis  tal tr  is  omy 10 q disorder end or dis  tal portion of the q long arm of the chro  mo  some number 10 appears to be present three times rather than two times as it is supposed to be this extra arm results in chro  mo  some 10 tr  is  omy meaning that three arms are present depending on the length of the aberr  ant arm the severity can vary from case to case often the source of this chro  mo  som  al error is a trans  location in one of the parents sometimes it occurs spontaneously in which case it is termed de novo this syndrome has a large range of outcomes depending on how much chro  mo  som  al material is involved outcomes include very slow post  natal growth hy  pot  onia lack of coordination skills and mild to severe cases of intellectual disability dig  estive issues and heart and kidney problems individuals with this disorder can also be distinguished by their facial features number of support groups do exist in the united states where affected families can meet and discuss problems they encounter possible treatments and can find emotional support
dis  tal intest  inal obstruction syndrome dios involves obstruction of the dis  tal part of the small intest  ines by thick  ened intest  inal content and occurs in about 20 of mainly adult individuals with c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis dios was previously known as me  con  ium i  le  us equivalent a name which highlights its similarity to the intest  inal obstruction seen in new  born infants with c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis dios tends to occur in older individuals with pan  cre  atic in  sufficiency individuals with dios may be pre  disposed to con  sti  p  ation
dis  tal muscular dy  stro  phy or dis  tal my  opathy is a group of disorders characterized by onset in the hands or feet many types involve dys  fer  lin but it has been suggested that not all cases do types include dys  f is also associated with limb gir  dle muscular dy  stro  phy type 2 b dis  tal muscular dy  stro  phy is a type of muscular dy  stro  phy that affects the muscles of the extre  mi  ties the hands feet lower arms or lower legs the cause of this dy  stro  phy is very hard to determine because it can be a mutation in any of at least eight genes and not all are known yet these mutations can be inherited from one parent auto  som  al dominant or from both parents auto  som  al rec  essive along with being able to inherit the mut  ated gene dis  tal muscular dy  stro  phy has slow progress therefore the patient may not know that they have it until they are in their late 40 ’ s or 50 ’ s there are eight known types of dis  tal muscular dy  stro  phy they are wel  ander ’ s dis  tal my  opathy finnish ti  bial dis  tal my  opathy mi  yo  shi dis  tal my  opathy non  aka dis  tal my  opathy go  wers la  ing dis  tal my  opathy hereditary inclusion body my  osi  tis type 1 dis  tal my  opathy with vocal cord and phar  yn  ge  al weakness and z  as  p related my  opathy all of these affect different regions of the extre  mi  ties and can show up as early as 5 years of age to as late as 50 years old doctors are still trying to determine what causes these mutations along with effective treatments
a dis  tal radius frac  ture is a common bone frac  ture of the radius in the fore  arm because of its proximity to the wrist joint this injury is often called a wrist frac  ture treatment is usually with im  mobilization although surgery is sometimes needed for complex fractu  res specific types of dis  tal radius fractu  res are col  les frac  ture smith s frac  ture bar  ton s frac  ture chau  ff  eur s frac  ture so called because the cr  ank used to start old cars often kicked back and broke the chau  ff  eurs w  rists with a particular pattern most of these names are applied to specific patterns of dis  tal radius frac  ture but confusion exists because col  les frac  ture is used for example by the us national library of medicine as a generic term for dis  tal radius frac  ture
dis  tal ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis dr  ta or type 1 ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis r  ta is the classical form of r  ta being the first described dis  tal r  ta is characterized by a failure of acid secre  tion by the alpha inter  cal  ated cells of the cor  tical collecting duc  t of the dis  tal ne  phr  on this failure of acid secre  tion may be due to a number of causes and it leads to an inability to acidi  fy the urine to a ph of less than 5 3
dis  tal spinal muscular atro  phy type 1 d  sma 1 also known as spinal muscular atro  phy with respiratory distress type 1 smar  d 1 dis  tal hereditary motor neuro  no  pa  thy type 6 d  h  mn 6 and severe inf  anti  le ax  onal neuro  no  pa  thy with respiratory failure si  an  r  f — is a rare neuro  muscular disorder involving death of motor neurons in the spinal cord which leads to a generalized progressive atro  phy of body muscles the condition is caused by a genetic mutation in the igh  m  bp 2 gene and is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner there is no known cure to d  sma 1 and research of the disorder is still in early stages due to low incidence and high mortality rates
dis  tal spinal muscular atro  phy type 2 d  sma 2 also known as jer  ash type dis  tal hereditary motor neuro  pa  thy h  mn j — is a very rare childhood onset genetic disorder characterised by progressive muscle wasting affecting lower and subsequently upper limbs the disorder has been described in arab inhabitants of jer  ash region in jordan as well as in a chinese family the condition is linked to a genetic mutation in the sigm  ar 1 gene on chro  mo  some 19 loc  us 19 p 13 3 and is likely inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner
dis  tal sub  un  gu  al ony  ch  om  y  co  sis is an infection of the nail plate by fun  gus primarily involving the dis  tal nail plate
a dis  tic  hia is an e  yel  ash that arises from an abnormal spot on the eye  lid this ab  normality attributed to a genetic mutation is known to affect dogs and humans dis  tic  hi  ae the abnormal e  yel  ash usually exit from the duc  t of the me  i  bom  ian g  land at the eye  lid margin they are usually multiple and sometimes more than one arises from a duc  t they can affect either the upper or lower eye  lid and are usually bilateral the lower eye  li  ds of dogs usually have no e  yel  ashes dis  tic  hi  ae usually cause no symptoms because the l  ashes are soft but they can irrit  ate the eye and cause tearing squ  in  ting infl  amm  ation and cor  ne  al ul  cers and scar  ring treatment options include manual removal electro  lysis electro  cau  tery cry  otherapy and surgery
distorted vision is a symptom with several different possible causes
distortion is the alteration of the original shape or other characteristic of something such as an object image sound or wa  ve  form distortion is usually unwanted and so engineers strive to eliminate distortion or minimize it in some situations however distortion may be desirable the important signal processing operation of heter  od  y  ning is based on non  linear mixing of signals to cause inter  modulation distortion is also used as a musical effect particularly with electric guit  ars the addition of noise or other outside signals h  um interference is not deemed distortion though the effects of quan  tization distortion are sometimes deemed noise a quality measure that explicitly reflects both the noise and the distortion is the signal to noise and distortion sin  ad ratio
in telecommunication distortion limited operation is the condition prevailing when distortion of a received signal rather than its attenu  ated am  pl  itude or power limits performance under stated operational conditions and limits note distortion limited operation is reached when the system distorts the shape of the wa  ve  form beyond specified limits for linear systems distortion limited operation is equivalent to band  width limited operation
distributed artificial intelligence d  ai is a sub  field of artificial intelligence research dedicated to the development of distributed solutions for complex problems regarded as requiring intelligence d  ai is closely related to and a predecessor of the field of multi agent systems
in software engineering a distributed design pattern is a design pattern focused on distributed computing problems
distributed source coding d  sc is an important problem in information theory and communication d  sc problems regard the compression of multiple correlated information sources that do not communicate with each other by model  ing the correlation between multiple sources at the de  co  der side together with channel codes d  sc is able to shift the compu  tational complexity from en  co  der side to de  co  der side therefore provide appropriate frameworks for applications with complexity constrained sender such as sensor networks and video multimedia compression see distributed video coding one of the main properties of distributed source coding is that the compu  tational burden in en  co  ders is shifted to the joint de  co  der
distributive shock is a medical condition in which abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in inadequate supply of blood to the body s tissues and organs it is one of four categories of shock a condition where there is not enough oxygen carrying blood to meet the metabol  ic needs of the cells which make up the body s tissues and organs distributive shock is different from the other three categories of shock in that it occurs even though the output of the heart is at or above a normal level the most common cause is sep  sis leading to type of distributive shock called se  ptic shock a condition that can be fatal
the distributive tendency is the propensity of the united states congress to lean towards distributive politics especially to gain political support and credit claim through the distributive tendency congress ’ bills evolve over the drafting process to become more broad and reaching with their benefits legislation that follows the distributive tendency has benefits that flow to many districts and can come in many forms though in current day they are often monetary the distributive tendency is a form of distributive politics a political science term that describes the spreading of benefits across different areas interests and constituencies in one piece of legislation the term was “ first coined for nineteenth century land policies but easily extended to include most contemporary public land and resource policies rivers and harb  ors programs defense procurement and r d labor business and agricultural ‘ cli  ent  ele ’ services and the traditional tariff in fact during the nineteenth century a majority of policies devised by the federal government were distributive to be considered distributive a piece of legislation should be dis  aggreg  able universal and omni  bus distributive politics is in contrast to regulatory and redistributive programs the distributive tendency is related to distributive politics distributive benefits distributive policy and distributive legislation and is closely linked with lo  gro  lling and pork barrel legislation
district of columbia home rule is the ability of residents of the district of columbia to govern their local affairs as the federal capital the constitution grants the united states congress exclusive jurisdiction over the district in all cases whatsoever at certain times and presently since 1973 congress has allowed certain powers of government to be carried out by locally elected officials however congress maintains the power to overturn local laws and exercises greater oversight of the city than exists for any u s state furthermore the district s elected government exists at the pleasure of congress and could theoretically be revoked at any time a separate yet related controversy is the district s lack of voting representation in congress the city s unique status creates a situation where d c residents do not have full control over their local government nor do they have voting representation in the body that has full control
the dsm v classi  fies en  u  res  is as an elimination disorder and as such it may be defined as the involuntary or voluntary elimination of urine into inappropriate places a patient must be of at least a developmental level equivalent to the chronological age of a 5 year old in order to be diagnosed with en  u  res  is in other words it is not abnormal for a child below the age of 5 the patient must either experience a frequency of inappropriate vo  i  ding at least twice a week for a period of at least 3 consecutive months or experience clin  ically significant distress or impairment in social occupational or other important areas of functioning in order to be diagnosed with en  u  res  is these symptoms must not be due to any underlying medical condition e g a child who we  ts the bed because their kidneys produce too much urine is not suffering from en  u  res  is they re suffering from kidney disease which is causing the inappropriate ur  ination as well these symptoms must not be due exclusively to the direct physiological effect of a substance such as a di  u  re  tic or anti  psychotic
in statistics and information geometry divergence or a contrast function is a function which establishes the distance of one probability distribution to the other on a statistical mani  fold the divergence is a weaker notion than that of the distance in particular the divergence need not be sym  metric that is in general the divergence from p to q is not equal to the divergence from q to p and need not satisfy the triangle inequality
divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics through genetic drift and natural selection primarily diffusion the basis of molecular division can be seen in some higher level characters of structure and function that are readily observ  able in organisms for example the vertebr  ate limb is one example of divergent evolution the limb in many different species has a common origin but has diver  ged somewhat in overall structure and function alternatively divergent evolution can be applied to molecular biology characteristics this could apply to a path  way in two or more organisms or cell types for example this can apply to genes and proteins such as nucle  o  tide sequences or protein sequences that derive from two or more homo  log  ous genes both orth  o  log  ous genes resulting from a speci  ation event and par  alo  g  ous genes resulting from gene duplication within a population can be said to display divergent evolution because of the latter it is possible for divergent evolution to occur between two genes within a species in the case of divergent evolution similarity is due to the common origin such as divergence from a common ance  str  al structure or function has not yet completely obscured the underlying similarity in contrast conver  gent evolution arises when there are some sort of ecological or physical drivers toward a similar solution even though the structure or function has arisen independently such as different characters conver  ging on a common similar solution from different points of origin this includes analogous structures
diversion co  li  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the col  on which can occur as a complic  ation of i  le  o  stom  y or colo  stom  y often occurring within the year following the surgery it also occurs frequently in a ne  ov  ag  ina created by colo  vag  in  op  la  sty with varying delay after the original procedure despite the presence of a variable degree of infl  amm  ation the most sugges  tive his  to  logical feature remains the prominent lymp  ho  id aggregates a foul sm  elling mu  co  us rec  tal discharge may develop from the infl  amed mu  co  sa of the dis  tal unused col  on the diagnosis cannot be safely reached without knowing the clinical story in many mil  der cases after i  le  o  stom  y or colo  stom  y diversion co  li  tis is left untreated and disappears naturally if treatment is required possible treatments include short chain fatty acid irrigation ster  o  id enem  as and mes  al  az  ine
according to surveys and studies done in the 2000 s there is a lack of diversity in libr  ari  anship libr  ari  anship is the management organis  asion collecting and preserving of information often in libraries the 2003 us census showed that his  panic people had the lowest proportion of libr  arians in their population while american indians had the lowest number of libr  arians most libr  arian jobs were occupied by elderly caucasian males library associations affected by this lack of ethnic diversity have put several measures in place to attempt to correct this issue it has been suggested that the lack of diversity in libr  ari  anship is because most people are not aware of the job opportunities in the libr  ari  anship sector others suggest that a lack of diversity in university graduates makes it harder for there to be diversity in libr  ari  anship as the job is often held by people who hold university degrees
diversity of tactics is a phenomenon where  in a social movement makes periodic use of force for disruptive or defensive purposes stepping beyond the limits of non  violence but also stopping short of total milit  arization it also refers to the theory which asserts this to be the most effective strategy of civil dis  obedience for social change diversity of tactics may promote non  violent tactics or armed resistance or a range of methods in between depending on the level of repression the political movement is facing it sometimes claims to advocate for forms of resistance that maximize respect for life
diver  tic  u  li  tis is a dig  estive disease in which pou  ches within the large bo  wel wall become infl  amed symptoms typically include lower ab  domin  al pain of a sudden onset onset however may also occur over a few days in north america and europe pain is usually on the left side while in asia it is often on the right there may also be fever naus  ea diarr  ho  ea or con  sti  p  ation or blood in the sto  ol repeated attacks may occur the cause is uncertain risk factors may include obesity lack of exercise smoking a family history of the disease and non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  said the role of dietary fiber is unclear having pou  ches in the large intest  ine that are not infl  amed is known as diver  ticul  osis infl  amm  ation occurs in between 10 and 25 at some point in time and is due to a bacterial infection diagnosis may be made by blood tests ct scan colon  o  sco  py or lower gastro  intest  inal series the differential diagnosis includes irrit  able bo  wel syndrome while avoiding nuts and seeds has historically been recommended an association between eating these foods and diver  tic  u  li  tis has not been found and therefore avoiding these foods is no longer recommended mes  al  az  ine and ri  fa  xim  in appear useful for preventing attacks in those with diver  ticul  osis for mild diver  tic  u  li  tis antibiotics by mouth and a liquid diet is recommended for severe cases intra  ven  ous antibiotics hospital admission and complete bo  wel rest may be recommended pro  bio  tics are of unclear use complications such as abs  c  ess formation f  ist  ula formation and per  for  ation of the col  on may require surgery the disease is common in the western world and un  common in africa and asia in the western world about 35 of people have diver  ticul  osis while it affects less than 1 of those in rural africa the disease becomes more frequent with age being particularly common in those over the age of 50 it has also becoming more common in all parts of the world in 2003 in europe it resulted in about 13 000 deaths costs associated with diver  tic  ular disease are around 2 4 billion a year in the united states as of 2013
diver  ticul  osis is the condition of having diver  tic  ula in the col  on that are not infl  amed these are out  pockets of the colon  ic mu  co  sa and sub  mu  co  sa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the col  on wall they typically cause no symptoms diver  tic  ular disease occurs when diver  tic  ula become infl  amed known as diver  tic  u  li  tis or bleed they typically occur in the sig  mo  id col  on which is a common place for increased pressure the left side is more commonly affected in the united states while the right side is more commonly affected in asia diagnosis is often during routine colon  o  sco  py or as an incidental finding during ct scan it is common in western countries with about half of those over the age of 60 in canada and the united states affected this is un  common before the age of 40 and increases in incidence after that age rates are lower in africa which has been attributed to a shorter life expectancy and poor healthcare access the lower rate has also been attributed to high fiber
a diver  ticul  um plural diver  tic  ula is the medical or biological term for an out  pou  ching of a hollow or a fluid filled structure in the body depending upon which layers of the structure are involved they are described as being either true or false in medicine the term usually implies the structure is not normally present however in the embryonic stage some normal structures begin development as a diver  ticul  um arising from another structure
diving disorders or diving related medical conditions are conditions associated with underwater diving and include both conditions unique to underwater diving and those that also occur during other activities this second group further divides into conditions caused by exposure to ambient pressures significantly different from surface atmospheric pressure and a range of conditions caused by general environment and equipment associated with diving activities
diving medicine also called under  sea and hyper  bar  ic medicine u  h  b is the diagnosis treatment and prevention of conditions caused by humans entering the under  sea environment it includes the effects on the body of pressure on gases the diagnosis and treatment of conditions caused by marine hazards and how relationships of a di  ver s fitness to dive affect a di  ver s safety hyper  bar  ic medicine is a corollary field associated with diving since re  compression in a hyper  bar  ic chamber is used as a treatment for two of the most significant diving related illnesses de  compression sickness and arter  ial gas embol  ism diving medicine deals with medical research on issues of diving the prevention of diving disorders treatment of diving accidents and diving fitness the field includes the effect of breathing gases and their contaminants under high pressure on the human body and the relationship between the state of physical and psychological health of the di  ver and safety in diving accidents it is common for multiple disorders to occur together and interact with each other both caus  atively and as complications diving medicine is a branch of occupational medicine and sports medicine and an important part of di  ver education
in christian the  ology di  v  ini  zation de  ification making divine or the  osis is the transforming effect of divine grace the spirit of god or the at  on  ement of christ it literally means to become more divine more like god or take upon a divine nature
a division 7 a dividend in the australian tax system is an amount treated by the australian tax office ato as an assess  able dividend of a shareholder of a private company that attempts to make a tax free distribu  tions of profits to the shareholder or an associate of the shareholder division 7 a applies to payments loans and debts forgiven on or after 4 december 1997 however it may also apply to loans in place before this date where the amount of the loan is increased or its term extended on or after 4 december 1997 division 7 a applies to debts forgiven on or after 4 december 1997 regardless of when the debt was created
the division of labour is the separation of tasks in any economic system so that participants may speci  alize individuals organizations and nations are endowed with or acquire specialized capabilities and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of the capabilities of others in addition to their own specialized capabilities may include equipment or natural resources in addition to skills and training and complex combinations of such assets are often important as when multiple items of specialized equipment and skilled operators are used to produce a single product the division of labour is the motive for trade and the source of economic interdependence because of the large amount of labour saved by giving workers specialized tasks in industrial revolution era factories some classical economists as well as some mechanical engineers such as charles bab  bage were proponents of division of labour also having workers perform single or limited tasks eliminated the long training period required to train craf  tsmen who were replaced with lesser paid but more productive unskilled workers historically an increasing division of labour is associated with the growth of total output and trade the rise of capitalism and the increasing complexity of industrialised processes the concept and implementation of division of labour has been observed in ancient sum  er  ian mes  o  pot  am  ian culture where assignment of jobs in some cities coincided with an increase in trade and economic interdependence division of labour generally also increases both producer and individual worker productivity in contrast to division of labour division of work refers to the division of a large task contract or project into smaller tasks — each with a separate schedule within the overall project schedule division of labour instead refers to the allocation of tasks to individuals or organizations according to the skills and or equipment those people or organizations possess often division of labour and division of work are both part of the economic activity within an industrial nation or organization
in mathematics and specifically in number theory a divis  or function is an arithmetic function related to the divis  ors of an inte  ger when referred to as the divis  or function it counts the number of divis  ors of an inte  ger it appears in a number of remarkable identities including relationships on the ri  emann ze  ta function and the eisen  stein series of mod  ular forms divis  or functions were studied by ram  anu  jan who gave a number of important con  gru  ences and identities these are treated separately in the article ram  anu  jan s sum a related function is the divis  or sum  matory function which as the name implies is a sum over the divis  or function
di  v  ya dr  ish  ti hind  i द  ि  व  ्  य द  ृ  ष  ्  ट  ि or the divine eye sight also known as yog  a dr  ish  ti refers to divine perception which is intu  itive perception or cogn  ition that carries with it an intrinsic certainty and conviction it is a spiritual attainment which according to pat  anj  ali enables the yog  i to communicate with heaven  ly bodies this divine vision is gained by the practice of ne  ti that balances the flow of pr  ana shak  ti in ida p  ing  ala and su  sh  man  a and up  lifts the higher mental fac  ul  ties which awaken the cha  kr  as and k  und  al  ini and even enables the yog  i to see into the past and future ut  ti  tha pad  ma ā  san  a the raised lo  tus posture makes one develop di  v  ya dr  ish  ti opens the heart center and cures respiratory disorders in the b  ha  g  av  ad g  ita kr  ish  na tells ar  jun  a न त  ु म  ा  ं श  क  ्  य  स  े द  ्  र  ष  ्  ट  ु  म  न  े  न  ै  व स  ्  व  च  क  ्  ष  ु  ष  ा द  ि  व  ्  य  ं द  द  ा  म  ि त  े च  क  ्  ष  ु  ः प  श  ्  य म  े य  ो  ग  म  ै  श  ्  व  र  म  ् but surely you cannot see me with these human eyes of yours therefore i vou  ch  safe to you the divine eye with this you behold my divine power of yog  a b  ha  g  av  ad g  ita xi 8 kr  ish  na invited ar  jun  a to observe the co  sm  ic body or vi  ra  j and behold as concentrated within that body in the person of kr  ish  na the entire creation and all that is desired to be seen when ar  jun  a failed to see that divine form kr  ish  na bestowed the gift of divine vision – द  ि  व  ्  य  ं च  क  ्  ष  ु  ः thus endowed ar  jun  a saw an undis  gu  ised reality he could otherwise not see what he then saw was अ  द  ्  भ  ु  त  द  र  ्  श  न  म  ् many a wonderful sight divine in essence transc  end  ent and all eff  ul  gent the sight which has never been seen before ar  jun  a saw the power of creating diversity in the universe a similar gift had been bestowed on san  j  aya by sage vy  asa the ve  d  ic se  ers have spoken about the won  dro  us eyes of lord vis  hn  u the ever open watchful divine eyes whose power of sight is not restricted by space and time r  ish  i med  h  ā  ti  thi  h k  ā  n  v  ah states that त  द  ्  व  ि  ष  ्  ण  ो  ः प  र  म  ं प  द  ं स  द  ा प  श  ्  य  न  ्  त  ि स  ू  र  य  ः द  ि  व  ी  व च  क  ्  ष  ु  र  ा  त  त  म  ् rig ve  da i xx  ii 20 the learned practitioners of dhar  ma do in the bri  ght  ness of the all revealing sun clearly see the wide spread eyes of the lord the mighty all surve  ying sole witness and in the process with the aid of knowledge also see him at all times ens  con  ced as the at  man
di  zz  iness is an impairment in spatial perception and stability because the term di  zz  iness is imprecise it can refer to ver  ti  go pres  yn  cope dis  equilibrium or a non specific feeling such as gi  d  din  ess or fool  ishness one can induce di  zz  iness by engaging in dis  orient  ating activities such as spinning ver  ti  go is the sensation of spinning or having one s surroundings spin about them many people find ver  ti  go very disturbing and often report associated naus  ea and v  om  iting it represents about 25 of cases of occurrences of di  zz  iness dis  equilibrium is the sensation of being off balance and is most often characterized by frequent falls in a specific direction this condition is not often associated with naus  ea or v  om  iting pres  yn  cope is ligh  the  ad  ed  ness muscular weakness and feeling faint as opposed to a syn  cope which is actually fain  ting non specific di  zz  iness is often psychiatric in origin it is a diagnosis of exclusion and can sometimes be brought about by hyper  ventilation a stroke is the cause of isolated di  zz  iness in 0 7 of people who present to the emergency room
in a loading dock one problem to overcome is the problem of bridging the gap between a truck and the dock or warehouse floor not all trucks are the same height and the height of the trailer floor within a truck can vary according to how heavily the truck is laden thus there is not only a gap to bridge but a height difference to overcome various devices are employed in order to achieve this dock plates dock level  lers dock boards and various forms of lift these devices vary in construction suitability to dock conditions cost of installation and loading capacity dock level  lers and lifts are generally permanent fix  tures at each door of a dock dock plates and dock boards are generally by contrast portable and not fixed either to dock or truck dock plates and dock boards are simply metal ram  ps bridging the gaps between dock and truck dock plates are generally made out of aluminium whilst dock boards are generally made out of steel aluminium dock plates are thus more suitable for lighter loads such as hand  car  ts and dol  lies whereas steel dock boards are more suitable for heavier mo  tori  zed equipment such as fork lift trucks and electric pallet trucks another difference between dock plates and dock boards in addition to their load bearing capabilities is their construction dock plates are simple flat plates whereas dock boards have cur  bs bol  ted or wel  ded to the edge of the board run off is prevented by a simple painted yellow strip along the edge of a dock plate whereas it is the cur  bs also generally painted yellow that prevent run off on dock boards these cur  bs are also where the higher weight capacities of dock boards come from run off is thus a significant risk on dock plates since the yellow strip is not a particularly effective mechanism for preventing it both dock plates and dock boards have a diamond pattern emb  os  sed onto their upper surfaces to prevent wheel slip as car  ts and vehicles travel up and down the incl  ine similarly they both have locking t bar legs that extend down into the gap between truck and dock to secure them they are both portable but dock boards are heavier than dock plates the latter may be carried by hand and are generally fitted with handles for doing so the former usually require a fork lift in order to place and remove them and are generally fitted with either lo  ops or chains used for attaching the dock board to the for  ks of the fork lift dock level  lers are as mentioned fixed to the dock they comprise a simple metal plate called a lip that is raised from a sto  wed position and then lowered onto the back of the truck lip can be h  ing  ed or teles  cop  ic type they are operated either manu  ally via a simple pull chain or hydraul  ically most common with an electric pump driving a pist  on to lift the plate and another one to move the lip dock level  lers are more expensive devices than the comparatively light weight dock plates and dock boards the most common form of dock level  ler is the rec  essed or pit dock level  ler as the name suggests this type of level  ler is contained in a recess or pit beneath the dock door and floor surface dock level  ers are stronger than dock plates and have similar ranges to dock boards making them suitable not only for mo  tori  zed fork lift trucks but also for master convey  ors for which neither dock plates or dock boards are suitable safety also is very high for this kind of product safety rules as en 13  98 european standard specifies the safety requirements for design construction installation maintenance and testing of dock level  lers and for safety components on dock level  lers note edge of dock level  ers have fixed positions which have restricted ranges making them unsuitable for non  standard dock heights because they carry heavy mo  tori  zed equipment the grade of the incl  ine has to be shallow the greater the height differential between truck and dock that a dock level  ler can compensate for the longer the level  ler itself has to be moreover the grade of the incl  ine must not be so great that the vehicles cannot climb it a height differential of between 7 and 8 inches generally requires a 6 foot long 1 8 m level  ler for an electric pal  ette carrier a height differential of between 17 and 18 inches generally requires a 12 foot long 3 7 m level  ler for a petrol eng  ined fork lift truck anyway the lip has to be considered in the length of the level  ler as it is part of it a teles  cop  ic lip 20 or 40 inches can help to reduce the length of the level  ler to 10 feet dock level  lers and indeed dock plates and dock boards are used where a building has a truck level door i e a door with a floor level roughly at the same height as the floor of the truck s trailer some buildings only have drive in doors i e doors at the same level as the ground outside of the building suitable for driving directly into the building for loading docks with drive in doors and also albeit rarely for loading docks with truck level doors a lift is sometimes employed other less common devices employed when bridging the gap between truck and dock are truck level  lers these are hydraulic lifts positioned beneath the rear wheels of the truck that are used to raise and lower the truck so that it is level with the loading dock edge the problems with truck level  lers that make them rarely employed are twofold first they cause the truck interior to be at an incl  ine which causes loading and unloading difficulties second they are expensive to maintain since they require being below ground level and open to the air proper drainage and protection against the weather rec  essed dock level  lers also have problems of exposure to the weather however because they are rec  essed into the dock which is above ground level they do not have as great a problem with drainage equally because they are rec  essed into the dock they extend partially back from the dock edge a dock level  ler can be installed so that it extends inside the loading dock door and thus inside the building protecting it from the weather
document classification or document categ  ori  zation is a problem in library science information science and computer science the task is to assign a document to one or more classes or categories this may be done manu  ally or intellectually or algori  th  m  ically the intellectual classification of documents has mostly been the province of library science while the algori  th  mic classification of documents is mainly in information science and computer science the problems are overlapping however and there is therefore inter  disciplinary research on document classification the documents to be classified may be texts images music etc each kind of document possesses its special classification problems when not otherwise specified text classification is implied documents may be classified according to their subjects or according to other attributes such as document type author printing year etc in the rest of this article only subject classification is considered there are two main philosoph  ies of subject classification of documents the content based approach and the request based approach
the do  eb  ner reaction is the chemical reaction of an an  il  ine with an alde  hyde and py  ru  vic acid to form quin  oline 4 car  box  yl  ic acids the do  eb  ner reaction
the do  eb  ner – miller reaction is the organic reaction of an an  il  ine with α β un  saturated carbon  yl compounds to form quin  ol  ines scheme 1 the do  eb  ner miller reaction this reaction is also known as the sk  r  au  p do  eb  ner von miller quin  oline synthesis and is named after the czech chem  ist z  denko hans sk  r  au  p 18  50 – 19  10 and the germans oscar d  ö  bner do  eb  ner 18  50 – 1907 and wil  helm von miller 18  48 – 18  99 when the α β un  saturated carbon  yl compound is prepared in situ from two carbon  yl compounds via an al  do  l condens  ation the reaction is known as the bey  er method for quin  ol  ines the reaction is cataly  zed by lewis acids such as tin tetr  ach  l  oride and s  candi  um iii tri  fl  ate and br  ø  n  sted acids such as p t  olu  en  es  ul  fon  ic acid per  chlor  ic acid am  ber  lite and i  od  ine
do  e  ge – pot  ter syndrome d  ps is a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome in which hypo  gly  cem  ia is associated with solitary fi  bro  us tumors the hypo  gly  cem  ia is the result of the tumors producing insulin like growth factor 2 the syndrome was first described in 1930 by karl walter do  e  ge 18  67 – 19  32 a german american physician and by roy p  illing pot  ter 18  79 – 1968 an american radio  logist working independently the full term do  e  ge – pot  ter syndrome was inf  requ  ently used until the publication of a 2000 article using the ep  on  ym d  ps is rare as of 1976 less than one hundred cases were described with a m  align  ancy rate of 12 – 15 actual rates of hypo  gly  cem  ia associated with a fi  bro  us tumor are quite rare a 1981 study of 360 solitary fi  bro  us tumors of the lungs found that only 4 caused hypo  gly  cem  ia and are linked to large tum  ours with high rates of mit  osis removal of the tumor will normally resolve the symptoms tumors causing d  ps tend to be quite large in one case a 3 kg 6 6 lb 23 × 21 × 12 cm 9 1 × 8 3 × 4 7 in mass was removed sufficiently large to cause a collapsed lung in x rays they appear as a single mass with visible defined borders appearing at the edges of the lungs or a fis  sure dividing the lob  es of the lungs similar hypo  gly  c  emic effects have been related to mes  en  ch  ym  al tumors
in organic chemistry the do  ering – laf  lam  me all  ene synthesis is a reaction of al  ken  es that conver  ts them to all  en  es by insertion of a carbon atom this name reaction is named for william von e  ggers do  ering and a co worker who first reported it the reaction is a two stage process in which first the al  k  ene is reacted with dic  hlor  o  car  bene or di  bromo  car  bene to form a di  hal  oc  y  clo  pro  pan  e this intermediate is then reacted with a reducing metal such as sodium or magnesium or with an organ  oli  th  ium re  agent either approach conver  ts the di  halogenated carbon to a car  bene or car  ben  o  id like structure the resulting cyclo  prop  yl  car  bene re  arrang  es to form the all  ene product the electronic nature of the car  bene intermediate is not entirely understood several different mechanisms for its electro  cyclic re  arrangement have been studied
a dog leg ge  ar  box is a manual transmission shift pattern distinguished by an up over up shift between first and second gear the layout derives its name from a dog s h  ind leg with its sharp angles dog leg ge  ar  boxes have fallen out of fashion primarily because most manual performance cars now have six speed ge  ar  boxes which are un  suited to the dog leg layout
dog bites or dog attacks are attacks on humans by feral or domestic dogs with the close association of dogs and humans in daily life largely as pets dog bites – with injuries from very minor to significant – are extremely common dogs also pose danger from their cla  ws and can be powerful enough to knock people down there is considerable debate on whether or not certain breeds of dogs are inherently more prone to commit attacks causing serious injury i e so driven by instinct and breeding that under certain circumstances they are exceedingly likely to attempt or commit dangerous attacks regardless of the breed of the dog it is recognized that the risk of dangerous dog attacks can be greatly increased by human actions such as neglect or fight training or in  actions as ca  rel  essness in confinement and control significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year it is estimated that two percent of the us population from 4 5 – 4 7 million people are bit  ten by dogs each year most bites occur in children in the 1980 s and 1990 s the us averaged 17 fatalities per year while in the 2000 s this has increased to 26 77 of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends and 50 of attacks occur on the dog owner s property animal bites most of which are from dogs are the reason for 1 of visits to an emergency department in the united states attacks on the serious end of the spectrum have become the focus of increasing media and public attention in the late 20 th and early 21 st centuries
dog pox is an infection of can  ines which may be caused by the can  ine her  pes virus and can result in symptoms ranging from no symptoms to infl  amm  ation of the respiratory or dig  estive tract to skin infl  amm  ation and le  sions over 60 of adult male dogs exhibit le  sions as a result of this infection because of the variance in the symptoms it is often mistaken for allergies however the infection can be severe in pu  ppies even causing death
do  gger bank itch is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a long lasting der  mati  tis caused by exposure to the sea cher  vi  l al  cy  on  idi  um di  ap  han  um a br  yo  zo  an the disease common in fishermen who work in the north sea has been recognized by the danish work  man s compensation act since 1939
dol  ic  ho  cephal  y derived from the ancient greek δ  ολ  ι  χ  ός meaning long is a condition where the head is longer than would be expected relative to its width the skul  ls of ne  ander  th  als show a marked dol  ic  ho  cephal  y compared to other humans past or present in humans s  cap  ho  cephal  y is a form of dol  ic  ho  cephal  y do  li  co  cephal  ic dog breeds such as german shepherd dogs have an el  ong  ated nose this makes them vulnerable to fun  gal diseases of the nose such as asper  gil  losis in human the ani  er  ior poster  ior diameter length of dol  ic  ho  cephal  y head is more than trans  verse diameter width it has an incidence of 1 in every 4  200 babies it can present be in cases of sens  en  brenner syndrome c  rou  z  on syndrome so  tos syndrome as well as mar  fan syndrome although dol  ic  ho  cephal  y may be associated with some other ab  norm  alities alone it is just a normal variation unless symptomatic it is nothing to worry about early diagnosis can be made by x ray or ul  tras  ono  graphy treatment is not essential
in medicine a dol  ic  ho  col  on word derived from ancient greek dol  ic  hos the long distance in running and col  on is an abnormally long large intest  ine it should not be confused with an abnormally wide large intest  ine which is called a me  ga  col  on dol  ic  ho  col  on may pre  dispose to abnormal rotation see vol  vul  us and inter  position between the di  aphr  ag  m and the liver see chil  ai  di  ti syndrome it is more commonly seen in the elderly some psychiatric patients or in institutionalised individuals it is not however a part of normal aging the exact cause remains unknown dol  ic  ho  col  on is often an incidental finding on ab  domin  al x rays or colon  o  sco  py it is not by itself a disease and as such requires no treatment
dol  ic  hol kin  ase deficiency is a cu  taneous condition caused by a mutation in the dol  ic  hol kin  ase gene it is also known as con  genital disorder of gly  co  syl  ation 1 m
dol  ic  ho  sten  om  eli  a is a human condition or habit  us in which the limbs are unusually long the name is derived from ancient greek dol  ic  hos long sten  o short narrow close me  lia of the limbs it is a common feature of several kinds of hereditary disorders which affect connec  tive tissue such as mar  fan syndrome and hom  oc  y  stin  ur  ia
the dol  ly zo  om is an in camera effect that appears to undermine normal visual perception the effect is achieved by zo  oming a zo  om lens to adjust the angle of view often referred to as field of view or fo  v while the camera dol  lies moves toward or away from the subject in such a way as to keep the subject the same size in the frame throughout in its classic form the camera angle is pulled away from a subject while the lens zo  oms in or vice versa thus during the zo  om there is a continuous perspective distortion the most directly noticeable feature being that the background appears to change size relative to the subject the visual appearance for the vie  wer is that either the background suddenly grows in size and detail and overwhel  ms the foreground or the foreground becomes immense and dominates its previous setting depending on which way the dol  ly zo  om is executed as the human visual system uses both size and perspective cu  es to judge the relative sizes of objects seeing a perspective change without a size change is a highly unsettling effect often with strong emotional impact the effect was first conceived by romanian cinemato  grapher ser  gi  u hu  zum but was first used by ir  min rober  ts a paramount second unit camer  aman in alfred hit  ch  cock s film ver  ti  go in addition to ver  ti  go the shot has been used in many films including good  fellas road to per  dition ja  ws body double the island of dr more  au jo  sie and the pus  sy  cats and mike and dave need wedding dates
domain inventory is a design pattern applied within the service orientation design paradigm whose application enables creating pools of services which correspond to different segments of the enterprise instead of creating a single enterprise wide pool of services this design pattern is usually applied when it is not possible to create a single inventory of services for whole of the enterprise by following the same design standards across the different segments of the enterprise the domain inventory design pattern by thomas er  l asks how can services be delivered to maximize re  composition when enterprise wide standardization is not possible and is discussed as part of this pod  cast
domestic energy consumption or domestic consumption of energy is the total amount of energy used in a house for household work the amount of energy used per household varies widely depending on the standard of living of the country the climate and the age and type of residence in the united states as of 2008 in an average household in a temper  ate climate the yearly use of household energy can be composed as follows this equates to an average instan  taneous power consumption of 2 kw at any given time households in different parts of the world will have differing levels of consumption based on latitude and technology
domestic violence also named domestic abuse bat  tering or family violence is a pattern of behavior which involves violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting such as in marriage or cohabitation intimate partner violence is violence by a spouse or partner in an intimate relationship against the other spouse or partner domestic violence can take place in heter  osex  ual and same sex family relationships and can involve violence against children in the family or in some u s states violence against a roommate domestic violence can take a number of forms including physical verbal emotional economic religious and sexual abuse which can range from subtle coercive forms to marital rape and to violent physical abuse such as female genital mutilation and acid throwing that results in dis  figu  rement or death domestic murders include stoning bride burning honor killings and dow  ry deaths globally the victims of domestic violence are overwhelmingly women and women tend to experience more severe forms of violence however it has been shown in the united states that women are the primary perpetrators in non reciprocal cases in some countries domestic violence is often seen as justified particularly in cases of actual or suspected in  fidel  ity on the part of the woman and is legally permitted research has also shown there to be a direct and significant correlation between a country s level of gender equality and actual rates of domestic violence domestic violence is among the most under  reported crimes worldwide for both men and women men face additional gender related barriers in reporting due to social stigm  as regarding male victimi  zation and an increased likelihood of being overlooked by healthcare providers domestic violence occurs when the ab  user believes that abuse is acceptable justified or unlikely to be reported it may produce intergenerational cycles of abuse in children and other family members who may feel that such violence is acceptable or cond  oned very few people recognize themselves as ab  users or victims because they may consider their experiences as family disputes that just got out of control awareness perception definition and documentation of domestic violence differs widely from country to country domestic violence often happens in the context of forced or child marriage in abusive relationships there may be a cycle of abuse during which tensions rise and an act of violence is committed followed by a period of reconciliation and calm victims of domestic violence may be trapped in domestic violent situations through isolation power and control cultural acceptance lack of financial resources fear shame or to protect children as a result of abuse victims may experience physical disabilities chronic health problems mental illness limited finances and poor ability to create healthy relationships victims may experience psychological problems such as post traumatic stress disorder children who live in a household with violence often show psychological problems from an early age such as dys  regulated aggression which may later contribute to continuing the legacy of abuse when they reach adul  thood
domestic violence in argentina is a serious problem since the 1990 s onwards the government of argentina has taken steps to address this problem yet the policies of argentina have been criticized for being weak primarily due to focusing on civil rather than criminal dealing with this form of violence and for stressing conciliation between the victim and perpetrator the policy dealing with domestic violence has also been made more difficult due to the decentralized nature of the country argentina being a decentralized federal state with 23 provinces has led to significant variation between provincial policies on domestic violence with women across the country having differing levels of protection
domestic violence in bolivia is a pervasive and under  reported problem according to the center for the information and development of women ci  dem 70 percent of women suffer some form of abuse ci  dem noted that their 2006 statistics did not reflect the full magnitude of the problem of violence against women and that a great number of women did not report the aggression they faced on a daily basis the most exhaustive national survey on domestic violence conducted by the national statistical institute in 2003 showed 64 percent of women were the target of some form of emotional physical or sexual abuse from their partner
domestic violence in chile locally referred to as viol  en  cia intr  af  am  ili  ar is a prevalent problem domestic violence describes violence by an intimate partner or other family members regardless of the place the violence occurs
domestic violence in china involves violence or abuse by intimate partners or family members against one another intimate partner violence ip  v by the man is the most common type of domestic violence in china a 2005 american journal of public health report found that 1 out of 5 chinese women had experienced physical violence from their partner in the past year although china acknowledged that domestic violence was a problem in the 1930 s it has only become a visible issue in the past few decades due to economic and social changes in the 1980 s domestic violence is legally defined in article 2 of the domestic violence law of 2015 as physical psychological or other infr  actions between family members effected through the use of methods such as beat  ings restraints ma  im  ing restrictions on physical liberty as well as recurrent verbal abuse or intimidation although the legal definition is confined to family members domestic violence can also occur between un  married lg  bt and other domestic couples
domestic violence in kenya is a problem as in many parts of africa there is a deep cultural belief in kenya that it is socially acceptable to hit a woman to discipline a spouse
domestic violence in lithuania is a pervasive social problem the law on protection against domestic violence came into force in 2011 in the four months after the law took effect lithuanian police received over 10 000 reports of domestic violence and initiated 3 300 investigations
domestic violence in nigeria is a problem as in many parts of africa there is a deep cultural belief in nigeria that it is socially acceptable to hit a woman to discipline a spouse domestic violence is widespread and shows no signs of less  ening in nigeria the cle  en foundation reports 1 in every 3 respondents admitting to being a victim of domestic violence the survey also found a nationwide increase in domestic violence in the past 3 years from 21 in 2011 to 30 in 2013 a cle  en foundation ’ s 2012 national crime and safety survey demonstrated that 31 of the national sample confessed to being victims of domestic violence domestic violence takes many forms including physical sexual emotional and mental traditionally domestic violence is committed against females common forms of violence against women in nigeria are rape acid attacks mo  le  station wife beating and corporal punishment the nigerian government has taken legal proceedings to prosecute men or abuse their women in several states there is currently a push in nigeria for federal laws concerning domestic violence and for a stronger national response and support for domestic violence issues
domestic violence in pakistan is an endemic social problem according to a study carried out in 2009 by human rights watch it is estimated that between 70 and 90 percent of women in pakistan have suffered some form of abuse an estimated 5000 women are killed per year from domestic violence with thousands of others ma  im  ed or disabled the majority of victims of violence have no legal recourse law enforcement authorities do not view domestic violence as a crime and usually refuse to register any cases brought to them given the very few women s shelters in the country victims have limited ability to escape from violent situations
domestic violence in panama is a serious problem and remains under  reported domestic violence including sp  ous  al rape psychological physical and economic abuse are crimin  alized panama enacted ley no 38 del 2001 against domestic violence in 2013 the country enacted law 82 ty  pi  fying fem  icide and violence against women ley 82 ti  pi  fic  a el fem  ic  idi  o y la viol  en  cia contr  a las mu  jer  es a comprehensive law against violence against women the integrated national system for criminal statistics si  ec reported 1 283 cases of domestic violence from january through june 2013 statistics for january through september from the pan  am  anian observatory against gender based violence showed that of the 47 women who died violently 30 died as a result of domestic violence
domestic violence in peru is a problem abuses are aggravated by in  sensitivity on the part of law enforcement and judicial authorities toward female victims
domestic violence in saudi arabia is a problem as in many parts of asia there is a deep cultural belief in saudi arabia that it is socially acceptable to hit a woman to discipline a spouse
domestic violence in uganda is a problem as it is in many parts of africa there is a deep cultural belief in uganda that it is socially acceptable to hit a woman to discipline her
domestic violence within lesbian relationships is the pattern of violent and coercive behavior in a female same sex relationship where a lesbian or other non heter  osex  ual woman seeks to control the thoughts beliefs or conduct of her female intimate partner in the case of multiple forms of domestic partner abuse it is also referred to as lesbian bat  tering although domestic violence is widely known as a heter  osex  ual issue it is a significant factor within lesbian relationships as well
dom  ing is a phenomenon found on some cr  t telev  is  ions in which parts of the shadow mask become heated in telev  is  ions that exhibit this behavior it tends to occur in high contrast scenes in which there is a largely dark scene with one or more loc  alized bright spots as the electr  on beam hits the shadow mask in these areas it he  ats un  evenly the shadow mask war  ps due to the heat differences which causes the electr  on gun to hit the wrong colored phosp  h  ors and incorrect colors to be displayed in the affected area
a domino effect or chain reaction is the cumulative effect produced when one event sets off a chain of similar events the term is best known as a mechanical effect and is used as an analogy to a falling row of domin  oes it typically refers to a linked sequence of events where the time between successive events is relatively small it can be used literally an observed series of actual collis  ions or met  aphor  ically causal linkages within systems such as global finance or politics
donn  ai – bar  row syndrome is a genetic disorder first described by dian donn  ai and margaret bar  row in 1993 it is associated with l  r  p 2 it is an inherited genetic disorder that affects many parts of the body
don  oh  ue syndrome also known as le  pre  cha  un  ism is an extremely rare and severe genetic disorder le  pre  cha  un  ism derives its name from the fact that people with the disease often have el  fin features and are smaller than usual affected individuals have an insulin recep  tor with greatly impaired functionality
donor fatigue is a phenomenon in which people no longer donate to charities although they have in the past on a larger scale it can also refer to a slowness to act on the part of the international community or any other donor base in response to a humanitarian crisis or call to action
dop  amine responsive dy  st  onia dr  d also known as hereditary progressive dy  st  onia with di  ur  nal fluctuation seg  awa s disease or seg  awa s dy  st  onia is a genetic movement disorder which usually manifests itself during early childhood at around ages 5 – 8 years variable start age characteristic symptoms are increased muscle tone dy  st  onia such as clu  b  foot and par  k  ins  onian features typically absent in the morning or after rest but worsening during the day and with exer  tion children with dr  d are often mis  diagnosed as having cere  br  al pal  sy the disorder responds well to treatment with le  vo  dop  a
dop  amine beta hydrox  yl  ase deficiency is a condition involving inadequate dop  amine beta hydrox  yl  ase it is characterized by increased amounts of serum dop  amine and the absence of nor ep  in  eph  rine and ep  in  eph  rine dop  amine is released in place of nor ep  in  eph  rine as a false neuro  transmitter this condition is sometimes referred to as no  rep  in  eph  rine deficiency dop  amine beta hydrox  yl  ase deficiency belongs to the rare diseases it is a rec  essive disorder
dop  amine dys  regulation syndrome d  ds is a dysfunction of the reward system observed in some individuals taking dop  am  iner  gic medications for an extended length of time it can occur in subjects with par  kinson s disease pd due to a long exposure to dop  amine replacement therapy dr  t it is characterized by self control problems such as addiction to medication gambling or sexual behavior
the word d  ord is a notable error in l  exi  co  graphy an accidental creation or ghost word of the g and c merri  am company s staff in the second 19  34 edition of its new international dic  tionary in which the term is defined as density philip bab  cock go  ve an editor at merri  am web  ster who became editor in chief of web  ster s third new international dic  tionary wrote a letter to the journal american speech fifteen years after the error was caught in which he explained why d  ord was included in that dic  tionary on july 31 1931 aus  tin m patter  son web  ster s chemistry editor sent in a slip reading d or d con  t density this was intended to add density to the existing list of words that the letter d can abbrevi  ate the slip somehow went astr  ay and the phrase d or d was misinterpreted as a single run together word d  ord this was a plausible mistake because head  words on slips were ty  ped with spaces between the letters making d or d look very much like d o r d a new slip was prepared for the printer and a part of speech assigned along with a pron  unciation the would be word got past proof  readers and appeared on page 771 of the dic  tionary around 19  34 on february 28 1939 an editor noticed d  ord lacked an e  ty  mo  logy and investigated soon an order was sent to the printer marked plate change imperative urgent in 1940 bound books began appearing without the ghost word but with a new abbreviation although inspection of printed copies well into the 1940 s show d  ord still present the non word d  ord was exc  ised and the definition of the adjacent entry dor  é furn  ace was expanded from a furn  ace for refining d  ore bul  lion to a furn  ace in which d  ore bul  lion is refined to close up the space go  ve wrote that this was probably too bad for why shouldn t d  ord mean density the entry d  ord was not removed until 1947
the z  ep  pel  in d i or z  ep  pel  in lind  au d i or z  ep  pel  in d i do as named in german documents was also sometimes referred postwar as the dor  nier d i or dor  nier z  ep  pel  in d i for the designer was a single seat all metal stressed skin mono  co  que canti  lever wing bi  plane fighter developed by claude dor  nier while working for lu  ft  schi  ff  bau z  ep  pel  in at their lind  au facility it was too late to see service with the german air force lu  ft  stre  it  kr  ä  f  te during world war one
the d  ory ri  ps is a phenomenon involving extreme tidal ag  itation of waters located in the bay of fund  y off the head  land of cape d or in nova sco  tia canada the phenomenon occurs at the entrance to the min  as basin which is known for the globe s highest ti  des the turbulence does not result from a simple rip tide but rather from the collision of three opposed tidal currents whose violence is enhanced by the presence of a sub  surface re  ef that forces the water upward the powerful incoming tidal current lo  ops back and colli  des with itself while another current cour  sing in sem  ic  ir  cular fashion around advocate bay sl  ams into the collision point at a 90 degree angle
dose dumping is a phenomenon of drug metabol  ism in which environmental factors can cause the premature and exaggerated release of a drug this can greatly increase the concentration of a drug in the body and thereby produce adverse effects or even drug induced toxicity dose dumping is most commonly seen in drugs taken by mouth and dig  ested in the gastro  intest  inal tract around the same time patients take their medication they can also ing  est other substances like fatty meals or alcohol that increase drug delivery the substances may act on the drug s cap  su  le to speed up drug release or they may stimulate the body s absor  ptive surfaces to increase the rate of drug uptake dose dumping is a disadvantage found in extended release do  sage form in general drug companies try to avoid drugs with significant dose dumping effects such drugs are prone to problems and are often pulled from the market such was the case with the pain medication p  all  ad  one once daily formulation due to its dose dumping effects when taken with alcohol
dot gain or t  onal value increase is a phenomenon in offset lith  o  graphy and some other forms of printing which causes printed material to look darker than intended it is caused by half  tone do  ts growing in area between the original printing film and the final printed result in practice this means that an image that has not been adjusted to account for dot gain will appear too dark when it is printed dot gain calculations are often an important part of a c  my  k color model
in software engineering a double chance function is a software design pattern with a strong application in cross platform and scal  able development consider a graphics api with functions to draw  point draw  line and draw  square it is easy to see that draw  line can be implemented solely in terms of draw  point and draw  square can in turn be implemented through four calls to draw  line if you were porting this api to a new architecture you would have a choice implement three different functions nati  vely taking more time to implement but likely resulting in faster code or write draw  point nati  vely and implement the others as described above using common cross platform code an important example of this approach is the x 11 graphics system which can be ported to new graphics hardware by providing a very small number of device dependent primi  tives leaving higher level functions to a hardware independent layer the double chance function is an optimal method of creating such an implementation whereby the first draft of the port can use the fast to market slow to run version with a common draw  point function while later versions can be modified as slow to market fast to run where the double chance pattern scores high is that the base api includes the self supporting implementation given here as part of the null driver and all other implement  ations are extensions of this consequently the first port is in fact the first usable implementation one typical implementation in c could be class c  bas  eg  f  x  api virtual void draw  point int x int y 0 abstract concept for the null driver virtual void draw  line int x 1 int y 1 int x 2 int y 2 draw  point repeated virtual void draw  square int x 1 int y 1 int x 2 int y 2 draw  line repeated class c  origin  alg  f  x  api public c  bas  eg  f  x  api virtual void draw  point int x int y the only necessary native calls virtual void draw  line int x 1 int y 1 int x 2 int y 2 if this function exists a native draw  line routine will be used otherwise the base implementation is run class c  new  gf  x  api public c  bas  eg  f  x  api virtual void draw  point int x int y the only necessary for native calls note that the c  bas  eg  f  x  api draw  point function is never used per se as any graphics call goes through one of its derived classes so a call to c  new  gf  x  api draw  square would have its first chance to render a square by the c  new  gf  x  api class if no native implementation exists then the base class is called at which point the virtu  alization takes over and means that c  new  gf  x  api draw  line is called this gives the c  new  gf  x  api class a “ second chance ” to use native code if any is available with this method it is theoretically possible to build an entire 3 d engine applying software ra  ster  izing using only one native function in the form of draw  point with other functions being implemented as and when time permits in practise this would be hopelessly slow but it does demonstrate the possibilities for double chance functions
in software engineering double checked locking also known as double checked locking optimi  zation is a software design pattern used to reduce the overhead of acquiring a lock by first testing the locking criterion the lock hint without actually acquiring the lock only if the locking criterion check indicates that locking is required does the actual locking logic proceed the pattern when implemented in some language hardware combinations can be unsafe at times it can be considered an anti pattern it is typically used to reduce locking overhead when implementing lazy initi  alization in a multi th  read  ed environment especially as part of the sing  leton pattern lazy initi  alization avoids initi  alizing a value until the first time it is accessed
in basketball a double is the accumulation of a double digit number total in one of five statistical categories — points reb  ounds assists ste  als and blocked shots — in a game multiple players usually score double digit points in any given basketball game the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double digit totals in more than one category a double double is the accumulation of a double digit number total in two of the five categories in a game the most common double double combination is points reb  ounds followed by points assists since the 1983 – 84 season tim dun  can leads the national basketball association n  ba in the points reb  ounds combination with 840 and john stock  ton leads the points assists combination with 714 a triple double is the accumulation of a double digit number total in three of the five categories in a game the most common way to achieve a triple double is through points reb  ounds and assists oscar rober  t  son leads the all time n  ba list with 181 and is the only player ever to average a triple double for a season le  bron james leads the list among active players with 42 a quadru  ple double is the accumulation of a double digit number total in four of the five categories in a game this has occurred five times in the n  ba a qu  intu  ple double is the accumulation of a double digit number total in all five categories in a game two qu  intu  ple dou  bles have been recorded by high school girls but none have occurred in college or professional games a similar accomplishment is the five by five which is the accumulation of at least five points five reb  ounds five assists five ste  als and five blocks in a game in the n  ba only ha  ke  em ol  a  ju  won and andrei ki  ri  len  ko have accumulated multiple five by fi  ves since the 1984 – 85 season
double a  or  tic arch da  a is a relatively rare con  genital cardiovascular mal  formation da  a is an anomaly of the a  or  tic arch in which two a  or  tic ar  ches form a complete vascular ring that can com  press the trac  hea and or es  op  ha  gus most commonly there is a larger dominant right arch behind and a smaller hypo  plastic left a  or  tic arch in front of the trac  hea es  op  ha  gus the two ar  ches join to form the descending a  or  ta which is usually on the left side but may be right sided or in the mid  line in some cases the end of the smaller left a  or  tic arch closes left at  re  tic arch and the vascular tissue becomes a fi  bro  us cord although in these cases a complete ring of two patent a  or  tic ar  ches is not present the term ‘ vascular ring ’ is the accepted generic term even in these anomalies the symptoms are related to the compression of the trac  hea es  op  ha  gus or both by the complete vascular ring diagnosis can often be suspected or made by chest x ray barium es  op  ha  gram or echo  cardi  o  graphy compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct or magnetic resonance imaging m  ri show the relationship of the a  or  tic ar  ches to the trac  hea and es  op  ha  gus and also the degree of trac  heal narrowing bron  cho  sco  py can be useful in internally assessing the degree of trac  he  om  al  ac  ia treatment is surgical and is indicated in all symptomatic patients in the current era the risk of mortality or significant morbi  dity after surgical division of the lesser arch is low however the pre  operative degree of trac  he  om  al  ac  ia has an important impact on post  operative recovery in certain patients it may take several months up to 1 – 2 years for the obstruc  tive respiratory symptoms whe  e  zing to disappear
double counting in accounting is an error whereby a transaction is counted more than once for whatever reason but in social accounting it also refers to a conceptual problem in social accounting practice when the attempt is made to estimate the new value added by gross output or the value of total investments
double diff  u  sive conv  ection is a fluid dynamics phenomenon that describes a form of conv  ection driven by two different density gr  adi  ents which have different rates of diffusion conv  ection in fluids is driven by density variations within them these density variations may be caused by gr  adi  ents in the composition of the fluid or by differences in temperature through thermal expansion thermal and com  posi  tional gr  adi  ents can often diffuse with time reducing their ability to drive the conv  ection and requiring that gr  adi  ents in other regions of the flow exist in order for conv  ection to continue a common example of double diff  u  sive conv  ection is in oce  ano  graphy where heat and salt concentrations exist with different gr  adi  ents and diffuse at differing rates an effect that affects both of these variables is the input of cold freshwater from an iceberg double diff  u  sive conv  ection is important in understanding the evolution of a number of systems that have multiple causes for density variations these include conv  ection in the earth s oceans as mentioned above in mag  ma chambers and in the sun where heat and heli  um diffuse at differing rates two quite different types of fluid motion exist — and therefore are classified accordingly — depending on whether the stable str  ati  fication is provided by the density affecting component with the lowest or the highest molecular diff  u  sivity if the str  ati  fication is provided by the component with the lower molecular diff  u  sivity for example in case of a stable salt str  ati  fied ocean per  tur  bed by a thermal gr  adi  ent due to an iceberg the str  ati  fication is called to be of diff  u  sive type see external link below otherwise it is of finger type occurring frequently in oce  ano  graphic studies as salt fingers these long fingers of rising and sinking water occur when hot sal  ine water lies over cold fresh water of a higher density a per  turb  ation to the surface of hot sal  ty water results in an element of hot sal  ty water surrounded by cold fresh water this element loses its heat more rapidly than its sal  inity because the diffusion of heat is faster than of salt this is analogous to the way in which just un  stirred coffee goes cold before the sugar has diff  used to the top because the water becomes cool  er but remains sal  ty it becomes d  ens  er than the fluid layer beneath it this makes the per  turb  ation grow and causes the downward extension of a salt finger as this finger grows additional thermal diffusion acceler  ates this effect
the double feature also known as a double bill was a motion picture industry phenomenon in which theatre managers would exhibit two films for the price of one suppl  anting an earlier format in which one feature film and various short subject re  els would be shown
a double in  let left ven  tric  le di  lv or single ven  tric  le is a con  genital heart defect appearing in 5 in 100 000 new  bor  ns where both the left atri  um and the right atri  um feed into the left ven  tric  le the right ven  tric  le is hypo  plastic or does not exist
double outlet right ven  tric  le dor  v is a form of con  genital heart disease where both of the great arter  ies connect in whole or in part to the right ven  tric  le r  v in some cases it is found that this occurs on the left side of the heart rather than the right side
a double sunset is a rare a  stro geographical phenomenon in which the sun sets twice on the same evening from a specific place the phenomenon is traditionally associated with the town of le  ek in staf  for  d  shire from where it is viewed on and around the summer sol  s  tice in good weather the occurrence was first recorded in writing in 16  86 by dr robert plot in his book the natural history of staf  ford shire although it has been argued that the first people to witness the spectacle may well have been danish settlers from the great army which invaded england in the ninth century the traditional site for observing the phenomenon was the chur  ch  yard of saint edward the conf  essor from a particular point in which the whole of the sun set on the summit of the cloud a mill  stone gr  it hill six miles to the northwest the sun partially re  appeared from the cloud s steep northern slope and soon afterwards set for a second and final time on the horizon the spectacle was last reliably witnessed and fil  med from the chur  ch  yard in 1977 but is no longer visible from the location because of tree interference it is however still observ  able from le  ek on and around the summer sol  s  tice from the road to pick  wood hall off mill  town way and from lowe hill on the out  skirts of the town better viewing points though are from the a 523 above ru  dy  ard reservoir and wood  house green both of which are nearer to the cloud and therefore enable a larger proportion of the sun to re  appear further double sun  sets were discovered by the writer jeff kent in 1997 from three places in west der  by  shire observed against the lime  stone re  ef kno  lls ch  rome hill par  k  house hill and thor  pe cloud the ch  rome hill phenomenon is observed from glu  tton bridge for a short period around the summer sol  s  tice the sun sets just to the southwest of the summit of the hill begins to re emerge almost immediately afterwards from its steep nor  the  astern slope before fully re  appearing and later sets for a second and final time at the foot of the hill the par  k  house hill occurrence is visible from nearby glu  tton gr  ange in late march early april and september the sun sets just to the south of the summit of the hill begins to re emerge almost immediately afterwards from its steep northern slope before fully re  appearing and later sets for a second and final time at the foot of the hill the thor  pe cloud event is viewed from the top of nearby lin dale on and around the summer sol  s  tice and perhaps beyond the sun sets on the summit of the hill partially re  appears from its steep northern slope and sets for a second and final time shortly afterwards
double top and double bottom are reversal chart patterns observed in the technical analysis of financial trading markets of stocks commodities currencies and other assets
doubling the cu  be also known as the deli  an problem is an ancient geome  tric problem given the edge of a cu  be the problem requires the construction of the edge of a second cu  be whose volume is double that of the first using only the tools of a compass and straigh  te  dge as with the related problems of squ  aring the circle and tr  is  ecting the angle doubling the cu  be is now known to be impossible the egyptians indians and particularly the greeks were aware of the problem and made many futile attempts at solving what they saw as an ob  st  inate but soluble problem however the non  existence of a solution was finally proven by pierre w  ant  zel in 18  37 in al  ge  bra  ic terms doubling a unit cu  be requires the construction of a line segment of length x where x 3 2 in other words x 3 √ 2 this is because a cu  be of side length 1 has a volume of 13 1 and a cu  be of twice that volume a volume of 2 has a side length of the cu  be root of 2 the impossibility of doubling the cu  be is therefore equivalent to the statement that 3 √ 2 is not a construc  tible number this is a consequence of the fact that the coordinates of a new point constructed by a compass and straigh  te  dge are roots of poly  no  mi  als over the field generated by the coordinates of previous points of no greater degree than a quad  r  atic this implies that the degree of the field extension generated by a construc  tible point must be a power of 2 the field extension generated by 3 √ 2 however is of degree 3
dou  cas and ka  pe  tan  akis pi  gm  ented pur  pur  a is a skin condition characterized by scal  y and ec  zem  at  ous pat  ches which also have pe  tec  hi  ae and h  emo  sid  erin stain  ing it is also known as ecz  emato  id pur  pur  a or ecz  emato  id like pur  pur  a it was characterized in 1953
the dove pan is a classic magic effect in which a magician produces a dove from an empty pan the illusion continues to be performed by professional and amateur mag  icians the effect consists of a shallow pan made of brass or aluminium and a matching lid which has a very deep rim or shoulder all around that fits inside the pan when closed the pan is usually no more than ten inches in diameter and roughly 2 3 inches deep dove p  ans are a common item at mag  icians supply stores in presentation the magician demonstrates that the pan is empty and then fills it with a small quantity of a volatile liquid which is ign  ited often the magician will place other items in the pan e g cracking an egg into it before setting the fuel on fire to extingu  ish the fire the magician sl  ams the lid onto the pan when the magician removes the lid a dove flies from the pan which is shown to be otherwise empty
the dow  d – bec  k  with ring expansion reaction is an organic reaction in which a cyclic β ke  to ester is expanded by up to 4 carbons in a free radical ring expansion reaction through an α al  k  yl  hal  o substitu  ent the radical initi  ator system is based on ai  bn and tribu  ty  l  tin hy  dri  de the cyclic β ke  to ester can be obtained through a di  eck  mann condens  ation the original reaction consisted of a nucle  oph  il  ic ali  ph  atic substitution of the en  ol  ate of ethyl cyclo  hex  an  one 2 car  box  y  late with 1 4 di  i  odo  bu  tane and sodium hy  dri  de followed by ring expansion to ethyl cyclo  dec  an  one 6 car  box  y  late a side reaction is organic reduction of the i  odo  al  kane dow  d – bec  k  with ring expansion g  if
down syndrome ds or d  ns also known as tr  is  omy 21 is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chro  mo  some 21 it is typically associated with physical growth delays characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability the average i  q of a young adult with down syndrome is 50 equivalent to the mental age of an 8 or 9 year old child but this can vary widely the parents of the affected individual are typically genetically normal the extra chro  mo  some occurs by random chance the risk increases from less than 0 1 in 20 year old mothers to 3 in those age 45 there is no known behavioral activity or environmental factor that changes the risk down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by pre  natal screening followed by diagnostic testing or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing since the introduction of screening pregnancies with the diagnosis are often terminated regular screening for health problems common in down syndrome is recommended throughout the person s life there is no cure for down syndrome education and proper care have been shown to improve quality of life some children with down syndrome are educated in typical school classes while others require more specialized education some individuals with down syndrome graduate from high school and a few attend post secondary education in adul  thood about 20 in the united states do paid work in some capacity with many requiring a sheltered work environment support in financial and legal matters is often needed life expectancy is around 50 to 60 years in the developed world with proper health care down syndrome is one of the most common chro  mo  some ab  norm  alities in humans it occurs in about one per 1000 babies born each year in 2013 down syndrome was present in 8 5 million individuals and resulted in 36 000 deaths down from 43 000 deaths in 1990 it is named after john lang  don down the british doctor who fully described the syndrome in 18  66 some aspects of the condition were described earlier by jean é  ti  enne dominique es  qui  rol in 18  38 and é  dou  ard sé  guin in 18  44 the genetic cause of down syndrome — an extra copy of chro  mo  some 21 — was identified by french researchers in 1959
down  step is a phenomenon in language where when two sy  ll  ables have the same tone for example both have high tone or both have mid tone the second sy  ll  able is lower in pitch than the first two main kinds of down  step can be distinguished the first more usually called automatic down  step down  drift or cat  ath  esis occurs when high and low tones come in the sequence h l l h then the second high tone tends to be lower than the first because of the intervening low t  oned sy  ll  able this phenomenon is common in african languages it has also been argued that it is this same phenomenon which causes english sentences such as i really believe e  bene  zer was a dealer in magnesium or i bought blue  berries bay  berries rasp  berries mul  berries and br  am  ble  berries if these sentences are pronounced with a falling int  on  ation to fall gradually in pitch with each acc  ented sy  ll  able here underlined slightly lower than the last down  step proper or non automatic down  step on the other hand is a phenomenon found especially in west african languages such as ig  bo when of two high tones in succeeding sy  ll  ables that is in the sequence h h the second is lower than the first in such languages when two high tones come one after the other either they are at the same height or if there is a down  step the second one is lower the second high tone is also lower than the preceding one if there is an intervening low in the sequence h l h as described above thus the high tones in a simple sentence tend to descend downwards from the beginning to the end of the sentence in a series of steps a phenomenon known as tone terr  ac  ing the symbol for this second kind of down  step in the international ph  one  tic alp  ha  bet is a su  pers  cript down arrow ↓ it is common to see a su  pers  cript ex  clam  ation mark used instead due to ty  po  graphic constraints it has been shown that in most if not all cases of down  step proper the lowering of the second high tone is caused because an intervening low t  oned sy  ll  able has dropped out i e what was formerly h l h has become h h this missing low t  oned sy  ll  able creates what is known as a floating tone an example occurs in bam  bar  a a language spoken in mali in this language the definite article is a floating low tone with a nou  n in isolation it docks to the preceding vo  wel turning a high tone into a falling tone however when it occurs between two high tones it down  steps the following tone japanese pitch accent may be compared to this about 80 of japanese words have an evenly rising pitch something like french which carries over onto a following un  stressed gr  amm  atical particle however about 20 of words have a drop in pitch between sy  ll  ables or before a gr  amm  atical particle an example is in isolation like this the first word has a high low pitch whereas the second and third are hom  ony  ms with a low high pitch the first sy  ll  able is only low when the word is said in isolation however all three are distinct when followed by the nomin  ative particle ga
the doyle – kir  m  se reaction is an organic reaction in which in the original scope an all  yl sul  fide reacts with trim  ethyl  sil  yl  di  az  omethane to form the homo  all  yl sul  fide compound the reaction was first reported by w kir  m  se in 1968 and modified by m p doyle in 1981 doyle kir  m  se reaction the kir  m  se protocol required a copper salt the reaction type is nucle  oph  il  ic addition of sul  fur to a metal car  bene formed from the di  az  o  al  kane followed by a stevens like re  arrangement doyle expanded the scope of the reaction to include di  az  o compounds such as ethyl di  az  o  acetate all  yl am  ines and all  yl hali  des with rho  dium cataly  sts such as hex  ad  ec  ac  ar  bon  yl  hex  ar  ho  dium an example is the reaction of ethyl di  az  o  acetate with all  yl io  di  de doyle di  az  o compound reaction the reaction can also be cataly  zed by iron p  all  adi  um and silver modifications using other car  ben  es are reported e g 2 fur  yl car  ben  oids with use of certain pro  par  gy  l sul  fi  des the reaction product is an all  ene
dr  ac  un  cu  li  asis also called guinea worm disease g  wd is an infection by the guinea worm a person becomes infected when they drink water that contains water fle  as infected with guinea worm lar  v  ae initially there are no symptoms about one year later the person develops a painful burning feeling as the female worm forms a bl  ister in the skin usually on the lower limb the worm then comes out of the skin over the course of a few weeks during this time it may be difficult to walk or work it is very un  common for the disease to cause death in humans the only known cause is dr  ac  un  cul  us med  in  ensis the worm is about one to two milli  meters wide and an adult female is 60 to 100 centi  meters long males are much shorter at 12 – 29 mm or 0 47 – 1 14 in outside of humans the young form can survive up to three weeks during which they must be eaten by water fle  as to continue to develop the lar  va inside water fle  as may survive up to four months thus in order for the disease to remain in an area it must occur each year in humans a diagnosis of the disease can usually be made based on the signs and symptoms of the disease prevention is by early diagnosis of the disease followed by keeping the person from putting the wound in drinking water to decrease spread of the parasite other efforts include improving access to clean water and otherwise filtering water if it is not clean filtering through a cloth is often enough contaminated drinking water may be treated with a chemical called tem  e  fos to kill the lar  va there is no medication or vaccine against the disease the worm may be slowly removed over a few weeks by rolling it over a stick the ul  cers formed by the emerging worm may get infected by bacteria pain may continue for months after the worm has been removed in 2015 there were 22 reported cases of the disease and in the first half of 2016 there were 7 confirmed cases this is down from an estimated 3 5 million cases in 1986 it only exists in 4 countries in africa down from 20 countries in the 1980 s it will likely be the first par  asi  tic disease to be globally eradicated guinea worm disease has been known since ancient times it is mentioned in the egyptian medical e  bers pap  y  rus dating from 15  50 bc the name dr  ac  un  cu  li  asis is derived from the latin afflic  tion with little drag  ons while the name guinea worm appeared after europeans saw the disease on the guinea coast of west africa in the 17 th century other dr  ac  un  cul  us species are known to infect various mammals but do not appear to infect humans dr  ac  un  cu  li  asis is classified as a neglected tropical disease because dogs may also become infected the eradication program is monitoring and treating dogs as well
in engineering draft is the amount of tap  er for mol  ded or cast parts per  pend  icular to the par  ting line it can be measured in degrees or mm mm in in consider the fabric  ation of a hollow plastic box without lid once the plastic has hardened around the mold the mold must be removed as the plastic hard  ens it may contract slightly by tap  ering the sides of the mold by an appropriate draft angle for instance 2 ° two degrees the mold will be easier to remove this is a practice that is used in applicable cases when working with fi  ber  glass if the mold is to be removed from the top the box should tap  er in towards the bottom such that measuring the bottom internal dimension will yield a smaller length and width than measuring the top from which the mold is extracted by specifying the opening length and width a draft angle and a depth it is not necessary to specify the dimensions for the internal surface as these may be calculated from the above the manufacture of a part that incorporates zero or negative angles may require a mold that can be separated into two or more parts in order to release the casting
in fluid dynamics drag crisis is a phenomenon in which drag coefficient drops off suddenly as reynolds number increases this has been well studied for round bodies like spheres and cylin  ders the drag coefficient of a sphere will change rapidly from about 0 5 to 0 2 at a reynolds number in the range of 300000 this corresponds to the point where the flow pattern changes leaving a narrower turbulent wake the behaviour is highly dependent on small differences in the condition of the surface of the sphere
a drainage basin or catchment basin is an extent or an area of land where all surface water from rain melting snow or ice conver  ges to a single point at a lower elev  ation usually the exit of the basin where the waters join another body of water such as a river lake reservoir estu  ary wet  land sea or ocean thus if a tribu  tary stream joins a brook that in turn joins a small river which is a tribu  tary of a larger river there is a series of successively larger and lower elev  ation drainage basins for instance the mis  sour  i and ohio rivers are within their own drainage basins and also within the drainage basin of the mississippi river other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment catchment area drainage area river basin and water basin in north america the term watershed is commonly used to mean a drainage basin though in other english speaking countries it is used only in its original sense to mean a drainage divide the former meaning an area the latter the high elev  ation perimeter of that area drainage basins drain into other drainage basins in a hierarchical pattern with smaller sub drainage basins combining into larger drainage basins in closed endor  he  ic drainage basins the water conver  ges to a single point inside the basin known as a sink which may be a permanent lake a dry lake or a point where surface water is lost underground the drainage basin includes all the streams and rivers that convey the water towards the sink as well as the land surfaces from which water dra  ins into those channels the drainage basin acts as a fun  nel by collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channelling it to a single point each drainage basin is separated topo  graphically from adjacent basins by a perimeter the drainage divide making up a succession of higher geographical features such as a ridge hill or mountains forming a barrier drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydro  logic units which are drainage areas deline  ated so as to nest into a multi level hierarchical drainage system hydro  logic units are defined to allow multiple in  lets outlets or sinks in a strict sense all drainage basins are hydro  logic units but not all hydro  logic units are drainage basins
in ge  om  or  pho  logy drainage systems also known as river systems are the patterns formed by the streams rivers and lakes in a particular drainage basin they are governed by the topo  graphy of the land whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks and the gr  adi  ent of the land ge  om  or  pho  logists and hydro  logists often view streams as being part of drainage basins a drainage basin is the topo  graphic region from which a stream receives run  off through  flow and groundwater flow the number size and shape of the drainage basins found in an area vary and the larger the topo  graphic map the more information on the drainage basin is available
drama theory is one of the problem structuring methods in operations research it is based on game theory and adap  ts the use of games to complex organisational situations accounting for emotional responses that can provoke irrational reactions and lead the players to redefine the game in a drama emotions trigger ration  alizations that create changes in the game and so change follows change until either all conflicts are resolved or action becomes necessary the game as redefined is then played drama theory was devised by professor ni  gel howard in the early 90 s and since then has been turned to defense political health industrial relations and commercial applications drama theory is an extension of howard s met  ag  ame analysis work developed at the university of pennsylvania in the late 1960 s and presented formally in his book paradox  es of rationality published by mit press met  ag  ame analysis was originally used to advise on the strategic arms limitation talks salt
dra  pe  tom  ania was a con  jec  tural mental illness that in 18  51 american physician samuel a car  tw  right hypothe  sized to cause black slaves to flee captivity it has since been deb  un  ked as pseu  do  science and part of the edifice of scientific racism
dra  vet syndrome also known as severe my  o  cl  onic epi  le  psy of infancy sme  i is a type of epi  le  psy with seizures that are often triggered by hot temperatures or fever it often begins around six months of age
draw limit is a restriction on number of games drawn in a season it was an administrative measure in league football competitions that was implemented in the soviet union by the football federation of the soviet union in 1978 1988 the reason for such measure was to fight match fixing as well as increase the entertainment and intensity of the national championship the limit provided that over certain set number of allowed draws no points were awarded for any additional drawn games for example if the federation set the draw limit at 10 for a given championship points were awarded to teams only for the first 10 drawn games and none for any additional
in automotive engineering draw  bar pull is the amount of horizontal force available to a vehicle at the draw  bar for accelerating or pulling a load draw  bar pull is a function of velocity and in general decreases as the speed of the vehicle increases due both to increasing resistance and decreasing transmission gear ratios draw  bar pull is the difference between tr  active effort available and tr  active effort required to overcome resistance at a specified speed draw  bar pull data for a vehicle is usually determined by measuring the amount of available tr  active force using a dynam  ome  ter and then combining that data with coast  down data to obtain the available draw  bar pull force at each speed
dream telep  athy is the pur  ported ability to communicate telep  ath  ically with another person while one is dreaming the first person in modern times to document telep  ath  ic dreaming was sigmund fre  ud in the 1940 s it was the subject of the eisen  bud pe  der  son kra  g fo  dor ellis controversy named after the pre  eminent psycho  analysts of the time who were involved ju  le eisen  bud ger  al  dine pe  der  son kra  g n  andor fo  dor and albert ellis there is no scientific evidence that dream telep  athy is a real phenomenon par  ap  sy  cho  logical experiments into dream telep  athy have not produced replic  able results
dres  sl  er syndrome is a secondary form of peric  ardi  tis that occurs in the setting of injury to the heart or the peric  ardi  um the outer lining of the heart it consists of fever ple  uri  tic pain peric  ardi  tis and or a peric  ardi  al eff  usion dres  sl  er syndrome is also known as post  my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion syndrome and the term is sometimes used to refer to post peric  ardi  o  tomy peric  ardi  tis it was first characterized by william dres  sl  er at ma  im  on  ides medical center in 1956 it should not be confused with the dres  sl  er s syndrome of ha  emo  glob  in  ur  ia named for lucas dres  sl  er who characterized it in 18  54
in the dun  geons and drag  ons ro  le  playing game a dri  der is an aberr  ation that was formerly a d  row dark elf dri  ders are centa  ur like creatures in the game appearing as d  row from the wa  ist up with their lower portions replaced by the ab  dom  en and legs of immense sp  id  ers they are most commonly found in the under  dark
drift migration is the phenomenon in which migr  ating birds are blown off course by the winds while they are in flight it is more likely to happen to birds heading south in autumn because the large numbers of inexperienced young birds are less able to compensate than the adults heading north in spring drift is assisted by dis  orient  ating conditions such as mist or dri  zzle and can result in large numbers of birds arriving together in an area in which they are not normally seen in the uk this is called a fall while in the u s it is known as a fallout though in the latter case it need not involve vag  rant birds an example would be an east wind in september blowing scandinavian migrants such as blu  eth  ro  ats w  ry  necks and the continental race of robin onto the east coast of england and scotland leading to temporary concentrations of these species at head  lands like spur  n
the driver scheduling problem d  sp is type of problem in operations research and theoretical computer science the d  sp consists of selecting a set of duties assignments for the drivers or pilots of vehicles e g buses trains boats or planes involved in the transportation of passengers or goods this very complex problem involves several constraints related to labour and company rules and also different evaluation criteria and objectives being able to solve this problem efficiently can have a great impact on costs and quality of service for public transportation companies there is a large number of different rules that a feasible duty might be required to satisfy such as minimum and maximum stretch duration minimum and maximum break duration minimum and maximum work duration minimum and maximum total duration maximum extra work duration maximum number of vehicle changes minimum driving duration of a particular vehicle operations research has provided optimi  zation models and algori  th  ms that lead to efficient solutions for this problem among the most common models proposed to solve the d  sp are the set covering and set parti  tioning models spp sc  p in the spp model each work piece task is covered by only one duty in the sc  p model it is possible to have more than one duty covering a given work piece in both models the set of work pieces that needs to be covered is laid out in rows and the set of previously defined feasible duties available for covering specific work pieces is arranged in columns the d  sp resolution based on either of these models is the selection of the set of feasible duties that guarantees that there is one spp or more sc  p duties covering each work piece while minim  izing the total cost of the final schedule
dro  mom  ania also travelling fu  gue is an uncontrollable psychological urge to w  ander people with this condition spontaneously depart from their routine travel long distances and take up different identities and occupations in the common english vern  ac  ular this is often rendered simply as wan  der  l  ust directly from the german although dro  mom  ania does imply a psychological compulsion usually on one s own and often without one s conscious knowledge rather than a more generalised desire to travel the most famous case was that of jean albert d  adas a bor  deaux gas fit  ter d  adas would suddenly set out on foot and reach cities as far away as prague vienna or moscow with no memory of his travels a medical student philippe tis  sie wrote about d  adas in his doc  toral dis  ser  tation in 18  87 jean martin char  cot presented a similar case he called autom  atis  me ambul  ato  ire french for ambul  atory autom  atism or walking around without being in control of one s own actions more generally the term is sometimes used to describe people who have a strong emotional or even physical need to be constantly traveling and experiencing new places often at the expense of their normal family work and social lives
in music a drone is a harmon  ic or mon  op  hon  ic effect or ac  comp  anim  ent where a note or ch  ord is continuously sounded throughout most or all of a piece the word drone is also used to refer to any part of a musical instrument that is just used to produce such an effect as is the archaic term burden bour  don or bur  don such as the drone pipe of a bag  pipe the pe  dal point in an organ or the lowest course of a lu  te burden also refers to a part of a song that is repeated at the end of each stan  za such as the chorus or refrain the term comes from the french bour  don a staff or a pipe made in the form of a staff the drone does not take its name from the bee it is a far older word sharing an in  do european root d  h  ran to drone to h  um with the san  sk  r  it d  h  ran the greek thre  n os and the english th  rum drum and dream
dro  oling also known as sali  vation dri  vel  ing dri  b  bling s  lob  bering or in a medical context si  al  or  rhe  a is the flow of sali  va outside the mouth dro  oling can be caused by excess production of sali  va inability to retain sali  va within the mouth in  contin  ence of sali  va or problems with sw  allowing dy  sp  ha  gia or od  y  no  p  ha  gia frequent and harmless cases are a num  bed mouth from either or  aj  el or when going to the dentist office isolated dro  oling in healthy infants and to  dd  lers is normal and is unlikely to be a sign of either disease or complications it may be associated with tee  thing dro  oling in infants and young children may be exacerbated by upper respiratory infections and nas  al allergies some people with dro  oling problems are at increased risk of inhal  ing sali  va food or fluids into the lungs mainly if dro  oling is secondary to a neuro  logical problem however if the body s normal reflex mechanisms such as g  agging and cou  gh  ing are not impaired this is not life threatening
in graphic design a drop shadow is a visual effect consisting of a drawing element which looks like the shadow of an object giving the impression that the object is raised above the objects behind it the drop shadow is often used for elements of a graphical user interface such as windows or men  us and for simple text the text label for i  cons on des  k  tops in many des  k  top environments has a drop shadow as this effect effectively distinguishes the text from any colored background it may be in front of a simple way of drawing a drop shadow of a rec  tang  ular object is to draw a gray or black area underneath and offset from the object in general a drop shadow is a copy in black or gray of the object drawn in a slightly different position realism may be increased by 1 dark  ening the colors of the pi  x  els where the shadow casts instead of making them gray this can be done with alpha blending the shadow with the area it is cast on 2 sof  tening the edges of the shadow this can be done by adding ga  us  sian blur to the shadow s alpha channel before blending
a dro  p  out is a mom  entary loss of signal in a communications system usually caused by noise propagation anomalies or system mal  functions for analo  g signals a dro  p  out is frequently gradual and partial depending on the cause for digital signals dro  p  outs are more pronounced usually being sudden and complete due to the cliff effect in mobile telephony a dro  p  out of more than a few seconds will result in a dropped call
in electronics the dro  p  out voltage of a voltage regulator is the smallest possible difference between the input voltage and output voltage to remain inside the regulator s intended operating range for example a regulator with 5 vol  t output and 2 vol  t dro  p  out voltage rating will only output 5 vol  ts if the input voltage is above 7 vol  ts 7 vol  t input 5 vol  t output 2 vol  t dro  p  out if the input falls below 7 vol  ts the output will fail to regulate to 5 vol  ts dro  p  out voltage can be as high as 2 vol  ts for a general purpose integrated circuit regulator such as the 78 xx series but a low dro  p  out regulator may have a dro  p  out of less than 100 mv at full load dro  p  out voltage will vary depending on the load on the regulator usually increasing under higher load due to the internal resistance of the regulator s pass trans  is  tor and circu  it  ry dro  p  out voltage also varies with respect to temperature dro  p  out voltage is usually specified over a range of loads and temperatures dro  p  out voltage and qui  es  cent current determine the efficiency of the voltage regulator lower dro  p  out voltage improves efficiency
the drought in the northeast region of brazil is a natural phenomenon resulting from lack of rain in the aforementioned region of brazil which has high temperatures with low rainfall during the year
drowning is defined as respiratory impairment from being in or under a liquid it is further classified by outcome into death ongoing health problems and no ongoing health problems using the term near drowning to refer to those who survive is no longer recommended drowning itself is quick and silent although it may be preceded by distress which is more visible generally in the early stages of drowning very little water enters the lungs a small amount of water entering the trac  hea causes a muscular sp  asm that seals the air  way and prevents the passage of both air and water until un  consciousness occurs this means a person drowning is unable to shout or call for help or seek attention as they cannot obtain enough air the instinc  tive drowning response is the final set of autonom  ic reactions in the 20 – 60 seconds before sinking underwater and to the un  trained eye can look similar to calm safe behavior life  guards and other persons trained in rescue learn to recognize drowning people by watching for these movements in 2013 there were about 1 7 million cases of drowning un  intentional drowning is the third leading cause of un  intentional injury resulting in death worldwide in 2013 it was estimated to have resulted in 368 000 deaths down from 545 000 deaths in 1990 of these deaths 82 000 occurred in children less than five years old it accounts for 7 of all injury related deaths excluding those due to natural disasters with 91 of these deaths occurring in low income and middle income countries drowning occurs more frequently in males and the young the rate of drowning in populations around the world varies widely according to their access to water the climate and the national swimming culture
a drug elu  ting st  ent des is a peripheral or coron  ary st  ent a sc  aff  old placed into narrowed dise  ased peripheral or coron  ary arter  ies that slowly releases a drug to block cell proliferation this prevents fi  bro  sis that together with clo  ts thro  m  bi could otherwise block the st  ented artery a process called rest  en  osis the st  ent is usually placed within the peripheral or coron  ary artery by an interventi  onal cardi  o  logist or interventi  onal radio  logist during an an  gi  op  la  sty procedure drug elu  ting st  ents in current clinical use were approved by the f  da after clinical trials showed they were statistically superior to bare metal st  ents for the treatment of native coron  ary artery narro  wings having lower rates of major adverse cardiac events usually defined as a composite clinical end  point of death my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion repeat intervention because of rest  en  osis the first drug elu  ting st  ents to be approved in europe and the u s were co  ated with pac  lit  axel or an m  tor inhi  bit  or such as si  ro  lim  us
drug induced an  gi  oe  dem  a is a known complic  ation of the use of an  gi  ot  ens  in converting enzyme ace inhi  bit  ors an  gi  ot  ens  in ii antagon  ists ar  bs and an  gi  ot  ens  in ne  pri  lys  in inhi  bit  or l  cz 9  69 the an  gi  oe  dem  a appears to be dose dependent as it may resolve with decreased dose some common ace inhi  bit  ors are ben  az  e  pri  l lot  ens  in cap  top  ril ca  po  ten en  al  april vas  ot  ec lis  in  op  ril pr  ini  vi  l z  est  ril ram  i  pri  l alt  ace some common ar  bs are can  desar  tan at  ac  and los  ar  tan co  za  ar ol  mes  ar  tan ben  ic  ar val  sar  tan dio  van an  gi  oe  dem  a presents itself as an abrupt onset of non pit  ting non it  chy sw  elling that involves the mu  cos  al layers some common locations of an  gi  oe  dem  a are the face particularly the lips and around the eyes hands and feet and gen  italia a rare yet serious complic  ation is one inside the ab  dom  en the symptom usually being severe stomach upset which is much less obvious than the other locations the chance of drug induced an  gi  oe  dem  a is extremely un  common however as studies show incidence of less than 1 the reason this adverse effect may occur is due to the build up of brad  y  kin  in a vas  o  di  lat  or this causes blood vessels to di  late and allow for fluid buil  dup in the mu  cos  al surfaces
drug induced auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia is a form of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia in some cases a drug can cause the immune system to mistakenly think the body s own red blood cells are dangerous foreign substances antibodies then develop against the red blood cells the antibodies attach to red blood cells and cause them to break down too early drugs that can cause this type of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia include cephal  os  por  ins a class of antibiotics – most common cause dap  s  one le  vo  dop  a le  vo  flo  x  ac  in meth  yl  dop  a nitro  fur  an  to  in non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids phen  az  op  y  ri  dine py  ri  dium quin  id  ine pen  ic  ill  in in high doses can induce immune medi  ated hem  ol  ysis via the hap  ten mechanism in which antibodies are targeted against the combination of pen  ic  ill  in in association with red blood cells complement is activated by the attached anti  body leading to the removal of red blood cells by the sp  leen the drug itself can be targeted by the immune system e g by i  ge in a type i hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction to pen  ic  ill  in rarely leading to an  ap  hy  lax  is
drug induced fever is a symptom of an adverse drug reaction where  in the administration of drugs intended to help a patient causes a hyper  metabol  ic state resulting in fever the drug may interfere with heat dissip  ation periph  er  ally increase the rate of metabol  ism ev  oke a cellular or hu  moral immune response mim  ic endo  genous pyro  gen or damage tissues
drug induced ker  ato  der  ma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a hor  n  like skin tex  ture
drug induced li  po  dy  stro  phy is a cu  taneous condition that presents as one or multiple depressed areas i e ind  ent  ations usually on the proxim  al extre  mi  ties ranging from under a few centi  meters to greater than 20 cm in diameter
drug induced lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus di  l or di  le is an auto  immune disorder similar to systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le caused by chronic use of certain drugs these drugs cause an auto  immune response the body attacks its own cells producing symptoms similar to those of s  le there are 38 known medications to cause di  l but there are three that report the highest number of cases hydr  al  az  ine proc  ain  amide and is  oni  az  id while the criteria for diagno  sing di  l has not been thoroughly established symptoms of di  l typically present as muscle pain and joint pain generally the symptoms rece  de after dis  continuing use of the drugs
drug induced non  auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia is a form of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia non immune drug induced hem  ol  ysis can occur via oxid  ative mechanisms this is particularly likely to occur when there is an enzyme deficiency in the antioxid  ant defense system of the red blood cells an example is where anti  mal  arial oxid  ant drugs like pri  ma  qu  ine damage red blood cells in glucose 6 phosphate de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency in which the red blood cells are more susceptible to oxid  ative stress due to reduced nad  ph production consequent to the enzyme deficiency some drugs cause r  bc red blood cell lysis even in normal individuals these include dap  s  one and sul  fas  al  az  ine non immune drug induced hem  ol  ysis can also arise from drug induced damage to cell volume control mechanisms for example drugs can directly or indirectly impair regulatory volume decrease mechanisms which become activated during hy  pot  onic r  bc sw  elling to return the cell to a normal volume the consequence of the drugs actions are irreversible cell sw  elling and lysis e g ou  ab  ain at very high doses
drug induced skin disorders may take on many different appearances one of the most common being a change in the color or pi  gm  entation of the skin
drug induced pr  ur  it  us is it  chin  ess of the skin caused by medication a pr  uri  tic reaction that is generalized
drug induced pseu  d  olymp  homa results from exposure to medications which results in cu  taneous infl  am  matory patterns that resemble lymp  homa most frequently my  co  sis fun  go  ides
drug induced pur  pur  a is a skin condition that may be related to plat  elet destruction vessel fragility interference with plat  elet function or vas  cu  li  tis
drug induced thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a is a skin condition result from a low plat  elet count due to drug induced anti plat  elet antibodies caused by drugs such as he  par  in sul  fon  am  ines di  go  x  in quin  ine and quin  id  ine
drug induced ur  tic  aria occurs by immun  o  logic and non  immun  o  logic mechanisms ur  tic  aria most commonly caused by aspir  in and n  s  aids
drug related g  ing  i  val hyper  pl  asia is a cu  taneous condition characterized by enlargement of the g  ums noted during the first year of drug treatment there are three drug classes that are associated with this condition namely anti  con  vul  s  ants such as phen  yo  to  in and phen  ob  arti  bal calcium channel bloc  ker such as am  lop  id  ine ni  fe  di  pine and ver  ap  am  il and cic  los  por  in an immun  o  sup  pres  sant although the mechanism of drug related g  ing  i  val hyper  pl  asia is not well understood some risk factors for the condition include the duration of drug use and poor oral hygiene in most cases alternative drugs are given in order to avoid this side effect
a drug allergy is an allergy to a drug most commonly a medication medical attention should be sought immediately if an allergic reaction is suspected an allergic reaction will not occur on the first exposure to a substance the first exposure allows the body to create antibodies and memory lymp  ho  cy  te cells for the antigen however drugs often contain many different substances including d  yes which could cause allergic reactions this can cause an allergic reaction on the first administration of a drug for example a person who developed an allergy to a red dy  e will be allergic to any new drug which contains that red dy  e a drug allergy is different from an intolerance a drug intolerance which is often a mil  der non immune medi  ated reaction does not depend on prior exposure most people who believe they are allergic to aspir  in are actually suffering from a drug intolerance
in medicine a drug eruption is an adverse drug reaction of the skin most drug induced cu  taneous reactions are mild and disappear when the offending drug is withdrawn these are called simple drug erup  tions however more serious drug erup  tions may be associated with organ injury such as liver or kidney damage and are categ  orized as complex drugs can also cause hair and nail changes affect the mu  co  us memb  ran  es or cause it  ching without outward skin changes
the term drug over  dose or simply over  dose or od describes the ing  estion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced an over  dose may result in a toxic state or death
drug withdrawal is the group of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt dis  continuation or decrease in intake of medications or recreational drugs in order to experience the symptoms of withdrawal one must have first developed a physical or mental dependence this happens after consuming one or more substances for a certain period of time which is both dose dependent and varies based upon the drug consumed for example prolonged use of an anti depres  sant is most likely to cause a much different reaction when discontinued than the repeated use of an op  io  id such as heroin withdrawal symptoms from op  iate abuse such as heroin morphine include anxiety swe  ating v  om  iting and diarr  hea alcohol abuse withdrawal symptoms include irrit  ability fatigue shaking swe  ating and naus  ea withdrawal from nicotine brings on irrit  ability fatigue in  som  nia headache and difficulty concentrating symptoms and body response to the absence can vary from mild discomfort or to the return of previous underlying medical problems and their respective symptoms many legal and unrestricted chemicals and or substances available without prescriptions and over the counter can cause withdrawal effects when users stop consuming them even if taken as directed the route of administration whether intra  ven  ous intr  amus  cular oral or otherwise can also play a role in determining the severity of withdrawal symptoms there are different stages of withdrawal as well generally a person will start to feel bad crash or come down progress to feeling worse hit a pl  ate  au and then the symptoms begin to dissip  ate however withdrawal from certain drugs benzo  di  az  ep  ines alcohol glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids can be fatal while it is seldom fatal to the user withdrawal from op  i  ates and some other drugs can cause mis  carriage due to fe  tal withdrawal the term cold turkey is used to describe the sudden cessation use of a substance and the ensuing physi  o  logic manifestations the symptoms from withdrawal may be even more dramatic when the drug has masked prolonged malnutrition disease chronic pain infections common in intra  ven  ous drug use or sleep deprivation conditions that drug ab  users often suffer as a secondary consequence of the drug many drugs including alcohol suppress appetite while simultaneously consuming any money that might have been spent on food when the drug is removed the dis  comfor  ts return in force and are sometimes confused with addiction withdrawal symptoms
a drum beat or drum pattern is a rhy  th  mic pattern or repeated rhythm establishing the meter and gro  ove through the pulse and subdivision played on drum kits and other per  cus  sion instruments as such a beat consists of multiple drum stro  kes occurring over multiple musical beats while the term drum beat may also refer to a single drum stroke which may occupy more or less time than the current pulse many drum beats define or are characteristic of specific music gen  res many basic drum beats establish the pulse through altern  ating bass on the on beats and sn  are drums on the off beats stro  kes while establishing the subdivision on the ride cy  m  bal thus its name or hi hat this establishes a quarter note pulse in qu  ad du  ple time each measure is formed from two groups of two quarter note pul  ses each pulse divided into two eighth notes this establishes a quarter note pulse in triple time each measure is formed from three quarter note pul  ses each divided into two eighth notes this establishes a do  tted quarter note pulse in du  ple time each measure is formed from two do  tted quarter note pul  ses each pulse divided into three eighth notes compound triple meter is equivalent to simple du  ple meter with tri  ple  ts on every beat this establishes a do  tted quarter note pulse in triple time each measure is formed from three do  tted quarter note pul  ses each pulse divided into three eighth notes a fill is played in between the regular stro  kes of a pattern and or signals the end of a phrase since a phrase is multiple measures long a fill sign  aling the end of one would come at the end of the last in a series of repeated measures in double and half time patterns the pulse and ride are either doubled or halved respectively occurring twice or half as often a blast beat drum pattern features all drums on the eighth note subdivision or variants with one or more drum s pattern displaced by a sixteenth note this resembles a combination of double time bass sn  are pattern and original time ride pattern despite the difference in no  tation there is no difference in inter  onset intervals and this pattern is nearly identical to the first simple du  ple pattern except for the second on  beat being divided into two eighth notes and of course the second back  beat being delayed an eighth note the heavy metal gall  op named for a horse s can  ter is based on a bass drum pattern of one eighth followed by two six  teen  ths
dr  usen singular dr  use are tiny yellow or white accumul  ations of ex  trac  ell  ular material that build up between bru  ch s memb  rane and the re  tin  al pig  ment epi  the  lium of the eye the presence of a few small hard dr  usen is normal with advancing age and most people over 40 have some hard dr  usen however the presence of larger and more numerous dr  usen in the mac  ula is a common early sign of age related mac  ular de  generation am  d
dry eye syndrome des also known as ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis sic  ca k  cs is the condition of having dry eyes other associated symptoms include irritation red  ness discharge and easily fati  gu  ed eyes blurred vision may also occur the symptoms can range from mild and occasional to severe and continuous scar  ring of the cor  ne  a may occur in some cases without treatment dry eye occurs when either the eye does not produce enough tears or when the tears evapor  ate too quickly this can result from me  i  bom  ian g  land dysfunction allergies pregnancy s  jo  gre  n s syndrome vitamin a deficiency la  si  k surgery and certain medications such as anti  hist  am  ines some blood pressure medication hormone replacement therapy and anti  depres  s  ants chronic con  junc  ti  vi  tis such as from tobacco smoke exposure or infection may also lead to the condition diagnosis is mostly based on the symptoms though a number of other tests may be used treatment depends on the underlying cause artificial tears are the usual first line treatment wrap around glasses that fit close to the face may decrease tear evapor  ation stopping or changing certain medications may help the medication cic  los  por  in or ster  o  id eye drops may be used in some cases another opinion is lac  ri  mal plu  gs that prevent tears from draining from the surface of the eye dry eyes occasionally makes wearing contact l  enses impossible dry eye syndrome is a common eye disease it affects 5 34 of people to some degree depending on the population looked at among older people it affects up to 70 in china it affects about 17 of people the phrase ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis sic  ca means dr  y  ness of the cor  ne  a and con  junc  tiva in latin
dr  y  ness is a medical condition in which there is local or more generalized decrease in normal lubric  ation of the skin or mu  co  us memb  ran  es examples of local dr  y  ness include dry mouth dry eyes dry skin and vag  inal dr  y  ness these often have specific causes and treatments it is possible to have dry eyes without any other signs or symptoms but this usually causes a syndrome of eye symptoms called ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis sic  ca more generalized dr  y  ness can be caused by e g dehydr  ation that is more general loss of body fluids antic  hol  iner  gic drugs and sjö  gre  n syndrome
du  bo  is sign is a medical finding of short  ness of the little finger in con  genital sy  phil  is
dual role trans  vesti  sm is the formal diagnosis used by psychologists and physicians to describe people who wear clothes of the opposite sex to experience being the opposite sex temporarily but don t have a sexual motive or want gender reas  sign  ment surgery the international classification of diseases ic  d 10 list three diagnostic criteria for dual role trans  vesti  sm f 64 1 a person who is diagnosed with dual role trans  vesti  sm should not receive a diagnosis of trans  ves  tic fe  ti  sh  ism f 65 1
dual diagnosis also called co occurring disorders cod is the condition of suffering from a mental illness and a com  or  bid substance abuse problem there is considerable debate surrounding the appropriateness of using a single category for a heterogeneous group of individuals with complex needs and a varied range of problems the concept can be used broadly for example depression and alcoholism or it can be restricted to specify severe mental illness e g psycho  sis schizophrenia and substance misuse disorder e g cannabis abuse or a person who has a mil  der mental illness and a drug dependency such as panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder and is dependent on op  io  ids diagno  sing a primary psychiatric illness in substance ab  users is challenging as drug abuse itself often induc  es psychiatric symptoms thus making it necessary to differentiate between substance induced and pre existing mental illness those with co occurring disorders face complex challenges they have increased rates of relap  se hosp  itali  zation hom  elessness and hiv and hepatitis c infection compared to those with either mental or substance use disorders alone the cause of co occurring disorders is unknown although there are several theories
represent  ational insight is the ability to detect and mentally represent the relation between a symbol and its refer  ent whether or not a child gains this insight depends on the similarity between the symbol and its refer  ent the level of information provided about the relationship between the symbol and the refer  ent and a child s prior experience with symbols an essential part of represent  ational insight is dual representation or the existence of multiple mental representations of a single symbolic entity judy del  o  ache coined this term after conducting many studies in which young children would watch an experim  enter hide a toy in a model room and were then asked to retri  eve a similar but larger toy from a larger room
a dual therapy st  ent is a coron  ary artery st  ent that combines the technology of a bio  engineered st  ent and a drug elu  ting st  ent to both accelerate endo  the  li  al coverage healing of the vessel and to block cell proliferation thereby reducing the risk of rest  en  osis the comb  o dual therapy st  ent or  bus  ne  ich is the only dual therapy st  ent available today it combines the genous endo  the  li  al prog  en  itor cell capture technology with an anti  prolifer  ative biodegradable si  ro  lim  us drug elu  tion the comb  o st  ent has received ce mark approval in europe and was shown to be as effective as a pac  lit  axel elu  ting st  ent in controlling neo  intim  al hyper  pl  asia
du  ane rad  ial ray syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the eyes and causes ab  norm  alities of bones in the arms and hands
du  ane syndrome is a con  genital rare type of str  ab  is  mus most commonly characterized by the inability of the eye to move outw  ards the syndrome was first described by oph  thal  mo  logists jakob sti  lling 18  87 and si  eg  m  und t  ür  k 18  96 and subsequently named after alexander du  ane who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905 other names for this condition include du  ane s re  traction syndrome eye re  traction syndrome re  traction syndrome con  genital re  traction syndrome and sti  lling t  ür  k du  ane syndrome
du  ar  te galac  to  sem  ia also known as du  ar  te variant galac  to  sem  ia dg or bio  chemical variant galac  to  sem  ia is an inherited condition associated with diminished ability to met  abo  li  ze galac  tose due to a partial deficiency of the enzyme galac  tose 1 phosphate ur  id  yl  yl  transfer  ase du  ar  te galac  to  sem  ia dg is estimated to affect close to one in 4 000 infants born in the united states dg is considered by most healthcare professionals to be clin  ically mild it differs from classic galac  to  sem  ia in that patients with du  ar  te galac  to  sem  ia have partial gal  t deficiency whereas patients with classic galac  to  sem  ia have complete or almost complete gal  t deficiency dg and the possible outcomes associated with this condition are currently not well understood due to regional variations in new  born screening n  bs protocols some infants with dg are identified by n  bs but others are not in addition of the infants who are diagnosed most are clin  ically healthy as babies and to  dd  lers resulting in early discharge from follow up many healthcare professionals believe that dg does not negatively impact development however some reports have indicated that children with dg may be at increased risk for some developmental problems
du  bin – johnson syndrome dj  s is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive benign disorder that causes an isolated increase of con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin in the serum class  ically the condition causes a black liver due to the de  position of a pig  ment similar to mel  an  in this condition is associated with a defect in the ability of he  pat  oc  y  tes to secre  te con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin into the bile and is similar to ro  tor syndrome it is usually as  ymp  tomatic but may be diagnosed in early infancy based on laboratory tests no treatment is usually needed
du  bo  witz syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by micro  cephal  y growth retar  dation and a characteristic facial appearance small round tri  ang  ular shaped with a pointed rec  eding chin a broad wide ti  pped nose and wide set eyes with dro  oping eye  li  ds symptoms vary among patients but other characteristics include a soft high pitched voice partial web  bing of fingers and toes pal  ate de  formations genital ab  norm  alities ecz  ema hyper  activity preference for concrete thinking over abstract language difficulties and aversion to crowds the patho  genesis of the disease is yet to be identified and no medical tests can definitively diagnose the disease the main method of diagnosis is through identification of facial phen  o  type since it was first described in 1965 by english physician victor du  bo  witz over 140 cases have been reported worldwide although the majority of cases have been reported from the united states germany and russia the disorder appears to affect both g  enders and all ethn  ic  ities equally
du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy d  md is a severe type of muscular dy  stro  phy the symptom of muscle weakness usually begin around the age of four in boys and wor  sens quickly typically muscle loss occurs first in the upper legs and pel  vis followed by those of the upper arms this can result in trouble standing up most are unable to walk by the age of twelve affected muscles may look larger due to increased fat content sco  li  osis is also common some may have intellectual disability females with a single copy of the defective gene may show mild symptoms the disorder is x linked rec  essive about two thirds of cases are inherited from a person s parents while one third of cases are due to a new mutation it is caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dy  stro  ph  in dy  stro  ph  in is important to maintain the muscle fiber cell memb  rane genetic testing can often make the diagnosis at birth those affected also have a high level of cre  at  ine kin  ase in their blood there is no cure for muscular dy  stro  phy physical therapy brac  es and corrective surgery may help with some symptoms assisted ventilation may be required in those with weakness of breathing muscles medications used include ster  oids to slow muscle de  generation anti  con  vul  s  ants to control seizures and some muscle activity and immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants to delay damage to dying muscle cells du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy affects about one in 5 000 males at birth it is the most common type of muscular dy  stro  phy the average life expectancy is 26 however with excellent care some may live into their 30 s or 40 s gene therapy as a treatment is in the early stages of study in humans
duck plague also known as duck viral enter  i  tis is a worldwide disease caused by duck her  pes  virus 1 an  ati  d her  pes  virus 1 of the family her  pes  vi  ri  da  e that causes acute disease with high mortality rates in flocks of ducks geese and sw  ans it is spread both vertically and horizon  tally — through contaminated water and direct contact migratory water  fowl are a major factor in the spread of this disease as they are often as  ymp  tomatic carriers of disease the incub  ation period is three to seven days d  ve is not zoonotic
duc  king is an audio effect commonly used in radio and pop music especially dance music in duc  king the level of one audio signal is reduced by the presence of another signal in radio this can typically be achieved by lowering duc  king the volume of a secondary audio track when the primary track starts and lifting the volume again when the primary track is finished a typical use of this effect in a daily radio production routine is for creating a voice over a foreign language original sound is dubbed and duc  ked by a professional speaker reading the translation duc  king becomes active as soon as the translation starts in music the duc  king effect is applied in more sophisticated ways where a signal s volume is delic  ately lowered by another signal s presence duc  king here works through the use of a side chain gate in other words one track is made quie  ter the duc  ked track whenever another the duc  king track gets louder this may be done with a gate with its duc  king function engaged or by a dedicated duc  ker a typical application is to achieve an impression similar to the pumping effect the difference between duc  king and side chain pumping is that in duc  king the atten  uation is by a specific range while side chain compression creates variable atten  uation duc  king may be used in place of mir  ro  red equ  alization to combat mas  king for example with the bass guitar duc  ked under the kick drum resembling subtle side chain pumping a duc  king system may be created where one track ducks another which ducks another and so on examples include por  ti  she  ad s biscu  it used most often to turn down the music when the d  j speaks duc  king may be used to combat the mu  ff  ling and distancing effect of rever  b and delay the duc  ker is inserted into the rever  b and delay line and ke  yed to a dry track to duck its own rever  b and delay so that when the dry track exceeds the duc  ker s threshold by reaching a certain am  pl  itude the rever  b and delay are attenu  ated clear examples include cé  line di  on s the power of love where the rever  b and delay become audible when di  on pa  uses and ad  ele s cold shoulder
duc  t ec  ta  sia of the breast or mam  mary duc  t ec  ta  sia or plasma cell mas  ti  tis is a condition in which the l  acti  fer  ous duc  t becomes blocked or clo  gged this is the most common cause of green  ish discharge mam  mary duc  t ec  ta  sia can mim  ic breast cancer it is a disorder of peri or post men  opa  usal age duc  t ec  ta  sia syndrome is a synon  ym for non  puer  per  al mas  ti  tis but the term has also been occasionally used to describe special cases of fi  bro  c  ys  tic diseases ma  stal  gia or as a waste  basket definition of benign breast disease correlation of duc  t widening with the classical symptoms of duc  t ec  ta  sia syndrome is unclear however duc  t widening was recently very strongly correlated with non  cyclic breast pain duc  t diameter is naturally variable subject to hormonal interactions duc  t ec  ta  sia syndrome in the classical meaning is associated with additional his  to  logical changes
duc  tal carcin  oma is a type of tumor that primarily presents in the duc  ts of a g  land types include mam  mary duc  tal carcin  oma in situ invasive duc  tal carcin  oma pan  cre  atic duc  tal carcin  oma
duc  tal carcin  oma in situ d  cis also known as in  trad  uc  tal carcin  oma is a pre can  cer  ous or non invasive can  cer  ous le  sion of the breast d  cis is classified as stage 0 it rarely produces symptoms or a breast lump one can feel and is usually detected through screening mammo  graphy in d  cis abnormal cells are found in the lining of one or more milk duc  ts in the breast in situ means in place and refers to the fact that the abnormal cells have not moved out of the mam  mary duc  t and into any of the surrounding tissues in the breast pre can  cer  ous refers to the fact that it has not yet become an invasive cancer in some cases d  cis may become invasive and spread to other tissues but there is no way of determining which le  sions will remain stable without treatment and which will go on to become invasive d  cis encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from low grade le  sions that are not life threatening to high grade i e potentially highly aggressive le  sions d  cis has been classified according to the architectural pattern of the cells solid cri  bri  form pap  ill  ary and micro  pap  ill  ary tumor grade high intermediate and low grade and the presence or absence of com  edo his  to  logy d  cis can be detected on mammo  grams by examining tiny spec  ks of calcium known as micro  calci  fications since suspicious groups of micro  calci  fications can appear even in the absence of d  cis a biopsy may be necessary for diagnosis about 20 – 30 of those who do not receive treatment develop breast cancer it is the most common type of pre cancer in women there is some disagreement as to whether for statistical purposes it should be counted as a cancer some include d  cis when calculating breast cancer statistics while others do not
in materials science duc  ti  lity is a solid material s ability to de  form under ten  sile stress this is often characterized by the material s ability to be stretched into a wire mal  le  ability a similar property is a material s ability to de  form under com  pres  sive stress this is often characterized by the material s ability to form a thin sheet by hammer  ing or rolling both of these mechanical properties are aspects of plas  tic  ity the extent to which a solid material can be plas  tically de  formed without frac  ture also these material properties are dependent on temperature and pressure investigated by per  cy williams bri  dg  man as part of his nobel prize winning work on high pressures duc  ti  lity and mal  le  ability are not always co  extensive – for instance while gold has high duc  ti  lity and mal  le  ability lead has low duc  ti  lity but high mal  le  ability the word duc  ti  lity is sometimes used to encompass both types of plas  tic  ity
the duff reaction or h  examine aromatic form  yl  ation is a form  yl  ation reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of benz  alde  hy  des with h  examine as the form  yl carbon source it is named after james cooper duff who was a chem  ist at the college of technology bir  min  gham around 1920 – 1950 the electro  phil  ic species in this electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution reaction is the im  ini  um ion ch 2 nr 2 the initial reaction product is an im  ini  um which is hydro  ly  zed to the alde  hyde see mechanism below the reaction requires strongly electr  on don  ating substitu  ents on the aromatic ring such as in a phen  ol form  yl  ation occurs orth  o to the electr  on don  ating substitu  ent prefer  entially unless the orth  o positions are blocked in which case the form  yl  ation occurs para examples are the synthesis of 3 5 di ter  t bu  ty  l  sal  ic  yl  alde  hyde duff reaction 3 5 di ter  t bu  ty  l  sal  ic  yl  alde  hyde and the synthesis of syr  ing  alde  hyde duff reaction syr  ing  alde  hyde
du  kes disease named after cl  ement du  kes also known as fourth disease or fil  ato  v du  kes disease after nil fil  ato  v is an ex  anthem it is distinguished from meas  les or forms of rub  ella though it was considered as a form of viral rash although du  kes identified it as a separate entity it is thought not to be different from scar  let fever caused by exo  toxin producing st  rep  to  co  cc  us py  o  genes after keith powell proposed equ  ating it with the condition currently known as stap  hy  lo  coc  cal scal  ded skin syndrome in 1979 it was never associated with a specific pathogen and the terminology is no longer in use however mysterious rash of unknown cause in school children often gives rise to the question whether it can be du  kes disease
dun  ni  gan type famili  al partial li  po  dy  stro  phy abbreviated as fp  ld is a rare mono  genic form of insulin resistance characterized by loss of sub  cu  taneous fat from the extre  mi  ties trunk and glu  teal region fp  ld recapit  ul  ates the main metabol  ic attributes of the insulin resistance syndrome including central obesity hyper  insul  in  emia glucose intolerance and diabetes usually type 2 dys  li  pi  dem  ia hyper  tension and early end  points of a  ther  os  clerosis it can also result in he  p  atic ste  at  osis fp  ld results from mutations in lm  na gene which is the gene that en  codes nuclear lam  ins a and c
du  o  den  al at  re  sia also known as du  o  den  o  je  jun  al at  re  sia is the con  genital absence or complete closure of a portion of the lum  en of the du  o  den  um it causes increased levels of am  ni  otic fluid during pregnancy poly  hy  dram  ni  os and intest  inal obstruction in new  born babies radio  graphy shows a dist  ended stomach and dist  ended du  o  den  um which are separated by the p  yl  or  ic valve a finding described as the double bubble sign treatment includes suc  tioning out any fluid that is trapped in the stomach providing fluids intra  ven  ously and surgical repair of the intest  inal closure
du  o  den  al cancer is a cancer in the beginning section of the small intest  ine it is relatively rare compared to ga  str  ic cancer and colo  rec  tal cancer its his  to  logy is usually aden  o  carcin  oma famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is f  ap gar  dner syndrome lyn  ch syndrome mu  ir tor  re syndrome ce  li  ac sp  rue pu  etz je  gh  ers cro  hn s disease and juvenile poly  pos  is syndrome are risk factors for developing this cancer the du  o  den  um is the first part of the small intest  ine it is located between the stomach and the je  jun  um after foods combine with stomach acid they descend into the du  o  den  um where they mix with bile from the g  all blad  der and dig  estive juices from the pan  cre  as
du  o  deni  tis is infl  amm  ation of the du  o  den  um it may persist acutely or chronically
on an e  ther  net connection a du  pl  ex mis  match is a condition where two connected devices operate in different du  pl  ex modes that is one operates in half du  pl  ex while the other one operates in full du  pl  ex the effect of a du  pl  ex mis  match is a link that operates in  efficiently du  pl  ex mis  match may be caused by manu  ally setting two connected network interfaces at different du  pl  ex modes or by connecting a device that performs auton  e  goti  ation to one that is manu  ally set to a full du  pl  ex mode
duplic  ated u  re  ter or du  pl  ex collecting system is a con  genital condition in which the u  re  ter  ic bud the embry  ological origin of the u  re  ter spl  its or arises twice resulting in two u  re  ters draining a single kidney it is the most common ren  al ab  normality occurring in approximately 1 of the population the additional u  re  ter may result in a u  re  ter  oce  le or an ec  topic u  re  ter
duplic  ity is the error committed when the charge known as a count on an indictment describes two different offences an indictment may contain more than one count but each count must alle  ge only one offence so that the defendant and the jury can know precisely what offences he or she is accused of if a count is poorly drafted so that it alleges two offences it is said to be duplic  itous a duplic  itous count is defective and must be qu  ashed by the judge unless the judge permits the count to be amended so that it only alleges one offence or is split into two counts if a duplic  itous count is not noticed until after the defendant has been convicted on it the verdict may well be void this is a completely different situation from when two different counts each alle  ge the same offence which is sometimes wrongly referred to as duplic  ity
du  pu  y  tre  n s contrac  ture also known as du  pu  y  tre  n s disease or by the s  lang term vi  king disease is a fl  ex  ion contrac  ture of the hand due to a pal  mar fi  bro  mat  osis in which the fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be fully extended strai  ghtened it is an inherited prolifer  ative connec  tive tissue disorder that involves the hand s pal  mar fas  cia it is named after baron guill  au  me du  pu  y  tre  n the surgeon who described an operation to correct the afflic  tion du  pu  y  tre  n s contrac  ture is treated with procedures to help straighten the fingers but this does not cure the underlying disease contr  actu  res often return or involve other fingers according to one study the ring finger is the finger most commonly affected followed by the middle and little fingers the thumb and index finger are only rarely affected du  pu  y  tre  n s contrac  ture progres  ses slowly and is often accompanied by some aching and it  ching in patients with this condition the pal  mar fas  cia pal  mar ap  on  euro  sis thick  ens and short  ens so that the tend  ons connected to the fingers cannot move freely the pal  mar fas  cia becomes hyper  plastic and contracts incidence increases after age 40 at this age men are affected more often than women beyond 80 the gender distribution is about even in the united kingdom about 20 of people over 65 have some form of the disease
a d  ural arter  io  ven  ous f  ist  ula dav  f is an abnormal direct connection f  ist  ula between a men  ing  e  al artery and a men  ing  e  al vein or d  ural ven  ous sin  us in cases where there are multiple f  ist  ul  as the related term d  ural arter  io  ven  ous mal  formation dav  m is used
a dust storm is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi arid regions dust storms arise when a gust front or other strong wind blows loose sand and dirt from a dry surface particles are transported by sal  tation and suspension a process that moves soil from one place and deposits it in another dr  y  lands around north africa and the arabian peninsula are the main terrestrial sources of airborne dust also with some contributions from iran pakistan and india into the arabian sea and china s significant storms deposit dust in the pacific it has been argued that recently poor management of the earth s dr  y  lands such as neglecting the f  allow system are increasing dust storms size and frequency from desert margins and changing both the local and global climate and also imp  acting local economies the term sand  storm is used most often in the context of desert sand  storms especially in the sahara desert or places where sand is a more prevalent soil type than dirt or rock when in addition to fine particles obscur  ing visibility a considerable amount of larger sand particles are blown closer to the surface the term dust storm is more likely to be used when fin  er particles are blown long distances especially when the dust storm affects urban areas
the dutch national flag problem d  n  f is a computer science programming problem proposed by ed  s  ger di  j  k  stra the flag of the netherlands consists of three colors red white and blue given balls of these three colors arranged randomly in a line the actual number of balls does not matter the task is to arrange them such that all balls of the same color are together and their collective color groups are in the correct order the solution to this problem is of interest for designing sorting algori  th  ms in particular variants of the quick  sort algori  thm that must be robust to repeated elements need a three way parti  tioning function that groups items less than a given key red equal to the key white and greater than the key blue several solutions exist that have varying performance characteristics tailored to sorting arr  ays with either small or large numbers of repeated elements
dwar  f  ism occurs when an organism is short in stature from a medical condition that caused slow growth in humans dwar  f  ism is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 4 feet 10 inches 58 in 147 cm dwar  f  ism can be caused by more than 300 medical conditions such that the symptoms of individuals with dwar  f  ism vary greatly disproportionate dwar  f  ism is characterized by one or more body parts being relatively large or small in comparison to those of an average sized adult with growth variations in specific areas in cases of proportionate dwar  f  ism the body appears normally proportion  ed but is unusually small low muscle tone is common but intelligence and lifespan are usually normal treatment depends on the underlying cause those with bone growth disorders can sometimes be treated with surgery some hormone disorders can be treated with hormone replacement therapy before the child s growth plates fuse individual accommod  ations such as specialized furniture are often used by people with dwar  f  ism many support groups provide services to aid individuals and the discrimination they may face in addition to the medical aspect of the condition there are also social aspects for a person with dwar  f  ism height discrimination can lead to ridicule in childhood and discrimination in adul  thood in the united kingdom united states canada australia and other english speaking countries some people with dwar  f  ism prefer to be called little people historically the term mid  get was used to describe proportionate dwar  fs however this term is now regarded as offensive by some
dwar  f  ism in chickens is an inherited condition found in chickens consisting of a significant delayed growth resulting in adult individuals with a distinctive small size in comparison with normal specimens of the same breed or population the affected birds show no signs of dwar  f  ism in the first weeks of age differences in size due to dwar  f  ism appear slow and progressively along the growing stage poultry breeders begin to distinguish gradually dwar  fs from normal birds by their shortest shan  ks and smallest body size depending on the breed most types of dwar  f  ism in chickens begin to be recognized when the birds reach 8 – 10 weeks of age but classification is more precise when the chickens are five months old or more at this point differences between normal and dwarf si  bs is evident in all males and in 98 of the females dwar  fs chickens reach sexual maturity and reproduce normally dwar  f  ism in chickens has been found to be controlled by several simple genetic factors some types are auto  som  ic while others are sex linked but when poultry breeders make reference to dwarf chickens they usually refer implicitly to sex linked rec  essive dwar  f  ism due to the rec  essive gene d  w located on the z chro  mo  some as sex linked dwarf bro  iler breeder hens can bring about normal sized bro  iler chickens sex linked rec  essive dwar  f  ism found application in poultry industry since the last decades of the 20 th century these hens require less food and less housing space their feed intake do not need to be restricted they also have more tolerance to heat see so the use of sex linked dwarf bro  iler female parent stocks helps to save costs and to improve animal welfare and economic efficiency in european bro  iler industry see but in spite of the proven advantages of raising dwarf breeder hens their use is not generalized in bro  iler industry
in the military dwell time is the amount of time that service members spend in their home station between deploy  ments to war zones or to dependent restricted t  ours dwell time is designed to allow service members a mental and physical break from combat and to give them time with their families it is an important component of long term military readiness
the dynamic conv  ex hull problem is a class of dynamic problems in compu  tational geometry the problem consists in the maintenance i e keeping track of the conv  ex hull for the dynam  ically changing input data i e when input data elements may be inserted deleted or modified problems of this class may be distinguished by the types of the input data and the allowed types of modification of the input data
dynamic hyper  inflation is a phenomenon that occurs when a new breath begins before the lung has reached the static equilibrium volume
dynamic problems in compu  tational complexity theory are problems stated in terms of the changing input data in the most general form a problem in this category is usually stated as follows given a class of input objects find efficient algori  th  ms and data structures to answer a certain qu  ery about a set of input objects each time the input data is modified i e objects are inserted or deleted problems of this class have the following measures of complexity space the amount of memory space required to store the data structure initi  alization time time required for the initial construction of the data structure insertion time time required for the update of the data structure when one more input element is added deletion time time required for the update of the data structure when an input element is deleted qu  ery time time required to answer a qu  ery other operations specific to the problem in question the overall set of compu  tations for a dynamic problem is called a dynamic algori  thm many algori  th  mic problems stated in terms of fixed input data called static problems in this context and solved by static algori  th  ms have meaningful dynamic versions
in astro  physics dynam  ical friction sometimes called grav  it  ational drag is loss of momentum and k  ine  tic energy of moving bodies through grav  it  ational interactions with surrounding matter in space it was first discussed in detail by sub  rah  man  yan chan  dr  ase  kh  ar in 19  43
a dy  o  tropic reaction from the greek dy  o meaning two in organic chemistry is a type of organic reaction and more specifically a peric  ycl  ic val  ence isom  er  ization in which two sig  ma bonds simultaneously migrate intr  am  ol  ec  ularly the reaction type is of some relevance to organic chemistry because it can explain how certain reactions occur and because it is a synthetic tool in the synthesis of organic molecules for example in total synthesis it was first described by man  fred t re  etz in 1971 dy  o  tropic re  arrangement in a type i reaction two migr  ating groups interchange their relative positions and a type ii reaction involves migration to new bon  ding sites without posi  tional interchange
dys  ac  us  is is a hearing impairment characterized by difficulty in processing details of sound due to distortion in frequency or intensity but not primarily a loss of the ability to perceive sound the term is sometimes used to describe pain or discomfort due to sound a condition also known as aud  itory dys  esthesia
in psychiatry dy  sa  esthesia a  ethiop  ica was an alleged mental illness described by american physician samuel a car  tw  right in 18  51 which proposed a theory for the cause of la  z  iness among slaves today dy  sa  esthesia a  ethiop  ica is considered an example of pseu  do  science and part of the edifice of scientific racism
dys  ar  thri  a is a motor speech disorder resulting from neuro  logical injury of the motor component of the motor speech system and is characterized by poor artic  ulation of ph  on  em  es cf ap  ha  sia a disorder of the content of language in other words it is a condition in which problems effectively occur with the muscles that help produce speech often making it very difficult to pronounce words it is unrelated to any problem with understanding cognitive language any of the speech subsystems respir  ation ph  on  ation resonance pro  so  dy and artic  ulation can be affected leading to impair  ments in intel  li  gibility audi  bility natur  al  ness and efficiency of vocal communication dys  ar  thri  a that has progressed to a total loss of speech is referred to as an  ar  thri  a neuro  logical injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may result in weakness paralysis or a lack of coordination of the motor speech system producing dys  ar  thri  a these effects in turn hinder control over the tongue throat lips or lungs for example sw  allowing problems dy  sp  ha  gia are also often present in those with dys  ar  thri  a dys  ar  thri  a does not include speech disorders from structural ab  norm  alities such as cle  ft pal  ate and must not be confused with ap  ra  x  ia of speech which refers to problems in the planning and programming aspect of the motor speech system just as the term artic  ulation can mean either speech or joint movement so is the combining form of arth  r the same in the terms dys  ar  thri  a dys  ar  thro  sis and ar  thro  pa  thy the term dys  ar  thri  a is conventi  onally reserved for the speech problem and is not used to refer to ar  thro  pa  thy whereas dys  ar  thro  sis has both senses but usually refers to ar  thro  pa  thy cran  ial nerves that control the muscles relevant to dys  ar  thri  a include the tri  gem  inal nerve s motor branch v the facial nerve vii the glos  sop  har  yn  ge  al nerve ix the vag  us nerve x and the hypo  glos  sal nerve xii the term is from ancient greek δ  υ  σ d  ys hard difficult bad and ἄ  ρ  θρ  ω  σ  ις ar  thro  sis artic  ulation
dys  autonom  ia is a term for a group of diseases that include post  ural orth  o  static t  ach  y  car  dia syndrome pots multiple system atro  phy autonom  ic failure and autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy in these conditions the autonom  ic nervous system ans does not work properly dys  autonom  ia is most often a type of neuro  pa  thy affecting the nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the heart blad  der intest  ines sweat g  lands pupils and blood vessels although it has many causes not all of which classify as neuro  path  ic the diagnosis is achieved through functional testing of the autonom  ic nervous system focusing on the organ system affected investigations may be performed to identify underlying disease processes that may have led to the development of symptoms or autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy symptomatic treatment is available for many symptoms associated with dys  autonom  ia and some disease processes can be treated directly
dys  bar  ism refers to medical conditions resulting from changes in ambient pressure various activities are associated with pressure changes s  cuba diving is the most frequently cited example but pressure changes also affect people who work in other pressur  ized environments for example ca  is  son workers and people who move between different al  titu  des
dys  cal  cu  lia ˌ  d  ɪ  sk  æ  l  ˈ  k  ju  ː  li ə is difficulty in learning or compreh  ending arithmetic such as difficulty in understanding numbers learning how to manipulate numbers and learning facts in mathematics it is generally seen as a specific developmental disorder dys  cal  cu  lia can occur in people from across the whole i  q range often higher than average and involving difficulties with time measurement and spatial reasoning estimates of the prevalence of dys  cal  cu  lia range between 3 and 6 of the population a quarter of children with dys  cal  cu  lia have ad  hd mathematical disabilities can occur as the result of some types of brain injury in which case the proper term ac  al  cu  lia is to distinguish it from dys  cal  cu  lia which is of in  nate genetic or developmental origin dys  cal  cu  lia has been associated with female children who have turner syndrome people who have sp  ina bi  fi  da and has also been associated with children who have ad  hd
dy  schro  mat  osis sym  me  tric  a here  dit  aria also known as retic  ulate acro  pi  gm  entation of do  hi and symmetr  ical dy  schro  mat  osis of the extre  mi  ties is a rare auto  som  ally inherited der  mat  osis it is characterized by progressively pi  gm  ented and de  pi  gm  ented mac  ules often mixed in a retic  ulate pattern concentrated on the dor  sal extre  mi  ties it presents primarily in the japanese but has also been found to affect individuals from europe india and the caribbean
dy  schro  mat  osis univer  sal  is here  dit  aria is a rare geno  der  mat  osis characterized by retic  ulate hyper and hy  po pi  gm  ent  ated mac  ules in a generalized distribution both auto  som  al dominant and rec  essive inheritance have been reported with the disorder
dy  schro  mia refers to an alteration of the color of the skin or nails hyper  chro  mia can refer to hyper  pi  gm  entation and hypo  chro  mia can refer to hypo  pi  gm  entation dy  schro  mato  ses involve both hyper  pi  gm  ented and hypo  pi  gm  ented mac  ules
dy  schro  no  me  tri  a is a condition of cere  bell  ar dysfunction in which an individual cannot accurately estimate the amount of time that has passed i e distorted time perception it is associated with cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia when the cere  bell  um has been damaged and does not function to its fullest ability le  sions to the cere  bell  um can cause dys  syner  gia dys  me  tri  a dys  di  ad  o  cho  k  ine  sia dys  ar  thri  a and at  ax  ia of stance and ga  it dy  schro  no  me  tri  a can result from auto  som  al dominant cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia ad  ca
dys  embry  op  l  astic neuro  epi  the  li  al tum  our commonly abbreviated d  nt or d  net is a type of brain tumor most commonly found in the temporal lo  be d  n  ts have been classified as benign tum  ours these are gli  on  euro  nal tum  ours comprising both gli  al and ne  uron cells and often have ties to focal cor  tical dys  pl  asia varying sub  classes of d  n  ts have been presently identified with dispute existing in the field on how to properly group these classes the identification of possible genetic mark  ers to these tum  ours is currently underway with d  n  ts often causing epi  le  ptic seizures surgical removal is a common treatment providing high rates of success
dy  sen  tery is a type of gastro  enter  i  tis that results in diarr  hea with blood other symptoms may include fever ab  domin  al pain and a feeling of incomplete defec  ation it is caused by a number of types of infection such as bacteria viruses par  asi  tic worms or proto  zo  a the mechanism is an infl  am  matory disorder of the intest  ine especially of the col  on
dys  fer  lin  opathy is an auto  som  al rec  essive neuro  muscular disorder caused by a deficiency of functional dys  fer  lin protein due to mutations in the dys  fer  lin gene dys  fer  lin  opathy is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and is most often clin  ically diagnosed as limb gir  dle muscular dy  stro  phy type 2 b l  gm  d 2 b or mi  yo  shi muscular dy  stro  phy 1 m  md 1 a type of dis  tal muscular dy  stro  phy depending on the initial pattern of muscle involvement at diagnosis dys  fer  lin  opathy is a rare disease the exact incidence of which has not yet been determined
a dysfunctional ep  ig  lot  tis is when the ep  ig  lot  tis the fl  ap that separates the trac  hea from the es  op  ha  gus stops working correctly this causes food to mistakenly go down the trac  hea when sw  allowing and also sali  va this condition can get more serious over time
dysfunctional uter  ine bleeding du  b or abnormal uter  ine bleeding au  b is abnormal genital tract bleeding based in the uter  us and found in the absence of demonstrable structural or organic disease it is usually due to hormonal disturbances reduced levels of prog  est  er  one cause low levels of pro  stag  land  in f 2 alpha and cause men  or  rha  gia abnormally heavy flow increased levels of tissue plas  min  o  gen activ  ator t  pa a fi  brin  ol  y  tic enzyme lead to more fi  brin  ol  ysis diagnosis must be made by exclusion since organic path  ology must first be ruled out au  b can be classified as o  vul  atory or ano  vul  atory depending on whether ov  ulation is occurring or not it is usually a men  str  ual disorder although abnormal bleeding from the uter  us is possible outside of men  str  uation some sources state that the term dysfunctional implies a hormonal mechanism use of the term abnormal uter  ine bleeding is preferred in today s medicine
dys  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia is a type of immune disorder characterized by a reduction in some types of gam  ma glob  ul  ins it is distinguished from hypo  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia which is a reduction in all types of gam  ma glob  ul  ins hyper ig  m syndrome can be considered a form of dys  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia because it results from a failure of transformation from ig  m production to production of other antibodies and so the condition can be interpreted as a reduction of the other types
a dys  germin  oma is a type of germ cell tumor it usually is m  align  ant and usually occurs in the o  vary a tumor of the identical his  to  logy but not occurring in the o  vary may be described by an alternate name semin  oma in the testi  s or germin  oma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body dys  germin  oma accounts for less than 1 of o  vari  an tumors overall dys  germin  oma usually occurs in adoles  cence and early adult life about 5 occur in pre pu  ber  tal children dys  germin  oma is extremely rare after age 50 dys  germin  oma occurs in both ov  aries in 10 of patients and in a further 10 there is micro  scopic tumor in the other o  vary abnormal gon  ads due to gon  ad  al dys  genesis and and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome have a high risk of developing a dys  germin  oma most dys  germin  om  as are associated with elevated serum lac  tic de  hydro  gen  ase ld  h which is sometimes used as a tumor marker
dys  grap  hia is a deficiency in the ability to write primarily handwriting but also coherence dys  grap  hia is a trans  cription disability meaning that it is a writing disorder associated with impaired handwriting orth  o  graphic coding orth  o  graphy the storing process of written words and processing the letters in those words and finger sequ  encing the movement of muscles required to write it often overlaps with other learning disabilities such as speech impairment attention deficit disorder or developmental coordination disorder in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iv dys  grap  hia is characterized as a learning disability in the category of written expression when one ’ s writing skills are below those expected given a person ’ s age measured through intelligence and age appropriate education the dsm is not clear in whether or not writing refers only to the motor skills involved in writing or if it also includes orth  o  graphic skills and spelling the word dys  grap  hia comes from the greek words d  ys meaning impaired and γραφ  ία graph  ía meaning writing by hand there are at least two stages in the act of writing the linguistic stage and the motor expres  sive pra  x  ic stage the linguistic stage involves the en  coding of aud  itory and visual information into symbols for letters and written words this is medi  ated through the ang  ular gy  rus which provides the linguistic rules which guide writing the motor stage is where the expression of written words or graph  em  es is articulated this stage is medi  ated by ex  ner ’ s writing area of the frontal lo  be people with dys  grap  hia can often write on some level and may experience difficulty with other fine motor skills such as tying shoes however dys  grap  hia does not affect all fine motor skills people with dys  grap  hia often have unusual difficulty with handwriting and spelling which in turn can cause writing fatigue they may lack basic gr  ammar and spelling skills for example having difficulties with the letters p q b and d and often will write the wrong word when trying to formulate their thoughts on paper the disorder generally emerges when the child is first introduced to writing adults teenagers and children alike are all subject to dys  grap  hia dys  grap  hia should be distinguished from ag  rap  hia which is an acquired loss of the ability to write resulting from brain injury stroke or progressive illness
dy  sh  id  ro  sis is a type of der  mati  tis that is characterized by it  chy bl  is  ters on the pal  ms of the hands and bott  oms of the feet the bl  ister are generally one to two milli  meters in size and heal over three weeks red  ness is not usually present they however often recur repeated attacks may result in f  issu  res and skin thick  ening the cause is unknown trigger may include aller  gens physical or mental stress frequent hand washing or metals diagnosis is typically based on what it looks like and the symptoms allergy testing and culture may be done to rule out other problems other conditions that produce similar symptoms include pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis and s  cab  ies avoiding triggers may be useful as may a barrier cream treatment is generally with ster  o  id cream high strength ster  o  id cre  ams may be required for the first week or two anti  hist  am  ines may be used to help with the itch if this is not effective ster  o  id pills t  acro  lim  us or p  sor  al  en plus ultra  violet a pu  va may be tried about 1 in 2 000 people are affected in sweden males and females appear to be affected equally the first description was in 18  73 the name comes from the word dy  sh  id  ro  tic meaning difficult swe  ating as problems with swe  ating was once believed to be the cause
dy  sk  er  at  osis con  gen  ita dkc also called z  ins  ser cole eng  man syndrome is a rare progressive con  genital disorder with a highly variable phen  o  type the entity was class  ically defined by the tri  ad of abnormal skin pi  gm  entation nail dy  stro  phy and leuk  op  la  k  ia of the oral mu  co  sa but these components do not always occur dkc is characterized by short tel  om  er  es some of the manifestations resemble premature aging similar to pro  geria the disease initially mainly affects the skin but a major consequence is progressive bone marrow failure which occurs in over 80 causing early mortality
dy  sk  ine  sia refers to a category of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary muscle movements including movements similar to tics or cho  rea and diminished voluntary movements dy  sk  ine  sia can be anything from a slight trem  or of the hands to an uncontrollable movement of the upper body or lower extre  mi  ties dis  coordination can also occur internally especially with the respiratory muscles and it often goes un  recognized dy  sk  ine  sia is a symptom of several medical disorders that are distinguished by their underlying cause
dys  l  alia means difficulties in talking due to structural defects in speech organs it does not include speech impairment due to neuro  logical or other factors
dys  l  ex  ia also known as reading disorder is characterized by trouble with reading despite normal intelligence different people are affected to varying degrees problems may include difficulties in spelling words reading quickly writing words sounding out words in the head pronoun  cing words when reading al  oud and understanding what one reads often these difficulties are first noticed at school when someone who previously could read loses their ability it is known as alex  ia the difficulties are involuntary and people with this disorder have a normal desire to learn dys  l  ex  ia is believed to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors some cases run in families it often occurs in people with attention deficit hyper  activity disorder ad  hd and is associated with similar difficulties with numbers it may begin in adul  thood as the result of a traumatic brain injury stroke or dementia the underlying mechanisms of dys  l  ex  ia are problems within the brain s language processing dys  l  ex  ia is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory spelling vision and reading skills dys  l  ex  ia is separate from reading difficulties caused by hearing or vision problems or by insufficient teaching treatment involves adjusting teaching methods to meet the person s needs while not curing the underlying problem it may decrease the degree of symptoms treatments targeting vision are not effective dys  l  ex  ia is the most common learning disability and occurs in all areas of the world it affects 3 – 7 of the population however up to 20 may have some degree of symptoms while dys  l  ex  ia is more often diagnosed in men it has been suggested that it affects men and women equally some believe that dys  l  ex  ia should be best considered as a different way of learning with both benefits and down  sides
dys  li  pi  dem  ia is an abnormal amount of li  pi  ds e g tri  gly  cer  ides cho  le  sterol and or fat phosp  holi  pi  ds in the blood in developed countries most dys  li  pi  dem  ias are hyper  li  pi  dem  ias that is an elev  ation of li  pi  ds in the blood this is often due to diet and lifestyle prolonged elev  ation of insulin levels can also lead to dys  li  pi  dem  ia likewise increased levels of o gl  cn  ac transfer  ase og  t may cause dys  li  pi  dem  ia
dys  me  lia from gr δ  υ  σ d  ys bad μέ  λ ος mé  l os limb eng su  ff ia is a con  genital disorder of a limb resulting from a disturbance in embryonic development
dy  sm  en  or  rhe  a also known as dy  sm  en  or  rho  ea painful periods or men  str  ual cram  ps is pain during men  str  uation it usually begins around the time that men  str  uation begins symptoms typically last less than three days the pain is usually in the pel  vis or lower ab  dom  en other symptoms may include back pain diarr  hea or naus  ea in young women painful periods often occur without an underlying problem in older women it is more often due to an underlying issues such as uter  ine fi  bro  ids aden  om  y  osis or end  ome  tri  osis it is more common among those with heavy periods irregular periods whose periods started before twelve years of age or who have a low body weight a pel  vic exam in those who are sexually active and ul  tras  ound may be useful to help in diagnosis conditions that should be ruled out include ec  topic pregnancy pel  vic infl  am  matory disease inter  sti  tial cy  sti  tis and chronic pel  vic pain dy  sm  en  or  rhe  a occurs less often in those who exercise regularly and those who have children early in life treatment may include the use of a heating pad medications that may help include n  s  aids such as i  bu  prof  en hormonal birth control and the i  ud with prog  est  o  gen taking vitamin b or magnesium may help evidence for yog  a acupuncture and massage is insufficient surgery may be useful if certain underlying problems are present dy  sm  en  or  rhe  a is estimated to occur in 20 to 90 of women of reproductive age it is the most common men  str  ual disorder typically it starts within a year of the first men  str  ual period when there is no underlying cause often the pain improves with age or following having a child
dys  me  tri  a english wrong length refers to a lack of coordination of movement ty  pi  fied by the under  shoot or over  shoot of intended position with the hand arm leg or eye it is a type of at  ax  ia it is sometimes described as an inability to judge distance or scale hyper  me  tri  a and hypo  me  tri  a refer respectively to over  shooting and under  shooting the intended position
a dys  morph  ic feature is a difference of body structure it can be an isolated finding in an otherwise normal individual or it can be related to a con  genital disorder genetic syndrome or birth defect dys  mor  pho  logy is the study of dys  morph  ic features their origins and proper nomenclature one of the key challenges in identifying and describing dys  morph  ic features is the use and understanding of specific terms between different individuals clinical gene  tic  ists and pedi  at  ric  ians are usually those most closely involved with the identification and description of dys  morph  ic features as most are apparent during childhood dys  morph  ic features can vary from isolated mild anomalies such as clin  od  ac  ty  ly or sy  no  phr  ys to severe con  genital anomalies such as heart defects and holo  pro  sen  cephal  y in some cases dys  morph  ic features are part of a larger clinical picture sometimes known as a sequence syndrome or association recognizing the patterns of dys  morph  ic features is an important part of a gene  tic  ist s diagnostic process as many genetic disease present with a common collection of features there are several commercially available databases that allow clin  icians to input their observed features in a patient to generate a differential diagnosis these databases are not inf  alli  ble as they require on the clin  ician to provide their own experience particularly when the observed clinical features are general a male child with short stature and hyper  tel  or  ism could have several different disorders as these findings are not highly specific however a finding such as 2 3 toe syn  d  ac  ty  ly is raises the index of suspicion for smith lem  li op  itz syndrome dys  morph  ic features are invariably present from birth although some are not immediately apparent upon visual inspection they can be divided into groups based on their origin including mal  formations abnormal development disruptions damage to previously normal tissue de  formations damage caused by an outside physical force and dys  pl  asi  as abnormal growth or organization within a tissue
dys  mor  p  hop  sia in a broad sense is a condition which causes the person affected to be unable to correctly perceive objects it is a visual distortion used to den  ote a variant of met  amor  p  hop  sia in which lines appear w  av  y these illusions may be restricted to certain vis  uals areas or may affect the entire visual field it has been associated with men  ing  i  oma tumors and bilateral lateral oc  ci  p  ital cor  ital damage e g after carbon monoxide poisoning or drug abuse
dy  sor  th  o  graphy is a specific dys  graphic disorder of spelling which accompanies dys  l  ex  ia by a direct consequence of the ph  on  ological disorder
dy  so  smi  a is a disorder described as any qualitative alteration or distortion of the perception of smell qualitative alterations differ from quantitative alterations which include an  os  mia and hy  pos  mia dy  so  smi  a can be classified as either par  os  mia also called tro  pos  mia or phan  to  smi  a par  os  mia refers to a distortion in the perception of an od  or  ant od  or  ants smell different from what one remembers phan  to  smi  a refers to the perception of an od  or when there ’ s no actual od  or  ant present the eti  ology of dy  so  smi  a still remains a theory it is typically considered a neuro  logical disorder and clinical associations with the disorder have been made most cases are described as idi  opathic and the main an  tec  ed  ents related to par  os  mia are ur  tis head trauma and nas  al and par  an  as  al sin  us disease dy  so  smi  a tends to go away on its own but there are options for treatment for patients that want immediate relief
a dy  so  sto  sis is a disorder of the development of bone in particular affecting os  sification examples include cran  io  facial dy  so  sto  sis k  lip  pel fe  il syndrome and rub  instein ta  y  bi syndrome it is one of the two categories of constitutional disorders of bone the other being o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asia when the disorder involves the joint between two bones the term sy  no  sto  sis is often used
dy  sp  are  un  ia is painful sexual inter  course due to medical or psychological causes the pain can primarily be on the external surface of the gen  italia or deeper in the pel  vis upon deep pressure against the cer  vi  x it can affect a small portion of the vul  va or vag  ina or be felt all over the surface understanding the duration location and nature of the pain is important in identifying the causes of the pain there are numerous physical psychological and social relationship causes that can contribute to pain during sexual encounters commonly multiple underlying causes contribute to the pain the pain can be acquired or con  genital symptoms of dy  sp  are  un  ia may also occur after men  op  ause diagnosis is typically by physical examination and a medical history treatment is determined by the underlying causes many women experience relief when physical causes are identified and treated even when the pain can be reproduced during a physical examination the possible role of psychological factors in either causing or maintaining the pain must be acknowledged and dealt with in treatment globally dy  sp  are  un  ia has been estimated to affect between 8 21 of women at some point in their lives
dy  sp  ha  gia lus  oria or bay  ford au  ten  ri  eth dy  sp  ha  gia is abnormal condition characterized by difficulty in sw  allowing caused by aberr  ant right sub  cl  avian artery it was discovered by david bay  ford in 17  61 and first reported in a paper by the same in 17  87
dys  plastic nails are a cu  taneous condition and may be a subtle finding of ri  dging fla  king or poor growth of the nails or more diffuse with nearly complete loss of nails this condition may be seen in a number of syndro  mes including dy  sk  er  at  osis con  gen  ita and nail – pat  ella syndrome
a dys  plastic nev  us or atypical mole is a nev  us mole whose appearance is different from that of common mol  es in 1992 the nih recommended that the term dys  plastic nev  us be avoided in favor of the term atypical mole an atypical mole may also be referred to as an atypical mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us atypical nev  us b k mole clark s nev  us dys  plastic mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us or nev  us with architectural disorder dys  plastic ne  vi often grow to larger than ordinary mol  es and may have irregular and in  distinct borders their color may not be uniform and may range from light pink to very dark brown they usually begin as flat but parts may raise above the skin surface see ab  c  de and ugly duc  kling characteristics below dys  plastic ne  vi can be found anywhere but are most common on the trunk in men and on the calves in women
dys  plastic nev  us syndrome also known as atypical mole syndrome ams famili  al atypical multiple mole – mel  anom  a fam  mm syndrome famili  al mel  anom  a syndrome and b k mole syndrome is a cu  taneous condition described in certain families and characterized by unusual ne  vi and multiple inherited mel  anom  as
dys  sem  ia is a difficulty with receptive and or expres  sive non  verbal communication the word comes from the greek roots d  ys difficulty and sem  ia signal the term was coined by psychologists marshall duke and stephen now  ick  i in their 1992 book helping the child who doesn t fit in to dec  ip  her the hidden dimensions of social rejection these difficulties go beyond problems with body language and motor skills dys  sem  ic persons exhibit difficulties with the acquisition and use of non  verbal cu  es in inter  personal relationships a classic set of studies by albert me  hr  ab  ian showed that in face to face interactions 55 percent of the emotional meaning of a message is expressed through facial post  ural and gest  ural means and 38 percent of the emotional meaning is transmitted through the tone of voice only seven percent of the emotional meaning is actually expressed with words dys  sem  ia represents the social dysfunction aspect of non  verbal learning disorder
dys  thy  mia d  ɪ  s  ˈ  θ  a  ɪ  mi  ə dis thy me  e ə from ancient greek δ  υ  σ  θ  υ  μ  ία bad state of mind sometimes also called neuro  tic depression dys  th  ym  ic disorder or chronic depression is a mood disorder consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as in depression with less severe but longer lasting symptoms the concept was coined by robert sp  it  zer as a replacement for the term depres  sive personality in the late 1970 s according to the fourth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders published in 1994 dsm iv dys  thy  mia is a serious state of chronic depression which persists for at least two years one year for children and adolescents dys  thy  mia is less acute and severe than major depres  sive disorder as dys  thy  mia is a chronic disorder sufferers may experience symptoms for many years before it is diagnosed if diagnosis occurs at all as a result they may believe that depression is a part of their character so they may not even discuss their symptoms with doctors family members or friends dys  thy  mia often co occurs with other mental disorders a double depression is the occurrence of episodes of major depression in addition to dys  thy  mia switching between periods of dys  th  ym  ic mo  ods and periods of hypo  man  ic mo  ods is indicative of cyclo  thy  mia which is a mild variant of bipolar disorder in the dsm 5 dys  thy  mia is replaced by persistent depres  sive disorder p  dd this new condition includes both chronic major depres  sive disorder and the previous dys  th  ym  ic disorder the reason for this change is that there was no evidence for meaningful differences between these two conditions
dy  st  onia is a neuro  logical movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repeti  tive muscle contr  actions result in tw  isting and repeti  tive movements or abnormal fixed post  ures the movements may resemble a trem  or dy  st  onia is often intensified or exacerbated by physical activity and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles the disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth related or other physical trauma infection poisoning e g lead poisoning or reaction to pharmaceutical drugs particularly neuro  le  p  tics treatment must be highly custom  ized to the needs of the individual and may include oral medications chem  od  ener  vation bot  ul  inum neuro  toxin injections physical therapy and or other supportive therapies and or surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation
dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication dc is the calci  fication occurring in de  generated or necro  tic tissue as in hy  al  ini  zed scars de  generated foc  i in lei  om  y  om  as and cas  eous no  d  ules this occurs as a reaction to tissue damage including as a consequence of medical device implan  tation dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication can occur even if the amount of calcium in the blood is not elevated a systemic mineral imbalance would elev  ate calcium levels in the blood and all tissues and cause me  ta  static calci  fication bas  oph  il  ic calcium salt deposits aggregate first in the mit  och  on  dri  a and progressively throughout the cell these calci  fications are an indication of previous micro  scopic cell injury it occurs in areas of cell necro  sis in which activated phosp  hat  ases bind calcium ions to phosp  holi  pi  ds in the memb  rane calci  fication can occur in dead or de  generated tissue
dy  stro  ph  ic cal  cin  osis cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by calci  fication of the skin resulting from the de  position of calcium and phosphorus and occurs in a pre  existing skin le  sion of infl  am  matory process
déjà vu ˌ  de  ɪ  ʒ  ɑ  ː ˈ  vu  ː french pron  unciation ​ de ʒ  a vy from french literally already seen is the phenomenon of having the strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past déjà vu is a feeling of familiarity and déjà vé  cu the feeling of having already lived through something is a feeling of reco  ll  ection scientific approaches reject the explanation of déjà vu as pre  cogn  ition or prophecy but rather explain it as an anomaly of memory which creates a distinct impression that an experience is being recalled this explanation is supported by the fact that the sense of reco  ll  ection at the time is strong in most cases but that the circumstances of the previous experience when where and how the earlier experience occurred are uncertain or believed to be impossible two types of déjà vu are suggested to exist the pathological type of déjà vu usually associated with epi  le  psy and the non pathological which is a characteristic of healthy people and psychological phenomena a 2004 survey concluded that approximately two thirds of the population have had déjà vu experiences other studies confirm that déjà vu is a common experience in healthy individuals with between 31 and 96 of individuals reporting it déjà vu experiences that are unusually prolonged or frequent or in association with other symptoms such as halluc  inations may be an indicator of neuro  logical or psychiatric illness
the e 1 cb elimination reaction is a type of elimination reaction which occurs under basic conditions where a particularly poor leaving group such as oh or or and an ac  id  ic hydrogen eliminate to form an additional bond e 1 cb is a two step process first a base abstr  acts the most ac  id  ic prot  on to generate a stabilized an  ion the lone pair of electron  s on the an  ion then moves to the neighboring atom thus expelling the leaving group and forming double or triple bond the name of the mechanism e 1 cb stands for elimination un  im  ol  ec  ular con  ju  gate base elimination refers to the fact that the mechanism is an elimination reaction and will lose two substitu  ents un  im  ol  ec  ular refers to the fact that the rate determining step of this reaction only involves one molecular entity finally con  ju  gate base refers to the formation of the car  ban  ion intermediate which is the con  ju  gate base of the starting material
east syndrome is a syndrome consisting of epi  le  psy at  ax  ia a movement disorder sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness deaf  ness because of problems with the hearing nerve and salt wasting ren  al tu  bul  opathy salt loss caused by kidney problems the tu  bul  opathy ren  al tu  bu  le ab  norm  alities in this condition pre  dispose to hypo  kal  emic low potassium metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis with normal blood pressure hypo  mag  nes  emia low blood levels of magnesium may also be present east syndrome is also called ses  ame syndrome as a syndrome of seizures sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness at  ax  ia intellectual disability mental retar  dation and electro  ly  te imbalances it is an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the k  cn  j 10 gene as discovered by bo  c  ken  hau  er and co workers the k  cn  j 10 gene en  codes the k channel k  ir 4 allowing k to flow into a cell rather than out and is present in the brain ear and kidney
e  em syndrome or ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly and mac  ular dy  stro  phy syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital mal  formation disorder affecting tissues associated with the ec  to  der  m skin hair nails teeth and also the hands feet and eyes
the el  sa mo  ot court competition emc ² on wto law is a simul  ated hearing in the world trade organization wto dispute settlement system participating teams represent both the complainant and respondent parties to the case by presenting oral submissions in front of a panel emc ² panels consist of wto law experts and are referred to as pan  el  list the competition provides students with the opportunity to put theory into practice thereby completing formal legal education the wto which was established in 1995 is based on the old general agreement on tariffs and trade and creates a system for efficiently regulating international trade despite the controversies the present structure looks to promote and enhance international trade for years to come the aim of the competition is both to encourage further development on the subject matter in the curriculum of academic institutions and also to contribute to the ongoing discussion about globalisation in the context of the wto agreements
in compu  tational complexity theory e  q  p sometimes called q  p which stands for exact quantum poly  no  mi  al time is the class of decision problems sol  vable by a quantum computer which outputs the correct answer with probability 1 and runs in poly  no  mi  al time it is the quantum analogue of the complexity class p in other words there is an algori  thm for a quantum computer a quantum algori  thm that solves the decision problem exactly and is guaranteed to run in poly  no  mi  al time
er  dl pattern also known as leaf pattern is a cam  ou  fl  age pattern developed by the united states army at its engineer research development laboratories er  dl in 1948 it was not issued to elite re  conna  issance and special operations units until early 1967 during the vietnam war the pattern consists of four colors printed in an inter  locking pattern
the eur  ion con  stell  ation also known as om  ron rings or dough  nuts is a pattern of symbols incorporated into a number of bankno  te designs worldwide since about 1996 it is added to help imaging software detect the presence of a bankno  te in a digital image such software can then block the user from reproducing banknotes to prevent counterfeiting using colour photo  co  piers research shows that the eur  ion con  stell  ation is used for colour photo  co  piers but probably not used in computer software it has been reported that ad  o  be photo  shop will not allow editing of an image of a bankno  te but this is believed due to a different unknown digital water  mark rather than the eur  ion con  stell  ation
eagle syndrome also termed sty  lo  hy  o  id syndrome sty  loid syndrome sty  loid sty  lo  hy  o  id syndrome or sty  loid – caro  ti  d artery syndrome is a rare condition characterized by sudden sharp nerve like pain in the jaw bone and joint back of the throat and base of the tongue triggered by sw  allowing moving the jaw or turning the neck named for the doctor who first described it in 19  37 the condition is caused by an el  ong  ated or mis  shap  en sty  loid process the sl  ender pointed piece of bone just below the ear and or calci  fication of the sty  lo  hy  o  id lig  ament which interferes with the functioning of neighboring regions in the body giving rise to pain
e  ales disease is a type of obliter  ative vas  cul  opathy also known as an  gi  opath  ia re  tin  ae juven  il  is periph  le  bi  tis re  tin  ae primary peri  vas  cu  li  tis of the re  tina is an oc  ular disease characterized by infl  amm  ation and possible block  age of re  tin  al blood vessels abnormal growth of new blood vessels ne  ov  as  cul  arization and recurrent re  tin  al and vit  real hemorrha  ges e  ales disease with a characteristic clinical picture fluores  ce  in an  gi  o  graphic finding and natural course and is considered a specific disease entity
ear disease is a sub  field of ot  ol  ar  yn  go  logy addressing the path  ology of the ear two of the major categories are o  ti  tis and hearing disorders however not all hearing disorders are due to structures of the ear
ear ecz  ema is an ecz  ema of the ear that may involve the heli  x po  sta  ur  icular fold and external aud  itory canal with the most frequently affected site being the external canal where it is often a manifestation of se  bor  rhe  ic der  mati  tis or allergic contact der  mati  tis
ear pain also known as o  tal  gia or ear  ache is pain in the ear primary ear pain is pain that originates inside the ear referred ear pain is pain that originates from outside the ear ear pain is not always associated with ear disease it may be caused by several other conditions such as imp  acted teeth sin  us disease infl  amed ton  si  ls infections in the nose and phar  yn  x throat cancer and occasionally as a sensory a  ura that prece  des a migr  aine
early onset alzheimer s disease also called early onset alzheimer s or early onset ad is alzheimer s disease diagnosed before the age of 65 it is an un  common form of alzheimer s accounting for only 5 10 of all alzheimer s cases approximately 13 of the cases of early onset alzheimer s are where a genetic pre  disposition leads to the disease the other incid  ences of early onset alzheimer s however share the same traits as the late onset form of alzheimer s disease and little is understood about how it starts non famili  al early onset alzheimer s can develop in people who are in their thir  ties or for  ties but that is extremely rare the majority of people with early onset alzheimer s are in their fif  ties or early six  ties
the early 2000 s recession was a decline in economic activity which mainly occurred in developed countries the recession affected the european union during 2000 and 2001 and the united states in 2002 and 2003 the uk canada and australia avoided the recession while russia a nation that did not experience prosperity during the 1990 s in fact began to recover from said situation japan s 1990 s recession continued this recession was predicted by economists because the boom of the 1990 s accompanied by both low inflation and low unemployment slowed in some parts of east asia during the 1997 asian financial crisis the recession in industrialized countries wasn t as significant as either of the two previous worldwide recessions some economists in the united states object to character  izing it as a recession since there were no two consecutive quarters of negative growth
the early pal  e  o  esk  imo is one of three distinct periods of human occupation recognized by archae  o  logists in the eastern north american arctic the others being the late pal  e  o  esk  imo and the thu  le dates for these occupations vary according to specific geographic region and cultural historical perspective but it is generally agreed that the first the early pal  e  o  esk  imo sp  ans roughly 4500 before present bp to 28 2300 bp
early childhood car  ies ec  c also known as baby bottle car  ies baby bottle tooth decay and bottle rot is a disease characterized by severe decay in the teeth of infants or young children early childhood car  ies is a very common bacterial infection it occurs in all areas of the world in the us rates are highest in minority and rural populations at times inf  ecting over 70 of the children ec  c occurs more often in children from the lower end of the socioeconomic scale a large body of scientific evidence indicates that ec  c is an infectious and transmissible disease with st  rep  to  co  cc  us mut  ans the primary microbiological agent in the disease the disease process begins with the transmission of the bacteria to the child usually from the primary caretaker care  takers with untreated dental disease present a very high risk to their children
early my  o  cl  onic encephalopathy em  e is an epi  le  psy syndrome where my  o  cl  onic seizures develop in the ne  on  atal period after several months the seizure pattern may develop to inf  anti  le sp  as  ms west syndrome various genetic and metabol  ic disorders are responsible the seizures are resistant to treatment the neuro  logy is very abnormal and patients often do not live beyond one year
an earnings surprise or unexpected earnings in accounting is the difference between the reported earnings and the expected earnings of an entity measures of a firm s expected earnings in turn include analysts forecasts of the firm s profit and mathematical models of expected earnings based on the earnings of previous accounting periods
the earth pyram  ids in south ty  rol are a special natural phenomenon that comes about in particular terrain usually after a landslide or an unh  inging of the earth the main cause of the formation of earth pyram  ids is the continuous alter  nation of periods of tor  ren  tial rain and  drought these phenomena in particularly fri  able terrain over the years increasingly erode the ground and form such earth pyram  ids usually the pyram  ids are formed in terrain very well sheltered from wind so that they cannot be damaged by it moreover the life of the earth pyram  ids is strongly dependent on the climate which reign  s during the time in which it is shaped by the rock that covers it there are several earth pyram  ids that can be safely visited among the most famous and admired the  following are the most outstanding the earth pyram  ids of rit  ten a pl  ate  au above bol  zano which are divided into three distinct groups near the villages k  lob  en  stein ober  bo  zen and unter  inn the earth pyram  ids of pl  atten near per  cha in the pu  ster valley other less famous earth pyram  ids are in ter  ent  en pu  ster valley in mö  l  ten in jen  esi  en near bol  zano in the h  inter  land of mer  ano in ti  rol ku  ens and ri  ff  ian in kar  ne  id and stein  egg one of its ham  lets in ne  us  ti  ft in the ri  gger valley in seg  on  zano in the c  emb  ra valley
earth tide also known as body tide or bodily ti  des or land ti  des is the displacement of the solid earth s surface caused by the gravity of the moon and sun its main component has meter level am  pl  itude at periods of about 12 hours and longer the largest body tide constituents are semi di  ur  nal but there are also significant di  ur  nal semi annual and fort  nigh  tly contributions though the grav  it  ational forcing causing earth ti  des and ocean ti  des is the same the responses are quite different
an earthquake light is an unusual lumin  ous aerial phenomenon that reportedly appears in the sky at or near areas of tec  tonic stress seis  mic activity or volcanic erup  tions skeptics maintain that there is no evidence of earthquake lights
ear  wax also known as cer  umen is a yel  low  ish wa  xy substance secre  ted in the ear canal of humans and other mammals it protects the skin of the human ear canal assists in cleaning and lubric  ation and also provides some protection from bacteria fun  gi insects and water ear  wax consists of shed skin cells hair and the secre  tions of the cer  u  minous and se  bac  eous g  lands of the outside ear canal major components of ear  wax are long chain fatty acids both saturated and un  saturated alcohol  s squ  al  ene and cho  le  sterol excess or comp  acted cer  umen can press against the ear  drum or block the outside ear canal or hearing aids potentially causing hearing loss
in se  wing and patter  n  making ease is the amount of room a gar  ment allows the we  arer beyond the measurements of their body for example if a man has a 40 inch chest measurement a jacket with a 40 inch chest would be very tight and would con  strict movement an ease of 3 or 4 inches might be added to the pattern making a 43 44 inch chest or more to enhance comfort or style ease is not generally included in sizing measurements to use the example again a man with a 40 inch chest will likely buy a jacket advertised as size 40 but the actual measurements of the gar  ment will almost always be somewhat larger ease is most important for wo  ven garments cut on the straight or cross  grain allowing little or no stretch a sl  oper pattern or block pattern is a simple pattern with very little or no ease made for the purpose of fitting the body accurately from which more finished or sty  lized patterns may be developed
east coast fever the  il  eri  osis is a disease of cattle sheep and goats caused by the proto  zo  an parasite the  il  er  ia par  va the term excludes diseases caused by other the  il  er  ia such as tropical the  il  eri  osis also known as mediterranean the  il  eri  osis caused by t annul  ata and human the  il  eri  osis caused by t micro  ti
the east – west sch  ism also called the great sch  ism and the sch  ism of 10  54 was the break of commun  ion between what are now the eastern orthodox and catholic churches which has lasted since the 11 th century it is not to be confused with the western sch  ism which is also sometimes called the great sch  ism the ec  cle  si  as  tical differences and theological disputes between the greek east and latin west pre dated the formal rupture that occurred in 10  54 prominent among these were the issues of the source of the holy spirit whether lea  ven  ed or un  lea  ven  ed bread should be used in the eu  char  ist the bishop of rome s claim to universal jurisdiction and the place of the see of constan  tin  op  le in relation to the pent  archy in 10  53 the first step was taken in the process which led to formal sch  ism the ecumenical patriarch of constan  tin  op  le michael i cer  ul  arius ordered the closure of all latin churches in constan  tin  op  le in response to the greek churches in southern italy having been forced to either close or conform to latin practices according to the historian j b bury cer  ul  arius purpose in closing the latin churches was to cut short any attempt at conciliation in 10  54 the pap  al leg  ate sent by leo ix traveled to constan  tin  op  le for purposes that included refusing to cer  ul  arius the title of ecumenical patriarch and insisting that he recognize the pope s claim to be the head of all the churches the main purpose of the pap  al leg  ation was to seek help from the by  z  antine emperor in view of the norman conquest of southern italy and to deal with recent attacks by leo of oh  rid against the use of un  lea  ven  ed bread and other western customs attacks that had the support of cer  ul  arius historian axel bayer says the leg  ation was sent in response to two letters one from the emperor seeking assistance in arranging a common military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the norm  ans and the other from cer  ul  arius on the refusal of cer  ul  arius to accept the demand the leader of the leg  ation cardinal hum  bert of silva candi  da o s b ex  communicated him and in return cer  ul  arius ex  communicated hum  bert and the other leg  ates this was only the first act in a centuries long process that eventually became a complete sch  ism the validity of the western leg  ates act is doubtful since leo had died and cer  ul  arius ex  communication applied only to the leg  ates personally still the church split along doctr  inal theological linguistic political and geographical lines and the fundamental breach has never been healed with each side sometimes accusing the other of having fallen into her  esy and of having initiated the division the crus  ades the massacre of the lat  ins in 1182 the west s retaliation in the s  acking of thessal  onica in 1  185 the capture and siege of constan  tin  op  le in 120  4 and the imposition of latin patriarch  s made reconciliation more difficult establishing latin hierarch  ies in the crus  ader states meant that there were two rival claim  ants to each of the patriarch  al sees of anti  och constan  tin  op  le and jerusalem making the existence of sch  ism clear several attempts at reconciliation did not bear fruit in 1965 pope paul vi and the ecumenical patriarch of constan  tin  op  le ath  en  ag  or  as i nul  lified the ana  them  as of 10  54 although this nul  lification of measures taken against a few individuals was essentially a goodwill gesture and did not constitute any sort of reunion contacts between the two sides continue every year a delegation from each joins in the other s celebration of its patron  al feast s  aints peter and paul 29 june for rome and saint andrew 30 november for constan  tin  op  le and there have been a number of visits by the head of each to the other the efforts of the ecumenical patriarch  s towards reconciliation with the catholic church have often been the target of sharp criticism from some fellow orthodox
eating disorders are mental disorders defined by abnormal eating habits that negatively affect a person s physical or mental health they include binge eating disorder where people eat a large amount in a short period of time an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa where people eat very little and thus have a low body weight bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa where people eat a lot and then try to rid themselves of the food pic  a where people eat non food items rumin  ation disorder where people reg  urg  itate food avoid  ant restrictive food intake disorder where people have a lack of interest in food and a group of other specified feeding or eating disorders anxiety disorders depression and substance abuse are common among people with eating disorders these disorders do not include obesity the cause of eating disorders is not clear both biological and environmental factors appear to play a role cultural ide  alization of thin  ness is believed to contribute eating disorders affect about 12 percent of dan  cers those who have experienced sexual abuse are also more likely to develop eating disorders some disorders such as pic  a and rumin  ation disorder occur more often in people with intellectual disabilities only one eating disorder can be diagnosed at a given time treatment can be effective for many eating disorders this typically involves counselling a proper diet a normal amount of exercise and the reduction of efforts to eliminate food hosp  itali  zation is occasionally needed medications may be used to help with some of the associated symptoms at five years about 70 of people with an  ore  x  ia and 50 of people with bu  li  mia recover recovery from binge eating disorder is less clear and estimated at 20 to 60 both an  ore  x  ia and bu  li  mia increase the risk of death in the developed world binge eating disorder affects about 1 6 of women and 0 8 of men in a given year an  ore  x  ia affects about 0 4 and bu  li  mia affects about 1 3 of young women in a given year during the entire life up to 4 of women have an  ore  x  ia 2 have bu  li  mia and 2 have binge eating disorder an  ore  x  ia and bu  li  mia occur nearly ten times more often in females than males typically they begin in late childhood or early adul  thood rates of other eating disorders are not clear rates of eating disorders appear to be lower in less developed countries
eating disorder not otherwise specified ed  nos is an eating disorder that does not meet the criteria for an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa or binge eating individuals with ed  nos usually fall into one of three groups sub threshold symptoms of an  ore  x  ia or bu  li  mia mixed features of both disorders or extremely atypical eating behaviors that are not characterized by either of the other established disorders people with ed  nos have similar symptoms and behaviors to those with an  ore  x  ia and bu  li  mia and can face the same dangerous risks ed  nos is the most prevalent eating disorder about 60 of adults treated for eating disorders are diagnosed with ed  nos ed  nos occurs in all g  enders
eating m  uc  us is the act of extracting nas  al m  uc  us with one s finger rhin  o  till  ex  is and the succeeding action of ing  est  ing the m  uc  us from the nose picking mu  cop  ha  gy nas  al m  uc  us is also termed as boo  gers s  not boge  ys dried nas  al m  uc  us m  uc  us secre  tion and other related terms including comer  se los mo  cos to eat one s s  not mu  cop  ha  gy is a common behavior in children however this action is condemned in most cultures and societies which try to prevent development of the habit and attempt to break it if already established mu  cop  ha  gy is a source of mockery and entertainment in the media thus confirming the social s  corn previously mentioned
e  bol  a virus disease ev  d also known as e  bol  a hemorrha  gic fever eh  f or simply e  bol  a is a viral hemorrha  gic fever of humans and other pri  mates caused by e  bol  avi  ruses signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever sore throat muscular pain and headaches then v  om  iting diarr  hea and rash usually follow along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys at this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally the disease has a high risk of death killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected with an average of about 50 percent this is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear the virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids such as blood of an infected human or other animals this may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids spread of the disease through the air between pri  mates including humans has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from ev  d may carry the virus for several weeks to months fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature able to spread the virus without being affected by it other diseases such as malaria cholera typ  ho  id fever men  ing  i  tis and other viral hemorrha  gic fe  vers may resemble ev  d blood samples are tested for viral r  na viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services alongside a certain level of community engagement the medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals quick access to laboratory services proper healthcare for those who are infected and proper disposal of the dead through cre  mation or burial samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans this may be done by handling potentially infected bush  meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it it also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease no specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available although a number of potential treatments are being studied supportive efforts however improve outcomes this includes either oral re  hydr  ation therapy drinking slightly swee  tened and sal  ty water or giving intra  ven  ous fluids as well as treating symptoms the disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks one in nz  ara and the other in yam  bu  ku a village near the e  bol  a river from which the disease takes its name ev  d outbreaks occur inter  mit  tently in tropical regions of sub saharan africa between 1976 and 2013 the world health organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1 716 cases the largest outbreak to date was the epidemic in west africa which occurred from december 2013 to january 2016 with section e  bol  a virus epidemic in west africa cases cases and section e  bol  a virus epidemic in west africa deaths deaths section e  bol  a virus epidemic in west africa cas  ere  fs it was declared no longer an emergency on 29 march 2016
e  bol  a virus disease or simply e  bol  a is a disease of humans and other pri  mates caused by e  bol  avi  ruses there is no cure or specific treatment that is currently approved treatment is primarily supportive in nature
eb  stein s anomaly is a con  genital heart defect in which the sep  tal and poster  ior leaf  lets of the tric  us  pid valve are displaced towards the ap  ex of the right ven  tric  le of the heart
an ec  ch  on  dro  ma is a type of ch  on  dro  ma that is sub  perio  steal a proliferation is known as ec  ch  on  dro  sis
an ec  ch  y  mo  sis is a sub  cu  taneous spot of bleeding from extr  av  as  ation of blood with diameter larger than 1 centi  metre 0 39 in it is similar to and sometimes in  distingu  ishable from a hem  atom  a commonly called a bru  ise though the terms are not interchangeable in careful usage specifically bru  ises are caused by trauma whereas ec  ch  y  moses which are the same as the spots of pur  pur  a except larger are not necessarily caused by trauma often being caused by path  op  hy  sio  logic cell function a broader definition of ec  ch  y  mo  sis is the escape of blood into the tissues from rup  tured blood vessels the term also applies to the sub  cu  taneous dis  color  ation resulting from se  ep  age of blood within the cont  used tissue
ec  cr  ine carcin  oma also known as a syr  in  go  id carcin  oma is a rare cu  taneous condition characterized by a pla  que or no  dule on the scal  p trunk or extre  mi  ties
ec  cr  ine m  uc  in  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by m  uc  in  osis and described in hiv infected patients
an ec  cr  ine nev  us is an extremely rare cu  taneous condition that his  to  logically is characterized by an increase in size or number of ec  cr  ine secre  tory co  ils
echino  coc  co  sis also called hy  d  ati  d disease hy  d  ati  do  sis or echino  coc  cal disease is a par  asi  tic disease of ta  pe  worms of the echino  co  cc  us type the two main types of the disease are c  ys  tic echino  coc  co  sis and al  ve  ol  ar echino  coc  co  sis less common forms include poly  c  ys  tic echino  coc  co  sis and unic  ys  tic echino  coc  co  sis the disease often starts without symptoms and this may last for years the symptoms and signs that occur depend on the cyst s location and size al  ve  ol  ar disease usually begins in the liver but can spread to other parts of the body such as the lungs or brain when the liver is affected the person may have ab  domin  al pain weight loss and turn slightly yellow from ja  und  ice lung disease may cause pain in the chest short  ness of breath and cou  gh  ing the disease is spread when food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite is eaten or by close contact with an infected animal the eggs are released in the sto  ol of meat eating animals that are infected by the parasite commonly infected animals include dogs fo  xes and wolves for these animals to become infected they must eat the organs of an animal that contains the cy  sts such as sheep or ro  dents the type of disease that occurs in people depends on the type of echino  co  cc  us causing the infection it is a type of worm infection and is a neglected tropical disease diagnosis is usually by ul  tras  ound though computer tom  o  graphy ct or magnetic resonance imaging m  ri may also be used blood tests looking for antibodies against the parasite may be helpful as may biopsy prevention of c  ys  tic disease is by treating dogs that may carry the disease and vaccination of sheep treatment is often difficult the c  ys  tic disease may be drained through the skin followed by medication sometimes this type of disease is just watched the al  ve  ol  ar type often needs surgery followed by medications the medication used is al  bend  azole which may be needed for years the al  ve  ol  ar disease may result in death the disease occurs in most areas of the world and currently affects about one million people in some areas of south america africa and asia up to 10 of the certain populations are affected in 2010 it caused about 1200 deaths down from 2000 in 1990 the economic cost of the disease is estimated to be around 3 billion usd a year it is classified as a neglected tropical disease and belongs to the group of diseases known as hel  min  thi  asis it can affect other animals such as pigs cows and horses
echo park colorado is a remote river bottom surrounded by canyon walls on the green river just downstream from the con  flu  ence with the yam  pa river and across the stream from the dramatic southern end of steam  boat rock in dinosa  ur national monument it was first mapped and given its name by the powell geographic expedi  tion in 18  69 a proposed dam at echo park turned into a nationwide environmental controversy in the early 1950 s the sierra club and other conserv  ationist groups helped forge a compromise in congress that eliminated the echo park dam from the colorado river storage project act of 1956
echo  gen  icity mis  spelled sometimes as echo  gen  ec  ity is the ability to bounce an echo e g return the signal in ul  tras  ound examinations in other words echo  gen  icity is higher when the surface boun  cing the sound echo reflects increased sound waves tissues that have higher echo  gen  icity are called hyper  echo  genic and are usually represented with lighter colors on images in medical ul  tras  ono  graphy in contrast tissues with lower echo  gen  icity are called hypo  echo  genic and are usually represented with darker colors areas that lack echo  gen  icity are called an  echo  genic and are usually displayed as completely dark
ec  hol  alia also known as echo  logia or ec  hop  h  ra  sia is defined as the unsolicited repetition of voc  alizations made by another person by the same person is called pal  il  alia in its profound form it is automatic and effor  tless it is one of the ec  hop  hen  omen  a closely related to ec  hop  ra  x  ia the automatic repetition of movements made by another person both are sub  sets of im  itative behavior whereby sounds or actions are im  itated without explicit awareness ec  hol  alia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed the word ec  hol  alia is derived from the greek ἠ  χ  ώ meaning echo or to repeat and λα  λ  ι  ά l  ali  á meaning speech or talk of on  om  ato  poe  ic origin from the ver  b λα  λέ  ω l  al  é  o meaning to talk
the ec  hop  lex is a tape delay effect first made in 1959 designed by mike battle the ec  hop  lex set a standard for the effect in the 1960 s — it is still regarded as the standard by which everything else is measured it was used by some of the most notable guitar players of the era original ec  hop  l  exes are highly sought after
ec  lam  p  sia is the onset of seizures con  vul  sions in a woman with pre ec  lam  p  sia pre ec  lam  p  sia is a disorder of pregnancy in which there is high blood pressure and either large amounts of protein in the urine or other organ dysfunction onset may be before during or after delivery most often it is during the second half of pregnancy the seizures are of the tonic – cl  onic type and typically last about a minute following the seizure there is typically either a period of confusion or coma complications include aspiration pneumonia cere  br  al hemorrha  ge kidney failure and cardiac arrest pre  ec  lam  p  sia and ec  lam  p  sia are part of a larger group of conditions known as hyper  ten  sive disorders of pregnancy recommendations for prevention include aspir  in in those at high risk calcium supplem  entation in areas with low intake and treatment of prior hyper  tension with medications exercise during pregnancy may also be useful the use of intra  ven  ous or intr  amus  cular magnesium sul  fate improves outcomes in those with ec  lam  p  sia and is generally safe this is true in both the developed and developing world breathing may need to be supported other treatments may include blood pressure medications such as hydr  al  az  ine and emergency delivery of the baby either vag  in  ally or by ces  are  an section pre ec  lam  p  sia is estimated to affect about 5 of deliveries while ec  lam  p  sia affects about 1 4 of deliveries in the developed world rates are about 1 in 2 000 deliveries due to improved medical care hyper  ten  sive disorders of pregnancy are one of the most common causes of death in pregnancy they resulted in 29 000 deaths in 2013 – down from 37 000 deaths in 1990 around one percent of women with ec  lam  p  sia die the word ec  lam  p  sia is from the greek term for lightning the first known description of the condition was by hippo  crates in the 5 th century b  ce
eco  ci  de is the extensive damage to destruction of or loss of ecosystem s of a given territory whether by human agency or by other to such an extent that peaceful enjoyment by the inhabitants of that territory has been or will be severely diminished
ecological competence is the ability of an organism often a pathogen to survive and compete in new habitats in the case of plant pathogens it is also their ability to survive between growing seasons for example peanut cl  ump virus can survive in the spo  res of its fun  gal vector until a new growing season begins and it can proceed to infect its primary host again if a pathogen does not have ecological competence it is likely to become extinct
ecological inheritance is the physical consequence of niche construction passed down through generations through ance  str  al organisms this differs from genetic inheritance because it depends on each generation to sustain the efforts towards environmental modifications of previous generations
ecological light pollution is the effect of artificial light on individual organisms and on the structure of ecosystems as a whole the effect that artificial light has upon organisms is highly variable and ranges from beneficial e g increased ability for predat  or species to observe prey to immediately fatal e g mo  ths that are attracted to incan  descent lan  ter  ns and are killed by the heat it is also possible for light at night to be both beneficial and damaging for a species as an example humans benefit from using indoor artificial light to extend the time available for work and play but the light disrup  ts the human cir  c  adi  an rhythm and the resulting stress is damaging to health through the various effects that light pollution has on individual species the ecology of regions is affected in the case where two species occupy an identical niche the population frequency of each species may be changed by the introduction of artificial light if they are not equally affected by light at night for example some species of sp  id  ers avoid lit areas while other species are happy to build their spider web directly on a lamp post since lamp posts attract many flying insects the sp  id  ers that don t mind light gain an advantage over the sp  id  ers that avoid it and consequently become more common changes in these species frequencies can then have knock on effects as the interactions between these species and others in the ecosystem are affected and food we  bs are altered these rip  ple effects can eventually affect even di  ur  nal plants and animals as an example changes in the activity of night active insects can change the survival rates of night blo  oming plants which may provide food or shelter for di  ur  nal animals the introduction of artificial light at night is one of the most drastic anthropogenic changes to the earth comparable to toxic pollution land use change and climate change due to increases in the concentration of green house gases
ecological literacy also referred to as ecol  iter  acy is the ability to understand the natural systems that make life on earth possible to be ecol  iter  ate means understanding the principles of organization of ecological communities i e ecosystems and using those principles for creating sustainable human communities the term was coined by american educ  ator david w or  r and physic  ist fr  it  j  of cap  ra in the 1990 s thereby a new value entered education the “ well being of the earth ” an ecologically liter  ate society would be a sustainable society which did not destroy the natural environment on which they depend ecological literacy is a powerful concept as it creates a foundation for an integrated approach to environmental problems advocates champion eco literacy as a new educational paradigm emerging around the poles of hol  ism systems thinking sustainability and complexity ecol  iter  acy concerns understanding the principles of organisation of ecosystems and their potential application to understanding how to build a sustainable human society it combines the sciences of systems and ecology in drawing together elements required to foster learning processes toward a deep appreciation of nature and our role in it systems thinking is the recognition of the world as an integrated whole rather than a collection of individual elements within systems thinking basic principles of organization become more important than the analysis of various components of the system in isolation ecological literacy and systems thinking implies a recognition of the manner in which all phenomenon are part of networks that define the way that element functions systems thinking is necessary to understand complex interdependence of ecological systems social systems and other systems on all levels according to fr  it  j  of cap  ra “ in the coming decades the survival of humanity will depend on our ecological literacy – our ability to understand the basic principles of ecology and to live accordingly this means that ecol  iter  acy must become a critical skill for politicians business leaders and professionals in all spheres and should be the most important part of education at all levels – from primary and secondary schools to colleges universities and the continuing education and training of professionals ” david w or  r has stated that the goal of ecological literacy is “ built on the recognition that the disorder of ecosystems reflects a prior disorder of mind making it a central concern to those institutions that pur  port to improve minds in other words the ecological crisis is in every way a crisis of education all education is environmental education … by what is included or excluded we teach the young that they are part of or apart from the natural world ” he also emphasizes that ecol  iter  acy does not only require mastery of subject matter but the creation of meaningful connections between head hands and heart as well others have reiterated the urgent importance of ecological literacy in today s world where young people are faced with escalating environmental challenges including climate change depletion of resources and environmentally linked illnesses this generation will require leaders and citizens who can think ecologically understand the interconnec  tedness of human and natural systems and have the will ability and courage to act — michael k stone with an understanding of ecological literacy perceptions naturally shift the need to protect the ecosystems is not simply a belief held by environmentalists it is a biological imperative for survival over the time this value will become a basic principle for priori  tizing thought and action in a sustainable society in the face of the increasing capacity of industrial systems to destroy habitats and the climate system the explicit declaration of the principles of ecological literacy – and the resulting awareness of the importance of living within the ecological carrying capacity of the earth is increasingly necessary whether ecol  iter  acy can address the infamous value action gap is unclear
ecological yield is the harvest  able population growth of an ecosystem it is most commonly measured in forestry sustainable forestry is defined as that which does not harvest more wood in a year than has grown in that year within a given patch of forest however the concept is also applicable to water soil and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed — called renewable resources the carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is renewed refre  shed or reg  ro  wn or rebuilt is consumed ecosystem services analysis calcul  ates the global yield of the earth s bio  sphere to humans as a whole this is said to be greater in size than the entire human economy however it is more than just yield but also the natural processes that increase biodiversity and conserve habitat which result in the total value of these services yield of ecological commodities like wood or water useful to humans is only a part of it very often an ecological yield in one place off  sets an ecological load in another greenhouse gas released in one place for instance is fairly evenly distributed in the atmosphere and so greenhouse gas control can be achieved by creating a carbon sink literally anywhere else eco  ci  de is thought by some green economists to be accelerated by debt instruments which demand a yield greater than the ecological capacity to renew this is a major question in monetary reform
in finance mainly for financial services firms economic capital is the amount of risk capital assessed on a realistic basis which a firm requires to cover the risks that it is running or collecting as a going concern such as market risk credit risk legal risk and operational risk it is the amount of money which is needed to secure survival in a worst case scenario firms and financial services regulators should then aim to hold risk capital of an amount equal at least to economic capital typically economic capital is calculated by determining the amount of capital that the firm needs to ensure that its realistic balance sheet stays solvent over a certain time period with a pre specified probability therefore economic capital is often calculated as value at risk the balance sheet in this case would be prepared showing market value rather than book value of assets and liabilities the first accounts of economic capital date back to the ancient phoen  icians who took ru  dim  entary tal  lies of frequency and severity of illnesses among rural farmers to gain an intu  ition of expected losses in productivity these calculations were advanced by cor  relations to climate change political outbreak and birth rate change the concept of economic capital differs from regulatory capital in the sense that regulatory capital is the mandatory capital the regulators require to be maintained while economic capital is the best estimate of required capital that financial institutions use internally to manage their own risk and to allocate the cost of maintaining regulatory capital among different units within the organization
an economic expansion is an increase in the level of economic activity and of the goods and services available it is a period of economic growth as measured by a rise in real gdp the explanation of fluctuations in aggregate economic activity between economic expan  sions and contr  actions is one of the primary concerns of macro  economics typically an economic expansion is marked by an upturn in production and utilization of resources economic recovery and prosperity are two successive phases of expansion expansion may be caused by factors external to the economy such as weather conditions or technical change or by factors internal to the economy such as fiscal policies monetary policies the availability of credit interest rates regulatory policies or other impacts on producer incentives global conditions may influence the levels of economic activity in various countries economic contraction and expansion relate to the overall output of all goods and services while the terms inflation and deflation refer to increasing and decreasing prices of commodities goods and services in relation to the value of money expansion means enlarging the scale of a company the ways of expansion include internal expansion and integration internal expansion means a company enlar  ges its scale through opening branches inventing new products or developing new businesses integration means a company enlar  ges its scale through taking over or merging with other companies
economic freedom or economic liberty is the ability of members of a society to undertake economic actions this is a term used in economic and policy debates as well as in the philosophy of economics one approach to economic freedom comes from classical liberal and liber  tarian traditions emphasizing free markets free trade and private property under free enterprise another approach to economic freedom extends the welfare economics study of individual choice with greater economic freedom coming from a larger in some technical sense set of possible choices other conceptions of economic freedom include freedom from want and the freedom to engage in collective bargaining the free market viewpoint defines economic liberty as the freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft this is embodied in the rule of law property rights and freedom of contract and characterized by external and internal openness of the markets the protection of property rights and freedom of economic initiative there are several indices of economic freedom that attempt to measure free market economic freedom empirical studies based on these rankings have found higher living standards economic growth income equality less corruption and less political violence to be correlated with higher scores on the country rankings it has been argued that the economic freedom indices con  fl  ate together unrelated policies and policy outcomes to conceal negative cor  relations between economic growth and economic freedom in some sub  components
economic growth is the increase in the inflation adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time it is conventi  onally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product or real gdp usually in per capita terms growth is usually calculated in real terms – i e inflation adjusted terms – to eliminate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of goods produced measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product gdp it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure the rate of economic growth refers to the geome  tric annual rate of growth in gdp between the first and the last year over a period of time implicitly this growth rate is the trend in the average level of gdp over the period which implicitly ignores the fluctuations in the gdp around this trend an increase in economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs such as labor productivity physical capital energy or materials is referred to as intensive growth gdp growth caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use increased population new territory is called extensive growth
economic inequality is the difference found in various measures of economic well being among individuals in a group among groups in a population or among countries economic inequality is sometimes called income inequality wealth inequality or the wealth gap economists generally focus on economic disparity in three metr  ics wealth income and consumption the issue of economic inequality is relevant to notions of equity equality of outcome and equality of opportunity economic inequality varies between societies historical periods economic structures and systems the term can refer to cross sectional distribution of income or wealth at any particular period or to changes of income and wealth over longer periods of time there are various numerical indices for measuring economic inequality a widely used index is the gin  i coefficient but there are also many other methods some studies say economic inequality is a social problem e g too much inequality can be destructive because it might hinder long term growth too much income equality is also destructive since it decreases the incentive for productivity and the desire to take on risks and create wealth
the economic lot scheduling problem el  sp is a problem in operations management and inventory theory that has been studied by a large number of researchers for more than 50 years the term was first used in 1958 by professor jack d ro  gers of berkeley who extended the economic order quantity model to the case where there are several products to be produced on the same machine so that one must decide both the lot size for each product and when each lot should be produced the method illustrated by jack d ro  gers draws on a 1956 paper from wel  ch w ever  t the el  sp is a mathematical model of a common issue for almost any company or industry planning what to manufacture when to manufacture and how much to manufacture
materi  alism ad  j materi  alistic is the importance a consumer attaches to acquiring and consuming material goods also called acquis  i  tiveness is often associated with a value system which regards social status as being determined by afflu  ence see conspicuous consumption as well as the belief that possessions can provide happiness environment  alism can be considered a competing orientation to materi  alism materi  alism can be considered a pragmatic form of enlightened self interest based on a prudent understanding of the character of capitalist society however studies have found that it is also associated with self destructive behavior and depression
economic mobility is the ability of an individual family or some other group to improve or lower their economic status — usually measured in income economic mobility is often measured by movement between income qu  inti  les economic mobility may be considered a type of social mobility which is often measured in change in income
the economic principle of sati  ation is the effect whereby the more of a good one possesses the less one is willing to give up in order to get more of it this effect is caused by diminishing marginal utility the effect whereby the consumer gains less utility per unit of a product the more units of a product he or she consumes for example if someone buys a can of cola they will enjoy it if they then buy a second one they will enjoy it less and so forth it can continue to the point where drinking a can of cola becomes a negative experience and beyond
economic security or financial security is the condition of having stable income or other resources to support a standard of living now and in the foreseeable future it includes probable continued solvency predictability of the future cash flow of a person or other economic entity such as a country employment security or job security financial security more often refers to individual and family money management and savings economic security tends to include the broader effect of a society s production levels and monetary support for non working citizens
ec  thy  ma is a variation of impe  ti  go presenting at a deeper level of tissue it is usually associated with group a beta hem  ol  y  tic st  rep  to  co  cc  us abbreviated gas
ec  thy  ma gan  gre  no  sum is an infection of the skin typically caused by pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa it is often seen in immun  o  compromised patients such as those with neu  tro  pen  ia ec  thy  ma gan  gre  no  sum presents as a round or o  val le  sion 1 0 to 15 cm in diameter with a hal  o of er  y  them  a a necro  tic center is usually present with a surrounding er  y  them  at  ous edge representing where the organism invaded blood vessels and caused inf  arc  tions these ul  cer  ative le  sions are single or multiple and heal with scar formation although sep  sis resulting from other gram negative bacteria can also cause this condition
ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia is not a single disorder but a group of syndro  mes all deriving from ab  norm  alities of the ec  to  der  mal structures more than 150 different syndro  mes have been identified despite some of the syndro  mes having different genetic causes the symptoms are sometimes very similar diagnosis is usually by clinical observation often with the assistance of family medical histories so that it can be determined whether transmission is auto  som  al dominant or rec  essive worldwide around 7 000 people have been diagnosed with an ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia condition some ed conditions are only present in single family units and derive from very recent mutations ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asi  as can occur in any race but are much more prevalent in cauca  sians than any other group and especially in fair cauca  sians ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asi  as are described as her  itable conditions in which there are ab  norm  alities of two or more ec  to  der  mal structures such as the hair teeth nails sweat g  lands sali  vary g  lands cran  ial facial structure digits and other parts of the body
ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia with cor  k  screw ha  irs is a skin condition with salient features including exaggerated pil  i tor  ti scal  p kel  oids fol  lic  ular plu  gging ker  at  osis pil  aris x  er  osis ecz  ema pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma syn  d  ac  ty  ly on  cho  dys  pl  asia and con  junc  ti  val ne  ov  as  cul  arization
ec  to  genesis from the greek ec  to outer and genesis is the growth of an organism in an artificial environment outside the body in which it would normally be found such as the growth of an embryo or fe  tus outside the mother s body or the growth of bacteria outside the body of a host the term was coined by british scientist j b s hal  dane in 19  24
ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  mom  a is a rare fast growing tumor of the nervous system or soft tissue that occurs mainly in children although cases have been reported in patients up to age 60 ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  mom  as may form in the head and neck ab  dom  en per  in  eu  m scro  tum or limbs also called m  align  ant ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  mom  a m  align  ant ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  mom  a m  em is a rare tumor of soft tissues or the cns which is composed of both neuro  ec  to  der  mal elements represented by gang  lion cells and or well differentiated or poorly differentiated neuro  bl  astic cells such as gang  lion  euro  ma gang  lion  euro  bl  ast  oma neuro  bl  ast  oma peripheral primitive neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumors – p  net and one or more mes  en  ch  ym  al ne  op  l  astic elements usually r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma the most accepted theory suggests that this tumor arises from remnants of migratory ne  ural c  rest cells and thus from the ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  me
an ec  top  ar  asi  tic inf  est  ation is a par  asi  tic disease caused by organisms that live primarily on the surface of the host examples s  cab  ies crab lou  se pu  bic lic  e pe  dic  ul  osis head lic  e ler  na  e  o  cer  a bran  chi  alis cod worm
in medicine an ec  top  ia ɛ  k  ˈ  to  ʊ  pi  ə is a displacement or mal  position of an organ or other body part which is then referred to as ec  topic ɛ  k  ˈ  t  ɒ  p  ɪ  k most ec  top  ias are con  genital but some may happen later in life
ec  top  ia cord  is greek away out of place latin heart is a con  genital mal  formation in which the heart is abnormally located either partially or totally outside of the thor  ax the ec  topic heart can be found along a spectrum of anatom  ical locations including the neck chest or ab  dom  en in most cases the heart pro  tru  des outside the chest through a split ster  num
ec  top  ia l  enti  s is a displacement or mal  position of the eye s cryst  alline lens from its normal location a partial dis  location of a lens is termed lens su  blu  x  ation or su  blu  x  ated lens a complete dis  location of a lens is termed lens lux  ation or lux  ated lens
ec  topic beat or cardiac ec  top  y is a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm frequently related to the electrical conduc  tion system of the heart in which beats arise from fi  bers or group of fi  bers outside the region in the heart muscle ordinarily responsible for impulse formation i e the sin  o  atri  al no  de an ec  topic beat can be further classified as either a premature ven  tric  ular contraction or a premature atri  al contraction some patients describe this experience as a flip or a jol  t in the chest or a heart hic  cups while others report dropped or missed beats ec  topic beats are more common during periods of stress or deb  ility they may also be triggered by consumption of some food like alcohol strong cheese or chocolate it is a form of cardiac arr  hy  th  mia in which ec  topic foc  i within either ven  tric  ular or atri  al my  o  cardi  um or from fin  er branches of the electric trans  duc  tion system cause additional beats of the heart some medications may worsen the phenomenon
ec  topic calci  fication is a patho  logic de  position of calcium salts in tissues or bone growth in soft tissues this can be a symptom of hyper  phosp  hat  emia formation of osse  ous tissue in soft tissues such as the lungs eyes arter  ies or other organs is known as ec  topic calci  fication dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication or ec  topic os  sification
ec  topic en  am  el is an ab  normality in the shape of teeth it is tooth en  am  el that is found in an unusual location such as at the root of a tooth
ec  topic pregnancy also known as ec  cy  esis or tu  bal pregnancy is a complic  ation of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uter  us signs and symptoms class  ically include ab  domin  al pain and vag  inal bleeding less than 50 percent of women have both of these symptoms the pain may be described as sharp dull or cr  amp  y pain may also spread to the shoulder if bleeding into the ab  dom  en has occurred severe bleeding may result in a fast heart rate fain  ting or shock with very rare exceptions the fe  tus is unable to survive risk factors for ec  topic pregnancy include pel  vic infl  am  matory disease often due to ch  lam  y  dia infection tobacco smoking prior tu  bal surgery a history of in  fertility and the use of assisted reproductive technology those who have previously had an ec  topic pregnancy are at much higher risk of having another one most ec  topic pregnancies 90 occur in the fall  op  ian tube which are known as tu  bal pregnancies implan  tation can also occur on the cer  vi  x ov  aries or within the ab  dom  en detection of ec  topic pregnancy is typically by blood tests for human ch  ori  onic gon  ad  o  tro  pin h  c  g and ul  tras  ound this may require testing on more than one occasion ul  tras  ound works best when performed from within the vag  ina other causes of similar symptoms include mis  carriage o  vari  an tor  sion and acute append  ic  i  tis prevention is by decreasing risk factors such as ch  lam  y  dia infections through screening and treatment while some ec  topic pregnancies will resolve without treatment this approach has not been well studied as of 2014 the use of the medication meth  o  tre  x  ate works as well as surgery in some cases specifically it works well when the beta h  c  g is low and the size of the ec  topic is small surgery is still typically recommended if the tube has rup  tured there is a fe  tal heartbeat or the person s vital signs are unstable the surgery may be l  apar  o  scopic or through a larger inc  ision known as a l  apar  o  tomy outcomes are generally good with treatment the rate of ec  topic pregnancy is about 1 and 2 that of live births in developed countries though it may be as high as 4 among those using assisted reproductive technology it is the most common cause of death during the first trim  ester at approximately 10 of the total in the developed world outcomes have improved while in the developing world they often remain poor the risk of death among those in the developed world is between 0 1 and 0 3 percent while in the developing world it is between one and three percent the first known description of an ec  topic pregnancy is by albu  cas  is in the 11 th century the word ec  topic means out of place
sali  vary g  land tissue which is located in sites other than the normal location is vari  ously described as aberr  ant accessory ec  topic heter  ot  op  ic or sali  vary g  land chor  ist  oma
a ec  topic testi  s is a tes  tic  le that although not an und  es  c  ended tes  tic  le has taken a non standard path through the body and ended up in an unusual location the positions of the ec  topic testi  s may be in the lower part of the ab  dom  en front of thi  gh fem  oral canal skin of penis or behind the scro  tum the testi  s is usually developed and accompanied by an indirect ingu  inal her  nia it may be divorced from the epi  di  dy  mis which may lie in the scro  tum
ec  topic th  ym  us is a condition where th  ym  us tissue is found in an abnormal location it can be associated with failure of descent it can also be associated with failure of inv  olution
ec  topic u  re  ter or u  re  ter  al ec  top  ia is a medical condition where the u  re  ter rather than terminating at the ur  inary blad  der termin  ates at a different site in males this site is usually the u  re  th  ra in females this is usually the u  re  th  ra or vag  ina it can be associated with ren  al dys  pl  asia frequent ur  inary tract infections and ur  inary in  contin  ence usually continuous drip in  contin  ence ec  topic u  re  ters are found in 1 of every 2000 – 4000 patients and can be difficult to diagnose but are most often seen on ct sc  ans ec  topic u  re  ter is commonly a result of a duplic  ated ren  al collecting system a du  pl  ex kidney with 2 u  re  ters in this case usually one u  re  ter dra  ins correctly to the blad  der with the duplic  ated u  re  ter presenting as ec  topic
ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly split hand cle  ft hand derived from the greek ek  tro  ma abortion and dak  ty  los finger involves the deficiency or absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split hand split foot mal  formation sh  f  m the hands and feet of people with ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly are often described as cla  w like and may include only the thumb and one finger usually either the little finger ring finger or a syn  d  ac  ty  ly of the two with similar ab  norm  alities of the feet it is a rare form of a con  genital disorder in which the development of the hand is disturbed it is a type i failure of formation – longit  ud  inal arrest the central ray of the hand is affected and usually appears without proxim  al deficiencies of nerves vessels tend  ons muscles and bones in contrast to the rad  ial and ul  nar deficiencies the cle  ft hand appears as a v shaped cle  ft situated in the centre of the hand the digits at the borders of the cle  ft might be syn  d  acti  ly  zed and one or more digits can be absent in most types the thumb ring finger and little finger are the less affected parts of the hand the incidence of cle  ft hand varies from 1 in 90 000 to 1 in 10 000 births depending on the used classification cle  ft hand can appear unilateral or bilateral and can appear isolated or associated with a syndrome split hand foot mal  formation sh  f  m is characterized by underdeveloped or absent central digital rays cle  f  ts of hands and feet and variable syn  d  ac  ty  ly of the remaining digits sh  f  m is a heterogeneous condition caused by ab  norm  alities at one of multiple loc  i including sh  f  m 1 sh  f  m 1 at 7 q 21 q 22 sh  f  m 2 x  q 26 sh  f  m 3 f  b  x  w 4 d  ac  ty  lin at 10 q 24 sh  f  m 4 tp 63 at 3 q 27 and sh  f  m 5 dl  x 1 and dl  x 2 at 2 q 31 sh  f  m 3 is unique in that it is caused by sub  micro  scopic tandem chro  mo  some duplic  ations of f  b  x  w 4 d  ac  ty  lin sh  f  m 3 is considered isolated ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly and does not show a mutation of the tp 63 gene
ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly – ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia – cle  ft syndrome or eec and also referred to as eec syndrome also known as split hand – split foot – ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia – cle  ft syndrome is a rare form of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia an auto  som  al dominant disorder inherited as an genetic trait eec is characterized by the tri  ad of ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia and facial cle  f  ts other features noted in association with eec include ve  si  cou  re  ter  al ref  lux recurrent ur  inary tract infections obstruction of the nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t decreased pi  gm  entation of the hair and skin missing or abnormal teeth en  am  el hypo  pl  asia absent punc  ta  e in the lower eye  li  ds pho  top  ho  bia occasional cognitive impairment and kidney anomalies and conduc  tive hearing loss
ec  tro  me  lia is a con  genital condition where long bones are missing or underdeveloped examples include ame  lia hem  im  eli  a pho  com  eli  a si  re  no  me  lia
ec  tro  p  ion is a medical condition in which the lower eye  lid turns outw  ards it is one of the notable aspects of new  bor  ns exhi  biting con  genital har  le  quin type ich  thy  osis but ec  tro  p  ion can occur due to any weakening of tissue of the lower eye  lid the condition can be repaired sur  g  ically ec  tro  p  ion is also found in dogs as a genetic disorder in certain breeds
ecz  ema her  pe  tic  um is a rare but severe disseminated infection that generally occurs at sites of skin damage produced by for example at  op  ic der  mati  tis burns long term usage of topical ster  oids or ecz  ema it is also known as ka  posi var  ic  elli  form eruption pu  st  ul  osis vari  oli  form  is acute and ka  posi juli  us  berg der  mati  tis some sources reserve the term ecz  ema her  pe  tic  um when the cause is due to human her  pes simpl  ex virus and the term ka  posi var  ic  elli  form eruption to describe the general presentation without specifying the virus this condition is most commonly caused by her  pes simpl  ex virus type 1 or 2 but may also be caused by co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus a 16 or vacc  in  ia virus it appears as numerous um  bil  ic  ated ves  ic  les super  imposed on healing at  op  ic der  mati  tis it is often accompanied by fever and lymp  had  en  opathy ecz  ema her  pe  tic  um can be life threatening in babies
ecz  ema vacc  in  at  um is a rare severe adverse reaction to small  pox vaccination it is characterized by serious local or disseminated um  bil  ic  ated vesicular cru  sting skin r  ashes in the face neck chest ab  dom  en upper limbs and hands caused by widespread infection of the skin in people with previous diagnosed skin conditions such as ecz  ema or at  op  ic der  mati  tis even if the conditions are not active at the time other signs and symptoms include fever and facial and supr  ag  lot  tic e  dem  a the condition may be fatal if severe and left untreated survivors are likely to have some scar  ring po  ck  marks small  pox vaccine should not be given to patients with a history of ecz  ema because of the danger of transmission of vacc  in  ia it also should not be given to people in close contact with anyone who has active ecz  ema and who has not been vaccinated people with other skin diseases such as at  op  ic der  mati  tis burns impe  ti  go or her  pes zo  ster also have an increased risk of contracting ecz  ema vacc  in  at  um and should not be vaccinated against small  pox ecz  ema is also associated with increased complications related to other ves  ic  ulating viruses such as chick  en  pox this is called ecz  ema her  pe  tic  um
ec  zem  ati  d like pur  pur  a of dou  cas and ka  pe  tan  akis is a medical term for a lymp  ho  cy  tic cap  ill  ari  tis of unknown cause le  sions consist of er  y  them  at  ous and pur  pur  ic mac  ules which usually begin around the an  kles coal  es  ce and spread to involve the whole legs and sometimes the trunk and upper extre  mi  ties the le  sions are extremely pr  uri  tic and occasionally lic  hen  ified after prolonged scrat  ching
e  dem  a or oe  dem  a is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the inter  sti  tium located beneath the skin and in the ca  vities of the body which can cause severe pain clin  ically e  dem  a manifests as sw  elling the amount of inter  sti  tial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid home  ost  asis and the increased secre  tion of fluid into the inter  sti  tium or the impaired removal of the fluid can cause the condition the word is from greek ο  ἴ  δη  μα o  í  d  ē  ma meaning sw  elling
e  dem  a bl  is  ters also known as e  dem  a bul  la hydro  static bul  la and st  asis bl  ister are a cu  taneous condition that develop in patients with an acute exacerb  ation of chronic e  dem  a particularly of the lower extre  mi  ties and in the setting of an  as  ar  ca
ed  ent  ul  ism is the condition of being tooth  less to at least some degree in organisms such as humans that naturally have denti  tion it is the result of tooth loss loss of some teeth results in partial ed  ent  ul  ism whereas loss of all teeth results in complete ed  ent  ul  ism persons who have lost teeth are either partially or completely ed  ent  ulous ed  ent  ate whereas those who have not lost teeth can be called d  ent  ate by comparison for example a scientific study may include a partially ed  ent  ulous group and a healthy d  ent  ate control group organisms that never possessed teeth can also be described as ed  ent  ulous such as members of the former zo  ological classification order of ed  ent  ata which included an  te  at  ers and slo  ths all of which possess no an  terior teeth and either no or poorly developed poster  ior teeth in naturally d  ent  ate species ed  ent  ul  ism is more than just the simple presence or absence of teeth it is bio  chemically complex because the teeth ja  ws and oral mu  co  sa are not static objects they are dynamic changing over time processes such as bone remo  deling loss and gain of bone tissue in the ja  ws and infl  amm  ation of soft tissue in response to the oral micro  bio  ta are clin  ically important for ed  ent  ulous people for example bone resor  ption in the jaw is frequently how the teeth were able to det  ach in the first place the jaw in an ed  ent  ulous area under  goes further resor  ption even after the teeth are gone and insertion of dental implants can elic  it new bone formation leading to osse  o  integration meanwhile bacteria and ye  asts of the oral cav  ity and the immune system of their host create an immensely complicated and constantly changing interplay that presents clin  ically as g  ing  i  vi  tis car  ies stom  ati  tis and other period  on  tal path  ology
an edge case is a problem or situation that occurs only at an extreme maximum or minimum operating parameter for example a stere  o speaker might notic  e  ably distort audio when played at its maximum rated volume even in the absence of other extreme settings or conditions an edge case can be expected or unexpected in engineering the process of planning for and grac  efully addressing edge cases can be a significant task and one that may be overlooked or underestimated non trivial edge cases can result in a failure of the object being engineered that may not have been imagined during the design phase or anticipated as possible during normal use for this reason attempts to form  alize good engineering practices often incorporate information about dealing with edge cases
an ed  it conflict is a computer problem where multiple editors cannot all ed  it the same item during a short time period the problem is encountered on wi  kis or distributed data systems an ed  it conflict occurs when a shared document is being ed  ited by more than one person at the same time and the attempted changes are treated as incompatible with each other one person attempts to ed  it the document but upon trying to save the new version another person has already modified the document in the intervening time period thus causing a difference between the attempted ed  it and the already made ed  it that must be resolved manu  ally and causing an ed  it conflict error message computer writer gary b shel  ly notes that many wi  ki systems will block the contributor who is attempting to ed  it the page from being able to do so until the contributor currently editing the page saves changes or remains idle on the page for an extended period of time the problem can occur when working on heavily ed  ited articles on wiki  pedia such as those about a current event or a person suddenly in the news as well as other high traffic pages if a significant amount of new text is involved the editor who receives an ed  it conflict error message can cut and paste the new text into a word processor or similar program for further editing or can paste that text directly into a newer version of the target document simple cop  ye  d  iting can be done directly on the newer version and then saved ed  it conflicts can also arise when two or more editors are working on google sites or when two or more users simultaneously ed  it the same file in a revision control system which does not have file locking
educational inequality is the difference in the learning results or efficacy experienced by students coming from different groups educational efficacy is most often measured by grades g  pa scores test scores drop out rates college entrance statistics and college completion rates much of educational inequality is attributed to economic disparities that often falls along racial lines and much modern conversation about educational equity con  fl  ates the two showing how they are inseparable from residential location and more recently language educational inequality between white students and minority students continues to perpetuate social and economic inequality throughout the world there have been continuous attempts to reform education at all levels with different causes that are deeply rooted in history society and culture this inequality is difficult to eradicate although difficult education is vital to society ’ s movement forward it promotes “ citizenship identity equality of opportunity and social inclusion social cohesion as well as economic growth and employment ” and for these reasons equality is widely promoted unequal educational outcomes are attributed to several variables including family of origin gender and social class achievement earnings health status and political participation also contribute to educational inequality within the united states and other countries family background in harvard s civil rights project lee and or  field identify family background as the most influential factor in student achievement a correlation exists between the academic success of parents with the academic success of their children only 11 of children from the bottom fifth earn a college degree while 80 of the top fifth earn one linked with resources white students tend to have more educated parents than students from minority families this translates to a home life that is more supportive of educational success this often leads to them receiving more at home help have more books in their home attend more libraries and engage in more intellectually intensive conversations children then enter school at different levels poor students are behind in verbal memory vocabulary math and reading achievement and have more behavior problems this leads to their placement in different level classes that tracks them these courses almost always demand less from their students creating a group that is conditioned to lack educational drive these courses are generally non college bound and are taught by less qualified teachers also family background influences cultural knowledge and perceptions middle class knowledge of norms and customs allows students with this background to better navigate the school system parents from this class and above also have social networks that prove to be more beneficial than networks based in lower classes these connections may help students gain access to the right schools activities etc additionally children from poorer families who are often minorities come from families that distrust institutions america s history of racism and discrimination has created a perceived and or existent ceiling on opportunities for many poor and minority citizens this ceiling mu  ff  les academic inspir  ations and mu  ff  les growth the recent and drastic increase of lat  ino immigrants has created another major factor in educational inequality as more and more students come from families where english is not spoken at home they often struggle with overcoming a language barrier in addition to simply learning subjects they more frequently lack assistance at home because it is common for the parents to not understand the work that is in english furthermore research reveals summer months as crucial time for the educational development of children students from disadvantaged families experience greater losses in skills during summer vacation students from lower socioeconomic classes come disproportionately from single parent homes and dangerous neighborhoods 15 of white children are raised in single parent homes and 10 of asian children are 27 of lat  inos are raised in single parent homes and 54 of african american children are less resources less parental attention and more stress all influence the performance of children in school gender throughout the world educational achievement varies by gender the exact relationship differs across cultural and national contexts female disadvantage obstacles preventing females ability to receive a quality education include traditional attitudes towards gender roles poverty geographical isolation gender based violence and early marriage and pregnancy throughout the world there is an estimated 7 million more girls than boys out of school this girls gap is concentrated in several countries including somalia afghanistan togo the central african republic and democratic republic of the congo in the democratic republic of the congo girls are out  numbered two to one soci  alized gender roles affect females access to education for example in nigeria children are soci  alized into their specific gender role as soon as their parents know their gender men are the preferred gender and are encouraged to engage in computer and scientific learning while the women learn domestic skills these gender roles are deep rooted within the state however with the increase of western  ized education within nigeria there has been a recent increase in women having the ability to receive an equal education there is still much to be changed though nigeria still needs policies that encourage educational attainment for men and women based on merit rather than gender females are shown to be at risk of being attacked in at least 15 countries attacks can occur because individuals within those countries do not believe women should receive an education attacks include kidnappings bombings torture rape and murder in somalia girls have been abducted in colombia the democratic republic of the congo and libya students were reported to have been raped and harassed in pakistan and afghanistan schools and bus  ses have been bombed and g  assed early marriage effects females ability to receive an education the gap separating men and women in the job market remains wide in many countries whether in the north or the south with marginal variables between most countries women have a lower employment rate are unemployed longer are paid less and have less secure jobs young women particularly suffer double discrimination first for being young in the difficult phase of transition between training and working life in an age group that has on an average twice the jobless rate or older workers and are at the mercy of employers who exploit them under the pretext of enabling them to acquire professional experience secondly they are discriminated against for being women and are more likely to be offered low paying or low status jobs discrimination is still very much in evidence and education and training policies specially targeting young women are needed to restore a balance although young women are increasingly choosing typically male ’ professions they remain over represented in traditionally female jobs such as secretaries nurses and under represented in jobs with responsibility and the professions in early grades boys and girls perform equally in mathematics and science but boys score higher on advanced mathematics assessments such as the sat college entrance examination girls are also less likely to participate in class discussions and more likely to be silent in the classroom some believe that females have a way of thinking and learning that is different than males bel  en  ky and colleagues 1986 conducted research which found that there was an inconsistency between the kind of knowledge appealing to women and the kind of knowledge being taught in most educational institutions another researcher gil  lig  an 1982 found that the knowledge appealing to females was caring interconnection and sensitivity to the needs of others while males found separation and individu  alism appealing females are more field dependent or group oriented than males which could explain why they may experience problems in schools that primarily teach using an individu  alistic learning environment males also earn more than women at every educational level in part because of their occupations if both a male and female possess the same professional degree the male will more than likely receive a larger salary than a female this pattern progres  ses and wid  ens from a person with a high school diploma to a person possessing a doc  toral degree
ed  wards syndrome also known as tr  is  omy 18 is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chro  mo  some 18 many parts of the body are affected babies are often born small and have heart defects other features include a small head small jaw cl  en  ched f  ists with overlapping fingers and severe intellectual disability most cases of ed  wards syndrome occur due to problems during the formation of the reproductive cells or during early development the rate of disease increases with the mother s age rarely cases may be inherited from a person s parents occasionally not all cells have the extra chro  mo  some known as mo  saic tr  is  omy and symptoms in these cases may be less severe ul  tras  ound can increase suspicion for the condition which can be confirmed by am  ni  oc  ent  esis treatment is supportive after having one child with the condition the risk of having a second is typically around one percent it is the second most frequent condition due to a third chro  mo  some at birth after down syndrome ed  wards syndrome occurs in around one in 5 000 live births most babies born with the condition are female many of those affected die before birth survival beyond a year of life is around 7 5 it is named after john hil  ton ed  wards who first described the syndrome in 1960
eff  ac  ement is the shortening or thin  ning of a tissue it can refer to cer  vic  al eff  ac  ement it can also refer to a process occurring in po  do  cy  tes in ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome in hist  opath  ology it refers to the near obliter  ation of a tissue as in the normal paren  ch  y  ma of tissues in the case of some cancers
the amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of sun angle on climate as the angle at which sunlight strikes the earth varies by location time of day and season due to the earth s orbit around the sun and the earth s rotation around its til  ted axis seasonal change in the angle of sunlight caused by the tilt of the earth s axis is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter change in day length is another factor see also season
the effective marginal tax rate em  tr is the combined effect on a person s earnings of income tax and the withdrawal of means testing of state welfare benefits the em  tr is the percentage of an extra unit of income extra dollar euro yen etc that the recipient loses due to income taxes payroll taxes and any decline in tax credits and welfare entitlements calculating the em  tr is typically very dependent on individual circumstances and involves a consideration of welfare withdrawal rules income tax laws low income tax off  sets tax rebates and the individuals tax and welfare status as such tables showing em  tr  s are rarely published the net effect however is generally a higher effective marginal rate of tax than that suggested by income tax tables
the effects of long term benzo  di  az  ep  ine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function physical health and mental health benzo  di  az  ep  ines are generally effective when used therapeu  tically in the short term most of the problems associated with benzo  di  az  ep  ines result from their long term use there are significant physical mental and social risks associated with the long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines although anxiety can temporarily increase as a withdrawal symptom there is evidence that a reduction or withdrawal from benzo  di  az  ep  ines can lead in the long run to a reduction in anxiety symptoms due to these increasing physical and mental symptoms from long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines slowly withdrawing from benzo  di  az  ep  ines is recommended for many long term users not everyone however experiences problems with long term use some of the symptoms that could possibly occur as a result of a withdrawal from benzo  di  az  ep  ines after long term use include emotional clou  ding flu like symptoms naus  ea headaches di  zz  iness irrit  ability leth  ar  gy sleep problems memory impairment personality changes aggression depression social deterioration as well as employment difficulties while others never have any side effects from long term benzo  di  az  ep  ine use one should never abruptly stop using this medicine and should we  an them  self down to a lower dose under doctor supervision while benzo  di  az  ep  ines are highly effective in the short term adverse effects in some people associated with long term use including impaired cognitive abilities memory problems mood swings and over  doses when combined with other drugs may make the risk benefit ratio unfavourable while others experience no ill effects in addition benzo  di  az  ep  ines have reinforcing properties in some individuals and thus are considered to be addictive drugs especially in individuals that have a drug seeking behavior in addition a physical dependence can develop after a few weeks or months of use many of these adverse effects of long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines begin to show improvements three to six months after withdrawal other concerns about the effects of long term benzo  di  az  ep  ine use in some include dose escalation benzo  di  az  ep  ine abuse tolerance and benzo  di  az  ep  ine dependence and benzo  di  az  ep  ine withdrawal problems both physiological tolerance and dependence can lead to a worsening of the adverse effects of benzo  di  az  ep  ines increased risk of death has been associated with long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines in several studies however other studies have not found increased mortality due to conflicting findings in studies regarding benzo  di  az  ep  ines and increased risks of death including from cancer further research in long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines and mortality risk has been recommended most of the research has been conducted in prescribed users of benzo  di  az  ep  ines even less is known about the mortality risk of illicit benzo  di  az  ep  ine users the long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines is controversial and has generated significant controversy within the medical profession views on the nature and severity of problems with long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines differ from expert to expert and even from country to country some experts even question whether there is any problem with the long term use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines
the eruption of the ey  j  af  jal  la  jö  k  ull volcano in iceland on 19 april 2010 affected the economic political and cultural activities in europe and across the world there is a extensive air travel disruption caused by the closure of airspace over many countries affecting the travel arrangements of hundreds of thousands of people in europe and elsewhere sporting entertainment and many other events were cancelled delayed or disrupted when individuals or teams were unable to travel to their destination the state funeral of minute proportions on 18 april 2010 was affected as some national leaders were unable to attend including barack obama stephen harper angela merkel and nicolas sarkozy
eff  emin  acy is the manifestation of traits in a boy or man that are more often associated with femin  ine nature behavior mann  er  ism style or gender roles rather than with mascul  ine nature behavior mann  er  isms style or roles it is a term frequently applied to wom  an  ly behavior deme  anor style clothing and appearance displayed by a boy or man typically used implying criticism or ridicule of this behavior as opposed to for example merely describing a man as femin  ine which can be non judg  mental the term eff  em  inate is most often used by people who subscribe to the widespread view that males should display mascul  ine traits and behaviors generally the description is applied to individuals but may be used to describe entire societies as an infl  am  matory allegation until the modern period eff  emin  acy in the western tradition referred to a complicated inter  section of both social or civic and sexual identities typically associated with women the ancient greeks for example described whole societies as eff  em  inate mal  ak  ia if they were characterized by a sla  vis  h defer  ential or autocratic political culture here it was the form of sexual relationships but not the fact of homosexual relations which were not un  common among greek citizens who were men that was critical to the sexual dimension of the term and among early modern partis  ans of the republican tradition the term might be applied to those who were preoccupied with wom  an  ly concerns such as the ac  cou  ter  ments of appearance which were often associated with trapp  ings of no  bility or aristo  cratic aspirations such as ost  ent  ati  ous dress dec  ad  ence in consumption habits and rigid adherence to the propri  eties or manners of social hierarchy the reach of this civic understanding may be best illustrated in the work of early feminist and republican thinkers such as mary w  oll  st  on  ecraft who described as eff  em  inate the behavior of women who refused to embrace a more active presence in public life since the 18 th century the civic dimension of gender identity has been ec  lip  sed by the sexual dimension of gender identity and today eff  emin  acy has often been considered a vice indicative of other negative character traits and often involving a pe  jor  ative insin  uation of homosexual tendencies in boys or men in other societies by contrast eff  em  inate boys or men may be considered a distinct human gender third gender and may have a special social function as is the case of two spirits in some native american groups furthermore some see eff  emin  acy to be a characteristic or trait part of a particular person s gender role and in this sense would not be considered a vice or indicative of any other characteristics an eff  em  inate boy or man is similar to a f  op or a dan  dy though these tend to be archaic identities that are taken on by the individual rather than insulting labels
efficiency is the often measurable ability to avoid wasting materials energy efforts money and time in doing something or in producing a desired result in a more general sense it is the ability to do things well successfully and without waste in more mathematical or scientific terms it is a measure of the extent to which input is well used for an intended task or function output it often specifically comprises the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome with a minimum amount or quantity of waste expense or unnecessary effort efficiency of course refers to very different inputs and outputs in different fields and industries efficiency is very often confused with effectiveness in general efficiency is a measurable concept quantitatively determined by the ratio of useful output to total input effectiveness is the simpler concept of being able to achieve a desired result which can be expressed quantitatively but doesn t usually require more complicated mathematics than addition efficiency can often be expressed as a percentage of the result that could ideally be expected for example if no energy were lost due to friction or other causes in which case 100 of fuel or other input would be used to produce the desired result this does not always apply not even in all cases in which efficiency can be assigned a numerical value e g not for specific impulse a common but confusing way of distinguishing between efficiency and effectiveness is the saying efficiency is doing things right while effectiveness is doing the right things this saying indirectly emphasizes that the selection of objectives of a production process is just as important as the quality of that process this saying popular in business however obsc  ures the more common sense of effectiveness which would should produce the following m  nem  onic efficiency is doing things right effectiveness is getting things done this makes it clear that effectiveness for example large production numbers can also be achieved through inefficient processes if for example workers are willing or used to working longer hours or with greater physical effort than in other companies or countries or if they can be forced to do so similarly a company can achieve effectiveness for example large production numbers through inefficient processes if it can afford to use more energy per product for example if energy prices or labor costs or both are lower than for its competitors for example one may measure how directly two objects are communicating down  loading music directly from a computer to a mobile device is more efficient than using a mobile device s microphone to record music sounds that come from a computer s speakers efficiency is often measured as the ratio of useful output to total input which can be expressed with the mathematical formula r p c where p is the amount of useful output product produced per the amount c cost of resources consumed this may correspond to a percentage if products and consumables are quantified in compatible units and if consumables are transformed into products via a conservative process for example in the analysis of the energy conversion efficiency of heat engines in thermo  dynamics the product p may be the amount of useful work output while the consum  able c is the amount of high temperature heat input due to the conservation of energy p can never be greater than c and so the efficiency r is never greater than 100 and in fact must be even less at finite temperatures
efficient cake cutting is a problem in economics and computer science it involves a hetero  genous resource such as a cake with different top  p  ings or a land with different cover  ings that is assumed to be di  visible it is possible to cut arbitrarily small pieces of it without destroying their value the resource has to be divided among several partners who have different preferences over different parts of the cake i e some people prefer the chocolate top  p  ings some prefer the cherries some just want as large a piece as possible etc the division should be p  are  to efficient most often efficiency is studied in connection with fairness and the goal is to find a division which satisfies both efficiency and fairness criteria
a volcanic eruption is eff  u  sive when low vis  cos  ity mag  ma usually bas  al  tic in composition is released from the earth s cr  ust in an eff  u  sive eruption gas escaped the mag  ma as it erup  ts and forms lava that flows down  hill continuously this type of lava flow can build shield volcan  oes which are numerous in hawaii erup  tions of bas  al  tic mag  ma often transition between eff  u  sive and explosive eruption patterns the behavior of these erup  tions is largely dependent on the perme  ability of the mag  ma and the mag  ma as  cent rate for an eff  u  sive eruption to occur mag  ma must be perme  able enough to allow the expulsion of gas bubbles contained within it if the mag  ma is not above a certain perme  ability threshold it cannot de  gas and will erup  t explo  sively additionally at a certain threshold fragmentation within the mag  ma can cause an explosive eruption this threshold is governed by the reynolds number a dimen  sion  less number in fluid dynamics that is directly proportional to fluid velocity erup  tions will be eff  u  sive if the mag  ma has a low as  cent velocity at higher mag  ma as  cent rates the fragmentation within the mag  ma passes a threshold and results in explosive erup  tions silic  ic mag  ma also exhi  bits this transition between eff  u  sive and explosive erup  tions but the fragmentation mechanism differs the 19  12 nov  ar  up  ta eruption and the 2003 st  rom  bol  i eruption both exhi  bited a transition between explosive and eff  u  sive eruption patterns eff  u  sive bas  alt lava flows cool to either of two forms ʻ  a  ʻ  ā or p  ā  ho  e  ho  e an  des  ite lava typically forms bloc  ky lava flows d  ac  ite lava flows often form steep sided moun  ds called lava dom  es due to their greater vis  cos  ity
the ef  imov effect is an effect in the quantum mechanics of few body systems predicted by the russian theoretical physic  ist v n ef  imov in 1970 ef  imov ’ s effect is where three identical bos  ons interact with the prediction of an infinite series of excited three body energy levels when a two body state is exactly at the dissoci  ation threshold one corollary is that there exist bound states called ef  imov states of three bos  ons even if the two particle attraction is too weak to allow two bos  ons to form a pair a three particle ef  imov state where the two body sub systems are un  bound are often depicted symbolically by the borro  mean rings this means that if one of the particles is removed the remaining two fall apart in this case the ef  imov state is also called a borro  mean state
egg allergy is a type of food allergy it is a hy  pers  ensi  tivity to dietary substances from the y  ol  k or whites of eggs causing an over  reaction of the immune system which may lead to severe physical symptoms for millions of people around the world egg allergy appears mainly but not exclusively in children in fact it is the second most common food allergy in children it is usually treated with an exclusion diet and vigilant avoidance of foods that may be contaminated with egg the most severe allergy reaction is called an  ap  hy  lax  is and is an emergency requiring immediate attention and treatment with ep  in  eph  rine the asthma and allergy foundation of america estimates that most children out  grow egg allergy by the age of five but some people remain allergic for a lifetime
egg drop syndrome is a viral disease of birds notably chickens ducks geese and sw  ans the phrase egg drop refers to the drop in egg production which is how the disease is usually detected clinical signs being unreliable the disease results in thin sh  elled or shell less eggs being laid
ego dy  st  onic sexual orientation is an ego dy  st  onic mental disorder characterized by having a sexual orientation or an attraction that is at odds with one s ide  alized self image causing anxiety and a desire to change one s orientation or become more comfortable with one s sexual orientation it describes not in  nate sexual orientation itself but a conflict between the sexual orientation one wishes to have and the sexual orientation one actually possesses
ego  centric predicament a term coined by ralph bar  ton perry in an article journal of philosophy 19  10 is the problem of not being able to view reality outside of our own perceptions all worl  dly knowledge takes the form of mental representations that our mind examines in different ways direct contact with reality cannot be made outside of our own minds therefore we cannot be sure reality even exists this means that we are each limited to our own percep  tual world and views soli  ps  ism is an extension of this which assumes that only one s own mind is sure to exist since 17  10 when george berkeley bro  ached in his fashion the problem of the ego  centric predicament denying the existence of material substance except as ideas in the minds of percei  vers and thus asserting a probl  em  atical relation with reality hence has this thesis proved a stumbling block samuel johnson is well known for his refu  tation of bishop berkeley s im  materi  alism his claim that matter did not actually exist but only seemed to exist during a conversation with bos  well johnson powerfully stom  ped a nearby stone and proclaimed of berkeley s theory i refute it thus both perry s concept and the term he used influenced american philosopher ever  ett w hall to create the sol  ec  ism the categ  ori  o centric predicament to express the impossibility of seeing the world outside the categories imposed by one s native language and conceptual scheme after we came out of the church we stood talking for some time together of bishop berkeley s ingenious sophis  try to prove the non existence of matter and that every thing in the universe is merely ideal i observed that though we are satisfied his doctrine is not true it is impossible to refute it i never shall forget the al  ac  r  ity with which johnson answered striking his foot with mighty force against a large stone till he re  bounded from it i refute it thus “ ” bos  well s life of samuel johnson there ought to be something wrong with it but it appears inv  ul  ner  able even as it is absurd what is really wrong with it although it is not at all easy to reconcile ego  centric predicament with our role in this fig  mental universe when those experiences include pain or pleasure this may or may not a common question that may arise what is the nature of the universe questioning whether or not one s observations are real may pose a serious obstacle in life which may prove impossible to overcome for some observation in itself is a complex ri  ddle unsolved by our own kind being the reason behind this supposed dise  ased state of mind
eh  lers – dan  los syndrome eds is a group of genetic connec  tive tissue disorders symptoms can vary from mildly loose joints to life threatening complications such as a  or  tic dis  section chronic pain or early o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis may also occur eds is caused by a defect in the structure production or processing of coll  agen or proteins that interact with coll  agen the coll  agen in connec  tive tissue helps tissues resist de  formation coll  agen is an important contributor to the physical strength of tissue abnormal coll  agen renders these structures more elastic in some cases it can be life threatening people with joint pain may be mis  diagnosed with hypo  ch  on  dri  asis depression chronic fatigue syndrome or other conditions there may be poor knowledge about eds among practitioners there is no cure for eds treatment is supportive including close monitoring of the dig  estive ex  cre  tory and particularly the cardiovascular systems physical therapy brac  ing and corrective surgery may help with injuries and pain that tend to develop in certain types of eds although extra caution and special practices are advised to prevent permanent damage eds is a long term disease eds affects about 1 in 5 000 people globally excess mobility was first described by hippo  crates in 400 bc the syndrome is named after two physicians ed  v  ard eh  lers from denmark and henri alex  andre dan  los from france who described it at the turn of the 20 th century
hear  tw  ater also known as cow  dri  osis n  int  as and e  hr  lic  hi  osis is a tick borne ric  ke  tt  si  al disease of domestic and wild ruminants it is caused by e  hr  lic  hia rumin  anti  um formerly cow  dri  a rumin  anti  um an in  trac  ell  ular gram negative coc  cal bacter  ium also referred to as ric  ke  tt  sia rumin  anti  um the disease is spread by bon  t tic  ks which are members of the genus am  bl  y  om  ma affected mammals include cattle sheep goats an  tel  ope and buffalo but the disease has the biggest economic impact on cattle production in affected areas the disease ’ s name is derived from the fact that fluid can collect around the heart or in the lungs of infected animals the disease is common in sub saharan africa and some of the west indian islands it was first identified in sheep in south africa in the 18  30 s and had reached the caribbean by 1980 the tic  ks which carry the disease occur in africa and the caribbean and feed on a wide variety of vertebr  ate hosts in the caribbean at least the cattle e  gre  t has been implicated in the spread of hear  tw  ater since it colon  ized the islands in the 1950 s animals often acquire the disease when moved on to hear  tw  ater infected grazing cow  dri  osis is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health
e  hr  lic  hi  osis is a tic  k  bor  ne  bacterial infection caused by bacteria of the family an  ap  las  mat  ace  ae genera e  hr  lic  hia and an  ap  las  ma these oblig  ate in  trac  ell  ular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells the average reported annual incidence is on the order of 2 3 cases per million people
e  hr  lic  hi  osis ˌ  ɛ  ə  rl  ᵻ  ki  ˈ  o  ʊ  s  ᵻ  s also known as can  ine ric  ke  tt  si  osis can  ine hemorrha  gic fever can  ine ty  ph  us tr  acker dog disease and tropical can  ine pan  cy  top  enia is a tick borne disease of dogs usually caused by the organism e  hr  lic  hia can  is e  hr  lic  hia can  is is the pathogen of animals humans can become infected by e can  is and other species after tick exposure german shepherd dogs are thought to be susceptible to a particularly severe form of the disease other breeds generally have mil  der clinical signs cats can also be infected
e  hr  lic  hi  osis ew  ing  ii infection is an infectious disease caused by an in  trac  ell  ular bacteria e  hr  lic  hia ew  ing  ii the infection is transmitted to humans by the tick am  bl  y  om  ma americ  an  um this tick can also transmit e  hr  lic  hia cha  ff  e  ensis the bacteria that causes human mon  oc  y  tic e  hr  lic  hi  osis h  me
ei  de  tic memory a  ɪ  ˈ  d  ɛ  t  ɪ  k sometimes called photo  graphic memory is an ability to vivi  dly recall images from memory after only a few instances of exposure with high precision for a brief time after exposure without using a m  nem  onic device although the terms ei  de  tic memory and photo  graphic memory may be used inter  change  ably they are also distinguished with ei  de  tic memory referring to the ability to view memories like photographs for a few minutes and photo  graphic memory referring to the ability to recall page or text numbers or similar in great detail in the case of distinguishing the concepts ei  de  tic memory has been documented while photo  graphic memory is a popular culture myth that has never been demonstrated to exist ei  de  tic images occur in a small number of children and generally are not found in adults the word ei  de  tic comes from the greek word ε  ἶ  δ  ος pronounced ê  ː  dos ei  dos seen
the ei  fel  er reg  el ei  fe  l rule is a linguistic phenomenon originally documented in the dial  ects of the ei  fe  l region in the far west of germany during the late 19 th century the rule describes a ph  on  ological process in the languages which causes the deletion of final n in certain contexts and may be reflected in spelling more generally called n apo  cope it appears to varying ext  ents in all dial  ects of the western group of high german including west central german notably luxemb  our  g  ish co  logn  ian and hes  sian high fran  con  ian and al  em  ann  ic and excludes all dial  ects of the eastern group such as austr  o bavarian and the colonial dial  ects east of the el  be sa  ale line including standard german and y  id  dish n apo  cope is a linguistic change originating in speech during the middle high german period
in linear al  ge  bra the ei  g  eng  ap of a linear operator is the difference between two successive ei  gen  values where ei  gen  values are sorted in asc  ending order the davis – kah  an theore  m named after chandler davis and william kah  an uses the ei  g  eng  ap to show how ei  gen  spaces of an operator change under per  turb  ation in spectr  al clu  stering the ei  g  eng  ap is often referred to as the spectr  al gap although the spectr  al gap may often be defined in a broader sense than that of the ei  g  eng  ap
the eight queens puzzle is the problem of placing eight chess queens on an 8 × 8 ch  ess  board so that no two queens threaten each other thus a solution requires that no two queens share the same row column or diag  onal the eight queens puzzle is an example of the more general n queens problem of placing n non attacking queens on an n × n ch  ess  board for which solutions exist for all natural numbers n with the exception of n 2 and n 3
ei  ken syndrome is a rare auto  som  al bone dys  pl  asia with a sk  el  etal phen  o  type which has been described in a unique cons  an  guine  ous family where it segreg  ates as a rec  essive trait
the einstein – de ha  as effect or the ric  hard  son effect after owen will  ans ric  hard  son is a physical phenomenon deline  ated by albert einstein and w  ander johann  es de ha  as in the mid 19  10 s that exposes a relationship between magne  tism ang  ular momentum and the spin of elementary particles w  ander johann  es de ha  as son ro  wan de ha  as was also a major contributor to the theory applying its principles to the engineering industry specifically ro  wan s contributions had a transform  ative effect on the steel manufacturing industry in the early 20 th century
eisen  m  enger s syndrome or es eisen  m  enger s reaction eisen  m  enger physi  ology or tar  dive cyan  osis is defined as the process in which a long standing left to right cardiac sh  unt caused by a con  genital heart defect typically by a ven  tric  ular sep  tal defect atri  al sep  tal defect or less commonly patent duc  tus arter  io  sus causes pul  mon  ary hyper  tension and eventual reversal of the sh  unt into a cyan  otic right to left sh  unt because of the advent of fe  tal screening with echo  cardi  o  graphy early in life the incidence of heart defects progressing to eisen  m  enger s has decreased eisen  m  enger s syndrome in a pregnant mother can cause serious complications though successful delivery has been reported maternal mortality ranges from 30 to 60 and may be attributed to fain  ting spells thro  m  bo  embol  ism hypo  vol  emia hem  op  ty  sis or pre  ec  lam  p  sia most deaths occur either during or within the first weeks after delivery pregnant women with eisen  m  enger syndrome should be hosp  itali  zed after the 20 th week of pregnancy or earlier if clinical deterioration occurs
e  jac  ul  atory duc  t obstruction edo is a con  genital or acquired pathological condition which is characterized by the obstruction of one or both e  jac  ul  atory duc  ts thus the efflu  x of most constituents of semen is not possible it is a cause of male in  fertility and or pel  vic pain e  jac  ul  atory duc  t obstruction must not be confused with an obstruction of the vas defer  ens
the el far  ol bar problem is a problem in game theory based on a bar in santa fe new mexico it was created in 1994 by w brian arthur the problem without the name of el far  ol bar was formulated and solved dynam  ically six years earlier by b a hu  berman and t ho  gg in the ecology of compu  tation studies in computer science and artificial intelligence north holland publish  er page 99 1988 the problem is as follows there is a particular finite population of people every thursday night all of these people want to go to the el far  ol bar however the el far  ol is quite small and it s no fun to go there if it s too crowded so much so in fact that the preferences of the population can be described as follows if less than 60 of the population go to the bar they ll all have a better time than if they stayed at home if more than 60 of the population go to the bar they ll all have a worse time than if they stayed at home unfortunately it is necessary for everyone to decide at the same time whether they will go to the bar or not they cannot wait and see how many others go on a particular thursday before deciding to go themselves on that thursday one aspect of the problem is that no matter what method each person uses to decide if they will go to the bar or not if everyone uses the same pure strategy it is guaranteed to fail if everyone uses the same deter  minis  tic method then if that method suggests that the bar will not be crowded everyone will go and thus it will be crowded likewise if that method suggests that the bar will be crowded nobody will go and thus it will not be crowded often the solution to such problems in game theory is to permit each player to use a mixed strategy where a choice is made with a particular probability in the case of the single stage el far  ol bar problem there exists a unique sym  metric n  ash equilibrium mixed strategy where all players choose to go to the bar with a certain probability that is a function of the number of players the threshold for crow  dedness and the relative utility of going to a crowded or an un  crowded bar compared to staying home there are also multiple n  ash equilibri  a where one or more players use a pure strategy but these equilibri  a are not sym  metric several variants are considered in game theory evolving by herbert gin  tis in some variants of the problem the people are allowed to communicate with each other before deciding to go to the bar however they are not required to tell the truth
el  aid  ini  zation is a chemical reaction which al  ters the orientation of double bonds from cis to trans it is most often performed on fats and oils to increase both the melting point and the shelf life without reducing the degree of un  satur  ation the typical product of el  aid  ini  zation is trans fat
in physics el  as  tic  ity from greek ἐ  λα  στ  ός duc  tible is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or stress and to return to its original size and shape when the stress is removed solid objects will de  form when forces are applied on them if the material is elastic the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed the physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials in metals the atomic lat  tice changes size and shape when forces are applied energy is added to the system when forces are removed the lat  tice goes back to the original lower energy state for rub  bers and other pol  ym  ers el  as  tic  ity is caused by the stretching of poly  mer chains when forces are applied perfect el  as  tic  ity is an approximation of the real world and few materials remain purely elastic even after very small de  formations in engineering the amount of el  as  tic  ity of a material is determined by two types of material parameter the first type of material parameter is called a mod  ul  us which measures the amount of force per unit area stress needed to achieve a given amount of de  formation the units of mod  ul  us are pas  c  als pa or pounds of force per square inch p  si also l  b  f in 2 a higher mod  ul  us typically indicates that the material is harder to de  form the second type of parameter measures the elastic limit the limit can be a stress beyond which the material no longer behaves elastic and de  formation of the material will take place if the stress is released the material will el  astically return to a permanent de  formed shape instead of the original shape when describing the relative el  as  tic  ities of two materials both the mod  ul  us and the elastic limit have to be considered rub  bers typically have a low mod  ul  us and tend to stretch a lot that is they have a high elastic limit and so appear more elastic than metals high mod  ul  us and low elastic limit in everyday experience of two rubber materials with the same elastic limit the one with a lower mod  ul  us will appear to be more elastic
el  as  to cap  il  lar  ity is the ability of cap  ill  ary force to de  form an elastic material from the viewpoint of mechanics el  ast  oc  ap  il  lar  ity phenomena essentially involve competition between the elastic strain energy in the bulk and the energy on the surfaces interfaces in the model  ing of these phenomena some challenging issues are among others the exact characterization of energies at the micro scale the solution of strongly non  linear problems of structures with large de  formation and moving boundary conditions and instability of either solid structures or dro  ple  ts films the cap  ill  ary forces are generally negligible in the analysis of macro  scopic structures but often play a significant role in many phenomena at small scales
el  ast  o  fi  bro  ma also called el  ast  o  fi  bro  ma dor  si is an ill defined fi  bro  elastic tumor like condition made up of enlarged and irregular elastic fi  bers
el  ast  osis per  for  ans ser  pi  gin  osa is a unique per  for  ating disorder characterized by tran  se  pid  er  mal elimination of elastic fi  bers and distinctive clinical le  sions which are ser  pi  gin  ous in distribution and can be associated with specific diseases
el  bow dys  pl  asia is a condition involving multiple developmental ab  norm  alities of the el  bow joint in the dog specifically the growth of car  til  age or the structures surrounding it these ab  norm  alities known as primary le  sions give rise to o  ste  o  ar  thri  tic processes el  bow dys  pl  asia is a common condition of certain breeds of dogs most primary le  sions are related to o  ste  och  on  dro  sis which is a disease of the joint car  til  age and specifically o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans oc  d or od the separation of a fl  ap of car  til  age on the joint surface other common causes of el  bow dys  pl  asia included un  united an  con  e  al process u  ap and fragmented or un  united medi  al cor  ono  id process f  cp or f  mc  p o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans is difficult to diagnose clin  ically as the animal may only exhibit an unusual ga  it consequently oc  d may be masked by or mis  diagnosed as other sk  el  etal and joint conditions such as hip dys  pl  asia the problem develops in pu  pp  y  hood although often sub  clin  ically and there may be pain or sti  ff  ness discomfort on extension or other compensating characteristics diagnosis generally depends on x rays ar  thro  sco  py or m  ri sc  ans while cases of oc  d of the stifle go un  detected and heal spontaneously others are exhi  bited in acute lam  eness surgery is recommended once the animal has been deemed lame before then non surgical control is usually used
the el  bs pers  ul  fate oxid  ation is the organic reaction of phen  ols with al  kal  ine potassium pers  ul  fate to form para di  phen  ols the el  bs pers  ul  fate oxid  ation several reviews have been published
the el  bs reaction is an organic reaction describing the pyro  lysis of an orth  o methyl substituted benz  op  hen  one to condens  ed poly  aromatic the reaction is named after its invent  or the german chem  ist karl el  bs also responsible for the el  bs oxid  ation the reaction was published in 18  84 el  bs however did not correctly interpret the reaction product due to a lack of knowledge about nap  h  thal  ene structure
an electric potential also called the electric field potential or the electro  static potential is the amount of electric potential energy that a unitary point electric charge would have if located at any point in space and is equal to the work done by an external agent in carrying a unit of positive charge from the arbitrarily chosen reference point usually infin  ity to that point without any acceleration according to theoretical electro  magne  tics electric potential is a scal  ar quantity den  oted by v equal to the electric potential energy of any charged particle at any location measured in jou  les divided by the charge of that particle measured in coul  om  bs by dividing out the charge on the particle a remainder is obtained that is a property of the electric field itself this value can be calculated in either a static time invari  ant or a dynamic varying with time electric field at a specific time in units of jou  les per coul  om  b j c − 1 or vol  ts v the electric potential at infin  ity is assumed to be zero a generalized electric scal  ar potential is also used in electro  dynamics when time varying electromagnetic fields are present but this can not be so simply calculated the electric potential and the magnetic vector potential together form a four vector so that the two kinds of potential are mixed under lo  ren  tz transformations
electric shock is the physiological reaction or injury caused by electric current passing through the human body typically the expression is used to describe an injurious exposure to electricity it occurs upon contact of a human body part with any source of electricity that causes a sufficient current through the skin muscles or hair very small currents can be imper  cep  tible larger current passing through the body may make it impossible for a shock victim to let go of an energi  zed object still larger currents can cause fi  bri  ll  ation of the heart and damage to tissues death caused by an electric shock is called electro  cu  tion an electrical injury has many consequences to a body as the electrical currents can travel through the nervous system and burn out tissue in pat  ches along the way this can leave bizarre symptoms anywhere on the body and may lead to complex regional pain syndrome wiring or other metal  work which is at a hazardous voltage which can constitute a risk of electric shock is called live as in live wire shocks can be caused by direct or indirect contact contact with an exposed conduc  tive part under fault conditions is called indirect contact iec requires certain degrees of ing  ress protection against direct contact indirect contact protections can be achieved by earth  ed equi  potential bon  ding and automatic dis  connection of supply by using residual current devices for example
electric son  ic am  pl  itude is an electro  acous  tic phenomenon that is the reverse to col  loid vibration current it occurs in col  lo  ids emul  sions and other heterogeneous fluids under the influence of an osci  ll  ating electric field this field moves particles relative to the liquid which generates ul  tras  ound electric son  ic am  pl  itude was experim  entally discovered by o  ja and co authors in early 1980 s it is also widely used for character  izing ze  ta potential in disper  sions and emul  sions there is review of the theory of this effect its experimental verification and multiple applications published by hunter
electrical altern  ans is an electro  cardi  o  graphic phenomenon of alter  nation of q  rs complex am  pl  itude or axis between beats and a possible wandering base line it is seen in cardiac tam  pon  ade and severe peric  ardi  al eff  usion and is thought to be related to changes in the ven  tric  ular electrical axis due to fluid in the peric  ardi  um as the heart essentially wob  bles in the fluid filled peric  ardi  al s  ac this phenomenon was also re  demonstrated in the literature by os  man md and je  hang  ir md in a patient with per  cardi  al temp  on  ade from a m  align  ant peric  ardi  al eff  usion the echo  cardi  o  gram of the heart demonstrated the characteristic swinging along with altern  ating voltage on the ec  g generally electrical altern  ans can be seen with tam  pon  ade and narrow av junc  tional re  enter  ant t  ach  y  car  dia with an accessory path  way such as w  p  w syndrome a similar phenomenon pseudo altern  ans can be seen in bi  gem  inal pvc in the pr interval altern  ans pre exc  itation and altern  ans bundle branch block for the most part however the most serious condition to rule out is tam  pon  ade electrical altern  ans with sin  us t  ach  y  car  dia is a highly specific sign for large peric  ardi  al eff  usion this is due to the swinging motion of the heart in the peric  ardi  al cav  ity causing a beat to beat variation in q  rs axis and am  pl  itude patients with cardiac tam  pon  ade and hem  od  y  nam  ic compromise should have emergency peric  ardi  oc  ent  esis
electrical mobility is the ability of charged particles such as electron  s or prot  ons to move through a medium in response to an electric field that is pulling them the separation of ions according to their mobility in gas phase is called ion mobility spec  tro  metry in liquid phase it is called electro  pho  res  is
in electrical engineering tre  eing is an electrical pre breakdown phenomenon in solid insulation it is a damaging process due to partial discharges and progres  ses through the stressed di  electric insulation in a path resembling the branches of a tree tre  eing of solid high voltage cable insulation is a common breakdown mechanism and source of electrical faults in underground power cables
electricity provider switching is the ability of power consumers to have an option — or the power to choose — their electricity provider in a deregulated electricity market as permitted by a state public utilities governing body
electro  adhe  sion is the electro  static effect of a  stric  tion between two surfaces subjected to an electrical field applications include the retention of paper on plo  tter surfaces a  stric  tive robo  tic prehen  sion electro  static gri  ppers etc clam  ping pressures in the range of 0 5 to 1 5 n cm 2 0 8 to 2 3 p  si have been claimed an electro  adhe  sive pad consists of conduc  tive electro  des placed upon a poly  mer sub  str  ate when alternate positive and negative charges are induced on adjacent electro  des the resulting electric field sets up opposite charges on the surface that the pad touches and thus causes electro  static adhe  sion between the electro  des and the induced charges in the touched surface material electro  adhe  sion can be loosely divided into two basic forms that which concerns the prehen  sion of electrically conducting materials where the general laws of capac  it  ance hold d e ε and that used with electrically insulating subjects where the more advanced theory of electro  st  atics d e ε p applies
the electro  cal  or  ic effect is a phenomenon in which a material shows a reversible temperature change under an applied electric field it is often considered to be the physical in  verse of the pyro  electric effect it should not be confused with the thermo  electric effect specifically the pel  tier effect in which a temperature difference occurs when a current is driven through an electric junction with two dis  similar conductors the underlying mechanism of the effect is not fully established in particular different textbooks give conflicting explanations however as with any isolated adi  ab  atic temperature change the effect comes from the voltage raising or lowering the ent  ro  py of the system the magne  to  cal  or  ic effect is an analogous but better known and understood phenomenon electro  cal  or  ic materials were the focus of significant scientific interest in the 1960 s and 1970 s but were not commercially exploited as the electro  cal  or  ic effects were insufficient for practical applications the highest response being 2 5 degrees celsius under an applied potential of 750 vol  ts in march 2006 it was reported in the journal science that thin films of the material p  z  t a mixture of lead titanium oxygen and z  ir  con  ium showed the strongest electro  cal  ori  fic response yet reported with the materials cooling down by as much as 12 k 12 ° c for an electric field change of 480 kv cm at an ambient temperature of 220 ° c 430 ° f the device structure consisted of a thin film p  z  t on top of a much thick  er sub  str  ate but the figure of 12 k represents the cooling of the thin film only the net cooling of such a device would be lower than 12 k due to the heat capacity of the sub  str  ate to which it is attached along the same lines in 2008 it was shown that a fer  ro  electric poly  mer can also achieve 12 k of cooling nearer room temperature with these new larger responses practical applications may be more likely such as in computer cooling
electro  chro  mis  m is the phenomenon displayed by some materials of re  versi  bly changing colour by using bursts of charge to cause electro  chemical re  do  x reactions in electro  ch  rom  ic materials various types of materials and structures can be used to construct electro  ch  rom  ic devices depending on the specific applications transition metal oxides are a large family of materials possessing various interesting properties in the field of electro  chro  mis  m among them tungsten oxide wo 3 has been the most extensively studied material used in the production of electro  ch  rom  ic windows or smart glass and more recently electro  ch  rom  ic displays on paper sub  str  ate as anti counterfeiting systems integrated on packaging nio materials have been widely studied as counter electro  des for complementary electro  ch  rom  ic devices in particular smart windows the world leading institutions on nio efforts include national renewable energy laboratory and upp  sal  a university another example of an electro  ch  rom  ic material is pol  yan  il  ine which can be formed either by the electro  chemical or chemical oxid  ation of an  il  ine if an electro  de is immer  sed in hydro  chlor  ic acid which contains a small concentration of an  il  ine then a film of pol  yan  il  ine can be grown on the electro  de depending on the oxid  ation state pol  yan  il  ine can either be pale yellow or dark green black other electro  ch  rom  ic materials that have found technological application include the vio  log  ens and poly  ox  o  tun  g  states as the color change is persistent and energy need only be applied to affect a change electro  ch  rom  ic materials are used to control the amount of light and heat allowed to pass through windows smart windows one popular application is in the automobile industry where it is used to automatically tin  t rear view mirrors in various lighting conditions vio  log  en is used in conjunction with titanium dioxide tio 2 in the creation of small digital displays it is hoped that these displays will replace liquid crystal displays as the vio  log  en which is typically dark blue has a high contrast compared to the bright white of the titan  ia thereby providing the display high visibility ice 3 high speed trains use electro  ch  rom  atic glass panels between the passenger compartment and the driver s cabin the standard mode is clear and can be switched by the driver to fro  sted trans  luc  ent mainly to conceal unwanted sights from passengers view for example in the case of human obstacles electro  ch  rom  ic windows are used in the boeing 787 dream  liner in 2014 cn  rs french national centre for scientific research researchers in bor  deaux have resulted in reducing the number of layers of classic architecture from 7 layer to 4 and also 3 layer structures
electro  hydro  dynamic dro  p  let de  formation is a phenomenon that occurs when liquid dro  ple  ts suspended in a second im  mis  ci  ble liquid are exposed to an osci  ll  ating electric field under these conditions the dro  p  let will periodically de  form between pro  late and obl  ate el  lip  so  idal shapes the characteristic frequency and magnitude of the de  formation is determined by a balance of electro  dynamic hydro  dynamic and cap  ill  ary stresses acting on the dro  p  let interface this phenomenon has been studied extensively both mathem  atically and experim  entally because of the complex fluid dynamics that occur characterization and modulation of electro  dynamic dro  p  let de  formation is of particular interest for engineering applications because of the growing need to improve the performance of complex industrial processes e g two phase cooling crude oil dem  ul  sification the primary advantage of using osci  ll  atory dro  p  let de  formation to improve these engineering processes is that the phenomenon does not require sophisticated machinery or the introduction of heat sources this effectively means that improving performance via osci  ll  atory dro  p  let de  formation is simple and in no way diminishes the effectiveness of the existing engineering system
electro  lumin  es  cence el is an optical phenomenon and electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current or to a strong electric field this is distinct from black body light emission resulting from heat incan  desc  ence from a chemical reaction chem  il  u  min  es  cence sound son  olu  min  es  cence or other mechanical action mechan  olu  min  es  cence
an electromagnetic four potential is a relati  vis  tic vector function from which the electromagnetic field can be derived it combines both an electric scal  ar potential and a magnetic vector potential into a single four vector as measured in a given frame of reference and for a given gauge the first component of the electromagnetic four potential is the electric scal  ar potential and the other three components make up the magnetic vector potential while both the scal  ar and vector potential depend upon the frame the electromagnetic four potential is lo  ren  tz co  variant like other pot  entials many different electromagnetic four pot  entials correspond to the same electromagnetic field depending upon the choice of gauge in this article index no  tation and the min  kowski metric − − − will be used see also ric  ci calcul  us co  variance and contr  av  ari  ance of vectors and raising and lowering indices for more details on no  tation formulae are given in si units and ga  us  sian c  gs units
electromagnetic interference emi also called radio frequency interference r  fi when in the radio frequency spectrum is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induc  tion electro  static coupling or conduc  tion the disturbance may de  grade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning in the case of a data path these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data both man made and natural sources generate changing electrical currents and voltages that can cause emi automobile ignition systems cell phones thunder  storms the sun and the northern lights emi frequently affects am radi  os it can also affect cell phones f  m radi  os and telev  is  ions emi can be used intentionally for radio jam  ming as in electronic warfare
in telecommunication electromagnetic surviv  ability is the ability of a system subsystem or equipment to resume functioning without evidence of degradation following temporary exposure to an adverse electromagnetic environment the system subsystem or equipment performance may be degraded during exposure to the adverse electromagnetic environment but the system will not experience permanent damage such as component bur  n  out that will prevent proper operation when the adverse electromagnetic environment is removed
electro  magne  tically induced gr  ating ei  g is an optical interference phenomenon where an interference pattern is used to build a dynamic spatial diff  r  action gr  ating in matter ei  gs are dynam  ically created by light interference on op  tically reson  ant materials and rely on population in  version and or optical coherence properties of the material they were first demonstrated with population grat  ings on atoms ei  gs can be used for purposes of atomic molecular vel  o  ci  metry to probe the material optical properties such as coherence and population life times and switching and routing of light related but different effects are ther  m  ally induced grat  ings and photo  lith  o  graphy grat  ings
the electr  on cloud effect is a phenomenon that occurs in particle acceler  ators and reduces the quality of the particle beam
the electr  on ref  r  active effect or electr  on induced per  mit  tivity modification e  ip  m is an electro op  tic effect observed in some cryst  als and am  orph  ous materials such as ch  alco  gen  ide glasses and oxides where the per  mit  tivity reduces or increases when the material is illumin  ated by high energy electron  s typically from an transmission electr  on micro  scope or scanning electr  on micro  scope the effect is non linear and reversible the effect was observed by n norm  and and o norm  and who observed that the per  mit  tivity of ch  alco  gen  ide glass increased by as much as 5 when irradiated with an electr  on gun in the 30 k  ev range they also noticed that the change was accompanied by a change in the thickness of the film recently san roman aler  igi anj  um and oo  i demonstrated that the per  mit  tivity of ch  alco  gen  ide thin films could also be reduced by as much as 50 when the sample was illumin  ated by 300 k  ev electron  s moreover they also demonstrated that the electr  on induced per  mit  tivity modification was reversible
in physics chemistry and electronic engineering an electr  on hole is the lack of an electr  on at a position where one could exist in an atom or atomic lat  tice it is different from the pos  it  ron which is an actual particle of anti  matter see also di  rac sea if an electr  on is excited into a higher state it leaves a hole in its old state this meaning is used in au  ger electr  on spec  tro  sco  py and other x ray techniques in compu  tational chemistry and to explain the low electr  on electr  on scat  tering rate in cryst  als metals semi  conductors in cryst  als electronic band structure calculations lead to an effective mass for the electron  s which typically is negative at the top of a band the negative mass is an un  intu  itive concept and in these situations a more familiar picture is found by considering a positive charge with a positive mass
electr  on precip  itation also called energetic electr  on precip  itation or e  ep is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when previously trapped electron  s enter the earth s atmosphere thus creating communications interfer  ences and other disturbances electron  s are trapped in the van allen radiation belt by earth s magnetic fields and begin to spiral around field lines in the radiation belt they may remain there for an indefinite period of time in some cases years when broadband very low frequency v  lf waves propag  ate the radiation belts the electron  s exit the radiation belt and precipitate or travel into the ion  o  sphere a region of earth s atmosphere where the electron  s will colli  de with ions electr  on precip  itation is regularly linked to ozone depletion it is often caused by lighting strikes or v  lf transmitters
electr  on wake is the disturbance left after a high energy charged particle pass  es  through condens  ed matter or plasma ions passing through can introduce periodic osci  ll  ations in the crystal lat  tice or plasma wave with the characteristic frequency of the crystal or plasma frequency interactions of the field created by these osci  ll  ations with the charged particle field alternate from constructive interference to destructive interference producing altern  ating waves of electric field and displacement the frequency of the wake field is determined by the nature of the penetrated matter and the period of the wake field is directly proportional to the speed of the incoming charged particle the am  pl  itude of the first wake wave is the most important as it produces a braking force on the charged particle eventually slowing it down wake fields also can capture and guide lightweight ions or pos  it  ron  s in the direction per  pend  icular to the wake the larger the speed of the original charged particle the larger the angle between the initial particle s velocity and the captured ion s velocity
e hr is a function of hr that is concerned with the use management and regulation of electronic information and processes within an organization e hr is different from e hr  m electronic human resource management and hr  is human resource information system which are uses of technology more specifically e hr  m is a system that allows management and employees access to human resource related information and services through an organization s in  tran  et or web portal hr  is refers to enterprise resource planning software that stream  lines human resource functions such as payroll in contrast e hr is a function of human resources that requires cross functional knowledge and collaboration between multiple departments most notably human resources and information technology
electronic osci  ll  ation is the continuous recurrence of the same electrical periodic wa  ve  form the recurrence may be in the form of a varying voltage or a varying current the wa  ve  form may be sin  us  o  idal or some other shape when its magnitude is plo  tted against the duration of its cycle electronic osci  ll  ation may be intentionally caused as in devices designed as osci  ll  ators or it may be the result of un  intentional positive feedback from the output of an electronic device to its input the latter appears often in feedback amp  li  fiers such as operational amp  li  fiers that do not have sufficient gain or phase margins in this case the osci  ll  ation often interferes with or compromises the amp  li  fier s intended function and is known as par  asi  tic osci  ll  ation
electronic process of law or electronic lawsuit is an up to date phenomenon concerning the use of computer programs in courts and public departments in sue activities it is a theme of worldwide scope in portugal it is known as the concept of proc  es  so el  etr  ô  nic  o in india known as electronic judicial resource management in france it is called dé  materi  alisation du proc  es  sus judici  aire it is a polis  sem  ic expression related to inter  discipl  in  arity between the information technologies and branches of law that govern the lawsuits that take place in departments of public administration more specifically the control follow up searches and practices of jur  id  ical acts helped by computer systems its universal definition can be found in various sources
in organic chemistry an electro  phil  ic addition reaction is an addition reaction where in a chemical compound a π bond is broken and two new σ bonds are formed the sub  str  ate of an electro  phil  ic addition reaction must have a double bond or triple bond the driving force for this reaction is the formation of an electro  phi  le x that forms a co  val  ent bond with an electr  on rich un  saturated c c bond the positive charge on x is transferred to the carbon carbon bond forming a carbo  c  ation during the formation of the c x bond electro  phil  ic addition mechanism in step 2 of an electro  phil  ic addition the positively charged intermediate combines with y that is electr  on rich and usually an an  ion to form the second co  val  ent bond step 2 is the same nucle  oph  il  ic attack process found in an s  n 1 reaction the exact nature of the electro  phi  le and the nature of the positively charged intermediate are not always clear and depend on re  ac  tants and reaction conditions in all asymmetric addition reactions to carbon reg  io  selectivity is important and often determined by mark  ov  ni  kov s rule organ  ob  or  ane compounds give anti mark  ov  ni  kov additions electro  phil  ic attack to an aromatic system results in electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution rather than an addition reaction
electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution se  ar is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system usually hydrogen is replaced by an electro  phi  le some of the most important electro  phil  ic aromatic substitu  tions are aromatic nit  ration aromatic halo  gen  ation aromatic sul  fon  ation and ac  yl  ation and al  k  yl  ating frie  del – crafts reactions
electro  phil  ic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electro  phi  le dis  places a functional group in a compound which is typically but not always a hydrogen atom electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution reactions are characteristic of aromatic compounds and are important ways of introducing functional groups onto benzene rings the other main type of electro  phil  ic substitution reaction is an electro  phil  ic ali  ph  atic substitution reaction
electro  reception is the biological ability to perceive natural electrical stimul  i it has been observed almost exclusively in aquatic or am  phi  bious animals since salt water is a much better conductor than air the currently known exceptions being ec  hi  d  nas cock  ro  aches and bees electro  reception is used in detecting objects and for electro  communication
el  ej  alde syndrome also known as gr  is  cell  i syndrome type 1 is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive syndrome consisting of moderate pig  ment dilution profound primary neuro  logic defects no immune defects and hair with metallic sil  very she  en it is associated with my  o 5 a
in mathematics an elementary function is a function of one variable which is the composition of a finite number of arithmetic operations – × ÷ expon  entials log  arith  ms constan  ts and solutions of al  ge  bra  ic equations a gener  alization of n  th roots the elementary functions include the tri  gon  ome  tric and hyper  bol  ic functions and their inver  ses as they are expres  sible with complex expon  entials and log  arith  ms it follows directly from the definition that the set of elementary functions is closed under arithmetic operations and composition it is also closed under differentiation it is not closed under limits and infinite sums importantly the elementary functions are not closed under integration as shown by li  ou  ville s theore  m see non  elementary integral the li  ou  vil  lian functions are defined as the elementary functions and recur  sively the integr  als of the li  ou  vil  lian functions some elementary functions such as roots log  arith  ms or in  verse tri  gon  ome  tric functions are not entire functions and may be multi  valued elementary functions were introduced by joseph li  ou  ville in a series of papers from 18  33 to 18  41 an al  ge  bra  ic treatment of elementary functions was started by joseph f  els rit  t in the 1930 s
eleph  anti  asis is a symptom of a variety of diseases where parts of a person s body swell to massive proportions some conditions that have this symptom include eleph  anti  asis no  str  as due to longstanding chronic lymp  han  gi  tis eleph  anti  asis tro  pic  a or lymp  h  atic fil  ari  asis caused by a number of par  asi  tic worms particularly wu  cher  er  ia ban  cro  f  ti non  fil  arial eleph  anti  asis or po  do  con  i  osis an immune disease affecting the lymp  h vessels eleph  anti  asis grade 4 lymp  he  dem  a genital eleph  anti  asis end result of lymp  ho  gran  ul  oma v  ener  eu  m prot  eus syndrome the genetic disorder of the so called elephant man
eleph  anti  asis no  str  as is a cu  taneous condition a final hyper  troph  ic fi  bro  sis following longstanding chronic lymp  han  gi  tis
elevated al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase describes the situation where the levels of al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase al  p exceed the reference range this group of enzymes has a low sub  str  ate specificity and cataly  zes the hydro  lysis of phosphate esters in an ac  id  ic environment the major function of al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase is transporting across cell memb  ran  es al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ases are present in many human tissues including bone intest  ine kidney liver plac  enta and white blood cells damage to these tissues causes the release of al  p into the blood  stream elevated levels can be detected through a blood test elevated al  kal  ine phosphate is associated with certain medical conditions or syndro  mes e g hyper  phosp  hat  asia with mental retar  dation syndrome h  p  mrs it serves as a significant indication for certain medical conditions diseases and syndro  mes if the reason for al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase is unknown iso  enzyme studies using electro  pho  res  is can confirm the source of the al  p heat stability also distinguishes bone and liver iso  enzymes bone burns liver lasts
elevated alpha fe  to  protein refers to a state where alpha fe  to  protein levels are outside of the reference range there are two categories of af  p tests tests performed on serum blood plasma and tests performed on am  ni  otic fluid tests performed on serum are further categ  orized by the reason for performing the test maternal serum adult tumor marker and pedi  atric tumor marker
in medicine the presence of elevated trans  amin  ases commonly the trans  amin  ases alan  ine trans  amin  ase alt and as  part  ate trans  amin  ase ast may be an indicator of liver damage other terms employed include trans  am  inas  emia and trans  am  initi  s although some sources consider the latter patho  logically meaningless normal ranges for both alt and ast are 8 40 u l with mild trans  amin  es  emia noted to the upward numerical limit of 250 u l drug induced increases such as that found with the use of anti tuberculosis agents such as is  oni  az  id are limited typically to below 100 u l for either alt or ast cir  rho  sis of the liver or ful  min  ant liver failure secondary to hepatitis commonly reach values for both alt and ast in the 1000 u l range elevated trans  amin  ases that persist less than six months are termed acute in nature and those values that persist for six months or more are termed chronic in nature
elev  ational diversity gr  adi  ent ed  g is an ecological pattern where trends in biodiversity occur at different elev  ations the ed  g states that species richness tends to increase as elev  ation increases up to a certain point creating a diversity bul  ge at middle elev  ations there have been multiple hypo  theses proposed for explaining the ed  g none of which accurately describe the phenomenon in full a similar pattern known as the lati  tu  d  inal diversity gr  adi  ent describes an increase in biodiversity from the poles to the equ  ator while the ed  g generally follows the ld  g i e high elev  ations in tropical regions have greater biodiversity than high elev  ations in temper  ate regions the ld  g does not account for elev  ational changes
elev  enses pron  unciation ᵻ  ˈ  l  ɛ  v  ə  nz  ᵻ  z is a short break taken at around 11 a m to consume a drink or sn  ack of some sort the name and details vary between countries
el  f  shot or elf shot is a medical condition described in anglo saxon medical texts notably wi  ð f  ær  s  tice and believed to be caused by invisible el  ves shooting invisible ar  rows at a person or animal causing sudden shooting pains loc  alised to a particular area of the body modern dig  noses might include r  heu  m  atism ar  thri  tis muscle sti  tches or cram  ps similar concepts existed in other northern european cultures belief or at least references to el  f  shot persisted into the 20 th century also in scotland though more modern el  ves seem to have concentrated their att  entions on animals in rural areas country folk would sometimes find small ar  ro  whe  ads the remains of ne  oli  th  ic or mes  oli  th  ic fl  in  ts or naturally occurring spe  ar shaped stones the prevention or curing of el  f  shot comes from using a charm against the sudden sti  tch the three plants used in the cure are fe  ver  few red net  tles and way  bread all have vaguely spe  ar shaped leaves which may have suggested their use as a remedy for pains attributed to elf ar  rows
in most organic elimination reactions at least one hydrogen is lost to form the double bond the un  satur  ation of the mol  ecu  le increases it is also possible that a mol  ecu  le under  goes reduc  tive elimination by which the val  ence of an atom in the mol  ecu  le decreases by two though this is more common in in  organic chemistry an important class of elimination reactions is those involving al  ky  l hali  des with good leaving groups reacting with a lewis base to form an al  k  ene elimination may be considered the reverse of an addition reaction when the sub  str  ate is asymmetric reg  io  selectivity is determined by za  it  se  v s rule or through ho  f  mann elimination if the carbon with the most substituted hydrogen is inaccessible
in complex analysis an elli  ptic function is a mer  om  orph  ic function that is periodic in two directions just as a periodic function of a real variable is defined by its values on an interval an elli  ptic function is determined by its values on a fundamental parall  elo  gram which then repeat in a lat  tice such a doubly periodic function cannot be holo  morph  ic as it would then be a bounded entire function and by li  ou  ville s theore  m every such function must be constant in fact an elli  ptic function must have at least two poles counting multiplicity in a fundamental parall  elo  gram as it is easy to show using the periodic  ity that a cont  our integral around its boundary must vanish implying that the residues of all simple poles must cancel historically elli  ptic functions were first discovered by ni  els hen  rik abel as in  verse functions of elli  ptic integr  als and their theory was improved by carl gust  av jaco  bi these in turn were studied in connection with the problem of the arc length of an elli  pse wh  ence the name derives jaco  bi s elli  ptic functions have found numerous applications in physics and were used by jaco  bi to prove some results in elementary number theory a more complete study of elli  ptic functions was later undertaken by karl wei  er  str  ass who found a simple elli  ptic function in terms of which all the others could be expressed besides their practical use in the evaluation of integr  als and the explicit solution of certain differential equations they have deep connections with elli  ptic cur  ves and mod  ular forms
ellis – van cre  veld syndrome also called ch  on  dro  ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia or mes  o  ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia but see nomenclature section below is a rare genetic disorder of the sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia type
el  m yel  lows is a plant disease of el  m trees that is spread by leaf  hop  pers or by root graf  ts el  m yel  lows also known as el  m ph  lo  em necro  sis is very aggressive with no known cure el  m yel  lows occurs in the eastern united states and southern on  tari  o in canada it is caused by phy  top  las  mas which infect the ph  lo  em inner bark of the tree similar phy  top  las  mas also known conf  us  ingly as el  m yel  lows also occur in europe infection and death of the ph  lo  em effectively gir  dles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients the disease affects both wild growing and cultivated trees
an email loop is an infinite loop phenomenon resulting from mail ser  vers s  cripts or email clients that generate automatic replies or responses if one such automatic response triggers another automatic response on the other side an email loop is created the process can continue until one mail  box is full or reaches its mail sending limit in theory the email loop could last indefinitely email lo  ops may be caused accidentally or malic  iously causing denial of service although rare email lo  ops involving more than two participants can also occur email lo  ops are not as common today as in the past due to changes to email software both on the client side and the server side that prevent automatic replies to vacation responses and boun  ced mail responses
derivative 22 syndrome or der 22 is a rare disorder associated with multiple con  genital anomalies including profound mental retar  dation pre  aur  icular skin tags or pits and con  o  trun  cal heart defects it can occur in offspring of carriers of the constitutional chro  mo  som  al trans  location t 11 22 q 23 q 11 owing to a 3 1 me  i  otic mal  segregation event resulting in partial tr  is  omy of chro  mo  som  es 11 and 22 an unbalanced trans  location between chro  mo  som  es 11 22 is described as eman  u  el syndrome it was characterized in 1980
embed  ment is a phenomenon in mechanical engineering in which the surfaces between mechanical members of a loaded joint emb  ed it can lead to failure by fatigue as described below and is of particular concern when considering the design of critical fast  ener joints
an embol  ism is the lodging of an embol  us a block  age causing piece of material inside a blood vessel the embol  us may be a blood clo  t thro  m  bus a fat glo  bu  le a bubble of air or other gas gas embol  ism or foreign material an embol  ism can cause partial or total block  age of blood flow in the affected vessel such a block  age a vascular oc  clu  sion may affect a part of the body distant from where the embol  us originated an embol  ism in which the embol  us is a piece of thro  m  bus is called a thro  m  bo  embol  ism thro  m  bo  sis the process of thro  m  bus formation often leads to thro  m  bo  embol  ism an embol  ism is usually a patho  logic event that is part of illness or injury sometimes it is created intentionally for a therapeutic reason such as to stop bleeding or to kill a can  cer  ous tumor by stopping its blood supply such therapy is called emb  oli  zation
emb  rit  t  lement is a loss of duc  ti  lity of a material making it brit  tle various materials have different mechanisms of emb  rit  t  lement hydrogen emb  rit  t  lement is the effect of hydrogen absorption on some metals and allo  ys sul  fide stress cracking is the emb  rit  t  lement caused by absorption of hydrogen sul  fide liquid metal emb  rit  t  lement l  me is the emb  rit  t  lement caused by liquid metals metal induced emb  rit  t  lement mie is the emb  rit  t  lement caused by diffusion of atoms of metal either solid or liquid into the material neutr  on radiation causes emb  rit  t  lement of some materials neutr  on induced sw  elling and buil  dup of wi  gn  er energy this is a process especially important for neutr  on moder  ators and nuclear reactor vessels see duc  ti  lity the primary emb  rit  t  lement mechanism of plastics is gradual loss of plas  tic  iz  ers usually by overheating or aging the primary emb  rit  t  lement mechanism of asp  halt is by oxid  ation which is most severe in warmer clim  ates asp  halt pav  ement emb  rit  t  lement can lead to various forms of cracking patterns including longit  ud  inal trans  verse and block hex  ag  onal asp  halt oxid  ation is related to poly  mer degradation as these materials bear similarities in their chemical composition
embryo quality is the ability of an embryo to perform successfully in terms of conferring a high pregnancy rate and or resulting in a healthy person embryo profiling is the estimation of embryo quality by qualification and or quantification of various parameters estim  ations of embryo quality guides the choice in embryo selection in in vitro fertili  zation in general embryo profiling for prediction of pregnancy rates focuses mainly on visual profiles and short term biom  ar  kers including expression of r  na and proteins preferably in the surroundings of embryos to avoid any damage to them on the other hand embryo profiling for health prediction puts more focus on the genome and where there is a risk of a genetic disorder it more often involves cell sampling from the embryo for pre  implan  tation genetic diagnosis
embry  o  car  dia is a condition in which the two heart sounds s 1 and s 2 that produce the typical lu  bb du  bb sound of the heart becomes in  distingu  ishable and equally spac  ed thus the normal lu  bb du  bb rhythm of the heart becomes a tic to  c rhythm resembling the heart sounds of a fe  tus this condition is observed in my  o  cardi  tis
embry  onal carcin  oma is a relatively un  common type of germ cell tum  our that occurs in the ov  aries and test  es
embry  onal r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma er  ms is a rare his  to  logical form of cancer of connec  tive tissue where  in the mes  en  ch  ym  ally derived m  align  ant cells resemble the primitive developing sk  el  etal muscle of the embryo it is the most common soft tissue sar  coma occurring in children
emergence deli  ri  um sometimes referred to as ag  itated emergence emergence ag  itation emergence excitement or po  stan  esthetic excitement is a condition in which emergence from general an  esthesia is accompanied by psy  ch  om  o  tor ag  itation some see a relation to pav  or no  c  turn  us while other see a relation to the excitement stage of an  esthesia
an emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire etc it is usually a strategically located e g in a st  air  well hall  way or other likely place outward opening door with a crash bar on it and with exit signs leading to it the name is a reference to when they are frequently used however a fire exit can also be a main door  way in or out a fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit mounted to the outside of a building
emergency r  ations are items of food and drink that a person stores and relies on in case of an emergency emergency food supplies can be purchased for camping trips or wilderness adventures these supplies are meant to last for several days many people also purchase long shelf life emergency food in case of natural disasters or other emergency situations the food can come in the form of a powder freeze dried smoked or sal  ted the r  ations are to help people survive until help arrives and are often carried while hill walking or mountain  eering because of the risk of being stranded by an accident in some organised events such as ten tors it is obligatory to carry emergency r  ations emergency r  ations are often carried by camping enthusiasts especially back pack camp  ers who are more likely to be far from food supplies emergency foodstuffs are usually high in cal  or  ic content and sometimes also in nutritional content typical emergency foodstuffs are high cal  orie foods such as candy bars nutritional bars energy or sports bars hard bread or biscu  it dried meat such as jer  ky and dried fruit if water is available r  ations with little water content are lighter to carry emergency r  ations are generally carried on the person by people on foot in case of becoming lost or separated from normal food supplies water or other drinks are carried if water is not readily available from the environment
an emerging infectious disease eid is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future emerging infections account for at least 12 of all human pathogens ei  ds are caused by newly identified species or strains e g severe acute respiratory syndrome hiv aids that may have evolved from a known infection e g influenza or spread to a new population e g west nile fever or to an area undergoing eco  logic transformation e g ly  me disease or be re  emerging infections like drug resistant tuberculosis no  so  com  ial hospital acquired infections such as meth  ic  ill  in resistant stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us are emerging in hospitals and extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics of growing concern are adverse syner  g  istic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syn  dem  ics many emerging diseases are zoonotic an animal reservoir incub  ates the organism with only occasional transmission into human populations
the emer  son effect is the increase in the rate of photo  synthesis after chlor  op  lasts are exposed to light of wa  vel  eng  th 670 nm red light and 700 nm far red light when simultaneously exposed to light of both wa  vel  eng  ths the rate of photo  synthesis is far higher than the sum of the red light and far red light photo  synthesis rates the effect was early evidence that two photo  systems processing different wa  vel  eng  ths cooperate in photo  synthesis
emer  y – dre  if  uss muscular dy  stro  phy is a condition that mainly affects muscles used for movement such as sk  el  etal muscles and also affects the cardiac muscle it is named after alan eg  lin h emer  y and fr  itz e dre  if  uss
emigration from colombia is a migratory phenomenon that has been taking place in colombia since the early 20 th century
emigration from mexico is a migratory phenomenon that has been taking place in mexico since the early 20 th century
emigration from moldova is a mass phenomenon having a significant impact on the country s demographics and economy
emigration from uruguay is a migratory phenomenon that has been taking place in uruguay since the early 20 th century
emigration from the united states is a complex demographic phenomenon existing for decades and having a number of reasons the process is the reverse of the immigration to the united states for the first centuries of its existence the us benefited from its low population density and had attracted large masses of immigrants and it continues to be a net immigration country the united states does not keep track of emigration and counts of americans abroad are thus only available courtesy of statistics kept by the destination countries
the emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to an atom or mol  ecu  le making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state the pho  ton energy of the emitted pho  ton is equal to the energy difference between the two states there are many possible electr  on transitions for each atom and each transition has a specific energy difference this collection of different transitions leading to different radi  ated wa  vel  eng  ths make up an emission spectrum each element s emission spectrum is unique therefore spec  tro  sco  py can be used to identify the elements in matter of unknown composition similarly the emission spec  tra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances
“ … a condition exhi  biting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child ’ s educational performance the classification is often given to students that need individu  alized behavior supports to receive a free and appropriate public education but would not be eligible for an individu  alized education program under another disability category of the individuals with disabilities education act idea
emotional conflict is the presence of different and opposing emotions relating to a situation that has recently taken place or is in the process of being unfol  ded they may be accompanied at times by a physical discomfort especially when a functional disturbance has become associated with an emotional conflict in childhood and in particular by tension headaches expressing a state of inner tension or caused by an unconscious conflict for c g jung emotional conflicts and the intervention of the unconscious are the classical features of medical psychology equally fre  ud s concept of emotional conflict as amplified by anna fre  ud erik  son and others is central in contemporary theories of mental disorder in children particularly with respect to the development of psy  ch  on  euro  sis
emotional gran  ul  arity is an individual s ability to differentiate between the specificity of their emotions an individual with high emotional gran  ul  arity would be able to discriminate between their emotions that all fall within the same level of val  ence and ar  ous  al lab  eling their experiences with dis  crete emotion words someone with low emotional gran  ul  arity would report their emotions in global terms usually of pleasure or displeasure it is unknown whether these differences of gran  ul  arity among individuals stem from an inability of some to verb  ally label the dis  crete emotions they feel inside or whether some people are simply unaware of the distinctions between specific emotions
emotional self regulation it can also be defined as extr  ins  ic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring evaluating and modifying emotional reactions emotion self regulation belongs to the broader set of emotion regulation processes which includes the regulation of one s own feelings and the regulation of other people s feelings emotional regulation is a complex process that involves initiating inhi  biting or mod  ulating one s state or behavior in a given situation – for example the subjective experience feelings cognitive responses thoughts emotion related physiological responses for example heart rate or hormonal activity and emotion related behavior bodily actions or expressions func  tionally emotional regulation can also refer to processes such as the tendency to focus one s attention to a task and the ability to suppress inappropriate behavior under instruction emotional regulation is a highly significant function in human life every day people are continually exposed to a wide variety of potentially ar  ous  ing stimul  i inappropriate extreme or unchecked emotional reactions to such stimul  i could impede functional fit within society therefore people must engage in some form of emotion regulation almost all of the time generally speaking emotional dys  regulation has been defined as difficulties in controlling the influence of emotional ar  ous  al on the organization and quality of thoughts actions and interactions individuals who are emotionally dys  regulated exhibit patterns of responding in which there is a mis  match between their goals responses and or modes of expression and the demands of the social environment for example there is a significant association between emotion dys  regulation and symptoms of depression anxiety eating path  ology and substance abuse higher levels of emotion regulation are likely to be related to both high levels of social competence and the expression of socially appropriate emotions
emp  athy in chickens is the reaction of a mother hen in response to her observation of adverse conditions imposed upon her chicks the biotechnology and biological research council s animal welfare initiative defines and recognizes that hens possess a fundamental capacity to emp  ath  ise these emp  athetic responses in animals are well documented and are usually discussed along with issues related to cogn  ition the difference between animal cogn  ition and animal emotion is recognized by eth  ic  ists the specific emotional attribute of emp  athy in chickens has not been only investigated in terms of its existence but it has applications that have resulted in the designed reduction of stress in farm raised poultry
in medicine em  peri  pol  esis is the presence of an intact cell within the cy  top  las  m of another cell it is derived from greek em is inside peri is around polem  ai is w  ander about em  peri  pol  esis is an un  common biological process and can be physiological or pathological it is related to peri  pol  esis which is the attachment of one cell to another em  peri  pol  esis is unlike p  ha  go  cy  to  sis in which the engul  fed cell is killed by the ly  so  som  al enzymes of the macro  p  ha  ge instead the engul  fed cell remains viable within the other and can exit at any time without causing structural or functional ab  norm  alities in either cell
in telecommunications emphasis is the intentional alteration of the am  pl  itude vs frequency characteristics of the signal to reduce adverse effects of noise in a communication system or recording system typically prior to some process such as transmission over cable or recording to phono  graph record or tape the input frequency range most susceptible to noise is boosted this is referred to as pre emphasis pre the process the signal will undergo later when the signal is received or retri  eved from recording the reverse transformation is applied de emphasis so that the output accurately re  produces the original input any noise added by transmission or record play  back to the frequency range previously boosted is now attenu  ated in the de emphasis stage the whole system of pre emphasis and de emphasis is called emphasis the high frequency signal components are emphasized to produce a more equal modulation index for the transmitted frequency spectrum and therefore a better signal to noise ratio for the entire frequency range emphasis is commonly used in l  p records and f  m broadcasting
symptoms of emph  ys  em  at  ous cy  sti  tis include air in the blad  der wall altered mental status severe ab  domin  al pain weakness dark urine dy  sur  ia fever leth  ar  gy v  om  iting as well as white blood cells and bacteria in the urine mc  ca  be where some patients may be as  ymp  tomatic others may present with se  ptic shock de ba  ets ba  ert symptoms can vary greatly from patient to patient which makes the disease difficult to diagnose in some cases of emph  ys  em  at  ous cy  sti  tis patients don ’ t even claim to have any ur  inary symptoms mo  kab  ber  i ur  inary symptoms can include blood in the urine increased ur  inary frequency urgency occasional in  contin  ence difficulty vo  i  ding and burning sensation emph  ys  em  at  ous cy  sti  tis is often indicated in patients who display pneu  matur  ia bo  b  ba in some cases emph  ys  em  at  ous cy  sti  tis can cause thick  ening of the blad  der wall we  er  ak  ko  dy clinical sub  cu  taneous emph  ys  ema is a rare complic  ation of emph  ys  em  at  ous cy  sti  tis that has a poor prog  no  sis ahmed ram  ad  an bla  ke
in statistics an empirical distribution function is the distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample this cumulative distribution function is a step function that jumps up by 1 n at each of the n data points the empirical distribution function estimates the cumulative distribution function underlying of the points in the sample and conver  ges with probability 1 according to the gli  ven  ko – can  t  elli theore  m a number of results exist to quantify the rate of convergence of the empirical distribution function to the underlying cumulative distribution function
empty nose syndrome ens is a rare clinical syndrome in which people who have clear nas  al passages experience a range of symptoms most commonly feelings of nas  al obstruction nas  al dr  y  ness and cru  sting and a sensation of being unable to breathe people who experience ens have usually undergone a tur  bin  ec  tomy removal or reduction of tur  bin  ates structures inside the nose or other surgical procedures that interfere with tur  bin  ates the overall incidence is unknown but it appears to occur in a small percentage of those who undergo nas  o  sin  al procedures it appears to be a health care caused condition but its existence as a medical condition cause diagnosis and management are controversial no one disputes that people with the symptoms suffer a great deal
empty sel  la syndrome abbreviated ess is where the pit  u  itary g  land shrin  ks or becomes fl  att  ened filling the sel  la tur  c  ica or turkish saddle with cere  bro  spinal fluid on imaging instead of the normal pit  u  itary ess can be found in the radiological work  up of pit  u  itary disorders or as an incidental finding when imaging the brain
en  am  el hypo  pl  asia is a defect of the teeth in which the en  am  el is hard but thin and deficient in amount caused by defective en  am  el matrix formation with a deficiency of vitamin d in the body usually the condition involves part of the tooth having a pit in it in some cases the natural en  am  el crown has a hole in it and in extreme cases the tooth has no en  am  el which doesn t mean the tooth doesn t exist because denti  n is also a component of teeth
an en  am  el pearl is a condition of teeth where en  am  el is found on locations where en  am  el is not supposed to be such as on a root surface they are found usually in the area between roots which is called a fur  c  ation of mol  ars en  am  el pear  ls are not common in teeth with a single root the most common location of en  am  el pearl is the fur  c  ation areas of the max  ill  ary and man  di  bul  ar third mol  ar roots the en  am  el pear  ls are formed essentially from the her  t  wig s epi  the  li  al root she  ath after the initiation of the formation of denti  n in the root area of the tooth the root she  ath dis  integrates and moves away from the root surface so that the cells of the dental s  ac can come in contact of pre  denti  n to differentiate into cem  ent  obl  asts and start de  position of cem  ent  um however if the cells of epi  the  li  al root she  ath remain adher  ent to pre  denti  n they may differentiate into fully functional am  elo  bl  asts and deposit en  am  el such dro  ple  ts of en  am  el are called en  am  el pear  ls
en  anthem or en  an  them  a is a rash small spots on the mu  co  us memb  ran  es it is characteristic of patients with small  pox meas  les chicken pox and ro  se  ola inf  an  tum it can also indicate hy  pers  ensi  tivity en  an  them  a can present with viral ex  an  them  a
en  anti  ost  asis is the ability of an open system especially a living organism to maintain and conserve its metabol  ic and physiological functions in response to variations in an unstable environment estu  ar  ine organisms typically undergo en  anti  ost  asis in order to survive with constantly changing salt concentrations the australian n  sw board of studies defines the term in its biology sy  ll  ab  us as the maintenance of metabol  ic and physiological functions in response to variations in the environment en  anti  ost  asis is not a form of classical home  ost  asis meaning standing at a similar level which focused on maintenance of internal body conditions such as ph oxygen levels and ion concentrations rather than maintaining home  o  static stable ideal conditions en  anti  ost  asis involves maintaining only functionality in spite of external fluctuations however it can be considered a type of home  ost  asis in a broader context because functions are kept relatively consistent the term en  anti  ost  asis was proposed by man  gum and tow  le it is derived from the greek ἐ  ν  αν  τ  ί  ος en  anti  o opposite opposing over against and στ  ά  σ  ις st  asis to stand posture an example of an organism which under  goes en  anti  ost  asis in an estu  ary environment includes the oxygen binding effectiveness of hem  oc  yan  in in the blue crab call  in  ec  tes sap  i  dus varies according to the concentration of two factors calcium ion concentration and hydrogen ion concentration when these concentrations are varied in the same direction they have a counter  balancing effect to stabilize oxygen binding at low ion  ic concentrations the crab increases its internal ph decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration to allow the hem  oc  yan  in to continue to function efficiently
en  ce  ph  ali  tis is a sudden onset infl  amm  ation of the brain en  ce  ph  ali  tis with men  ing  i  tis is known as men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis symptoms include headache fever confusion drow  sin  ess and fatigue further symptoms include seizures or con  vul  sions tre  mors halluc  inations stroke and memory problems in 2013 en  ce  ph  ali  tis was estimated to have resulted in 77 000 deaths down from 92 000 in 1990 the word is from ancient greek ἐ  γ  κ  έ  φα  λο  ς enk  é  p  hal  os brain composed of ἐ  ν en in and κ  ε  φα  λ  ή ke  p  hal  é head and the medical suff  ix i  tis infl  amm  ation
en  ce  ph  ali  tis leth  arg  ica or von econom  o disease is an atypical form of en  ce  ph  ali  tis also known as sleepy sickness distinct from t  set  se fly transmitted sleeping sickness it was first described in 1917 by the neuro  logist constan  tin von econom  o  and the patho  logist jean ren  é cru  chet the disease attacks the brain leaving some victims in a statue like condition spe  ech  less and mo  tion  less between 1915 and 19  26 an epidemic of en  ce  ph  ali  tis leth  arg  ica spread around the world nearly five million people were affected a third of whom died in the acute stages many of those who survived never returned to their pre existing ali  veness they would be conscious and aware yet not fully awake they would sit mo  tion  less and spe  ech  less all day in their chairs totally lacking energy impetus initiative motive appetite affect or desire they registered what went on about them without active attention and with profound indifference they neither conveyed nor felt the feeling of life they were as in  substantial as ghosts and as passive as zom  bies awak  enings oliver sacks p 14 no recurrence of the epidemic has since been reported though isolated cases continue to occur
encephal  oce  le sometimes known as cran  ium bi  fi  dum is a ne  ural tube defect characterized by s  ac like pro  tru  sions of the brain and the memb  ran  es that cover it through openings in the skull these defects are caused by failure of the ne  ural tube to close completely during fe  tal development encephal  oc  el  es cause a gro  ove down the middle of the skull or between the fore  head and nose or on the back side of the skull the severity of encephal  oce  le varies depending on its location
encephalopathy ɛ  n  ˌ  s  ɛ  f  ə  ˈ  l  ɒ  p  ə  θ  i means disorder or disease of the brain in modern usage encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease but rather to a syndrome of overall brain dysfunction this syndrome can have many different organic and in  organic causes
an en  ch  on  dro  ma is a car  til  age cyst found in the bone marrow typically en  ch  on  dro  ma is discovered on an x ray scan en  ch  on  dro  mas have a characteristic appearance on magnetic resonance imaging m  ri as well they have also been reported to cause increased uptake on pet examination
en  ch  on  dro  mat  osis is a form of o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asia characterized by a proliferation of en  ch  on  dro  mas ol  lier disease can be considered a synon  ym for en  ch  on  dro  mat  osis ma  ff  ucci syndrome is en  ch  on  dro  mat  osis with hem  an  gi  om  at  osis
en  co  pres  is from the ancient greek ἐ  γ  κ  ό  πρ  η  σ  ις eg  k  ó  pr  ē  sis also known as paradoxical diarr  hea is voluntary or involuntary f  ec  al so  iling in children who have usually already been toilet trained persons with en  co  pres  is often leak sto  ol into their under  garments this term is usually applied to children and where the symptom is present in adults it is more commonly known as f  ec  al leakage fl f  ec  al so  iling or f  ec  al se  ep  age
in computing end of file commonly abbreviated e  of is a condition in a computer operating system where no more data can be read from a data source the data source is usually called a file or stream in general the e  of is either determined when the reader returns null as seen in j  ava s buff  ere  dread  er or sometimes people will manu  ally insert an e  of character of their choosing to signal when the file has ended in the c standard library the character reading functions such as get  ch  ar return a value equal to the symbolic value macro e  of to indicate that an end of file condition has occurred the actual value of e  of is system dependent but is commonly 1 such as in gli  bc and is unequal to any valid character code block reading functions return the number of by  tes read and if this is fewer than asked for then the end of file was reached or an error occurred checking of err  no or dedicated function such as fer  ror is often required to determine which
end  a  ural phenomena are sounds that are heard without any external acous  tic stimulation end  a  ural means in the ear phenomena include transi  ent ringing in the ears that sound like sine tones white noise like sounds and subjective tin  nit  us end  a  ural phenomena need to be distinguished from o  to  acous  tic emissions in which a person s ear emits sounds the em  itter typically cannot hear the sounds made by his or her ear end  a  ural phenomena also need to be distinguished from aud  itory halluc  inations which are sometimes associated with psycho  sis
endemic go  itre is a type of go  itre that is associated with dietary i  od  ine deficiency some inland areas where soil and water lacks in i  od  ine compounds and consumption of marine foods is low are known for higher incidence of go  itre in such areas go  itre is said to be endemic this type of go  itre is easily preventable in most developed countries regulations have been put into force by health policy institutions requiring salt flour or water to be fortified with i  od  ine treatment of endemic go  itre is medical with i  od  ine and thyro  x  ine preparations surgery is only necessary in cases where complicated by significant compression of nearby structures
the enders sam  p ramp hydra  zone al  k  yl  ation reaction is an asymmetric carbon carbon bond formation reaction facilitated by py  r  ro  li  dine chir  al auxili  aries it was pione  ered by e j co  rey and d enders in 1976 and was further developed by d enders and his group this method is usually a three step sequence the first step is to form the hydra  zone between s 1 amino 2 meth  oxy  meth  yl  py  r  ro  li  dine sam  p or r 1 amino 2 meth  oxy  meth  yl  py  r  ro  li  dine ramp and a ke  tone or alde  hyde afterwards the hydra  zone is de  pro  ton  ated by lith  ium di  iso  prop  yl  amide lda to form an az  a  en  ol  ate which reacts with al  ky  l hali  des or other suitable electro  ph  iles to give al  k  yl  ated hydra  zone species with the simultaneous generation of a new chir  al center finally the al  k  yl  ated ke  tone or alde  hyde can be regener  ated by oz  on  ol  ysis or hydro  lysis enders sam  p ramp hydra  zone al  k  yl  ation reaction this reaction is a useful technique for asymmetric α al  k  yl  ation of ke  tones and alde  hy  des which are common synthetic intermedi  ates for medic  in  ally interesting natural products and other related organic compounds these natural products include c 10 dem  ethyl ar  te  annu  in b the structural analo  g of anti  mal  arial art  emis  in  in the poly  pro  pion  ate metabol  ite den  ticul  atin a and b isolated from si  ph  on  aria den  ticul  ata zar  ago  z  ic acid a a potent inhi  bit  or of sterol synthesis and epo  th  il  one a and b which have been proven to be very effective antic  an  cer drugs
ending inventory is the amount of inventory a company has in stock at the end of its fiscal year it is closely related with ending inventory cost which is the amount of money spent to get these goods in stock it should be calculated at the lower of cost or market
endo  cap  ill  ary prolifer  ative glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is a form of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis that can be associated with ne  ph  ri  tis it may be associated with par  vo  virus b 19
endo  cardi  al fi  bro  el  ast  osis efe is a rare heart disorder usually occurring in children two years old and younger it may also be considered a reaction to stress not necessarily a specific disease it should not be confused with end  om  yo  cardi  al fi  bro  sis
endo  cardi  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the inner layer of the heart the endo  cardi  um it usually involves the heart valves other structures that may be involved include the interven  tric  ular sep  tum the ch  ord  ae tend  ine  ae the m  ural endo  cardi  um or the surfaces of in  trac  ardi  ac devices endo  cardi  tis is characterized by le  sions known as vege  tations which is a mass of plat  el  ets fi  br  in micro  colonies of micro  organisms and scant in  fl  am  matory cells in the sub  acute form of infec  tive endo  cardi  tis the vegetation may also include a center of gran  ul  om  at  ous tissue which may fi  bro  se or calci  fy there are several ways to classify endo  cardi  tis the simplest classification is based on cause either infec  tive or non infec  tive depending on whether a micro  organism is the source of the infl  amm  ation or not regardless the diagnosis of endo  cardi  tis is based on clinical features investigations such as an echo  cardi  o  gram and blood cultures demonstrating the presence of endo  cardi  tis causing micro  organisms signs and symptoms include fever ch  ills swe  ating malaise weakness an  ore  x  ia weight loss splen  om  eg  al  y flu like feeling cardiac mur  m  ur heart failure pe  tec  hia of an  terior trunk jan  e  way s le  sions etc
an endocrine bone disease is a bone disease associated with a disorder of the endocrine system an example is ost  ei  tis fi  bro  sa c  ys  tica
endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system the branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocr  in  ology
an endocrine g  land ne  op  las  m is a ne  op  las  m affecting one or more g  lands of the endocrine system examples include adren  al tumor pit  u  itary aden  oma the most common form is thyro  id cancer condition such as pan  cre  atic cancer or o  vari  an cancer can be considered endocrine tumors or classified under other systems pine  al  oma is often grouped with brain tumors because of its location
endo  der  mal sin  us tumor est also known as y  ol  k s  ac tumor y  st is a member of the germ cell tumor group of cancers it is the most common tes  tic  ular tumor in children under 3 and is also known as inf  anti  le embry  onal carcin  oma this age group has a very good prog  no  sis in contrast to the pure form typical of infants adult endo  der  mal sin  us tumors are often found in combination with other kinds of germ cell tumor particularly ter  atom  a and embry  onal carcin  oma while pure ter  atom  a is usually benign endo  der  mal sin  us tumor is m  align  ant
endo  genous regeneration in the brain is the ability of cells to engage in the repair and regeneration process while the brain has a limited capacity for regeneration endo  genous ne  ural stem cells as well as numerous pro regener  ative molecules can participate in replacing and repairing damaged or dise  ased neurons and gli  al cells another benefit that can be achieved by using endo  genous regeneration could be avoiding an immune response from the host
end  olymp  h  atic hydro  ps is a disorder of the inner ear it consists of an excessive build up of the end  olymp  h fluid which fills the hearing and balance structures of the inner ear end  olymp  h fluid which is partly regulated by the end  olymp  h s  ac flows through the inner ear and is critical to the function of all sensory cells in the inner ear in addition to water end  olymp  h fluid contains salts such as sodium potassium chloride and other electro  ly  tes if the inner ear is damaged by disease or injury the volume and composition of the end  olymp  h fluid can change causing the symptoms of end  olymp  h  atic hydro  ps
end  ome  trial cancer is a cancer that arises from the end  ome  tri  um the lining of the uter  us or wom  b it is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body the first sign is most often vag  inal bleeding not associated with a men  str  ual period other symptoms include pain with ur  ination or sexual inter  course or pel  vic pain end  ome  trial cancer occurs most commonly after men  op  ause approximately 40 of cases are related to obesity end  ome  trial cancer is also associated with excessive estro  gen exposure high blood pressure and diabetes whereas taking estro  gen alone increases the risk of end  ome  trial cancer taking both estro  gen and prog  est  er  one in combination as in most birth control pills decreases the risk between two and five percent of cases are related to genes inherited from the parents end  ome  trial cancer is sometimes loosely referred to as uter  ine cancer although it is distinct from other forms of uter  ine cancer such as cer  vic  al cancer uter  ine sar  coma and tro  pho  bl  astic disease the most frequent type of end  ome  trial cancer is end  ome  tri  o  id carcin  oma which accounts for more than 80 of cases end  ome  trial cancer is commonly diagnosed by end  ome  trial biopsy or by taking samples during a procedure known as dil  ation and cu  re  tt  age a p  ap sme  ar is not typically sufficient to show end  ome  trial cancer regular screening in those at normal risk is not called for the leading treatment option for end  ome  trial cancer is ab  domin  al hyster  ec  tomy the total removal by surgery of the uter  us together with removal of the fall  op  ian tubes and ov  aries on both sides called a bilateral sal  p  ingo o  opho  rec  tomy in more advanced cases radiation therapy chem  otherapy or hormone therapy may also be recommended if the disease is diagnosed at an early stage the outcome is favorable and the overall five year survival rate in the united states is greater than 80 in 2012 end  ome  trial cancers occurred in 320 000 women and caused 76 000 deaths this makes it the third most common cause of death in cancers which only affect women behind o  vari  an and cer  vic  al cancer it is more common in the developed world and is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract in developed countries rates of end  ome  trial cancer have risen in a number of countries between the 1980 s and 2010 this is believed to be due to the increasing number of elderly people and increasing rates of obesity
end  ome  trial hyper  pl  asia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the end  ome  tri  um or inner lining of the uter  us most cases of end  ome  trial hyper  pl  asia result from high levels of est  rog  ens combined with insufficient levels of the prog  est  er  one like hormones which ordinarily counteract estro  gen s prolifer  ative effects on this tissue this may occur in a number of settings including obesity poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome estro  gen producing tum  ours e g gran  ul  osa cell tum  our and certain formulations of estro  gen replacement therapy end  ome  trial hyper  pl  asia is a significant risk factor for the development or even co existence of end  ome  trial cancer so careful monitoring and treatment of women with this disorder is essential
end  ome  trial intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia ein is a pre  m  align  ant le  sion of the uter  ine lining that pre  dis  poses to end  ome  tri  o  id end  ome  trial aden  o  carcin  oma it is composed of a collection of abnormal end  ome  trial cells arising from the g  lands that line the uter  us which have a tendency over time to progress to the most common form of uter  ine cancer — end  ome  trial aden  o  carcin  oma end  ome  tri  o  id type
an end  ome  trial poly  p or uter  ine poly  p is a mass in the inner lining of the uter  us they may have a large flat base ses  sile or be attached to the uter  us by an el  ong  ated pe  dic  le pe  dun  cul  ated pe  dun  cul  ated poly  ps are more common than ses  sile ones they range in size from a few milli  meters to several centi  meters if pe  dun  cul  ated they can pro  tru  de through the cer  vi  x into the vag  ina small blood vessels may be present particularly in large poly  ps
an end  ome  trial st  rom  al no  dule is a non  infiltr  ative circum  scri  bed proliferation of end  ome  trial st  rom  al cells and is a benign subtype of end  ome  trial st  rom  al tumor the appearance of the cells is identical to normal end  ome  trial st  rom  al cells this can only be differentiated from low grade end  ome  trial st  rom  al sar  coma by confirming lack of infiltr  ation the differential includes cellular lei  om  y  oma diagnosis may be aided by immun  o  stain  ing end  ome  trial st  rom  al no  d  ules are positive for cd 10 lei  om  y  om  as are positive for cal  des  mon and des  min and sometimes cd 10
end  ome  trial st  rom  al sar  coma is a m  align  ant subtype of end  ome  trial st  rom  al tumor arising from the st  roma connec  tive tissue of the end  ome  tri  um rather than the g  lands there are three grades for end  ome  trial st  rom  al tumors as follows it was previously known as end  olymp  h  atic st  rom  al my  osis because of diffuse infiltr  ation of my  ome  trial tissue or the invasion of lymp  h  atic channels
end  ome  trial st  rom  al tumors are a group of st  rom  al tumors of the uter  us of low to high grade of m  align  ity
end  ome  tri  o  id tumors are a class of tumor characterized by a resemblance to end  ome  tri  um end  ome  trial carcin  oma and over a third of cases have focal squ  am  ous differentiation
end  ome  tri  osis is a disease in which tissue that normally grows inside the uter  us grows outside it the main symptoms are pel  vic pain and in  fertility nearly half of those affected have chronic pel  vic pain while in 70 pain occurs during men  str  uation pain during sex is also common in  fertility occurs in up to half of women affected less common symptoms include ur  inary or bo  wel symptoms about 25 of women have no symptoms end  ome  tri  osis can have both social and psychological effects the cause is not entirely clear risk factors include having a family history of the condition most often the ov  aries fall  op  ian tubes and tissue around the uter  us and ov  aries are affected however in rare cases it may also occur in other parts of the body the areas of end  ome  tri  osis bleed each month resulting in infl  amm  ation and scar  ring the grow  ths due to end  ome  tri  osis are not cancer diagnosis is usually based on symptoms in combination with medical imaging biopsy is the most sure method of diagnosis other causes of similar symptoms include pel  vic infl  am  matory disease irrit  able bo  wel syndrome inter  sti  tial cy  sti  tis and fi  bro  my  al  gia tentative evidence suggests that the use of combined oral contrac  ep  tives reduces the risk of end  ome  tri  osis exercise and avoiding large amounts of alcohol may also be preventative there is no cure for end  ome  tri  osis but a number of treatments may improve symptoms this may include pain medication hormonal treatments or surgery the recommended pain medication is usually an n  said such as na  pro  x  en taking the active component of the birth control pill continuously or using an in  trau  ter  ine device with prog  est  o  gen may also be useful gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone agon  ist may improve the ability of those who are in  fertile to get pregnant surgical removal of end  ome  tri  osis may be used to treat those whose symptoms are not manageable with other treatments end  ome  tri  osis is estimated to occur in roughly 6 – 10 of women it is most common in those in their thir  ties and for  ties however can begin in girls as early as 8 years old it results in few deaths with this being estimated at 200 globally in 2013 end  ome  tri  osis was first determined to be a separate condition in the 1920 s before that time end  ome  tri  osis and aden  om  y  osis were considered together it is unclear who first described the disease
an end  ome  tri  oma end  ome  tri  o  id cyst end  ome  trial cyst or chocolate cyst of o  vary is a condition related to end  ome  tri  osis
end  ome  tri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the end  ome  tri  um the inner lining of the uter  us patho  logists have traditionally classified end  ome  tri  tis as either acute or chronic acute end  ome  tri  tis is characterized by the presence of micro  abs  c  esses or neu  troph  ils within the end  ome  trial g  lands while chronic end  ome  tri  tis is distinguished by variable numbers of plasma cells within the end  ome  trial st  roma the most common cause of end  ome  tri  tis is infection symptoms include lower ab  domin  al pain fever and abnormal vag  inal bleeding or discharge ca  es  are  an section prolonged rupture of memb  ran  es and long labor with multiple vag  inal examinations are important risk factors treatment is usually with broad spectrum antibiotics the term end  om  y  ome  tri  tis is sometimes used to specify infl  amm  ation of the end  ome  tri  um and the my  ome  tri  um
end  ome  tro  sis from greek ἔ  ν  δ  ον endo  s inside ancient greek μέτρ  α me  tra wom  b und ancient greek ω  σ  ις osis disease is a chronic degenerative disease of the end  ome  tri  um in domestic species that is clin  ically and economically important because of limits in fertility end  ome  tro  sis can be confirmed only by his  to  logical examination after end  ome  trial biopsy the disease may occur in female pets of all ages but is more frequently in older age the causes and patho  genesis of end  ome  tro  sis are widely unknown affected horses tend to mis  carri  ages underdeveloped fo  al and me  tri  tis the changes in the end  ome  tri  um are widely irreversible an effective treatment is not known there is no relationship between end  ome  tro  sis and the human disease end  ome  tri  osis
end  oph  thal  miti  s is an infl  amm  ation of the internal coats of the eye it is a possible complic  ation of all intra  oc  ular sur  ger  ies particularly cat  ar  act surgery with possible loss of vision and the eye itself infectious ae  ti  ology is the most common and various bacteria and fun  gi have been isolated as the cause of the end  oph  thal  miti  s other causes include penetr  ating trauma allergic reaction and retained intra  oc  ular foreign bodies intr  av  it  real injections expose patients to the risk of end  oph  thal  miti  s but with an incidence rate usually less than 05
in gy  ne  co  logy endo  sal  p  ing  i  osis is a condition in which fall  op  ian tube like epi  the  lium is found outside the fall  op  ian tube it is unknown what causes this condition it is generally accepted that the condition develops from transformation of coel  om  ic tissue it is often an incidental finding and is not usually associated with any path  ology
endo  the  li  i  tis is an immune response within the endo  the  lium in blood vessels in which they become infl  amed the condition can cause oe  dem  a of the surrounding tissue including the st  roma and can cause i  ri  tis and pain if it is within the cor  ne  a it can result in permanent loss of vision the condition can be caused by a number of factors such as mum  ps and cy  tom  eg  alo  virus under certain circumstances
an endo  type is a subtype of a condition which is defined by a distinct functional or path  obi  ological mechanism this is distinct from a phen  o  type which is any observ  able characteristic or trait of a disease such as mor  pho  logy development bio  chemical or physiological properties or behavior without any implication of a mechanism it is envisaged that patients with a specific endo  type present themselves within phen  o  typ  ic clusters of diseases one example is asthma which is considered to be a syndrome consisting of a series of endo  types this is related to the concept of disease entity
end  ur  ance also related to suffer  ance resilience constitution for  titude and har  din  ess is the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time as well as its ability to resist withstand recover from and have immunity to trauma wounds or fatigue it is usually used in aer  ob  ic or an  aer  ob  ic exercise the definition of long varies according to the type of exer  tion – minutes for high intensity an  aer  ob  ic exercise hours or days for low intensity aer  ob  ic exercise training for end  ur  ance can have a negative impact on the ability to exert strength unless an individual also undertakes resistance training to counteract this effect when a person is able to accomplish or withstand a higher amount of effort than their original capabilities their end  ur  ance is increasing which to many personnel indicates progress in looking to improve ones end  ur  ance they may slowly increase the amount of repeti  tions or time spent if higher repeti  tions are taken rapidly muscle strength improves while less end  ur  ance is gained increasing end  ur  ance has been proven to release endor  ph  ins resulting in a positive mind the act of gaining end  ur  ance through physical activity has been shown to decrease anxiety depression and stress or any chronic disease in total although a greater end  ur  ance can assist the cardiovascular system it does not imply that any cardiovascular disease can be guaranteed to improve the major metabol  ic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to end  ur  ance exercise are a slower utilization of muscle gly  co  gen and blood glucose a greater reliance on fat oxid  ation and less lact  ate production during exercise of a given intensity the term stam  ina is sometimes used synonym  ously and inter  change  ably with end  ur  ance end  ur  ance may also refer to an ability to keep going through a tough situation involving hardship stress etc see patience
the ene reaction also known as the al  der ene reaction is a chemical reaction between an al  k  ene with an all  yl  ic hydrogen the ene and a compound containing a multiple bond the en  ophi  le in order to form a new σ bond with migration of the ene double bond and 1 5 hydrogen shift the product is a substituted al  k  ene with the double bond shifted to the all  yl  ic position this transformation is a group transfer peric  ycl  ic reaction and therefore usually requires highly activated sub  str  ates and or high temperatures nonetheless the reaction is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups that can be appended to the ene and en  ophi  le mo  i  eties also many useful lewis acid cataly  zed ene reactions have been developed which can afford high yields and selec  tivities at significantly lower temperatures making the ene reaction a useful c – c forming tool for the synthesis of complex molecules and natural products
in relati  vis  tic classical field theories of grav  itation particularly general rel  ativity an energy condition is one of various alternative conditions which can be applied to the matter content of the theory when it is either not possible or desirable to specify this content explicitly the hope is then that any reasonable matter theory will satisfy this condition or at least will preserve the condition if it is satisfied by the starting conditions in general rel  ativity energy conditions are often used and required in proofs of various important theore  ms about black holes such as the no hair theore  m or the laws of black hole thermo  dynamics
energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume or mass though the latter is more accurately termed specific energy often only the useful or ex  tractable energy is measured which is to say that chemically inaccessible energy such as rest mass energy is ignored in cosmo  logical and other general relati  vis  tic contexts however the energy den  sities considered are those that correspond to the elements of the stress – energy t  ens  or and therefore do include mass energy as well as energy den  sities associated with the pressures described in the next paragraph energy per unit volume has the same physical units as pressure and in many circumstances is a synon  ym for example the energy density of a magnetic field may be expressed as and behaves as a physical pressure and the energy required to com  press a compressed gas a little more may be determined by multiplying the difference between the gas pressure and the external pressure by the change in volume in short pressure is a measure of the en  th  alp  y per unit volume of a system a pressure gr  adi  ent has a potential to perform work on the surroundings by converting en  th  alp  y until equilibrium is reached
energy in zimbabwe is a serious problem for the country mainly extensive use of fire  wood leads to deforestation and the electricity production capacity is too low for the current level of consumption
energy poverty is lack of access to modern energy services it refers to the situation of large numbers of people in developing countries whose well being is negatively affected by very low consumption of energy use of dirty or polluting fuels and excessive time spent collecting fuel to meet basic needs it is inver  sely related to access to modern energy services although improving access is only one factor in efforts to reduce energy poverty energy poverty is distinct from fuel poverty which focuses solely on the issue of affordability according to the energy poverty action initiative of the world economic forum access to energy is fundamental to improving quality of life and is a key imperative for economic development in the developing world energy poverty is still rife nearly 1 6 billion people still have no access to electricity according to the international energy agency i  ea as a result of this situation a new un initiative has been launched to coincide with the designation of 2012 as the international year for sustainable energy for all which has a major focus on reducing energy poverty duke university has launched a research project on household energy and health where work on energy poverty in india is listed
energy rate density is the amount of energy per unit time per unit mass in c  gs metric units erg s g in m  ks units jou  le s kg it is termin  o  logically but not always numer  ically equivalent to power density when measured in si units of w kg regardless of the units used energy rate density describes the flow of energy through any system of given mass and has been proposed as a measure of system complexity energy rate density is actually a general term that is equivalent to more specialized terms used by many different disciplinary scientists for example in astro  no  my it is called the lumin  osity to mass ratio the in  verse of the mass lumin  osity ratio in physics the power density in geo  logy the specific radiant flux where “ specific ” den  o  tes per unit mass in biology the specific metabol  ic rate and in engineering the power to weight ratio inter  disciplinary researchers prefer to use the general term energy rate density not only to stress the intu  itive notion of energy flow in contrast to more col  lo  qu  ial conno  tations of the word power but also to unify its potential application among all the natural sciences as in the cosmo  logy of co  sm  ic evolution this term has in recent years gained many diverse applications in various disciplines including history cosmo  logy economics philosophy and behavioral biology
the energy value of coal or the fuel content is the amount of potential energy in coal that can be converted into actual heating ability the value can be calculated and compared with different grades of coal or even other materials materials of different grades will produce differing amounts of heat for a given mass while chemistry provides methods of calculating the heating value of a certain amount of a substance there is a difference between this theoretical value and its application to real coal the grade of a sample of coal does not precisely define its chemical composition so calculating the actual usefulness of coal as a fuel requires determining its proxim  ate and ultimate analysis see chemical composition below
in conventional classical music theory the english cad  ence is a distinctive contr  ap  un  tal pattern particular to the authentic or perfect cad  ence described as archaic or old fashioned sounding this pattern is so named because of its use primarily by english compos  ers of the high renaissance and restoration periods the hallmark of this device is the dis  son  ant aug  mented octa  ve compound aug  mented unison produced by a false relation between the split seventh scale degree popular with english compos  ers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries but named in the twentieth century the english cad  ence is a type of full close featuring the blue seventh against the dominant ch  ord which in c would be b ♭ and g – b ♮ – d
large vesti  bul  ar aqu  educ  t also known as enlarged vesti  bul  ar aqu  educ  t syndrome is a syndro  mic form of hearing loss caused by enlargement of the vesti  bul  ar aqu  educ  t in the inner ear it is one of the most common inner ear de  form  ities which results in hearing loss during childhood
en  ol  ase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder of glucose metabol  ism partial deficiencies have been observed in several caucasian families the deficiency is transmitted through an auto  som  al dominant inheritance pattern the gene for en  ol  ase 1 has been loc  alized to chro  mo  some 1 in humans en  ol  ase deficiency like other gly  col  y  tic enzyme defici  ences usually manifests in red blood cells as they rely entirely on an  aer  ob  ic gly  col  ysis en  ol  ase deficiency is associated with a spher  oc  y  tic phen  o  type and can result in hem  ol  y  tic an  emia which is responsible for the clinical signs of en  ol  ase deficiency
en  oph  thal  mos is the poster  ior displacement of the eye  ball within the orbit due to changes in the volume of the orbit bone relative to its contents the eye  ball and orb  ital fat or loss of function of the orb  ital  is muscle it should not be confused with its opposite ex  oph  thal  mos which is the an  terior displacement of the eye it may be a con  genital anomaly or be acquired as a result of trauma such as in a blow  out frac  ture of the orbit hor  ner s syndrome apparent en  oph  thal  mos due to pto  sis mar  fan syndrome du  ane s syndrome silent sin  us syndrome or ph  th  is  is bul  bi
in statistical mechanics the ens  emb  le average is defined as the mean of a quantity that is a function of the micro  state of a system the ens  emb  le of possible states according to the distribution of the system on its micro states in this ens  emb  le since the ens  emb  le average is dependent on the ens  emb  le chosen its mathematical expression varies from ens  emb  le to ens  emb  le however the mean obtained for a given physical quantity doesn t depend on the ens  emb  le chosen at the thermo  dynamic limit grand can  on  ical ens  emb  le is an example of open system
enter  ic duplication cy  sts sometimes simply called duplication cy  sts are rare con  genital mal  formations of the gastro  intest  inal tract they most frequently occur in the small intest  ine particularly the i  leum but can occur anywhere along the gastro  intest  inal tract they may be c  ys  tic or tu  bul  ar in conform  ation the condition of having duplication cy  sts has been called intest  inal duplication
enter  ic neuro  pa  thy is a degenerative neuro  muscular condition of the dig  estive system in simple terms the gut stops functioning due to degradation of the nerves and muscles the condition affects all parts of the dig  estive tract there is no known cure or treatment for enter  ic neuro  pa  thy at this time it is only possible to work on symptom management the name enter  ic neuro  pa  thy only seems to be used for diagnosis within the uk the most common name worldwide for this condition is intest  inal pseu  do  obstruction
enter  ic red  mouth disease or simply red  mouth disease is a bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fish caused by the pathogen y  er  sin  ia r  uc  ker  i it is primarily found in rain  bow trou  t on  cor  hy  n  ch  us my  kiss and other cul  tured salmon  ids the disease is characterized by sub  cu  taneous hemorrha  ging of the mouth fins and eyes it is most commonly seen in fish farms with poor water quality red  mouth disease was first discovered in id  ah  o rain  bow trou  t in the 1950 s the disease does not infect humans
enter  i  tis is infl  amm  ation of the small intest  ine it is most commonly caused by food or drink contaminated with pathogenic microbes but may have other causes such as n  s  aids cocaine radiation therapy as well as auto  immune conditions like cro  hn s disease and co  eli  ac disease symptoms include ab  domin  al pain cram  ping diarr  ho  ea dehydr  ation and fever related diseases include infl  amm  ation of the stomach gast  ri  tis and large intest  ine co  li  tis du  o  deni  tis je  juni  tis and i  lei  tis are sub  types of enter  i  tis which are only loc  alised to a specific part of the small intest  ine infl  amm  ation of both the stomach and small intest  ine is referred to as gastro  enter  i  tis infl  amm  ation of related organs of the gastro  intest  inal system are gast  ri  tis  stomach gastro  enter  i  tis  stomach and small intest  ine co  li  tis  large intest  ine enter  o  co  li  tis  large and small intest  ine
an enter  oce  le or enter  o  co  ele is a pro  tru  sion of the small intest  ines and per  it  on  eu  m into the vag  inal canal it may be treated trans  vag  in  ally or by l  apar  o  sco  py an enter  oce  le may also obstruct the rec  tum leading to symptoms of obstructed defec  ation
enter  o  co  li  tis or colo  enter  i  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the dig  estive tract involving enter  i  tis of the small intest  ine and co  li  tis of the col  on it may be caused by various infections with bacteria viruses fun  gi parasites or other causes common clinical manifestations of enter  o  co  li  tis are frequent diarr  heal defec  ations with or without naus  ea v  om  iting ab  domin  al pain fever ch  ills alteration of general condition general manifestations are given by the dissemination of the infectious agent or its toxins throughout the body or – most frequently – by significant losses of water and minerals the consequence of diarr  hea and v  om  iting among the eti  o  logic agents of acute enter  o  co  li  tis are bacteria salmonella shi  g  ella es  cher  ic  hia coli camp  y  lob  ac  ter etc viruses enter  o  viruses ro  ta  viruses nor  walk virus aden  o  viruses fun  gi candi  di  asis especially in immun  o  suppressed patients or who have previously received prolonged antibiotic treatment parasites gi  ar  dia lam  b  lia with high frequency of inf  est  ation in the population but not always with clinical manifestations bal  anti  dium coli bl  ast  oc  y  stis hom  nis cry  pto  spor  idi  um diarr  hea in people with immun  o  suppression ent  am  oe  ba hist  ol  y  tica produces the ame  bian dy  sen  tery common in tropical areas
enter  o  enter  ic circulation is the secre  tion back into the intest  ines of substances previously taken up from it it occurs when there is a negative relative concentration of substance in the  intest  ines making it passively diffuse from the mes  enter  ic circulation into the intest  inal lum  en and is trapped examples of toxins that exhibit enter  o  enter  ic circulation include the  op  hy  ll  ine phen  ob  ar  b  ital and phen  y  to  in administration of activated char  coal inhi  bits the enter  o  enter  ic circulation of such substances and is therefore useful in over  dose or in  tox  ication
enter  o  invasive es  cher  ic  hia coli ei  ec is a type of pathogenic bacteria whose infection causes a syndrome that is identical to shi  gel  losis with prof  use diarr  hea and high fever ei  ec are highly invasive and they use ad  hes  in proteins to bind to and enter intest  inal cells they produce no toxins but severely damage the intest  inal wall through mechanical cell destruction it is closely related to shi  g  ella after the e coli strain penetr  ates through the epi  the  li  al wall the endo  cy  to  sis vacu  ole gets ly  sed the strain multip  lies using the host cell machinery and extends to the adjacent epi  the  li  al cell in addition the plas  mid of the strain carries genes for a type iii secre  tion system that is used as the virulent factor although it is an invasive disease the invasion usually does not pass the sub  mu  cos  al layer the similar path  ology to shi  gel  losis may be because both strains of bacteria share some virulent factors the invasion of the cells can trigger a mild form of diarr  hea or dy  sen  tery often mistaken for dy  sen  tery caused by shi  g  ella species the illness is characterized by the appearance of blood and m  uc  us in the sto  ols of infected individuals or a condition called co  li  tis dy  sen  tery caused by ei  ec usually occurs within 12 to 72 hours following the ing  estion of contaminated food the illness is characterized by ab  domin  al cram  ps diarr  hea v  om  iting fever ch  ills and a generalized malaise dy  sen  tery caused by this organism is generally self limiting with no known complications enter  o  virulent classes of e coli are referred to as the eec group enter  o  virulent e coli 1 enter  o  invasive e coli ei  ec inv  ades passes into the intest  inal wall to produce severe diarr  hea 2 enter  o  hemorrha  gic e coli eh  ec a type of eh  ec e coli 0  157 h 7 can cause bloody diarr  hea and hem  ol  y  tic u  rem  ic syndrome an  emia and kidney failure 3 enter  o  toxi  genic e coli et  ec produces a toxin that acts on the intest  inal lining and is the most common cause of travel  er s diarr  hea 4 enter  opath  ogenic e coli ep  ec can cause diarr  hea outbreaks in new  born nurseries 5 enter  o  aggreg  ative e coli e  agg  ec can cause acute and chronic long lasting diarr  hea in children it is currently unknown what foods may harbor ei  ec but any food contaminated with human f  ec  es from an ill individual either directly or via contaminated water could cause disease in others outbreaks have been associated with ham  burger meat and un  past  eur  ized milk
an enter  oli  th is a mineral concre  tion or calcul  us formed anywhere in the gastro  intest  inal system enter  oli  ths are un  common and usually incidental findings but once found they require at a minimum watchful waiting if there is evidence of complications they must be removed an enter  oli  th may form around a ni  dus a small foreign object such as a seed pe  bble or piece of tw  ine that serves as an irrit  ant in this respect an enter  oli  th forms by a process similar to the creation of a pearl an enter  oli  th is not to be confused with a gastro  li  th which helps dig  estion
enter  opathy refers to any path  ology of the intest  ine although enter  i  tis specifically refers to an infl  amm  ation of the intest  ine and is thus a more specific term than enter  opathy the two phrases are sometimes used inter  change  ably
enter  opathy associated t cell lymp  homa e  at  l also enter  opathy type t cell lymp  homa ett  l is a type of t cell lymp  homa that affects the small intest  ine it is the most common primary gastro  intest  inal t cell lymp  homa arising from the t cells that are found between the cells that line the small intest  inal brush border cells or small intest  inal epi  the  li  al cells these can  cer  ous t cells are a possible consequence of refrac  tory cases of co  eli  ac disease or in chronic untreated cases in genetically susceptible individuals
enter  o  tox  emia is an infection by clo  stri  dium per  fr  ing  ens which affects several types of domes  ticated animals but is not known to affect humans it is also known as over  eating disease and can kill the animals within two hours the disease is far more frequent in sheep than in any other animal species it caused enormous economical losses before vaccination programs were implemented it is sometimes known as pul  py kidney enlarged g  all blad  der sheep infl  amed intest  inal lymp  h no  des sheep
enter  o  toxi  genic es  cher  ic  hia coli et  ec is a type of es  cher  ic  hia coli and one of the leading bacterial causes of diarr  hea in the developing world as well as the most common cause of travel  ers diarr  hea insufficient data exist but conservative estimates suggest that each year about 157 000 deaths occur mostly in children from et  ec a number of pathogenic isol  ates are termed et  ec but the main hall  marks of this type of bacteria are expression of one or more enter  o  toxins and presence of f  im  bri  ae used for attachment to host intest  inal cells
enterprise information integration ei  i is the ability to support a unified view of data and information for an entire organization in a data virtu  alization application of ei  i a process of information integration using data abstr  action to provide a unified interface known as uniform data access for viewing all the data within an organization and a single set of structures and naming conventions known as uniform information representation to represent this data the goal of ei  i is to get a large set of heterogeneous data sources to appear to a user or system as a single homogeneous data source
enterprise interoperability is the ability of an enterprise — a company or other large organization — to func  tionally link activities such as product design supply chains manufacturing in an efficient and competitive way the research in interoperability of enterprise practised in is various domains itself enterprise modelling on  to  logies information systems architec  tures and platforms which it is a question of positioning
in the domain of the service orientation design paradigm the enterprise inventory is a design pattern by thomas er  l that answers the question how can services be delivered to maximize re  composition the application of this pattern results in a standardized enterprise wide service inventory that fosters repeated service composition
en  the  si  tis is infl  amm  ation of the en  theses the sites where tend  ons or lig  aments insert into the bone it is also called en  thes  opathy or any patho  logic condition involving the en  theses the en  theses are any point of attachment of sk  el  etal muscles to the bone where recurring stress or infl  am  matory auto  immune disease can cause infl  amm  ation or occasionally fi  bro  sis and calci  fication one of the primary en  theses involved in infl  am  matory auto  immune disease is at the heel particularly the achilles tend  on it is associated with h  la b 27 ar  thro  path  ies like an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis ps  ori  atic ar  thri  tis and reactive ar  thri  tis symptoms include multiple points of tender  ness at the heel ti  bial tuber  osity ili  ac c  rest and other tend  on insertion sites
in medicine an en  thes  opathy refers to a disorder involving the attachment of a tend  on or lig  ament to a bone this site of attachment is known as the en  theses if the condition is known to be infl  am  matory it can more precisely be called an en  the  si  tis
in complex analysis an entire function also called an integral function is a complex valued function that is holo  morph  ic over the whole complex plane typical examples of entire functions are poly  no  mi  als and the exponential function and any sums products and com  positions of these such as the tri  gon  ome  tric functions sine and cos  ine and their hyper  bol  ic counterparts sin  h and cos  h as well as derivatives and integr  als of entire functions such as the error function if an entire function f z has a root at w then f z z − w is an entire function on the other hand neither the natural log  arith  m nor the square root is an entire function nor can they be continued analy  tically to an entire function a transc  end  ental entire function is an entire function that is not a poly  no  mi  al
entity abstr  action is a design pattern applied within the service orientation design paradigm which provides guidelines for designing re  usable services whose functional contexts are based on business entities
entity component system ecs is an architectural pattern that is mostly used in game development an ecs follows the composition over inheritance principle that allows greater flexibility in defining entities where every object in a game s scene is an entity e g enemies bullets vehicles etc every entity consists of one or more components which add additional behavior or functionality therefore the behavior of an entity can be changed at run  time by adding or removing components this eliminates the ambiguity problems of deep and wide inheritance hierarch  ies that are difficult to understand maintain and extend common ecs approaches are highly compatible and often combined with data oriented design techniques
ent  om  oph  thor  amy  co  sis or ent  om  oph  thor  om  y  co  sis is a my  co  sis caused by ent  om  oph  thor  ales examples include basi  dio  bo  lo  my  co  sis and con  idio  bo  lo  my  co  sis
de  train  ment is the opposite effect when the air from a conv  ective cloud usually at its top is injected in the environment
ent  ro  p  ia is pain of salvation s first studio album it is a concept album concerning the story of a family in a fic  tional society that is torn apart by a war the title is a port  man  teau of ent  ro  py from thermo  dynamics the measure of disorder present in a system and utopia the ideal society this is the only album to feature daniel mag  d  ic on guitar
ent  ro  p  ion is a medical condition in which the eye  lid usually the lower lid fol  ds inward it is very uncomfortable as the e  yel  ashes constantly rub against the cor  ne  a and irrit  ate it ent  ro  p  ion is usually caused by genetic factors this is different from when an extra fold of skin on the lower eye  lid causes l  ashes to turn in towards the eye epi  ble  phar  on in epi  ble  phar  ons the eye  lid margin itself is in the correct position but the extra fold of skin causes the l  ashes to be mis  directed ent  ro  p  ion can also create secondary pain of the eye leading to self trauma scar  ring of the eye  lid or nerve damage the upper or lower eye  lid can be involved and one or both eyes may be affected when ent  ro  p  ion occurs in both eyes this is known as bilateral ent  ro  p  ion repeated cases of tr  ach  oma infection may cause scar  ring of the inner eye  lid which may cause ent  ro  p  ion in human cases this condition is most common to people over 60 years of age
in thermo  dynamics the ent  ro  py of mixing is the increase in the total ent  ro  py when several initially separate systems of different composition each in a thermo  dynamic state of internal equilibrium are mixed without chemical reaction by the thermo  dynamic operation of removal of imper  me  able partition s between them followed by a time for establishment of a new thermo  dynamic state of internal equilibrium in the new un  parti  tioned closed system in general the mixing may be constrained to occur under various prescribed conditions in the custom  arily prescribed conditions the materials are each initially at a common temperature and pressure and the new system may change its volume while being maintained at that same constant temperature pressure and chemical component masses the volume available for each material to explore is increased from that of its initially separate compartment to the total common final volume the final volume need not be the sum of the initially separate volumes so that work can be done on or by the new closed system during the process of mixing as well as heat being transferred to or from the surroundings because of the maintenance of constant pressure and temperature the internal energy of the new closed system is equal to the sum of the internal energies of the initially separate systems the reference values for the internal energies should be specified in a way that is constrained to make this so maintaining also that the internal energies are respectively proportional to the masses of the systems for conc  ision in this article the term ideal material is used to refer to an ideal gas mixture or an ideal solution in a process of mixing of ideal materials the final common volume is the sum of the initial separate compartment volumes there is no heat transfer and no work is done the ent  ro  py of mixing is entirely accounted for by the diff  u  sive expansion of each material into a final volume not initially accessible to it on the mixing of non ideal materials the total final common volume may be different from the sum of the separate initial volumes and there may occur transfer of work or heat to or from the surroundings also there may be a departure of the ent  ro  py of mixing from that of the corresponding ideal case that departure is the main reason for interest in ent  ro  py of mixing these energy and ent  ro  py variables and their temperature depend  ences provide valuable information about the properties of the materials on a molecular level the ent  ro  py of mixing is of interest because it is a macro  scopic variable that provides information about constitu  tive molecular properties in ideal materials inter  molecular forces are the same between every pair of molecular kinds so that a mol  ecu  le feels no difference between other molecules of its own kind and of those of the other kind in non ideal materials there may be differences of inter  molecular forces or specific molecular effects between different species even though they are chemically non reacting the ent  ro  py of mixing provides information about constitu  tive differences of inter  molecular forces or specific molecular effects in the materials the statistical concept of random  ness is used for statistical mechanical explanation of the ent  ro  py of mixing mixing of ideal materials is regarded as random at a molecular level and correspondingly mixing of non ideal materials may be non random
en  u  res  is from the ancient greek ἐ  ν  ού  ρ  η  σ  ις en  o  ú  r  ē  sis is a repeated inability to control ur  ination use of the term is usually limited to describing individuals old enough to be expected to exercise such control involuntary ur  ination is also known as ur  inary in  contin  ence
environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air water and soil the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife it is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be dele  ter  ious or undesirable as indicated by the i pat equation environmental impact i or degradation is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population p continually increasing economic growth or per capita afflu  ence a and the application of resource depleting and polluting technology t environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cau  tioned by the high level panel on threats challenges and change of the united nations the united nations international strategy for disaster reduction defines environmental degradation as the reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives and needs environmental degradation is of many types when natural habitats are destroyed or natural resources are depleted the environment is degraded efforts to counteract this problem include environmental protection and environmental resources management
environmental dependency syndrome is a syndrome where the affected individual relies on environmental cu  es in order to accomplish goals or tasks it is a disorder in personal autonomy that is influenced by individual psychological traits and can be helped through the intervention of other people for example adults diagnosed with attention deficit hyper  activity disorder have relied on special coaches to provide cu  es at appropriate times helping them to make decisions about how to prioritize and order tasks
in epidemiology environmental diseases are diseases that can be directly attributed to environmental factors as distinct from genetic factors or infection apart from the true mono  genic genetic disorders environmental diseases may determine the development of disease in those genetically pre  disposed to a particular condition stress physical and mental abuse diet exposure to toxins pathogens radiation and chemicals found in almost all personal care products and household cleaners are possible causes of a large segment of non hereditary disease if a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factor influences its eti  ological origin can be referred to as having a multi  fac  torial pattern there are many different types of environmental disease including lifestyle disease such as cardiovascular disease diseases caused by substance abuse such as alcoholism and smoking related disease disease caused by physical factors in the environment such as skin cancer caused by excessive exposure to ultra  violet radiation in sunlight disease caused by exposure to toxic or irrit  ant chemicals in the environment such as toxic metals
environmental enter  opathy also known as tropical enter  opathy or environmental enter  ic dysfunction e  ed is a condition or sub  clinical disorder believed to be due to frequent intest  inal infections there are often minimal acute symptoms there may be chronic problems with absorbing nutrients which may result in malnutrition and growth stun  ting in children it may be the chronic form of tropical sp  rue which is usually brief and presents with diarr  hea environmental enter  opathy results in a number of changes in the intest  ines including smaller vill  i larger cry  p  ts called cry  pt hyper  pl  asia increased perme  ability and infl  am  matory cell build up within the intest  ines these changes result in poor absorption of food vitamins and minerals – or modest mal  absorption
an environmental error is an error in calculations that are being a part of observations due to environment any experiment performing anywhere in the universe has its surroundings from which we cannot eliminate our system the study of environmental effects has primary advantage of being able us to justify the fact that environment has impact on experiments and feasible environment will not only rectify our result but also amplify it
environmental factor or ecological factor or eco  factor is any factor abi  otic or bio  tic that influences living organisms abi  otic factors include ambient temperature amount of sunlight and ph of the water soil in which an organism lives bio  tic factors would include the availability of food organisms and the presence of con  specifics competitors predators and parasites
the concept of environmental space is the amount of any particul  ar  resource that can be consumed by a country without threatening the continu  ed  availability of that resource assuming that everyone in the world is  entitled to an equal share the weakness of the concept is that it requi  res  calculating the maximum sustainable consumption rate of each differ  ent  resource globally this rate could be set by either the maximum sustain  ab  le  yield say for forests or fisheries or the assimil  ative capacity of the  environment e g for co 2 or chlorine but both quantities are very difficult to determine so the environmental space has rather large error limits and is therefore hard to defend in policy discussions a further difficulty is  that there is a different environmental space for each kind of resource and as they each necessarily have different units of measure they cannot be  added to get an overall environmental space for all the resources consumed by a country the  idea of environmental space was promoted quite strongly by friends of the earth europe in them  id 1990 s but it is rarely used now because of the aforementioned difficulties and has essentially been superseded by ecological footprint the advantage of the ecological footprint is that every kind of resource use is converted to a land area basis so that they can be added to produce an overall figure fora country allowing comparisons to be made
an en  y  ne me  ta  thesis is an organic reaction taking place between an al  ky  ne and an al  k  ene with a metal car  bene catalyst forming a but  adi  ene this reaction is a variation of ole  fin me  ta  thesis the general scheme is given by scheme 1 scheme 1 en  y  ne me  ta  thesis when the reaction is intr  am  ol  ec  ular in an en  y  ne it is called ring closing en  y  ne me  ta  thesis or r  ce  ym scheme 2 scheme 2 ring closing en  y  ne me  ta  thesis with y representing oxygen or nitrogen and n an inte  ger the reaction was first described in 1985 with the conversion of bi  phen  yl 3 1 to a phen  anth  rene in scheme 3 scheme 3 en  y  ne me  ta  thesis 1985 the car  bene is a tungsten carbon  yl when used in sto  ic  hi  ome  tric amounts 1 equivalent yields 41 of the phen  anth  rene 3 2 and when used in catalytic amounts phen  anth  rene 3 3 the stereo  selectivity of this reaction is large with the metal atom exclusively adding to one of the al  ky  ne carbon atoms in the initial reaction step
enz  ym  atic interest  eri  fication ei  e is the catalytic reaction that occurs when an enzyme is introduced into oil and re  arrang  es the fatty acids on the gly  cer  ol backbone of a tri  gly  cer  ide tri  gly  cer  ides are either liquid or solid at room temperature the re  arrangement of the fatty acids that occurs with enz  ym  atic interest  eri  fication provides structure and functionality to tri  gly  cer  ides at room temperature this process adju  sts the melting properties increasing functionality and plas  tic  ity in food production applications one of five different ways of altering melting property profiles enz  ym  atic interest  eri  fication is unlike the more widely used partial hydro  gen  ation method in that it produces no trans fatty acids and lowers saturated fat content
enzyme catal  ysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the active site of a protein the protein catalyst enzyme may be part of a multi sub  unit complex and or may transi  ently or permanently associate with a co  factor e g aden  os  ine tri  phosphate catal  ysis of bio  chemical reactions in the cell is vital due to the very low reaction rates of the un  cataly  sed reactions at room temperature and pressure a key driver of protein evolution is the optimi  zation of such catalytic activities via protein dynamics the mechanism of enzyme catal  ysis is similar in principle to other types of chemical catal  ysis by providing an alternative reaction route the enzyme reduces the energy required to reach the highest energy transition state of the reaction the reduction of activation energy ea increases the amount of re  ac  tant molecules that achieve a sufficient level of energy such that they reach the activation energy and form the product as with other cataly  sts the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction as a sub  str  ate is but is recycled such that a single enzyme performs many rounds of catal  ysis
enzyme promis  cu  ity is the ability of an enzyme to cataly  se a for  tu  itous side reaction in addition to its main reaction although enzymes are remarkably specific cataly  sts they can often perform side reactions in addition to their main native catalytic activity these promis  cu  ous activities are usually slow relative to the main activity and are under neutral selection despite ordinarily being physi  o  logically irrelevant under new selective pressures these activities may confer a fitness benefit therefore prompting the evolution of the formerly promis  cu  ous activity to become the new main activity an example of this is the at  raz  ine chloro  hydro  l  ase at  za en  coded from pseu  dom  onas sp ad  p which evolved from mel  amine de  amin  ase tri  a en  coded which has very small promis  cu  ous activity towards at  raz  ine a man made chemical
an e  oli  th from greek e  os dawn and lith  os stone is a chip  ped flint no  dule e  oli  ths were once thought to have been arti  facts the earliest stone tools but are now believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as glaci  ation the first e  oli  ths were collected in kent by benjamin harrison an amateur natur  alist and archae  o  logist in 18  85 though the name e  oli  th wasn t coined until 18  92 by j allen bro  wn  e harrison s discoveries were published by sir joseph pre  st  wich in 18  91 and e  oli  ths were generally accepted to have been cru  dely made tools dating from the p  li  oc  ene further discoveries of e  oli  ths in the early 20 th century – in east ang  lia by j re  id mo  ir and in continental europe by aim  é louis ru  tot and h kla  at  sch – were taken to be evidence of human hab  itation of those areas before the oldest known fossi  ls indeed the english finds helped to secure acceptance of the ho  ax remains of pil  t  down man because e  oli  ths were so crude concern began to be raised that they were in  distingu  ishable from the natural processes of erosion marcell  in bou  le a french archae  o  logist published an argument against the arti  factual status of e  oli  ths in 1905 and samuel haz  z  le  dine warren provided confirmation of bou  le s view after carrying out experiments on fl  in  ts although the debate continued for about three decades more and more evidence was discovered that suggested a purely natural origin for e  oli  ths this together with the discovery of genuine early lower ple  is  to  cen  e ol  do  wan tools in east africa made support for the arti  fact theory difficult to sustain
e  o  sin  open  ia is a form of ag  ran  ul  oc  y  to  sis where the number of e  o  sin  ophi  l gran  ul  oc  y  tes is lower than expected leuk  oc  y  to  sis with e  o  sin  open  ia can be a predic  tor of bacterial infection it can be induced by stress reactions cu  shing s syndrome or the use of ster  oids pathological causes include burns and acute infections
e  o  sin  ophi  lia is a condition in which the e  o  sin  ophi  l count in the peripheral blood exceeds 4 5 × 108 l 450 µ  l e  o  sin  oph  ils usually account for less than 7 of the circulating leuk  oc  y  tes a marked increase in non blood tissue e  o  sin  ophi  l count noticed upon hist  opath  o  logic examination is diagnostic for tissue e  o  sin  ophi  lia several causes are known with the most common being some form of allergic reaction or par  asi  tic infection diagnosis of e  o  sin  ophi  lia is via a complete blood count c  bc but diagnostic procedures directed at the underlying cause vary depending on the suspected condition s an absolute e  o  sin  ophi  l count is not generally needed if the c  bc shows marked e  o  sin  ophi  lia the location of the causal factor can be used to classify e  o  sin  ophi  lia into two general types extr  ins  ic in which the factor lies outside of the e  o  sin  ophi  l cell line  age and intrinsic e  o  sin  ophi  lia which den  o  tes eti  o  logies within the e  o  sin  ip  hi  l cell line specific treatments are dictated by the caus  ative condition though in idi  opathic e  o  sin  ophi  lia the disease may be controlled with cor  ti  co  ster  oids e  o  sin  ophi  lia is not a disorder rather only a sign unless it is idi  opathic
e  o  sin  ophi  lia – my  al  gia syndrome ems is an incur  able and sometimes fatal flu like neuro  logical condition linked to the ing  estion of the dietary supplement l try  pt  oph  an the risk of developing ems increases with larger doses of try  pt  oph  an and increasing age some research suggests that certain genetic poly  morph  isms may be related to the development of ems the presence of e  o  sin  ophi  lia is a core feature of ems along with unusually severe my  al  gia muscle pain
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic bron  chi  tis is a type of air  way infl  amm  ation due to excessive m  ast cell recruitment and activation in the superficial airways as opposed to the smooth muscles of the airways as seen in asthma it often results in a chronic cough lung function tests are usually normal inhal  ed cor  ti  co  ster  oids are often an effective treatment
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic cell  u  li  tis also known as wells syndrome from george cr  ich  ton wells who first described it is a skin condition characterized by pl  aqu  es that resemble cell  u  li  tis e  o  sin  oph  il  ic cell  u  li  tis is of unknown eti  ology though it is suspected to have an allergic and or auto  immune component there are documented cases of it being caused by fle  a and other insect bites and it has been seen in conjunction with chur  g strauss disease though many cases are considered idi  opathic in addition it has also been reported in a case of ig  g 4 related disease it is included in the ra  re  disease org database typical treatment is with pred  nis  one
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic cy  sti  tis is a rare condition where e  o  sin  oph  iles are present in the blad  der wall signs and symptoms are similar to a blad  der infection its cause is not entirely clear however may be linked to food allergies infections and medications among others
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic es  op  ha  gi  tis e  o  sin  oph  il  ic o  es  op  ha  gi  tis also known as allergic o  es  op  ha  gi  tis is an allergic infl  am  matory condition of the es  op  ha  gus that involves e  o  sin  oph  ils a type of white blood cell symptoms are sw  allowing difficulty food imp  action and heart  burn e  o  sin  oph  il  ic es  op  ha  gi  tis e  oe was first described in children but also occurs in adults the condition is not well understood but food allergy may play a significant role the treatment may consist of removal of known or suspected triggers and medication to suppress the immune response in severe cases it may be necessary to stretch the es  op  ha  gus with an endo  sco  py procedure
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic fas  ci  i  tis ˌ  i  ː  ə  ˌ  s  ɪ  n  ə  ˈ  f  ɪ  l  ɪ  k ˌ  f  æ  ʃ  i  ˈ  a  ɪ  t  ᵻ  s ˌ  i  ː  o  ʊ ˌ  f  æ  si also known as sh  ul  man s syndrome is a form of fas  ci  i  tis the infl  am  matory diseases that affect the fas  cia the connec  tive tissues surrounding muscles blood vessels and nerves unlike other diseases in that category it is limited to the arms and legs and usually resol  ves itself although some cases require cor  ti  co  ster  oids and some cases are associated with ap  l  astic an  emia the presentation of e  o  sin  oph  il  ic fas  ci  i  tis is similar to s  cl  ero  der  ma or systemic sclerosis however unlike s  cl  ero  der  ma it affects the fas  cia not the skin der  mis the characteristic and severe effects of s  cl  ero  der  ma and systemic sclerosis such as ray  n  aud s syndrome involvement of the extre  mi  ties prominent small blood vessels tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia and vis  cer  al changes such as sw  allowing problems are absent it was first characterized in 1974 and it is not yet known whether it is actually a distinct condition or just a different presentation however it remains used for diagnostic purposes several cases have been reported after stren  uous exercise
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic fol  lic  u  li  tis also known as e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pu  st  ular fol  lic  u  li  tis and sterile e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pu  st  ul  osis is an it  chy rash with an unknown cause that is most common among individuals with hiv though it can occur in hiv negative individuals where it is known by the ep  on  ym o  fu  ji disease ef consists of it  chy red bu  mps pap  ules centered on hair fol  lic  les and typically found on the upper body spar  ing the ab  dom  en and legs the name e  o  sin  oph  il  ic fol  lic  u  li  tis refers to the predominant immune cells associated with the disease e  o  sin  oph  ils and the involvement of the hair fol  lic  les
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gastro  enter  i  tis eg is a rare and heterogeneous condition characterized by pat  chy or diffuse e  o  sin  oph  il  ic infiltr  ation of gastro  intest  inal gi tissue first described by k  ai  j  ser in 19  37 presentation may vary depending on location as well as depth and extent of bo  wel wall involvement and usually runs a chronic relap  sing course it can be classified into mu  cos  al muscular and ser  os  al types based on the depth of involvement any part of the gi tract can be affected and isolated bi  li  ary tract involvement has also been reported the stomach is the organ most commonly affected followed by the small intest  ine and the col  on
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis eg  pa also known as chur  g strauss syndrome c  ss or allergic gran  ul  om  at  osis is a rare auto  immune condition that causes infl  amm  ation of small and medium sized blood vessels vas  cu  li  tis in persons with a history of air  way allergic hy  pers  ensi  tivity at  op  y it usually manifests in three stages the early pro  dro  mal stage is marked by air  way infl  amm  ation almost all patients experience asthma and or allergic rh  initi  s the second stage is characterized by abnormally high numbers of e  o  sin  oph  ils hyper  e  o  sin  ophi  lia which causes tissue damage most commonly to the lungs and the dig  estive tract the third stage consists of vas  cu  li  tis which can eventually lead to cell death and can be life threatening this condition is now called e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis to remove all ep  ony  ms from the vas  cu  liti  des to facilitate the transition it was referred to as e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis chur  g strauss for a period of time starting in 2012 prior to this it was known as chur  g strauss syndrome named after drs jacob chur  g and lotte strauss who in 1951 first published about the syndrome using the term allergic gran  ul  om  at  osis to describe it it is a type of systemic necro  tizing vas  cu  li  tis effective treatment of eg  pa requires suppression of the immune system with medication this is typically glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids followed by other agents such as cycl  op  hosp  ham  ide or az  ath  iop  rine
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pneumonia ep is a disease in which an e  o  sin  ophi  l a type of white blood cell accumul  ates in the lung these cells cause disruption of the normal air spaces al  ve  oli where oxygen is extracted from the atmosphere several different kinds of e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pneumonia exist and can occur in any age group the most common symptoms include cough fever difficulty breathing and swe  ating at night ep is diagnosed by a combination of characteristic symptoms findings on a physical examination by a health provider and the results of blood tests and x rays prog  no  sis is excellent once most ep is recognized and treatment with cor  ti  co  ster  oids is begun
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pu  st  ular fol  lic  u  li  tis of infancy also known as e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pu  st  ular fol  lic  u  li  tis in infancy inf  anti  le e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pu  st  ular fol  lic  u  li  tis and ne  on  atal e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pu  st  ular fol  lic  u  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by recurrent pr  uri  tic crops of fol  lic  ular ves  icul  op  ust  ular le  sions
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic ul  cer of the oral mu  co  sa also known as e  o  sin  oph  il  ic ul  cer of the tongue riga – fe  de disease and traumatic e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  oma is a condition characterized by an ul  cer with an ind  ur  ated and elevated border the le  sion might be tender fast growing and the patient often not be aware of any trauma in the area
e  o  sin  oph  il  ic vas  cu  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by an infl  amm  ation of blood vessels and the presence of e  o  sin  oph  ils
e  o  sin  oph  il  ur  ia is the abnormal presence of e  o  sin  oph  ils in the urine it can be measured by detecting levels of e  o  sin  ophi  l c  ation  ic protein
e  par  cha  ean un  conformity is located in and  h  ra prad  es  he  par  cha  ean un  conform  it  ye  par  cha  ean un  conform  it  ye  par  cha  ean un  conformity is located in indi  ae  par  cha  ean un  conform  it  ye  par  cha  ean un  conformity e  par  cha  ean un  conformity ti  ru  pati hills is a major dis  continuity of str  ati  graphic significance that represents a period of remarkable seren  ity in the geological history of the earth it is seen at the steep natural slop  es road scars and rav  ines in the ti  ru  pati – ti  rum  ala gh  at road in chit  to  or district of and  h  ra pradesh india in 2001 the geological survey of india g  si declared the un  conformity to be one of the 26 “ geological monuments of india ” g  si s commemoration document published on the occasion of the 150 years anniversary celebration provides an insight into the formation of the sub  continent the oro  gen  y the pal  e  o  environment and the exotic collection of pal  eo flora and fauna the details provided for the e  par  cha  ean un  conformity monument indicate that this feature forms the boundary surface between pro  ter  o  zo  ic nag  ari quar  tz  ites and archa  ean gran  ite the time gap between the formation of the two units is at least 500 ma at this location the boundary is between se  dim  entary rocks of the cu  d  app  ah super  group 1600 million years in age and archa  ean rocks comprising gran  ites g  ne  is  ses and d  oler  ite dy  kes that are more than 2100 million years old this un  conformity gives an indication of the enormous time gap in the creation of the earth ’ s cr  ust
an ep  end  ym  al tumor is a type of brain tumor that begins in cells lining the spinal cord central canal fluid filled space down the center or the ven  tric  les fluid filled spaces of the brain ep  end  ym  al tumors may also form in the chor  o  id plex  us tissue in the ven  tric  les that makes cere  bro  spinal fluid also called ep  end  y  mom  a
ep  end  y  mom  a is a tumor that arises from the ep  end  y  ma a tissue of the central nervous system usually in pedi  atric cases the location is in  trac  ran  ial while in adults it is spinal the common location of in  trac  ran  ial ep  end  y  mom  a is the fourth ven  tric  le rarely ep  end  y  mom  a can occur in the pel  vic cav  ity syr  ing  om  ye  lia can be caused by an ep  end  y  mom  a ep  end  y  mom  as are also seen with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type ii
eph  emer  alization a term coined by r buck  minster fuller is the ability of technological advancement to do more and more with less and less until eventually you can do everything with nothing that is an accelerating increase in the efficiency of achieving the same or more output products services information etc while requiring less input effort time resources etc fuller s vision was that eph  emer  alization will result in ever increasing standards of living for an ever growing population despite finite resources the concept has been embraced by those who argue against mal  thu  sian philosophy fuller uses henry ford s assembly line as an example of how eph  emer  alization can continuously lead to better products at lower cost with no upper bound on productivity fuller saw eph  emer  alization as an inevitable trend in human development the progression was from compression to tension to visual to abstract electrical i e nonsens  orial radiation such as radio waves x rays etc length measurement technologies in human development for example started with a com  pres  sive measure such as a ruler the com  pres  sive technique reached an upper limit with a rod for longer measures a ten  sive measure such as a string or rope was used this reached an upper limit with sag  ging of the string next was a surve  y  or ’ s teles  cope visual this reached an upper limit with cur  v  ature of the earth next was radio tri  ang  ulation abstract electrical the technological progression is a continuing increase in length measuring ability per pound of instrument with no apparent upper limit according to fuller
ep  hi  al  tes lit jumping on you is an anxiety disorder identified as such by john bond in 17  53 along with other authors of those times in his tre  ati  se in  cu  bus the famous greek physician gal  en in the 2 nd century ad had already named nightmares ep  hi  al  tes the idea of an in  cu  bus as a caus  ative factor in nightmares stemmed from the belief that some spirit or gho  stly person cre  pt in during the night and lay upon the sle  eper so as to con  strict the chest and breathing — leading to a sense of suffoc  ation side by side with a terrifying dream of being either crushed or in the case of a woman sexually violated by the male in  cu  bus or ep  hi  al  tes sleep  ers thus set upon feel they are about to die — but as bond who was himself prone to nightmares stated as soon as they shake off that vast oppression they are affected with a strong pal  p  itation great anxiety langu  our and un  eas  iness – which symptoms gradually ab  ate and are succeeded by the pleasing reflection of having escaped such imminent danger p 3
epi  ble  phar  on is characterised by a con  genital horizontal fold of skin near the margin of the upper or lower eye  lid caused by the abnormal insertion of muscle fibres this extra fold of skin re  directs the l  ashes into a vertical position where they may contact the globe this is found most commonly in asian individuals especially children
epi  con  dy  li  tis is a type of mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorder that refers to an infl  amm  ation of an epi  con  dy  le types include lateral epi  con  dy  li  tis also known as tennis el  bow medi  al epi  con  dy  li  tis also known as gol  fer s el  bow also thro  wer s el  bow
epidemic dro  psy is a form of e  dem  a of extre  mi  ties due to poisoning by arg  em  one mexic  ana mexican pr  ick  ly poppy epidemic dro  psy is a clinical state resulting from use of edible oils adulter  ated with arg  em  one mexic  ana seed oil san  guin  ar  ine and di  hydro  san  guin  ar  ine are two major toxic al  k  alo  ids of arg  em  one oil which cause widespread cap  ill  ary di  lat  ation proliferation and increased cap  ill  ary perme  ability when mustard oil is adulter  ated deliberately as in most cases or accidentally with arg  em  one oil prote  in  ur  ia specifically loss of albumin occurs with a resultant e  dem  a as would occur in ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome other major symptoms are bilateral pit  ting e  dem  a of extre  mi  ties headache naus  ea loose bo  wels er  y  them  a gl  au  coma and breath  lessness leakage of the protein rich plasma component into the ex  trac  ell  ular compartment leads to the formation of e  dem  a the ha  em  od  y  nam  ic consequences of this vascular di  lat  ation and perme  ability lead to a state of relative hypo  vol  emia with a constant stimulus for fluid and salt conservation by the kidneys illness begins with gastro  enter  ic symptoms followed by cu  taneous er  y  them  a and pi  gm  entation respiratory symptoms such as cough short  ness of breath and orth  op  no  ea progressing to frank right sided cong  estive cardiac failure are seen mild to moderate ana  emia hypo  prote  in  aemia mild to moderate ren  al az  o  tem  ia re  tin  al haemorrha  ges and gl  au  coma are common manifestations there is no specific therapy removal of the adulter  ated oil and symptomatic treatment of cong  estive cardiac failure and respiratory symptoms along with administration of antioxid  ants and multi  vitamins remain the main  stay of treatment epidemic dro  psy occurs as an epidemic in places where use of mustard oil from the seeds of brassica jun  ce  a commonly known as indian mustard as cooking medium is common
epidemic poly  ar  thri  tis is an outdated term that was formerly used to refer to poly  ar  thri  tis caused by two mosquito borne viruses endemic to austr  al  asia bar  ma  h forest virus which causes bar  ma  h forest fever ross river virus r  r  v which causes ross river fever
epidemic ty  ph  us also called camp fever jail fever hospital fever ship fever famine fever pu  tri  d fever pe  tec  hi  al fever epidemic lou  se borne ty  ph  us and lou  se borne ty  ph  us is a form of ty  ph  us so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters the caus  ative organism is ric  ke  tt  sia pro  wa  ze  k  ii transmitted by the human body lou  se pe  dic  ul  us human  us human  us
the epidemiology of depression has been studied across the world depression is a major cause of morbi  dity worldwide as the epidemiology has shown lifetime prevalence varies widely from 3 in japan to 17 in the us in most countries the number of people who would suffer from depression during their lives falls within an 8 – 12 range in north america the probability of having a major depres  sive episode within any year long period is 3 – 5 for males and 8 – 10 for females
pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world it is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in 4 million deaths 7 of the worlds yearly total rates are greatest in children less than five and adults older than 75 years of age it occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world versus the developed world viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases
ep  id  er  mod  ys  pl  asia ver  ru  ci  form  is ev also called lewan  dow  sky lu  tz dys  pl  asia col  lo  qu  ially known as tree man illness is an extremely rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic hereditary skin disorder associated with a high risk of carcin  oma of the skin it is characterized by abnormal suscep  tibility to human pap  il  lo  ma  viruses h  p  vs of the skin the resulting uncontrolled h  p  v infections result in the growth of scal  y mac  ules and pap  ules particularly on the hands and feet it is typically associated with h  p  v types 5 and 8 which are found in about 80 of the normal population as as  ymp  tomatic infections although other types may also contribute the condition usually has an onset of between the ages of one and 20 but can occasionally present in middle age it is named after the physicians who first documented it felix lewan  dow  sky and wil  helm lu  tz
an ep  id  er  mo  id cyst is a benign cyst usually found on the skin the cyst develops out of ec  to  der  mal tissue his  to  logically it is made of a thin layer of squ  am  ous epi  the  lium
ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a eb is a group of inherited connec  tive tissue diseases that cause bl  is  ters in the skin and mu  cos  al memb  ran  es with an incidence of 20 per million new  bor  ns in the united states it is a result of a defect in anch  oring between the ep  id  er  mis and der  mis resulting in friction and skin fragility its severity ranges from mild to lethal the condition was brought to public attention in 2004 in the uk through the channel 4 documentary the boy whose skin fell off ch  ron  ic  ling the life and death of j  onny kennedy an english  man with eb in the united states the same could be said of the h  bo documentary my flesh and blood from 2003 butter  fly children is a term often used to describe younger patients because the skin is said to be as fragile as a butter  fly ’ s wings cotton wool babies or in south america as crystal skin children
ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a acquis  ita is a chronic su  be  pid  er  mal bl  is  tering disease associated with auto  immunity to type vii coll  agen within anch  oring fi  bri  l structures that are located at the der  mo  ep  id  er  mal junction
ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a dy  stro  ph  ica or dy  stro  ph  ic eb deb is an inherited disease affecting the skin and other organs butter  fly children is the term given to those born with the disease as their skin is seen to be as delicate and fragile as that of a butter  fly
ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a simpl  ex e  bs is a disorder resulting from mutations in the genes en  coding ker  atin 5 or ker  atin 14 bl  ister formation of e  bs occurs at the der  mo  ep  id  er  mal junction sometimes e  bs is called ep  id  er  mol  y  tic
ep  id  er  mol  y  tic ac  an  thomas are a cu  taneous condition characterized by dis  crete ker  ato  tic pap  ules in adults
ep  id  er  mol  y  tic hyper  ker  at  osis also known as bull  ous con  genital ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma bull  ous ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma or bull  ous con  genital ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma bro  c  q is a rare ich  thy  osis skin disease affecting around 1 in 250 000 people it involves the clum  ping of ker  atin fil  aments
epi  di  dy  miti  s is a medical condition characterized by discomfort or pain of the epi  di  dy  mis a cur  ved structure at the back of the tes  tic  le in which sperm mat  ures and is stored epi  di  dy  miti  s is usually characterized as either acute or chronic if acute the onset of tes  tic  ular pain is often accompanied by infl  amm  ation red  ness and warmth in the scro  tum if chronic pain may be the only symptom in either form tes  tic  ular pain in one or both test  es can vary from mild to severe and one or both epi  di  dy  mi  des may notic  e  ably swell infl  ame and or har  den ind  urate the pain is often cyclical and may last from less than an hour to several days epi  di  dy  miti  s is the most frequent cause of acute onset scro  tal pain in adults in contrast with men who have tes  tic  ular tor  sion the cre  master  ic reflex elev  ation of the tes  tic  le in response to stro  king the upper inner thi  gh is not altered if the diagnosis is not entirely clear from the patient s history and physical examination a dop  pl  er ul  tras  ound scan can confirm increased flow of blood to the affected epi  di  dy  mis whereas tor  sion is characterized by is  chem  ia if the infl  amm  ation spreads to the tes  tic  le the condition may be reclassi  fied as epi  di  dy  mo or  chi  tis or or  chi  epi  di  dy  miti  s the sw  elling from epi  di  dy  miti  s may stretch along the ingu  inal canal and may appear similar to that of a her  nia particularly an ingu  inal her  nia it may be distinguished from these however in that with the exception of an incarcer  ated indirect ingu  inal her  nia ingu  inal her  ni  as generally are not painful and the sw  elling they produce often disappears upon lying down neither is the case with epi  di  dy  miti  s also her  ni  as are not ep  is  od  ic whereas epi  di  dy  miti  s frequently is
ep  id  ural or extrad  ural hem  atom  a ha  em  atom  a also known as an ep  id  ural hemorrha  ge is a type of traumatic brain injury t  bi in which a buil  dup of blood occurs between the dur  a mat  er the tough outer memb  rane of the central nervous system and the skull the spinal cord is also covered by a layer of dur  a mat  er so ep  id  ural ble  eds may also occur in the spinal column often due to trauma the condition is potentially deadly because the buil  dup of blood may increase pressure in the in  trac  ran  ial space com  press delicate brain tissue and cause brain shift the condition is present in one to three percent of head injuries around 15 20 of ep  id  ural hem  atom  as are fatal
an epi  ga  str  ic her  nia is a type of her  nia which may develop in the ep  ig  ast  ri  um upper central part of the ab  dom  en epi  ga  str  ic her  ni  as usually appear in adults unlike the benign di  ast  asis rec  ti epi  ga  str  ic her  nia may trap fat and other tissues inside the opening of the her  nia causing pain and tissue damage
in the last few years chemical alterations in the genome have become more evident and these alterations can be critical in the development of m  align  ancy this alteration process is referred to as epi  genetics pat  ino et al 2008 epi  genetics is the term used to refer to stable changes in dna that affect gene expression but do not involve changes in the underlying nucle  o  tide sequence of the organism pat  ino et al 2008 the mechanisms by which epi  genetics occur involve hy  po and hyper  meth  yl  ation of dna hist  one modifications by ace  ty  l  ation meth  yl  ation and phosphor  yl  ation and post  transl  ational modifications which include r  na sil  encing these modifications can cause different expression patterns to occur which can result in alterations to cells some of these alterations could result in the formation of can  cer  ous cells or various other dangerous changes in cell function among many other outcomes when p  aired together can  cer  ous cells are not formed from just one change
depression is a serious behavioral disorder causing long lasting feelings of sadness and loss of interest one form of depression is major depres  sive disorder m  dd in which symptoms of depression are present most days a week for 2 weeks or longer depression affects a large aspect of day to day activities such as thought process sleep and appetite it can be accompanied by anxiety and decreased energy according to the world health organization depression affects about 350 million people worldwide and is the major cause of disability depression can be caused by the interaction of environmental and genetic factors these factors include epi  genetic modification of the genome in which there is a persistent change in gene expression without a change in the actual dna sequence
ep  ig  lot  ti  tis is infl  amm  ation of the ep  ig  lot  tis — the fl  ap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trac  hea wind  pipe symptoms are usually rapid in onset and include trouble sw  allowing which can result in dro  oling changes to the voice fever and an increased breathing rate as the ep  ig  lot  tis is in the upper air  way sw  elling can interfere with breathing people may lean forward in an effort to open the air  way as the condition wor  sens stri  dor and blu  ish skin may occur ep  ig  lot  ti  tis was historically mostly caused by infection by h influ  enz  ae type b with vaccination it is now more often caused by other bacteria other possible causes include burns and trauma to the area the most accurate way to make the diagnosis is to look directly at the ep  ig  lot  tis x rays of the neck from the side may show a th  umb  print sign but the lack of this sign does not mean the condition is absent an effective vaccine the hi  b vaccine has been available since the 1980 s the antibiotic ri  fam  pin may also be used to prevent the disease among those who have been exposed to the disease and are at high risk the most important part of treatment involves securing the air  way which is often done by endo  trac  heal intu  b  ation intra  ven  ous antibiotics such as ce  f  tri  ax  one and possibly van  com  y  cin or clin  dam  y  cin is then given cor  ti  co  ster  oids are also typically used with appropriate treatment the risk of death among children with the condition is about one percent and among adults is seven percent with the use of the hi  b vaccine the number of cases of ep  ig  lot  ti  tis has decreased by more than 95 while historically young children were mostly affected it is now more common among older children and adults in the united states it affects about 1 3 per 100 000 children a year in adults between 1 and 4 per 100 000 are affected a year it occurs more commonly in the developing world
epi  le  p  sia parti  alis continu  a also called ko  j  ev  ni  kov s or ko  zhe  v  ni  kov s epi  le  p  sia is a rare type of brain disorder in which a patient experiences recurrent motor epi  le  ptic seizures that are focal hands and face and recur every few seconds or minutes for extended periods days or years
epi  le  psy is a group of neuro  logical diseases characterized by epi  le  ptic seizures epi  le  ptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly un  detec  table to long periods of vigorous shaking these episodes can result in physical injuries including occasionally broken bones in epi  le  psy seizures tend to recur and have no immediate underlying cause isolated seizures that are provoked by a specific cause such as poisoning are not deemed to represent epi  le  psy people with epi  le  psy in some areas of the world experience stigma due to the condition the cause of most cases of epi  le  psy is unknown although some people develop epi  le  psy as the result of brain injury stroke brain tumors infections of the brain and birth defects known genetic mutations are directly linked to a small proportion of cases epi  le  ptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal nerve cell activity in the cor  tex of the brain the diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms such as fain  ting and determining if another cause of seizures is present such as alcohol withdrawal or electro  ly  te problems this may be partly done by imaging the brain and performing blood tests epi  le  psy can often be confirmed with an electro  encephal  o  gram eeg but a normal test does not rule out the condition epi  le  psy that occurs as a result of other issues may be preventable seizures are controllable with medication in about 70 of cases inexpensive options are often available in those whose seizures do not respond to medication then surgery neuro  stimulation or dietary changes may be considered not all cases of epi  le  psy are lifelong and many people improve to the point that treatment is no longer needed as of 2013 about 22 million people have epi  le  psy nearly 80 of cases occur in the developing world in 2013 it resulted in 116 000 deaths up from 112 000 deaths in 1990 epi  le  psy is more common in older people in the developed world onset of new cases occurs most frequently in babies and the elderly in the developing world onset is more common in older children and young adults due to differences in the frequency of the underlying causes about 5 – 10 of people will have an un  provoked seizure by the age of 80 and the chance of experiencing a second seizure is between 40 and 50 in many areas of the world those with epi  le  psy either have restrictions placed on their ability to drive or are not permitted to drive until they are free of seizures for a specific length of time the word epi  le  psy is from ancient greek ἐ  επι  λα  μ  βά  ν  ει  ν to seize possess or afflic  t
epi  le  psy intellectual disability in females also known as p  cd  h 19 gene related epi  le  psy or epi  le  ptic encephalopathy early inf  anti  le 9 ei  ee 9 is a rare type of epi  le  psy that affects predomin  ately females and is characterized by clusters of brief seizures which start in infancy or early childhood and is occasionally accompanied by varying degrees of cognitive impairment the striking pattern of onset seizures at a young age genetic testing and laboratory results potential developmental delays or developmental regression and associated disorders e  ases diagnosis the national institutes of health office and rare disease research characterizes p  cd  h 19 gene related epi  le  psy as a rare disorder although formal epidem  io  logic data is not available results from diagnostic scre  enings indicate that approximately 1 out of 10 girls who have seizure onset before five years of age may have p  cd  h 19 mutations
an epi  le  ptic seizure col  lo  qu  ially a fit is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchron  ous neuro  nal activity in the brain the outward effect can vary from uncontrolled jer  king movement tonic cl  onic seizure to as subtle as a mom  entary loss of awareness absence seizure diseases of the brain characterized by an enduring pre  disposition to generate epi  le  ptic seizures are collectively called epi  le  psy seizures can also occur in people who do not have epi  le  psy for various reasons including brain trauma drug use elevated body temperature hypo  gly  cem  ia low blood sugar levels and hypo  x  ia low levels of oxygen to the brain additionally there are a number of conditions that look like epi  le  ptic seizures but are not a first seizure generally does not require long term treatment with anti seizure medications unless there is a specific problem on either electro  encephal  o  gram or brain imaging 5 – 10 of people who live to 80 years old have at least one epi  le  ptic seizure and the chance of experiencing a second seizure is between 40 and 50 about 50 of patients with an un  provoked apparent first seizure have had other minor seizures so their diagnosis is epi  le  psy epi  le  psy affects about 1 of the population currently and affected about 4 of the population at some point in time most of those affected — nearly 80 — live in developing countries
epi  le  ptic sp  as  ms inf  anti  le sp  as  ms juvenile sp  as  ms or west syndrome is an un  common to rare epi  le  ptic disorder in infants children and adults it is named after the english physician william james west 17  93 – 18  48 who first described it in an article published in the lan  cet in 18  41 the original case actually described his own son james ed  win west 18  40 – 18  60 other names for it are generalized fl  ex  ion epi  le  psy inf  anti  le epi  le  ptic encephalopathy inf  anti  le my  o  cl  onic encephalopathy jack  knife con  vul  sions massive my  o  cl  onia and sal  a  am sp  as  ms the term inf  anti  le sp  as  ms can be used to describe the specific seizure manifestation in the syndrome but is also used as a synon  ym for the syndrome itself west syndrome in modern usage is the tri  ad of inf  anti  le sp  as  ms a path  og  no  mon  ic eeg pattern called hy  ps  arr  hy  th  mia and developmental regression although the international definition requires only two out of these three elements the syndrome is age related generally occurring between the third and the twelfth month generally manifest  ing around the fifth month there are various causes pol  ye  ti  ology the syndrome is often caused by an organic brain dysfunction whose origins may be pre  natal per  in  atal caused during birth or post  natal
an ep  ip  hen  omen  on plural ep  ip  hen  omen  a is a secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel to a primary phenomenon the word has two senses one that con  notes known causation and one that con  notes absence of causation or reservation of judgment about it
ep  ip  lo  ic append  ag  i  tis ea is an un  common benign non surgical self limiting infl  am  matory process of the ep  ip  lo  ic appendices other older terms for the process include append  ic  i  tis ep  ip  lo  ica and append  ag  i  tis but these terms are used less now in order to avoid confusion with acute append  ic  i  tis ep  ip  lo  ic appendices are small fat filled sac  s or finger like projections along the surface of the upper and lower col  on and rec  tum they may become acutely infl  amed as a result of tor  sion tw  isting or ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis the infl  amm  ation causes pain often described as sharp or stab  bing located on the left right or central regions of the ab  dom  en there is sometimes naus  ea and v  om  iting the symptoms may mim  ic those of acute append  ic  i  tis diver  tic  u  li  tis or chol  ec  y  sti  tis the pain is characteris  tically intense during after defec  ation or mic  tur  ition esp  ec in the seg  mo  id type due to the effect of traction on the pe  dic  le of the le  sion caused by str  aining and emp  tying of the bo  wel and blad  der initial lab studies are usually normal ea is usually diagnosed incidentally on ct scan which is performed to exclude more serious conditions although it is self limiting ep  ip  lo  ic append  ag  i  tis can cause severe pain and discomfort it is usually thought to be best treated with an anti infl  am  matory and a moderate to severe pain medication depending on the case as needed surgery is not recommended in nearly all cases sand and colleagues however recommend l  apar  as  cop  ic surgery to excise the infl  amed append  age in most cases in order to prevent recurrence
epi  re  tin  al memb  rane is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vit  re  ous humor or more rarely diabetes it is also called mac  ular pu  cker sometimes as a result of immune system response to protect the re  tina cells converge in the mac  ular area as the vit  re  ous ages and pulls away in poster  ior vit  re  ous det  achment pv  d pv  d can create minor damage to the re  tina stimulating exu  date infl  amm  ation and leu  co  cy  te response these cells can form a transparent layer gradually and like all scar tissue tighten to create tension on the re  tina which may bul  ge and pu  cker e g mac  ular pu  cker or even cause sw  elling or mac  ular e  dem  a often this results in distortions of vision that are clearly visible as bo  wing ← → when looking at lines on chart paper or an am  sl  er grid within the mac  ular area or central 1 0 degree of visual arc usually it occurs in one eye first and may cause bin  oc  ular di  pl  op  ia or double vision if the image from one eye is too different from the image of the other eye the distortions can make objects look different in size usually larger macro  p  sia especially in the central portion of the visual field creating a loc  alized or field dependent anis  ei  k  onia that cannot be fully corrected op  tically with glasses partial correction often improves the bin  oc  ular vision considerably though in the young under 50 years of age these cells occasionally pull free and dis  integrate on their own but in the majority of sufferers over 60 years of age the condition is permanent the underlying photo  recep  tor cells rod cells and cone cells are usually not damaged unless the memb  rane becomes quite thick and hard so usually there is no mac  ular de  generation
ep  is  cl  eri  tis is a benign self limiting infl  am  matory disease affecting part of the eye called the ep  is  cl  era the ep  is  cl  era is a thin layer of tissue that lies between the con  junc  tiva and the connec  tive tissue layer that forms the white of the eye s  cl  era ep  is  cl  eri  tis is a common condition and is characterized by the abrupt onset of mild eye pain and red  ness there are two types of ep  is  cl  eri  tis one where the ep  is  cl  era is diff  us  ely affected diffuse ep  is  cl  eri  tis and the other where no  d  ules are present in the ep  is  cl  era no  d  ular ep  is  cl  eri  tis most cases have no identifiable cause although a small fraction of cases are associated with various systemic diseases often people with ep  is  cl  eri  tis experience it recur  ren  tly treatment focuses on decreasing discomfort and includes lubric  ating eye drops more severe cases may be treated with topical cor  ti  co  ster  oids or oral anti infl  am  matory medications n  s  aids
ep  is  od  ic at  ax  ia ea is an auto  som  al dominant disorder characterized by spor  adic b  outs of at  ax  ia severe dis  coordination with or without my  ok  y  mia continuous muscle movement there are seven types recognised but the majority are due to two recognized entities at  ax  ia can be provoked by stress star  tle or heavy exer  tion such as exercise symptoms can first appear in infancy there are at least 6 loc  i for ea of which 4 are known genes some patients with ea also have migr  aine or progressive cere  bell  ar degenerative disorders symptomatic of either famili  al hem  ip  leg  ic migr  aine or spin  oc  ere  bell  ar at  ax  ia some patients respond to ace  ta  z  ol  amide though others do not
ep  is  od  ic dys  control syndrome eds or sometimes just dys  control is a pattern of abnormal ep  is  od  ic and frequently violent and uncontrollable social behavior in the absence of significant provocation it can result from lim  bic system diseases disorders of the temporal lo  be or abuse of alcohol or other psychoactive substances eds may affect children or adults
ep  is  od  ic trem  or and slip ets is a seis  mo  logical phenomenon observed in some sub  duc  tion zones these events are characterized by non earthquake seis  mic rum  bling or trem  or and slow slip along the plate interface slow slip events are distinguished from earthquakes by their propagation speed and focus in slow slip events there is an apparent reversal of cru  st  al motion although the fault motion remains consistent with the direction of sub  duc  tion ets events themselves are imper  cep  tible to human beings and do not cause damage
an ep  is  p  adi  as is a rare type of mal  formation of the penis in which the u  re  th  ra ends in an opening on the upper aspect the dor  sum of the penis it can also develop in females when the u  re  th  ra develops too far an  ter  ior  ly it occurs in around 1 in 120 000 male and 1 in 500 000 female births
ep  ist  asis is the phenomenon of the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more modi  fier genes the genetic background thus ep  ist  atic mutations have different effects in combination than individually it was originally a concept from genetics but is now used in bio  chemistry compu  tational biology and evolutionary biology it arises due to interactions either between genes or within them leading to non additive effects ep  ist  asis has a large influence on the shape of evolutionary landscap  es which leads to profound consequences for evolution and evol  v  ability of phen  o  type traits
ep  ist  emic modal logic is a sub  field of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge while ep  ist  em  ology has a long philosophical tradition dating back to ancient greece ep  ist  emic logic is a much more recent development with applications in many fields including philosophy theoretical computer science artificial intelligence economics and lingu  is  tics while philosophers since aristo  tle have discussed modal logic and medieval philosophers such as oc  kh  am and dun  s scot  us developed many of their observations it was c i lewis who created the first symbolic and systematic approach to the topic in 19  12 it continued to mature as a field reaching its modern form in 1963 with the work of kri  p  ke
epi  the  li  al my  o  epi  the  li  al carcin  oma abbreviated em  ca is a rare m  align  ant tum  our that typically arises in a sali  vary g  land and consists of both an epi  the  li  al and my  o  epi  the  li  al component they are predominantly found in the par  o  ti  d g  land  and represent approximately 1 of sali  vary g  land tum  ours
epi  the  li  al basement memb  rane dy  stro  phy eb  md also known as map dot fingerprint dy  stro  phy and co  g  ans s micro  c  ys  tic dy  stro  phy is a disorder of the eye that can cause pain and dr  y  ness it is sometimes included in the group of cor  ne  al dy  stro  ph  ies it diver  ges from the formal definition of cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy in being in most cases non famili  al it also has a fluctu  ating course while for a typical cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy the course is progressive when it is considered part of this group it is the most common type of cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy
epi  the  li  al dys  pl  asia a term becoming increasingly referred to as intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia is the sum of various disturbances of epi  the  li  al proliferation and differentiation as seen micro  sco  p  ically individual cellular features of dys  pl  asia are called epi  the  li  al aty  p  ia
the her  t  wig epi  the  li  al root she  ath hers or epi  the  li  al root she  ath is a proliferation of epi  the  li  al cells located at the cer  vic  al loop of the en  am  el organ in a developing tooth her  t  wig epi  the  li  al root she  ath initiates the formation of denti  n in the root of a tooth by causing the differentiation of od  on  to  bl  asts from the dental pap  illa the root she  ath eventually dis  integrates with the period  on  tal lig  ament but residual pieces that do not completely disappear are seen as epi  the  li  al cell rests of mal  as  se  z erm these rests can become c  ys  tic presenting future period  on  tal infections
epi  the  li  o  id cell his  ti  oc  y  tom  a is a rare skin condition that is considered to be a variant of a der  mato  fi  bro  ma
epi  the  li  o  id hem  an  gi  o  endo  the  li  oma e  ha  e is a rare tumor first characterized by sharon we  iss and franz enz  inger that both clin  ically and his  to  logically is intermediate between an  gi  os  ar  coma and hem  an  gi  oma however a distinct disease defining genetic alteration recently described for e  he indicates that it is an entirely separate entity from both an  gi  os  ar  coma and hem  an  gi  oma e  he is a soft tissue sar  coma and is generally considered a vascular cancer insofar as the ‘ le  sional ’ cells have surface mark  ers typical of endo  the  li  al cells cells lining the interior of blood vessels e  he was originally described as occurring most commonly in the ve  ins of the extre  mi  ties arms and legs and two organs the liver and lungs it has since been described in organs throughout the body in addition to liver and lungs bones and skin have been the most frequent organs before the initial description of we  iss the tumor had been reported under a variety of other names including his  ti  oc  y  to  id hem  an  gi  o  endo  the  li  oma intr  av  ascular bron  cho  al  ve  ol  ar tumor in the lung and s  cl  ero  sing chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma in the lung and liver common sites of me  ta  static tumor it was most likely to be confused with carcin  oma a far more common type of tumor e  he typically occurs in the 20 40 age range although the overall age range involved is much broader and a modest pre  dil  ection for females over males it often has an ind  ol  ent course and many affected people have survived for decades with multi organ disease 1 601 the extent and number of organs involved apparently has little effect on longevity
epi  the  li  o  id sar  coma is a rare soft tissue sar  coma arising from mes  en  ch  ym  al tissue and characterized by epi  the  li  o  id like features it accounts for less than 1 of all soft tissue sar  com  as it was first clearly characterized by f m enz  inger in 1970 it commonly presents itself in the dis  tal limbs fingers hands fore  arms or feet of young adults as a small soft mass or a series of bu  mps a proxim  al version has also been described frequently occurring in the upper extre  mi  ties rare cases have been reported in the pel  vis vul  va penis and sp  ine his  to  logically epi  the  li  o  id sar  coma forms no  d  ules with central necro  sis surrounded by bl  and poly  g  onal cells with e  o  sin  oph  il  ic cy  top  las  m and peripheral sp  ind  ling epi  the  li  o  id sar  com  as typically express v  im  entin cy  to  ker  at  ins epi  the  li  al memb  rane antigen and cd 34 whereas they are usually negative for s 100 des  min and fl  i 1 they typically stain positive for ca 125 epi  the  li  o  id sar  coma most commonly strikes young adults yet no age group is immune the disease has a tendency to develop local recur  ren  ces and me  tast  asis thereafter to regional lymp  h no  des lung bone brain and other locations including the scal  p generally speaking epi  the  li  o  id sar  coma has a high rate of relap  se after initial treatment and tends to recur locally at or near the original tumor site epi  the  li  o  id sar  coma also demonstrates lymp  h  atic spread in 22 48 of cases and me  tast  asis in 21 63 of cases these events as well as advanced stage progression and grade aggres  siveness are predic  tive of an overall worse outcome the overall five year survival rate for epi  the  li  o  id sar  coma is anywhere from 25 to 78 importantly the 10 year and 15 year survival rate drops off significantly associated with a more positive outcome are younger age female vs male sex dis  tal vs proxim  al location smaller tumor size and negative margins upon tumor res  ection
epi  the  li  oma is an abnormal growth of the epi  the  lium which is the layer of tissue that covers the surfaces of organs and other structures of the body
epi  the  li  oma cun  icul  at  um also known as carcin  oma cun  icul  at  um and ack  erman tumor is a skin le  sion a type of ver  ru  co  us carcin  oma that may occur on the sole of the foot
epizootic hemorrha  gic disease e  hd is a hemorrha  gic disease of white ta  iled deer odo  co  i  le  us vir  g  ini  an  us caused by an infection of a virus from the genus or  bi  virus shop  e et al 1960 ho  war  th et al 2001 it is an infectious and sometimes fatal virus that is characterized by extensive hemorrha  ges and is found throughout the united states it is important for deer hunters farmers farm property owners and livestock owners to have knowledge about e  hd because of the seriousness of this disease its ability to cause large scale outbreaks in wild ruminants and its ability to affect livestock and the production industry e  hd in white ta  iled deer michigan wildlife disease manual epizootic hemorrha  gic disease has been found in some domestic ruminants and many species of deer including white ta  iled deer mule deer and pron  gh  orn an  tel  ope cf  sp  h 2006 sero  positive black ta  iled deer f  allow deer red deer w  ap  i  ti and roe deer have also been found which essentially means that they were exposed to the disease at some time in the past but may not be involved in transmission outbreaks of e  hd have been reported in cattle although it is rare for them to develop disease or die sheep may develop clinical signs however this is also rare ho  war  th et al 2001 epizootic hemorrha  gic disease is often called bluetongue however this is incorrect bluetongue virus is closely related to e  hd and has similar clinical signs but it is a different disease bluetongue is a serious disease in cattle as well as other ruminants and can have a significant effect on international trade testing at animal health laboratories is necessary to distinguish between the viruses that cause bluetongue and e  hd
epizootic lymp  han  gi  tis is a contagious lymp  han  gi  tis disease of horses and mul  es caused by the fun  gus hist  op  las  ma far  ci  min  o  sum cattle are also susceptible but more resistant to the disease than equi  ds see also glan  ders and equine lymp  han  gi  tis
epizootic ul  cer  ative syndrome eus is a disease caused by the water m  ould ap  han  om  y  ces inv  ad  ans it inf  ects many freshwater and br  ack  ish fish species in the asia pacific region and australia the disease is most commonly seen when there are low temperature and heavy rainfall in tropical and sub tropical waters it may also be referred to as my  co  tic gran  ul  om  at  osis mg and red spot disease r  s  d
in econom  etr  ics and time series analysis the ep  ps effect named after t w ep  ps is the phenomenon that the empirical correlation between the returns of two different stocks decreases as the sampling frequency of data increases the phenomenon is caused by non synchron  ous as  yn  ch  ron  ous trading and discre  tization effects however a current study shows that the effect originates in investors herd behaviour
ep  stein – bar  r virus positive dl  b  cl of the elderly is a type of large b cell lymp  homa recognized in the who 2008 classification it is usually cd 20 positive and has cl  onal immun  o  glob  ulin gene re  arrangement
there are several forms of ep  stein – bar  r virus infection infectious mon  on  uc  le  osis nas  op  har  yn  ge  al carcin  oma and bur  kit  t s lymp  homa can all be caused by the ep  stein – bar  r virus
ep  ul  is plural e  pu  li  des is any tumor like enlargement i e lump situated on the g  ing  i  val or al  ve  ol  ar mu  co  sa the word literally means on the g  ing  iva and describes only the location of the mass and has no further implications on the nature of the le  sion there are three types fi  bro  mat  ous os  si  fying and ac  an  thom  at  ous the related term par  ul  is commonly called a g  um  boil refers to a mass of infl  amed gran  ulation tissue at the opening of a draining sin  us on the al  ve  ol  us over or near to the root of an infected tooth another closely related term is g  ing  i  val enlargement which tends to be used where the enlargement is more generalized over the whole g  ing  iva rather than a loc  alized mass
ep  ul  is fis  sur  at  um also termed infl  am  matory fi  bro  us hyper  pl  asia d  ent  ure induced fi  bro  us infl  am  matory hyper  pl  asia d  ent  ure injury tumor d  ent  ure ep  ul  is d  ent  ure induced gran  ul  oma and gran  ul  oma fis  sur  at  um is a benign hyper  pl  asia of fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue which develops as a reactive le  sion to chronic mechanical irritation produced by the fl  ange of a poorly fitting d  ent  ure more simply ep  ul  is fis  sur  at  um is where excess fol  ds of firm tissue form inside the mouth as a result of rub  bing on the edge of d  ent  ures that do not fit well it is a harmless condition and does not represent oral cancer treatment is by simple surgical removal of the le  sion and also by adjustment of the d  ent  ure or provision of a new d  ent  ure it is a closely related condition to infl  am  matory pap  ill  ary hyper  pl  asia but the appearance and location differs
in two body ke  pl  er  ian orb  ital mechanics the equation of the center is the ang  ular difference between the actual position of a body in its el  lip  tical orbit and the position it would occupy if its motion were uniform in a circular orbit of the same period it is defined as the difference true anomaly ν minus mean anomaly m and is typically expressed a function of mean anomaly m and orb  ital ec  centr  icity e
equatorial plasma bubbles are an ion  o  spheric phenomenon near the earth s ge  om  ag  ne  tic equ  ator at night time they affect radio waves by causing varying delays they de  grade the performance of gps different times of the year and location have different frequencies of occurrence in northern australia the most common times are february to april and august to october when a plasma bubble is expected every night plasma bubbles have dimensions around 100 km plasma bubbles form after dark when the sun stops ionising the ion  o  sphere the ions re  combine forming a lower density layer this layer can rise through the more ion  ised layers above via conv  ection which makes a plasma bubble the bubbles are turbulent with irregular edges an equatorial plasma bubble could have affected the battle of shah i ko  t by disab  ling communications from a communications satellite to a helicopter
equ  est  rian per  ni  osis is a skin condition that presents on the lateral thi  ghs of women equ  est  ri  ans who ride on cold dam  p days
equilibrium isot  ope fr  action  ation is the partial separation of isotop  es between two or more substances in chemical equilibrium equilibrium fr  action  ation is strongest at low temperatures and along with k  ine  tic isot  ope effects forms the basis of the most widely used isotop  ic pal  e  other  mom  eters or climate pro  x  ies d h and 18 o 16 o records from ice co  res and 18 o 16 o records from calcium carbon  ate it is thus important for the construction of geo  logic temperature records isotop  ic fr  action  ations attributed to equilibrium processes have been observed in many elements from hydrogen d h to uranium 238 u 235 u in general the light elements especially hydrogen bor  on carbon nitrogen oxygen and sul  fur are most susceptible to fr  action  ation and their isotop  es tend to be separated to a greater degree than heavier elements
equine atypical my  opathy also known as atypical my  o  glob  in  ur  ia or e  am is a mortal disease of horses equidae characterized by acute r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis it is believed to be caused by the ing  estion of the seeds or young shoots of ac  er pseu  dop  lat  an  us in europe and ac  er neg  undo in america e  am has a high mortality rate and numerous fatalities have occurred
equine exer  tional r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis er also known as tying up az  o  tur  ia or monday morning disease is a syndrome that damages the muscle tissue in horses it is usually due to over  feeding a horse carbo  hydr  ates and appears to have a genetic link
equine ga  str  ic ul  cer syndrome eg  us is a common cause of col  ic and decreased performance in horses horses form ul  cers in the mu  co  sa of the stomach leading to pain decreased appetite weight loss and behavioral changes treatment generally involves reducing acid production of the stomach and dietary management unlike some animals however stomach rupture is rare and the main goal of treating is to reduce pain and improve performance of animals used for showing or racing
equine infectious an  emia or equine infectious ana  emia eia also known by hor  semen as swamp fever is a horse disease caused by a retro  virus and transmitted by blood  sucking insects the virus ei  av is endemic in the americas parts of europe the middle and far east russia and south africa the virus is a l  enti  virus like human immun  o  deficiency virus hiv like hiv eia can be transmitted through blood milk and body secre  tions transmission is primarily through biting flies such as the horse fly and deer fly the virus survives up to 4 hours in the carrier contaminated surgical equipment and recycled needles and syr  inges and bits can transmit the disease mares can transmit the disease to their fo  als via the plac  enta the risk of transmitting the disease is greatest when an infected horse is ill as the blood levels of the virus are then highest
equine influenza horse flu is the disease caused by strains of influenza a that are enzootic in horse species equine influenza occurs globally previously caused by two main strains of virus equine 1 h 7 n 7 and equine 2 h 3 n 8 the oie now considers h 7 n 7 strains likely to be extinct since these stain  s have not been isolated for over 20 years predominant international circulating h 3 n 8 strains are florida su  bl  ine  age of the american line  age cl  ade 1 predomin  ates in the americas and cl  ade 2 in europe el  ton and cul  lin  ane 2013 p  ail  lot 2014 s  later et al 2013 the disease has a nearly 100 infection rate in an un  vaccinated horse population with no prior exposure to the virus while equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans impacts of past outbreaks have been devastating due to the economic reliance on horses for communication postal service military cav  al  ry and general transportation in modern times though the ramifications of equine influenza are most clear in the horse racing industry
equine lymp  han  gi  tis is an infl  amm  ation or sw  elling associated with impairment of the lymp  h  atic system particularly in a limb in horses it is most commonly a bacterial infection although bacterial culture may be negative often referred to as fat big leg disease it is sometimes known as weed or monday morning disease not to be confused with the more common usage of m  md referring to exer  tional r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis or az  o  tur  ia this article refers mainly to spor  adic lymp  han  gi  tis ul  cer  ative lymp  han  gi  tis is referred to in passing as it is managed in a similar manner epizootic lymp  han  gi  tis is similar to glan  ders but caused by the fun  gus hist  op  las  ma far  ci  min  o  sum
equine multin  od  ular pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis is a chronic lung disease of horses there is evidence that the disease is caused by infection with a gam  ma  her  pes  virus equine her  pes  virus 5 the disease affects adult usually older horses causing weight loss and reduced ability to exercise as a result of the formation of no  d  ular le  sions in the lungs
equine pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de storage my  opathy ep  sm ps  sm ep  s  sm is an inher  itable gly  co  gen storage disease of horses that causes exer  tional r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis it is most commonly associated with heavy horse breeds and the american quarter horse while incur  able ps  sm can be managed with appropriate diet and exercise there are currently 2 sub  types known as type 1 ps  sm and type 2 ps  sm
equine proto  zo  al my  elo  en  ce  ph  ali  tis ep  m is a disease caused by the ap  i  complex  an parasite sar  co  cy  stis neuro  na that affects the central nervous system of horses
proxim  al enter  i  tis also known as an  terior enter  i  tis or du  o  deni  tis proxim  al je  juni  tis dpj is infl  amm  ation of the du  o  den  um and upper je  jun  um it produces a functional st  asis of the affected intest  ine i  le  us and hyper  secre  tion of fluid into the lum  en of that intest  ine this leads to large volumes of ga  str  ic ref  lux dehydr  ation low blood pressure and potentially shock although the exact cause is not yet definitively known proxim  al enter  i  tis requires considerable supportive care
equine recurrent periodic u  ve  i  tis moon blindness recurrent i  ri  do  cy  cli  tis is an acute non  gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation of the u  veal tract of the eye occurring commonly in horses of all breeds worldwide the caus  ative factor is not known but several patho  gen  es  es have been suggested it is the most common cause of blindness in horses in some breeds a genetic factor may be involved
shi  vers or equine shi  vering is a rare progressive neuro  muscular disorder of horses it is characterized by muscle tre  mors difficulty holding up the h  ind limbs and an unusual ga  it when the horse is asked to move backwards shi  vers is poorly understood and no effective treatment is available at this time
equine viral arter  i  tis eva is a disease of horses caused by an r  na virus of the genus arter  i  virus the virus which causes eva was first isolated from horses in ohio in 1953 but the disease has afflicted equine animals worldwide for centuries it has been more common in some breeds of horses in the united states but there is no breed “ immunity ” in the uk it is a notifiable disease there is no known human hazard
an equ  ino  val  gus is a de  form  ity of the human foot it may be a flexible de  form  ity or a fixed de  form  ity equ  ino means plan  tar  fl  ex  ed as in standing on one s toes and val  gus means that the base of the heel is rot  ated away from the mid  line of the foot ever  sion and abduction of foot this means that the patient is placing his her weight on the medi  al border of the foot and the arch of the foot is absent which distorts the foot s normal shape mainly occurs due to ti  ght  ness of plan  tar fl  ex  ors calf muscles and per  on  eus group of muscles
the equi  osci  ll  ation theore  m concerns the approximation of continuous functions using poly  no  mi  als when the merit function is the maximum difference uniform norm its discovery is attributed to che  by  sh  ev
in accounting and finance equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the cost of the liabilities of something owned for example if someone owns a car worth 15 000 but owes 5 000 on a loan against that car the car represents 10 000 equity equity can be negative if liability exceeds assets in an accounting context shareholders equity or stock  holders equity shareholders funds shareholders capital or similar terms represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit for purposes of liquidation during bankruptcy ownership equity is the equity which remains after all liabilities have been paid
equity of condition in tax law and governmental spending is the economic condition often arbitrary that political leaders believe a person should be in after governmental social engineering and redistribution of wealth the award or redistribution of wealth to the recipients over  ri  des substantially any natural right of the producers of the wealth to keep the fruits of their labor the award of wealth in a socialist economy may be extensive with a pro  scri  bed level of benefits for food housing health education recreation welfare etcetera — and have little or no relation to the citizen ’ s productivity e g before tax income the result however is that economic productivity and the standard of living can be less  ened in a socialist economy due to dis  incentive to production equity of condition in a mixed economy such as the united states can be ne  bul  ous and ever changing governmental subsidies and tax deductions may be extended for political reasons and a political leader may never provide comprehensive economic rationale for his particular fiscal policy actions the cost of the benefits is merely shifted to a discriminated portion of the tax base benefits may also be illusory to recipients because further political manipulation of the tax code by political leaders can nul  lify the recipients ’ original gains
in telecommunication equivalent pulse code modulation noise p  cm is the amount of thermal noise power on a frequency division multi  plex  ing f  dm or wire channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quan  tizing noise in a p  cm channel note 1 the speech quality judgment is based on comparative tests note 2 generally 33 5 d  br  nc ± 2 5 db is considered the approximate equivalent p  cm noise of a 7 bit p  cm system
in al  ge  bra  ic number theory an equi  variant ar  tin l function is a function associated to a finite g  alo  is extension of global fields created by packaging together the various ar  tin l functions associated with the extension each extension has many traditional ar  tin l functions associated with it corresponding to the characters of representations of the g  alo  is group by contrast each extension has a unique corresponding equi  variant l function equi  variant l functions have become increasingly important as a wide range of con  jec  tures and theore  ms in number theory have been developed around them among these are the br  um  er – stark con  jec  ture the co  ates sin  not  t con  jec  ture and a recently developed equi  variant version of the main con  jec  ture in i  was  awa theory
in mathematics more specifically in topo  logy the equi  variant stable hom  ot  op  y theory is a sub  field of equi  variant topo  logy that studies a spectrum with group action instead of a space with group action as in stable hom  ot  op  y theory the field has become more active recently because of its connection to al  ge  bra  ic k theory
er  b s pal  sy or er  b – du  chen  ne pal  sy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm s main nerves specifically the sever  ing of the upper trunk c 5 – c 6 nerves these form part of the br  achi  al plex  us comprising the ven  tr  al r  ami of spinal nerves c 5 – c 8 and thor  ac  ic nerve t 1 these injuries arise most commonly but not exclusively from shoulder dy  sto  cia during a difficult birth depending on the nature of the damage the paralysis can either resolve on its own over a period of months necessitate rehabil  itative therapy or require surgery
er  d  heim – chester disease also known as er  d  heim – chester syndrome or poly  o  sto  tic s  cl  ero  sing his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is a rare disease characterized by the abnormal multiplication of a specific type of white blood cells called his  ti  oc  y  tes or tissue macro  p  ha  ges technically this disease is termed a non lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis usually onset is in middle age the disease involves an infiltr  ation of lip  id laden macro  p  ha  ges multin  uc  le  ated giant cells an infl  am  matory infiltr  ate of lymp  ho  cy  tes and his  ti  oc  y  tes in the bone marrow and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones
in mathematics the er  d  ő  s – bur  r con  jec  ture is a problem concerning the ram  sey number of spar  se graphs the con  jec  ture is named after paul er  d  ő  s and stefan bur  r and is one of many con  jec  tures named after er  d  ő  s it states that the ram  sey number of graphs in any spar  se family of graphs should grow lin  early in the number of ver  tices of the graph in 2015 a proof of the con  jec  ture was announced by cho  ong  bum lee
in graph theory the er  d  ő  s – fab  er – lo  vá  s  z con  jec  ture is an unsolved problem about graph col  oring named after paul er  d  ő  s vance fab  er and l  á  sz  l  ó lo  vá  s  z who formulated it in 1972 it says if k complete graphs each having exactly k ver  tices have the property that every pair of complete graphs has at most one shared ver  tex then the union of the graphs can be colored with k colors
in the mathematical discipline of graph theory the er  d  ő  s – p  ó  sa theore  m named after paul er  d  ő  s and la  jos p  ó  sa states that there is a function f k such that for each positive inte  ger k every graph either contains k ver  tex dis  joint circuits or it has a feedback ver  tex set of f k ver  tices that inter  sec  ts every circuit furthermore f k o k log k in the sense of big o no  tation because of this theore  m circuits are said to have the er  d  ő  s – p  ó  sa property the theore  m claims that for any finite number k there is an appropriate least value f k with the property that every graph with no k ver  tex dis  joint circuits all circuits can be covered by f k ver  tices this generalized an un  published result of bé  la bol  lob  ás which states that f 2 3 obtained the bounds c 1 k log k f k c 2 k log k for the general case the result suggests that although there are infinitely many different graphs with no k dis  joint circuits they split into fin  itely many simply descri  bable classes for the case k 2 gave a complete characterization proved f 3 6 and 9 ≤ f 4 ≤ 12
er  ec  tile dysfunction ed or impotence is sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an er  ection of the penis during sexual activity in humans a pen  ile er  ection is the hydraulic effect of blood entering and being retained in spon  ge like bodies within the penis the process is most often initiated as a result of sexual ar  ous  al when signals are transmitted from the brain to nerves in the penis the most important organic causes of impotence are cardiovascular disease and diabetes neuro  logical problems for example trauma from pro  stat  ec  tomy surgery hormonal in  suffici  encies hypo  gon  ad  ism and drug side effects psychological impotence is where er  ection or penetration fails due to thoughts or feelings psychological reasons rather than physical impossibility this is somewhat less frequent but can often be helped notably in psychological impotence there is a strong response to plac  e  bo treatment er  ec  tile dysfunction can have severe psychological consequences as it can be tied to relationship difficulties and mascul  ine self image besides treating the underlying causes such as potassium deficiency or arsenic contamination of drinking water the first line treatment of er  ec  tile dysfunction consists of a trial of p  de 5 inhi  bit  or drugs the first of which was sil  den  a  fil or vi  ag  ra in some cases treatment can involve pro  stag  land  in tablets in the u  re  th  ra injections into the penis a pen  ile pro  s  thesis a penis pump or vascular re  constructive surgery
an er  ection clin  ically pen  ile er  ection or pen  ile tum  es  cence is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firmer eng  org  ed and enlarged pen  ile er  ection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological ne  ural vascular and endocrine factors and is often associated with sexual ar  ous  al or sexual attraction although er  ections can also be spontaneous the shape angle and direction of an er  ection varies considerably in humans physi  o  logically er  ection is triggered by the paras  ymp  athetic division of the autonom  ic nervous system ans causing nit  ric oxide a vas  o  di  lat  or levels to rise in the tr  ab  ec  ular arter  ies and smooth muscle of the penis the arter  ies di  late causing the corpor  a ca  ver  no  sa of the penis and to a lesser extent the corpor  a spongi  o  sum to fill with blood simultaneously the is  chi  oc  aver  no  sus and bul  bo  spongi  o  sus muscles com  press the ve  ins of the corpor  a ca  ver  no  sa restricting the eg  ress and circulation of this blood er  ection sub  sides when paras  ymp  athetic activity reduces to baseline as an autonom  ic nervous system response an er  ection may result from a variety of stimul  i including sexual stimulation and sexual ar  ous  al and is therefore not entirely under conscious control er  ections during sleep or upon waking up are known as no  c  tur  nal pen  ile tum  es  cence npt absence of no  c  tur  nal er  ection is commonly used to distinguish between physical and psychological causes of er  ec  tile dysfunction and impotence a penis which is partly but not fully er  ect is sometimes known as a semi er  ection clin  ically partial tum  es  cence a penis which is not er  ect is typically referred to as being fl  acci  d or soft
ere  th  ism or ere  th  ism mercur  i  alis is a neuro  logical disorder which affects the whole central nervous system as well as a symptom complex derived from mercury poisoning this is also sometimes known as the mad hat  ter disease historically this was common among old england felt hat  makers who used mercury to stabilize the wool in a process called fel  ting where hair was cut from a pel  t of an animal such as a rabbit the industrial workers were exposed to the mercury vap  ors giving rise to the expression “ mad as a hat  ter ” some believe that the character the mad hat  ter in lewis car  roll s alice in wonder  land is an example of someone suffering from ere  th  ism but the origin of this account is unclear the character was almost certainly based on the  oph  il  us carter an ec  centric furniture dealer who was well known to car  roll it is commonly characterized through behavioral changes such as irrit  ability low self confidence depression apathy sh  y  ness and ti  mid  ity and in some extreme cases with prolonged exposure to mercury vap  ors deli  ri  um personality changes and memory loss occur as a result people with ere  th  ism find it difficult to interact socially with others with behaviors similar to that of a social pho  bia although most of the effects of ere  th  ism are neuro  logical some physical problems arise as well including a decrease in physical strength “ headaches general pain and tre  mors after exposure to metallic mercury ” as well as irregular heartbeat it has been documented that “ the trem  or in the hands can be so severe that the victim is unable to hold a glass of water without spilling its contents ” the primary risk factor for ere  th  ism is long term exposure to mercury vap  ors and g  asses at high levels one group at risk for mercury poisoning is industrial workers and those exposed to high levels of mercury residing naturally in the environment ere  th  ism is not as serious an issue as it was back before acceptable working condition regulations were enforced preventing mercury levels from getting too high limits the amount available for inhal  ation there is a risk of mercury poisoning in the home in some cases exposure to mercury vap  or may stem from cultural and religious reasons where mercury is sprink  led on the floor of a home or car burned in a candle or mixed with perfume due to widespread use and popular concern the risk of toxicity from dental am  alg  am has been exhaus  tively investigated to date no convincing evidence of toxicity has been found one treatment of mercury poisoning was to admit fresh air to the patient by having him go outside daily as much as possible stimul  ants such as ammonia have also been documented to help restore pulse to a normal rhythm for a more comprehensive reading of treatment see mercury poisoning treatment section
er  goti  sm pr  on ˈ  ɜ  ː  r  ɡ  ə  t  ˌ  ɪ  z  ə  m ur g  ə  t iz ə  m is the effect of long term er  got poisoning traditionally due to the ing  estion of the al  k  alo  ids produced by the cla  vic  eps pur  pu  rea fun  gus that inf  ects rye and other cereals and more recently by the action of a number of er  gol  ine based drugs it is also known as er  go  toxico  sis er  got poisoning and saint anthony s fire er  got poisoning is a proposed explanation of be  wit  chment
er  on  du – cy  met syndrome is a syndrome caused by a trans  location on the 21 st chro  mo  some the genetic kar  yo  type for people with this condition is 46 xy inv 21 q 11 2 q 22 1 findings in these patients include hypo  tension hypo  x  emia seizures and impairment of cognitive ability patients with this condition may have persistent left superior ven  a cav  a that dra  ins into the left atri  um as well as pul  mon  ary arter  io  ven  ous mal  formations er  on  du – cy  met syndrome was discovered in 2006 by u  go  chi er  on  du and tyler cy  met
ero  si  o inter  dig  ital  is bl  ast  om  y  ce  tica is a skin condition caused by a candi  da al  bic  ans infection characterized by an o  val shaped area of mac  erated white skin on the web between and extending onto the sides of the fingers
erosion corro  sion also known as imp  ing  ement damage is the combined effect of corro  sion and erosion caused by rapid flowing turbulent water it is probably the second most common cause of copper tube failures behind type 1 pit  ting which is also known as cold water pit  ting of copper tube copper water tu  bes  copper tubes have been used to distribute drinking water within buildings for many years and hundreds of miles are installed throughout europe every year the long life of copper when exposed to natural waters is a result of its thermo  dynamic stability its high resistance to reacting with the environment and the formation of in  soluble corro  sion products that ins  ulate the metal from the environment the corro  sion rate of copper in most drin  k  able waters is less than 2 5 µ  m year at this rate a 15 mm tube with a wall thickness of 0 7 mm would last for about 280 years in some soft waters the general corro  sion rate may increase to 12 5 µ  m year but even at this rate it would take over 50 years to per  for  ate the same tube
erotic as  phy  xi  ation or breath control play is the intentional restriction of oxygen to the brain for the purposes of sexual ar  ous  al this sexual practice is vari  ously called as  phy  x  iop  hi  lia auto  erotic as  phy  x  ia hypo  xy  phi  lia the term auto  erotic as  phy  xi  ation is used when the act is done by a person to themselves col  lo  qu  ially a person engaging in the activity is sometimes called a gas  per the erotic interest in as  phy  xi  ation is classified as a par  ap  hi  lia in the diagnostic and statistical manual of the american psychiatric association
ero  tom  ania is a type of delu  sional disorder where the affected person believes that another person is in love with him or her this belief is usually applied to someone with higher status or a famous person but can also be applied to a complete stranger ero  tom  anic delu  sions often occur in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders but can also occur during a man  ic episode in the context of bipolar i disorder during an ero  tom  anic delusion the patient believes that a secret admir  er is declaring his or her affection for the patient often by special glan  ces signals telep  athy or messages through the media usually the patient then returns the perceived affection by means of letters phone calls gifts and visits to the un  wit  ting recipient even though these advances are unexpected and often unwanted any denial of affection by the object of this delu  sional love is dismissed by the patient as a plo  y to conceal the forbidden love from the rest of the world ero  tom  ania is also called de cl  é  ram  ba  ult s syndrome after the french psychiatrist ga  ë  tan g  ati  an de cl  é  ram  ba  ult 18  72 – 19  34 who published a comprehensive review paper on the subject les psycho  ses passion  elles in 19  21 the term ero  tom  ania is often mistakenly confused with obs  essive love obsession with un  requ  ited love or hy  pers  ex  uality
er  ot  ophi  lia is a personality trait which assesses an individual s disposition to respond to sexual cu  es in either a positive or negative manner it is measured on a continuous scale ranging from er  ot  opho  bia to er  ot  ophi  lia er  ot  opho  bes tend to score higher on authoritarianism and need for achievement have more traditional sex roles experience more sex guilt and have more negative reactions to ma  st  urb  ation and homosexuality than er  ot  oph  iles er  ot  oph  il  ic individuals tend to ma  st  urb  ate and fanta  size more frequently think about sex more often have sexual inter  course for the first time at an earlier age have more past sexual experiences and have a greater number of inter  course partners than er  ot  opho  bic individuals er  ot  oph  iles are also more likely to engage in breast self examinations schedule regular gy  ne  co  logical visits and engage in preventative behaviors regarding sexually transmitted diseases e g more frequent con  dom use
the error floor is a phenomenon encountered in modern iter  ated spar  se graph based error correcting codes like ld  pc codes and tur  bo codes when the bit error ratio ber is plo  tted for conventional codes like reed – solomon codes under al  ge  bra  ic de  coding or for con  volu  tional codes under v  iter  bi de  coding the ber steadily decreases in the form of a curve as the sn  r condition becomes better for ld  pc codes and tur  bo codes there is a point after which the curve does not fall as quickly as before in other words there is a region in which performance fl  att  ens this region is called the error floor region the region just before the sudden drop in performance is called the water  fall region error floors are usually attributed to low weight co  de  words in the case of tur  bo codes and trapping sets or near co  de  words in the case of ld  pc codes
erup  tive hypo  mel  an  osis is a novel par  avi  ral ex  anthem suspected to be related to viral infections most patients are young children aged two to ten most children develop pro  dro  mal symptoms similar to common cold or influenza small mon  om  orph  ous and hypo  pi  gm  ented mac  ules then erup  t there could be systemic manifestations like phar  yn  gi  tis or enlargement of lymp  h no  des most children with erup  tive hypo  mel  an  osis develop no complications the epidemiology ae  ti  ology clinical manifestations complic  ation infec  tivity and management of erup  tive hypo  mel  an  osis leave much space to be investigated
erup  tive pseu  do  an  gi  om  at  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by the sudden appearance of 2 to 4 mm blan  cha  ble red pap  ules it can appear in children or adults the pap  ules appear similar to hem  an  gi  om  as hence the name viruses found in patients include echo  virus 25 and 32 co  x  s  ack  ie b ep  stein bar  r virus and cy  tom  eg  alo  virus
erup  tive vel  lus hair cy  sts or ev  hc are small le  sions that occur most often in the chest wall ab  dom  en and extre  mi  ties often with a cru  sted surface ev  hc may occur randomly or it can be inherited as an auto  som  al dominant trait the condition affects males and females equally and spor  adic cases usually appear at 4 – 18 years of age the cy  sts appear similar clin  ically to ste  at  oc  y  stom  a multi  pl  ex as well as ac  nei  form erup  tions and mi  lia therapeutic techniques that are safe and effective are rare with inc  ision and drainage being the primary form of treatment when spor  adic regression does not occur
er  y  si  pel  as ɛ  r  ᵻ  ˈ  s  ɪ  p  ə  l  ə  s greek ἐ  ρ  υ  σ  ί  π  ελ  ας red skin also known as ign  is sac  er holy fire and st anthony s fire in some countries is an acute infection typically with a skin rash usually on any of the legs and toes face arms and fingers it is an infection of the upper der  mis and superficial lymp  h  atics usually caused by beta hem  ol  y  tic group a st  rep  to  co  cc  us bacteria on scrat  ches or otherwise infected areas er  y  si  pel  as is more superficial than cell  u  li  tis and is typically more raised and demarc  ated
in humans er  y  si  pel  o  thri  x r  hu  si  opath  i  ae infections most commonly present in a mild cu  taneous form known as er  y  si  pel  o  id or fish poisoning e r  hu  si  opath  i  ae can cause an ind  ol  ent cell  u  li  tis more commonly in individuals who handle fish and raw meat it gains entry typically by abra  sions in the hand bacter  emia and endo  cardi  tis are un  common but serious sequ  el  ae due to the r  arity of reported human cases e r  hu  si  opath  i  ae infections are frequently mis  identified at presentation
er  y  si  pel  o  id of ro  sen  bach is a cu  taneous condition most frequently characterized by a pur  pl  ish margin  ated sw  elling on the hands
er  y  them  a from the greek er  y  thro  s meaning red is red  ness of the skin or mu  co  us memb  ran  es caused by hyper  emia increased blood flow in superficial cap  il  lar  ies it occurs with any skin injury infection or infl  amm  ation examples of er  y  them  a not associated with path  ology include nervous blu  shes
er  y  them  a ab ign  e e  ai also known as hot water bottle rash fire stain  s lap  top thi  gh granny s tar  tan and to  asted skin syndrome is a skin condition caused by long term exposure to heat infra  red radiation prolonged thermal radiation exposure to the skin can lead to the development of retic  ulated er  y  them  a hyper  pi  gm  entation scaling and tel  an  gi  ec  ta  si  as in the affected area some people may complain of mild it  chin  ess and a burning sensation but often unless a change in pi  gm  entation is seen it can go unnoticed
er  y  them  a an  ul  are centrifu  gum e  ac also known as deep gy  rate er  y  them  a er  y  them  a per  st  ans palpable migr  ating er  y  them  a and superficial gy  rate er  y  them  a is a descriptive term for a class of skin le  sion presenting red  ness er  y  them  a in a ring form an  ul  are that spreads from a center centrifu  gum it was first described by d  ari  er in 19  16 many different terms have been used to classify these types of le  sions and it is still controversial on what exactly defines e  ac some of the types include ann  ular er  y  them  a deep and superficial er  y  them  a per  st  ans er  y  them  a gy  rat  um per  st  ans er  y  them  a gy  rat  um rep  ens d  ari  er er  y  them  a deep gy  rate er  y  them  a and er  y  them  a figur  at  um per  st  ans
er  y  them  a ch  ron  ic  um migr  ans new latin literally chronic migr  ating red  ness refers to the rash often though not always seen in the early stage of ly  me disease it can appear anywhere from one day to one month after a tick bite this rash does not represent an allergic reaction to the bite but rather an actual skin infection with the ly  me bacteria bor  reli  a burg  dor  fer  i sen  su la  to er  y  them  a migr  ans is the only manifestation of ly  me disease in the united states that is sufficiently distinctive to allow clinical diagnosis in the absence of laboratory confirmation it is a path  og  no  mon  ic sign a physician identified rash warrants an instant diagnosis of ly  me disease and immediate treatment without further testing even by the strict criteria of the centers for disease control and prevention such target le  sions bull s eye r  ashes are characteristic of bor  reli  a infections and no other pathogens are known that cause this form of rash a similar condition called southern tick associated rash illness star  i produces a similar rash pattern although it develops more quickly and is smaller the associated infectious agent has not been determined antibiotic treatment resol  ves the illness quickly this er  y  them  a is also sometimes called er  y  them  a migr  ans or em however a less common meaning of the term er  y  them  a migr  ans is a mu  cos  al condition of the tongue also called geographic tongue
er  y  them  a dy  schro  mic  um per  st  ans also known as ash  y der  mat  osis and der  mat  osis cin  ec  i  enta is a skin condition with age of onset almost always before 40 years old characterized by skin le  sions that are usually symmetr  ical and generalized
er  y  them  a elev  at  um di  u  tin  um is a form of vas  cu  li  tis it has been described as a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome
er  y  them  a gy  rat  um rep  ens also known as gam  mel s disease is a fig  urate er  y  them  a that is rapidly moving and usually a marker of underlying cancer usually from the lung
baz  in disease or er  y  them  a ind  ur  at  um is a pann  ic  u  li  tis on the back of the calves it was formerly thought to be a reaction to the tubercul  um bac  ill  us it is now considered a pann  ic  u  li  tis that is not associated with a single defined pathogen it occurs mainly in women but is very rare now
er  y  them  a margin  at  um is a type of er  y  them  a red  ness of the skin or mu  co  us memb  ran  es involving pink rings on the tor  so and inner surfaces of the limbs which come and go for as long as several months it is found primarily on ext  ens  or surfaces an association with brad  y  kin  in has been proposed in the case of hereditary an  gi  oe  dem  a
er  y  them  a multi  forme is a skin condition of unknown cause it is a type of er  y  them  a possibly medi  ated by de  position of immune complex  es mostly ig  m bound complex  es in the superficial micro  vas  cul  ature of the skin and oral mu  co  us memb  rane that usually follows an infection or drug exposure it is an un  common disorder with peak incidence in the second and third decades of life the disorder has various forms or presentations which its name reflects multi  forme multi  form from multi form  is target le  sions are a typical manifestation two types one mild to moderate and one severe are recognized er  y  them  a multi  forme minor and er  y  them  a multi  forme major
er  y  them  a multi  forme major also known as er  y  them  a multi  forme maj  us is a form of rash with skin loss or ep  id  er  mal det  achment the term er  y  them  a multi  forme maj  us is sometimes used to imply a bull  ous bl  is  tering presentation according to some sources there are two conditions included on a spectrum of this same disease process stevens – johnson syndrome s  j  s toxic ep  id  er  mal nec  rol  ysis ten which described by alan ly  ell and previously called ly  ell syndrome 5 in this view em major s  j  s and ten are considered a single condition distinguished by degree of ep  id  er  mal det  achment however a consensus classification separates er  y  them  a multi  forme minor er  y  them  a multi  forme major and s  j  s ten as three separate entities
er  y  them  a red  ness multi  forme em is usually a reaction of the skin and mu  co  us memb  ran  es that occurs suddenly it appears as a symmetr  ical rash and may include the mu  co  us memb  rane le  sions this means that the body is sensitive to something that causes the skin and mu  co  us memb  ran  es to react the more common mild form is refer to as em minor it consists of a skin rash that involve no more than one mu  cos  al surface the sudden onset will progress rapidly as symmetr  ical le  sions with circular color changes in some or all of the le  sions rash will spread towards center or trunk of the body evenly distributed bu  mps on the skin become classic iris or target le  sions they have bright red borders and small white bu  mps in the center the cause of em appears to be a highly sensitive reaction that can be triggered by a variety of causes the causes can include bacterial viral or chemical products such as antibiotics specifically pen  ic  illin  s or cephal  os  por  ins this reaction is an allergic reaction and is in no way contagious er  y  them  a multi  forme minus is sometimes divided into pap  ular and ve  si  ul  ob  ul  lous forms
er  y  them  a no  do  sum en is an infl  am  matory condition characterised by infl  amm  ation of the fat cells under the skin resulting in tender red no  d  ules or lum  ps that are usually seen on both sh  ins it can be caused by a variety of conditions and typically resol  ves spontaneously within 30 days it is common in young people between 12 – 20 years of age
er  y  them  a tox  ic  um ne  on  at  orum also known as er  y  them  a tox  ic  um ur  tic  aria ne  on  at  orum and toxic er  y  them  a of the new  born is a common rash in ne  on  ates it appears in up to half of new  bor  ns carried to term usually between day 2 – 5 after birth it does not occur outside the ne  on  atal period er  y  them  a tox  ic  um is characterized by blo  t  chy red spots on the skin with over  lying white or yellow pap  ules or pu  st  ules these le  sions may be few or numerous the eruption typically resol  ves within first two weeks of life and frequently individual le  sions will appear and disappear within minutes or hours it is a benign condition thought to cause no discomfort to the baby
er  y  thr  as  ma is a skin disease that causes brown scal  y skin pat  ches it is caused by the gram positive bacter  ium cor  y  ne  bacter  ium minu  tis  sim  um it is prevalent among diabe  tics and the ob  ese and in warm clim  ates it is worsened by wearing oc  clu  sive clothing
er  y  thro  cyan  osis cr  ur  um is a skin condition a variant of acro  cyan  osis caused by chronic exposure to cold
er  y  thro  cy  te ro  setting or e ro  setting is a phenomenon seen through a micro  scope where red blood cells er  y  thro  cy  tes are arranged around a central cell to form a cluster that looks like a flower the red blood cells surrounding the cell form the pe  tal while the central cell forms the stigma of the flower shape this formation occurs due to an immun  ological reaction between an epit  ope on the central cells surface and a recep  tor or anti  body on a red blood cell the presence of e ro  setting can be used as a test for t cells although more modern tests such as immun  o  his  to  chemistry are available may be caused by plas  modi  um in malaria
er  y  thro  der  ma also known as ex  foli  ative der  mati  tis der  mati  tis ex  foli  ativa is an infl  am  matory skin disease with er  y  them  a and scaling that affects nearly the entire cu  taneous surface in ic  d 10 a distinction is made between ex  foli  ative der  mati  tis at l 26 and er  y  thro  der  ma at l 53 9
er  y  thro  id dys  pl  asia is a condition in which immature red blood cells er  y  thro  id cells in the bone marrow are abnormal in size shape organization and or number er  y  thro  id dys  pl  asia may be caused by vitamin deficiency or chem  otherapy or it may be a sign of refrac  tory an  emia which is a my  el  odys  plastic syndrome also called er  y  thro  dys  pl  asia
er  y  thro  ker  ato  der  mia vari  abil  is also known as er  y  thro  ker  ato  der  mia figur  ata vari  abil  is ker  at  osis extre  mit  at  um pro  gre  di  ens ker  at  osis pal  mop  lan  tar  is trans  gre  di  ens et pro  gre  di  ens mend  es da costa syndrome mend  es da costa type er  y  thro  ker  ato  der  mia and progressive sym  metric er  y  thro  ker  ato  der  ma is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder that usually presents at birth or during the first year of life to date it is thought to be caused by mutations in genes en  coding for conn  ex  in channels proteins in the ep  id  er  mis leading to the mis  regulation of home  ost  asis in ker  at  in  oc  y  tes one type is characterized by generalized persistent brown hyper  ker  at  osis with accentu  ated skin markings while a second type is loc  alized with involvement that is limited in extent and characterized by sharply demarc  ated hyper  ker  ato  tic pl  aqu  es it can be associated with g  j  b 3 and g  j  b 4 it was characterized in 19  25
er  y  thro  ker  ato  der  mia with at  ax  ia also known as gi  rou  x – bar  beau syndrome is a condition characterized by er  y  them  at  ous hyper  ker  ato  tic pl  aqu  es with fine white attached scales distributed almost symmetr  ically on the extre  mi  ties
er  y  thro  mel  al  gia formerly known as mitchell s disease after sil  as we  ir mitchell acro  mel  al  gia red ne  ur  al  gia or er  y  ther  mal  gia is a rare vascular peripheral pain disorder in which blood vessels usually in the lower extre  mi  ties or hands are episo  dic  ally blocked frequently on and off daily then become hyper  emic and infl  amed there is severe burning pain in the small fiber sensory nerves and skin red  ness the attacks are periodic and are commonly triggered by heat pressure mild activity exer  tion in  som  nia or stress er  y  thro  mel  al  gia may occur either as a primary or secondary disorder i e a disorder in and of itself or a symptom of another condition secondary er  y  thro  mel  al  gia can result from small fiber peripheral neuro  pa  thy of any cause poly  cy  them  ia vera essential thro  m  bo  cy  to  sis hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia mush  room or mercury poisoning and some auto  immune disorders primary er  y  thro  mel  al  gia is caused by mutation of the voltage gated sodium channel α sub  unit gene s  cn 9 a in 2004 er  y  thro  mel  al  gia became the first human disorder in which it has been possible to associate an ion channel mutation with chronic neuro  path  ic pain when its path  op  hy  si  ology was initially published in the journal of medical genetics conversely in december 2006 a university of cambridge team reported an s  cn 9 a mutation that resulted in a complete lack of pain sensation in a pakistani street performer and some of his family members he felt no pain walked on hot co  als and stabbed himself to entertain crowds
er  y  thro  mel  an  osis fol  lic  ul  aris fac  ie  i et coll  i is an er  y  them  at  ous pi  gm  entary disease involving the fol  lic  les characterized by a red  dish brown sharply demarc  ated symmetr  ical dis  color  ation involving the pre  aur  icular and max  ill  ary regions
er  y  thro  pl  ak  ia or er  y  thro  pl  asia is a clinical term to describe any er  y  them  at  ous red area on a mu  co  us memb  rane that cannot be attributed to any other path  ology the term er  y  thro  pl  asia was coined by louis qu  ey  rat to describe a pre  can  cer  ous red le  sion of the penis this gave rise to the term er  y  th  op  la  sia of qu  ey  rat depending upon the context this term may refer specifically to carcin  oma in situ of the gl  ans penis or vul  va appearing as a red patch or may be used as a synon  ym of er  y  thro  pl  asia on other mu  co  us memb  rane or transitional sites it mainly effects the gl  ans penis the head of the penis although un  commonly it may present on the mu  co  us memb  ran  es of the lar  yn  x and rarely the mouth or the an  us er  y  thro  pl  ak  ia is analogous to the term leuk  op  la  k  ia which describes white pat  ches together these are the 2 traditionally accepted types of pre  m  align  ant le  sion in the mouth when a le  sion contains both red and white areas the term spec  k  led leuk  op  la  k  ia or ey  r  thro  leuk  op  la  k  ia is used although er  y  thro  pl  ak  ia is much less common than leuk  op  la  k  ia er  y  thro  pl  ak  ia carries a significantly higher risk of containing dys  pl  asia or carcin  oma in situ and of eventually transforming into invasive squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma a type of oral cancer
er  y  thro  pl  asia of qu  ey  rat is a squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma in situ of the gl  ans penis head of the penis or inner pre  pu  ce fores  kin in males and the vul  v  ae in females it mainly occurs in un  circum  c  ised males over the age of 40 er  y  thro  pl  asia of qu  ey  rat may also occur on the anal mu  co  sa or the oral mu  co  sa some sources state that this condition is synonymous with bow  en s disease however generally speaking bow  en s disease refers to carcin  oma in situ of any location on the skin such as the lower leg like bow  en s disease er  y  thro  pl  asia of qu  ey  rat is associated with human pap  il  lo  ma  virus 16 and is a precursor for invasive squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma it is named for french der  mato  logist louis qu  ey  rat 18  56 1933 who was head of the der  mat  ology service of l h  ô  p  ital ric  ord a ven  ere  al hospital in paris now h  ô  p  ital co  chin
er  y  thro  po  ie  tic por  phy  ria is a type of por  phy  ria associated with er  y  thro  po  ie  tic cells in er  y  thro  po  ie  tic por  phy  ri  as the enzyme deficiency occurs in the red blood cells there are three types x linked sid  ero  bl  astic an  emia or x linked dominant er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria associated with alas 2 amin  ole  vul  in  ic acid syn  th  ase has also been described x linked dominant er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria x  dep  p is caused by a gain of function mutation in the alas 2 5 amin  ole  vul  inate syn  th  ase gene the very first enzyme in the hem  e bio  synthetic path  way the mutation is caused by a fr  am  es  hi  ft mutation caused by one of two dele  tions in the alas 2 ex  on 11 either c 1706 17  09 del  ag  t  g or c 16  99 1700 del  at this al  ters the 19 th and 20 th residues of the c terminal domain thereby altering the 2 ° structure of the enzyme the del  at mutation only occurred in one family studied whereas the del  ag  t  g mutation occurred in several genetically distinct families the del  ag  t  g causes a loss of an a heli  x which is replaced by a ß sheet previously known mutations in the alas 2 resulted in a loss of function mutation causing x linked sid  ero  bl  astic an  emia er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria epp has similar symptoms as x linked dominant er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria but the mutation occurs as a loss of function in the f  ech fer  ro  chel  at  ase enzyme the very last enzyme in the path  way all individuals studied presented symptoms without mutations in the f  ech enzyme the patterns of inheritance led the researchers to conclude the mutation must come from an enzyme on the x chro  mo  some with alas 2 being the most likely candidate x linked dominant er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria is distinct from epp in that there is no overload of fe 2 ions additionally unlike the other condition the arises out of a mutation of the alas 2 gene there is no an  emia x  dep  p is characterized by a buil  dup of prot  op  or  phy  rin ix caused by in increased level of function in the alas 2 enzyme because there is a buil  dup of propor  phy  rin ix with no mal  function of the f  ech enzyme all the available fe 2 is used in the production of hem  e causing the f  ech enzyme to use z  n 2 in its place causing a buil  dup of zinc prot  op  or  phy  rin ix x linked dominant er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria is a relatively mild version of por  phy  ria with the pre  dominate symptom being extreme photo sensitivity causing severe it  ching and burning of the skin due to the buil  dup of prot  op  or  phy  rin ix one possible treatment was discovered when treating an individual with supplem  ental iron for a ga  str  ic ul  cer levels of free prot  op  or  phy  rin decreased significantly as there was iron available for the f  ech to produce hem  e levels of z  n prot  op  or  phy  rin however did not decrease
er  y  thro  po  ie  tic prot  op  or  phy  ria epp is a form of por  phy  ria which varies in severity and can be very painful it arises from a deficiency in the enzyme fer  ro  chel  at  ase leading to abnormally high levels of prot  op  or  phy  rin in the er  y  thro  cy  tes plasma skin and liver the severity varies significantly from individual to individual a clin  ically similar form of por  phy  ria known as x linked dominant prot  op  or  phy  ria was identified in 2008
er  y  thro  tel  an  gi  ec  t  atic ro  sac  ea also known as er  y  them  ato  tel  an  gi  ec  t  atic ro  sac  ea and vascular ro  sac  ea is characterized by prominent history of prolonged over ten minutes flu  shing reaction to various stimul  i such as emotional stress hot drinks alcohol sp  icy foods exercise cold or hot weather or hot ba  ths and sho  wers
es  ca is a grape disease of mature gra  pe  vines it is a type of gra  pe  vine trunk disease the fun  gi p  ha  e  o  ac  re  mon  ium ale  oph  il  um p  ha  e  om  oni  ella ch  lam  y  do  spor  a and fom  i  ti  por  ia mediterran  ea are associated with the disease
escape reflex a kind of escape response is a simple refl  ec  tory reaction in response to stimul  i indicative of danger that initiates an escape motion of an animal escape refl  exes control the seemingly chaotic motion of a cock  ro  ach running from under the foot when one tries to squ  ash it in higher animals examples of escape reflex include the withdrawal reflex e g the withdrawal of a hand in response to a pain stimulus sensory recep  tors in the stimulated body part send signals to the spinal cord along a sensory ne  uron within the sp  ine a reflex arc switches the signals straight back to the muscles of the arm effec  tors via an intermediate ne  uron inter  ne  uron and then a motor ne  uron the muscle contracts there often is an opposite response of the opposite limb because this occurs automatically and independently in the spinal cord not the brain the brain only becomes aware of the response after it has taken place escape reflex ar  cs have a high survival value enabling organisms to take rapid action to avoid potential danger various animals may have specialized escape reflex circuits
escape response escape reaction or escape behaviour is a possible reaction in response to stimul  i indicative of danger in particular it initiates an escape motion of an animal in the cases of refl  ec  tory reactions the escape response may also be called escape reflex the term is also used in a more general setting avoiding of unpleasant or dangerous situations studying escape reactions has a number of practical applications fish breeding insect rep  ell  ent design preventing aircraft bird collis  ions etc
an es  ch  ar ˈ  ɛ  sk  ɑ  ː  r greek es  char  a is a sl  ough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin particularly after a burn injury but also seen in gang  rene ul  cer fun  gal infections necro  tizing spider bite wounds spotted fe  vers and exposure to cu  taneous anthrax the term es  ch  ar is not interchangeable with sc  ab an es  ch  ar contains necro  tic tissue whereas a sc  ab is composed of dried blood and exu  date black es  ch  ars are most commonly attributed to anthrax which may be contracted through herd animal exposure but can also be obtained from past  eu  rella mul  to  ci  da exposure in cats and rabbits a newly identified human ric  ke  tt  si  al infection r par  ker  i ric  ke  tt  si  osis can be differentiated from rocky mountain spotted fever by the presence of an es  ch  ar at the site of in  oc  ulation es  ch  ar is sometimes called a black wound because the wound is covered with thick dry black necro  tic tissue es  ch  ar may be allowed to sl  ough off naturally or it may require surgical removal debri  d  ement to prevent infection especially in immun  o  compromised patients e g if a skin graft is to be conducted if es  ch  ar is on a limb it is important to assess peripheral pul  ses of the affected limb to make sure blood and lymp  h  atic circulation is not compromised if circulation is compromised an es  char  o  tomy or surgical inc  ision through the es  ch  ar may be indicated an es  char  otic is a substance that causes tissue to die and sl  ough off examples include acids al  kal  is carbon dioxide metallic salts and san  guin  ar  ine as well as certain medicines like im  i  qu  im  od es  char  o  tics known as black sal  ves containing ingredients such as zinc chloride and san  guin  ar  ine containing bloo  dro  ot extracts were traditionally used in herbal medicine as topical treatments for loc  alised skin cancers but often cause scar  ring and can potentially cause serious injury and dis  figu  rement consequently es  char  otic sal  ves are very strictly regulated in most western countries and while some prescription medicines are available with this effect unauthorized sales are illegal some prosecutions have been pursued over un  licensed sales of es  char  otic products such as can  sem  a
the es  chen  mo  ser fragmentation first published in 1967 is the chemical reaction of α β epo  xy  ke  tones 1 with ar  yl sul  fon  yl  hydra  z  ines 2 to give al  ky  nes 3 and carbon  yl compounds 4 this reaction is named after the swiss chem  ist albert es  chen  mo  ser who devised it in collaboration with an industrial research group around gün  ther oh  lo  ff in fir  men  ich for the production of mus  cone and related macro  cyclic mus  ks hence the reaction is also known as es  chen  mo  ser – oh  lo  ff fragmentation in the same year i e 1967 mas  ato tan  abe et al of sri international published an article detailing the reaction and thus some also refer to it as the es  chen  mo  ser – tan  abe fragmentation the es  chen  mo  ser fragmentation several examples exist in the literature and the reaction is also carried out on industrial scale
the es  chen  mo  ser sul  fide contraction is an organic reaction first described by albert es  chen  mo  ser for the synthesis of 1 3 dic  ar  bon  yl compounds from a thi  o  ester the method requires a base and a tertiary phosp  h  ine the method is of some relevance to organic chemistry and has been notably applied in the vitamin b 12 total synthesis es  chen  mo  ser sul  fur contraction sv  g a base abstr  acts the lab  ile hydrogen atom in the thi  o  ester a sul  fide an  ion is formed through an ep  is  ul  fide intermediate which is removed by the phosp  h  ine es  chen  mo  ser sul  fur contraction mechanism
es  cher  ic  hia coli o 157 h 7 is a sero  type of the bacterial species es  cher  ic  hia coli and is one of the shi  ga toxin – producing types of e coli it is a cause of disease typically food  borne illness of the colon  ic es  cher  ic  hi  osis type through consumption of contaminated and raw food including raw milk infection with this type of pathogenic bacteria may lead to hemorrha  gic diarr  hea and to kidney failure these have been reported to cause the deaths of children younger than five years of age of elderly patients and of patients whose immun  o  logies are otherwise compromised transmission is via the f  ec  al – oral route and raw milk from goats sheep and cattle and most illness has been through distribution of contaminated raw leaf green vegetables under  cooked meat and raw milk
the es  ch  weiler – clarke reaction also called the es  ch  weiler – clarke meth  yl  ation is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary amine is meth  yl  ated using excess form  ic acid and form  alde  hyde reduc  tive am  ination reactions such as this one will not produce qu  ater  n  ary ammonium salts but instead will stop at the tertiary amine stage it is named for the german chem  ist wil  helm es  ch  weiler 18  60 – 1936 and the british chem  ist hans th  acher clarke 18  87 1972 the es  ch  weiler – clark reaction
es  o  ci  d lymp  ho  sar  coma is a tumor found in northern pi  ke and mus  k  ell  un  ge in north america and europe it is described as an infectious disease of probable viral origin external signs of tumors include pro  tru  ding grow  ths on the flank fins and head that are several centi  meters in diameter and have irregular surfaces tumors can also occur on internal organs including muscle kidney liver and heart the color of the tumor can be whi  tish gray red or pink the tumors are very soft and upon maturity can rupture and appear as dead tissue
es  op  ha  ge  al at  re  sia or o  es  op  ha  ge  al at  re  sia is a con  genital medical condition birth defect which affects the alim  entary tract it causes the es  op  ha  gus to end in a blind ended p  ouch rather than connecting normally to the stomach it comprises a variety of con  genital an  atomic defects that are caused by an abnormal embry  ological development of the es  op  ha  gus it is characterized anatom  ically by a con  genital obstruction of the es  op  ha  gus with interruption of the continuity of the es  op  ha  ge  al wall
es  op  ha  ge  al cancer or o  es  op  ha  ge  al cancer is cancer arising from the es  op  ha  gus — the food pipe that runs between the throat and the stomach symptoms often include difficulty in sw  allowing and weight loss other symptoms may include pain when sw  allowing a ho  arse voice enlarged lymp  h no  des g  lands around the col  lar  bone a dry cough and possibly cou  gh  ing up or v  om  iting blood the two main sub types of the disease are es  op  ha  ge  al squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma often abbreviated to es  cc which is more common in the developing world and es  op  ha  ge  al aden  o  carcin  oma e  ac which is more common in the developed world a number of less common types also occur squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma arises from the epi  the  li  al cells that line the es  op  ha  gus aden  o  carcin  oma arises from g  land  ular cells present in the lower third of the es  op  ha  gus often where they have already transformed to intest  inal cell type a condition known as bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus causes of the squ  am  ous cell type include tobacco alcohol very hot drinks poor diet and chewing be  tel nut the most common causes of the aden  o  carcin  oma type are smoking tobacco obesity and acid ref  lux the disease is diagnosed by biopsy done by an endo  scope a fi  ber  op  tic camera prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a healthy diet treatment is based on the cancer s stage and location together with the person s general condition and individual preferences small loc  alized squ  am  ous cell cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure in most other cases chem  otherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chem  otherapy and radiation therapy in the presence of extensive disease or if the affected person is not fit enough to undergo surgery palliative care is often recommended outcomes are related to the extent of the disease and other medical conditions but generally tend to be fairly poor as diagnosis is often late five year survival rates are around 13 to 18 as of 2012 es  op  ha  ge  al cancer is the eighth most common cancer globally with 456 000 new cases during the year it caused about 400 000 deaths that year up from 345 000 in 1990 rates vary widely among countries with about half of all cases occurring in china it is around three times more common in men than in women
es  op  ha  ge  al candi  di  asis is an opportunistic infection of the es  op  ha  gus by candi  da al  bic  ans the disease usually occurs in patients in immun  o  compromised states including post chem  otherapy and in aids however it can also occur in patients with no pre  disposing risk factors and is more likely to be as  ymp  tomatic in those patients it is also known as candi  dal es  op  ha  gi  tis or mon  ili  al es  op  ha  gi  tis
es  op  ha  ge  al diseases can derive from con  genital conditions or they can be acquired later in life many people experience a burning sensation in their chest occasionally caused by stomach acids ref  lux  ing into the es  op  ha  gus normally called heart  burn extended exposure to heart  burn may erode the lining of the es  op  ha  gus leading potentially to bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus which is associated with an increased risk of aden  o  carcin  oma most commonly found in the dis  tal one third of the es  op  ha  gus some people also experience a sensation known as glo  bus es  op  ha  gus where it feels as if a ball is lodged in the lower part of the es  op  ha  gus the following are additional diseases and conditions that affect the es  op  ha  gus acute es  op  ha  ge  al necro  sis ac  hal  asia bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus cha  gas disease caus  tic injury to the es  op  ha  gus es  op  ha  ge  al at  re  sia and trac  he  o  es  op  ha  ge  al f  ist  ula es  op  ha  ge  al cancer es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices es  op  ha  ge  al web es  op  ha  gi  tis ger  d hi  atus her  nia kil  lian – jam  ies  on diver  ticul  um mall  ory we  iss syndrome neuro  genic dy  sp  ha  gia sch  at  z  ki s ring zen  ker s diver  ticul  um bo  er  ha  ave syndrome diffuse es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm es  op  ha  ge  al dy  sp  ha  gia
an es  op  ha  ge  al food bol  us obstruction or ste  ak  house syndrome is a medical emergency caused by the obstruction of the es  op  ha  gus by an ing  ested foreign body it is usually associated with diseases that narrow the lum  en of the es  op  ha  gus such as e  o  sin  oph  il  ic es  op  ha  gi  tis sch  at  z  ki rings pe  ptic stric  tures we  bs or cancers of the es  op  ha  gus rarely it can be seen in disorders of the movement of the es  op  ha  gus such as nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus while some es  op  ha  ge  al food bol  i can pass by themselves or with the assistance of medications some require the use of endo  sco  py to push the obstructing food into the stomach or remove it from the es  op  ha  gus
es  op  ha  ge  al intr  am  u  cos  al pseu  do  diver  ticul  osis is a rare condition where  in the wall of the es  op  ha  gus develops numerous small out  pou  ch  ings pseu  do  diver  ticul  ae individuals with the condition typically develop difficulty sw  allowing the out  pou  ch  ings represent the duc  ts of sub  mu  cos  al g  lands of the es  op  ha  gus it typically affects individuals in their sixth and seventh decades of life while it is associated with certain chronic conditions particularly alcoholism diabetes and gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease the cause of the condition is unknown treatment involves medications to treat concomitant conditions such as ref  lux such as prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors and es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm and dil  ation of stric  tures in the es  op  ha  gus
an es  op  ha  ge  al mo  ti  lity disorder is any medical disorder causing difficulty in sw  allowing reg  urg  itation of food and a sp  asm type pain which can be brought on by an allergic reaction to certain foods the most prominent one is dy  sp  ha  gia it is a part of c  rest syndrome refers to the five main features cal  cin  osis ray  n  aud s phenomenon es  op  ha  ge  al dys  mo  ti  lity s  cler  od  ac  ty  ly and tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia
es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm or o  es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm is a disorder of es  op  ha  ge  al mo  ti  lity the es  op  ha  gus is an organ in vertebr  ates which consists of a fi  bro  muscular tube through which food passes aided by per  ist  al  sis contr  actions from the upper es  op  ha  ge  al sp  h  inc  ter to the stomach through waves of co ordinated muscle contraction or per  ist  al  sis there are two types of es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm diffuse es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm des where there is un  co ordinated es  op  ha  ge  al contr  actions where several sections of the es  op  ha  gus can contract at once nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus ne also known as hyper  ten  sive per  ist  al  sis where the contr  actions are co ordinated but with an excessive am  pl  itude both conditions can be linked with gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease when the co ordinated muscle contraction are irregular or uncoordinated this condition may be called diffuse es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm these sp  as  ms can prevent food from reaching the stomach where food gets stuck in the es  op  ha  gus at other times the co ordinated muscle contraction is very powerful which is called nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus these contr  actions move food through the es  op  ha  gus but can cause severe pain
an es  op  ha  ge  al st  ent is a st  ent tube placed in the es  op  ha  gus to keep a blocked area open so the patient can swallow soft food and liquids es  op  ha  ge  al st  ents may be self exp  and  able metallic st  ents or made of plastic or sili  cone and may be used in the treatment of es  op  ha  ge  al cancer a 2007 study showed no difference in the quality of palli  ation between plastic and metal st  ents but a novel polyester mesh st  ent caused more complications especially migration as of 2009 covered self expanding metal st  ents were the only f  da approved to be placed permanently occasionally these st  ents may be placed as part of a clinical trial or as off label use to repair es  op  ha  ge  al leaks or f  ist  ul  ae they are placed using the guidance of fluoro  sco  py x ray and endo  sco  py usually they are left in for less than four weeks
a benign es  op  ha  ge  al stric  ture or pe  ptic stric  ture is a narrowing or tightening of the es  op  ha  gus that causes sw  allowing difficulties
in medicine gastro  enter  ology es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices or o  es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices are extremely dil  ated sub mu  cos  al ve  ins in the lower third of the es  op  ha  gus they are most often a consequence of portal hyper  tension commonly due to cir  rho  sis patients with es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices have a strong tendency to develop bleeding es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices are diagnosed with endo  sco  py
es  op  ha  ge  al we  bs are thin memb  ran  es located in the middle or upper es  op  ha  gus
es  op  ha  gi  tis or o  es  op  ha  gi  tis is infl  amm  ation of the es  op  ha  gus it may be acute or chronic acute es  op  ha  gi  tis can be cat  arr  hal or ph  leg  mon  ous whereas chronic es  op  ha  gi  tis may be hyper  troph  ic or atro  ph  ic
es  oph  oria is a condition characterised by inward deviation of the eye usually due to extra oc  ular muscle imbalance causes include ref  r  active errors divergence in  sufficiency convergence excess this can be due to nerve muscle con  genital or mechanical anomalies unlike es  o  tro  p  ia fusion is possible and therefore di  pl  op  ia is un  common
es  o  tro  p  ia is a form of str  ab  is  mus in which one or both eyes turns inward the condition can be constantly present or occur inter  mit  tently and can give the affected individual a cross eyed appearance it is the opposite of exo  tro  p  ia es  o  tro  p  ia is sometimes errone  ously called “ lazy eye ” which describes the condition of am  bl  y  op  ia — a reduction in vision of one or both eyes that is not the result of any path  ology of the eye and cannot be resolved by the use of corrective l  enses am  bl  y  op  ia can however arise as a result of es  o  tro  p  ia occurring in childhood in order to relieve symptoms of di  pl  op  ia or double vision the child s brain will ignore or “ suppress ” the image from the es  o  tropic eye which when allowed to continue untreated will lead to the development of am  bl  y  op  ia treatment options for es  o  tro  p  ia include glasses to correct ref  r  active errors see accommod  ative es  o  tro  p  ia below the use of pris  ms and or orth  op  tic exercises and or eye muscle surgery the term is from greek eso meaning inward and tro  pe meaning a turning
essential der  mati  tis is an idi  opathic infl  amm  ation of the skin that does not fit the picture of other well defined conditions such as at  op  ic or contact der  mati  tis and is a diagnosis of exclusion
essential thro  m  bo  cy  to  sis et also known as essential thro  m  bo  cy  them  ia essential thro  m  bo  cy  th  aemia primary thro  m  bo  cy  to  sis is a rare chronic blood disorder characterised by the overproduction of plat  el  ets by meg  ak  ar  y  oc  y  tes in the bone marrow it may albeit rarely develop into acute my  elo  id leuk  aemia or my  elo  fi  bro  sis it is one of four my  elo  prolifer  ative disorders disorders characterised by increased production of a particular line of blood cell
essential trem  or et also referred to as benign trem  or famili  al trem  or or idi  opathic trem  or is the most common movement disorder its cause is unknown it typically involves a trem  or of the arms hands or fingers but sometimes involving the head vocal cords or other body parts during voluntary movements such as eating and writing it is distinct from par  kinson s disease — and often mis  diagnosed as such — although some individuals have both conditions essential trem  or is commonly described as an action trem  or i e it intensi  fies when one tries to use the affected muscles or post  ural trem  or i e present with sustained muscle tone rather than a resting trem  or such as is seen in par  kinson ’ s which is usually not included among its symptoms
the ess  ex lop  res  ti frac  ture is a frac  ture of the rad  ial head with concomitant dis  location of the dis  tal radio ul  nar joint and disruption of the inter  osse  ous memb  rane the injury is named after peter ess  ex lop  res  ti who described it in 1951
ester pyro  lysis in organic chemistry is a vacuum pyro  lysis reaction converting esters containing a β hydrogen atom into the corresponding car  box  yl  ic acid and the al  k  ene the reaction is an ei elimination examples are the synthesis of ac  r  yl  ic acid from ethyl ac  ry  late at 590 ° c the synthesis of 1 4 pent  adi  ene from 1 5 pent  an  edi  ol di  acetate at 575 ° c or the construction of a cyclo  bu  ten  e framework at 700 ° c an example of ester pyro  losis ethyl ac  ry  late de  com  poses into ac  r  yl  ic acid and eth  ene ethylene gas at 590 ° c
esthe  sion  euro  bl  ast  oma is a rare form of cancer involving the nas  al cav  ity it can cause loss of vision and taste it is often considered synonymous with ol  factory neuro  bl  ast  oma and is believed to arise from the ol  factory epi  the  lium but the exact tissue of origin is not yet well characterized it is associated with tr  is  omy 8 it was first characterized in 19  24
an estro  gen dependent condition disease disorder or syndrome is a medical condition that is in part or full dependent on or is sensitive to the presence of estro  genic activity in the body known estro  gen dependent conditions include ma  st  od  y  nia breast pain tender  ness breast fi  bro  ids mamm  op  la  sia macro  mas  tia breast hyper  tro  phy gy  ne  com  as  tia breast cancer pre  co  cious pu  ber  ty in girls mel  as  ma men  or  rha  gia end  ome  tri  osis end  ome  trial hyper  pl  asia aden  om  y  osis uter  ine fi  bro  ids uter  ine cancers e g end  ome  trial cancer o  vari  an cancer and hyper  estro  gen  ism in males such as in certain conditions like cir  rho  sis and k  lin  ef  el  ter s syndrome such conditions may be treated with drugs with anti  estro  gen actions including selective estro  gen recep  tor mod  ulators ser  ms such as tam  ox  if  en and clo  mi  f  ene estro  gen recep  tor antagon  ists such as ful  ve  str  ant arom  at  ase inhi  bit  ors such as an  astro  zo  le and ex  em  est  ane gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone gn  r  h analo  gues such as leu  proli  de and ce  tro  reli  x and or other anti  gon  ad  o  tro  pins such as dan  az  ol ge  str  in  one me  gest  rol acetate and med  ro  xy  prog  est  er  one acetate
estro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome e  is or estro  gen resistance is a form of con  genital estro  gen deficiency caused by a defective estro  gen recep  tor er specifically er  α thus est  rog  ens cannot be recognized and initiate their biological action con  genital estro  gen deficiency can also be caused by a defect in the arom  at  ase enzyme in humans the condition is very rare and only two cases have been described one male and one female
estu  ar  ine acidification is a decrease in the ph of coastal marine ecosystems specifically those of estu  aries ph change in estu  aries is more complicated than in the open ocean due to direct impacts from land run off and coastal current dynamics ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the ph of the earth s oceans caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide co 2 from the atmosphere 0 1 units over the last century the ocean absor  bs 30 40 of all co 2 emitted to the atmosphere this increase in aqu  eous carbon dioxide causes a decline in the ph of the ocean surface as carbon dioxide combines with water it releases prot  ons hydrogen ions based on the following equation co 2 h 2 o ↔ h 2 co 3 ↔ h  co 3 h ↔ co 3 2 h
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the e  there  al fil  cher is a bizarre aberr  ation
eth  mo  cephal  y is a type of cephal  ic disorder caused by holo  pro  sen  cephal  y eth  mo  cephal  y is the least common facial anomaly it consists of a pro  bo  sc  is separating narrow set eyes with an absent nose and micro  phthal  mia abnormal small  ness of one or both eyes ce  bo  cephal  y another facial anomaly is characterized by a small fl  att  ened nose with a single no  stri  l situated below incomplete or underdeveloped closely set eyes the least severe in the spectrum of facial anomalies is the median cle  ft lip also called pre  max  ill  ary agen  esis although the causes of most cases of holo  pro  sen  cephal  y remain unknown some may be due to dominant or chro  mo  some causes such chro  mo  som  al anomalies as tr  is  omy 13 and tr  is  omy 18 have been found in association with holo  pro  sen  cephal  y or other ne  ural tube defects genetic counsel  ing and genetic testing such as am  ni  oc  ent  esis is usually offered during a pregnancy if holo  pro  sen  cephal  y is detected the recurrence risk depends on the underlying cause if no cause is identified and the fe  tal chro  mo  som  es are normal the chance to have another pregnancy affected with holo  pro  sen  cephal  y is about 6 there is no treatment for holo  pro  sen  cephal  y and the prog  no  sis for individuals with the disorder is poor most of those who survive show no significant developmental gains for children who survive treatment is symptomatic it is possible that improved management of diabe  tic pregnancies may help prevent holo  pro  sen  cephal  y however there is no means of primary prevention
eth  ox  yl  ation is a chemical reaction in which ethylene oxide adds to alcohol  s and phen  ols the process conver  ts the group ro  h into r oc 2 h 4 no  h where n ranges from 1 to as high as 10 such compounds are called alcohol eth  ox  yl  ates alcohol eth  ox  l  ates are often converted to related species called eth  ox  ys  ul  fates alcohol eth  ox  yl  ates and eth  ox  ys  ul  fates are sur  fac  tants used widely in cosmetic and other commercial products the process is of great industrial significance with more than 2 000 000 metric tons various eth  ox  yl  ates produced worldwide 1994
ethylene gly  col poisoning is poisoning caused by drinking ethylene gly  col early symptoms include in  tox  ication v  om  iting and ab  domin  al pain later symptoms may include a decreased level of consciousness headache and seizures long term outcomes may include kidney failure and brain damage toxicity and death may occur even after drinking a small amount ethylene gly  col is a color  less od  or  less sweet liquid commonly found in anti  freeze it may be drank accidental or purpose  fully in an attempt to cause death when broken down by the body it results in gly  col  ic acid and ox  al  ic acid which cause most of the toxicity the diagnosis may be suspected when calcium ox  al  ate cryst  als are seen in the urine or when aci  do  sis or an increased os  mol gap is present in the blood diagnosis may be confirmed by measuring ethylene gly  col levels in the blood however many hospitals do not have the ability to perform this test early treatment increases the chance of a good outcome treatment consists of stabilizing the person followed by the use of an antidote the prefer  ed antidote is fom  epiz  ole with ethanol used if this is not av  ali  able h  emo  dial  ysis may also be used in those where there is organ damage or a high degree of aci  do  sis other treatments may include sodium bic  ar  bon  ate thi  amine and magnesium more than 5000 cases of poisoning occur in the united states each year those affected are often adults and male deaths from ethylene gly  col have been reported as early as 1930 an outbreak of deaths in 19  37 due to a medication mixed in ethylene gly  col resulted in the food drug and cosmetic act of 1938 in the united states which mandated evidence of safety before new medications could be sold anti  freeze products sometimes have a substance to make it bitter added to discourage drinking by children and other animals but this has not been found to be effective
ethyl  mal  onic encephalopathy ee is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive in  born error of metabol  ism patients affected with ee are typically identified shortly after birth with symptoms including diarr  hea pe  tec  hi  ae and seizures the genetic defect in ee is thought to involve an impairment in the degradation of sul  fide intermedi  ates in the body hydrogen sul  fide then builds up to toxic levels ee was initially described in 1994 most cases of ee have been described in individuals of mediterranean or arabic origin
the eu  cli  dean shortest path problem is a problem in compu  tational geometry given a set of poly  he  dr  al obstacles in a eu  cli  dean space and two points find the shortest path between the points that does not inter  sect any of the obstacles in two dimensions the problem can be solved in poly  no  mi  al time in a model of compu  tation allowing addition and comparisons of real numbers despite theoretical difficulties involving the numerical precision needed to perform such calculations these algori  th  ms are based on two different principles either performing a shortest path algori  thm such as di  j  k  stra s algori  thm on a visibility graph derived from the obstacles or in an approach called the continuous di  j  k  stra method propagating a wa  ve  front from one of the points until it meets the other in three and higher dimensions the problem is n  p hard in the general case but there exist efficient approximation algori  th  ms that run in poly  no  mi  al time based on the idea of finding a suitable sample of points on the obstacle edges and performing a visibility graph calculation using these sample points there are many results on computing shortest paths which stays on a poly  he  dr  al surface given two points s and t say on the sur  face  of a conv  ex poly  he  dron the problem is to compu  te a shortest path that never leaves the surface and connects s with t this is a gener  alization of the problem from 2 dimension but it is much easier than the 3 dimensional problem also there are variations of this problem where the obstacles are weighted i e one can go through an obstacle but it incur  san extra cost to go through an obstacle the standard problem is the special case where the obstacles have infinite weight this is  termed as the weighted region problem in the literature
eu  l y  ong ta han  gul 을  용  타 han  ja 乙  容  打 is a south korean internet phenomenon used to describe the incident when south korean foot  ball  er lee eu  l y  ong slapped chinese forward li yi in the back of his head in a match against china in december 2003 or to describe the slap itself the incident led to over 200 par  o  dies in south korea eu  l y  ong ta derives its name from lee eu  l y  ong who was car  ded for sl  apping li yi in the head and ta 打 which means strike or blow in han  ja the term would roughly translate as eu  l y  ong strike or eu  l y  ong smash in english
in number theory eul  er s to  ti  ent function counts the positive inte  gers up to a given inte  ger n that are relatively prime to n it is written using the greek letter ph  i as φ n or ϕ n and may also be called eul  er s ph  i function it can be defined more formally as the number of inte  gers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n for which the greatest common divis  or g  cd n k 1 the inte  gers k of this form are sometimes referred to as tot  atives of n for example the tot  atives of n 9 are the six numbers 1 2 4 5 7 and 8 they are all relatively prime to 9 but the other three numbers in this range 3 6 and 9 are not because g  cd 9 3 g  cd 9 6 3 and g  cd 9 9 9 therefore φ 9 6 as another example φ 1 1 since for n 1 the only inte  ger in the range from 1 to n is 1 itself and g  cd 1 1 1 eul  er s to  ti  ent function is a multiplic  ative function meaning that if two numbers m and n are relatively prime then φ mn φ m φ n this function gives the order of the multiplic  ative group of inte  gers mod  ul  o n the group of units of the ring z n  z it also plays a key role in the definition of the r  sa encryption system
eu  my  ce  tom  a is a chronic gran  ul  om  at  ous fun  gal disease of humans affecting mainly the limbs and sometimes the ab  domin  al and chest walls or the head my  ce  tom  a ped  is my  ce  tom  a of the foot the most common form of my  ce  tom  a is known widely as the mad  ura foot the infection is endemic in africa india and the central and south americas
euro  currency is deposits in banks that are located outside the borders of the country that issue the currency the deposit is denominated in for example a deposit denominated in japanese yen held in a brazilian bank is a euro  currency deposit likewise a deposit denominated in us dollars held in a singapore bank is a euro  currency deposit or more specifically or more clearly a euro  dollar deposit euro  currency is the currency of any country held on deposit in europe outside its home market used as a source of short or medium term finance especially in international trade because of easy convertibility euro  currency does not have to involve either the euro currency or the eurozone today the euro  currency and euro  bond markets are active because they avoid domestic interest rate regulations reserve requirements and other barriers to the free flow of capital
euro  dollars are time deposits denominated in u s dollars at banks outside the united states and thus are not under the jurisdiction of the federal reserve consequently such deposits are subject to much less regulation than similar deposits within the u s the term was originally coined for u s dollars in european banks but it expanded over the years to its present definition — a u s dollar denominated deposit in tokyo or beijing would be likewise deemed a euro  dollar deposit there is no connection with the euro currency or the eurozone more generally the euro pre  fix can be used to indicate any currency held in a country where it is not the official currency for example euro  yen or even euro  euro
the european public hearing on european conscience and crimes of totalitarian communism 20 years after was a european public hearing organised by the czech presidency of the european union in the european parliament on 18 march 2009 the hearing was described by the presidency as the third step towards the establishment of a european platform of memory and conscience to support the activities of institutions engaged in reconciling with totalitarian regimes in europe the hearing was hosted by the deputy prime minister for european affairs alex  and  r von  dra and the permanent representative of the czech republic to the european union mil  ena vic  en  ov  á on behalf of the czech presidency of the council of the european union in cooperation with meps supporting the prague declaration the first session chaired by tun  ne kel  am mep included speeches by pa  vel ž  á  č  ek director institute for the study of totalitarian regimes em  manuel cr  ab  it european commission directorate general of justice freedom and security eman  u  el  is z  ing  er  is chairman international commission for the evaluation of the crimes of the nazi and soviet occupation regimes in lithuania mari  us op  rea institute for the investigation of communist crimes in romania hans al  tend  or  f office of the federal commissioner for the st  asi records v  asi  l kad  rin  ov hannah aren  dt center nicolas wer  th institute for contemporary history cn  rs and cam  illa andersson institute for information on the crimes of communism the second session chaired by jana hy  b  á  š  kov  á mep included speeches by alex  and  r von  dra deputy prime minister for european affairs of the czech republic j  án fi  ge  ľ european commissioner for education ale  jo vidal quadras mep vice president of the european parliament jan zah  rad  il mep l  á  sz  l  ó t  ö  k  és mep and sandra kal  nie  te former european commissioner the conclusions called for the establishment of the platform of european memory and conscience and supported the proclamation of the european day of remembrance for victims of stalinism and nazism the hearing was followed by a resolution of the european parliament on european conscience and totalitarianism of 2 april 2009
the euro  pi  um anomaly is the phenomenon whereby the euro  pi  um eu concentration in a mineral is either enriched or depleted relative to some standard commonly a ch  on  dr  ite or mid ocean ridge bas  alt mor  b in geo  chemistry a euro  pi  um anomaly is said to be positive if the eu concentration in the mineral is enriched relative to the other rare earth elements rees and is said to be negative if eu is depleted relative to the other rees while all lan  than  ides form relatively large tri  val  ent 3 ions eu and cer  ium ce have additional val  ences euro  pi  um forms 2 ions and ce forms 4 ions leading to chemical reaction differences in how these ions can partition versus the 3 rees in the case of eu its reduced di  val  ent 2 c  ations are similar in size and carry the same charge as ca 2 an ion found in pl  ag  io  cl  ase and other minerals while eu is an incompatible element in its tri  val  ent form eu 3 in an ox  idi  zing mag  ma it is prefer  entially incorporated into pl  ag  io  cl  ase in its di  val  ent form eu 2 in a reducing mag  ma where it substitutes for calcium ca 2 enrichment or depletion is generally attributed to euro  pi  um s tendency to be incorporated into pl  ag  io  cl  ase prefer  entially over other minerals if a mag  ma crystal  li  zes stable pl  ag  io  cl  ase most of the eu will be incorporated into this mineral causing a higher than expected concentration of eu in the mineral versus other ree in that mineral a positive anomaly the rest of the mag  ma will then be relatively depleted in eu with a concentration of eu lower than expected versus the concentrations of other rees in that mag  ma if the eu depleted mag  ma is then separated from its pl  ag  io  cl  ase cryst  als and subsequently soli  di  fies its chemical composition will display a negative eu anomaly because the eu is locked up in the pl  ag  io  cl  ase left in the mag  ma chamber conversely if a mag  ma accumul  ates pl  ag  io  cl  ase cryst  als before soli  di  fication its rock composition will display a relatively positive eu anomaly a well known example of the eu anomaly is seen on the moon ree analyses of the moon s light colored lun  ar highlands show a large positive eu anomaly due to the pl  ag  io  cl  ase rich an  orth  os  ite comprising the highlands the darker lun  ar mare consisting mainly of bas  alt shows a large negative eu anomaly this has led geo  logists to speculate as to the genetic relationship between the lun  ar highlands and mare it is possible that much of the moon s eu was incorporated into the earlier pl  ag  io  cl  ase rich highlands leaving the later bas  al  tic mare strongly depleted in eu
eu  stron  gy  li  do  sis is a par  asi  tic disease that mainly affects w  ading birds worldwide however the parasite ’ s complex indirect life cycle involves other species such as aquatic worms and fish moreover this disease is zoonotic which means the parasite can transmit disease from animals to humans eu  stron  gy  li  do  sis is named after the caus  ative agent eu  stron  gy  li  des and typically occurs in eu  troph  ic  ated waters where concentrations of nutrients and minerals are high enough to provide ideal conditions for the parasite to thrive and persist because eu  troph  ication has become a common issue due to agricultural run  off and urban development cases of eu  stron  gy  li  do  sis are becoming prevalent and hard to control eu  stron  gy  li  do  sis can be diagnosed before or after death by observing behavior clinical signs and performing f  ec  al flo  tations and necro  p  sies methods to control eu  stron  gy  li  do  sis include preventing eu  troph  ication and providing hosts with un  infected food sources in aquaculture farms parasites are known to be indicators of environmental health and stability and should therefore be studied further to better understand the parasite ’ s life cycle and how it affects predat  or prey interactions and improve conservation efforts
the op  is  th  ob  ran  ch  ia represent one of the more prominent gastro  pod line  ages that have undergone eu  thy  ne  ury
eu  thyro  id sick syndrome ess sick eu  thyro  id syndrome ses thyro  id allo  st  asis in critical illness tum  ours u  re  mia and starvation tac  it  us non thyro  idal illness syndrome n  tis or low t 3 low t 4 syndrome is a state of adaptation or dys  regulation of thyro  tropic feedback control where the levels of t 3 and or t 4 are at unusual levels but the thyro  id g  land does not appear to be dysfunctional this condition is often seen in starvation critical illness or patients in intensive care unit the most common hormone pattern in sick eu  thyro  id syndrome is a low total and un  bound t 3 levels with normal t 4 and ts  h levels
eu  typ  ella can  ker is a plant disease caused by the fun  gal pathogen eu  typ  ella par  asi  tica this disease is capable of inf  ecting many species of map  le trees and produces a large distingu  ishable can  ker on the main trunk of the tree infection and spread of the disease is accomplished with the release of as  co  spo  res from peri  th  ec  ia therefore the best way to manage the eu  typ  ella can  ker is to remove trees that have been infected if infected it can decrease the quality of wood cut for lum  ber and can thus have a negative economic impact
in some programming languages eval is a function which evalu  ates a string as though it were an expression and returns a result in others it execu  tes multiple lines of code as though they had been included instead of the line including the eval the input to eval is not necessarily a string it may be structured representation of code such as an abstract syn  tax tree like lis  p forms or of special type such as code as in py  th  on the analo  g for a statement is ex  ec which execu  tes a string or code in other format as if it were a statement in some languages such as py  th  on both are present while in other languages only one of either eval or ex  ec is eval and apply are instances of me  ta circular evalu  ators interpreters of a language that can be invoked within the language itself
an evaluation function also known as a he  ur  istic evaluation function or static evaluation function is a function used by game playing programs to estimate the value or goodness of a position in the minim  ax and related algori  th  ms the evaluation function is typically designed to prioritize speed over accuracy the function looks only at the current position and does not explore possible moves therefore static
evans syndrome is an auto  immune disease in which an individual s antibodies attack their own red blood cells and plat  el  ets both of these events may occur simultaneously or one may follow on from the other its overall path  ology resembles a combination of auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia and immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a auto  immune hem  ol  y  tic an  emia is a condition in which the red blood cells that normally carry oxygen and carbon dioxide are destroyed by an auto  immune process immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a is a condition in which plat  el  ets are destroyed by an auto  immune process plat  el  ets are a component of blood that contribute to the formation of blood clo  ts in the body to prevent bleeding the syndrome was first described in 1951 by r s evans and colleagues
in mathematics an ev  asive boo  lean function ƒ of n variables is a boo  lean function for which every decision tree algori  thm has running time of exactly n consequently every decision tree algori  thm that represents the function has at worst case a running time of n
the event driven messaging is a design pattern applied within the service orientation design paradigm in order to enable the service consumers which are interested in events that occur within the periphery of a service provider to get notifications about these events as and when they occur without resorting to the traditional inefficient polling based mechanism
event driven architecture eda also known as message driven architecture is a software architecture pattern promoting the production detection consumption of and reaction to events an event can be defined as a significant change in state for example when a consumer purchases a car the car s state changes from for sale to sold a car dealer s system architecture may treat this state change as an event whose occurrence can be made known to other applications within the architecture from a formal perspective what is produced published propag  ated detected or consumed is a typically as  yn  ch  ron  ous message called the event notification and not the event itself which is the state change that triggered the message emission events do not travel they just occur however the term event is often used me  ton  ym  ically to den  ote the notification message itself which may lead to some confusion this architectural pattern may be applied by the design and implementation of applications and systems which transmit events among loosely coupled software components and services an event driven system typically consists of event emitters or agents event consumers or sinks and event channels emitters have the responsibility to detect gather and transfer events an event em  itter does not know the consumers of the event it does not even know if a consumer exists and in case it exists it does not know how the event is used or further processed sinks have the responsibility of applying a reaction as soon as an event is presented the reaction might or might not be completely provided by the sink itself for instance the sink might just have the responsibility to filter transform and forward the event to another component or it might provide a self contained reaction to such event event channels are condu  its in which events are transmitted from event emitters to event consumers the knowledge of the correct distribution of events is exclusively present within the event channel the physical implementation of event channels can be based on traditional components such as message oriented mid  d  le  ware or point to point communication which might require a more appropriate trans  ac  tional executive framework building applications and systems around an event driven architecture allows these applications and systems to be constructed in a manner that facilitates more responsiveness because event driven systems are by design more norm  alized to unpredictable and as  yn  ch  ron  ous environments event driven architecture can complement service oriented architecture so  a because services can be activated by triggers fired on incoming events this paradigm is particularly useful whenever the sink does not provide any self contained executive so  a 2 0 evol  ves the implications so  a and eda architec  tures provide to a richer more robust level by leveraging previously unknown causal relationships to form a new event pattern this new business intelligence pattern triggers further autonomous human or automated processing that adds exponential value to the enterprise by injecting value added information into the recognized pattern which could not have been achieved previously
everyday a  esthe  tics is a recent sub  field of philosophical a  esthe  tics focusing on everyday events settings and activities in which the faculty of sen  sibility is sali  ently at stake alexander bau  m  gar  ten established a  esthe  tics as a discipline and defined it as scienti  a cogn  i  tion  is sensi  tiv  ae the science of sensory knowledge in his found  ational work a  esthe  tica 17  50 this field has been dedicated since then to the clarification of fine arts beauty and taste only marginally referring to the a  esthe  tics in design crafts urban environments and social practice until the emergence of everyday a  esthe  tics during the ‘ 90 s as other sub  fields like environmental a  esthe  tics or the a  esthe  tics of nature everyday a  esthe  tics also attempts to counterv  ail a  esthe  tics almost exclusive focus on the philosophy of art
evolutionary biology is the sub  field of biology that studies the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on earth starting from a single origin of life these processes include the descent of species and the origin of new species the discipline emerged through what julian hu  x  ley called the modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930 s of understanding from several previously unrelated fields of biological research including genetics ecology system  atics and pal  ae  on  to  logy current research has widened to cover the genetic architecture of adaptation molecular evolution and the different forces that contribute to evolution including not only natural selection but sexual selection genetic drift and bio  geography the newer field of evolutionary developmental biology evo de  vo investig  ates how embryonic development is controlled thus creating a wider synthesis that integrates developmental biology with the fields covered by the earlier evolutionary synthesis
in computer science evolutionary compu  tation is a sub  field of artificial intelligence more particularly soft computing that can be defined by the type of algori  th  ms it is concerned with these algori  th  ms called evolutionary algori  th  ms are based on adopting dar  w  inian principles hence the name technically they belong to the family of trial and error problem sol  vers and can be considered global optimi  zation methods with a me  ta  he  ur  istic or sto  ch  astic optimi  zation character distinguished by the use of a population of candidate solutions rather than just iter  ating over one point in the search space the application of re  combination and evolutionary strategies makes them less prone to get stuck in local optim  a than alternative methods evolutionary compu  tation uses iter  ative progress such as growth or development in a population this population is then selected in a guided random search using parallel processing to achieve the desired end such processes are often inspired by biological mechanisms of evolution as evolution can produce highly optimis  ed processes and networks it has many applications in computer science
evolutionary inform  atics is a sub  field of inform  atics addressing the practice of information processing in and the engineering of information systems for the study of biological evolution as well as the study of information in evolutionary systems natural and artificial
evolutionary mu  si  co  logy is a sub  field of biom  u  si  co  logy that grounds the psychological mechanisms of music perception and production in evolutionary theory it covers vocal communication in non human animal species theories of the evolution of human music and cross cultural human univers  als in musical ability and processing
an evolutionary radiation is an increase in tax  on  om  ic diversity or mor  pho  logical disparity due to adap  tive change or the opening of eco  space radi  ations may affect one cl  ade or many and be rapid or gradual where they are rapid and driven by a single line  age s adaptation to their environment they are termed adap  tive radi  ations caribbean an  oline li  z  ards are a particularly interesting example of an adap  tive radiation
evolutionary suicide is an evolutionary phenomenon in which the process of adaptation causes the population to become extinct for example individuals might be selected to switch from eating mature plants to se  ed  lings and thereby deplete their food plant s population selection on individuals can theoretically produce adaptations that threaten the survival of the population much of the research on evolutionary suicide has used the mathematical model  ing technique adap  tive dynamics in which genetic changes are studied together with population dynamics this allows the model to predict how population density will change as a given trait inv  ades the population evolutionary suicide has also been referred to as dar  w  inian extinction runaway selection to self extinction or evolutionary collapse the idea is similar in concept to the tragedy of the commons or the tendency of the rate of profit to fall many adaptations have apparently negative effects on population dynamics for example inf  antic  ide by male lions or the production of toxins by bacteria however empir  ically establishing that an extinction event was unambiguously caused by the process of adaptation is not a trivial task
e  wing s sar  coma or e  wing sar  coma ˈ  ju  ː  ɪ  ŋ is a m  align  ant small round blue cell tumor it is a rare disease in which cancer cells are found in the bone or in soft tissue the most common areas in which it occurs are the pel  vis the fem  ur the hum  er  us the ribs and cla  vic  le collar bone since a common genetic loc  us is responsible for a large percentage of e  wing s sar  coma and primitive neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumors these are sometimes grouped together in a category known as the e  wing family of tumors the diseases are however considered to be different peripheral primitive neuro  ec  to  der  mal tum  ours are generally not associated with bones while e  wing sar  com  as are most commonly related to bone e  wing s sar  coma occurs most frequently in teenagers and young adults with a male female ratio of 1 6 1 although usually classified as a bone tum  our e  wing s sar  coma can have characteristics of both mes  o  der  mal and ec  to  der  mal origin making it difficult to classify james e  wing 18  66 – 19  43 first described the tum  our establishing that the disease was separate from lymp  homa and other types of cancer known at that time
the ex  ab  it is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage the pre  fix ex  a symbol e is defined in the international system of units si as a multiplier of 10  18 1 qu  inti  l  lion short scale and therefore 1 ex  ab  it 10  18 bits 100  00  00  00  00  00  000000 bits 1000 pe  tab  its the ex  ab  it has the unit symbol e  bit or eb the ex  ab  it is closely related to the ex  bi  bit a unit multiple derived from the b  inary pre  fix ex  bi of the same order of magnitude which is equal to 260 bits 115  29  215  04  60  68  46  9  76 bits or approximately 15 larger than the ex  ab  it
the ex  aby  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information the pre  fix ex  a indicates multiplication by the sixth power of 1000 10  18 in the international system of units si therefore one ex  aby  te is one qu  inti  l  lion by  tes short scale the symbol for the ex  aby  te is eb 1 eb 100  06 by  tes 10  18 by  tes 100  00  00  00  00  00  000000 b 1000 pe  tab  y  tes 1 million  ter  aby  tes 1 billion  gi  gab  y  tes a related unit the ex  bi  by  te using a b  inary pre  fix is equal to 10  246 260 by  tes about 15 larger
an ex  anthem or ex  an  them  a from greek ἐ  ξ  άν  θη  μα ex  án  th  ē  ma a breaking out is a widespread rash usually occurring in children an ex  anthem can be caused by toxins drugs or micro  organisms or can result from auto  immune disease it can be contr  asted with an en  anthem
ex  an  thematic pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by an acute eruption of small pu  st  ules abruptly appearing and disappearing in a few days it usually follows an infection or may occur as a result of administration of specific medications
the ex  bi  bit is a multiple of the bit a unit of digital information storage pre  fixed by the standards based multiplier ex  bi symbol ei a b  inary pre  fix meaning 260 the unit symbol of the ex  bi  bit is ei  bit 1 ex  bi  bit 260 bits 115  29  215  04  60  68  46  9  76 bits 10  24 pe  bi  bits the ex  bi  bit is closely related to the ex  ab  it the corresponding unit using the metric pre  fix ex  a which is 10  18 bits 100  00  00  00  00  00  000000 bits
the ex  bi  by  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information it is a member of the set of units with b  inary pre  fixes defined by the international electro  technical commission iec its unit symbol is eib the pre  fix ex  bi symbol ei represents multiplication by 260 therefore 1 ex  bi  by  te 260 by  tes 115  29  215  04  60  68  46  9  76 by  tes 10  24 pe  bi  by  tes the ex  bi  by  te is closely related to the ex  aby  te eb the corresponding unit in the decimal system of multi  ples which is defined as 10  18 by  tes 100  00  00  00  00  00  000000 by  tes it follows that one ex  bi  by  te 1 eib is approximately equal to 1 15 eb
exceptional circumstances are the conditions required to grant additional powers to a government or government leader so as to alleviate or mitigate unforeseen or unconventional hardship the term is most commonly used in australia where it has been applied in various contexts most recogn  is  ably in relation to special consideration policies for students and drought relief payments for farmers known as exceptional circumstances relief payments or ec  r  p
excep  tion  alism is the perception that a country society institution movement individual or time period is exceptional i e unusual or extraordinary in some way although the idea appears to have developed with respect to an era today the term is particularly applied to national or regional excep  tion  alism other uses are r  arer in the present day
in micro  economics an excess demand function is a function expressing excess demand for a product — the excess of quantity demanded over quantity supplied — in terms of the product s price and possibly other determin  ants it is the product s demand function minus its supply function in a pure exchange economy the excess demand is the sum of all agents demands minus the sum of all agents initial endow  ments a product s excess supply function is the negative of the excess demand function — it is the product s supply function minus its demand function in most cases the first derivative of excess demand with respect to price is negative meaning that a higher price leads to lower excess demand the price of the product is said to be the equilibrium price if it is such that the value of the excess demand function is zero that is when the market is in equilibrium meaning that the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded in this situation it is said that the market clears if the price is higher than the equ  il  bri  um price excess demand will normally be negative meaning that there is a surplus positive excess supply of the product and not all of it being offered to the marketplace is being sold if the price is lower than the equ  il  bri  um price excess demand will normally be positive meaning that there is a shortage wal  ras law implies that for every price vector the price – weighted total excess demand is 0 whether or not the economy is in general equilibrium this implies that if there is excess demand for one commodity there must be excess supply for another commodity
excess o  vari  an and  ro  gen release syndrome also known as o  vari  an sa  ha syndrome is a cu  taneous condition usually seen in young women between the ages of 16 and 20
excessive day  time sleep  iness eds is characterized by persistent sleep  iness and often a general lack of energy even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged night  time sleep eds can be considered as a broad condition encompassing several sleep disorders where increased sleep is a symptom or as a symptom of another underlying disorder like narco  le  psy sleep ap  ne  a or a cir  c  adi  an rhythm disorder some persons with eds including those with hyper  som  ni  as like narco  le  psy and idi  opathic hyper  som  nia are compelled to nap repeatedly during the day fighting off increasingly strong urges to sleep during inappropriate times such as while driving while at work during a meal or in conversations as the compulsion to sleep intensi  fies the ability to complete tasks sharply diminishes often mim  ic  king the appearance of in  tox  ication during occasional unique and or stimulating circumstances a person with eds can sometimes remain animated awake and alert for brief or extended periods of time eds can affect the ability to function in family social occupational or other settings a proper diagnosis of the underlying cause and ultimately treatment of symptoms and or the underlying cause can help mitigate such complications
in physics the exchange interaction with an exchange energy and exchange term is a quantum mechanical effect that only occurs between identical particles despite sometimes being called an exchange force in analogy to classical force it is not a true force as it lacks a force carrier the effect is due to the wave function of in  distingu  ishable particles being subject to exchange sym  metry that is either remaining unchanged sym  metric or changing its sign anti  sym  metric when two particles are exchanged both bos  ons and fer  m  ions can experience the exchange interaction for fer  m  ions it is sometimes called paul  i re  pulsion and related to the paul  i exclusion principle for bos  ons the exchange interaction takes the form of an effective attraction that causes identical particles to be found closer together as in bo  se – einstein condens  ation the exchange interaction al  ters the expectation value of the distance when the wave functions of two or more in  distingu  ishable particles overlap it increases for fer  m  ions or decreases for bos  ons the expectation value of the distance between identical particles as compared to distingu  ishable particles among other consequences the exchange interaction is responsible for fer  ro  magne  tism and for the volume of matter it has no classical analogue exchange interaction effects were discovered independently by physicists wer  ner he  isenberg and paul di  rac in 19  26
excited deli  ri  um is a controversial proposed condition that manifests as a combination of deli  ri  um psy  ch  om  o  tor ag  itation anxiety halluc  inations speech disturbances dis  orientation violent and bizarre behaviour in  sensitivity to pain elevated body temperature and super  human strength excited deli  ri  um is sometimes called excited deli  ri  um syndrome if it results in sudden death usually via cardiac or respiratory arrest an outcome that is sometimes associated with the use of physical control measures including police restraint
exc  ori  ated ac  ne also known as pick  er s ac  ne or ac  ne exc  ori  ée des je  un  es fil  les is a mild ac  ne accompanied by extensive exc  ori  ations
exc  ori  ation disorder also known as der  mati  l  lo  mania skin picking disorder neuro  tic exc  ori  ation ac  ne exc  ori  ee patho  logic skin picking p  sp compul  sive skin picking c  sp or psycho  genic exc  ori  ation is a mental disorder characterized by the repeated urge to pick at one s own skin often to the extent that damage is caused research has suggested that the urge to pick is similar to a body focused repeti  tive behavior but others have argued that for some the condition is more akin to a substance abuse disorder the two main strategies for treating this condition are pharmaco  logical and behavioral intervention
software execution patterns or execution models are software patterns that address issues related to lower level support of application execution including strategies for executing streams of tasks and for the definition of building blocks to support task synchron  ization as such execution pattern is an umbrella term for work  flow patterns and or con  currency patterns to a certain extent also distributed design patterns belong to this class
in psychology and neuro  science executive dysfunction or executive function deficit is a disruption to the efficacy of the executive functions which is a group of cognitive processes that regulate control and manage other cognitive processes executive dysfunction can refer to both neuro  cognitive deficits and behavi  our  al symptoms it is implicated in numerous psychop  ath  o  logies and mental disorders as well as short term and long term changes in non clinical executive control executive dysfunction is not the same as dys  executive syndrome a term coined by alan bad  dele  y to describe a common pattern of dysfunction in executive functions such as deficiencies in planning abstract thinking flexibility and behavi  our  al control this group of symptoms usually resulting from brain damage tend to occur together however the existence of dys  executive syndrome is controversial
ex  encephal  y is a type of cephal  ic disorder where  in the brain is located outside of the skull this condition is usually found in embryos as an early stage of an  encephal  y as an ex  encephal  ic pregnancy progres  ses the ne  ural tissue gradually de  generates the prog  no  sis for infants born with ex  encephal  y is extremely poor it is rare to find an infant born with ex  encephal  y as most cases that are not early stages of an  encephal  y are usually still  born those infants who are born with the condition usually die within hours or minutes
exercise associated hy  pon  at  re  mia or e  ah is a fluid electro  ly  te disorder caused by a decrease in sodium levels hy  pon  at  re  mia during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity this disorder can develop when marathon run  ners or end  ur  ance event athletes drink more fluid usually water or sports drinks than their kidneys can ex  crete this excess water can severely dilute the level of sodium in the blood needed for organs especially the brain to function properly the incidence of e  ah in athletes has increased in recent years especially in the united states as marathon races and end  ur  ance events have become more popular a recent study showed 13 of the boston 2002 marathon run  ners experienced e  ah most cases were mild eight deaths from e  ah have been documented since 1985
exercise induced asthma or e i a occurs when the airways narrow as a result of exercise the preferred term for this condition is exercise induced bron  cho  con  stric  tion eib exercise does not cause asthma but is frequently an asthma trigger
exercise induced collapse e  ic is a genetic syndrome predominantly occurring in mixed breed dogs related to several retri  ever breeds as well as pu  reb  red lab  rador retri  evers but also seen in ches  a  pe  a  ke bay retri  evers and cur  ly co  ated retri  evers boy  kin spani  els coc  ker spani  els german wire ha  ired pointers old english sheep  dogs bou  vier des flanders p  embro  ke welsh c  org  is and clum  ber spani  els verified 2015 by lab  ok  lin in the uk the syndrome was first positively identified by dna in boy  kin spani  els in 2010 it is believed before this many owners had mis  diagnosed e  ic episodes as heat stroke affected dogs show signs of muscle weakness loss of coordination severe marked increase in body temperature and life threatening collapse when participating in stren  uous exercise or activity affected dogs can tolerate mild to moderate exercise but just 5 to 20 minutes of stren  uous activity or even extreme excitement such as that seen in field trials or hunt tests can induce weakness or collapse dogs affected with e  ic usually cannot continue with intense retri  ever training but can live normal lives as house pets as noted by the umn a few affected dogs have died during exercise or while resting immediately after an episode of exercise induced collapse so an affected dog s exercise should always be stopped at the first hint of in  coordination or wob  bl  iness e  ic is being observed with increasing frequency either from the genetics becoming more widespread or from previously mis  diagnosed cases being correctly identified now that there is evidence in the form of a dna test dogs that have e  ic are prone to mild to severe collapse that can range from dragging of the h  ind legs to complete collapse most affected dogs have been from field trial bre  edings signs become apparent in young dogs as they enter heavy training which is usually between 5 months and 7 years of age as stated in the initial umn study in 2007 dogs of either sex can be affected dogs with this condition are always normal at rest and are usually described as being extremely fit prime athle  tic specimens of their breed nervous system cardiovascular and mus  cul  osk  el  etal examinations are un  remarkable as is routine blood analysis at rest and during an episode of collapse through grants from the ak  c chf a patented dna test was developed by the university of mn of  a www off  a org provides a public database for those dogs that are dna tested the umn v  bs genetics lab is also investigating cases of atypical collapse and also border col  lie collapse where the dog is a carrier or clear of the disease on the dna test but continues to exhibit signs of the e  ic disease
exercise intolerance is a condition of inability or decreased ability to perform physical exercise at the expected level or duration of someone with a specific physical condition it also includes experiences of unusually severe post exercise pain fatigue naus  ea v  om  iting or other negative effects exercise intolerance is not a disease or syndrome in and of itself but a primary symptom of chronic di  ast  ol  ic heart failure since there are many possible specific reasons why exercise could be inhi  bited this is a rather slippery term for instance the patient may experience unusual breath  lessness dy  sp  ne  a muscle pain my  al  gia t  ach  y  p  no  ea abnormally rapid breathing t  ach  y  car  dia having a heart rate that exceeds the normal range or increasing muscle weakness while exercising or may after exercise experience severe headache naus  ea di  zz  iness occasional muscle cram  ps or extreme fatigue in most cases the specific reason that exercise is not tolerated is of considerable significance when trying to isolate the cause down to a specific disease dys  functions involving the pul  mon  ary cardiovascular or neuro  muscular systems have been frequently found to be associated with exercise intolerance with behavi  our  al causes also playing a part in it
exo  cr  ine cancer is a disease in which m  align  ant cancer cells are found in the tissues of the pan  cre  as also called pan  cre  atic cancer
exo  cr  ine pan  cre  atic in  sufficiency ep  i is the inability to properly dig  est food due to a lack of dig  estive enzymes made by the pan  cre  as ep  i is found in humans afflicted with c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis and sh  wach  man diamond syndrome and is common in dogs ep  i is caused by a progressive loss of the pan  cre  atic cells that make dig  estive enzymes loss of dig  estive enzymes leads to mal  dig  estion and mal  absorption of nutrients from normal dig  estive processes chronic pan  cre  ati  tis is the most common cause of ep  i in humans and cats in dogs the most common cause is by pan  cre  atic ac  in  ar atro  phy arising as a result of genetic conditions a blocked pan  cre  atic duc  t or prior infection
exon  um  ia are num  is  matic items such as to  k  ens medals or scri  p other than coins and paper money this includes good for to  k  ens bad  ges counter  stamped coins el  ong  ated coins en  c  ased coins sou  ven  ir med  al  lions tags wooden nick  els and other similar items it is related to num  is  m  atics concerned with coins which have been legal tender and many coin collectors are also exon  um  ists besides the above strict definition others extend it to include non coins which may or may not be legal tenders such as cheques credit cards and similar paper these can also be considered not  ap  hi  ly or scri  po  phi  ly
ex  oph  oria is a form of heter  oph  oria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward during examination when the eyes are dissoci  ated the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another
ex  oph  thal  mos also called ex  oph  thal  mus ex  oph  thal  mia prop  to  sis or exor  bi  tism is a bul  ging of the eye an  ter  ior  ly out of the orbit ex  oph  thal  mos can be either bilateral as is often seen in graves disease or unilateral as is often seen in an orb  ital tumor complete or partial dis  location from the orbit is also possible from trauma or sw  elling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma in the case of graves disease the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connec  tive tissue de  position in the orbit and extra  oc  ular muscles which can be vis  u  alized by ct or m  ri if left untreated ex  oph  thal  mos can cause the eye  li  ds to fail to close during sleep leading to cor  ne  al dr  y  ness and damage another possible complic  ation would be a form of red  ness or irritation called superior lim  bic ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis where the area above the cor  ne  a becomes infl  amed as a result of increased friction when blin  king the process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also com  press the op  tic nerve or oph  thal  mic artery leading to blindness
an exo  sto  sis plural exo  sto  ses is the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone exo  sto  ses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to deb  il  it  at  ingly severe depending on the shape size and location of the le  sion it is most commonly found in places like the ribs where small bone grow  ths form but sometimes larger grow  ths can grow on places like the an  kles knees shoulders el  bows and hips very rarely are they on the skull they normally form on the bones of joints and can grow upwards for example if an extra bone formed on the an  kle it might grow up to the shin when used in the phrases car  ti  lag  inous exo  sto  sis or o  ste  o  car  ti  lag  inous exo  sto  sis it is considered synonymous with o  ste  och  on  dro  ma some sources consider the terms to mean the same thing even without quali  fiers but this interpretation is not universal
an ex  other  mic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat it is the opposite of an endo  ther  mic reaction expressed in a chemical equation re  ac  tants → products energy
exotic un  gul  ate encephalopathy is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy tse or pri  on disease identified in infected organs of zoo animals this sub  group of the tses in captive animals was identified in zoo animals in great britain including species of greater ku  du ny  ala gem  s  bo  k the common eland arabian and sci  mit  ar or  y  x an an  ko  le wat  u  si cow and an american b  ison studies indicate that transmission likely occurred via the consumption of feed supplemented with meat and bone meal although some animals died after the british ban on ground offal in animal feed all animals died during the 1990 s with the last death occurring in 1998
exo  tro  p  ia is a form of str  ab  is  mus where the eyes are devi  ated outward it is the opposite of es  o  tro  p  ia people with exo  tro  p  ia often experience crossed di  pl  op  ia inter  mit  tent exo  tro  p  ia is a fairly common condition sensory exo  tro  p  ia occurs in the presence of poor vision inf  anti  le exo  tro  p  ia sometimes called con  genital exo  tro  p  ia is seen during the first year of life and is less common than essential exo  tro  p  ia which usually becomes apparent several years later the brain s ability to see three dimensional objects depends on proper alignment of the eyes when both eyes are properly aligned and aimed at the same target the visual portion of the brain fuses the forms into a single image when one eye turns inward outward upward or downward two different pictures are sent to the brain this causes loss of depth perception and bin  oc  ular vision there have also been some reports of people that can control their afflicted eye the term is from greek ex  o meaning outward and tro  pe meaning a turning
exp  and  able water toys or grow in water toys often called grow monsters are novelty items made from a super  absor  bent poly  mer they are toys that expand up to 500 of their original mass or volume after putting them into water for several days also it shrin  ks with sal  tw  ater they are made from pol  ym  ers that can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to their own mass
in decision theory and quantitative policy analysis the expected value of including uncertainty evi  u is the expected difference in the value of a decision based on a prob  abil  istic analysis versus a decision based on an analysis that ignores uncertainty
in decision theory the expected value of sample information ev  si is the expected increase in utility that a decision maker could obtain from gaining access to a sample of additional observations before making a decision the additional information obtained from the sample may allow them to make a more informed and thus better decision thus resulting in an increase in expected utility ev  si attempts to estimate what this improvement would be before seeing actual sample data hence ev  si is a form of what is known as pre  poster  ior analysis
expenditure incidence is the effect of government expenditure upon the distribution of private incomes this is commonly contr  asted with benefit incidence as an approach to planning and measuring the effect of a government spending programme a pioneering analysis of this was made by the economist richard mus  grave in his major work the theory of public finance establishing the differential effect of expenditure in this way is difficult because the effect of differing policies upon taxation and overall expenditure must be norm  alised and it is hard to model and measure the flows of money which result an analysis will commonly be structured in three stages 1 definition of the government programmes or budgetary expenditures and the corresponding database of monetary values 2 determining the measures of income the size of economic unit such as the individual family or community the timescale of analysis such as annual or lifetime the well being and externalities which arise from the expenditure 3 the resulting effects upon income distribution as a result of the expenditure are then calculated these will typically be presented graphically as a lo  ren  z curve or in the form of an index such as the gin  i coefficient
expir  atory ap  ne  a is a voluntary condition performed by a patient during a doctor s examination by breathing out and then holding one s breath it gets easier for the doctor to perform an aus  cul  tation of the heart with a st  eth  o  scope
an explan  an  dum a latin term is a sentence describing a phenomenon that is to be explained and the explan  ans is the sentences ad  duc  ed as explanations of that phenomenon for example one person may pose an explan  an  dum by asking why is there smoke and another may provide an explan  ans by responding because there is a fire in this example smoke is the explan  an  dum and fire is the explan  ans
explanation modules used in expert systems is a function that enables the knowledge worker to understand why the information explained and concluded by the domain expert is viable while consulting the information provided by the expert system the explanation module elu  ci  dates why the expert system reached its conclusion explanation modules are mostly used in training seminars as audiences are interested in learning how problems in the expert system are solved
explanatory power is the ability of a hypothesis or theory to effectively explain the subject matter it per  tains to the opposite of explanatory power is explanatory impotence in the past various criteria or measures for explanatory power have been proposed in particular one hypothesis theory or explanation can be said to have more explanatory power than another about the same subject matter if more facts or observations are accounted for if it changes more surprising facts into a matter of course following pe  ir  ce if more details of causal relations are provided leading to a high accuracy and precision of the description if it offers greater predic  tive power i e if it offers more details about what we should expect to see and what we should not if it depends less on authorities and more on observations if it makes fewer assumptions if it is more falsi  fiable i e more te  stable by observation or experiment following po  pper recently david deut  sch proposed that the correct hypothesis or theory the one that stands out among all possible explanations is that specific explanation that is hard to vary by this expression he intends to state that the correct theory i e the true explanation provides specific details which fit together so tightly that it is impossible to change any one detail without affecting the whole theory
exploding head syndrome e  hs is a benign condition in which a person hears loud imagined noises such as a bomb exploding a gunshot or a cy  m  bal crash or experiences an explosive feeling when falling asleep or waking up these noises have a sudden onset are typically brief in duration and are often j  arr  ing for the suffer  er exploding head syndrome is classified as a paras  om  nia and a sleep related dissoci  ative disorder by the 2005 international classification of sleep disorders and is an unusual type of aud  itory halluc  ination in that it occurs in people who are not fully awake neither the cause nor the mechanism of exploding head syndrome is known as of 2015 there had not been sufficient studies conducted to make conclusive statements about prevalence nor who tends to suffer e  hs it was previously thought that e  hs was a rare syndrome occurring primarily in older i e 50 years individuals females and those suffering from sleep paralysis however a study in 2015 has shown that e  hs affects more younger people than thought reporting that nearly one in five interviewed college students had experienced e  hs at least once statistics from the study did not show that e  hs was more frequent in females but instead found that more than one third of those who had e  hs also experienced isolated sleep paralysis furthermore the study found that some subjects experienced exploding head syndrome to such a degree that it significantly imp  acted their lives case reports of e  hs have been published since at least 18  76 which sil  as we  ir mitchell described as sensory discharges in a patient the phrase exploding head syndrome was coined in a 1920 report by the welsh physician and psychiatrist robert armstrong jones a detailed description of the syndrome was given by british neuro  logist john m s pear  ce in 1989
an explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases su  person  ic explosions created by high explosives are known as deton  ations and travel via su  person  ic shock waves subs  onic explosions are created by low explosives through a slower burning process known as defl  agr  ation when caused by a man made device such as an exploding rocket or fire  work the audible component of an explosion is referred to as its report which can also be used as a ver  b e g the rocket reported loudly upon impact
an expon  ent is a ph  on  ological manifestation of a mor  pho  syn  tactic property in non technical language it is the expression of one or more gr  amm  atical properties by sound there are several kinds of expon  ents identity affi  x  ation re  duplication internal modification sub  traction
in mathematics the exponential integral ei is a special function on the complex plane it is defined as one particular definite integral of the ratio between an exponential function and its argument
in photo  graphy exposure is the amount of light per unit area the image plane illumin  ance times the exposure time reaching a photo  graphic film or electronic image sensor as determined by shut  ter speed lens aper  ture and scene lumin  ance exposure is measured in lux seconds and can be compu  ted from exposure value ev and scene lumin  ance in a specified region in photo  graphic jargon an exposure generally refers to a single shut  ter cycle for example a long exposure refers to a single protracted shut  ter cycle to capture enough low intensity light whereas a multiple exposure involves a series of relatively brief shut  ter cycles effectively lay  ering a series of photographs in one image for the same film speed the accumulated pho  tom  etr  ic exposure h  v should be similar in both cases
exposure latitude is the extent to which a light sensitive material can be over  exposed or under  exposed and still achieve an acceptable result this measure is used for digital and analogue processes i e optical micro  lith  o  graphy or photo  graphy
expres  sive ap  ha  sia non flu  ent ap  ha  sia is characterized by the loss of the ability to produce language spoken or written a person with expres  sive ap  ha  sia will exhibit effor  tful speech speech may only include important content words and leave out insignificant words like the this is known as tele  graphic speech the person may still be understood but sentences will not be gr  amm  atical in very severe forms of expres  sive ap  ha  sia a person may only speak using single word ut  ter  ances it is one sub  set of a larger family of disorders known collectively as ap  ha  sia expres  sive ap  ha  sia differs from dys  ar  thri  a which is ty  pi  fied by a patient s inability to properly move the muscles of the tongue and mouth to produce speech expres  sive ap  ha  sia also differs from ap  ra  x  ia of speech which is a motor disorder characterized by an inability to create and sequence motor plans for speech comprehension is typically only mildly to moderately impaired in expres  sive ap  ha  sia due to difficulty understanding complex gr  ammar this contrasts with receptive ap  ha  sia which is distinguished by a patient s inability to comprehend language or speak with appropriately meaningful words expres  sive ap  ha  sia is also known as bro  ca s ap  ha  sia in clinical neuro  psychology and ag  ram  matic ap  ha  sia in cognitive neuro  psychology and is caused by acquired damage to the an  terior regions of the brain including but not limited to the left poster  ior inferior frontal gy  rus or inferior frontal oper  cul  um also described as bro  ca s area bro  d  mann area 44 and bro  d  mann area 45 expres  sive ap  ha  sia is also a symptom of some migr  aine attacks
expres  sive language disorder is a communication disorder in which there are difficulties with verbal and written expression it is a specific language impairment characterized by an ability to use expres  sive spoken language that is markedly below the appropriate level for the mental age but with a language comprehension that is within normal limits there can be problems with vocabulary producing complex sentences and remembering words and there may or may not be ab  norm  alities in artic  ulation as well as present speech production very often someone will have difficulty remembering things this memory problem is only disturbing for speech non verbal or non lingu  is  tically based memory will be un  impaired an example of a child with expres  sive language disorder can be seen here expres  sive language disorder affects work and schooling in many ways it is usually treated by specific speech therapy and usually cannot be expected to go away on its own expres  sive language disorder can be further classified into two groups developmental expres  sive language disorder and acquired expres  sive language disorder developmental expres  sive language disorder currently has no known cause is first observed when a child is learning to talk is more common in boys than girls and is much more common than the acquired form of the disorder acquired expres  sive language disorder is caused by specific damage to the brain by a stroke traumatic brain injury or seizures care must be taken to distinguish expres  sive language disorder from other communication disorders sensory motor disturbances intellectual disability and or environmental deprivation see dsm iv tr criterion d these factors affect a person s speech and writing to certain predictable ext  ents and with certain differences careful diagnosis is also important because atypical language development can be a secondary characteristic of other physical and developmental problems that may first manifest as language problems
extended female sexuality is where the female of a species mates when in  fertile in most species the female only engages in co  pul  ation when she is fertile however extended sexuality has been documented in old world pri  mates pair bon  ded birds and some insects such as carri  on be  et  les extended sexuality is most prominent in human females who exhibit no change in co  pul  ation rate across the o  vari  an cycle although this behaviour incur  s costs to females such as energy and time many researchers have proposed reasons for its existence these hypo  theses include the male assistance hypothesis which proposes that females gain non genetic benefits such as food and shelter in exchange for sexual access a sub hypothesis of this is hr  dy s proposing extended female sexuality as an adap  tive process aiming to creating paternity confusion in males alternative hypo  theses classified as male driven claim that extended female sexuality occurs due to male adaptations resulting from an inability to detect fertility status in females or to dampen immune responses against sperm finally sp  u  hler s hypothesis suggests that the behaviour may have arisen as an incidental effect of larger adren  al g  lands in humans
external bacterial infection is a condition found in fish
external compression headache is caused by any type of head  wear this includes head  wear that places pressure on the head — including tight hats helmets head  bands head  phones and go  ggles it is not known why some people are more sensitive than others to this type of pressure external compression headaches can affect anyone who uses head  wear the headaches are more common among people who have migr  ain  es it is believed to affect about four percent of the population it is also referred to as swim go  ggle headache these headaches can be brought on by such inno  cu  ous sources as wearing a hal  ter top presses against the neck ear  plu  gs presses against the jaw and inner ear or wearing even a tiny hair cli  p com  presses the scal  p there is no known preventative treatment except to avoid the offending trigger however once symptoms arise and the trigger is removed tri  pt  an type migr  aine treatment is effective
the external debt is the amount of debt a country owes to foreign or international creditors the debtors can be the government corporations or citizens of that country the estimated philippines foreign debt under the aqu  ino administration in early 2016 was 70 us 70 billion external debt was a  pro  x 70 billion in early 2016 the public debt is the total amount of debt a central government or country owes it is also known as national debt the debtors can be the government corporations or citizens of that country the estimated philippines public debt under the aqu  ino administration in 2016 was 163 9  34 9  72 6  78 public debt was 163 9  34 9  72 6  78 in early 2016 public debt per person 1 515 28 population 109 805 464 public debt as gdp 45 8 total annual debt change 8 4
external inhi  bi  tion is the observed decrease of the response of a conditioned reaction when an external dis  tracting stimulus that was not part of the original conditioned response set is introduced this effect was first observed in pav  lov ’ s classical conditioning studies where the dogs would sali  v  ate less conditioned response when presented with the sound of the tuning fork conditioned stimulus in the dis  tracting context of a passing truck external stimulus external inhi  bi  tion is important for its main principle in classical conditioning where a conditioned response may decrease in magnitude after the external stimulus is introduced this is especially advantageous for when trying to dis  associate conditioned stimulus and responses a practical example is where students who become anxious conditioned response upon standing in front of the class to give a presentation conditioned stimulus may feel less anxiety if their friends were sitting in front of the student presenting external stimulus the positive association of speaking to friends may distract the student from associating speaking to the entire class with anxiety
extern  alizing disorders are mental disorders characterized by extern  alizing behaviors mal  adap  tive behaviors directed toward an individual s environment which cause impairment or interference in life functioning in contrast to individuals with intern  alizing disorders who intern  alize keep inside their mal  adap  tive emotions and cogn  itions such feelings and thoughts are extern  alized manifested outside in behavior in individuals with extern  alizing disorders extern  alizing disorders are often specifically referred to as disruptive behavior disorders attention deficit hyper  activity disorder op  posi  tional defi  ant disorder and conduct disorder or conduct problems which occur in childhood extern  alizing disorders however are also manifested in adul  thood for example alcohol and substance related disorders and anti  social personality disorder are adult extern  alizing disorders extern  alizing psychop  ath  ology is associated with anti  social behavior which is different from and often confused for as  o  ci  ality
extinction is a neuro  logical disorder that imp  airs the ability to perceive multiple stimul  i of the same type simultaneously extinction is usually caused by damage resulting in le  sions on one side of the brain those who are affected by extinction have a lack of awareness in the contr  ale  sional side of space towards the left side space following a right le  sion and a loss of exploratory search and other actions normally directed toward that side
the extinction cross is an optical phenomenon that is seen when trying to extingu  ish a laser beam or non plan  ar white light using crossed pol  ari  zers ideally crossed 90 ° rot  ated pol  ari  zers block all light since light which is pol  arized along the polarization axis of the first pol  ari  zer is per  pend  icular to the polarization axis of the second when the beam is not perfectly col  lim  ated however a characteristic fr  inging pattern is produced
an extinction event also known as a mass extinction or bio  tic crisis is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on earth such an event is identified by a sharp change in the diversity and abundance of mul  tic  ell  ular organisms it occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speci  ation because the majority of diversity and biomass on earth is micro  bial and thus difficult to measure recorded extinction events affect the easily observed bio  logically complex component of the bio  sphere rather than the total diversity and abundance of life extinction occurs at an uneven rate based on the fossil record the background rate of extinc  tions on earth is about two to five tax  on  om  ic families of marine animals every million years marine fossi  ls are mostly used to measure extinction rates because of their superior fossil record and str  ati  graphic range compared to land organisms the great oxy  gen  ation event was probably the first major extinction event since the cam  brian explosion five further major mass extinc  tions have significantly exceeded the background extinction rate the most recent and deb  at  ably best known the cre  tac  eous – pal  e  o  gene extinction event which occurred approximately 66 million years ago ma was a large scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geo  logically short period of time in addition to the five major mass extinc  tions there are numerous minor ones as well and the ongoing mass extinction caused by human activity is sometimes called the sixth extinction mass extinc  tions seem to be a mainly phan  ero  zo  ic phenomenon with extinction rates low before large complex organisms arose estimates of the number of major mass extinc  tions in the last 540 million years range from as few as five to more than twenty these differences stem from the threshold chosen for describing an extinction event as major and the data chosen to measure past diversity
an ex  trac  ap  s  ular frac  ture is a bone frac  ture near a joint but still located outside the joint cap  su  le examples of ex  trac  ap  s  ular fractu  res are inter  tro  chan  ter  ic and sub  tro  chan  ter  ic hip fractu  res
extr  am  am  mary pag  et ’ s disease emp  d also extr  am  am  mary pag  et disease is a rare slow growing usually non  invasive intra  epi  the  li  al in the skin aden  o  carcin  oma outside the mam  mary g  land and includes pag  et s disease of the vul  va and the extremely rare pag  et s disease of the penis
ex  tran  od  al nk t cell lymp  homa nas  al type which was known as an  gi  oc  entr  ic lymp  homa in the real classification and also as nas  al type nk lymp  homa nk t cell lymp  homa and poly  morph  ic m  align  ant mid  line re  ticul  osis is a cu  taneous condition which in korea is reported to be the most common form of cu  taneous lymp  homa after my  co  sis fun  go  ides ex  tran  od  al nk t cell lymp  homa is a type of lymp  homa it is called ex  tran  od  al to emphasize that the location is typically not in the lymp  h no  de and is sometimes further qualified as nas  al type the nas  al cav  ity nas  op  har  yn  x and upper aero  dig  estive tract are often involved although ex  tran  as  al presentations do occur skin gastro  intest  inal tract eye testi  s lung soft tissue there is a strong association with ep  stein – bar  r virus the nc  cn guidelines recommend either high dose radi  otherapy alone for stage i without high risk features or con  current chem  or  adi  otherapy for stage i and ii with either of two regim  ens l asparag  in  ase containing regim  ens have been used in advanced stage disease
extraordinary magne  to  resistance em  r is a geome  tr  ical magne  to  resistance effect discovered in 2000 where the change in electrical resistance upon the application of a large magnetic field can be greater than 1 000 000 at room temperature orders of magnitude greater than other magne  to  resistance effects such as g  mr and cmr the effect occurs in semiconductor metal hybrid systems when a trans  verse magnetic field is applied without a magnetic field the system is in a low resistance state with most of the current flow directed through the metallic region upon the application of a large magnetic field the system switches to a state of much higher electrical resistance due to the hall angle approaching 90 ° with the current flow inside the metallic region dramatically reduced the effect is influenced greatly by the system geometry with an enhancement of over four orders of magnitude shown to be possible with an alternative bran  ched geometry since the em  r effect occurs at room temperature and does not rely on magnetic materials it has many possible benefits for applications including in the read heads of future hard disk drives
extraordinary optical transmission e  ot is the phenomenon of greatly enhanced transmission of light through a sub  wa  vel  eng  th aper  ture in an otherwise opaque metallic film which has been patter  ned with a regularly repeating periodic structure generally when light of a certain wa  vel  eng  th falls on a sub  wa  vel  eng  th aper  ture it is diff  rac  ted iso  tro  p  ically in all directions evenly with minimal far field transmission this is the understanding from classical aper  ture theory as described by be  the in e  ot however the regularly repeating structure enables much higher transmission efficiency to occur up to several orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by classical aper  ture theory it was first described in 1998 this phenomenon that was fully analyzed with a micro  scopic scat  tering model is partly attributed to the presence of surface plas  mon reson  ances and constructive interference a surface plas  mon sp is a collective exc  itation of the electron  s at the junction between a conductor and an insul  ator and is one of a series of interactions between light and a metal surface called plas  mon  ics currently there is experimental evidence of e  ot out of the optical range analytical approaches also predict e  ot on per  for  ated plates with a perfect conductor model holes can somewhat emulate plas  mons at other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where they do not exist then the plas  mon  ic contribution is a very particular peculi  arity of the e  ot resonance and should not be taken as the main contribution to the phenomenon more recent work has shown a strong contribution from overlapping ev  an  es  cent wave coupling which explains why surface plas  mon resonance enhances the e  ot effect on both sides of a metallic film at optical frequencies but accounts for the ter  a  her  tz range transmission simple analytical explanations of this phenomenon have been elaborated emphasizing the similarity between arr  ays of particles and arr  ays of holes and establishing that the phenomenon is dominated by diff  r  action
between the inner surface of the general layer of the fas  cia which lines the interior of the ab  domin  al and pel  vic ca  vities and the per  it  on  eu  m there is a considerable amount of connec  tive tissue termed the extr  ap  erit  one  al fat or sub  per  it  one  al connec  tive tissue
extr  ap  ul  mon  ary restriction is a type of restrictive lung disease indicated by decreased al  ve  ol  ar ventilation with accompanying hyper  cap  nia it is characterized as an inhi  bi  tion to the drive to breathe or an ineffective restoration of the drive to breathe extr  ap  ul  mon  ary restriction can be caused by central and peripheral nervous system dys  functions over se  dation or trauma such as a broken ri  b
extr  ap  y  ram  idal symptoms eps also known as extr  ap  y  ram  idal side effects ep  se are drug induced movement disorders that include acute and tar  dive symptoms these symptoms include dy  st  onia continuous sp  as  ms and muscle contr  actions ak  ath  is  ia motor rest  lessness par  k  ins  on  ism characteristic symptoms such as rigidity brad  y  k  ine  sia slowness of movement and trem  or and tar  dive dy  sk  ine  sia irregular jer  ky movements anti  psycho  tics are often discontinued due to ine  ffic  acy and intolerable side effects such as extr  ap  y  ram  idal symptoms since it is difficult to measure extr  ap  y  ram  idal symptoms rating scales are commonly used to assess the severity of movement disorders the simpson ang  us scale sas bar  nes ak  ath  is  ia rating scale bars abnormal involuntary movement scale aims and extr  ap  y  ram  idal symptom rating scale es  rs are rating scales frequently used for such assessment and are not weighted for diagnostic purposes
extr  as  kel  etal ch  on  dro  ma also known as ch  on  dro  ma of soft parts is a cu  taneous condition a rare benign tumor of mature car  til  age
extraterritorial income exclusion under the u s internal revenue code is the amount excluded from a taxpayer s gross income for certain transactions that generate foreign trading gross receipts in general foreign trading gross receipts include gross receipts from the sale exchange lease rental or other disposition of qualifying foreign trade property foreign trading gross receipts also include receipts from certain services provided in connection with such property as well as engineering and architectural services for construction projects outside the united states extraterritorial income is the gross income of the taxpayer attributable to foreign trading gross receipts the taxpayer reports all of its extraterritorial income on its tax return the taxpayer uses form 88  73 to calculate its exclusion from income that is qualifying foreign trade income
extraterritorial jurisdiction et  j is the legal ability of a government to exercise authority beyond its normal boundaries any authority can claim et  j over any external territory they wish however for the claim to be effective in the external territory except by the exercise of force it must be agreed either with the legal authority in the external territory or with a legal authority which covers both territories when unqualified et  j usually refers to such an agreed jurisdiction or it will be called something like claimed et  j the phrase may also refer to a country s laws extending beyond its boundaries in the sense that they may authorise the courts of that country to enforce their jurisdiction against parties appearing before them in respect of things that they did outside that country this does not depend on the co operation of other countries since the affected people are within the relevant country or their case is being heard by a court of that country for example many countries have laws which give their criminal courts jurisdiction to try prosecutions for piracy or terrorism committed outside their national boundaries sometimes such laws only apply to nationals of that country and sometimes they may apply to anyone
extr  atro  pical cycl  ones sometimes called mid latitude cycl  ones or wave cycl  ones are low pressure areas which along with the antic  ycl  ones of high pressure areas drive the weather over much of the earth extr  atro  pical cycl  ones are capable of producing anything from clou  din  ess and mild sho  wers to heavy gal  es thunder  storms bli  zz  ards and tor  nad  oes these types of cycl  ones are defined as large scale sy  no  ptic low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle lati  tudes of the earth in contrast with tropical cycl  ones they produce rapid changes in temperature and de  w point along broad lines about the center of the cyclone called weather fronts
extr  av  as  ation is the leakage of intra  ven  ously iv inf  used potentially damaging medications into the extr  av  ascular tissue around the site of in  fusion the leakage can occur through brit  tle ve  ins in the elderly through previous ven  ip  unc  ture access or through direct leakage from wrongly positioned ven  ous access devices when the leakage is not of harmful consequence it is known as infiltr  ation extr  av  as  ation of medication during intra  ven  ous therapy is an adverse event related to therapy that depending on the medication amount of exposure and location can potentially cause serious injury and permanent harm such as tissue necro  sis mil  der consequences of extr  av  as  ation include irritation characterized by symptoms of pain and infl  amm  ation with the clinical signs of warmth er  y  them  a or tender  ness
according to br  att  on and kac  mar s article the dark side of impression management extreme care  er  ism is the propensity to pursue career advancement power and prestige through any positive or negative non performance based activity that is deemed necessary these non performance based activities are activities in which an employee can easily manipulate the people whom he is trying to impress extreme care  er  ism has become increasingly common in the business and organisational world in the 1990 s and 2000 s in the united states seventeen additional work  days have been added to the calendar since 1994
ex  ud  ative hy  pon  y  ch  ial der  mati  tis is a nail toxicity common during chem  otherapy for breast cancer especially if do  ce  tax  el is the chem  other  apeu  tic regim  en
eye ne  op  las  ms can affect all parts of the eye and can be a benign tumor or a m  align  ant tumor cancer eye cancers can be primary starts within the eye or me  ta  static cancer spread to the eye from another organ the two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are breast cancer and lung cancer other less common sites of origin include the pro  state kidney thyro  id skin col  on and blood or bone marrow
eye strain also known as asth  en  op  ia is an eye condition that manifests itself through non  specific symptoms such as fatigue pain in or around the eyes blurred vision headache and occasional double vision symptoms often occur after reading computer work or other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks when concentrating on a vis  ually intense task such as continuously focusing on a book or computer monitor the ci  li  ary muscle ti  ghtens this can cause the eyes to get irritated and uncomfortable giving the eyes a chance to focus on a distant object at least once an hour usually allevi  ates the problem a cr  t computer monitor with a low ref  resh rate 70 h  z or a cr  t television can cause similar problems because the image has a visible f  lic  ker aging cr  ts also often go slightly out of focus and this can cause eye strain l  cds do not go out of focus but are also susceptible to f  lic  ker if the back  light for the l  cd uses p  w  m for dim  ming this causes the back  light to turn on and off for shorter intervals as the display becomes dim  mer creating noticeable f  lic  kering which causes eye fatigue a page or photograph with the same image twice slightly displaced from a printing mis  ha  p or a camera moving during the shot as in this image can cause eye strain by the brain mis  interpreting the image fault as di  pl  op  ia and trying in vain to adjust the side  ways movements of the two eye  balls to fuse the two images into one the word is from greek as  then op  ia ασ  θ  εν ω  π  ία
eye  lid der  mati  tis is commonly related to at  op  ic der  mati  tis or allergic contact der  mati  tis volatile substances to  sy  lam  ide epo  xy har  den  ers insect spr  ays and lemon peel oil may be implicated with many cases of eye  lid contact der  mati  tis being caused by substances transferred by the hands to the eye  li  ds
ey  es  pot is an important fun  gal disease of wheat caused by the necro  troph  ic fun  gus ta  pe  sia y  all  und  ae syn pseu  do  cer  co  spo  rella her  po  tric  ho  ides w type an  amor  ph o  cu  lim  ac  ula y  all  und  ae and ta  pe  sia acu  form  is syn pseu  do  cer  co  spo  rella her  po  tric  ho  ides r type an  amor  ph o  cu  lim  ac  ula acu  form  is it is also called straw  breaker ey  es  pot is more severe where wheat is grown continuously and when the weather is cool and mo  ist treating crops against ey  es  pot with fun  g  icide costs millions to farmers and is complicated by the pathogen becoming resistant to the more commonly used fun  g  ic  ides severe cases of the disease can reduce yield by up to 40 it is most common in temper  ate regions such as north and south america europe australia new zealand and africa
in anatomy an e  yest  al  k sometimes spelled as eye stal  k or known as an om  mat  op  hor  e is a pro  tru  sion that extends the eye away from the body giving the eye a better field of vision it is a common feature in nature and frequently appears in fiction
ey  pe mouth is a natural break in a line of sea cli  ffs on the jur  ass  ic coast world heritage site in west dor  set on the south coast of england the small river ey  pe dra  ins into the sea at this point ey  pe means a steep place in old english the village of ey  pe divided into the settlements lower and higher ey  pe lies just upstream of the river  mouth which is reached by a single narrow lane which runs down through lower ey  pe to a sh  ing  le beach with car park the coast to the west of the river  mouth is a noted site for rare be  et  les two species found here are unknown elsewhere in britain sp  ha  eri  us ac  ar  o  ides lives in mud and at plant roots at the edge of standing freshwater pools on the site this species is particularly noteworthy in that it is the only british representative of the sub  order my  x  op  ha  ga the we  evil sit  ona gem  ell  atus occurs on the site being found at the roots of le  gu  minous plants although this species has been recorded in similar habitat at sid  mouth dev  on it has not been recorded from there recently other rare be  et  les found at this site include the tiger bee  tle cic  in  del  a ger  man  ica the ground bee  tle dr  y  pta d  ent  ata and the we  evil bar  is anal  is
faces syndrome is a syndrome of unique facial features an  ore  x  ia c  ach  ex  ia eye and skin anomalies
f  g syndrome f  gs also known as op  itz – ka  ve  g  gia syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome caused by one or more rec  essive genes located on the x chro  mo  some and causing physical anomalies and developmental delays first reported by op  itz and ka  ve  g  gia in 1974 its major clinical features include intellectual disability hyper  activity hy  pot  onia low muscle tone and a characteristic facial appearance including macro  cephal  y an abnormally large head
the fab  ella sign is displacement of the fab  ella that is seen in cases of sy  no  vi  al eff  usion and po  pl  ite  al fo  ssa masses the fab  ella is a ses  am  o  id bone located inside the gastro  cn  emi  us lateral head tend  on on the poster  ior side of the knee in about 25 of people it can thus serve as a sur  rogate radio opaque marker of the poster  ior border of the knee s sy  no  vi  um on a lateral radio  graph of the knee an increase in the distance from the fab  ella to the fem  ur or to the ti  bia can be sugges  tive of fluid or of a mass within the sy  no  vi  al fo  ssa this is of particular use in radio  graphic detection of knee eff  u  sions as the cause for the eff  usion may obscure the sub  cu  taneous planes on x ray that can also be used to determine presence of eff  usion or eff  usion size
fab  ry disease ˈ  f  ɑ  ː  br  i also known as fab  ry s disease anderson fab  ry disease an  gi  ok  er  atom  a corpor  is diff  usu  m and alpha galac  to  sid  ase a deficiency is a rare genetic ly  so  som  al storage disease inherited in an x linked manner fab  ry disease can cause a wide range of systemic symptoms it is a form of sp  hin  go  li  pi  do  sis as it involves dysfunctional metabol  ism of sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds the disease is named after one of its discover  ers johann  es fab  ry june 1 18  60 – june 29 1930
the fac  ade pattern or faç  ade pattern is a software design pattern commonly used with object oriented programming the name is by analogy to an architectural fac  ade a fac  ade is an object that provides a simplified interface to a larger body of code such as a class library a fac  ade can make a software library easier to use understand and test since the fac  ade has convenient methods for common tasks make the library more readable for the same reason reduce depend  encies of outside code on the inner workings of a library since most code uses the fac  ade thus allowing more flexibility in developing the system wrap a poorly designed collection of ap  is with a single well designed api the fac  ade design pattern is often used when a system is very complex or difficult to understand because the system has a large number of interdependent classes or its source code is unavailable this pattern hides the complexities of the larger system and provides a simpler interface to the client it typically involves a single wrap  per class which contains a set of members required by client these members access the system on behalf of the fac  ade client and hide the implementation details
face validity is the extent to which a test is subjec  tively viewed as covering the concept it pur  ports to measure it refers to the transparency or relevance of a test as it appears to test participants in other words a test can be said to have face validity if it looks like it is going to measure what it is supposed to measure for instance if a test is prepared to measure whether students can perform multiplication and the people to whom it is shown all agree that it looks like a good test of multiplication ability this demonstrates face validity of the test face validity is often contr  asted with content validity and construct validity some people use the term face validity to refer only to the validity of a test to observers who are not expert in testing methodologies for instance if a test is designed to measure whether children are good sp  ell  ers and parents are asked whether the test is a good test this measures the face validity of the test if an expert is asked instead some people would argue that this does not measure face validity this distinction seems too careful for most applications generally face validity means that the test looks like it will work as opposed to has been shown to work
fac  et cyst or post  operative sy  no  vi  al fac  et cy  sts is the cyst of lum  bar intr  asp  inal sy  no  vi  al joint and gang  lion the cause of fac  et cy  sts is not well known
fac  et joint ar  thro  sis is an inter  vertebr  al dis  c disorder the fac  et joints or zy  ga  po  phy  seal joints are sy  no  vi  al car  til  age covered joints that limit the movement of the sp  ine and preserve seg  mental stability in the event of hyper  tro  phy of the verte  bra  e painful ar  thro  sis can occur the lum  bar fac  et ar  thro  sis syndrome was described in a 1987 article by s m eisen  stein and c r par  ry of wit  water  sr  and university
fac  et syndrome is a syndrome in which the fac  et joints sy  no  vi  al di  ar  thro  ses from c 2 to s 1 cause back pain
facial ecz  ema fe is a disease that mainly affects ruminants such as cattle sheep deer goats and south american c  ame  li  ds alp  aca ll  am  as it is caused by the fun  gus pi  thom  y  ces char  tar  um that under favorable conditions can rapidly disseminate in past  ures the fun  gus requires warm hum  id weather with night time temperatures of over 13 ° c 55 ° f for several days and litter at the bottom of the s  ward pi  thom  y  ces char  tar  um occurs worldwide but is a problem predominantly where farm animals are intensively graz  ed especially in new zealand the spo  res of the fun  gus release the my  co  toxin spor  id  es  min in the gastro  intest  inal tract causing a block  age in the bile duc  ts that leads to injury of the liver bile chlor  op  hy  ll and other waste products consequently build up in the blood  stream causing photo sensitivity of the skin especially that exposed to direct sunlight this in turn causes severe skin irritation that the animal attempts to relieve by rub  bing its head against available objects resulting in pe  eling of the skin the large family of fun  gi that produce my  co  toxins of which spor  id  es  min is one live mainly on r  ye  gr  asses and can cause significant problems in grazing animals spor  id  es  min can lower an animals immunity and affect total production in farm animals and when taken in larger quantities can result in death the clinical symptoms of fe are distressing rest  lessness frequent ur  ination shaking persistent rub  bing of the head against objects e g fences trees etc dro  oping and red  dened ears sw  oll  en eyes and avoidance of sunlight by seeking shade exposed areas of skin develop we  eping der  mati  tis and s  cab  s that can become infected and attractive to blow fly causing my  i  asis
facial nerve paralysis is a common problem that involves the paralysis of any structures in  nerv  ated by the facial nerve the path  way of the facial nerve is long and relatively con  volu  ted and so there are a number of causes that may result in facial nerve paralysis the most common is bell s pal  sy an idi  opathic disease that may only be diagnosed by exclusion
facial trauma also called max  il  lo  facial trauma is any physical trauma to the face facial trauma can involve soft tissue injuries such as burns lac  er  ations and bru  ises or fractu  res of the facial bones such as nas  al fractu  res and fractu  res of the jaw as well as trauma such as eye injuries symptoms are specific to the type of injury for example fractu  res may involve pain sw  elling loss of function or changes in the shape of facial structures facial injuries have the potential to cause dis  figu  rement and loss of function for example blindness or difficulty moving the jaw can result although it is seldom life threatening facial trauma can also be deadly because it can cause severe bleeding or interference with the air  way thus a primary concern in treatment is ensuring that the air  way is open and not threatened so that the patient can breathe depending on the type of facial injury treatment may include band  aging and su  turing of open wounds administration of ice antibiotics and pain killers moving bones back into place and surgery when fractu  res are suspected radio  graphy is used for diagnosis treatment may also be necessary for other injuries such as traumatic brain injury which commonly accompany severe facial trauma in developed countries the leading cause of facial trauma used to be motor vehicle accidents but this mechanism has been replaced by inter  personal violence however auto accidents still pre  dominate as the cause in developing countries and are still a major cause elsewhere thus prevention efforts include awareness campaigns to educate the public about safety measures such as seat belts and motorcycle helmets and laws to prevent drunk and unsafe driving other causes of facial trauma include falls industrial accidents and sports injuries
facility management or facilities management or f  m is a management discipline concerned with the integration of processes within an organization to maintain and develop agreed services which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities
fac  i  os  cap  ul  o  hum  eral muscular dy  stro  phy f  sh  md f  sh  d or f  sh — originally named lan  dou  zy de  jer  ine — is a usually auto  som  al dominant inherited form of muscular dy  stro  phy md that initially affects the sk  el  etal muscles of the face fac  io s  cap  ula s  cap  ul  o and upper arms hum  eral f  sh  d is the third most common genetic disease of sk  el  etal muscle orph  a net lists the prevalence as 4 100 000 while a 2014 population based study in the netherlands reported a significantly higher prevalence of 12 in 100 000 symptoms may develop in early childhood and are usually noticeable in the teenage years with 95 of affected individuals manifest  ing disease by age 20 years a progressive sk  el  etal muscle weakness usually develops in other areas of the body as well often the weakness is asymmetrical life expectancy can be threatened by respiratory in  sufficiency and up to 20 of affected individuals become severely disabled requiring use of a wheel chair or mobility scoo  ter in a dutch study approximately 1 of patients required no  c  tur  nal or di  ur  nal venti  lat  ory support non muscular symptoms frequently associated with f  sh  d include sub  clinical sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss and re  tin  al tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia in more than 95 of known cases the disease is associated with contraction of the d 4 z 4 repeat in the 4 q 35 sub  tel  om  eric region of chro  mo  some 4 sem  inal research published in august 2010 now shows the disease requires a second mechanism which for the first time provides for its underlying genetics the second mechanism is a toxic gain of function of the du  x 4 gene which is the first time in genetic research that a dead gene has been found to wake up and cause disease building on the 2010 unified theory of f  sh  d researchers in 2014 published the first proposed path  op  hy  si  ology definition of the disease and four viable therapeutic targets for possible intervention points
fac  ti  tial lymp  he  dem  a also known as hysterical e  dem  a is a skin condition produced by wrapping an elastic band  age cord or shirt around an extre  mity and or holding the extre  mity in a dependent and im  mobile state
fac  ti  tious der  mati  tis also known as der  mati  tis ar  te  fac  ta is a form of fac  ti  tious disorder in which patients will intentionally fe  i  gn symptoms and produce signs of disease in an attempt to assume the patient role it is also self inflicted skin damage most commonly from prolonged deliberate scrat  ching but sometimes by means of sharp instruments or another agency
fac  ti  tious diarr  hea is a condition in which a person deliberately produces diarr  hea most commonly by surrepti  tious lax  ative abuse these people tend to have persistent and un  explained wat  ery diarr  hea that is high in volume and frequency and despite extensive evaluation the cause may remain unknown many cases may mim  ic infl  am  matory bo  wel disease or mal  absorption syndro  mes bo  wel movements are generally about 10 to 20 a day and may be especially associated with no  c  tur  nal movements fac  ti  tious diarr  hea is most often seen in men and sometimes women of high socioeconomic status and many are employed in the medical field mel  an  osis coli is a frequent find in long standing fac  ti  tious diarr  hea it demonstrates hyper  pi  gm  entation of the col  on with white lymp  h no  des showing through on colon  o  sco  py an alternative means of diagnosis is by detecting pig  ment in macro  p  ha  ges of the lam  ina propri  a
a fac  ti  tious disorder is a condition in which a person acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing fe  ign  ing or exagger  ating symptoms fac  ti  tious disorder imposed on another is a condition in which a person deliberately produces fe  ign  s or exagger  ates the symptoms of someone in his or her care mün  cha  usen syndrome a severe form of fac  ti  tious disorder was the first kind identified and was for a period the umbrella term for all such disorders people with this condition may produce symptoms by contam  inating urine samples taking halluc  in  ogens injecting themselves with f  ec  al material to produce an abs  c  ess and other similar behaviour they might be motivated to perpetr  ate fac  ti  tious disorders either as a patient or by proxy as a ca  reg  i  ver to gain any variety of benefits including attention nurturing sympathy and leniency that are seen as not obtainable any other way in contrast som  atic symptom disorders though also diagnoses of exclusion are characterized by multiple som  atic complaints that are not produced intentionally
factor i deficiency also known as fi  br  ino  gen deficiency is a rare inherited bleeding disorder related to fi  br  ino  gen function in the blood co  ag  ulation cas  c  ade it is typically sub  classified into three distinct disorders a  fi  br  ino  gen  emia hypo  fi  br  ino  gen  emia or dys  fi  br  ino  gen  emia a  fi  br  ino  gen  emia is defined as a lack of fi  br  ino  gen in the blood clin  ically 20 mg dec  il  iter of plasma the frequency of this disorder is estimated at between 0 5 and 2 per million hypo  fi  br  ino  gen  emia is defined as a partial deficiency of fi  br  ino  gen clin  ically 20 – 80 mg dec  il  iter of plasma estimated frequency varies from 0 5 to 3 per million dys  fi  br  ino  gen  emia is defined as malfunctioning or non functioning fi  br  ino  gen in the blood albeit at normal concentrations 200 – 400 mg dec  il  iter of plasma hypo  dys  fi  br  ino  gen  emia is a partial deficiency of fi  br  ino  gen that is also malfunctioning estimated frequency varies from 1 to 3 per million within the united states a  fi  br  ino  gen  emia accounts for 24 of all inherited ab  norm  alities of fi  br  ino  gen while hypo  fi  br  ino  gen  emia and dys  fi  br  ino  gen  emia account for 38 each
factor v le  iden thro  m  b  ophi  lia is a genetic disorder of blood clo  tting factor v le  iden is a variant mut  ated form of human factor v one of several substances that helps blood clo  t that causes an increase in blood clo  tting hyper  co  ag  ul  ability with this mutation the anti  co  ag  ul  ant protein secre  ted that stops factor v from causing inappropriate clo  tting is inhi  bited leading to an increased tendency to form dangerous abnormal blood clo  ts factor v le  iden is the most common hereditary hyper  co  ag  ul  ability prone to clo  tting disorder amongst ethnic europeans it is named after the dutch city le  iden where it was first identified in 1994 by pr  of r ber  tina et al
factor xiii deficiency occurs exceedingly rarely causing a severe bleeding tendency the incidence is one in a million to one in five million people with higher incidence in areas with cons  an  guine  ous marriage such as iran that has the highest global incidence of the disorder most are due to mutations in the a sub  unit gene located on chro  mo  some 6 p 25 p 24 this mutation is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive fashion deficiency of factor xiii leads to defective cross linking of fi  br  in and vulnerability to late re ble  eds when the primary h  emo  static plug is overwhelmed bleeding tendencies similar to hem  ophi  li  acs develop such as hem  ar  thro  ses and deep tissue bleeding as factor xiii is composed of two sub  unit protein a and b for which the genes are located on different chro  mo  som  es administration of re  combin  ant a sub  unit improves clo  t stability and is becoming a therapeutic option for patients with this condition
the aging of natural and artificial poly  mer  ic materials is a natural phenomenon in metals glass minerals and other in  organic materials the main environmental parameters influencing the degradation of poly  mer  ic materials is daylight combined with the effects of temperature moisture and oxygen these act as the main parameters of stress for outdoor wea  thering
in object oriented programming o  op a factory is an object for creating other objects – formally a factory is a function or method that returns objects of a varying prototype or class from some method call which is assumed to be new more broadly a sub  routine that returns a new object may be referred to as a factory as in factory method or factory function this is a basic concept in o  op and forms the basis for a number of related software design patterns
in class based programming the factory method pattern is a cre  ational pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify the exact class of the object that will be created this is done by creating objects by calling a factory method — either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes or implemented in a base class and op  tionally over  ridden by derived classes — rather than by calling a construc  tor
factory seconds also known as factory rejects or simply seconds are retail items which through minor fault of manufacture are sold to the public for a reduced rate rather than being discarded such goods are often res  old at this lower rate after failing the factory s quality inspection being returned to the manufacturer s factory by the original retailer or less frequently being returned to the retailer or wholesal  er by the customer the amount of damage or fault in the manufacture which may constitute an item being res  old as a second varies widely in clothing for example it may simply refer to a single pulled thread or mis se  wn se  am whereas in a set of items such as cro  ck  ery it may mean there is one piece missing from the set generally an item listed as a factory second will have failed quality inspection for cosmetic rather than functional reasons such items are often heavily discounted but may not have as all encompassing a warr  an  ty or guarantee as a full quality item for example the product may be non re  turn  able discount stores often rely on the sale of factory seconds as a major part of their trade
in audio engineering a fade is a gradual increase or decrease in the level of an audio signal the term can also be used for film cinemato  graphy or theatre lighting in much the same way see fade film  making and fade lighting a recorded song may be gradually reduced to silence at its end fade out or may gradually increase from silence at the beginning fade in fading out can serve as a recording solution for pieces of music that contain no obvious ending both f  ades and cross f  ades are very valuable since they allow the engineer to quickly and easily make sure that the beginning and the end of any audio region is smooth in order to not have any prominent g  lit  ches it is necessary that there is a clear section of silence prior to the audio fade ins and out can also be used to change the characteristics of a sound for example a fade in is used to soften the attack especially in voc  als where very plo  sive ‘ b ’ ‘ d ’ and ‘ p ’ sounds can occur it can also be used to soften up the attack of the drum and or per  cus  sion instruments a cross fade can be manipulated through its rates and coefficients in order to create different styles of fading almost every fade is different this means that the fade parameters must be adjusted according to the individual needs of the mix though relatively rare songs can fade out then fade back in some examples of this are hel  ter sk  el  ter and strawberry fields forever by the beat  les suspicious minds by el  vis pres  ley ram  bling on by pro  col har  um some girls are bigger than others by the smi  ths thank you by led z  ep  pel  in it s only money pt 2 by arg  ent and future by param  ore
in stage lighting a fade is a gradual increase or decrease of the intensity of light projected onto the stage the term fade in refers to gradually changing the lighting level from complete darkness to a predetermined lighting level a fade out also known as fade to black refers to gradually decreasing the intensity of light until none is shining on the stage a cross  fade is when lighting levels are gradually altered from one setting to another a fade in is sometimes called a build and where this terminology is used a fade is understood to be a fade out increasing lighting intensi  ties that are not black is referred to as a fade up similarly decreasing lighting intensi  ties to a level above black is referred to as a fade down cross f  ades are accomplished by executing fade ups and or fade downs in nearly all theat  r  ical lighting designs multiple lighting instruments are used to illumin  ate the stage at any one time a cue refers to the recorded state of illumin  ation for the entire stage at that time the intensity of the lighting instruments are often altered with a single cross  fade altering the lighting state of the stage the lighting instruments are altered from a dim  mer board or lighting control panel operated by a lighting techn  ician the dim  mer board now referred to as the lighting con  sole especially with newer digital control systems like d  m  x uses a serial data stream to control multiple groups called univer  ses of 512 d  m  x addresses to control compatible fix  tures including dim  mers via different methods leading to a single twisted pair of wires connected to the fix  tures d  m  x cons  oles are largely computerized thus allowing digital process control from multiple input devices and synchron  ization via mid  i s  mp  te etc the terms fade in fade out and fade to black were borrowed by hollywood and are used in the formal structure of scre  en  plays
the fading affect bias more commonly known as f  ab is a psychological phenomenon in which information regarding negative emotions tends to be forgotten more quickly than that associated with pleasant emotions although there have been some contradictory findings regarding the presence of f  ab it has been largely found to be real
idi  opathic bas  al gang  lia calci  fication also known as fa  hr disease is a rare genetically dominant inherited neuro  logical disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium in areas of the brain that control movement through the use of ct sc  ans calci  fications are seen primarily in the bas  al gang  lia and in other areas such as the cere  br  al cor  tex
failed back syndrome or post lam  in  ec  tomy syndrome is a condition characterized by persistent pain following back sur  ger  ies failed back syndrome f  bs also called failed back surgery syndrome f  b  ss refers to chronic back and or leg pain that occurs after back spinal surgery usually after lam  in  ec  tomy it is characterized as a chronic pain syndrome multiple factors can contribute to the onset or development of f  bs contributing factors include but are not limited to residual or recurrent spinal dis  c her  ni  ation persistent post operative pressure on a spinal nerve altered joint mobility joint hyper  mobility with instability scar tissue fi  bro  sis depression anxiety sle  epl  essness and spinal muscular de  conditioning an individual may be pre  disposed to the development of f  bs due to systemic disorders such as diabetes auto  immune disease and peripheral blood vessels vascular disease common symptoms associated with f  bs include diffuse dull and aching pain involving the back and or legs abnormal sen  sibility may include sharp pric  king and stab  bing pain in the extre  mi  ties the term post lam  in  ec  tomy syndrome is used by some doctors to indicate the same condition as failed back syndrome the treatments of post lam  in  ec  tomy syndrome include physical therapy low force specific chi  ro  prac  tic care micro  current electrical neuro  muscular stimul  ator minor nerve blocks trans  cu  taneous electrical nerve stimulation tens behavioral medicine non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory n  said medications memb  rane stabilizers anti  depres  s  ants spinal cord stimulation and intra  th  ec  al morphine pump use of ep  id  ural ster  o  id injections may be minim  ally helpful in some cases the targeted an  atomic use of a potent anti infl  am  matory anti tn  f therapeu  tics is being investigated the number of spinal sur  ger  ies varies around the world the united states and the netherlands report the highest number of spinal sur  ger  ies while the united kingdom and sweden report the fe  west recently there have been calls for more aggressive surgical treatment in europe see infr  a success rates of spinal surgery vary for many reasons
fair division is the problem of dividing a set of goods or resources between several people who have an entitlement to them such that each person receives his her due share this problem arises in various real world settings auctions divorce settlements electronic spectrum and frequency allocation airport traffic management or exploitation of earth observation satellites this is an active research area in mathematics economics especially social choice theory game theory dispute resolution and more the central ten  et of fair division is that such a division should be performed by the players themselves maybe using a mediator but certainly not an arbit  er as only the players really know how they value the goods there are many different kinds of fair division problems depending on the nature of goods to divide the criteria for fairness the nature of the players and their preferences and other criteria for evaluating the quality of the division the mathematical fair division problem is an ide  alization of those real life problems the theory of fair division provides explicit criteria for various different types of fairness its aim is to provide procedures algori  th  ms to achieve a fair division or prove their impossibility and study the properties of such divisions both in theory and in real life
a fall line or fall zone is the ge  om  or  pho  logic break that demarc  ates the border between an u  pl  and region of relatively hard cryst  alline basement rock and a coastal plain of sof  ter se  dim  entary rock a fall line is typically prominent when crossed by a river for there will often be rap  ids or water  falls many times a fall line will rece  de upstream as the river cuts out the up  hill dense material often forming “ c ” shaped water  falls because of these features river  boats typically cannot travel any farther inland without port  aging unless locks are built there on the other hand the rapid change in elev  ation of the water and the resulting energy release makes the fall line a good location for water mills gr  ist mills and saw  mills because of the need for a river port leading to the ocean and a ready supply of water power settlements often develop where rivers cross a fall line
falling out is a culture bound syndrome primarily reported in the southern united states and the caribbean it is described as a con  stric  ted consciousness as a psychological response to anxiety and specific stres  sors sudden collapse characterizes episodes of falling out whether without warning or preceded by di  zz  iness and a spinning sensation the individual suffering from symptoms of falling out can usually hear and understand what is going on around them falling out is not treated as an illness unless it becomes disab  ling it is often seen as a normal response to stressful situations fun  er  als or when a person receives shocking information
falling is the second leading cause of accidental death worldwide and is a major cause of personal injury especially for the elderly falls in older adults are an important class of preventable injuries builders electr  icians min  ers and pa  inters are occupations with high rates of fall injuries about 155 million new cases of a significant fall occurred in 2013 these un  intentional falls resulted in 556 000 deaths up from 341 000 deaths in 1990
the falling cat problem is a problem that consists of explaining the underlying physics behind the observation of the cat righ  ting reflex that is how a free falling body cat can change its orientation such that it is able to right itself as it falls to land on its feet irrespective of its initial orientation and without violating the law of conservation of ang  ular momentum although amusing and trivial to pose the solution of the problem is not as straightforward as its statement would suggest the apparent contradiction with the law of conservation of ang  ular momentum is resolved because the cat is not a rigid body but instead is permitted to change its shape during the fall owing to the cat s flexible backbone and non functional collar bone the behavior of the cat is thus typical of the mechanics of de  form  able bodies
a falling scream is a sound effect used mostly in anim  ation and live action movies when an object falls down with great speed it is generally described as a long continuous whistle from the dropping point which gets louder in mid flight then dies out at the point of impact it often demonstrates the dop  pl  er effect
primary fall  op  ian tube cancer p  f  tc often just tu  bal cancer is a m  align  ant ne  op  las  m that originates from the fall  op  ian tube
fall  op  ian tube obstruction is a major cause of female in  fertility blocked fall  op  ian tubes are unable to let the ov  um and the sperm converge thus making fertili  zation impossible fall  op  ian tubes are also known as ovi  duc  ts uter  ine tubes and sal  p  inges singular sal  pin  x
falls in older adults are a significant cause of morbi  dity and mortality and are an important class of preventable injuries the cause of falling in old age is often multi  fac  torial and may require a multidisciplinary approach both to treat any injuries sustained and to prevent future falls falls include dropping from a standing position or from exposed positions such as those on l  adders or ste  pl  adders the severity of injury is generally related to the height of the fall the state of the ground surface onto which the victim falls is also important harder surfaces causing more severe injury falls can be prevented by ensuring that car  pets are tac  ked down that objects like electric cords are not in one s path that hearing and vision are optimi  zed di  zz  iness is minimized alcohol intake is moder  ated and that shoes have low heels or rubber sol  es
false brin  elling is damage caused by fre  tting with or without corro  sion that causes im  prints that look similar to brin  elling but are caused by a different mechanism brin  ell damage is characterized by permanent material de  formation without loss of material and occurs during one load event whereas false brin  elling is characterized by material wear or removal and occurs over an extended time from vibration and light loads the basic cause of false brin  elling is that the design of the bearing does not have a method for redistribution of lubric  ant without large rot  ational movement of all bearing surfaces in the rac  e  way lubric  ant is pushed out of a loaded region during small osci  ll  atory movements and vibration where the bearings surfaces repeatedly do not move very far without lubric  ant wear is increased when the small osci  ll  atory movements occur again it is possible for the resulting wear debris to ox  idi  ze and form an abra  sive compound which further acceler  ates wear
false diffusion is a type of error observed when the up  wind scheme is used to approximate the conv  ection term in conv  ection – diffusion equations the more accurate central difference scheme can be used for the conv  ection term but for grids with cell pec  let number more than 2 the central difference scheme is unstable and the simpler up  wind scheme is often used the resulting error from the up  wind differ  encing scheme has a diffusion like appearance in two or three dimensional co ordinate systems and is referred as false diffusion false diffusion errors in numerical solutions of conv  ection diffusion problems in two and three dimensions arise from the numerical approxim  ations of the conv  ection term in the conservation equations over the past 20 years many numerical techniques have been developed to solve conv  ection diffusion equations and none are problem free but false diffusion is one of the most serious problems and a major topic of controversy and confusion among numerical analysts
false loose smu  t is a fun  gal disease of barley caused by us  til  ago ni  gra this fun  gus is very similar to u nu  da the cause of loose smu  t and was first distinguished from it in 19  32
false memory is the psychological phenomenon in which a person recalls a memory that did not actually occur false memory is often considered in legal cases regarding childhood sexual abuse this phenomenon was initially investigated by psychological pioneers pierre janet and sigmund fre  ud fre  ud wrote the ae  ti  ology of hysteria where he discussed repressed memories of childhood sexual trauma in their relation to hysteria elizabeth lo  f  tus has since her de  bu  ting research project in 1974 been a lead researcher in memory recovery and false memories false memory syndrome recognizes false memory as a prevalent part of one s life in which it affects the person s mentality and day to day life false memory syndrome differs from false memory in that the syndrome is heavily influential in the orientation of a person s life while false memory can occur without this significant effect the syndrome takes effect because the person believes the influential memory to be true however its research is controversial and the syndrome is excluded from identification as a mental disorder and therefore is also excluded from the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders false memory is an important part of psychological research because of the ties it has to a large number of mental disorders such as pt  s  d
in medical statistics false posi  tives and false neg  atives are concepts analogous to type i and type ii errors in statistical hypothesis testing where a positive result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis and a negative result corresponds to not rejecting the null hypothesis the terms are often used inter  change  ably but there are differences in detail and interpretation
false pregnancy phantom pregnancy or hysterical pregnancy — officially called pseu  do  cy  esis in humans and pseu  dop  reg  nancy in other mammals — is the appearance of clinical or sub  clinical signs and symptoms associated with pregnancy when the organism is not actually pregnant clin  ically false pregnancy is most common in veterinary medicine particularly in dogs and mice false pregnancy in humans is less common and may sometimes be purely psychological it is generally believed that false pregnancy is caused by changes in the endocrine system of the body leading to the secre  tion of hormones that cause physical changes similar to those during pregnancy some men experience the same illnesses as a woman would experience while pregnant when their partner is pregnant see cou  v  ade syndrome possibly caused by ph  er  om  ones that increase estro  gen pro  l  acti  n and cor  ti  sol levels
in computer science false sharing is a performance degrading usage pattern that can arise in systems with distributed coherent c  aches at the size of the smallest resource block managed by the c  aching mechanism when a system participant attempts to periodically access data that will never be altered by another party but that data shares a c  ache block with data that is altered the c  aching protocol may force the first participant to re  load the whole unit despite a lack of logical necessity the c  aching system is unaware of activity within this block and forces the first participant to bear the c  aching system overhead required by true shared access of a resource by far the most common usage of this term is in modern multi  processor c  pu c  aches where memory is c  ached in lines of some small power of two word size e g 64 aligned con  ti  gu  ous by  tes if two processors operate on independent data in the same memory address region stor  able in a single line the c  ache coher  ency mechanisms in the system may force the whole line across the bus or inter  connect with every data write forcing memory st  alls in addition to wasting system band  width false sharing is an inherent arti  fact of automatically synchron  ized c  ache protocols and can also exist in environments such as distributed file system or databases but current prevalence is limited to ram c  aches
false vivi  par  y is an abnormal condition found in many types of plants in which a plan  t  let is produced where the flower should appear it is not a completely understood topic but some say it could be caused by a hormonal mistake the plan  t  let which appears can be rooted and grown like normal plants this abnormal behavior can occasionally be seen in many types of carni  vor  ous plants
famili  al mediterranean fever f  m  f also known as armenian disease is a hereditary infl  am  matory disorder f  m  f is an auto  infl  am  matory disease caused by mutations in me  f  v a gene which en  codes a 7  81 – amino acid protein den  oted py  rin while all ethnic groups are susceptible to f  m  f it usually occurs in people of mediterranean origin — including se  phar  d  ic jews armenians arabs greeks and italians the disorder has been given various names including famili  al par  oxy  sm  al poly  ser  osi  tis periodic per  it  oni  tis recurrent poly  ser  osi  tis benign par  oxy  sm  al per  it  oni  tis periodic disease or periodic fever reim  ann periodic disease or reim  ann s syndrome si  eg  al c  att  an mam  ou disease and wol  ff periodic disease note that periodic fever can also refer to any of the periodic fever syndro  mes
famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is f  ap is an inherited condition in which numerous aden  om  at  ous poly  ps form mainly in the epi  the  lium of the large intest  ine while these poly  ps start out benign m  align  ant transformation into col  on cancer occurs when they are left untreated three variants are known to exist f  ap and attenu  ated f  ap originally called hereditary flat aden  oma syndrome are caused by ap  c gene defects on chro  mo  some 5 while auto  som  al rec  essive f  ap or my  h associated poly  pos  is is caused by defects in the mu  ty  h gene on chro  mo  some 1 of the three f  ap itself is the most severe and most common although for all three the resulting colon  ic poly  ps and cancers are confined to the col  on wall and removal can greatly reduce the spread of cancer the root cause of f  ap is understood to be a genetic mutation — a flaw in the body s tum  our sup  pres  sor genes that prevent development of tum  ours the flaw allows numerous cells of the intest  inal wall to develop into potentially can  cer  ous poly  ps when they would usually reach the end of their life inevitably one or more will eventually progress and give rise to cancer 7 risk by age 21 rising to 87 by age 45 and 93 by age 50 the flawed genes do not trigger cancer but rather they reduce the body s ability to protect against the risk of aged cells becoming can  cer  ous even with the flawed gene it may still take time before a cell actually does develop that is can  cer  ous as a result and the gene may in some cases still partially operate to control tum  ours therefore cancer from f  ap takes many years to develop and is almost always an adult onset disease the second form of f  ap known as attenu  ated famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is has the ap  c gene functional but slightly impaired it is therefore somewhat able to operate as usual attenu  ated f  ap still presents a high 70 lifetime risk of cancer as estimated but typically presents with far fewer poly  ps typically 30 rather than the hundreds or thousands usually found in f  ap and arises at an age when f  ap is usually no longer considered likely — typically between 40 and 70 years old average 55 rather than the more usual 30 s upward because it has far fewer poly  ps options for management may be different the third variant auto  som  al rec  essive famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is or my  h associated poly  pos  is is also mil  der and as its name suggests requires both parents to be carriers to manifest the condition in some cases f  ap can manifest higher in the col  on than usual for example the asc  ending col  on or proxim  al to the splen  ic fl  ex  ure or in the ga  str  ic or du  o  den  al tracts where they show no symptoms until cancer is present and greatly advanced ap  c mutations have been linked to certain other cancers such as thyro  id cancer as the mutation causing f  ap is genetic it can be inherited here  dit  arily from either parent and passed to children a genetic blood test of the ap  c gene exists that can determine whether it is deficient and therefore can predict the possibility of f  ap individuals at risk due to family links or genetic testing are usually offered routine monitoring of the intest  inal tract every 1 – 5 years for life from early adul  thood to detect the slow forming poly  ps and act if found before they can pose a threat international poly  pos  is registries exists that track known cases of f  ap or ap  c gene defects for research and clinical purposes mutation of ap  c also occurs commonly in incident cases of colo  rec  tal carcin  oma emphasizing its importance in this form of cancer
the famili  al amy  loid neuro  path  ies or famili  al amy  lo  ido  tic neuro  path  ies neuro  path  ic here  do  famili  al amy  lo  ido  sis famili  al amy  loid pol  yn  euro  pa  thy are a rare group of auto  som  al dominant diseases where  in the autonom  ic nervous system and or other nerves are compromised by protein aggregation and or amy  loid fi  bri  l formation
famili  al atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation is an auto  som  al dominant heart condition that causes disruptions in the heart s normal rhythm this condition is characterized by uncoordinated electrical activity in the heart s upper chambers the atri  a which causes the heartbeat to become fast and irregular
famili  al cir  rho  sis is a form of cir  rho  sis that is a ker  atin disease this particular type of cir  rho  sis is inherited and the liver scar  ring is not caused by any obvious disease process damage progres  ses until function becomes impaired current cir  rho  sis treatment is aimed at managing complications as well as chronic poor health related to liver damage treatments include ab  stin  ence from alcohol nutritional supplement identification of any identifiable disease process management of portal hyper  tension and liver transplantation it is associated with kr  t 8 and kr  t 18
famili  al dys  autonom  ia fd sometimes called ri  ley – day syndrome and hereditary sensory and autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy type iii h  san iii is a disorder of the autonom  ic nervous system which affects the development and survival of sensory sympathetic and some paras  ymp  athetic neurons in the autonom  ic and sensory nervous system resulting in variable symptoms including in  sensitivity to pain inability to produce tears poor growth and lab  ile blood pressure ep  is  od  ic hyper  tension and post  ural hypo  tension people with fd have frequent v  om  iting crises pneumonia problems with speech and movement difficulty sw  allowing inappropriate perception of heat pain and taste as well as unstable blood pressure and gastro  intest  inal dys  mo  ti  lity fd does not affect intelligence originally reported by con  rad milton ri  ley and richard lawrence day in 1949 fd is one example of a group of disorders known as hereditary sensory and autonom  ic neuro  path  ies h  san all h  san are characterized by widespread sensory dysfunction and variable autonom  ic dysfunction caused by incomplete development of sensory and autonom  ic neurons the disorders are believed to be genetically distinct from each other
famili  al dys  bet  ali  po  prote  in  emia or type iii hyper  li  po  prote  in  emia also known as rem  nant hyper  li  pi  dem  ia rem  nant hyper  li  po  prote  in  aemia broad beta disease and rem  nant removal disease is a condition characterized by increased total cho  le  sterol and tri  gly  cer  ide levels and decreased h  dl levels
famili  al encephalopathy with neuro  ser  pin inclusion bodies f  eni  b is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by a loss of intellectual functioning dementia and seizures at first affected individuals may have difficulty sustaining attention and concentrating their judgment insight and memory become impaired as the condition progres  ses over time they lose the ability to perform the activities of daily living and most people with this condition eventually require comprehensive care the signs and symptoms of famili  al encephalopathy with neuro  ser  pin inclusion bodies vary in their severity and age of onset in severe cases the condition causes seizures and episodes of sudden involuntary muscle jer  king or tw  it  ching my  o  cl  onus in addition to dementia these signs can appear as early as a person s teens less severe cases are characterized by a progressive decline in intellectual functioning beginning in a person s for  ties or fif  ties mutations in the ser  pin  i 1 gene cause famili  al encephalopathy with neuro  ser  pin inclusion bodies the ser  pin  i 1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called neuro  ser  pin this protein is found in nerve cells where it plays a role in the development and function of the nervous system neuro  ser  pin helps control the growth of nerve cells and their connections with one another which suggests that this protein may be important for learning and memory mutations in the gene result in the production of an abnormally shaped unstable version of neuro  ser  pin abnormal neuro  ser  pin proteins can attach to one another and form clum  ps called neuro  ser  pin inclusion bodies or collins bodies within nerve cells these clum  ps disrupt the cells normal functioning and ultimately lead to cell death progressive dementia results from this gradual loss of nerve cells in certain parts of the brain researchers believe that a buil  dup of related potentially toxic substances in nerve cells may also contribute to the signs and symptoms of this condition this condition is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant pattern which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder in many cases an affected person has a parent with the condition
famili  al ex  ud  ative vit  re  ore  tin  opathy f  ev  r pronounced fever is a genetic eye disorder affecting the growth and development of blood vessels in the re  tina of the eye this disease can lead to visual impairment and sometimes complete blindness in one or both eyes f  ev  r is characterized by ex  ud  ative leakage and hemorrha  ge of the blood vessels in the re  tina along with incomplete vas  cul  arization of the peripheral re  tina and can easily be confused with re  tin  opathy of pre  maturity in premature infants the disease process often leads to re  tin  al fol  ds tears and det  ach  ments although f  ev  r is a genetic condition it does not affect other parts of the body types include
famili  al hem  ip  leg  ic migr  aine f  hm is an auto  som  al dominant classical migr  aine subtype that typically includes weakness of half the body which can last for hours days or weeks it can be accompanied by other symptoms such as at  ax  ia coma and paralysis there is clinical overlap in some f  hm patients with ep  is  od  ic at  ax  ia type 2 and spin  oc  ere  bell  ar at  ax  ia type 6 benign famili  al inf  anti  le epi  le  psy and altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a of childhood there are 3 known loc  i for f  hm f  hm 1 which accounts for approximately 50 of f  hm patients is caused by mutations in a gene coding for the p q type calcium channel α sub  unit cac  na 1 a f  hm 1 is also associated with cere  bell  ar de  generation f  hm 2 which accounts for 25 of f  hm cases is caused by mutations in the na k at  p  ase gene at  p 1 a 2 f  hm 3 is a rare subtype of f  hm and is caused by mutations in a sodium channel α sub  unit coding gene s  cn 1 a these three sub  types do not account for all cases of f  hm suggesting the existence of at least one other loc  us f  hm 4 many of the non famili  al cases of hem  ip  leg  ic migr  aine spor  adic hem  ip  leg  ic migr  aine are also caused by mutations at these loc  i a fourth gene that has been associated with this condition is the pro  line rich trans  memb  rane protein 2 pr  rt 2 an ax  onal protein associated with the ex  oc  y  to  sis complex a fifth gene associated with this condition is sl  c 4 a 4 which en  codes the electro  genic nah  co 3 co  transporter nb  ce 1
famili  al hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism is a group of inherited conditions in which the adren  al g  lands which are small g  lands located on top of each kidney produce too much of the hormone al  do  ster  one excess al  do  ster  one causes the kidneys to retain more salt than normal which in turn increases the body s fluid levels and causes high blood pressure people with famili  al hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism may develop severe high blood pressure often early in life without treatment hyper  tension increases the risk of stro  kes heart attacks and kidney failure there are other forms of hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism that are not inherited famili  al hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism is categ  orized into three types distinguished by their clinical features and genetic causes in famili  al hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism type i hyper  tension generally appears in childhood to early adul  thood and can range from mild to severe this type can be treated with ster  o  id medications called glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids so it is also known as glu  co  cor  ti  co  id remedi  able al  do  ster  on  ism gra in famili  al hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism type ii hyper  tension usually appears in early to middle adul  thood and does not improve with glu  co  cor  ti  co  id treatment in most individuals with famili  al hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism type iii the adren  al g  lands are enlarged up to six times their normal size these affected individuals have severe hyper  tension that starts in childhood the hyper  tension is difficult to treat and often results in damage to organs such as the heart and kidneys rarely individuals with type iii have mil  der symptoms with treat  able hyper  tension and no adren  al g  land enlargement this condition is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant pattern which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder the various types of famili  al hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism have different genetic causes it is unclear how common these diseases are all together they appear to make up less than 1 of cases of hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism
famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia abbreviated f  h also spelled famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  aemia is a genetic disorder characterized by high cho  le  sterol levels specifically very high levels of low density li  po  protein ld  l bad cho  le  sterol in the blood and early cardiovascular disease since individuals with f  h underlying body bio  chemistry is slightly different their high cho  le  sterol levels are less responsive to the kinds of cho  le  sterol control methods which are usually more effective in people without f  h such as dietary modification and stati  n tablets nevertheless treatment including higher stati  n doses is usually effective many people have mutations in the ld  lr gene that en  codes the ld  l recep  tor protein which normally removes ld  l from the circulation or a  poli  po  protein b apo  b which is the part of ld  l that binds with the recep  tor mutations in other genes are rare people who have one abnormal copy are hetero  zy  g  ous of the ld  lr gene may develop cardiovascular disease prematurely at the age of 30 to 40 having two abnormal copies being homo  zy  g  ous may cause severe cardiovascular disease in childhood hetero  zy  g  ous f  h is a common genetic disorder inherited in an auto  som  al dominant pattern occurring in 1 500 people in most countries homo  zy  g  ous f  h is much r  arer occurring in 1 in a million births hetero  zy  g  ous f  h is normally treated with stat  ins bile acid sequestr  ants or other lip  id lowering agents that lower cho  le  sterol levels new cases are generally offered genetic counsel  ing homo  zy  g  ous f  h often does not respond to medical therapy and may require other treatments including ld  l ap  her  esis removal of ld  l in a method similar to dial  ysis and occasionally liver transplantation
famili  al hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia is an auto  som  al dominant condition occurring in approximately 1 of the population tri  gly  cer  ide levels but not cho  le  sterol are elevated as a result of excess he  p  atic production of v  ld  l or hetero  zy  g  ous l  pl deficiency the condition is associated with premature coron  ary disease though treatment sometimes differs from hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia affected individuals are at risk for ch  y  lo  mic  ron  emia syndrome characterized by elevated ch  y  lo  mic  ron  s in the blood they are also at risk of pan  cre  ati  tis especially when tri  gly  cer  ide levels exceed 1000 mg dl
famili  al hypo  calci  ur  ic hyper  cal  cem  ia is a condition that can cause hyper  cal  cem  ia a serum calcium level typically above 10 2 mg dl it is also known as famili  al benign hypo  calci  ur  ic hyper  cal  cem  ia f  b  hh where there is usually a family history of hyper  cal  cem  ia which is mild a urine calcium to cre  at  in  ine ratio 0 01 and urine calcium 200 mg day
famili  al isolated vitamin e deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive neuro  degenerative disease symptoms are similar to those of fried  reich at  ax  ia
famili  al male limited pre  co  cious pu  ber  ty often abbreviated as f  mp  p also known as famili  al sexual pre  co  city or gon  ad  o  tro  pin independent te  sto  toxico  sis is a form of gon  ad  o  tro  pin independent pre  co  cious pu  ber  ty in which boys experience early onset and progression of pu  ber  ty signs of pu  ber  ty can develop as early as an age of 1 year the spinal length in boys may be short due to a rapid advance in ep  ip  hy  seal matur  ation it is an auto  som  al dominant condition with a mutation of the lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h recep  tor treatment is with drugs that suppress gon  ad  al ster  o  ido  genesis such as cy  pro  ter  one acetate ke  to  con  azole spi  ro  no  lac  tone and te  stol  ac  tone alternatively the combination of the and  ro  gen recep  tor antagon  ist bic  al  ut  amide and the arom  at  ase inhi  bit  or an  astro  zo  le may be used
famili  al multiple intest  inal at  re  sia is an inherited disorder where at  re  sia occurs at multiple locations throughout the small and large intest  ines it presents at birth and the prog  no  sis is very poor with almost all those diagnosed with this condition dying with one month it may be associated with combined immun  o  deficiency
famili  al partial li  po  dy  stro  phy also known as kö  b  ber  ling – dun  ni  gan syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant skin condition characterized by the loss of sub  cu  taneous fat famili  al partial li  po  dy  stro  phy also refers to a rare condition in which there is a loss of sub  cu  taneous fat in the upper section of the body face to trunk however the lower half of the body remains unaffected type 1 is believed to be under  diagnosed
famili  al progressive hyper  pi  gm  entation is characterized by pat  ches of hyper  pi  gm  entation present at birth which increase in size and number with age this is a genetic disease however the gene that accounts for this spot  ty dark  ening of the skin has yet to be discovered although rare the con  genital disease is most prevalent among populations originating from china
famili  al ren  al amy  lo  ido  sis or famili  al vis  cer  al amy  lo  ido  sis or hereditary amy  loid ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is a form of amy  lo  ido  sis primarily presenting in the kidney it is associated with fi  br  ino  gen alpha chain a  poli  po  protein a 1 and ly  so  zy  me it is also known as o  ster  tag type after b o  ster  tag who characterized it in 19  32 and 1950
famili  al ren  al disease is an un  common cause of ren  al failure kidney failure in dogs and cats most causes are breed related famili  al and some are inherited some are con  genital present at birth ren  al dys  pl  asia is a type of famili  al ren  al disease characterized by abnormal cellular differentiation of ren  al tissue dogs and cats with ren  al disease caused by these diseases have the typical symptoms of ren  al failure including weight loss loss of appetite depression and increased water consumption and ur  ination a list of famili  al ren  al diseases by dog and cat breeds is found below
famili  al thor  ac  ic a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m also referred to as famili  al a  or  tic dis  section or c  ys  tic medi  al necro  sis of a  or  ta is an auto  som  al dominant disorder of large arter  ies there is an association between famili  al thor  ac  ic a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m mar  fan syndrome and massive bac  lo  fen over  dose as well as other hereditary connec  tive tissue disorders
photo  graphical manipulation is the alteration of a photograph the u s national press photograph  ers association n  p  pa digital manipulation code of ethics states “ as journalists we believe the guiding principle of our profession is accuracy therefore we believe it is wrong to alter the content of a photograph in any way that decei  ves the public as photo  journalists we have the responsibility to document society and to preserve its images as a matter of historical record it is clear that the emerging electronic technologies provide new challenges to the integrity of photo  graphic images in light of this we the national press photograph  ers association reaffirm the basis of our ethics accurate representation is the benchmark of our profession we believe photo  journ  alistic guidelines for fair and accurate reporting should be the criteria for judging what may be done electronically to a photograph altering the editorial content is a breach of the ethical standards recognized by the n  p  pa ”
in message oriented mid  d  le  ware solutions fan out is a messaging pattern used to model an information exchange that implies the delivery or spreading of a message to one or multiple destinations possibly in parallel and not halting the process that execu  tes the messaging to wait for any response to that message also fan out in software construction means the number of classes used by a certain class or the number of methods called by a certain method
the fan effect is a psychological phenomenon under the branch of cognitive psychology where recognition times or error rate for a particular concept increases as more information about the concept is acquired the word fan refers to the number of associations correlated with the concept
fan  coni ana  emia fa is a rare genetic disease among those affected the majority develop cancer most often acute my  elo  genous leuk  emia and 90 develop bone marrow failure the inability to produce blood cells by age 40 about 60 – 75 of people have con  genital defects commonly short stature ab  norm  alities of the skin arms head eyes kidneys and ears and developmental disabilities around 75 of people have some form of endocrine problem with varying degrees of severity fa is the result of a genetic defect in a cluster of proteins responsible for dna repair treatment with and  rog  ens and hem  ato  po  ie  tic blood cell growth factors can help bone marrow failure temporarily but the long term treatment is bone marrow transplant if a donor is available because of the genetic defect in dna repair cells from people with fa are sensitive to drugs that treat cancer by dna cross  linking such as mit  om  y  cin c the typical age of death was 30 years in 2000 fa occurs in about 1 per 130 000 births with a slightly higher frequency in ash  ken  az  i jews in israel and af  ri  kan  ers in south africa the disease is named after the swiss pedi  at  ric  ian who originally described this disorder guido fan  coni it should not be confused with fan  coni syndrome a kidney disorder also named after fan  coni
fan  coni syndrome or fan  coni s syndrome english f  ɑ  ː  n  ˈ  ko  ʊ  ni f  æ  n is a syndrome of inadequate re  absorption in the proxim  al ren  al tu  bul  es of the kidney the syndrome can be caused by various underlying con  genital or acquired diseases by toxicity for example from toxic heavy metals or by adverse drug reactions it results in various small molecules of metabol  ism being passed into the urine instead of being re  absorbed from the tu  bul  ar fluid for example glucose amino acids ur  ic acid phosphate and bic  ar  bon  ate fan  coni syndrome affects the proxim  al tu  bul  es namely the proxim  al con  volu  ted tu  bu  le pc  t which is the first part of the tu  bu  le to process fluid after it is filtered through the glo  mer  ul  us and the proxim  al straight tu  bu  le par  s rec  ta which leads to the descending limb of the loop of hen  le different forms of fan  coni syndrome can affect different functions of the proxim  al tu  bu  le and result in different complications the loss of bic  ar  bon  ate results in type 2 or proxim  al ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis the loss of phosphate results in the bone diseases ric  kets and o  ste  om  al  ac  ia even with adequate vitamin d and calcium levels because phosphate is necessary for bone development in children and even for ongoing bone metabol  ism in adults
in physics a f  ano resonance is a type of reson  ant scat  tering phenomenon that gives rise to an asymmetric line shape interference between a background and a reson  ant scat  tering process produces the asymmetric line shape it is named after italian american physic  ist u  go f  ano who gave a theoretical explanation for the scat  tering line shape of in  elastic scat  tering of electron  s from heli  um however et  tore maj  or  ana was the first to discover this phenomenon because it is a general wave phenomenon examples can be found across many areas of physics and engineering
far sightedness also known as hyper  op  ia is a condition of the eye where light focuses behind instead of on the re  tina this causes close objects to be blur  ry while far objects may appear normal as the disease wor  sens objects at all distances may be blur  ry other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain people with hyper  op  ia can also experience accommod  ative dysfunction bin  oc  ular dysfunction am  bl  y  op  ia and str  ab  is  mus the cause is an im  perfection in the eye often when the eye  ball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough causing the eye to not have enough power to see close or nearby objects it is a type of ref  r  active error correction is usually achieved by the use of conv  ex corrective l  enses for near objects the eye has to accommodate even more depending on the amount of hyper  op  ia and the age of the person which directly relates to the eye s accommod  ative ability the symptoms can be different far sightedness primarily affects young children with rates of 8 at 6 years and 1 at 15 years
far east scar  let like fever or scar  lat  ino  id fever is an infectious disease caused by the gram negative bac  ill  us y  er  sin  ia pseu  do  tuberculosis in japan it is called izumi fever
far  ber disease also known as far  ber s li  po  gran  ul  om  at  osis cer  amid  ase deficiency fi  bro  cy  tic dys  mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis and li  po  gran  ul  om  at  osis is an extremely rare 80 cases reported worldwide to this day auto  som  al rec  essive ly  so  som  al storage disease marked by a deficiency in the enzyme cer  amid  ase that causes an accumulation of fatty material sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds leading to ab  norm  alities in the joints liver throat tissues and central nervous system normally the enzyme cer  amid  ase breaks down fatty material in the body ’ s cells in far  ber disease the gene responsible for making this enzyme is mut  ated hence the fatty material is never broken down and instead accumul  ates in various parts of the body leading to the signs and symptoms of this disorder
the farm to retail price spread is the difference between the farm price and the retail price of food reflecting charges for processing shipping and re  tailing farm goods sometimes called the marketing spread the current spread accounts for about three four  ths of the retail price for a market basket of foods according to us  da the farm value varies for each type of food for example in 2004 it accounted for about 35 of the retail cost of eggs compared to about 19 for fresh fruit and vegetables and about 6 for cereal and bak  ery products
farmer s lung not to be confused with si  lo f  iller s disease is a hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis induced by the inhal  ation of bio  logic du  sts coming from hay dust or mold spo  res or other agricultural products it results in a type iii hy  pers  ensi  tivity infl  am  matory response and can progress to become a chronic condition which is considered potentially dangerous while inhal  ed aller  gens often provoke the creation of i  ge antibodies that circulate in the blood  stream these types of immune response are most often initiated by exposure to ther  m  oph  il  ic ac  tin  om  y  ce  tes most commonly sac  char  o  pol  ys  pora recti  vir  gul  a which generates ig  g type antibodies following a subsequent exposure ig  g antibodies combine with the inhal  ed aller  gen to form immune complex  es in the walls of the al  ve  oli in the lungs this causes fluid protein and cells to accumulate in the al  ve  ol  ar wall which slows blood gas interchange and compromises the function of the lung
in medicine fas  ci  i  tis ˌ  f  æ  ʃ  i  ˈ  a  ɪ  t  ɪ  s is an infl  amm  ation of the fas  cia which is the connec  tive tissue surrounding muscles blood vessels and nerves in particular it often involves one of the following diseases necro  tizing fas  ci  i  tis plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis e  o  sin  oph  il  ic fas  ci  i  tis par  ane  op  l  astic fas  ci  i  tis
fas  ci  ol  op  si  asis results from an infection by the tre  mato  de fas  ci  ol  op  sis bus  ki the largest intest  inal flu  ke of humans up to 7 5 cm in length
fas  ci  o  losis also known as fas  ci  oli  asis fas  ci  ol  asis dis  tom  at  osis and liver rot is a par  asi  tic worm infection caused by the common liver flu  ke fas  ci  ola he  p  atica as well as by fas  ci  ola gig  antic  a the disease is a plant borne tre  mato  de zoon  osis and is classified as a neglected tropical disease n  td it affects humans but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep the disease progres  ses through four distinct phases an initial incub  ation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with fever malaise ab  domin  al pain gastro  intest  inal symptoms ur  tic  aria an  emia ja  und  ice and respiratory symptoms the disease later progres  ses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstruc  tive phase months to years later in the chronic state the disease causes infl  amm  ation of the bile duc  ts g  all blad  der and may cause g  all stones as well as fi  bro  sis while chronic infl  amm  ation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fas  ci  o  losis is associated with increased cancer risk up to half of those infected display no symptoms and diagnosis is difficult because the worm eggs are often missed in f  ec  al examination the methods of detection are through f  ec  al examination parasite specific anti  body detection or radiological diagnosis as well as l  apar  o  tomy in case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses f  ec  al examination is generally not helpful because the worm eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection eggs appear in the f  ec  es first between 9 – 11 weeks post infection the cause of this is unknown and it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fas  ci  ola as well distinguishing them from echino  stom  es and fas  ci  ol  op  sis most immun  o  diagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method clin  ically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases radiological methods can detect le  sions in both acute and chronic infection while l  apar  o  tomy will detect le  sions and also occasionally eggs and live worms because of the size of the parasite as adult f he  p  atica 20 – 30 × 13 mm 0 79 – 1 18 × 0 51 inches or adult f gig  antic  a 25 – 75 × 12 mm fas  ci  o  losis is a big concern the amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in the death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle but generally low among humans treatment with tric  lab  end  azole has been highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages pr  azi  quan  tel is not effective and older drugs such as bi  th  ion  ol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects secondary bacterial infection causing chol  an  gi  tis has also been a concern and can be treated with antibiotics and tox  aemia may be treated with pred  n  isol  one humans are infected by eating water  grown plants primarily wild grown water  c  ress in europe or morning glory in asia infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fas  ci  ola or when using u  ten  si  ls washed with contaminated water cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals especially high rates of human infection have been found in bolivia peru and egypt and this may be due to consumption of certain foods no vaccine is available to protect people against fas  ci  ola infection preventative measures are primarily treating and immun  ization of the livestock which are required to host the live cycle of the worms veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection other methods include using mollus  cic  ides to decrease the number of sn  ails that act as vectors but it is not practical educational methods to decrease consumption of wild water  c  ress and other water  plants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden in some areas of the world where fas  ci  oli  asis has been found endemic special control programs are in place or have been planned the types of control measures depend on the setting such as epidem  io  logic eco  logic and cultural factors strict control of the growth and sale of water  c  ress and other edible water plants is important individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw water  c  ress and other water plants especially from endemic grazing areas travel  ers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated tainted vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrig  ated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked as should vis  cer  a from potentially infected animals fas  ci  oli  asis occurs in europe africa the americas as well as oce  ania recently worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fas  ci  o  losis were conserv  atively estimated at over us 3 2 billion per annum fas  ci  o  losis is now recognized as an emerging human disease the world health organization who has estimated that 2 4 million people are infected with fas  ci  ola and a further 180 million are at risk of infection
as there were many different manifestations of fascism especially during the inter  war years there were also many different symbols of fascist movements fascist symbolism typically involved nationalist imag  ery
western style fast food in china is a recent phenomenon dating back only to october 1987 when k  ent  ucky fried chicken still the most popular fast food chain in china established its first outlet in beijing k  fc was later followed by mc  don  al  ds which remains china s number two foreign fast food option in addition to american style fast food china has many local options including a sle  w of restaurants that attempt to imitate fast food particularly k  fc
a fast radio burst fr  b is a high energy astro  physical phenomenon manifested as a transi  ent radio pulse lasting only a few mil  lis  econ  ds these are bright unresolved broadband mil  lis  econ  d fl  ashes found in parts of the sky outside the mil  ky way the component frequencies of each burst are delayed by different amounts of time depending on the wa  vel  eng  th this delay is described by a value referred to as a dispersion measure fast radio bursts have dispersion measures which are much larger than expected for a source inside the mil  ky way and consistent with propagation through an ion  ized plasma the origin of fast radio bursts is not known it is con  jec  tured to be ex  trag  al  actic because of the anomal  ously high value of pulse dispersion observed some have spec  ulated that these signals might be signs of extrater  restri  al intelligence fast radio bursts are named by the date the signal was recorded as y  ym  m  dd for example one on 26 june 2011 would be called fr  b 110  626 the first fr  b found was fr  b 010  621 on 19 january 2015 astro  no  mers at australia s national science agency c  si  ro reported from par  kes that a fast radio burst had been observed for the first time live
a fat finger error is a key  board input error in the financial markets such as the stock market or foreign exchange market whereby an order to buy or sell is placed of far greater size than intended for the wrong stock or contract at the wrong price or with any number of other input errors automated systems within trading houses may catch fat finger errors before they reach the market or such orders may be cancelled before they can be fulfilled the larger the order the more likely it is to be cancelled as it may be an order larger than the amount of stock available in the market fat finger errors are a product of the electronic processing of orders which requires details to be input using key  boards before trading was computerised erroneous orders were known as out trades which could be cancelled before proceeding erroneous orders placed using computers may be harder or impossible to cancel
a fat embol  ism is a type of embol  ism that is often caused by physical trauma such as frac  ture of long bones soft tissue trauma and burns
fat necro  sis is a form of necro  sis characterized by the action upon fat by dig  estive enzymes in fat necro  sis the enzyme lip  ase releases fatty acids from tri  gly  cer  ides the fatty acids then complex with calcium to form so  aps these so  aps appear as white chal  ky deposits it is usually associated with trauma of the pan  cre  as or acute pan  cre  ati  tis it can also occur in the breast the sali  vary g  lands and ne  on  ates after a traumatic delivery
in computing a fatal error or fatal exception error is an error that causes a program to abor  t and may therefore return the user to the operating system when this happens data that the program was processing may be lost a fatal error is usually distinguished from a fatal system error col  lo  qu  ially referred to in the ms windows operating systems by the error message it produces as a blue screen of death a fatal error occurs typically in any of the following cases an illegal instruction has been attempted invalid data or code has been accessed an operation is not allowed in the current ring or c  pu mode a program attempts to divide by zero only for inte  gers with the i  ee  e floating point standard this creates an infin  ity instead in some systems such as mac os x and microsoft windows a fatal error causes the operating system to create a log entry or to save an image core dump of the process
fatal famili  al in  som  nia ff  i is an extremely rare auto  som  al dominant inherited pri  on disease of the brain it is almost always caused by a mutation to the protein pr  pc but can also develop spontaneously in patients with a non inherited mutation variant called spor  adic fatal in  som  nia s  fi ff  i has no known cure and involves progressively worsening in  som  nia which leads to halluc  inations deli  ri  um and confu  sional states like that of dementia the average survival span for patients diagnosed with ff  i after the onset of symptoms is 18 months the mut  ated protein called pr  psc has been found in just 40 families worldwide affecting about 100 people if only one parent has the gene the offspring have a 50 risk of inher  iting it and developing the disease with onset usually around middle age it is essential that a potential patient be tested if they wish to avoid passing ff  i on to their children the first recorded case was an italian man who died in venice in 17  65
a fat  berg is a con  ge  aled lump of fat sanitary items wet wi  pes and similar items found in se  wer systems which do not break down like toilet paper such deposits are officially referred to by this term by authorities at th  ames water in london uk while fat  ber  gs are problematic clo  gs in city se  wer systems they have also been identified as a source of fuel specifically biogas this was also discussed on the first episode of the television show kevin mc  cloud s man made home on 23 september 2012 where mc  cloud is seen making bio  diesel for a lamp out of london city se  wer fat  ber  gs
a broad classification for genetic disorders that result from an inability of the body to produce or utili  ze one enzyme that is required to ox  idi  ze fatty acids the enzyme can be missing or improperly constructed resulting in it not working this leaves the body unable to produce energy within the liver and muscles from fatty acid sources the body s primary source of energy is glucose however when all the glucose in the body has been exp  ended a normal body dig  ests fats individuals with a fatty acid metabol  ism disorder are unable to met  abo  li  ze this fat source for energy halting bodily processes most individuals with a fatty acid metabol  ism disorder are able to live a normal active life with simple adjustments to diet and medications if left un  diagnosed many complications can arise when in need of glucose the body of a person with a fatty acid metabol  ism disorder will still send fats to the liver the fats are broken down to fatty acids the fatty acids are then transported to the target cells but are unable to be broken down resulting in a build up of fatty acids in the liver and other internal organs fatty acid metabol  ism disorders are sometimes classified with the lip  id metabol  ism disorders but in other contexts they are considered a distinct category
fatty liver also known as fatty liver disease f  ld or he  p  atic ste  at  osis is a reversible condition where  in large vacu  oles of tri  gly  cer  ide fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of ste  at  osis i e abnormal retention of li  pi  ds within a cell despite having multiple causes fatty liver can be considered a single disease that occurs worldwide in those with excessive alcohol intake and the ob  ese with or without effects of insulin resistance the condition is also associated with other diseases that influence fat metabol  ism when this process of fat metabol  ism is disrupted the fat can accumulate in the liver in excessive amounts thus resulting in a fatty liver it is difficult to distinguish alcoholic f  ld from non  alcoholic f  ld and both show micro  vesicular and macro  vesicular fatty changes at different stages accumulation of fat may also be accompanied by a progressive infl  amm  ation of the liver hepatitis called ste  ato  hepatitis by considering the contribution by alcohol fatty liver may be termed alcoholic ste  at  osis or non  alcoholic fatty liver disease naf  ld and the more severe forms as alcoholic ste  ato  hepatitis part of alcoholic liver disease and non alcoholic ste  ato  hepatitis n  ash
fault tolerant messaging or fai  lover abstr  action is the ability to transparently “ fai  lover ” a call or request from one service transport protocol to another upon failure with no changes to the functional code or business logic implementation in elem  en  ope this ability to “ fai  lover ” is achieved via dispat  cher fai  lover d  fo configuration the elem  en  ope framework has the ability to confi  g  ure multiple ne  sted fai  lover chains a typical use of the d  fo functionality is the fai  lover from a synchron  ous service transport protocol to an as  yn  ch  ron  ous service transport protocol for instance when an x  ml r  pc service is down the messages may be failed over to an as  yn  ch  ron  ous j  ms queue implementation for processing when the service is available
in geo  logy a fault is a plan  ar frac  ture or dis  continuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement large faults within the earth s cr  ust result from the action of plate tec  tonic forces with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates such as sub  duc  tion zones or transform faults energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes a fault plane is the plane that represents the frac  ture surface of a fault a fault trace or fault line is the inter  section of a fault plane with the ground surface a fault trace is also the line commonly plo  tted on geo  logic maps to represent a fault since faults do not usually consist of a single clean frac  ture geo  logists use the term fault zone when referring to the zone of complex de  formation associated with the fault plane the two sides of a non vertical fault are known as the hanging wall and fo  o  tw  all by definition the hanging wall occurs above the fault plane and the fo  o  tw  all occurs below the fault this terminology comes from mining when working a tab  ular ore body the min  er stood with the fo  o  tw  all under his feet and with the hanging wall hanging above him
fault detection isolation and recovery f  di  r is a sub  field of control engineering which concerns itself with monitoring a system identifying when a fault has occurred and pin  pointing the type of fault and its location two approaches can be distinguished a direct pattern recognition of sensor readings that indicate a fault and an analysis of the discrepancy between the sensor readings and expected values derived from some model in the latter case it is typical that a fault is said to be detected if the discrepancy or residual goes above a certain threshold it is then the task of fault isolation to categ  ori  ze the type of fault and its location in the machinery fault detection and isolation fdi techniques can be broadly classified into two categories these include model based fdi and signal processing based fdi
the f  au  n latin fa  un  us ancient greek φα  ῦ  νο  ς p  ha  un  os pronounced p  ʰ  ay  nos is a myth  ological half human – half goat from the head to the wa  ist being human but with the addition of goat horns manifestation of forest and animal spirits that would help or hinder humans at wh  im they are often associated with the sat  y  rs of greek myth  ology
fa  vi  d of fav  us latin for honey  comb is a disease usually affecting the scal  p but occurring occasionally on any part of the skin and even at times on mu  co  us memb  ran  es the word “ fa  vi  d ” is more used than french word “ fav  us ” which is close to the latin e  ty  mo  logy
in gambling and economics the favourite long  shot bias is an observed phenomenon where on average bet  tors tend to over  value long shots and under  value favour  ites that is in a horse race where one horse is given odds of 2 to 1 and another 100 to 1 the true odds might for example be 1 5 to 1 and 300 to 1 respectively betting on the long shot is therefore a much worse proposition than betting on the favourite in the long run losing 5 by betting on the favourite but losing 40 on long  shots is not un  common various theories exist to explain why people willingly bet on such losing pro  positions such as risk loving behavior risk aver  se behavior or simply inaccurate estimation as presented by so  bel and ra  ines
fav  re – ra  cou  cho  t syndrome also known as fav  re – ra  cou  cho  t disease and no  d  ular cu  taneous el  ast  osis with cy  sts and com  ed  ones is a disorder consisting of multiple open com  ed  ones that occurs in skin damaged by sunlight especially under and lateral of the eyes the com  ed  ones are widened openings for hair fol  lic  les and se  bac  eous g  lands filled with material
faz  io – lon  de disease f  ld also called progressive bul  bar pal  sy of childhood is an very rare inherited motor ne  uron disease of children and young adults and is characterized by progressive paralysis of muscles in  nerv  ated by cran  ial nerves
fear potenti  ated star  tle f  ps is a refl  exi  ve physiological reaction to a presented stimulus and is an indicator of the fear reaction in an organism the f  ps response can be elicited in the face of any threatening stimulus e g any object person or situation that would cause someone to experience feelings of fear but it can also be elicited by a neutral stimulus as a result of fear conditioning a process that occurs when a benign stimulus comes to ev  oke fear and anxiety upon being p  aired with a traumatic or fear provoking event the stimulus in question is usually of aud  itory e g loud noise or visual e g bright light nature and star  tle response measures include eye  blink rates and pulse heart rate the negative impact of heightened f  ps in the face of neutral stimul  i can be treated pharmacologically using psychotropic medications that are typically used to reduce anxiety in humans recent literature moreover has implicated increased f  ps responses as a cor  relate in post  traumatic stress disorder pt  s  d and other anxiety disorders
fea  ther pluc  king sometimes termed fea  ther picking fea  ther damaging behaviour or p  ter  o  til  lo  mania is a mal  adap  tive behavi  our  al disorder commonly seen in captive birds which chew bite or pl  uck their own feathers with their be  ak resulting in damage to the feathers and occasionally the skin it is especially common among p  sit  tac  i  form  es with an estimated 10 of captive par  rots exhi  biting the disorder the areas of the body that are mainly pec  ked or plucked are the more accessible regions such as the neck chest flank inner thi  gh and ven  tr  al wing area cont  our and down feathers are generally identified as the main target although in some cases tail and flight feathers are affected although fea  ther pluc  king shares characteristics with fea  ther pec  king commonly seen in commercial poultry the two behavi  ours are currently considered to be distinct as in the latter the birds pec  k at and pull out the feathers of other individuals fea  ther pluc  king has characteristics that are similar to tric  ho  til  lo  mania an impulse control disorder in humans and hair pulling which has been reported in mice guinea pigs rabbits sheep and mus  ko  x dogs and cats leading to suggestions for a comparative psychology approach to alleviating these problems
fea  ther pec  king is a behavi  our  al problem that occurs most frequently amongst domestic hens reared for egg production although it does occur in other poultry such as p  he  as  ants turkeys ducks and is sometimes seen in farmed o  stric  hes fea  ther pec  king occurs when one bird repeatedly pec  ks at the feathers of another two levels of severity are recognised gentle and severe gentle fea  ther pec  king is considered to be normal investig  atory behaviour where the feathers of the recipient are hardly disturbed and therefore does not represent a problem in severe fea  ther pec  king however the feathers of the recipient are grasped pulled at and sometimes removed this is painful for the receiving bird and can lead to trauma of the skin or bleeding which in turn can lead to canni  b  alism and death fea  ther pec  king is one of the major problems facing the egg industry in non c  ag  es  y  stems and is set to become an even greater issue with the eu legislation council directive 1999 74 ec ban on the keeping of laying hens in bar  ren battery cages which came into force in 2012 and the prospect of a ban on be  ak trim  ming see below reducing fea  ther pec  king without resorting to be  ak trim  ming is an important goal for the poultry industry
fea  ther pillow der  mati  tis is a rash caused by bites of the p  sor  op  ti  da  e species of m  ite
sweet s syndrome ss or acute fe  bri  le neu  tro  phil  ic der  mat  osis is a skin disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever an elevated white blood cell count and tender red well demarc  ated pap  ules and pl  aqu  es that show dense infiltr  ates by neu  tro  phil gran  ul  oc  y  tes on his  to  logic examination the syndrome was first described in 1964 by robert douglas sweet it was also known as gom  m button disease in honour of the first two patients sweet diagnosed with the condition
fe  bri  le non hem  ol  y  tic transfusion reaction is a type of transfusion reaction that is associated with fever but not directly with hem  ol  ysis it is most commonly caused by antibodies directed against donor leuk  oc  y  tes and h  la antigens this is in contrast to transfusion associated acute lung injury in which the donor plasma has antibodies directed against the recipient h  la antigens mediating the characteristic lung damage alternatively f  n  h  tr can be medi  ated by pre formed cy  to  k  ines in the donor plasma as a consequence of white blood cell breakdown it is abbreviated f  n  h  tr acet  amin  oph  en has been used in treatment and leuko  reduction of future trans  fu  sions is sometimes performed
a fe  bri  le seizure also known as a fever fit or fe  bri  le con  vul  sion is a seizure associated with a high body temperature but without any serious underlying health issue they most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years most seizures are less than five minutes in duration and the child is completely back to normal within sixty minutes of the event fe  bri  le seizures may run in families the diagnosis involves verifying that there is not an infection of the brain there are no metabol  ic problems and there have not been prior seizures that have occurred without a fever there are two types of fe  bri  le seizures simple fe  bri  le seizures and complex fe  bri  le seizures simple fe  bri  le seizures involve an otherwise healthy child who has at most one tonic cl  onic seizure lasting less than 15 minutes in a 24 hour period blood testing imaging of the brain or an electro  encephal  o  gram eeg is typically not needed for the diagnosis examination to determine the source of the fever is recommended in otherwise healthy looking children a lum  bar punc  ture is not necessarily required neither anti seizure medication nor anti fever medication are recommended in an effort to prevent further simple fe  bri  le seizures in the few cases that last greater than five minutes a benzo  di  az  ep  ine such as lor  az  ep  am or mid  az  ol  am may be used outcomes are generally excellent with similar academic achievements to other children and no change in the risk of death for those with simple seizures there is tentative evidence that children have a slight increased risk of epi  le  psy at 2 fe  bri  le seizures affect two to ten percent of children before the age of five they are more common in boys than girls after a single fe  bri  le seizure there is a 15 to 70 chance of another one
the february 13 1979 wind  storm is a natural phenomenon that took place on february 13 1979 in pacific canada and the united states during the early morning of february 13 1979 an intense wave cyclone moved across southern van  cou  ver island british columbia south of the low center a strong atmospheric pressure gr  adi  ent was carried across washington with associated high winds with a cold air  flow moving toward the northeast inter  acting with the high terrain of the olympic mountains a lee low developed east of the olympics the mes  o  scale low caused a particularly intense pressure gr  adi  ent to develop across the kit  sap peninsula region
a f  ec  al imp  action is a solid im  mobile bulk of human f  ec  es that can develop in the rec  tum as a result of chronic con  sti  p  ation a related term is f  ec  al loading which refers to a large volume of sto  ol in the rec  tum of any consistency
f  ec  al in  contin  ence fi also called fa  ec  al in  contin  ence bo  wel in  contin  ence anal in  contin  ence accidental bo  wel leakage or in some forms en  co  pres  is is a lack of control over defec  ation leading to involuntary loss of bo  wel contents — including fl  atus gas liquid sto  ol elements and m  uc  us or solid f  ec  es fi is a sign or a symptom not a diagnosis in  contin  ence can result from different causes and might occur with either con  sti  p  ation or diarr  hea contin  ence is maintained by several inter related factors and usually there is more than one deficiency of these mechanisms for in  contin  ence to develop the most common causes are thought to be immediate or delayed damage from childbirth complications from prior ano  rec  tal surgery especially involving the anal sp  h  inc  ters or hemor  rho  idal vascular cush  ions and altered bo  wel habits e g caused by irrit  able bo  wel syndrome cro  hn s disease ul  cer  ative co  li  tis food intolerance or con  sti  p  ation with over  flow in  contin  ence an estimated 2 2 of community dwelling adults are affected f  ec  al in  contin  ence has three main consequences local reactions of the peri  anal skin and ur  inary tract including mac  eration sof  tening and whit  ening of skin due to continuous moisture ur  inary tract infections or dec  u  bit  us ul  cers pressure so  res a financial expense for individuals due to cost of medication and in  contin  ence products and loss of productivity employers days off and medical insurers and society generally health care costs unemployment and an associated decrease in quality of life there is often reduced self esteem shame humiliation depression a need to organize life around easy access to bathroom and avoidance of enjo  y  able activities fi is an example of a stigmati  zed medical condition which creates barriers to successful management people may be too embarrassed to seek medical help and attempt to self manage the symptom in secrecy from others fi is one of the most psychologically and socially deb  il  itating conditions in an otherwise healthy individual but it is generally treat  able management may be achieved through an individu  alized mix of dietary pharmaco  logic and surgical measures health care professionals are often poorly informed about treatment options and may fail to recognize the effect of fi
f  ec  al oc  cult blood f  ob refers to blood in the f  ec  es that is not visibly apparent unlike other types of blood in sto  ol such as mel  ena or hem  ato  che  zia a f  ec  al oc  cult blood test f  ob  t checks for hidden oc  cult blood in the sto  ol f  ec  es newer tests look for glob  in dna or other blood factors including transfer  rin while conventional sto  ol gu  ai  ac tests look for hem  e
f  ec  al v  om  iting also called f  ec  ul  ent v  om  iting and ster  cor  ac  eous v  om  iting is a kind of v  om  iting where  in the material v  om  ited is of f  ec  al origin it is a common symptom of gastro  je  jun  o  col  ic f  ist  ula and intest  inal obstruction in the i  leum f  ec  al v  om  iting is often accompanied by an od  or of f  ec  es on the breath and other gastro  intest  inal symptoms including ab  domin  al pain ab  domin  al dis  tension dehydr  ation and diarr  hea in severe cases of bo  wel obstruction or con  sti  p  ation such as those related to clo  zap  ine treatment f  ec  al v  om  iting has been identified as a cause of death f  ec  al v  om  iting occurs when the bo  wel is obstructed for some reason and intest  inal contents cannot move normally per  ist  al  tic waves occur in an attempt to de  com  press the intest  ine and the strong contr  actions of the intest  inal muscles push the contents backwards through the p  yl  or  ic sp  h  inc  ter into the stomach where they are then v  om  ited f  ec  al v  om  iting can also occur in cats
f  ec  al  ur  ia is the presence of f  ec  es in the urine
fe  co  li  th also called a f  ec  al  oma or fa  ec  al  oma is an extreme form of f  ec  al imp  action often characterized by calci  fication the term f  ec  ali  th literally means a stone made of f  ec  es li  th stone it is a hard  ening of f  ec  es into lum  ps of varying size and may occur anywhere in the intest  inal tract but is typically found in the col  on it is also called appendi  co  li  th when it occurs in the appendix and is sometimes concomitant with append  ic  i  tis they can also obstruct diver  ticul  i
feder  ated architecture fa is a pattern in enterprise architecture that allows interoperability and information sharing between semi autonomous de centrally organized lines of business lob  s information technology systems and applications architecture areas of concern organisational architecture business architecture process architecture information architecture this is an approach to the coordinated sharing and exchange of information which is organized by models which are describing common concepts and behavior the pattern emphasizes a controlled sharing and exchange of information among autonomous components by communication via messages highest possible autonomy shall be given to the different cooperating components in return they are expected to adhere to common models by using defined interfaces
a feed additive is a food supplements for farm animals that cannot get enough nutrients from regular meals that the farmers provide and include vitamins amino acids fatty acids and minerals in some cases if an animal does not have some specific nutrition in its diet it may not grow properly the nutritional values of animal feeds are influenced not only by their nutrient content but also by many other factors these include feed presentation hygiene dig  esti  bility and effect on intest  inal health even with all of the benefits of higher quality feed most of a farm animal s diet still consists of maize wheat and so  y  bean meal because of the higher costs of quality feed
fe  in  gold syndrome also called oc  ul  o  dig  ito  es  op  ha  go  du  o  den  al syndrome is a rare auto  som  al dominant hereditary disorder it is named after murray fe  in  gold an american physician who first described the syndrome in 1975 until 2003 at least 79 patients have been reported worldwide
the fe  ist – ben  ary synthesis is an organic reaction between α halo  gen ke  tones and β dic  ar  bon  yl compounds to produce substituted fur  an compounds this condens  ation reaction is cataly  zed by am  ines such as ammonia and py  ri  dine the first step in the ring synthesis is related to the kno  ev  en  ag  el condens  ation in the second step the en  ol  ate dis  places an al  ky  l halo  gen in a nucle  oph  il  ic ali  ph  atic substitution fe  ist ben  ary synthesis a recent modification is the en  anti  o  selective interrupted fe  ist ben  ary reaction with a chir  al auxiliary based on the cin  ch  ona al  k  alo  id quin  ine based in the presence of prot  on spon  ge to the hydroxy  di  hydro  fur  an this type of al  k  alo  ids is also used in asymmetric synthesis in the ad mix the al  k  alo  id is pro  ton  ated throughout the reaction and transfers its chir  ality by interaction of the ac  id  ic ammonium hydrogen with the dic  ar  bon  yl group of ethyl bro  mop  y  ru  v  ate in a 5 memb  ered transition state interrupted fe  ist ben  ary reaction
in ancient roman culture fel  ic  itas from the latin ad  jec  tive felix fruitful blessed happy lucky is a condition of di  vin  ely inspired productivity bl  es  se  dness or happiness fel  ic  itas could encompass both a woman s fertility and a general s luck or good fortune the divine person  ification of fel  ic  itas was cultivated as a goddess although fel  ic  itas may be translated as good luck and the goddess fel  ic  itas shares some characteristics and attributes with fortun  a the two were distinguished in roman religion fortun  a was unpredictable and her effects could be negative as the existence of an altar to mal  a fortun  a bad luck acknowledges fel  ic  itas however always had a positive significance she appears with that focus on aspects of her divine power fel  ic  itas had a temple in rome as early as the mid 2 nd century bc and during the republican era was honored at two official festi  vals of roman state religion on july 1 in conjunction with jun  o and october 9 as f  au  sta fel  ic  itas fel  ic  itas continued to play an important role in imperial cult and was frequently portrayed on coins as a symbol of the wealth and prosperity of the roman empire her primary attributes are the cad  uc  eus and cor  nu  cop  ia the english word fel  icity derives from fel  ic  itas
the fel  icity effect is an effect observed during acous  tic emission in a structure undergoing repeated mechanical loading it neg  ates the effect of emission silence in the structure that is often observed from the related ka  iser effect at high loads a material demonstrating the fel  icity effect gives off acous  tic emission at a lower load than one previously reached in an increasing load cycle regime
fel  ine ac  ne is a problem seen in cats primarily involving the formation of black  heads accompanied by infl  amm  ation on the cat s chin and surrounding areas in many cases symptoms are mild and the disease does not require treatment more severe cases however may respond slowly to treatment and seriously detract from the health and appearance of the cat fel  ine ac  ne can affect cats of any age sex or breed se  bac  eous g  lands are mostly found in the skin of the chin base of the tail eye  li  ds lips pre  pu  ce and scro  tum they are connected to the hair fol  lic  les in ac  ne the fol  lic  les become clo  gged with black se  bac  eous material forming com  ed  ones also known as black  heads these com  ed  ones can become irritated sw  oll  en and infected leading to pu  st  ules the cats may experience it  ching and discomfort due to sw  elling and bacterial growth inside infected g  lands secondary fun  gal infections species mal  as  se  zia may also occur other conditions that can cause similar appearing conditions include skin mit  es ring  worm ye  ast infection or auto immune diseases such as e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  oma complex ro  dent ul  cers
fel  ine asthma is a common allergic respiratory disease in cats affecting at least one percent of all adult cats worldwide it is a chronic progressive disease for which there is no cure common symptoms include whe  e  zing cou  gh  ing lab  ored breathing and potentially life threatening bron  cho  con  stric  tion there is con  jec  ture that the disease is becoming more common due to increased exposure to industrial pollutants
fel  ine hyper  esthesia syndrome also known as rolling skin disease is a rare illness in domestic cats that causes episodes of ag  itation self mutilation and a characteristic rip  pling of the skin when touched it is often described as a seizure disorder but the cause is unknown
fel  ine infectious an  emia fia is an infectious disease found in fel  ines causing an  emia and other symptoms the disease is caused by a variety of infectious agents most commonly my  co  plasma ha  em  of  el  is which used to be called ha  em  ob  ar  ton  ella ha  em  ob  ar  ton  ella and e  per  y  thro  zo  on species were reclassi  fied as my  co  plas  mas co  infection often occurs with other infectious agents including fel  ine leuk  emia virus fel  v fel  ine immun  o  deficiency virus fi  v e  hr  lic  hia species an  ap  las  ma p  ha  go  cy  top  hil  um and candidat  us my  co  plasma ha  em  omin  u  tum
fel  ine infectious per  it  oni  tis fi  p is a fatal incur  able disease that affects cats it is caused by fel  ine infectious per  it  oni  tis virus fi  p  v which is a mutation of fel  ine enter  ic coron  avi  rus f  ec  v fel  ine coron  avi  rus f  co  v experts do not agree on the specifics of genetic changes that produce the fi  p  v the mut  ated virus has the ability to invade and grow in certain white blood cells namely macro  p  ha  ges the immune system s response causes an intense infl  am  matory reaction in the containing tissues this disease is generally fatal however its incidence rate is roughly 1 in 5 000 for households with one or two cats a nas  ally administered vaccine for fi  p is available but controversial and it is not proven to be highly effective an experimental poly  pren  yl immun  o  stimul  ant is being manufactured by s  ass and s  ass and tested by dr al legend  re who described survival over 1 year in three cats diagnosed with fi  p and treated with the medicine in one case study a female cat diagnosed with dry fi  p has survived 26 months from the date of definitive diagnosis
fel  ine tooth resor  ption tr is a syndrome in cats characterized by resor  ption of the tooth by od  on  to  cl  asts cells similar to o  ste  o  cl  asts tr has also been called fel  ine od  on  to  cl  astic resor  ption le  sion for  l neck le  sion cer  vic  al neck le  sion cer  vic  al line erosion fel  ine sub  g  ing  i  val resor  ptive le  sion fel  ine car  ies or fel  ine cav  ity it is one of the most common diseases of domestic cats affecting up to two thirds tr  s have been seen more recently in the history of fel  ine medicine due to the advancing ages of cats but 800 year old cat skelet  ons have shown evidence of this disease pu  reb  red cats especially si  am  ese and per  sians may be more susceptible tr  s clin  ically appear as ero  sions of the surface of the tooth at the g  ing  i  val border they are often covered with calcul  us or g  ing  i  val tissue it is a progressive disease usually starting with loss of cem  ent  um and denti  n and leading to penetration of the pulp cav  ity resor  ption continues up the d  ent  inal tu  bul  es into the tooth crown the en  am  el is also resor  bed or undermined to the point of tooth frac  ture resor  bed cem  ent  um and denti  n is replaced with bone like tissue
fel  ine pan  leuk  open  ia virus fp  v also known as fel  ine infectious enter  i  tis fel  ine par  vo  viral enter  i  tis fel  ine at  ax  ia fel  ine dist  emp  er or cat plague is a viral infection affecting cats both domes  ticated and wild fel  ine species it is caused by fel  ine par  vo  virus a close relative of both type 2 can  ine par  vo  virus and min  k enter  i  tis once contracted it is highly contagious and can be fatal to the affected cat the name pan  leuk  open  ia comes from the low white blood cell count leu  co  cy  tes exhi  bited by affected animals
fel  ine spongiform encephalopathy is a disease that affects the brains of fel  ines it is caused by proteins called pri  ons
fel  ine viral rhin  o  trac  hei  tis f  v  r is an upper respiratory or pul  mon  ary infection of cats caused by fel  ine her  pes  virus 1 of the family her  pes  vi  ri  da  e it is also commonly referred to as fel  ine influenza fel  ine cor  y  za and fel  ine pneumonia but as these terms describe other very distinct collections of respiratory symptoms they are mis  no  mers for the condition viral respiratory diseases in cats can be serious especially in cat  ter  ies and ken  n  els causing one half of the respiratory diseases in cats f  v  r is the most important of these diseases and is found worldwide the other important cause of fel  ine respiratory disease is fel  ine cal  ic  i  virus f  v  r is very contagious and can cause severe disease including death from pneumonia in young kit  tens it can cause flat ch  ested kit  ten syndrome but most evidence for this is anec  do  tal all members of the feli  da  e family are susceptible to f  v  r in fact f  h  v 1 has caused a fatal en  ce  ph  ali  tis in lions in germany
fel  ty s syndrome also called fel  ty syndrome is characterized by the combination of r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis splen  om  eg  al  y and neu  tro  pen  ia the condition is more common in those aged 50 – 70 years and is more prevalent in females than males and more in cauca  sians than those of african descent it is a de  forming but inactive disease and sero  positive for r  f
female artist s novel is a literary subtype of kun  st  ler  roman which can be defined as a literary procedure which deals with the main female protagon  ist ’ s growing to maturity and gaining experience and independence as an artist namely a writer based on the major assumptions of kun  st  ler  roman female artist ’ s novel works as a portr  ayal of a woman ’ s artistic struggle as she acquires artistic freedom and masters the artistic craft of being a writer and gaining literary d  exter  ity the scope of the gen  re is deeply rooted in the main assumptions of kun  st  ler  roman where the growth of the character is displayed from one s youth to adul  thood and deals with one s emotional and personal development on the way to artistic ful  fill  ment as opposed to kun  st  ler  roman female artist s novel focuses only on a female writer who besides being a capable artist and creator of her own reality is often to perform many social roles simultaneously e g the role of a wife a mother home guardian etc to meet expectations the society imposes on her the gen  re itself is more g  end  ered due to its focus on a female position
female athlete tri  ad is a syndrome in which eating disorders or low energy availability amen  or  rho  ea olig  omen  or  rho  ea and decreased bone mineral density o  ste  op  or  osis and o  ste  open  ia are present also known simply as the tri  ad this condition is seen in females participating in sports that emphasize le  ann  ess or low body weight the tri  ad is a serious illness with lifelong health consequences and can potentially be fatal
a female genital disease is a condition that affects the female reproductive system
female genital pro  lapse or vag  inal pro  lapse or pel  vic organ pro  lapse is characterized by a portion of the vag  inal canal pro  tru  ding pro  lap  sing from the opening of the vag  ina the condition usually occurs when the pel  vic floor collapses as a result of childbirth or heavy lifting which can tear soft tissues i e her  ni  ating fas  cia memb  ran  es so that the vag  inal wall collapses resulting in cy  sto  ce  le rec  to  ce  le or both remedi  ation typically involves dietary and lifestyle changes physical therapy or surgery
female hysteria was a once common medical diagnosis reserved exclusively for women which is today no longer recognized by medical authorities as a medical disorder its diagnosis and treatment were routine for many hundreds of years in western europe hysteria of both g  enders was widely discussed in the medical literature of the nineteenth century women considered to have it exhi  bited a wide array of symptoms including fain  tness nerv  ousness sexual desire in  som  nia fluid retention heav  iness in the ab  dom  en short  ness of breath irrit  ability loss of appetite for food or sex and a tendency to cause trouble in extreme cases the woman might be forced to enter an insane asylum or to undergo surgical hyster  ec  tomy
female in  fertility refers to in  fertility in female humans it affects an estimated 48 million women with the highest prevalence of in  fertility affecting people in south asia sub saharan africa north africa middle east and central eastern europe and central asia in  fertility is caused by many sources including nutrition diseases and other mal  formations of the uter  us in  fertility affects women from around the world and the cultural and social stigma surrounding it varies
female sexual ar  ous  al disorder f  sad is a disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent inability to attain sexual ar  ous  al or to maintain ar  ous  al until the completion of a sexual activity the diagnosis can also refer to an inadequate lubric  ation sw  elling response normally present during ar  ous  al and sexual activity the condition should be distinguished from a general loss of interest in sexual activity and from other sexual dys  functions such as the org  as  mic disorder an  org  as  mia and hypo  active sexual desire disorder which is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity for some period of time although female sexual dysfunction is currently a contested diagnostic it has become more common in recent years to use te  sto  ster  one off label based drugs to treat f  sad while drug companies are technically not allowed to market these drugs for off label uses sharing the information with doctors at c  me conferences has proved to be an effective way to navigate around the f  da approval process
feminist political theory is a diverse sub  field of feminist theory working towards three main goals 1 to understand and critique the role of gender in how political theory is conventi  onally construed 2 to re frame and re articulate conventional political theory in light of feminist issues especially gender equality and 3 to support political science presum  ing and pursuing gender equality feminist political theory encompasses a broad scope of approaches it overlaps with related areas including feminist jurisprudence feminist legal theory feminist political philosophy female centered empirical research in political science and feminist research methods feminist method for use in political science the social sciences indeed one scholar notes that insofar as almost all versions of feminism involve demonstrating the ways in which politics understood as power relations is present in our everyday lives one could reasonably describe feminist theory as a whole as a kind of political philosophy what frequently distinguishes feminist political theory from feminism broadly is the specific examination of the state and its role in the reproduction or redres  sing of gender inequality in addition to being broad and multidisciplinary the field is relatively new inherently innovative and still expanding the stanford en  cyclo  pedia of philosophy explains that feminist political philosophy serves as a field for developing new ideals practices and justifications for how political institutions and practices should be organized and re  constructed
a fem  oral frac  ture is a bone frac  ture that involves the fem  ur
a her  nia is caused by the pro  tru  sion of a vis  cus in the case of gro  in her  ni  as an intra  ab  domin  al organ through a weakness in the containing wall this weakness may be inherent as in the case of ingu  inal fem  oral and um  bil  ical her  ni  as on the other hand the weakness may be caused by surgical inc  ision through the muscles of the ab  domin  al thor  ac  ic wall her  ni  as occurring through these are called incis  ional her  ni  as fem  oral her  ni  as occur just below the ingu  inal lig  ament when ab  domin  al contents pass through a naturally occurring weakness called the fem  oral canal fem  oral her  ni  as are a relatively un  common type accounting for only 3 of all her  ni  as while fem  oral her  ni  as can occur in both males and females almost all of them develop in women because of the wider bone structure of the female pel  vis fem  oral her  ni  as are more common in adults than in children those that do occur in children are more likely to be associated with a connec  tive tissue disorder or with conditions that increase intra ab  domin  al pressure seventy percent of pedi  atric cases of fem  oral her  ni  as occur in infants under the age of one a redu  ci  ble fem  oral her  nia occurs when a fem  oral her  nia can be pushed back into the ab  dom  en either spontaneously or with manipulation but most likely spontaneously this is the most common type of fem  oral her  nia and is usually pain  less an irre  du  ci  ble fem  oral her  nia occurs when a fem  oral her  nia becomes stuck in the fem  oral canal this can cause pain and a feeling of illness an obstructed fem  oral her  nia occurs when a part of the intest  ine becomes intertwined with the her  nia causing an intest  inal obstruction the obstruction may grow and the her  nia can become increasingly painful v  om  iting may also result a strang  ulated fem  oral her  nia occurs when a fem  oral her  nia blocks blood supply to part of the bo  wel the loop of bo  wel loses its blood supply strang  ulation can happen in all her  ni  as but is more common in fem  oral and ingu  inal her  ni  as due to their narrow necks naus  ea v  om  iting and severe ab  domin  al pain may occur with a strang  ulated her  nia this is a medical emergency a strang  ulated intest  ine can result in necro  sis tissue death followed by gang  rene tissue decay this is a life threatening condition requiring immediate surgery a fem  oral her  nia may be either redu  ci  ble or irre  du  ci  ble and each type can also present as either or both obstructed or strang  ulated the term incarcer  ated fem  oral her  nia is sometimes used but may have different meanings to different authors and physicians for example sometimes the her  nia can get stuck in the canal and is called an irre  du  ci  ble or incarcer  ated fem  oral her  nia the term incarcer  ated is sometimes used to describe an obstructed her  nia that is irre  du  ci  ble but not strang  ulated thus an irre  du  ci  ble obstructed her  nia can also be called an incarcer  ated one incarcer  ated her  nia a her  nia that cannot be reduced may lead to bo  wel obstruction but is not associated with vascular compromise however the term incarcer  ated seems to always imply that the fem  oral her  nia is at least irre  du  ci  ble
fem  ur fi  bul  a ul  na syndrome ff  u syndrome or fem  ur fi  bul  a ul  na complex is a very rare syndrome characterized by ab  norm  alities of the fem  ur thi  gh bone fi  bul  a calf bone and the ul  na fore  arm bone there have been suggestions that ff  u complex may be the same as proxim  al fem  oral focal deficiency p  ff  d although authors are currently in disagreement over whether or not the disorders are in fact separate the breadth of the ab  normality and number of limbs involved is considered spor  adic although upper limbs are more affected than lower limbs and right side mal  formation is more prevalent than the left the condition was first noted by len  z and fel  d  man in 1977
fen  bend  azole ho  ech  st brand names pan  ac  ur and safe guard inter  vet pan  ac  ur and pan  ac  ur rabbit is a broad spectrum ben  zim  id  azole anth  el  min  tic used against gastro  intest  inal parasites including gi  ar  dia round  worms hook  worms whip  worms the ta  enia genus of ta  pe  worms but not effective against di  py  li  dium can  inum a common dog ta  pe  worm pin  worms a  elu  ro  stron  g  yl  us parag  on  im  i  asis stron  gy  les and stron  gy  lo  ides and can be administered to sheep cattle horses fish dogs cats rabbits and seals drug interactions may occur if sal  ic  y  lan  ili  des like di  bro  m  sal  an and nic  lo  sam  ide are co administered abortions in cattle and death in sheep have been reported
fen  ite is a met  as  om  atic alteration associated particularly with carbon  ati  te intru  sions and created very rarely by advanced carbon dioxide alteration carbon  ation of fel  sic and ma  fic rocks fen  ite alteration is known but restricted in distribution around high temperature met  am  orph  ic tal  c carbon  ates generally in the form of an au  re  ole around ul  tram  af  ic rocks such examples include bio  ti  te rich zones am  phi  bol  ite cal  cite sca  polite alteration and other unusual skar  n assemb  l  ages the process is called f  eni  tization the type loc  ality for fen  ite is the fen complex norwegian f  ens  fel  tet in no  me telem  ark norway
in the field of unconventional super  conduc  tivity a fer  mi arc is a phenomenon visible in the pseu  do  gap state of a super  conductor seen in momentum space part of the space exhi  bits a gap in the density of states like in a super  conductor this starts at the an  tin  od  al points and spreads through momentum space when lowering the temperature until everywhere is g  apped and the sample is super  conducting the area in momentum space that remains ung  apped is called the fer  mi arc
in physics or engineering education a fer  mi problem fer  mi qu  iz fer  mi question fer  mi estimate or order estimation is an estimation problem designed to teach dimensional analysis approximation and such a problem is usually a back of the envelope calculation the estimation technique is named after physic  ist en  rico fer  mi as he was known for his ability to make good approximate calculations with little or no actual data fer  mi problems typically involve making justified gu  esses about quantities and their variance or lower and upper bounds
the fer  m  ion doubling problem is a problem that is encountered when nai  vely trying to put fer  mi  onic fields on a lat  tice it consists in the appearance of sp  urious states such that one ends up having 2 d fer  mi  onic particles with d the number of discre  tized dimensions for each original fer  m  ion in order to solve this problem several strategies are in use such as wilson fer  m  ions and staggered fer  m  ions
the fernan  dez reaction is a reaction that occurs to signal a positive result in the lepro  min skin test for leprosy the reaction occurs in the skin at the site of injection if the body possesses antibodies to the d  harm  end  ra antigen one of the antigens found in my  co  bacter  ium le  pra  e the bacteria that causes leprosy the reaction occurs via a delayed type hy  pers  ensi  tivity mechanism this reaction occurs within 48 hours of injection of lepro  min and is seen in both lepro  mat  ous and tubercul  o  id forms of leprosy in contrast the mit  su  da reaction occurs 5 – 6 weeks after injection of lepro  min and is only seen in patients with the tubercul  o  id form of leprosy not the lepro  mat  ous form in which the body does not mount a strong response against the bacter  ium in terms of mechanism of action and appearance the reaction is similar to the tubercul  in reaction of a positive man  tou  x test for tuberculosis
in electrical engineering the ferr  anti effect is an increase in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a long transmission line above the voltage at the sending end this occurs when the line is energi  zed but there is a very light load or the load is disconnected the capac  itive line charging current produces a voltage drop across the line induc  tance that is in phase with the sending end voltages considering the line resistance as negligible therefore both line induc  tance and capac  it  ance are responsible for this phenomenon the ferr  anti effect will be more pronounced the longer the line and the higher the voltage applied the relative voltage rise is proportional to the square of the line length the ferr  anti effect is much more pronounced in underground cables even in short lengths because of their high capac  it  ance it was first observed during the installation of underground cables in sebastian zi  ani de ferr  anti s 10 000 vol  t distribution system in 18  87 in general practice we know that for all electrical systems current flows from the region of higher potential to the region of lower potential to compensate for the electrical potential difference that exists in the system in all practical cases the sending end voltage is higher than the receiving end so current flows from the source or the supply end to the load but sir s z ferr  anti in the year 1890 came up with an astonishing theory about medium distance transmission line or long distance transmission lines suggesting that in case of light loading or no load operation of transmission system the receiving end voltage often increases beyond the sending end voltage leading to a phenomena known as ferr  anti effect in power system
the fer  rier carbo  cy  cli  zation or fer  rier ii reaction is an organic reaction that was first reported by the carbo  hydrate chem  ist robert j fer  rier in 1979 it is a metal medi  ated re  arrangement of en  ol e  ther py  r  ans to cyclo  hex  an  ones typically this reaction is cataly  zed by mercury salts specifically mercury ii chloride several reviews have been published
the fer  rier re  arrangement is an organic reaction that involves a nucle  oph  il  ic substitution reaction combined with an all  yl  ic shift in a gly  cal a 2 3 un  saturated gly  co  side it was discovered by the carbo  hydrate chem  ist robert j fer  rier a typical fer  rier re  arrangement
fer  ro  el  as  tic  ity is a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain in fer  ro  ics fer  ro  el  as  tic  ity is the mechanical equivalent of fer  ro  electricity and fer  ro  magne  tism when stress is applied to a fer  ro  elastic material a phase change will occur in the material from one phase to an equally stable phase either of different crystal structure e g cubic to te  trag  onal or of different orientation a twin phase this stress induced phase change results in a spontaneous strain in the material the shape memory effect and super  el  as  tic  ity are manifestations of fer  ro  el  as  tic  ity nit  in  ol nickel titanium a common fer  ro  elastic alloy can display either super  el  as  tic  ity or the shape memory effect at room temperature depending on the nickel titanium ratio
a dy pl fer  ru  gin  ous bodies is a hist  opath  o  logic finding in inter  sti  tial lung disease sugges  tive of significant asbestos exposure as  besto  sis asbestos exposure is associated with occupations such as shipbuilding roof  ing plumbing and construction they appear as small brown no  d  ules in the sep  tum of the al  ve  ol  us fer  ru  gin  ous bodies are typically indicative of asbestos inhal  ation when the presence of asbestos is verified they are called asbestos bodies in this case they are fi  bers of asbestos co  ated with an iron rich material derived from proteins such as fer  ri  tin and h  emo  sid  erin fer  ru  gin  ous bodies are believed to be formed by macro  p  ha  ges that have p  ha  go  cy  to  sed and attempted to dig  est the fi  bers
the fertile e  un  u  ch syndrome is a cause of hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism caused by a lu  the  ini  zing hormone deficiency it is characterized by hypo  gon  ad  ism with sper  mato  genesis pas  qual  ini and bur published the first case of e  un  u  cho  i  dis  m with preserved sper  mato  genesis in 1950 in la revis  ta de la as  o  ci  ación mé  dic  a argentina the hypo  and  ro  gen  ism with sper  mato  genesis syndrome included a e  un  u  cho  i  dis  m b testi  s with normal sper  mato  genesis and full volume with mature sper  mato  zo  ids in a high proportion of sem  ini  fer  ous tubes and un  differentiated and immature ley  dig cells c full functional compensation through the administration of ch  ori  onic gon  ad  o  tro  pin hormone while h  c  g is administered d total ur  inary gon  ad  o  troph  ins within normal limits e this definition implies the normal activity of the pit  u  itary and the absence of con  genital mal  formations in general in describing five other similar cases in 1953 mc cul  lag  h al coined the term fertile e  un  u  ch introducing it in the english literature unfortunately this term is incorrect and should not be employed indeed these patients are not really e  un  uch  s moreover as it will be explained later they are not usually fertile if not treated a first step in the understanding of the physi  opath  ology of pas  qual  ini syndrome was the absence of lu  the  ini  zing hormone l  h in plasma and urine of patients the second breakthrough was the functional and genetic studies that validated the hypothesis of a functional deficit of l  h in these men in  activating l  h mutations will then also be described in some women different groups demonstrated in these cases a l  h with varying degrees of immun  ological activity but bio  logically inactive in most of the patients due to one or more in  activating mutations in the l  h  b gene finally the full comprehension of pas  qual  ini syndrome allowed to reverse the hypo  and  ro  genic phen  o  type and to restore fertility in these patients through the use of ch  ori  onic gon  ad  o  tro  pin and the modern in vitro fertility techniques
fo  etal maternal haemorrha  ge is the loss of fe  tal blood cells into the maternal circulation it takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there are ob  ste  tric or trauma related complications to pregnancy normally the maternal circulation and the fo  etal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a memb  rane in the plac  enta made of two layers the syn  cy  ti  o  tro  pho  blast and the cy  to  tro  pho  blast fo  etal maternal haemorrha  ge occurs when this memb  rane ceases to function as a barrier and fo  etal cells may come in contact with and enter the maternal vessels in the deci  du  a end  ome  tri  um
fe  tal aden  o  carcin  oma fa of the lung is a rare subtype of pul  mon  ary aden  o  carcin  oma that exhi  bits tissue architecture and cell characteristics that resemble fe  tal lung tissue upon micro  scopic examination it is currently considered a variant of solid aden  o  carcin  oma with m  uc  in production
fe  tal alcohol spectrum disorders fas  ds are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy problems may include an abnormal appearance short height low body weight small head size poor coordination low intelligence behavior problems and problems with hearing or seeing those affected are more likely to have trouble in school legal problems participate in high risk behaviors and have trouble with alcohol or other drugs the most severe form of the condition is known as fe  tal alcohol syndrome f  as other types include partial fe  tal alcohol syndrome p  f  as alcohol related neuro  developmental disorder ar  nd and alcohol related birth defects ar  b  d fe  tal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy surveys from the united states have found about 10 of pregnant women have drunk alcohol in the last month and 20 to 30 drank at some point during the pregnancy about 4 7 of north american women who are pregnant have alcoholism the risk of problems depends on the amount consumed and the frequency of consumption as well as when during pregnancy the alcohol is consumed other risk factors include an older mother smoking and poor diet there is no known safe amount or safe time to drink during pregnancy while drinking small amounts of alcohol does not cause ab  norm  alities in the face it may cause behavioral issues alcohol crosses the blood brain barrier and both directly and indirectly affects a developing baby diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in the person fe  tal alcohol spectrum disorders are preventable by avoiding alcohol medical organizations recommend no alcohol during pregnancy for this reason while the condition is permanent treatment can improve outcomes interventions may include parent child interaction therapy efforts to modify child behavior and possibly medications fas  d is estimated to affect between 2 and 5 of people in the united states and western europe f  as is believed to occur in between 0 2 and 9 per 1000 live births in the united states in south africa some populations have rates as high as 9 the negative effects of alcohol have been described since ancient times the lifetime cost per child with f  as was 2 000 000 in 2002 the term fe  tal alcohol syndrome was first used in 1973
fe  tal a  or  tic sten  osis is a disorder that occurs when the fe  tus ’ a  or  tic valve does not fully open during development the a  or  tic valve is a one way valve that is located between the left ven  tric  le and the a  or  ta keeping blood from le  aking back into the ven  tric  le it has three leaf  lets that separate when the ven  tric  le contracts to allow blood to move from the ven  tric  le to the a  or  ta these leaf  lets come together when the ven  tric  le relax  es since the valve does not open properly in a  or  tic sten  osis there is a decrease in the forward movement of blood into the a  or  ta fe  tal a  or  tic sten  osis imp  airs left ven  tric  ular development which can lead to hypo  plastic left heart syndrome if untreated hl  hs is lethal as a result of the inability of the left heart to pump enough blood to sustain normal organ function in fe  tal life this is condition is manageable because the duc  tus arter  io  sus acts as a bypass and supports the delivery of oxy  genated blood to the systemic circulation however the duc  tus arter  io  sus closes during the first few days of life resulting in systemic circulation failure in babies born with a  or  tic valve sten  osis
fe  tal disease refers to disorders originating in uter  o examples include hydro  ps fe  tal  is and ch  ori  o  am  ni  oni  tis
in medicine ob  ste  trics the term fe  tal distress refers to the presence of signs in a pregnant woman — before or during childbirth — that suggest that the fe  tus may not be well because of its lack of precision the term is es  chewed in modern american ob  ste  trics
fe  tal hy  dan  to  in syndrome also called fe  tal dil  anti  n syndrome is a group of defects caused to the developing fe  tus by exposure to the ter  ato  genic effects of phen  y  to  in or carb  amaz  ep  ine dil  anti  n is the brand name of the drug phen  y  to  in sodium in the united states commonly used in the treatment of epi  le  psy it may also be called con  genital hy  dan  to  in syndrome fe  tal hy  dan  to  in syndrome dil  anti  n embry  opathy or phen  y  to  in embry  opathy association with eph  x 1 has been suggested
r  hab  dom  y  oma is a benign mes  en  ch  ym  al tumor of sk  el  etal muscle separated into two major categories based on site cardiac and ex  trac  ardi  ac they are further separated by his  to  logy fe  tal my  x  o  id and cellular juvenile intermediate and adult types genital types are recognized but are often part of either the fe  tal or juvenile types the fe  tal type is thought to recapit  ulate immature sk  el  etal muscle at about week six to ten of gest  ational development
fe  tal thro  m  bo  tic vas  cul  opathy is a chronic disorder characterized by thro  m  bo  sis in the fe  tus leading to vascular obliter  ation and hypo  per  fusion it is associated with cere  br  al pal  sy and still  birth
fe  tal viability or fo  etal viability is the ability of a fe  tus to survive outside the uter  us
fe  tal war  far  in syndrome dys  morph  ism due to war  far  in war  far  in embry  opathy is a condition associated with administration of war  far  in during pregnancy associated conditions include hypo  pl  asia of nas  al bridge lar  yn  gom  al  ac  ia pec  tus car  in  at  um con  genital heart defects ven  tric  ul  om  eg  al  y agen  esis of the corpus cal  lo  sum sti  p  pled ep  ip  hy  ses tele  br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly and growth retar  dation it is also known as dis  ai  a syndrome the symptoms are nas  al hypo  pl  asia depressed nas  al bridge deep gro  ove between no  stri  l and nas  al tip sti  p  pling of un  calci  fied ep  ip  hy  ses during first year mild hypo  pl  asia of nails shortened fingers low birth weight significant intellectual disability seizures reduced muscle tone widely spac  ed nip  ples deaf  ness and feeding difficulty
generally a foul or unpleasant od  or in medical contexts fe  tor refers to an unpleasant od  or emanating from an individual specific types include fe  tor or  is another term for hal  it  osis fe  tor he  p  atic  us u  rem  ic fe  tor body od  or rec  tal fe  tor
fe  tor he  p  atic  us or fo  e  tor he  p  atic  us see spelling differences also known as breath of the dead or he  p  atic fo  e  tor is a condition seen in portal hyper  tension where por  to  systemic sh  unting allows thi  ols to pass directly into the lungs it is a late sign in liver failure and is one of the clinical features of he  p  atic encephalopathy other possible causes are the presence of ammonia and ke  tones in the breath the breath has a sweet f  ec  al smell to it the compound di  methyl sul  fide has been associated with it raising the possibility of an objective non  invasive measure of liver failure furthermore the volatile di  methyl sul  fide is thought by some researchers to be the main contributor to the od  or of fe  tor he  p  atic  us a secondary form of trim  ethyl  amin  ur  ia is also associated with liver failure and it has been suggested that that trim  ethyl  amine is also a contributor to the od  or of fe  tor he  p  atic  us fo  e  tor he  p  atic  us is sometimes often associated with an acid base disorder such as diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis or iso  prop  yl alcohol in  tox  ication
fe  tus in fe  tu or fo  etus in fo  e  tu is a developmental ab  normality in which a mass of tissue resembling a fe  tus forms inside the body there are two theories of origin concerning fe  tus in fe  tu one theory is that the mass begins as a normal fe  tus but becomes envelop  ed inside its twin the other theory is that the mass is a highly developed ter  atom  a fe  tus in fe  tu is estimated to occur in 1 in 500 000 live births
fever of unknown origin fu  o py  re  x  ia of unknown origin pu  o or fe  bris e ca  usa igno  ta fe  bris e c i refers to a condition in which the patient has an elevated temperature fever but despite investigations by a physician no explanation has been found if the cause is found it is usually a diagnosis of exclusion that is by eliminating all possibilities until only one explanation remains and taking this as the correct one
in lis  p programming languages a f  exp  r is a function whose oper  ands are passed to it without being evaluated when a f  exp  r is called only the body of the f  exp  r is evaluated no other evaluations take place except when explicitly initiated by the f  exp  r in contrast when an ordinary lis  p function is called the oper  ands are evaluated automatically and only the results of these evaluations are provided to the function and when a traditional lis  p macro is called the oper  ands are passed in un  evaluated but whatever result the macro function returns is automatically evaluated
the upper and lower fe  z  ou  ata formations of morocco are burg  ess shale type deposits dating to the lower or  do  vic  ian filling an important preserv  ational window between the common cam  brian lag  erst  ät  ten and the late or  do  vic  ian so  om shale in the fossi  lized fauna were numerous organisms previously thought to have died out after the mid cam  brian
in chess the fi  anch  et  to italian fi  a  ŋ  ˈ  k  ɛ  tto little flank is a pattern of development where  in a bishop is developed to the second rank of the adjacent knight file the knight pawn having been moved one or two squares forward the fi  anch  et  to is a staple of many hyper  modern openings whose philosophy is to delay direct occupation of the center with the plan of undermining and destroying the opponent s central out  post it also regularly occurs in indian defences the fi  anch  et  to is less common in open games 1 e 4 e 5 but the king s bishop is sometimes fi  anch  et  to  ed by black in the spanish game or by white in an un  common variation of the vienna game one of the major benefits of the fi  anch  et  to is that it often allows the fi  anch  et  to  ed bishop to become more active because the bishop is placed on one of the two longest diag  on  als either h 1 a 8 or a 1 h 8 it controls the maximum possible number of squares and can become a powerful offensive weapon however a fi  anch  et  to  ed position also presents some opportunities for the opposing player if the fi  anch  et  to  ed bishop can be exchanged the squares the bishop was formerly protecting will become weak see hole and can form the basis of an attack particularly if the fi  anch  et  to was performed on the king  side therefore exchanging the fi  anch  et  to  ed bishop should not be done lightly especially if the enemy bishop of the same colour is still on the board
a fi  br  in ring gran  ul  oma also known as dough  nut gran  ul  oma is a hist  opath  ological finding that is characteristic of q fever on hem  at  ox  yl  in e  os  in stain  ing the fi  br  in ring gran  ul  oma consists of a central lip  id vacu  ole usually washed out during fixing and stain  ing leaving only an empty hole surrounded by a dense red fi  br  in ring and epi  the  li  o  id macro  p  ha  ges fi  br  in ring gran  ul  om  as may also be seen in ho  dg  kin s disease and infectious mon  on  uc  le  osis
primary fi  br  ino  gen  ol  ysis is a medical condition that appears with abnormal production of fi  br  ino  gen fi  br  in degradation products f  dp degradation of co  ag  ulation factors v viii ix xi and or degradation of the fi  br  in present in any pre existing loc  alized thro  m  bi and h  emo  static clo  ts
fi  brin  ol  ysis syndrome also known as defi  br  inating syndrome is characterized by an acute hemorrha  gic state brought about by inability of the blood to clo  t with massive hemorrha  ges into the skin producing black  ish pur  pl  ish sw  ell  ings and sl  ough  ing
fi  broad  en  om  as of the breast are benign tumors characterized by an ad  mixture of st  rom  al and epi  the  li  al tissue since both fi  broad  en  om  as and breast cancer can appear as similar lum  ps it is currently recommended to perform ul  tras  ound analyses and possibly tissue sampling with subsequent hist  opath  o  logic analysis in order to perform diagnosis unlike typical lum  ps from breast cancer fi  broad  en  om  as are easy to move with clearly defined edges fi  broad  en  om  as are sometimes called breast mice or a breast mouse owing to their high mobility in the breast
fi  bro  car  ti  lag  inous mes  en  ch  y  mom  a of bone is f  c  mb is an extremely rare tumor first described in 1984 fewer than 20 cases have been reported with patient ages sp  anning from 9 to 25 years though a case in a male infant aged 1 year and 7 months has been reported quick growth and bul  ky size are remarkable features of this tumor
fi  broch  on  dro  genesis is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive form of o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asia causing abnormal fi  bro  us development of car  til  age and related tissues it is a lethal r  hi  zom  el  ic mal  formations which result in short underdeveloped limbs form of dwar  f  ism exhi  biting both sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia mal  formations of bone and fi  bro  bl  astic dys  pl  asia abnormal development of fi  bro  bl  asts specialized cells that make up fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue which plays a role in the formation of cellular structure and promotes healing of damaged tissues death caused by complications of fi  broch  on  dro  genesis occurs in infancy
fi  bro  c  ys  tic breasts or fi  bro  c  ys  tic breast disease or fi  bro  c  ys  tic breast condition commonly referred to as f  bc is a condition of breast tissue affecting an estimated 30 60 of women and at least 50 of women of child  bearing age some studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of f  bc may be as high as 70 to 90 it is characterized by non  can  cer  ous breast lum  ps which can sometimes cause discomfort often periodically related to hormonal influences from the men  str  ual cycle
fi  bro  dys  pl  asia os  si  fic  ans progres  si  va f  op is an extremely rare connec  tive tissue disease the disease is caused by a mutation of the body s repair mechanism which causes fi  bro  us tissue including muscle tend  on and lig  ament to be os  si  fied spontaneously or when damaged in many cases injuries can cause joints to become permanently frozen in place surgical removal of the extra bone grow  ths has been shown to cause the body to repair the affected area with even more bone
fi  bro  epi  the  li  al ne  op  las  ms or tumors are bi  ph  as  ic tumors this means they consist of epi  the  li  al tissue and st  rom  al or mes  en  ch  ym  al tissue they may be benign or m  align  ant examples include brenner tumor of the o  vary fi  broad  en  oma of the breast ph  yl  lo  des tumor of the breast
fi  bro  lam  ell  ar he  pat  oc  ell  ular carcin  oma f  h  cc is a rare form of he  pat  oc  ell  ular carcin  oma h  cc that typically affects young adults and is characterized under the micro  scope by lam  inated fi  bro  us layers inter  s  pers  ed between the tum  our cells approximately 200 new cases are diagnosed worldwide each year
fi  bro  mas or fi  bro  id tumors or fi  bro  ids are benign tumors that are composed of fi  bro  us or connec  tive tissue they can grow in all organs arising from mes  en  ch  y  me tissue the term fi  bro  bl  astic or fi  bro  mat  ous is used to describe tumors of the fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue when the term fi  bro  ma is used without modi  fier it is usually considered benign with the term fi  bro  sar  coma reserved for m  align  ant tumors
fi  bro  ma of tend  on she  ath is a benign tumor that presents as a small sub  cu  taneous no  dule that slowly increases in size the tumors often have a multin  od  ular growth pattern with individual no  d  ules being composed of bl  and sl  ender spin  dle shaped cells my  o  fi  bro  bl  asts in a dense fi  bro  us matrix ” a common micro  scopic finding is the presence of el  ong  ated sli  t like blood vessels the le  sions nearly always arise in the dis  tal portions of the extre  mi  ties they often occur on the fingers hands toes or feet although they are benign they may recur in up to 40 of cases although they may be regarded as a tumor of the skin the le  sions arise from tend  ons and ap  on  euro  ses in superficial sites and are therefore properly classified as in the category soft tissue tumor the biological nature of fi  bro  ma of tend  on she  ath is not known but the category appears to comprise a number of different patho  logic processes it is considered that about one third of the le  sions in this category may be ac  ral variants of the entity no  d  ular fas  ci  i  tis
the term fi  bro  mat  osis refers to a group of benign soft tissue tumors which have certain characteristics in common including absence of cy  to  logic and clinical m  align  ant features a his  to  logy consistent with proliferation of well differentiated fi  bro  bl  asts an infiltr  ative growth pattern and aggressive clinical behavior with frequent local recurrence
fi  bro  mat  osis coll  i also known as ster  no  ma  sto  id tumor of infancy is a benign proliferation of fi  bro  us tissue infiltr  ating the lower third of the ster  no  cle  id  om  ast  o  id sc  m and is the most common cause of ne  on  atal tor  ti  coll  is the mass also known as a hem  atom  a of the ster  no  cle  id  om  ast  o  id is firm and hard on pal  p  ation but is neither tender nor infl  amed the mass is easily diagnosed using ul  tras  ound where it is found within the sc  m and enlar  ges the muscle the le  sion is self limiting and benign usually resolving with time and physical therapy rarely does it need to be removed sur  g  ically surgery is performed on patients in whom tor  ti  coll  is persists for 1 year
fi  bro  muscular dys  pl  asia fmd is a non a  ther  os  cl  erotic non infl  am  matory disease of the blood vessels that causes abnormal growth within the wall of an artery fmd has been found in nearly every arter  ial bed in the body however the most common arter  ies affected are the ren  al and caro  ti  d arter  ies there are various types of fmd with multi focal fi  bro  pl  asia being the most common focal previously known as intim  al and adventi  tial are less common forms of the disease fmd predominantly affects middle aged women but has been found in men and people of all ages pedi  atric cases of fmd are vastly different from that of the adult population the prevalence of fmd is not known although the disease was initially thought to be rare recent studies have suggested that fmd may be under  diagnosed
fi  bro  my  al  gia f  m is a medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure other symptoms include feeling tired to a degree that normal activities are affected sleep problems and troubles with memory some people also report rest  less legs syndrome bo  wel or blad  der problems num  b  ness and ting  ling and sensitivity to noise lights or temperature fi  bro  my  al  gia is frequently associated with depression anxiety and post  traumatic stress disorder other types of chronic pain are also frequently present the cause of fi  bro  my  al  gia is unknown but believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors with half the risk attributed to each the condition runs in families and many genes are believed to be involved environmental factors may include psychological stress trauma and certain infections the pain appears to result from processes in the central nervous system and the condition is referred to as a central sensi  tization syndrome fi  bro  my  al  gia is recognized as a disorder by the us national institutes of health and the american college of r  heu  mat  ology there is no specific diagnostic test diagnosis involves first ruling out other potential causes and verifying that a set number of symptoms are present the treatment of fi  bro  my  al  gia can be difficult recommendations often include getting enough sleep exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet cognitive behavioral therapy may also be helpful the medications dul  ox  et  ine mil  n  aci  pr  an or preg  ab  al  in may be used use of op  io  id pain medication is controversial with some stating their use is poorly supported by evidence and others saying that weak op  io  ids may be reasonable if other medications are not effective dietary supplements also lack evidence to support their use while fi  bro  my  al  gia can last a long time it does not result in death or tissue damage fi  bro  my  al  gia is estimated to affect 2 – 8 of the population females are affected about twice as often as males rates appear similar in different areas of the world and among different cultures fi  bro  my  al  gia was first defined in 1990 with updated criteria in 2011 there is controversy about the classification diagnosis and treatment of fi  bro  my  al  gia while some feel the diagnosis of fi  bro  my  al  gia may negatively affect a person other research finds it to be beneficial the term fi  bro  my  al  gia is from new latin fi  bro meaning fi  bro  us tissues greek μ  υ  ώ my  o muscle and greek ά  λ  γ  ος al  gos pain thus the term literally means muscle and connec  tive tissue pain
fi  bro  pap  il  lo  mat  osis fp is a disease specific to sea tur  tles the condition is characterized by benign epi  the  li  al tum  ours on the surface of biological tissues a her  pes  virus is believed to be the caus  ative agent of the disease while turtle le  eches are suspected mechanical vectors transmitting the disease to other individuals the disease is thought to have a multi  fac  torial eti  ology including a tum  our promoting phase that is possibly caused by bio  toxins or contaminants fp exists all over the world but it is most prominent in warmer clim  ates affecting up to 50 70 of some populations
fi  bro  sar  coma fi  bro  bl  astic sar  coma is a m  align  ant mes  en  ch  ym  al tum  our derived from fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue and characterized by the presence of immature prolifer  ating fi  bro  bl  asts or un  differentiated an  ap  l  astic spin  dle cells in a st  ori  form pattern it is usually found in males aged 30 to 40 it originates in fi  bro  us tissues of the bone and inv  ades long or flat bones such as fem  ur ti  bia and man  di  ble it also involves perio  steu  m and over  lying muscle
fi  bro  sclerosis of the breast is most frequently used to mean s  cl  ero  sing lob  ular aden  osis of the breast it is not well known if it is related to non s  cl  ero  sing aden  osis of the breast which is normally classified as fi  bro  c  ys  tic breast changes and unlike this it is believed to be correlated with an elevated risk of breast cancer
fi  bro  sing colon  opathy is a disease that arises in patients with c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis treated with enter  ic co  ated pan  cre  atic enzyme supplements the disease is associated with high dose of these supplements the clinical presentation of fi  bro  sing colon  opathy is non specific ab  domin  al pain dis  tension v  om  iting and con  sti  p  ation are frequ  ent  features and have led initially to confusion with dis  tal intest  inal obstruction syndrome in some instances the clinical and radiological features were sugges  tive of cro  hn s disease or infl  am  matory co  li  tis
fi  bro  sis is the formation of excess fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue in an organ or tissue in a repar  ative or reactive process this can be a reactive benign or pathological state in response to injury this is called scar  ring and if fi  bro  sis arises from a single cell line this is called a fi  bro  ma physi  o  logically fi  bro  sis acts to deposit connec  tive tissue which can obliter  ate the architecture and function of the underlying organ or tissue fi  bro  sis can be used to describe the pathological state of excess de  position of fi  bro  us tissue as well as the process of connec  tive tissue de  position in healing defined by the pathological accumulation of ex  trac  ell  ular matrix ec  m proteins fi  bro  sis results in scar  ring and thick  ening of the affected tissue it is in essence an exaggerated wound healing response which interferes with normal organ function
fi  bro  thor  ax is diffuse fi  bro  sis of the ple  ural space surrounding the lungs it can have several causes including h  emo  thor  ax ple  ural eff  usion and tuberculosis it may also be induced by exposure to certain substances as with asbestos induced diffuse ple  ural fi  bro  sis idi  opathic fi  bro  thor  ax may also occur in fi  bro  thor  ax scar tissue is formed around the vis  cer  al ple  ura following infl  amm  ation due to ple  ural eff  usion or other path  ology the scar tissue lies in a sheet between the ple  ura then fuses with the par  ie  tal ple  ura and the chest wall over time generally the course of years the fi  bro  tic scar tissue slowly ti  ghtens which results in the contraction of the entire hem  i  thor  ax and leaves the ribs im  mobilized within the chest the lung is compressed and unable to expand making it vulnerable to collapse at the micro  scopic level the scar tissue is composed of coll  agen fi  bers deposited in a basket we  ave pattern the treatment for fi  bro  thor  ax is decor  tication the surgical removal of the fi  bro  us layer of scar tissue however since many of the diseases and conditions resulting in fi  bro  thor  ax are treat  able prevention remains the preferred method of managing fi  bro  thor  ax ple  ural fi  bro  sis calci  fication dense ple  ural fi  bro  sis with focal calci  fication seen here is the end result of organization of intr  ap  le  ural infl  am  matory exu  date emp  y  ema most likely accompanying a remote episode of pneumonia
fi  bro  us an  ky  losis is a fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue process which results in decreased range of motion symptoms present as bon  y an  ky  losis in which osse  ous tissue fuses two bones together reducing mobility which is why fi  bro  us an  ky  losis is also known as false an  ky  losis path  ology may be the result of trauma disease chronic infl  amm  ation or surgery some research suggests fi  bro  us an  ky  losis may precede the development of bon  y an  ky  losis
fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia is a disorder where normal bone and marrow is replaced with fi  bro  us tissue resulting in formation of bone that is weak and prone to expansion as a result most complications result from frac  ture de  form  ity functional impairment and pain disease occurs along a broad clinical spectrum ranging from as  ymp  tomatic incidental le  sions to severe disab  ling disease disease can affect one bone mono  sto  tic or multiple poly  o  sto  tic and may occur in isolation or in combination with cafe au la  it skin mac  ules and hyper  functioning endocr  in  opath  ies termed mc  c  une al  bright syndrome more rarely fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia may be associated with intr  amus  cular my  x  om  as termed ma  zab  r  aud s syndrome fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia is very rare and there is no known cure fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia is not a form of cancer
a fi  bro  us tissue ne  op  las  m is a tumor derived primarily from fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue an example is fi  bro  ma
fi  bul  ar hem  im  eli  a or longit  ud  inal fi  bul  ar deficiency is the con  genital absence of the fi  bul  a and it is the most common con  genital absence of long bone of the extre  mi  ties it is the shortening of the fi  bul  a at birth or the complete lack thereof in humans the disorder can be noted by ul  tras  ound in uter  o to prepare for ampu  tation after birth or complex bone leng  th  ening surgery the ampu  tation usually takes place at six months with removal of portions of the legs to prepare them for pro  s  thetic use the other treatments which include repeated corrective o  ste  o  tom  ies and leg leng  th  ening surgery are costly and associated with residual de  form  ity
fi  dd  ler s neck sometimes referred to as a viol  in hic  key is an occupational disease that affects viol  in and viol  a players it is a cu  taneous condition usually characterized by red  ness thick  ening and infl  amm  ation on the left side of the neck below the angle of the jaw where the instrument is held ac  ne like le  sions and cy  sts may form at the site due to foreign body reactions and infections may also occur due to poor hygiene the primary causes of fi  dd  ler s neck are constant friction and local pressure it is well known among professional orchestra musicians but is not well recognized by der  mato  logists and a red mark on the left side of the neck under the jaw functions as an identifying sign of a viol  in  ist or viol  ist in public without seeing the instrument although the presence of fi  dd  ler s neck is sometimes used as an indicator of a viol  in  ist s skill or battle scars from constant practice many viol  in  ists never develop fi  dd  ler s neck due to differences in skin sensitivity playing habits and the materials used in the construction of the instrument an accomplished professional player could practice hard their whole life and never develop fi  dd  ler s neck
field capacity is the amount of soil moisture or water content held in the soil after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has decreased this usually takes place 2 – 3 days after rain or irrigation in per  vious soils of uniform structure and tex  ture the physical definition of field capacity expressed symbolically as θ  fc is the bulk water content retained in soil at − 33 j kg or − 0 33 bar of hydraulic head or suc  tion pressure the term originated from israel  son and west and frank ve  ih  me  yer and arthur hend  ric  k  son ve  ih  me  yer and hend  ric  k  son realized the limitation in this measurement and commented that it is affected by so many factors that precisely it is not a constant for a particular soil yet it does serve as a practical measure of soil water holding capacity field capacity improves on the concept of moisture equivalent by ly  man bri  ggs ve  ih  me  yer hend  ric  k  son proposed this concept as an attempt to improve water use efficiency for farmers in california during 1949 field capacity is characterized by measuring water content after we  tting a soil profile covering it to prevent evapor  ation and monitoring the change soil moisture in the profile water content when the rate of change is relatively small is indicative of when drainage ceases and is called field capacity it is also termed drained upper limit du  l lo  ren  zo a rich  ards and wea  ver found that water content held by soil at a potential of − 33 k  pa or − 0 33 bar cor  relate closely with field capacity − 10 k  pa for sandy soils
the field of view is the extent of the observ  able world that is seen at any given moment in case of optical instruments or sensors it is a solid angle through which a detec  tor is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation
in first person video games the field of view or field of vision abbreviated fo  v is the extent of the observ  able game world that is seen on the display at any given moment it is typically measured as an angle although whether this angle is the horizontal vertical or diag  onal component of the field of view varies from game to game the fo  v in a video game may change depending on the aspect ratio of the rendering resolution in computer games and modern game cons  oles the fo  v normally increases with a wider aspect ratio of the rendering resolution
in mathematics the field trace is a particular function defined with respect to a finite field extension l k which is a k linear map from l onto k
er  y  them  a infec  ti  o  sum or fifth disease is one of several possible manifestations of infection by par  vo  virus b 19 the disease is also referred to as slapped cheek syndrome sl  ap  cheek slap face or slapped face the name fifth disease comes from its place on the standard list of rash causing childhood diseases which also includes meas  les 1 st scar  let fever 2 nd rub  ella 3 rd and du  kes disease 4 th though the last is no longer widely accepted as distinct
the fight or flight response also called hyper  ar  ous  al or the acute stress response is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event attack or threat to survival it was first described by walter brad  ford cannon his theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing more specifically the adren  al med  ul  la produces a hormonal cas  c  ade that results in the secre  tion of cat  ec  hol  am  ines especially no  rep  in  eph  rine and ep  in  eph  rine the hormones estro  gen te  sto  ster  one and cor  ti  sol as well as the neuro  transmitters dop  amine and sero  ton  in also affect how organisms react to stress this response is recognized as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebr  ates and other organisms
fig  urate er  y  them  a is a form of er  y  them  a that presents in a ring or an arc shape an example is er  y  them  a margin  at  um
fil  am  entation is the anom  alous growth of certain bacteria such as e coli in which cells continue to el  ong  ate but do not divide no sep  ta formation the cells that result from el  on  gation without division have multiple chro  mo  som  al copies bacterial fil  am  entation is often observed as a result of bacteria responding to various stresses including dna damage or inhi  bi  tion of replic  ation this may happen for example while responding to extensive dna damage through the sos response system nutritional changes may also cause bacterial fil  am  entation some of the key genes involved in fil  am  entation in e coli include sul  a and min  cd the following genes have been connected to virul  ence using the g mell  on  ella infection model b  cr 1 fl  o 8 k  em 1 su  v 3 and tec 1 these genes are required for bi  of  il  m development from fil  am  entation fil  am  entation properties are argued to be necessary in virul  ence the bi  of  il  m of bacteria is also connected to the organism ’ s virul  ence fil  am  entation is a survival strategy that protects bacteria from stres  sors such as host effec  tors and pro  tist predators the strategy of fil  am  entation is known to protect bacteria from antibiotic medicines taken by the host
fil  ari  asis or phil  ari  asis is a par  asi  tic disease caused by an infection with round  worms of the fil  ari  o  idea type these are spread by blood feeding black flies and mosquitoes this disease belongs to the group of diseases called hel  min  thi  ases eight known fil  arial nemato  des use humans as their definitive hosts these are divided into three groups according to the niche within the body they occupy lymp  h  atic fil  ari  asis is caused by the worms wu  cher  er  ia ban  cro  f  ti bru  gia malay  i and bru  gia ti  mor  i these worms occupy the lymp  h  atic system including the lymp  h no  des in chronic cases these worms lead to the syndrome of eleph  anti  asis sub  cu  taneous fil  ari  asis is caused by lo  a lo  a the eye worm man  son  ella st  rep  to  cer  ca and on  cho  cer  ca vol  vul  us these worms occupy the sub  cu  taneous layer of the skin in the fat layer l lo  a causes lo  a lo  a fil  ari  asis while o vol  vul  us causes river blindness ser  ous cav  ity fil  ari  asis is caused by the worms man  son  ella per  st  ans and man  son  ella o  zz  ardi which occupy the ser  ous cav  ity of the ab  dom  en the adult worms which usually stay in one tissue release early lar  val forms known as micro  fil  ari  ae into the host s blood  stream these circulating micro  fil  ari  ae can be taken up with a blood meal by the ar  thro  pod vector in the vector they develop into infec  tive lar  v  ae that can be transmitted to a new host individuals infected by fil  arial worms may be described as either micro  fil  ar  a  emic or am  ic  ro  fil  ar  a  emic depending on whether micro  fil  ari  ae can be found in their peripheral blood fil  ari  asis is diagnosed in micro  fil  ar  a  emic cases primarily through direct observation of micro  fil  ari  ae in the peripheral blood oc  cult fil  ari  asis is diagnosed in am  ic  ro  fil  ar  a  emic cases based on clinical observations and in some cases by finding a circulating antigen in the blood
file sp  anning is the ability to package a single file or data stream into separate files of a specified size this task implies the ability to re combine the package files back into the original file or data stream this is useful when saving large files onto smaller volumes or breaking large files up into smaller files for network messages of limited size email news  groups it also allows the creation of parity files such as parity archive par to verify and restore missing or corrupted package files another advantage with this is coping with fi  le  size limits on some file systems of remo  vable media or coping with volume size limits of things like fl  op  py disks sometimes the file sp  anning process is hidden as a secondary operation such as with file archi  vers in this case many smaller files are first packaged into a data stream and then re  packaged into a multi file archive
fili  col  losis is a par  asi  tic disease of ducks geese and other water  birds caused by fili  coll  is an  atis a species of ac  anth  o  cephal  a of the poly  mor  phi  da  e family the disease is endemic in europe and asia
the fil  mo  graphy on immigration in italy is a phenomenon started with the arrival of the first migratory flows in italy since the 1990 s
in functional programming filter is a higher order function that processes a data structure usually a list in some order to produce a new data structure containing exactly those elements of the original data structure for which a given predic  ate returns the boo  lean value true
fin rot is a symptom of disease or the actual disease in fish this is a disease which is most often observed in aqu  aria and aquaculture but can also occur in natural populations fin rot can be the result of a bacterial infection pseu  dom  onas fluores  c  ens which causes a rag  ged ro  tting of the fin or as a fun  gal infection which rots the fin more evenly and is more likely to produce a white edge sometimes both types of infection are seen together infection is commonly brought on by bad water conditions injury poor diet stress or as a secondary infection in a fish which is already stressed by other disease fin rot starts at the edge of the fins and destroys more and more tissue until it reaches the fin base if it does reach the fin base the fish will never be able to regener  ate the lost tissue at this point the disease may begin to attack the fish s body this is called advanced fin and body rot fin rot is common in bet  tas due to poor water conditions in pet stores
financial integration is a phenomenon in which financial markets in neighboring regional and or global economies are closely linked together various forms of actual financial integration include information sharing among financial institutions sharing of best practices among financial institutions sharing of cutting edge technologies through licensing among financial institutions firms borrow and raise funds directly in the international capital markets investors directly invest in the international capital markets newly engineered financial products are domestically innov  ated and originated then sold and bought in the international capital markets rapid adap  tion copy  cat of newly engineered financial products among financial institutions in different economies cross border capital flows and foreign participation in the domestic financial markets because of financial market imperfections financial integration in neighboring regional and or global economies is therefore imperfect for example the imperfect financial integration can stem from the inequality of the marginal rate of substitu  tions of different agents in addition to financial market imperfections legal restrictions can also hinder financial integration therefore financial integration can also be achieved from the elimination of restrictions pertaining to cross border financial operations to allow a financial institutions to operate freely b permit businesses to directly raise funds or borrow and c equity and bond investors to invest across the state line with fewer or without imposing any restrictions however it is important to note that many of the legal restrictions exist because of the market imperfections that hinder financial integration legal restrictions are sometimes second best devices for dealing with the market imperfections that limit financial integration consequently removing the legal restrictions can make the world economy become worse off in addition financial integration of neighboring regional and or global economies can take place through a formal international treaty which the governing bodies of these economies agree to cooperate to address regional and or global financial disturbances through regulatory and policy responses the extent to which financial integration is measured includes gross capital flows stocks of foreign assets and liabilities degree of co movement of stock returns degree of dispersion of world wide real interest rates and financial openness
financial literacy is the ability to understand how money works in the world how someone manages to earn or make it how that person manages it how he she invests it turn it into more and how that person don  ates it to help others more specifically it refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resources raising interest in personal finance is now a focus of state run programs in countries including australia canada japan the united states and the uk the organization for economic co operation and development oecd started an inter governmental project in 2003 with the objective of providing ways to improve financial education and literacy standards through the development of common financial literacy principles in march 2008 the oecd launched the international gateway for financial education which aims to serve as a clear  ingh  ouse for financial education programs information and research worldwide in the uk the alternative term financial capability is used by the state and its agencies the financial services authority fsa in the uk started a national strategy on financial capability in 2003 the us government also established its financial literacy and education commission in 2003
the financial result is the difference between earnings before interest and taxes and earnings before taxes it is determined by the earning or the loss which results from financial affairs
fin  ching is a colour pattern of cattle occurring in many unrelated breeds cattle with fin  ching are said to be fin  ched or finch backed fin  ching consists of a white or pale stri  pe along the sp  ine it may join to a white head as in here  ford cattle continue over the tail as in gl  ou  c  ester and pin  z  gau cattle or it may form part of another colour sided pattern for example in line  back english lon  gh  orn texas lon  gh  orn spec  kle park and irish mo  iled cattle in some breeds such as jersey cattle and heck cattle fin  ching occurs mainly in bulls forming a cream or white stri  pe along the sp  ine of a black brown animal – this is thought to have been the colour pattern of the bulls of the wild anc  est  or of domes  ticated cattle the au  ro  ch  s
finger agno  sia first defined in 19  24 by jose  f ger  st  mann is the loss in the ability to distinguish name or recognize the fingers not only with the patient s own fingers but also the fingers of others and drawing and other representations of fingers it is one of a tetr  ad of symptoms in ger  st  mann syndrome although it is also possible for finger agno  sia to exist on its own without any other disorders usually le  sions to the left ang  ular gy  rus and poster  ior par  ie  tal areas can lead to finger agno  sia
the fin  kel  stein reaction named after the german chem  ist hans fin  kel  stein is an s  n 2 reaction substitution nucle  oph  il  ic b  im  ol  ec  ular reaction that involves the exchange of one halo  gen atom for another hali  de exchange is an equilibrium reaction but the reaction can be driven to completion by exploiting the differential solu  bility of hali  de salts or by using a large excess of the hali  de salt r x x ′ − ⇌ r x ′ x − the classic fin  kel  stein reaction entails the conversion of an al  ky  l chloride or an al  ky  l bromide to an al  ky  l io  di  de by treatment with a solution of sodium io  di  de in acet  one sodium io  di  de is soluble in acet  one and sodium chloride and sodium bromide are not the reaction is driven toward products by mass action due to the precip  itation of the in  soluble salt for example bromo  ethane can be converted to i  odo  ethane ch 3 ch 2 br acet  one na  i acet  one → ch 3 ch 2 i acet  one nab  r s al  ky  l hali  des differ greatly in the ease with which they undergo the fin  kel  stein reaction the reaction works well for primary except for ne  op  ent  yl hali  des and exceptionally well for all  yl ben  zy  l and α carbon  yl hali  des secondary hali  des are far less reactive vinyl ar  yl and tertiary al  ky  l hali  des are un  reactive below some relative rates of reaction na  i in acet  one at 60 ° in modern usage the definition of the reaction has been expanded to include the conversion of alcohol  s to al  ky  l hali  des by first converting the alcohol to a sul  fon  ate ester to  syl  ates or mes  yl  ates are usually used and then performing the substitution the example below is from a synthesis of ch  ry  so  ch  lam  ic acid
a finnish heritage disease is a genetic disease or disorder that is significantly more common in people whose ancestors were ethnic finns natives of finland and sweden me  än  ma  a and russia kare  lia and ing  ria about 40 rare diseases are regarded as finnish heritage diseases the diseases are not restricted to finns they are genetic diseases with far wider distribution in the world but due to founder effects and genetic isolation they are more common in finns within finland these diseases are more common in the east and north consistent with their higher association with ethnic finns than with ethnic swedes the finnish disease heritage does not extend to other ethnic groups in the region the sá  mi and kare  li  ans other than finnish kare  li  ans it is attributed to a population bottlenec  k among ancestors of modern finns estimated to have occurred about 4000 years ago presumably when populations practicing agriculture and animal husbandry arrived in finland in finland about one in five persons carries a gene defect associated with at least one finnish heritage disease and about one in 500 children born is affected most of the gene defects are auto  som  al reces  sives so that if both the mother and father carry the same defect the chance that their child will have the associated disease is 1 in 4 the molecular genetics of many of these diseases have been determined enabling genetic testing pre  natal testing and counsel  ing this has raised questions of bio  ethics and eu  gen  ics
fire b  light also written fire  b  light is a contagious disease affecting apples pears and some other members of the family ro  sac  e  ae it is a serious concern to apple and pear producers under optimal conditions it can destroy an entire orch  ard in a single growing season the causal pathogen is er  win  ia amy  lo  vor  a a gram negative bacter  ium in the family enter  ob  ac  ter  i  ace  ae pears are the most susceptible but apples lo  qu  at cr  ab  apples quin  ces haw  thorn coton  easter py  rac  antha rasp  berry and some other ro  sac  eous plants are also vulnerable the disease is believed to be indigenous to north america from where it spread to most of the rest of the world fire b  light is not believed to be present in australia though it might possibly exist there it has been a major reason for a long standing embargo on the importation of new zealand apples to australia japan was likewise believed to be without the disease but it was discovered in pears grown in northern japan japanese authorities are however still denying its existence and the japanese scientist who discovered it is believed to have committed suicide after his name was leaked to affected farmers in europe it is listed as a quarantine disease and has been spreading along haw  thorn cr  at  aeg  us he  dges planted alongside railways motorways and main roads
fire brea  ther s pneumonia also known as fire brea  ther s lung or fire e  ater s lung is a distinct type of exo  genous — that is originating outside the body — li  po  id pneumonia chemical pneu  mon  i  tis that results from inhal  ation or aspiration of hydrocarbons of different types such as lamp oil accidental inhal  ation of hydrocarbon fuels can occur during fire breathing fire eating or other fire performance and may lead to pneu  mon  i  tis symptoms can vary significantly among individuals ranging from as  ymp  tomatic to a severe life threatening disease onset usually occurs within hours though symptoms may not appear for several days li  po  id pneumonia is a rare condition but is an occupational hazard of fire performers
fire prevention is a function of many fire departments the goal of fire prevention is to educate the public to take precautions to prevent potentially harmful fires and be educated about surviving them it is a proactive method of reducing emergencies and the damage caused by them many fire departments have a fire prevention officer in the general sense of preventing harmful fires many aspects are discussed in the articles fire protection and fire safety national work on best practices is in the vision 2020 program
a fire regime is the pattern frequency and intensity of the bush  fires and wild  fires that prevail in an area it is an integral part of fire ecology and renewal for certain types of ecosystems if fires are too frequent plants may be killed before they have matured or before they have set sufficient seed to ensure population recovery if fires are too inf  requ  ent plants may mature sen  es  ce and die without ever releasing their seed
fire  stop pil  lows are passive fire protection items used for fire  stopping holes in wall or floor assemblies required to have a fire resistance rating the products must be used in accordance with a valid certification listing subject to listing and approval use and compliance
a black hole fire  wall is a hypothetical phenomenon where an observer that falls into an old black hole encounters high energy quan  ta at or near the event horizon the fire  wall phenomenon was proposed in 2012 by ahmed al  m  he  iri donald mar  ol  f joseph pol  chin  ski and james s  ully as a possible solution to an apparent inconsistency in black hole complementarity the proposal is sometimes referred to as the am  ps fire  wall an acron  ym for the names of the authors of the 2012 paper the use of a fire  wall to resolve this inconsistency remains controversial as of 2013 with high energy physicists divided as to the solution to the paradox
the firing squad synchron  ization problem is a problem in computer science and cellular autom  ata in which the goal is to design a cellular autom  aton that starting with a single active cell eventually reaches a state in which all cells are simultaneously active it was first proposed by john my  hill in 1957 and published with a solution in 1962 by edward moore
first degree atri  o  ven  tric  ular block av block or pr prolongation is a disease of the electrical conduc  tion system of the heart in which the pr interval is leng  th  ened beyond 0 20 seconds in first degree av block the impulse conducting from atri  a to ven  tric  les through the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de av no  de is delayed and travels slower than normal it has a prevalence in the normal young adult population of 0 65 1 1 and the incidence is 0 13 per 1000 persons
the first pass effect also known as first pass metabol  ism or pres  y  stem  ic metabol  ism is a phenomenon of drug metabol  ism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation it is the fraction of drug lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall notable drugs that experience a significant first pass effect are im  i  pr  amine morphine pro  pr  ano  lo  l bu  pre  nor  ph  ine di  az  ep  am mid  az  ol  am pe  th  id  ine ci  me  ti  dine li  doc  aine and nitro  gly  cer  in after a drug is swallowed it is absorbed by the dig  estive system and enters the he  p  atic portal system it is carried through the portal vein into the liver before it reaches the rest of the body the liver met  abo  li  zes many drugs sometimes to such an extent that only a small amount of active drug emerges from the liver to the rest of the circul  atory system this first pass through the liver thus greatly reduces the bio  availability of the drug the four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastro  intest  inal lum  en gut wall enzymes bacterial enzymes and he  p  atic enzymes in drug design drug candidates may have good dru  gli  ken  ess but fail on first pass metabol  ism because it is bio  chemically selective alternative routes of administration like sup  pos  itory intra  ven  ous intr  amus  cular inhal  ational aerosol trans  der  mal and su  bl  ing  ual avoid the first pass effect because they allow drugs to be absorbed directly into the systemic circulation drugs with high first pass effect have a considerably higher oral dose than su  bl  ing  ual or paren  ter  al dose there is marked individual variation in the oral dose due to differences in the extent of first pass metabol  ism oral bio  availability is apparently increased in patients with severe liver diseases like cir  rho  sis it is also increased if another drug competing with it in first pass metabol  ism given con  currently eg pro  pr  ano  lo  l and chlor  pro  ma  zine
f  is phenomenon is a phenomenon of child language acquisition that demonstrates that perception of ph  on  em  es occurs earlier than the ability of the child to produce those ph  on  em  es it is also illustr  ative of a larger theme in child language acquisition that skills in linguistic comprehension generally precede corresponding skills in linguistic production the name comes from an incident reported in 1960 by j ber  ko and r brown a child referred to his infl  atable plastic fish as a f  is however when adults asked him is this your f  is he rejected the statement when he was asked is this your fish he responded yes my f  is this shows that although the child could not produce the ph  on  em  e ʃ he could perceive it as being different from the ph  on  em  e s in some cases the sounds produced by the child are actually acous  tically different but not significantly enough for others to distinguish since the language in question does not make such contrasts
fiscal sustainability or public finance sustainability is the ability of a government to sustain its current spending tax and other policies in the long run without threatening government solvency or defa  ulting on some of its liabilities or promised expenditures there is no consensus among economists on a precise operational definition for fiscal sustainability rather different studies use their own often similar definitions many countries and research institutes have published reports which assess the sustainability of fiscal policies based on long run projections of country s public finances see for example and these assessments attempt to determine whether an adjustment to current fiscal policies that is required to reconcile projected revenues with projected expenditures the size of the required adjustment is given with measures such as the fiscal gap
the fischer – he  pp re  arrangement is a re  arrangement reaction in which an aromatic n nitro  so or nitro  sam  ine conver  ts to a carbon nitro  so compound fischer he  pp re  arrangement this organic reaction was first described by the german chem  ist otto phili  pp fischer 18  52 – 19  32 and edu  ard he  pp june 11 18  51 – june 18 1917 in 18  86 and is of importance because para no secondary an  il  ines cannot be prepared in a direct reaction the re  arrangement reaction takes place by reacting the nitro  sam  ine precursor with hydro  chlor  ic acid the chemical yield is generally good under these conditions but often much poorer if a different acid is used the exact reaction mechanism is unknown but there is evidence suggesting an intr  am  ol  ec  ular reaction
fish eye disease is a genetic disorder involving a deficiency in lec  i  thin — cho  le  sterol ac  yl  transfer  ase l  cat metabol  ism while l  cat metabol  ism in famili  al l  cat deficiency is fully inactive patients with fish eye disease only have a partial deficiency of l  cat carl  son and phili  pson found that the disease was named so because the cor  ne  a of the eye was so opaque or clou  dy with do  ts of cho  le  sterol that it resemb  led a boiled fish the disorder is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner therefore both copies of the gene in each cell must have a mutation if an individual only carry one copy of the mut  ated gene they typically do not show symptoms fish eye disease is characterized by ab  norm  alities like visual impairment pl  aqu  es of fatty material and dense op  aci  fication it is uncertain if l  cat deficiencies are linked to coron  ary artery disease
fish acute toxicity syndrome fats is a set of common chemical and functional responses in fish resulting from a short term acute exposure to a lethal concentration of a tox  ic  ant a chemical or material that can produce an un  favorable effect in a living organism by definition modes of action are characterized by fats because the combination of common responses that represent each fish acute toxicity syndrome characterize an adverse biological effect therefore tox  ic  ants that have the same mode of action elic  it similar sets of responses in the organism and can be classified by the same fish acute toxicity syndrome
dro  psy is the buil  dup of fluid inside the body cav  ity or tissues of a fish as a symptom rather than a disease it can indicate a number of underlying diseases including bacterial infections par  asi  tic infections or liver dysfunction
in statistical classification the fisher ker  nel named after ronald fisher is a function that measures the similarity of two objects on the basis of sets of measurements for each object and a statistical model in a classification procedure the class for a new object whose real class is unknown can be estimated by minimising across classes an average of the fisher ker  nel distance from the new object to each known member of the given class the fisher ker  nel was introduced in 1998 it combines the advantages of gener  ative statistical models like the hidden markov model and those of discrimin  ative methods like support vector machines gener  ative models can process data of variable length adding or removing data is well supported discrimin  ative methods can have flexible criteria and yield better results
a fishing we  ir fish we  ir fish  gar  th or kid  dle is an obstruction placed in tidal waters or wholly or partially across a river to direct the passage of fish a we  ir may be used to trap fish such as salmon as they attempt to swim upstream or eels as they migrate downstream alternatively fish we  irs can be used to channel fish to a particular location such as to a fish ladder we  irs were traditionally built from wood or stones the use of fishing we  irs as fish traps dates back prior to the emergence of modern humans and have since been used by many societies across the world
fis  sure of the nip  ple also known as jo  gger s nip  ple is a condition that can be caused by friction that can result in so  reness dr  y  ness or irritation to or bleeding of one or both nip  ples during or following running or other physical exercise this condition is also experienced by women who breast  feed and by sur  f  ers who do not wear rash guards
f  issu  red tongue also known as scro  tal tongue lingu  a plic  ata plic  ated tongue and fur  ro  wed tongue is a benign condition characterized by deep gro  o  ves f  issu  res in the dor  sum of the tongue although these gro  o  ves may look unsettling the condition is usually pain  less some individuals may complain of an associated burning sensation it is a relatively common condition with a prevalence of between 6 8 and 11 found amongst children the prevalence of the condition increases significantly with age occurring in 40 of the population after the age of 40
a f  ist  ula is an abnormal anast  om  osis that is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces technically two epi  the  li  alized surfaces such as blood vessels intest  ines or other hollow organs f  ist  ul  as are usually caused by injury or surgery but they can also result from an infection or infl  amm  ation f  ist  ul  as are generally a disease condition but they may be sur  g  ically created for therapeutic reasons in bot  any the term is most common in its ad  jec  ti  val forms where it is used in bin  om  ial names to refer to species that are distinguished by hollow or tu  bul  ar structures mon  ar  da f  ist  ul  osa for example has tu  bul  ar flowers eu  tro  chi  um f  ist  ul  o  sum has a tu  bul  ar stem and allium f  ist  ul  o  sum has hollow or tu  bul  ar leaves
fitness culture is a soci  oc  ul  tural phenomenon which refers to the culture surrounding physical exercises it is usually associated with gym culture as doing physical exercises in locations such as gy  ms well  ness centres and health clubs is a popular activity an international survey found that more than 27 of world total adult population att  ends fitness centres and that 61 of regular exerc  isers are currently doing gym type activities
fit  z hugh – curtis syndrome is a rare complic  ation of pel  vic infl  am  matory disease pid named after the two physicians thomas fit  z hugh jr and arthur hal  e curtis who first reported this condition in 19  34 and 1930 respectively it involves liver cap  su  le infl  amm  ation leading to the creation of adhe  sions
fitz  sim  mons – guil  bert syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disease characterized by a slowly progressive sp  astic par  ap  legi  a sk  el  etal anomalies of the hands and feet with br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly type e cone shaped ep  ip  hy  ses abnormal met  ap  hy  seal – p  hal  ange  al pattern profile ster  nal anomaly pec  tus car  in  at  um or exc  av  at  um dys  ar  thri  a and mild intellectual deficit
fixed drug reactions are common and so named because they recur at the same site with each exposure to a particular medication medications inducing fixed drug erup  tions are usually those taken inter  mit  tently drugs causing fixed drug erup  tions 1 flu  con  azole 2 ci  prof  lo  x  ac  in 3 do  xy  cycl  ine 4 clari  thro  my  cin 5 n  s  aids 6 trim  eth  op  rim 7 co  trim  ox  azole 8 phen  y  to  in 9 ce  ti  ri  zine 10 pseu  do  ep  he  dr  ine
fl  acci  d dys  ar  thri  a is a motor speech disorder resulting from damage to peripheral nervous system cran  ial or spinal nerves or lower motor ne  uron system the damage affects the respiratory ph  on  atory reson  atory and artic  ul  atory components of speech and causes weakness hy  pot  onia and diminished refl  exes causes fl  acci  d dys  ar  thri  a is caused when damage occurs to the motor unit one or more cran  ial or spinal nerves processes that can cause this include con  genital disorders dem  yel  inating disorders infectious infl  am  matory degenerative disorders metabol  ic ne  op  l  astic traumatic vascular diseases fl  acci  d paralysis
fl  acci  d paralysis ˈ  fl  æ  ks  ɪ  d p  ə  ˈ  r  æ  l  ə  s  ɪ  s is a clinical manifestation characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause e g trauma this abnormal condition may be caused by disease or by trauma affecting the nerves associated with the involved muscles for example if the som  atic nerves to a sk  el  etal muscle are severed then the muscle will exhibit fl  acci  d paralysis when muscles enter this state they become lim  p and cannot contract this condition can become fatal if it affects the respiratory muscles posing the threat of suffoc  ation
fl  ach  erie literally fl  acci  dness is a disease of silk  worms caused by silk  worms eating infected or contaminated mul  berry leaves fl  ach  erie infected silk  worms look weak and can die from this disease silk  worm lar  v  ae that are about to die from fl  ach  erie are a dark brown there are two kinds of fl  ach  erie essentially infectious viral fl  ach  erie and non  infectious tou  ff  ee fl  ach  erie both are technically a lethal diarr  hea bou  ff  ée fl  ach  erie is caused by heat waves bou  ff  ée means sudden heat spell in french viral fl  ach  erie is ultimately caused by infection with bom  by  x mor  i infectious fl  ach  erie virus b  mi  f  v i  fla  vi  ri  da  e bom  by  x mor  i den  so  virus b  m  d  nv par  vo  vi  ri  da  e or bom  by  x mor  i cy  po  virus 1 b  mc  p  v 1 re  ovi  ri  da  e this either alone or in combination with bacterial infection destroys the gut tissue bacterial pathogens contributing to infectious fl  ac  cher  ie are ser  rati  a mar  ces  c  ens and species of st  rep  to  co  cc  us and stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us in the form known as that  te ro  ga louis past  eur who began his studies on silk  worm diseases in 18  65 was the first one able to recognize that mortality due to viral fl  ach  erie was caused by infection priority however was claimed by an  to  ine bé  champ richard gordon described the discovery the french silk industry was meanwhile plummeting from a 130 million to an 8 million francs annual income because the silk  worms had all caught pé  br  ine black pepper disease … he past  eur went south from paris to al  ais and rewarded them by discovering the silk  worm epidemic to be inflicted by some sort of living micro  be … past  eur threw in another disease fl  â  cher  ie silk  worm diarr  ho  ea the cures for both were culling the insects which showed the pe  ppery spots — the peasants bott  led the silk  worm mo  ths in brandy for display to the experts — and rigorous hygiene of the mul  berry leaf
fl  ail chest is a life threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the ri  b cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall two of the symptoms of fl  ail chest are chest pain and short  ness of breath it occurs when multiple adjacent ribs are broken in multiple places separating a segment so a part of the chest wall moves independently the number of ribs that must be broken varies by differing definitions some sources say at least two adjacent ribs are broken in at least two places some require three or more ribs in two or more places the fl  ail segment moves in the opposite direction to the rest of the chest wall because of the ambient pressure in comparison to the pressure inside the lungs it goes in while the rest of the chest is moving out and vice versa this so called paradoxical breathing is painful and increases the work involved in breathing fl  ail chest is usually accompanied by a pul  mon  ary con  tu  sion a bru  ise of the lung tissue that can interfere with blood oxy  gen  ation often it is the con  tu  sion not the fl  ail segment that is the main cause of respiratory problems in people with both injuries surgery to fix the fractu  res appears to result in better outcomes
flame cutting is a destructive phenomenon that occurs in some firearms usually revol  vers as a result of hot gases under high pressure the most common manifestation is on the under  side of a revol  ver top strap where the hot high velocity gases released when a round is fired begin to cut through just above and in front of the cylinder in most cases this is self limiting eventually the depth of the cut will place the und  am  aged material far enough away that the heat and pressure of the gas will have dissip  ated to harmless levels this limiting tends to occur before structural integrity is compromised
flame lift off in oil fired pressure jet burners is an unwanted condition in which the flame and burner become separated this condition is most commonly created by excessive combustion air and often results in the loss of flame as the photo electric cell fails to register the light of the flame this in turn results in a safety lock  out of the control box
flame rectification is a phenomenon in which a flame can act as an electrical recti  fier the effect is commonly described as being caused by the greater mobility of electron  s relative to that of positive ions within the flame and the asymmetric nature of the electro  des used to detect the phenomenon this effect is used by rectification flame sensors to detect the presence of flame the rectifying effect of the flame on an ac voltage allows the presence of flame to be distinguished from a resis  tive leakage path one experimental study has suggested that the effect is caused by the ion  ization process occurring mostly at the base of the flame making it more difficult for the electro  de further from the base of the flame to attract positive ions from the burner yet leaving the electr  on current largely unchanged with distance because of the greater mobility of the electr  on charge carriers
flamm  ability is the ability of a substance to burn or ignite causing fire or combustion the degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is quantified through fire testing internationally a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flamm  ability the ratings achieved are used in building codes insurance requirements fire codes and other regulations governing the use of building materials as well as the storage and handling of highly flammable substances inside and outside of structures and in surface and air transportation for instance changing an occu  pan  cy by altering the flamm  ability of the contents requires the owner of a building to apply for a building permit to make sure that the overall fire protection design basis of the facility can take the change into account
fl  anging ˈ  fl  æn  d  ʒ  ɪ  ŋ is an audio effect produced by mixing two identical signals together one signal delayed by a small and gradually changing period usually smaller than 20 mil  lis  econ  ds this produces a swept comb filter effect peaks and not  ches are produced in the resulting frequency spectrum related to each other in a linear harmon  ic series varying the time delay causes these to sweep up and down the frequency spectrum a fl  anger is an effects unit that creates this effect in some cases the two signals will become so close that it almost f  ades away to obli  vi  on called sucking air it has also been called the dar  th v  ader effect part of the output signal is usually fed back to the input a re circulating delay line producing a resonance effect which further enhances the intensity of the peaks and trou  ghs the phase of the fed back signal is sometimes inver  ted producing another variation on the fl  anging sound
fl  ap back or blow  back is a phenomenon affecting the ro  tor of a helicopter as it over  comes dis  sym  metry of lift through fl  apping in forward flight ro  tor bl  ades experience more lift as they rot  ate forward this increased lift is a result of an increased relative speed causing the blade to fl  ap up and decrease its angle of attack as the blade continues to rot  ate it achieves its maximum up  fl  apping displacement over the nose of the aircraft and maximum down  fl  apping displacement over the tail this results in the ro  tor disk being til  ted to the rear and is referred to as fl  ap back as if the ro  tor disk had fl  apped or til  ted back or as if it had been blown back by the relative wind the effect is more pronounced at higher air  speeds but more easily recognized as the aircraft acceler  ates to transl  ational lift air  speeds from a ho  ver fl  ap back results in a slowing of the aircraft and the pilot coun  ters the effect by applying forward input to the cyclic control
fl  as  er beds are a se  dim  entary bi direc  tional bed  ding pattern created when a se  diment is exposed to inter  mit  tent flows leading to altern  ating sand and mud layers while fl  as  er beds typically form in tidal environments they can rarely form in flu  vi  al conditions on point bars or in eph  emer  al streams individual sand rip  ples are created which are later inf  il  led by mud during quie  ter flow periods these mud d  rapes are typically a minor constituent of the deposit they can consolidate within three hours protecting the underlying layer from erosion fl  as  er bed  ding typically forms in high energy environments
flash blindness is visual impairment during and following exposure to a light flash of extremely high intensity it may last for a few seconds to a few minutes for example in everyday life the subject of a flash photograph can be temporarily flash blinded the bright light overwhel  ms the eye and only gradually f  ades a bright spot or spots may be seen for many minutes this phenomenon is leveraged in non lethal weapons such as flash gren  ades and laser daz  z  lers
flash burn is any burn injury caused by intense fl  ashes of light high voltage electric current or strong thermal radiation these may originate from for example a sufficiently large ble  ve a thermo  bar  ic weapon explosion or a nuclear blast of sufficient magnitude damage to the eye s caused by ultra  violet rays is known as photo  ker  ati  tis
flash suppression is a phenomenon of visual perception in which an image presented to one eye is suppressed by a flash of another image presented to the other eye to observe flash suppression a small image is first presented to one eye for about a second while a blank field is presented to the other eye then a different small image is abruptly shown fl  ashed to the other second eye at the location corresponding to the image to the first eye the image to the first eye disappears even though it is still presented and only the new image is perceived the new image to the second eye sup  presses perception of the image to the first for example if a vehicle is shown to the left eye for 1 second and then a face is abruptly fl  ashed to the right eye the observer consciously sees first a vehicle and then a face note that the face is seen while the picture of the car is still present if the order of presentation is reversed the order of percep  t is reversed the phenomenon of flash suppression seemed to have been known since the 19 th century the phenomena was described by mc  dou  g  all in 19  01 p 598 and utilized for an eeg experiment by lan  sing in 1964 in 1984 jeremy wol  fe characterized flash suppression in a systematic psy  ch  oph  ys  ics study flash suppression is an example of percep  tual illusions that render a highly visible image invisible and that are used to study the mechanisms of conscious and non conscious visual processing ko  ch 2004 related percep  tual illusions include backward mas  king bin  oc  ular rivalry motion induced blindness and motion induced inter  oc  ular suppression the brain basis of flash suppression has been studied using micro  electro  de recordings in the visual brain of the mac  a  que monkey lo  go  the  tis 1998 and in the human medi  al temporal lo  be k  reim  an ko  ch fried 2002
a flash  back or involuntary recurrent memory is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual has a sudden usually powerful re experiencing of a past experience or elements of a past experience these experiences can be happy sad exciting or any other emotion one can consider the term is used particularly when the memory is recalled involun  tarily and or when it is so intense that the person reli  ves the experience unable to fully recognize it as memory and not something that is happening in real time
flat ch  ested kit  ten syndrome f  c  ks is a disorder in cats where  in kit  tens develop a compression of the thor  ax chest rib  cage caused by vertebr  al mal  formation in mild cases the under  side of the chest becomes fl  att  ened hence the name of the condition in extreme cases the entire thor  ax is fl  att  ened looking as if the kit  ten has been stepped on the kit  ten will appear to go from normal to flat in the space of about 2 – 3 hours and will usually then stabilise f  c  ks is most frequently caused by collapsed lungs and not as formerly believed by a muscle sp  asm in the inter  cost  al muscles there are numerous causes for lung collapse and therefore numerous causes for f  c  ks one possible cause for flat ch  est  ed  ness that develops soon after birth is at  elect  asis causes of at  elect  asis include insufficient attempts at respir  ation by the new  born bron  ch  ial obstruction or absence of sur  fac  tant a substance secre  ted by al  ve  oli that coats the lungs and prevents the surfaces from sticking together lack of sur  fac  tant reduces the surface area available for effective gas exchange causing lung collapse if severe there can be many reasons for at  elect  asis in kit  tens but probably the common  est cause is pre  maturity new  born at  elect  asis would not be unusual in a very large litter of kit  tens such as 10 where the size of the litter may lead all the kit  tens to be small and mildly underdeveloped unlike human babies kit  tens are born very immature blind deaf the intest  inal tract not fully developed etc so even slight pre  maturity may tip them over the edge from being viable to non viable many f  c  ks kit  tens may have fallen just the wrong side of this boundary in their development at the time of birth further if a kit  ten does not scream or open its lungs well enough at birth even if it is fully mature and has sufficient sur  fac  tant it may end up with at  elect  asis pat  ches of at  elect  asis in the lungs mean that part of a lung is not operating properly if the kit  ten goes to sleep and its respiratory rate drops the pat  ches of at  elect  asis can slowly expand until large areas of the lung collapse and cannot be re  inflated good advice to any breeder therefore would be to ensure that kit  tens cry loudly when they are born to make sure that the airways are clear but also that the lungs expand as fully as possible this was the reason new  born babies were always held upside down immediately after birth so that any residual fluid dra  ins downwards and sm  acked to make them cry strongly some kit  tens suffer from con  genital secondary at  elect  asis which presents shortly after birth there have been no reports of kit  tens born flat primary at  elect  asis hy  al  ine memb  rane disease is a type of respiratory distress syndrome of the new  born in which there is formation of a hy  al  ine like memb  rane lining the terminal respiratory passages and this may also be a r  arer cause of f  c  ks pressure from outside the lung from fluid or air can cause at  elect  asis as well as obstruction of lung air passages by m  uc  us resulting from various infections and lung diseases – which may explain the development of f  c  ks in older kit  tens e g 10 days old who are not strong enough to breathe through even a light m  uc  us or who may have inhal  ed milk during suc  kling tumors and inhal  ed objects possible if bed  ding contains loose flu  ff can also cause obstruction or irritation of the air  way leading to lung collapse and secondary at  elect  asis in an older cat the inter  cost  al muscles are so well developed and the ribs rigid enough that the rib  cage will not fl  atten if the lung collapses in kit  tens the bones are much more flexible and the tend  ons and muscles more fl  acci  d allowing movement of the thor  ax into abnormal positions other causes of lung collapse can include di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia or di  aphr  agm  atic sp  asm breeders report the position of the gut and thor  ax as appearing to be like a stalled hic  cup di  aphr  agm  atic sp  asm is easily checked by pin  ching the ph  ren  ic nerve in the neck between the finger  tips kit  tens with this type of f  c  ks will improve almost immediately but may require repeated pin  ching to prevent the sp  asm from recurring
flat feet also called pes plan  us or fallen ar  ches is a post  ural de  form  ity in which the ar  ches of the foot collapse with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near complete contact with the ground some individuals an estimated 20 – 30 of the general population have an arch that simply never develops in one foot unilaterally or both feet bilaterally there is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch of the foot and the biom  ec  han  ics of the lower leg the arch provides an elastic spring  y connection between the fo  ref  oot and the h  ind foot this association safeguards so that a majority of the forces incurred during weight bearing of the foot can be dissip  ated before the force reaches the long bones of the leg and thi  gh in pes plan  us the head of the tal  us bone is displaced medi  ally and dis  tal from the na  vic  ular as a result the spring lig  ament and the tend  on of the ti  bi  alis poster  ior muscle are stretched so much so that the individual with pes plan  us loses the function of the medi  al longit  ud  inal arch m  la if the m  la is absent or non  functional in both the seated and standing positions the individual has “ rigid ” flat  foot if the m  la is present and functional while the individual is sitting or standing up on their toes but this arch disappears when assuming a foot flat stance the individual has “ sup  ple ” flat  foot this latter condition can be correc  table with well fitting arch supports three studies see c  itations below in military section of military recruits have shown no evidence of later increased injury or foot problems due to flat feet in a population of people who reach military service age without prior foot problems however these studies cannot be used to judge possible future damage from this condition when diagnosed at younger ages they also cannot be applied to persons whose flat feet are associated with foot symptoms or certain symptoms in other parts of the body such as the leg or back possibly refer  able to the foot
in manufacturing and mechanical engineering flat  ness is an important geome  tric condition for work  pieces and tools in the manufacture of precision parts and assemblies especially where parts will be required to be connected across a surface area in an air tight or liquid tight manner flat  ness is a critical quality of the manufactured surfaces such surfaces are usually mach  ined or ground to achieve the required degree of flat  ness high definition metro  logy such as digital holo  graphic interfer  ome  try of such a surface to confirm and ensure that the required degree of flat  ness has been achieved is a key step in such manufacturing processes flat  ness may be defined in terms of least squares fit to a plane statistical flat  ness worst case or overall flat  ness the distance between the two closest parallel planes within two parts that are flat to about 1 heli  um light band h  lb can be w  rung together which means they will cling to each other when placed in contact this phenomenon is commonly used with g  age blocks geome  tric dimen  sion  ing and toler  ancing has provided geome  tr  ically defined quantitative ways of defining flat  ness oper  ationally
the flat  ness problem also known as the ol  dness problem is a cosmo  logical fine tuning problem within the big bang model of the universe such problems arise from the observation that some of the initial conditions of the universe appear to be fine tuned to very special values and that small deviations from these values would have extreme effects on the appearance of the universe at the current time in the case of the flat  ness problem the parameter which appears fine tuned is the density of matter and energy in the universe this value affects the cur  v  ature of space time with a very specific critical value being required for a flat universe the current density of the universe is observed to be very close to this critical value since the total density de  parts rapidly from the critical value over co  sm  ic time the early universe must have had a density even closer to the critical density departing from it by one part in 10  62 or less this leads cosmo  logists to question how the initial density came to be so closely fine tuned to this special value the problem was first mentioned by robert dic  ke in 1969 the most commonly accepted solution among cosmo  logists is co  sm  ic inflation the idea that the universe went through a brief period of extremely rapid expansion in the first fraction of a second after the big bang along with the monopo  le problem and the horizon problem the flat  ness problem is one of the three primary motivations for inflationary theory
fla  ves  cence dor  ée from french fla  ves  cence yel  lowing and dor  ée golden is a bacterial disease of the vine with the potential to threaten vineyards the bacterial agent has recently been named candidat  us phy  top  las  ma vi  tis and its vector is the leaf  hop  per s  cap  ho  ide  us titan  us infection may kill young vines and greatly reduce the productivity of old vines it is classified as a phy  top  las  ma disease belonging to the group gener  ically termed gra  pe  vine yel  lows occurrences are in spor  adic epidemics and varieties vary in their sensitivity to it there is no cure for the moment and the way to manage its spread is by upro  oting of infected plants
fle  a borne spotted fever is a condition characterized by a rash of mac  ul  op  ap  ules or fur  un  cles it is caused by ric  ke  tt  sia fel  is
the diagnosis of fle  a allergy der  mati  tis is complicated by the gro  oming habits of pets cats in particular are very efficient at gro  oming out fle  as often removing any evidence of inf  est  ation fle  as begin biting within 5 minutes of finding a host and there are no fle  a treatments that kill fle  as before biting occurs pets that develop f  ad have an allergic response to fle  a sali  va injected during fle  a feeding the itch associated with just one fle  a bite persists long after that fle  a is gone and leads to significant self trauma the approach with a fle  a allergic pet is to reduce fle  a numbers in the environment and on the affected pet environmental fle  a control includes using fle  a fo  ggers or bombs vacu  um  ing and treating pet bed  ding by washing on a hot cycle over 60 degrees celsius in the washing machine the current on pet treatment recommended by veterinary der  mato  logists is spin  os  ad comfor  tis monthly and nit  en  py  ram cap  star or gener  ics every 48 hours until improvement in some cases secondary bacterial or ye  ast infections will also need treatment before the it  ching sub  sides many pets who have f  ad may also have other allergies such as allergies to food contact allergies and at  op  ic der  mati  tis
fle  is  cher s syndrome is an extremely rare con  genital anomaly characterized by displacement of the nip  ples occasional poly  mas  tia and hypo  pl  asia of both kidneys
fle  is  cher rings are pi  gm  ented rings in the peripheral cor  ne  a resulting from iron de  position in bas  al epi  the  li  al cells in the form of h  emo  sid  erin they are usually yel  low  ish to dark brown and may be complete or broken they are named for bruno fle  is  cher fle  is  cher rings are indicative of ker  ato  con  us a degenerative cor  ne  al condition that causes the cor  ne  a to thin and change to a con  ic shape
flemish immigration to wall  onia was an important phenomenon in the history of belgium kas deprez wrote flanders was poor and backward in the 19 th century it hardly took part in the first industrial revolution flem  ings migrated to wall  onia amongst other areas to escape from the poverty at home y  ves qu  ai  ri  aux published the figures of the census from 18  66 to 19  10 which allow to understand the importance of this phenomenon
flesh fly is a popular fly pattern used by rain  bow trou  t ang  lers in western alaska this particular fly fishing pattern is designed to mim  ic a chunk of rotten salmon flesh washing down stream the pattern is usually tied using white or off white rabbit hair
flexible product development is the ability to make changes in the product being developed or in how it is developed even relatively late in development without being too disruptive consequently the later one can make changes the more flexible the process is the less disruptive the change is the greater the flexibility flexibility is important because the development of a new product naturally involves change from what came before it change can be expected in what the customer wants and how the customer might use the product in how competitors might respond and in the new technologies being applied in the product or in its manufacturing process the more innovative a new product is the more likely it is that the development team will have to make changes during development flexible development counter  acts the tendencies of many contemporary management approaches to plan a project completely at its outset and discourage change thereafter these include six sig  ma which aims to drive variation out of a process lean which acts to drive out waste and traditional project management and phased development systems including the popular phase – gate model which encourage up  front planning and following the plan although these methodologies have strengths their side effect is encouraging rigidity in a process that needs flexibility to be effective especially for truly innovative products for more mature product categories flexibility techniques are not only overly expensive but often unwise consequently flexibility techniques must be used with discretion for instance only in the portions of a product likely to undergo change when applied to the development of software products these methods are commonly known as ag  ile software development however ag  ile software methods generally rely on special characteristics of the software medium especially object technologies which are not available to non software products consequently flexible product development draws from some of the roots of ag  ile software development but tends to use other tools and approaches that apply beyond the software medium flexible development uses several techniques to keep the cost of change low and to make decisions at the last responsible moment these techniques include mod  ular architec  tures to en  capsul  ate change experimentation and iter  ation to sample results and check them out with the customer frequently set based design to build and maintain options and emerg  ent processes that develop during a project in response to its needs
a fl  ex  ion te  ar  drop frac  ture is a frac  ture of the an  ter  o  inferior aspect of a cer  vic  al vertebr  al body due to fl  ex  ion of the sp  ine along with vertical ax  ial compression a te  ar  drop frac  ture is usually associated with a spinal cord injury often a result of displacement of the poster  ior portion of the vertebr  al body into the spinal canal
a flight to liquidity is a financial market phenomenon occurring when investors sell what they perceive to be less liquid or higher risk investments and purchase more liquid investments instead such as us treasuries usually flight to liquidity quickly results in panic leading to a crisis for example after the russian government defa  ulted on its government bonds g  kos in 1998 many investors sold european and japanese government bonds and purchased on the run us treasuries instead the most recently issued treasuries known as “ on the run ” have larger trading volumes that is more liquidity than treasury issues that have been superseded known as “ off the run ” this widened the spread between off the run and on the run us treasuries which ultimately led to the 1998 collapse of the long term capital management hedge fund
a flight to quality is a financial market phenomenon occurring when investors sell what they perceive to be higher risk investments and purchase safer investments such as us treasuries or gold this is considered a sign of fear in the marketplace as investors seek less risk in exchange for lower profits flight to quality is usually accompanied by an increase in demand for assets that are government backed and a decline in demand for assets backed by private agents
the flight end  ur  ance record is the longest amount of time an aircraft of a particular category spent in flight without landing it can be a solo event or multiple people can take turns pilo  ting the aircraft as long as all pilots remain in the aircraft the limit initially was the amount of fuel that could be stored for the flight but aerial refu  eling extended that parameter due to safety concerns the fé  dé  ration a  é  ron  au  tique internation  ale fa  i no longer recognizes new records for the duration of manned airplane or gli  der flights and has never recognized any duration records for helicopters
in aviation and aviation meteor  ology a flight level fl is defined as a vertical altitude at standard pressure nomin  ally expressed in hundreds of feet the pressure is compu  ted assuming an international standard sea level pressure dat  um of 10  13 25 h  pa 29 92 in  h  g and therefore is not necessarily the same as the aircraft s actual altitude either above mean sea level or above ground level
fl  inch was a ver  ti  go com  ics horror anth  ology it ran 16 issues from june 1999 until january 2001 and featured the talents of jim lee bill will  in  gham frank qu  itely and many others rumors of being canceled seemed to plague the book throughout its printing tim trum  an said of the series the best art i ve done in any single com  ics story is on the br  er ho  odo  o short story i did with joe for ver  ti  go s fl  inch anth  ology issue 11 won a horror writers association br  am st  ok  er award for red romance by joe r lan  s  dale
fl  in  ders island spotted fever is a condition characterized by a rash in approximately 85 of cases it is associated with ric  ke  tt  sia hon  ei
flint fields german feu  er  ste  infel  der are large natural deposits of flint they are found in numerous jur  ass  ic and cre  tac  eous beds across the whole of europe such deposits may be found in a  ach  en l  ous  berg kle  ink  ems sch  ern  feld o  ster  berg bei p  fü  n  z bai  er  s  dorf ab  ens  berg ar  n  ho  fen and leng  feld as well as the german island of rü  gen
a flip page effect is a software gu  i effect that vis  ually shows a representation of a newspaper book or leaflet as virtual paper pages that can be turned manu  ally this effect was originally introduced as a fli  pping book effect in macro  media flash applications in the late 1990 s but has been evolving rapidly ever since flash applications or shoc  k  wave flash files have the sw  f file extension which is commonly pronounced swi  f hence the alternate name swif  let using the swi  f and the let from leaf book  let in combination flip page effects can be used both online and off  line and are usually created automatically from text files such as microsoft word documents or ad  o  be pdf format there are many solutions that help create flip page effects automatically some offer only the online version of the effects such as 3 d issue issu  u and ep  age  view and ep  aper  flip or both versions online and off  line such as pres  sm  o and fli  pp  ing  book
in project management float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to subsequent tasks free float project completion date total float total float is associated with the path if a project network chart diag  ram has 4 non critical paths then that project would have 4 total float values the total float of a path is the combined free float values of all activities in a path the total float represents the schedule flexibility and can also be measured by sub  tracting early start dates from late start dates of path completion float is core to critical path method with the total flo  ats of non  critical activities key to computing the critical path drag of an activity i e the amount of time it is adding to the project s duration
flo  at  ers are deposits of various size shape consistency ref  r  active index and mo  ti  lity within the eye s vit  re  ous humour which is normally transparent at a young age the vit  re  ous is  transparent but as one ages imperfections gradually develop the common type of flo  ater which is present in most persons eyes is due to degenerative changes of the vit  re  ous humour the perception of flo  at  ers is known as my  o  des  op  sia or less commonly as my  od  ae  op  sia my  io  de  op  sia or my  io  des  op  sia they are also called mus  ca  e vol  it  antes latin flying flies or mou  ches vol  antes from the french flo  at  ers are visible because of the shadows they cast on the re  tina or ref  r  action of the light that passes through them and can appear alone or together with several others in one s visual field they may appear as spots th  reads or fragments of cob  we  bs which float slowly before the observer s eyes as these objects exist within the eye itself they are not optical illusions but are ent  op  tic phenomena they are not to be confused with visual snow although these two conditions may co exist
the floating body effect is the effect of dependence of the body potential of a trans  is  tor realized by the silicon on insul  ator so  i technology on the history of its bi  asing and the carrier re  combination processes the trans  is  tor s body forms a capac  itor against the insulated sub  str  ate the charge accumul  ates on this capac  itor and may cause adverse effects for example opening of par  asi  tic trans  is  tors in the structure and causing off state leak  ages resulting in higher current consumption and in case of dram in loss of information from the memory cells it also causes the history effect the dependence of the threshold voltage of the trans  is  tor on its previous states in analo  g devices the floating body effect is known as the kin  k effect one counter  measure to floating body effect involves use of fully depleted devices the insul  ator layer in fd devices is significantly thin  ner than the channel depletion width the charge and thus also the body potential of the trans  is  tors is therefore fixed however the short channel effect is worsened in the fd devices the body may still charge up if both source and drain are high and the architecture is unsuitable for some analo  g devices that require contact with the body hybrid tren  ch isolation is another approach while floating body effect presents a problem in so  i dram chips it is exploited as the underlying principle for z ram and t ram technologies for this reason the effect is sometimes called the cin  der  ella effect in the context of these technologies because it trans  forms a disadvantage into an advantage am  d and hy  ni  x licensed z ram but as of 2008 had not put it into production another similar technology and z ram competitor developed at to  shi  ba and refined at intel is floating body cell f  bc
the floating match on card is a classic close up magic effect
floating – harbor syndrome also known as pel  le  tier – leis  ti syndrome is a rare disease with fewer than 50 cases described in the literature it is usually diagnosed in early childhood and is characterized by the tri  ad of proportionate short stature with delayed bone age characteristic facial appearance and delayed speech development although its cause is unknown it is thought to result from genetic mutation and diagnosis is established by the presence of a hetero  zy  g  ous sr  cap mutation in those with clinical findings of f  hs
flock worker s lung is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to flock small fi  bers that are glu  ed to a backing in order to create a specific tex  ture people who work in f  locking are at risk of inhal  ing the small fi  bers which causes inter  sti  tial lung disease the disease was initially described in 1998 when a group of workers at a f  locking plant developed inter  sti  tial lung disease of unknown eti  ology
a floor limit is the amount of money above which credit card transactions must be authorized the limit can vary from store to store floor limits have become less significant as credit cards started being processed electronically and all transactions are typically authorized
a floor loan refers to the minimum amount of money that a lender is willing to lend in order to enable the buil  der to begin the construction of a building that is to be occupied by tenants the term is thus closely associated with mortgage and property loans the rest of the loan s balance is given to the buil  der upon the achievement of certain milestones related to the sale or lease of its residential space for example a bank may advance 80 of the balance of a property loan to the buil  der and release the remaining 20 upon the successful construction lease or sale of the building s residential units
fl  op  py eye  lid syndrome is a disease whose most prominent features often include fl  op  py upper eye  li  ds that can be easily ever  ted as well as pap  ill  ary con  junc  ti  vi  tis it is often associated with patients with high body mass index and obstruc  tive sleep ap  ne  a fl  op  py eye  lid syndrome is thought to revol  ve around the up  regulation of el  as  tin degrading enzymes as well as mechanical factors these can cause instability of the eye  lid sc  aff  old resulting in the mal  position of the eye  lid
fl  op  py trunk syndrome abbreviated f  ts also known as fl  acci  d trunk paralysis is a condition that causes trunk paralysis in african bush elephants initially observed in 1989 the syndrome primarily affected bull elephants in several select regions in zimbabwe afflicted elephants exhibit paralysis in their trunk often having to adapt to feed the loss of their trun  ks prehen  sile abilities results in malnutrition and possibly death the condition is a result of de  generation of nerves in the trunk and is suggested to be a result of either heavy metals or toxins there is debate over whether the condition is reversible
flori  d cu  taneous pap  il  lo  mat  osis also known as the schwar  tz burg  ess syndrome is an oblig  ate par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome f  cp begins as the sudden onset of numerous cu  taneous pap  il  lom  as that are clin  ically in  distingu  ishable from viral war  ts the pap  il  lom  as range from 1 to 3 mm in diameter may spread to involve the entire body including the face pr  ur  it  us which may sometimes precede the onset of f  cp is evident in the affected regions in about half of patients evaluation of a skin biopsy clearly distinguishes f  cp from viral war  ts f  cp is associated with underlying cancer of the breast blad  der o  vary uter  us pro  state and lung other associated underlying m  align  ancies include squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as and lymp  hom  as such as non ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa f  cp is sometimes seen together with other signs of internal cancer especially m  align  ant ac  anth  osis ni  gr  ic  ans tri  pe pal  ms les  er – tr  é  l  at sign and hyper  tric  ho  sis lan  u  gin  osa acquis  ita f  cp tends to improve in association with surgical or chem  other  apeu  tic therapy of the underlying internal cancer a recurrence or exacerb  ation of f  cp may be linked with tumor reg  row  th or me  ta  static spread
florida ker  at  opathy florida spots is an eye condition characterized by the presence of multiple spots within both cor  ne  as it is most commonly seen in dogs and cats but is also rarely seen in horses and birds in the united states florida ker  at  opathy is found in animals in the sou  the  astern part of the country in other parts of the world it is confined to tro  p  ics and sub  tro  p  ics and it is known as tropical ker  at  opathy florida ker  at  opathy appears as multiple clou  dy op  ac  ities in the st  rom  al layer of the cor  ne  a the spots appear concentrated at the center and become more diffuse at the periphery they can range in size from one to eight milli  meters there are no other symptoms and there is no response to treatment with either anti infl  am  matory or antimicro  bial drugs his  to  logical analysis of affected cor  ne  as has found acid fast stain  ing organisms suggesting florida ker  at  opathy may be caused by a type of my  co  bacter  ium there is a strong suspicion that it is induced by repeated st  ings of was  mann  ia au  ro  pun  ct  ata to the eyes the little fire ant an invasive species
flo  tation of flexible objects is a phenomenon in which the b  ending of a flexible material allows an object to dis  place a greater amount of fluid than if it were completely rigid this ability to dis  place more fluid translates directly into an ability to support greater loads giving the flexible structure an advantage over a similarly rigid one inspiration to study the effects of el  as  tic  ity are taken from nature where plants and animals living at the water surface have evolved to take advantage of the load bearing benefits el  as  tic  ity im  parts
flow shop scheduling problems are a class of scheduling problems with a workshop or group shop in which the flow control shall enable an appropriate sequ  encing for each job and for processing on a set of machines or with other resources 1 2 m in compliance with given processing orders especially the maintaining of a continuous flow of processing tasks is desired with a minimum of idle time and a minimum of waiting time flow shop scheduling is a special case of job shop scheduling where there is strict order of all operations to be performed on all jobs flow shop scheduling may apply as well to production facilities as to computing designs a special type of flow shop scheduling problem is the per  mutation flow shop scheduling problem in which the processing order of the jobs on the resources is the same for each subsequent step of processing
the flowering desert spanish desi  er  to flori  do is a climatic phenomenon that occurs in the at  ac  ama desert chile the phenomenon consists of the blos  som  ing of a wide variety of flowers between the months of september and november in years when rainfall is unusually high normally the region receives less than 12 mm 0 47 in of rain a year the blos  som  ing occurs when the unusual level of rainfall reach the seeds and bulbs that have been in a latent or dormant state and causes them to germin  ate and flower in early spring it is accompanied by the proliferation of insects birds and small species of li  z  ard at its height the phenomenon can be seen from just south of the city of vall  en  ar to just north of the city of co  pi  ap  ó throughout the coastal valleys and chilean coast range from september to november clim  atically the event is related to the el ni  ño phenomenon a band of anomal  ously warm ocean water temperatures that occasionally develops off the western coast of south america which can lead to an increase in evapor  ation and therefore precip  itation the flowering desert is a popular tourist attraction with tourists visiting the phenomenon from various points around the southern at  ac  ama including hu  asco vall  en  ar la serena co  pi  ap  ó and calder  a
in united states federal milk marketing orders the fluid differential or class i differential is the amount added to the base price of milk to determine a region ’ s minimum price for milk used for fluid drinking purposes
fluid pipes are a phenomenon driven by surface tension when a pure water jet imp  inges on a reservoir cap  ill  ary waves are excited and propag  ate up the jet at the same speed that the jet falls
fluores  cence anis  o  tro  py is the phenomenon where the light emitted by a fluor  op  hor  e has unequal intensi  ties along different axes of polarization early pioneers in the field include al  ek  san  der jab  lon  ski greg  ori  o weber and andreas al  bre  cht the principles of fluores  cence polarization and some applications of the method are presented in la  ko  wic  z s book
fluores  cence inter  mit  t  ency or blin  king is the phenomenon of random switching between on bright and off dark states of the em  itter under its continuous exc  itation it is a common property of the nano  scale emitters molecular fluor  opho  res col  lo  idal quantum do  ts related to the competition between the radi  ative and non radi  ative relaxation pathways the peculiar feature of such blin  king in most cases is the power law in contrast to exponential statistics of the on and off time distribu  tions meaning that the measurements of the time averaged intensity of a single em  itter is not re  produ  ci  ble in different experiments and implying a complex dynamics of the involved process in other words in one experiment the em  itter can blink frequently while in another it may stay on or off for almost entire length of the experiment even for extremely long measurement times
blin  king col  lo  idal nano  cryst  als is a phenomenon observed during studies of single col  lo  idal nano  cryst  als that show that they randomly turn their pho  t  olu  min  es  cence on and off even under continuous light illumin  ation this has also been described as lumin  es  cence inter  mit  t  ency similar behavior has been observed in cryst  als made of other materials for example por  ous silicon also exhi  bits this affect
although safe and good for dental health at low concentrations sustained consumption of large amounts of soluble flu  oride salts is dangerous referring to a common salt of flu  oride sodium flu  oride na  f the lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g which is equivalent to 32 to 64 mg kg elem  ental flu  oride kg body weight ing  estion of flu  oride can produce gastro  intest  inal discomfort at doses at least 15 to 20 times lower 0 2 – 0 3 mg kg or 10 to 15 mg for a 50 kg person than lethal doses although helpful for dental health in low do  sage chronic exposure to flu  oride in large amounts interferes with bone formation in this way the most widespread examples of flu  oride poisoning arise from consumption of ground water that is abnormally flu  oride rich
fluor  ination with amin  os  ul  fur  anes is a chemical reaction that trans  forms ox  idi  zed organic compounds into organ  o  fluor  ine compounds amin  os  ul  fur  anes selectively exchange hydrox  yl groups for fluor  ine but are also capable of converting carbon  yl groups hali  des sil  yl e  thers and other functionality into organ  o  flu  ori  des
flu  oride or fluor  ine deficiency is a disorder which may cause increased dental car  ies or tooth decay is the breakdown of dental tissues by the ac  id  ic products released by the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbo  hydr  ates and possibly o  ste  op  or  osis a bone disorder which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increase in bone fragility due to a lack of flu  oride in the diet however there are anti o  ste  op  or  otic functional food ingredients that can help decrease the risk of o  ste  op  or  osis fractu  res in terms of dietary sources fish and tea are considered natural sources of flu  oride as well as tap water that has been flu  ori  dated the extent to which the condition truly exists and its relationship to flu  oride poisoning has given rise to some controversy fluor  ine is not considered to be an essential nutrient but the importance of flu  ori  des for preventing tooth decay is well recognized although the effect is predominantly topical prior to 1981 the effect of flu  ori  des was thought to be largely systemic and pre  erup  tive requiring ing  estion flu  oride is considered essential in the development and maintenance of teeth by the american dental hygien  ists association flu  oride is also essential as it incorporates into the teeth to form and har  den teeth en  am  els so that the teeth are more acid resistant as well as more resistant to cav  ity forming bacteria car  ies inhi  biting effects of flu  oride were first seen in 19  02 when flu  oride in high concentrations was found to stain teeth and prevent tooth decay flu  oride salts particularly sodium flu  oride na  f are used in the treatment and prevention of o  ste  op  or  osis symptoms such as fractu  red hips in the elderly or brit  tle and weak bones are caused due to fluor  ine deficiency in the body flu  oride stimulates bone formation and increases bone density however bone with excess flu  oride content has an abnormal structure resulting in increased fragility thus flu  oride therapy results in large increases in bone mineral density but the effect on frac  ture rates while positive is small disputes over the ess  enti  ality of fluor  ine date back to the 19 th century when fluor  ine was observed in teeth and bones in 1973 a trial found reduced reproduction in mice fed fluor  ine deficient di  ets but a subsequent investigation determined that this was due to reduced iron absorption
flu  o  sol is an artificial blood which is mil  ky in color its main ingredients are per  fluoro  dec  al  in or per  fluoro  tribu  ty  lam  ine in flu  o  sol da and flu  o  sol 43 respectively per  fluoro  chemicals suspended in an albumin emul  sion it was developed in japan and first tested in the united states in nov 1979 its recipients being individuals who refused blood trans  fu  sions on religious grounds flu  o  sol serves as a dis  solving medium for oxygen in order to load sufficient amounts of oxygen into it patients must breathe pure oxygen by mask or must be in a hyper  bar  ic chamber while initially promising for therapy of heart attack carbon monoxide poisoning and sick  le cell an  emia research also indicates that flu  o  sol may de  press the patient s immune system given its low vis  cos  ity it could be used in cases of sten  osis flu  o  sol is the only blood substitute approved to date by the u s food and drug administration f  da for medical use in the circul  atory system new drug application n 8  609  09 1989 the f  da and eight other countries approved flu  o  sol not for the use of reducing the amount of al  log  en  ic blood units transf  used but for use during cardiac an  gi  op  la  sty this procedure was noted to reduce the my  co  ardi  al oxy  gen  ation leading to st segment elev  ation on ec  gs ang  ina and reduced e  jec  tion fraction use of flu  o  sol reduced these symptoms and allowed for longer cardiac anti  pl  ast  y times from 1989 to 1992 flu  o  sol was used in more than 40 000 human subjects due to difficulty with the emul  sion storage of flu  o  sol use frozen storage and re  warming its popularity declined and its production ended flu  o  sol is associated with a reduction in is  chem  ic complications and with an increase in pul  mon  ary e  dem  a and cong  estive heart failure
flux pin  ning is the phenomenon where a super  conductor is pin  ned in space above a magnet the super  conductor must be a type ii super  conductor because type i super  conductors cannot be penetrated by magnetic fields the act of magnetic penetration is what makes flux pin  ning possible at higher magnetic fields above hc 1 and below hc 2 the super  conductor allows magnetic flux to enter in quan  tized packets surrounded by a super  conducting current vor  tex see quantum vor  tex these sites of penetration are known as flux tubes the number of flux tubes per unit area is proportional to the magnetic field with a constant of proportionality equal to the magnetic flux quantum on a simple 76 milli  meter diameter 1 micro  meter thick disk next to a magnetic field of 350 oe there are approximately 100 billion flux tubes that hold 70 000 times the super  conductor s weight at lower temperatures the flux tubes are pin  ned in place and cannot move this pin  ning is what holds the super  conductor in place thereby allowing it to le  vit  ate this phenomenon is closely related to the me  iss  ner effect though with one crucial difference — the me  iss  ner effect shields the super  conductor from all magnetic fields causing re  pulsion unlike the pin  ned state of the super  conductor disk which pins flux and the super  conductor in place
a fly route also called a stre  ak route or go route is a pattern run by a receiver in american football where the receiver runs straight up  field towards the end  zone the goal of the pattern is to ou  tru  n any defensive backs and get behind them catching an un  defended pass while running untouched for a touch  down generally the fastest receiver on the team or any receiver faster than the man covering him would be the one to run these routes when run down the sidelines a fly can be called a fade route fly patterns can also be used to clear out space for other receivers generally a fly pattern will draw the attention of both the corner  back assigned to the receiver as well as over the top help from a safety this can create a large gap in coverage allowing another receiver to run a shorter route but then gain many yards after the catch because the safety committed to the deep man the fam  ed hail mary play generally involves between three and five receivers all running fly routes in order to have the most chance of one of them catching the ball and scoring or at least gaining significant yard  age
the fl  y  by anomaly is an unexpected energy increase during earth fl  y  b  ys of spacecraft this anomaly has been observed as shifts in the s band and x band dop  pl  er and ranging tel  eme  try taken together it causes a significant un  accounted velocity increase of up to 13 mm s during fl  y  b  ys numer  ically larger discrepancies 400 – 1000 m have been observed at least in one fl  y  by near against space surveillance network ss  n rad  ars
flying squir  rel ty  ph  us is a condition characterized by a rash of early mac  ules and later mac  ul  op  ap  ules the flying squir  rel gl  au  com  ys vol  ans can transmit epidemic ty  ph  us apart from humans flying squir  rels are the only currently known reservoir for ric  ke  tt  sia pro  wa  ze  k  ii
the flynn effect is the substantial and long sustained increase in both fluid and crystal  lized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day when intelligence quo  ti  ent i  q tests are initially standardized using a sample of test takers by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 i  q points when i  q tests are revised they are again standardized using a new sample of test takers usually born more recently than the first again the average result is set to 100 however when the new test subjects take the older tests in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100 test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present for the ra  ven s progressive mat  ric  es test subjects born over a 100 year period were compared in des mo  ines united states and separately in dum  fries scotland improvements were remarkably consistent across the whole period in both countries this effect of an apparent increase in i  q has also been observed in various other parts of the world though the rates of increase vary there are numerous proposed explanations of the flynn effect as well as some skepticism about its implications similar improvements have been reported for other cogn  itions such as sem  an  tic and ep  is  od  ic memory recent research suggests that the flynn effect may have ended in at least a few developed nations possibly allowing national differences in i  q scores to determine if the flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national i  q  s
flynn – air  d syndrome is a rare hereditary neuro  logical disease that is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant fashion the syndrome involves defects in the nervous aud  itory sk  el  etal visual and endocrine systems and encompasses numerous symptoms bearing striking similarity to other known syndro  mes of neuro  ec  to  der  mal nature such as wer  ner syndrome cock  ay  ne syndrome and ref  sum syndrome the onset of flynn – air  d syndrome typically occurs between ten and twenty years of age however the earliest case was diagnosed at age seven as the syndrome progres  ses initial symptoms tend to intensify and new symptoms become apparent unlike related syndro  mes and despite the intensity of symptoms in the disease progression flynn – air  d syndrome does not appear to shorten life expectancy the disease is characterized by early onset dementia at  ax  ia muscle wasting skin atro  phy and eye ab  norm  alities in addition patients have the potential of developing a number of other related symptoms such as cat  ar  acts ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa myop  ia near  sightedness dental car  ies peripheral neuro  pa  thy peripheral nerve damage deaf  ness and c  ys  tic bone changes this syndrome was first discovered in the early 1950 s by american neuro  logists p flynn and robert b air  d who analyzed one family line  age inheritance pattern of this disease
in computer programming fl  y  weight is a software design pattern a fl  y  weight is an object that minim  izes memory use by sharing as much data as possible with other similar objects it is a way to use objects in large numbers when a simple repeated representation would use an unacceptable amount of memory often some parts of the object state can be shared and it is common practice to hold them in external data structures and pass them to the fl  y  weight objects temporarily when they are used a classic example usage of the fl  y  weight pattern is the data structures for graphical representation of characters in a word processor it might be desirable to have for each character in a document a gly  ph object containing its fon  t outline fon  t metr  ics and other form  at  ting data but this would amount to hundreds or thousands of by  tes for each character instead for every character there might be a reference to a fl  y  weight gly  ph object shared by every instance of the same character in the document only the position of each character in the document and or the page would need to be stored internally another example is string inter  ning in other contexts the idea of sharing identical data structures is called has  h cons  ing
foam lines are accumul  ations of foam with trapped insects exu  via etc found on the surface of freshwater water courses or bodies lines appear as individual islands of foam that accumulate against obstruc  tions sho  rel  ines etc foam lines have some characteristics in common with sea foam from the marine environment which may form lines of sp  u  me as the ti  des rise and fall
the fo  amy bark can  ker is a disease affecting oak trees in california caused by the fun  gus geo  smi  thia palli  da and spread by the western oak bark bee  tle pseu  dop  it  y  op  thor  us pu  bi  pen  nis this disease is only seen through the symbio  sis of the bark be  et  les and the fun  gal pathogen the bark be  et  les target oak trees and bore holes through the peri  der  mal tissues making tunnels within the ph  lo  em the fun  gal spo  res are brought into these tunnels by the be  et  les and begin to colon  ize the damaged cells inside the tunnels symptoms of the developing fun  gus include wet dis  color  ation se  eping from the bee  tle entry holes as the fun  gus begins to consume ph  lo  em and likely other tissues if bark is removed necro  sis of the ph  lo  em can be observed surrounding the entry hole s as the disease progres  ses a red  dish sap and fo  amy liquid oo  zes from entry holes thus giving the disease the name fo  amy bark can  ker eventually after the disease has progressed the tree dies this disease is important because of its detrimental effects on oak trees and its ability to spread to several new califor  ni  an counties in just a couple years
focal and diffuse brain injury are ways to classify brain injury focal injury occurs in a specific location while diffuse injury occurs over a more widespread area it is common for both focal and diffuse damage to occur as the result of the same event many traumatic brain injuries have aspects of both focal and diffuse injury focal injuries are commonly associated with an injury in which the head strikes or is struck by an object diffuse injuries are more often found in acceleration dec  el  eration injuries in which the head does not necessarily contact anything but brain tissue is damaged because tissue types with varying den  sities accelerate at different rates in addition to physical trauma other types of brain injury such as stroke can also produce focal and diffuse injuries there may be primary and secondary brain injury processes
focal der  mal hypo  pl  asia also known as gol  tz syndrome is a form of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia it is a multi  system disorder characterized primarily by skin manifestations to the atro  ph  ic and hypo  plastic areas of skin which are present at birth these defects manifest as yellow pink bu  mps on the skin and pi  gm  entation changes the disorder is also associated with short  ness of stature and some evidence suggests that it can cause epi  le  psy
focal dy  st  onia is a neuro  logical condition that affects a muscle or group of muscles in a specific part of the body causing involuntary muscular contr  actions and abnormal post  ures for example in focal hand dy  st  onia the fingers either cur  l into the palm or extend outward without control in musicians the condition is referred to as mus  ician s focal dy  st  onia or simply mus  ician s dy  st  onia in sports it is commonly referred to as the y  ip  s
focal facial der  mal dys  pl  asia ff  dd is a rare genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by con  genital bilateral scar like facial le  sions with or without associated facial anomalies it is characterized by hair  less le  sions with fingerprint like pu  ck  ering of the skin especially at the tem  ples due to altern  ating bands of der  mal and ep  id  er  mal atro  phy this condition is also known as br  auer syndrome hereditary symmetr  ical ap  l  astic ne  vi of tem  ples bit  em  por  al ap  la  sia cu  tis con  gen  ita bit  em  por  al ap  la  sia cu  tis con  gen  ita om  im 136  500 and set  le  is syndrome facial ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia om  im 227  260
focal hyper  hi  dro  sis is a condition characterized by excessive or prof  use swe  ating in certain body regions it is also referred to as primary hyper  hi  dro  sis unlike its counterpart that is generalized or secondary hyper  hi  dro  sis it is idi  opathic in nature or is not associated with an underlying condition typical regions of excessive swe  ating include the under  arms pal  ms sol  es gro  in and cran  io  facial face scal  p areas swe  ating patterns are typically bilateral or sym  metric and rarely occur in just one palm or one under  arm night swe  ats or swe  ating while sleeping is also rare the onset of focal hyper  hi  dro  sis is usually before the age of 25 years this is in contrast to generalized hyper  hi  dro  sis which tends to occur in an older age group evidence demonstrates that a positive family history is also present the condition occurs in approximately 3 of the general population prevalence among men and woman is relatively the same prof  use swe  ating is present mostly in the under  arms followed by the feet pal  ms and facial region focal hyper  hi  dro  sis can have a significant impact on quality of life individuals can be affected from a social psychological emotional and professional perspective the condition has been referred to as the silent handicap for this reason the canadian hyper  hi  dro  sis advisory committee has published a comprehensive set of guidelines which outlines key aspects of treatment related to this condition topical hyper  hi  dro  sis g  els containing aluminum chloride hex  a  hydrate are usually first choice treatments for this condition in addition to topical anti  per  spir  ants main active ingredients usually being aluminum or z  ir  con  ium salts treatment options include ion  top  ho  res  is hands feet on  abo  tul  in  um  tox  ina bo  to  x injections under  arms hands feet and other loc  alized areas electromagnetic microwave energy ther  mol  ysis of under  arm sweat g  lands laser assisted removal of the sweat g  lands under  arms other local procedures such as li  po  suc  tion and cu  re  tt  age of the sweat g  lands under  arms oral prescription medications antic  hol  iner  g  ics and endo  scopic thor  ac  ic sympath  ec  tomy surgery hands
focal no  d  ular hyper  pl  asia f  n  h is a benign tumor of the liver he  p  atic tumor which is the second most prevalent tumor of the liver the first is he  p  atic hem  an  gi  oma it is usually as  ymp  tomatic rarely grows or ble  eds and has no m  align  ant potential this tum  our was once often res  ected because it was difficult to distinguish from he  p  atic aden  oma but with modern multi  phase imaging is usually now diagnosed by strict imaging criteria and not res  ected
focal pal  mop  lan  tar and g  ing  i  val ker  at  osis is a rare auto  som  al dominant disease whose clinical features and in particular patho  logic alterations and molecular eti  ology remain to be well defined
focal prolifer  ative ne  ph  ri  tis is a type of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis seen in 20 to 35 of cases of lup  us ne  ph  ri  tis classified as type iii as the name suggests le  sions are seen in less than half of the glo  mer  uli typically one or two foc  i within an otherwise normal glo  mer  ul  us show sw  elling and proliferation of endo  the  li  al and mes  an  gi  al cells infiltr  ation by neu  troph  ils and or fi  br  ino  id deposits with cap  ill  ary thro  m  bi focal glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is usually associated with only mild micro  scopic hem  atur  ia and prote  in  ur  ia a transition to a more diffuse form of ren  al involvement is associated with more severe disease
focal seg  mental glo  mer  ul  os  clerosis f  s  gs is a cause of ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome in children and adolescents as well as a leading cause of kidney failure in adults it is also known as focal glo  mer  ular sclerosis or focal no  d  ular glo  mer  ul  os  clerosis it accounts for about a sixth of the cases of ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome minimal change disease mc  d is by far the most common cause of ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome in children mc  d and primary f  s  gs may have a similar cause
focus recovery from a de  focused image is an ill posed problem since it loses the component of high frequency most of the methods for focus recovery are based on depth estimation theory the linear can  on  ical transform l  ct gives a scal  able ker  nel to fit many well known optical effects using l  c  ts to approximate an optical system for imaging and inver  ting this system theoretically permits recovery of a de  focused image
in computing focus stealing is a mode error produced when a program not in focus e g minimized or operating in background places a window in the foreground and re  directs all key  board input to that window this is considered to be an anno  yance or hazard to some users because the program may steal the focus while their attention is not on the computer screen such as when typing while reading copy to the side this will cause everything ty  ped after the window appeared to be lost or worse the ty  ped input may cause an unintended effect in the newly focused window on slow computers users are sometimes not even alerted to this behavior in time because the associated window is only actually displayed several seconds after the actual focus change happened
fog is a visible mass consisting of cloud water dro  ple  ts or ice cryst  als suspended in the air at or near the earth s surface fog can be considered a type of low lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water topo  graphy and wind conditions in turn fog has affected many human activities such as shipping travel and warfare
a fog bow is a similar phenomenon to a rain  bow however as its name suggests it appears as a bow in fog rather than rain because of the very small size of water dro  ple  ts that cause fog — smaller than 0 05 milli  meters 0 00  20 in — the fog bow has only very weak colors with a red outer edge and blu  ish inner edge in many cases when the dro  ple  ts are very small fog bows appear white and are therefore sometimes called white rain  bows this lack of color is a feature of a fog bow which distinguishes it from a glory which has multiple pale colored rings caused by diff  r  action when the dro  ple  ts forming it are almost all of the same size the fog bow can have multiple inner rings or super  numer  aries that are more strongly colored than the main bow according to nasa the fo  g  bow s lack of colors is caused by the smaller water drops so small that the wa  vel  eng  th of light becomes important diff  r  action sme  ars out colors that would be created by larger rain  bow water drops a fog bow seen in clouds typically from an aircraft looking downwards is called a cloud bow marin  ers sometimes call fog bows sea dogs
fo  gging in photo  graphy is the deterioration in the quality of the image caused either by ex  tran  eous light or the effects of a processing chemical
fo  ix – al  aj  ou  an  ine syndrome is a disorder caused by an arter  io  ven  ous mal  formation of the spinal cord the patients present with symptoms indicating spinal cord involvement paralysis of arms and legs num  b  ness and loss of sensation and sp  h  inc  ter dysfunction and pathological examination reveals disseminated nerve cell death in the spinal cord and abnormally dil  ated and tor  tuous vessels situated on the surface of the spinal cord surgical treatment can be tried in some cases if surgical intervention is contr  ain  dic  ated cor  ti  co  ster  oids may be used the condition is named after charles fo  ix and th  é  ophi  le al  aj  ou  an  ine
fo  ix – cha  v  any – marie syndrome also known as bilateral an  terior oper  cular syndrome is a partial paralysis of the face phar  yn  x and jaw caused by bilateral damage to a specific region of the brain the oper  cul  um it is named for those who in 19  26 first described the condition — charles fo  ix jean alfred é  mile cha  v  any and juli  en marie — in a paper published in the rev  ue neuro  logi  que as a characteristic there is no paralysis of upper or lower limbs and those affected can still make involuntary movement like smiling eating or blin  king eyes
fol  ate deficiency is a low level of fol  ic acid in the body also known as vitamin b 9 it is involved in aden  os  ine gu  an  ine and thy  mid  ine synthesis part of dna synthesis signs of fol  ate deficiency are often subtle an  emia is a late finding in fol  ate deficiency and fol  ate deficiency an  emia is the term given for this medical condition characterized by the appearance of large sized abnormal red blood cells meg  alo  bl  asts which form when there are inadequate stores of fol  ic acid within the body
fo  lie à de  ux f  ɒ  ˈ  li ə ˈ  du  ː french pron  unciation ​ f  ɔ  li a d  ø french for madness of two or shared psycho  sis is a psychiatric syndrome in which symptoms of a delu  sional belief and halluc  inations are transmitted from one individual to another the same syndrome shared by more than two people may be called fo  lie à tro  is fo  lie à qu  at  re fo  lie en fam  ille or even fo  lie à plu  si  eurs madness of many recent psychiatric classifications refer to the syndrome as shared psychotic disorder dsm iv 297 3 and induced delu  sional disorder f 24 in the ic  d 10 although the research literature largely uses the original name this disorder is not in the current dsm dsm v the disorder was first concep  tu  alized in 19 th century french psychiatry by charles las  è  gue and jean pierre fal  ret and so also known as las  è  gue fal  ret syndrome
fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh in  sensitivity or o  vari  an in  sensitivity to f  sh in females also refer  able to as o  vari  an fol  lic  le hypo  pl  asia or gran  ul  osa cell hypo  pl  asia in females is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic and endocrine syndrome affecting both females and males with the former presenting with much greater severity of symp  tom  at  ology it is characterized by a resistance or complete in  sensitivity to the effects of fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh a gon  ad  o  tro  pin which is normally responsible for the stimulation of estro  gen production by the ov  aries in females and maintenance of fertility in both sexes the condition manifests itself as hyper  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism decreased or lack of production of sex ster  oids by the gon  ads despite high circulating levels of gon  ad  o  tro  pins reduced or absent pu  ber  ty lack of development of secondary sexual characteristics resulting in sexual inf  anti  lis  m if left untreated amen  or  rhe  a lack of men  str  uation and in  fertility in females whereas males present merely with varying degrees of in  fertility and associated symptoms e g decreased sperm production a related condition is lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h in  sensitivity termed ley  dig cell hypo  pl  asia when it occurs in males which presents with similar symptoms to those of f  sh in  sensitivity but with the symptoms in the respective sexes reversed i e hypo  gon  ad  ism and sexual inf  anti  lis  m in males and merely problems with fertility in females however males also present with fem  ini  zed or ambiguous gen  italia also known as pseu  do  her  m  aph  ro  di  tism whereas ambiguous gen  italia does not occur in females with f  sh in  sensitivity despite their similar causes l  h in  sensitivity is considerably more common in comparison to f  sh in  sensitivity
fol  lic  ular atro  pho  der  ma is a skin condition consisting of fol  lic  ular ind  ent  ations without ha  irs notably occurring on ext  ens  or surfaces of the hands legs and arms
the fol  lic  ular cyst of o  vary or gra  a  fi  an fol  lic  le cyst or fol  lic  ular cyst is a type of functional simple cyst and is the most common type of o  vari  an cyst
fol  lic  ular hybrid cyst also known as a hybrid cyst is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a cyst composed of several ad  n  ex  al components
fol  lic  ular hyper  pl  asia or reactive fol  lic  ular hyper  pl  asia or lymp  ho  id no  d  ular hyper  pl  asia is a type of lymp  ho  id hyper  pl  asia it is caused by a stimulation of the b cell compartment it is caused by an abnormal proliferation of secondary fol  lic  les and occurs principally in the cor  tex without bro  aching the lymp  h no  de cap  su  le the fol  lic  les are cy  to  logically poly  morph  ous are often pol  arized and vary in size and shape fol  lic  ular hyper  pl  asia must be distinguished from fol  lic  ular lymp  homa b  cl 2 protein is expressed in ne  op  l  astic fol  lic  les but not reactive fol  lic  les
fol  lic  ular lymp  homa is a type of blood cancer it is the most common of the ind  ol  ent slow growing non ho  dg  kin s lymp  hom  as and the second most common form of non ho  dg  kin s lymp  hom  as overall it is defined as a lymp  homa of fol  lic  le center b cells cent  ro  cy  tes and cent  ro  bl  asts which has at least a partially fol  lic  ular pattern it is positive for the b cell mark  ers cd 10 cd 19 cd 22 and usually cd 20 but almost always negative for cd 5 there are several synonymous and obsolete terms for this disease such as cb cc lymp  homa cent  ro  bl  astic and cent  ro  cy  tic lymp  homa no  d  ular lymp  homa and bri  ll sym  mers disease
fol  lic  ular thyro  id cancer or fol  lic  ular thyro  id carcin  oma accounts for 15 of thyro  id cancer and occurs more commonly in women over 50 years of age thyro  glob  ulin t  g can be used as a tumor marker for well differentiated fol  lic  ular thyro  id cancer fol  lic  ular cells are the thyro  id cells responsible for the production and secre  tion of thyro  id hormones
fol  lic  u  li  tis is the infection and infl  amm  ation of one or more hair fol  lic  les the condition may occur anywhere on the skin with the exception of the pal  ms of the hands and sol  es of the feet the rash may appear as p  impl  es that come to white tips on the face chest back arms legs and head
fol  lic  u  li  tis dec  al  vans is an infl  amm  ation of the hair fol  lic  le that leads to bo  g  gin  ess or ind  ur  ation of involved parts of the scal  p along with pu  st  ules ero  sions cru  sts and scale it begins at a central point and spreads outward leaving scar  ring so  res and due to the infl  amm  ation hair loss in its wake no permanent cure has been found for this condition but there is promise in a regim  en of dual therapy with ri  fam  pin 300 mg twice daily and clin  dam  y  cin 300 mg twice daily this new treatment can be used to control the condition and tests have indicated that after 3 to 5 months long uninterrupted courses of treatment many patients have seen limited to no recurrence
a fol  lic  ul  o  se  bac  eous apo  cr  ine ham  ar  tom  a also known as fol  lic  ular apo  cr  ine ham  ar  tom  a is a benign proliferation of the fol  lic  ul  o  se  bac  eous apo  cr  ine unit
in a marching band follow the leader is a visual effect in which one band member follows the next the move can be from side to side front to back or diag  onal advanced follow the leader movements may have bé  zi  er cur  ves follow the leader can also refer to a children s game where one child plays the leader and leads others around a play  ground or an area making repeti  tive actions that the others subsequently follow
a food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food the signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe they may include it  chin  ess sw  elling of the tongue v  om  iting diarr  hea hi  ves trouble breathing or low blood pressure this typically occurs within minutes to several hours of exposure when the symptoms are severe it is known as an  ap  hy  lax  is food intolerance and food poisoning are separate conditions common foods involved include cow s milk peanuts eggs shellfish tree nuts wheat rice and fruit the common allergies in a region vary depending on the country risk factors include a family history of allergies vitamin d deficiency obesity and high levels of clean  liness allergies occur when immun  o  glob  ulin e i  ge part of the body s immune system binds to food molecules it is usually a protein in the food that is the problem this triggers the release of infl  am  matory chemicals such as hist  amine diagnosis is usually based on a medical history elimination diet skin prick test blood tests for food specific i  ge antibodies or oral food challenge early exposure to potential aller  gens may be protective management primarily involves avoiding the food in question and having a plan if exposure occurs this plan may include giving adren  al  ine ep  in  eph  rine and wearing medical alert jewelry the benefits of aller  gen immun  otherapy for food allergies is unclear and thus not recommended as of 2015 some types of food allergies among children resolve with age including that to milk eggs and so  y while others such as to nuts and shellfish typically do not in the developed world about 4 to 8 of people have at least one food allergy they are more common in children than adults and appear to be increasing in frequency male children appear to be more commonly affected than females some allergies more commonly develop early in life while others typically develop in later life in developed countries a large proportion of people believe they have food allergies when they actually do not have them
a food cr  aving also called selective hunger is an intense desire to consume a specific food and is different from normal hunger it may or may not be related to specific hunger the drive to consume particular nutrients that is well studied in animals in studies of food cr  av  ings chocolate and chocolate conf  ection  eries almost always top the list of foods people say they cr  ave this cr  aving is referred to as cho  co  hol  ism
food intolerance or non allergic food hy  pers  ensi  tivity is a detrimental reaction often delayed to a food bever  age food additive or compound found in foods that produces symptoms in one or more body organs and systems but generally refers to reactions other than food allergy food allergies are immune reactions involving m  ast cells in which food triggers release of m  ast cell mediators such as hist  amine when the food aller  gen binds to pre formed i  ge antibodies already bound to the m  ast cell this mechanism causes allergies to typically give immediate reaction a few minutes to a few hours to foods there are numerous causes for other types of food sensitivities most of which in contrast to food allergies cause delayed hy  pers  ensi  tivity reactions to the food food intoler  ances can be classified according to their mechanism intolerance can result from the absence of specific chemicals or enzymes needed to dig  est a food substance as in hereditary fructose intolerance it may be a result of an ab  normality in the body s ability to absorb nutrients as occurs in fructose mal  absorption food intolerance reactions can occur to naturally occurring chemicals in foods as in sal  ic  y  late sensitivity drugs sour  ced from plants such as aspir  in can also cause these kinds of reactions finally it may be the result of non i  ge medi  ated immune responses
food security is a condition related to the supply of food and individuals access to it concerns over food security have existed throughout history there is evidence of gran  aries being in use over 10 000 years ago with central authorities in civilizations including ancient china and ancient egypt being known to release food from storage in times of famine at the 1974 world food conference the term food security was defined with an emphasis on supply food security they said is the availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices later definitions added demand and access issues to the definition the final report of the 1996 world food summit states that food security exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutri  tious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life household food security does not exists when all members at all times have access to plentiful food for an active healthy life individuals who are food secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation food insecurity on the other hand is a situation of limited or uncertain availability of nutri  tionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways according to the united states department of agriculture us  da food security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or un  availability of critical food supply due to various risk factors including droughts shipping disruptions fuel shortages economic instability and wars in the years 2011 2013 an estimated 842 million people were suffering from chronic hunger the food and agriculture organization of the united nations or fao identified the four pillars of food security as availability access utilization and stability the united nations un recognized the right to food in the declaration of human rights in 1948 and has since noted that it is vital for the enjoyment of all other rights the 1996 world summit on food security declared that food should not be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure according to the international centre for trade and sustainable development failed agriculture market regulation and the lack of anti dumping mechanisms cause much of the world s food scarcity and malnutrition
fool s growth is a problem in macro economical econom  etr  ic models based on gdp when these assume economic growth measured in marked trade prices while the output value to citizens drop this problem introduces a substantial error in political choice theory and can easily lead to failures by assumption as some good is taken for granted while ignoring the costs elsewhere the essential problem is that the commercial profit is measured and included in the concept of growth whereas the value to the end consumer is not therefore these models are biased towards policies that favor commercial profit over creating overall value the consequences of a fool s growth mistake are policies that for instance promote anti competitive e g monopolies lock in e g bad standards that prevent innovation or value destructive political investments
fool  ishness is the lack or failure of wisdom and of making proper careful choices in this sense it differs from stupidity which is the lack of intelligence an act of fool  ishness is called folly foolish talk is called st  ulti  lo  qu  ence fool  ishness and wisdom are contr  asted in paul s letter to the cor  in  th  ians he condemns intellectual arrogance and advocates a humble attitude of fool  ishness in which it is then possible to learn plato likewise said he is the wis  est man who knows himself to be ill equipped for the study of wisdom but paul makes a distinction between wisdom and the reason of the greeks
foot and mouth disease or ho  of and mouth disease aph  th  ae epizoo  tic  ae is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects clo  ven hoof  ed animals including domestic and wild bo  vi  ds the virus causes a high fever for approximately two to six days followed by bl  is  ters inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause lam  eness foot and mouth disease fmd has severe implications for animal farming since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals through aero  sol  s through contact with contaminated farming equipment vehicles clothing or feed and by domestic and wild predators its containment demands considerable efforts in vaccination strict monitoring trade restrictions and quar  ant  ines and occasionally the killing of animals susceptible animals include cattle water buffalo sheep goats pigs an  tel  ope deer and b  ison it has also been known to infect he  dge  ho  gs and elephants ll  am  as and alp  ac  as may develop mild symptoms but are resistant to the disease and do not pass it on to others of the same species in laboratory experiments mice rats and chickens have been successfully infected by artificial means but they are not believed to contract the disease under natural conditions humans are very rarely infected the virus responsible for the disease is a pic  or  navi  rus the proto  typ  ic member of the genus aph  th  o  virus infection occurs when the virus particle is taken into a cell of the host the cell is then forced to manufacture thousands of copies of the virus and eventually bursts releasing the new particles in the blood the virus is genetically highly variable which limits the effectiveness of vaccination
a foot de  form  ity is a disorder of the foot that can be con  genital or acquired such de  form  ities can include hammer toe club foot flat feet pes cav  us etc
foot drop is a ga  it ab  normality in which the dropping of the fo  ref  oot happens due to weakness irritation or damage to the common fi  bul  ar nerve including the sci  atic nerve or paralysis of the muscles in the an  terior portion of the lower leg it is usually a symptom of a greater problem not a disease in itself it is characterized by inability or impaired ability to raise the toes or raise the foot from the an  kle dor  si  fl  ex  ion foot drop may be temporary or permanent depending on the extent of muscle weakness or paralysis and it can occur in one or both feet in walking the raised leg is slightly bent at the knee to prevent the foot from dragging along the ground foot drop can be caused by nerve damage alone or by muscle or spinal cord trauma abnormal anatomy toxins or disease toxins include organ  op  hosp  hor  us compounds which have been used as pesticides and as a chemical agent in warfare the poison can lead to further damage to the body such as a neuro  degenerative disorder called organ  op  hosp  hor  us induced delayed pol  yn  euro  pa  thy this disorder causes loss of function of the motor and sensory neuro  pathways in this case foot drop could be the result of paralysis due to neuro  logical dysfunction diseases that can cause foot drop include direct hit to poster  ol  ateral neck of fi  bul  a stroke am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis als or lou ge  h  rig s disease muscular dy  stro  phy char  cot marie tooth disease multiple sclerosis cere  br  al pal  sy hereditary sp  astic par  ap  legi  a guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome and fried  reich s at  ax  ia it may also occur as a result of hip replacement surgery or knee lig  ament reconstruction surgery
foot rot or infectious po  do  der  mati  tis is a ho  of infection commonly found in sheep goats and cattle as the name suggests it rots away the foot of the animal more specifically the area between the two toes of the affected animal it is extremely painful and contagious it can be treated with a series of medications but if not treated the whole herd can become infected the cause of the infection in cattle are two species of an  aer  ob  ic bacteria bacteria that can grow without oxygen fus  ob  ac  ter  ium necro  ph  orum and bacter  o  ides mel  an  ino  gen  ic  us both bacteria are common to the environment in which cattle live and fus  ob  ac  ter  ium is present in the rum  en and f  ec  al matter of the cattle in sheep the fus  ob  ac  ter  ium necro  ph  orum first inv  ades the inter  digital skin following damage to the skin and causes inter  digital le  sions and slight infl  amm  ation the second stage of the disease is marked by the invasion of the foot by the foot rot bacter  ium dic  hel  ob  ac  ter no  do  sus a gram negative an  aero  be usually there is an injury to the skin between the hoo  ves that allows the bacteria to infect the animal another cause of foot rot may be high temperatures or hum  idity causing the skin between the hoo  ves to crack and let the bacteria infect the foot this is one of the reasons foot rot is such a major problem in the summer foot rot is easily identifiable by its appearance and foul od  or treatment is usually with an antibiotic medication and preventing injury to the feet is the best way to prevent foot rot the disease is different in cattle and sheep and cross infection is not thought to occur
foot voting is the ability of people to vote with their feet by leaving situations they do not like or going to situations they believe to be more beneficial it has been described as a tool for enhancing political freedom the ability of the people to choose the political regime under which they wish to live
a for  bush decrease is a rapid decrease in the observed gal  actic co  sm  ic ray intensity following a cor  onal mass e  jec  tion c  me it occurs due to the magnetic field of the plasma solar wind sweeping some of the gal  actic co  sm  ic rays away from earth the term for  bush decrease was named after the american physic  ist scott e for  bush who studied co  sm  ic rays in the 1930 s and 1940 s
in neuro  psychiatry a forced normalization is a specific phenomenon land  ol  t concluded that forced normalization f  n is “ the phenomenon characterized by the fact that with the occurrence of psychotic states the electro  encephal  o  graphy becomes more normal or entirely normal as compared with previous and subsequent eeg findings ” f  n as described by land  ol  t was therefore an electro  physiological phenomenon with the eeg at its helm tell  en  bach ’ s description of “ alternative psycho  sis ” or the reciprocal relationship between abnormal mental states and seizures differ  ed from land  ol  t ’ s in its clinical rather than eeg description subsequently this concept was refined by wolf who suggested that the term “ paradoxical normalization ” was more appropriate and closer to what land  ol  t intended where  in both epi  le  ptic processes – sub  cor  tical and restricted – and inhi  bit  ory processes are active at the same time
in electrical engineering forced out  age is the shutdown condition of a power station transmission line or distribution line when the generating unit is unavailable to produce power due to unexpected breakdown forced out  age can be caused by equipment failures disruption in the power plant fuel supply chain operator error etc
in a system of differential equations used to describe a time dependent process a forcing function is a function that appears in the equations and is only a function of time not of any of the other variables in effect it is a constant for each value of t in the more general case any non  homogeneous source function in any variable can be described as a forcing function and the resulting solution can often be determined using a super  position of linear combinations of the homogeneous solutions and the forcing term
in geo  logy a fore  bul  ge is a fl  ex  ural bul  ge in front of a load on the lith  o  sphere this load causes the lith  o  sphere to flex by depressing the plate beneath it because of the fl  ex  ural rigidity of the lith  o  sphere the area around the load is up  lifted by a height that is 4 of that of the depression under the load this load and resulting fl  ex  ure place stress on the man  tle causing it to flow into the area around the loaded area the subsid  ence of the area under the load and the up  lift of the fore  bul  ge continue until the load is in iso  static equilibrium a process which takes on the order of ten to twenty thousand years because of the coupling with the man  tle the rate of fore  bul  ge formation and collapse is controlled by man  tle vis  cos  ity
in statistics a forecast error is the difference between the actual or real and the predicted or forecast value of a time series or any other phenomenon of interest since the forecast error is derived from the same scale of data comparisons between the forecast errors of different series can only be made when the series are on the same scale in simple cases a forecast is compared with an outcome at a single time point and a summary of forecast errors is constructed over a collection of such time points here the forecast may be assessed using the difference or using a proportional error by convention the error is defined using the value of the outcome minus the value of the forecast in other cases a forecast may consist of predicted values over a number of lead times in this case an assessment of forecast error may need to consider more general ways of assessing the match between the time profiles of the forecast and the outcome if a main application of the forecast is to predict when certain thresholds will be crossed one possible way of assessing the forecast is to use the timing error — the difference in time between when the outcome crosses the threshold and when the forecast does so when there is interest in the maximum value being reached assessment of forecasts can be done using any of the difference of times of the peaks the difference in the peak values in the forecast and outcome the difference between the peak value of the outcome and the value forecast for that time point forecast error can be a calendar forecast error or a cross sectional forecast error when we want to summar  ize the forecast error over a group of units if we observe the average forecast error for a time series of forecasts for the same product or phenomenon then we call this a calendar forecast error or time series forecast error if we observe this for multiple products for the same period then this is a cross sectional performance error reference class forecasting has been developed to reduce forecast error combining forecasts has also been shown to reduce forecast error
forecast verification is a sub  field of the climate atmospheric and ocean sciences dealing with vali  dating verifying as well as determining the predic  tive power of prog  no  s  tic model forecasts because of the complexity of these models forecast verification goes a good deal beyond simple measures of statistical association or mean error calculations
foreign accent syndrome is a rare medical condition in which patients develop speech patterns that are perceived as a foreign accent that is different from their native accent without having acquired it in the perceived accent s place of origin foreign accent syndrome usually results from a stroke but can also develop from head trauma migr  ain  es or developmental problems the condition was first reported in 1907 and between 1941 and 2009 there were sixty two recorded cases its symptoms result from distorted artic  ul  atory planning and coordination processes and although popular news articles commonly attempt to identify the closest regional accent speakers suffering from foreign accent syndrome acquire neither a specific foreign accent nor any additional flu  ency in a foreign language despite an un  confirmed news report in 2010 that a croatian speaker had gained the ability to speak flu  ent german after emergence from a coma there has been no verified case where a patient s foreign language skills have improved after a brain injury there have been a few reported cases of children and si  bl  ings picking up the new accent from someone with foreign accent syndrome
there is a significant amount of foreign aid to sudan including a large amount of relief aid from international organizations to alleviate the effects of civil wars in the south and in darfur amounts vary according to the intensity of the conflicts and rainfall patterns both of which affect food production much aid is chann  eled through the united nations which sought to raise us 225 million for its programs in 2003 – 04
a foreign body or sometimes known as f  b latin corpus alien  um is any object originating outside the body in machinery it can mean any unwanted intru  ding object most references to foreign bodies involve propulsion through natural ori  fic  es into hollow organs foreign bodies can be inert or irritating if they irrit  ate they will cause infl  amm  ation and scar  ring they can bring infection into the body or acquire infectious agents and protect them from the body s immune defenses they can obstruct pass  age  ways either by their size or by the scar  ring they cause some can be toxic with sufficient force as in firing of bullets a foreign body can become lodged into nearly any tissue
foreign body aspiration is when a foreign body to enter the airways and causes choking a foreign body in the bron  chi usually causes a cough
the foreign body gran  ul  oma is a response of biological tissue to any foreign material in the tissue tissue en  cap  s  ulation of an impl  ant is part of this an infection around a spl  inter is part of this too the presence of the impl  ant changes the healing response and this is called the foreign body reaction f  br f  br consists of protein ad  sor  ption macro  p  ha  ges multin  uc  le  ated foreign body giant cells macro  p  ha  ge fusion fi  bro  bl  asts and an  gi  o  genesis it can be caused by ber  yl  lium
one of the most common locations for a foreign body is the alim  entary tract it is possible for foreign bodies to enter the tract from the mouth or from the rec  tum the objects most commonly swallowed by children are coins meat imp  action is more common in adults swallowed objects are more likely to lodge in the es  op  ha  gus or stomach than in the phar  yn  x or du  o  den  um
foresight is the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or what is needed in the future studies suggest that much of human daily thought is directed towards potential future events because of this and its role in human control on the planet the nature and evolution of foresight is an important topic in psychology recent neuro  scientific developmental and cognitive studies have identified many common  alities to the human ability to recall past episodes science magazine selected new evidence for such common  alities one of the top ten scientific breakthroughs of 2007 however there are fundamental differences between mentally travelling through time into the future i e foresight versus mentally travelling through time into the past i e ep  is  od  ic memory
the forest vegetation simul  ator f  vs is a forest growth and yield model developed by the united states forest service and is used by natural resource managers and researchers f  vs is calibr  ated for specific geographic areas and uses a host of simulation models to forecast forest composition and structure f  vs uses current forest inventory data to describe initial stand conditions and requires a description of the inventory design stand attributes and a list of individual tree information extensions to f  vs are available to assess the effects of forest insects and diseases fire and forest carbon
forest die  back also wal  d  ster  ben a german loan word is a condition in trees or woody plants in which peripheral parts are killed either by pathogens parasites or due to conditions like acid rain and drought two of the nine tipping points for major climate changes forecast for the next century are directly related to forest die  backs ph  om  op  sis az  ad  ir  ach  ta  e is a fun  gus of the ph  om  op  sis genus that has been identified as the fun  gus responsible for die  back of az  ad  ir  ach  ta indic  a ne  em in india
a form constant is one of several geome  tric patterns which are recur  r  ingly observed during halluc  inations and altered states of consciousness
in elementary particle physics and mathematical physics in particular in effective field theory a form factor is a function that en  capsul  ates the properties of a certain particle interaction without including all of the underlying physics but instead providing the momentum dependence of suitable matrix elements it is further measured experim  entally in confirmation or specification of a theory — see experimental particle physics
form  ability is the ability of a given metal work  piece to undergo plastic de  formation without being damaged the plastic de  formation capacity of metallic materials however is limited to a certain extent at which point the material could experience tearing or frac  ture break  age processes affected by the form  ability of a material include rolling ex  tru  sion forging roll  forming stamping and hydro  forming
in philosophy a formal fall  acy also called deduc  tive fall  acy is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system for example pro  posi  tional logic an argument that is formally fall  acious is always considered wrong a formal fall  acy is contr  asted with an informal fall  acy which may have a valid logical form and yet be un  sound because one or more premises are false the presence of a formal fall  acy in a deduc  tive argument does not imply anything about the argument s premises or its conclusion both may actually be true or even more probable as a result of the argument but the deduc  tive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises in the manner described by extension an argument can contain a formal fall  acy even if the argument is not a deduc  tive one for instance an induc  tive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or caus  ality can be said to commit a formal fall  acy fall  acious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments recognizing fall  acies in everyday arguments may be difficult since arguments are often embedded in rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between statements informal fall  acies may also exploit the emotional intellectual or psychological weaknesses of the audience having the capability to recognize fall  acies in arguments is one way to reduce the likelihood of such occurrences arg  um  entation theory provides a different approach to understanding and classifying fall  acies in this approach an argument is regarded as an interactive protocol between individuals that attempts to resolve their disagreements the protocol is regulated by certain rules of interaction and violations of these rules are fall  acies such fall  acies are used in many forms of modern communications where the intention is to influence behavior and change beliefs examples in the mass media today include but are not limited to propaganda advertisements politics newspaper editori  als and opinion based “ news ” shows
format is a function in common lis  p that can produce form  at  ted text using a format string similar to the pr  int  f format string it provides more functionality than pr  int  f allowing the user to output numbers in english apply certain format speci  fiers only under certain conditions iter  ate over data structures and output in a tab  ular format this func  tionally originates in mit s lis  p machine lis  p where it was based on mul  tics io  a
in medicine a forme fru  ste french “ crude or unfinished form ” pl form  es fru  st  es is an atypical or attenu  ated manifestation of a disease or syndrome with the implications of in  completeness partial presence or abor  ted state the context is usually one of a well defined clinical or pathological entity which the case at hand almost — but not quite — fits an opposite term in medicine forme ple  ine — seldom used by english speaking physicians — means the complete or full blown form of a disease
fort dar  net like fort hoo was built on the recommendations of the 1859 royal commission on an island covering the inner navig  able channel of the river med  way kent originally designed for two tiers of guns mounted in a circle with a boom str  ung between them there were many problems with subsid  ence and after extensive cost over  runs the for  ts were completed in 18  71 with one tier and 11 guns a mixture of 9 inch and 7 inch ri  fled mu  zzle lo  aders and no boom the for  ts were never used in anger and were dis  armed before the first world war in the second world war the fort was used as observation posts with platforms and pill  boxes built on top the fort is still in fair condition however the magazine level seems to have been deliberately flooded to minimise access and vand  alism the island can be freely visited by boat though the landing is mu  ddy
foster – kennedy syndrome also known as go  wers – pat  on – kennedy syndrome kennedy s phenomenon or kennedy s syndrome refers to a con  stell  ation of findings associated with tumors of the frontal lo  be although foster – kennedy syndrome is equ  ated with kennedy syndrome it should not be confused with kennedy disease which is named for william r kennedy pseudo foster – kennedy syndrome is defined as one sided op  tic atro  phy with pap  il  le  dem  a in the other eye but with the absence of a mass
fou  ling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function the fou  ling materials can consist of either living organisms bi  of  ou  ling or a non living substance in  organic or organic fou  ling is usually distinguished from other surface growth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of a component system or plant performing a defined and useful function and that the fou  ling process impedes or interferes with this function other terms used in the literature to describe fou  ling include deposit formation en  cru  station cru  dding de  position scaling scale formation sl  agging and sludge formation the last six terms have a more narrow meaning than fou  ling within the scope of the fou  ling science and technology and they also have meanings outside of this scope therefore they should be used with caution fou  ling phenomena are common and diverse ranging from fou  ling of ship hul  ls natural surfaces in the marine environment marine fou  ling fou  ling of heat transfer components through ingredients contained in the cooling water or gases and even the development of pla  que or calcul  us on teeth or deposits on solar panels on mars among other examples this article is primarily devoted to the fou  ling of industrial heat ex  chan  gers although the same theory is generally applicable to other varieties of fou  ling in the cooling technology and other technical fields a distinction is made between macro fou  ling and micro fou  ling of the two micro fou  ling is the one which is usually more difficult to prevent and therefore more important
foundation is a skin coloured makeup applied to the face to create an even uniform colour to the complex  ion to cover flaws and sometimes to change the natural sk  int  one some foundations also function as a mois  tur  iz  er sun  screen a  stringent or base layer for more complex cosmetics foundation applied to the body is generally referred to as body painting
in population genetics the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population it was first fully outlined by ern  st may  r in 19  42 using existing theoretical work by those such as se  wall w  right as a result of the loss of genetic variation the new population may be distinc  tively different both geno  typically and phen  o  typically from the parent population from which it is derived in extreme cases the founder effect is thought to lead to the speci  ation and subsequent evolution of new species in the figure shown the original population has nearly equal numbers of blue and red individuals the three smaller founder populations show that one or the other color may pre  dominate founder effect due to random sampling of the original population a population bottlenec  k may also cause a founder effect though it is not strictly a new population the founder effect occurs when a small group of migrants that is not genetically representative of the population from which they came establish in a new area in addition to founder effects the new population is often a very small population so shows increased sensitivity to genetic drift an increase in in  breeding and relatively low genetic variation this can be observed in the limited gene pools of iceland  ers ash  ken  az  i jews faroe isl  anders easter isl  anders and those native to pit  cair  n island another example is the remarkably high deaf population of martha s vineyard which resulted in the development of martha s vineyard sign language
the foun  tain is a ju  ggling pattern that is the method most often used for ju  ggling an even number of objects in a foun  tain each hand ju  ggles separately and the objects are not thrown between the hands to illustrate this it can be seen that in the most common foun  tain pattern where four balls are ju  gg  led each hand ju  ggles two balls independently as c  reg  o states in the foun  tain pattern each hand throws balls straight up into the air and each ball is caught in the same hand that throws it a foun  tain can be synchron  ous or as  yn  ch  ron  ous in a synchron  ous foun  tain both hands throw at the same time while in an as  yn  ch  ron  ous foun  tain the hands alternate throws the foun  tain pattern can be st  ably performed in two ways one can perform the foun  tain with different frequencies for the two hands but that coordination is difficult because of the tendency of the limbs to synchron  ize the foun  tain is ju  gg  led in either a circular fashion or in columns the circular method means that the balls ju  gg  led travel in a circle like motion with the ju  gg  lers hands throwing the ball from a point close to their body centre line and catching the ball further away from their body centre line this circle motion is called outside circles and is the foun  tain pattern shown in the anim  ation this circle method can be reversed to create an inside circle pattern whereby throws are from a position away from the body mid  line and catches are closer to the body mid  line in the columns method the balls all travel vertically up and down in their own column and are caught from where they are thrown the foun  tain is used for ju  ggling even numbers of objects because other patterns which alternate between hands such as the cas  c  ade do not work well for even numbers of objects
foun  tain syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder characterized by mental retar  dation deaf  ness sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities and a co  arse face with full lips the abnormal sw  elling of the cheeks and lips are due to the excessive accumulation of body fluids under the skin the deaf  ness is due to mal  formation of the co  ch  lea structure within the inner ear
four stro  king is an operating condition of two stroke engines where they instead begin to fire every four stro  kes or more rather than every two stro  kes this firing is uneven noisy and may even in cases where it doesn t occur normally damage the engine if allowed to continue unabated however in some circumstances four stro  king is normal when id  ling most two stroke engines will four stroke as well as when letting off the thro  ttle four stro  king will also occur in a correctly adjusted two stroke engine at full thro  ttle without load in the latter case this happens because the air fuel mixture becomes overly rich and prevents the engine from running faster the engine is intentionally constructed by the manufacturer for this to happen as a too lean mixture will cause the engine to over rev as well as over  heat and in engines running on premi  xed fuel a too lean mixture will cause poor lubric  ation running the engine at full thro  ttle without load is not normally done in most applications but in a chain saw the full thro  ttle mixture is actually adjusted for the engine to four stroke at a given r  pm set by the manufacturer this is done by adjusting the high r  pm screw on the car  bu  re  tor while the engine runs at full thro  ttle until the correct r  pm level can be read on a t  ach  ome  ter
four wave mixing f  w  m is an inter  modulation phenomenon in non linear op  tics whereby interactions between two or three wa  vel  eng  ths produce two or one new wa  vel  eng  ths it is similar to the third order intercept point in electrical systems four wave mixing can be compared to the inter  modulation distortion in standard electrical systems it is a parame  tric non  linear process in that the energy of the incoming pho  tons is con  served f  w  m is a phase sensitive process in that the efficiency of the process is strongly affected by phase matching conditions
in the myth  ological cycle of early irish literature the four treasures or jewels of the tu  ath  a d  é dan  ann are four magical items which the myth  ological tu  ath  a d  é dan  ann are supposed to have brought with them from the four island cities mur  ias f  ali  as g  ori  as and fin  di  as when they arrived in ireland
four on the floor or four to the floor is a rhythm pattern used in dis  co and electronic dance music it is a steady uniformly acc  ented beat in 4 4 time in which the bass drum is hit on every beat 1 2 3 4 in common time this was popul  arized in the dis  co music of the 1970 sand the term four on the floor was widely used in that era it originated with the pe  dal operated drum kit bass drum many styles of electronic dance music particularly those that are derived from house and tech  no use this beat as an important part of the rhy  th  mic structure sometimes the term is used to refer to a 4 4 uniform drum  ming pattern for any drum a form of four on the floor is also used in jazz drum  ming instead of hitting the bass drum in a pronounced and therefore easily audible fashion it is usually struck very lightly referred to as fea  thering so that the sound of the drum is felt instead of heard by the lis  tener typically this is combined with a ride cy  m  bal and hi hat in syn  cop  ation when a string instrument makes the rhythm rhythm guitar ban  jo all four beats of the measure are played by identical down  stro  kes in reg  ga  e drum  ming the bass drum usually hits on the third beat but sometimes drum  mers play four on the floor sly dun  bar from sly rob  bie was one of the reg  ga  e drum  mers that played mostly in this style also carl  ton bar  rett from bob mar  ley the w  ail  ers played four on the floor on several hits by the w  ail  ers like is this love and exodus in reg  ga  e four on the floor usually goes by the hand with a low end and powerful b  ass  line four on the floor can be found in more modern reg  ga  e derivative styles like dan  ce  hall while it is less common to find it in roots reg  ga  e
four  nier gang  rene is a type of necro  tizing fas  ci  i  tis or gang  rene affecting the per  in  eu  m it commonly occurs in elderly men but it  can also occur in women and children it is more likely to occur in those with diabetes alcohol  ics or those who are immune compromised it was first described by ba  uri  enne in 17  64 and is named after a french ven  ere  o  logist jean alfred four  nier following five cases he presented in clinical lectures in 1883
in the fic  tional world of middle earth the fourth age and the ages that preceded it are time periods from j r r tol  ki  en s universe of middle earth described in his fantasy writ  ings because most of his fiction concerning middle earth deals with earlier ages there is relatively little material on the ages that followed the third age the fourth age followed the defeat of sa  uron and the destruction of his one ring but did not officially begin until after the be  arers of the three rings left middle earth for val  in  or the ut  ter  most west some events of the first centuries of the fourth age can be gle  aned from the appendices in the lord of the rings and follow below
the fourth heart sound or s 4 is a rare extra heart sound that occurs immediately before the normal two lub du  b heart sounds s 1 and s 2 it occurs just after atri  al contraction and immediately before the syst  ol  ic s 1 and is caused by the atri  a contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome an abnormally stiff or hyper  troph  ic ven  tric  le this produces a rhythm class  ically compared to the cad  ence of the word ten  nes  see one can also use the phrase a stiff wall to help with the cad  ence a s 4 stiff s 1 wall s 2 as well as the path  ology of the s 4 sound
fourth cran  ial nerve pal  sy also known as tro  ch  lear nerve pal  sy is a condition affecting cran  ial nerve 4 iv the tro  ch  lear nerve which is one of the cran  ial cran  ial nerves that causes weakness or paralysis to the superior obli  que muscle superior obli  que muscle that it in  nerv  ates this condition often causes vertical or near vertical double vision as the weakened muscle prevents the eyes from moving in the same direction together because the fourth cran  ial nerve is the thin  nest and has the longest in  trac  ran  ial course of the cran  ial nerves it is particularly vulnerable to traumatic injury to compensate for the double vision resulting from the weakness of the superior obli  que patients characteris  tically tilt their head down and to the side opposite the affected muscle when present at birth it is known as con  genital fourth nerve pal  sy
fo  ville s syndrome is caused by the block  age of the per  for  ating branches of the basi  l  ar artery in the region of the bra  inst  em known as the p  ons structures affected by the inf  arc  t are the p  pr  f nucle  i of cran  ial nerves vi and vii cor  ti  co  spinal tract medi  al lem  nis  cus and the medi  al longit  ud  inal fasc  icul  us
fow  ler no  ll vo is a non cry  pto  graphic has  h function created by glenn fow  ler lan  don cur  t no  ll and ki  em ph  ong vo the basis of the f  nv has  h algori  thm was taken from an idea sent as re  vie  wer comments to the i  ee  e posi  x p 100  3 2 committee by glenn fow  ler and ph  ong vo in 1991 in a subsequent ballot round lan  don cur  t no  ll improved on their algori  thm in an email message to lan  don they named it the fow  ler no  ll vo or f  nv has  h
fow  l  pox is the worldwide disease of poultry caused by viruses of the family po  x  vi  ri  da  e and the genus avi  po  x  virus the viruses causing fow  l  pox are distinct from one another but anti  gen  ically similar possible hosts including chickens turkeys qu  ail canaries pigeons and many other species of birds there are two forms of the disease the first is spread by biting insects especially mosquitoes and wound contamination and causes le  sions on the comb w  att  les and be  ak birds affected by this form usually recover within a few weeks the second form is spread by inhal  ation of the virus and causes a di  ph  ther  i  tic memb  rane to form in the mouth phar  yn  x lar  yn  x and sometimes the trac  hea the prog  no  sis for this form is poor
fox – for  dy  ce disease or apo  cr  ine mili  aria is a chronic block  age of the sweat g  land duc  ts with a secondary non bacterial infl  am  matory response to the secre  tions and cellular debris in the cy  sts hi  dr  ad  eni  tis is very similar but tends to have a secondary bacterial infection so that p  us draining sin  uses are formed it is a very devastating skin disease that does not have universally cur  ative treatments many that have this disease avoid sweat inducing activities and prefer swimming as their mode of exercise
a frac  tal is a natural phenomenon or a mathematical set that exhi  bits a repeating pattern that displays at every scale it is also known as expanding sym  metry or evolving sym  metry if the replic  ation is exactly the same at every scale it is called a self similar pattern an example of this is the m  enger spon  ge frac  t  als can also be nearly the same at different levels this latter pattern is illustrated in the frac  t  als also include the idea of a detailed pattern that repeats itself frac  t  als are different from other geome  tric figures because of the way in which they scale doubling the edge lengths of a poly  gon multip  lies its area by four which is two the ratio of the new to the old side length raised to the power of two the dimension of the space the poly  gon resides in likewise if the radius of a sphere is doubled its volume scales by eight which is two the ratio of the new to the old radius to the power of three the dimension that the sphere resides in but if a frac  tal s one dimensional lengths are all doubled the spatial content of the frac  tal scales by a power that is not necessarily an inte  ger this power is called the frac  tal dimension of the frac  tal and it usually exceeds the frac  tal s topo  logical dimension as mathematical equations frac  t  als are usually nowhere differenti  able an infinite frac  tal curve can be conceived of as winding through space differently from an ordinary line still being a 1 dimensional line yet having a frac  tal dimension indicating it also resembles a surface the mathematical of frac  t  als have been traced throughout the years as a formal path of published works starting in the 17 th century with notions of recur  sion then moving through increasingly rigorous mathematical treatment of the concept to the study of continuous but not differenti  able functions in the 19 th century by the sem  inal work of bernard bol  zano bern  hard ri  emann and karl wei  er  str  ass and on to the co  ining of the word frac  tal in the 20 th century with a subsequent burgeoning of interest in frac  t  als and computer based modelling in the 20 th century the term frac  tal was first used by mathem  ati  cian ben  o  î  t mandel  bro  t in 1975 mandel  bro  t based it on the latin fr  ā  c  tus meaning broken or fractu  red and used it to extend the concept of theoretical frac  tional dimensions to geome  tric patterns in nature there is some disagreement amongst authorities about how the concept of a frac  tal should be formally defined mandel  bro  t himself summarized it as beautiful damn hard increasingly un  useful that s frac  t  als the general consensus is that theoretical frac  t  als are infinitely self similar iter  ated and detailed mathematical construc  ts having frac  tal dimensions of which many examples have been formulated and studied in great depth frac  t  als are not limited to geome  tric patterns but can also describe processes in time frac  tal patterns with various degrees of self similarity have been rendered or studied in images structures and sounds and found in and frac  t  als are of particular relevance in the field of chaos theory since the graphs of most chaotic processes are frac  tal frac  t  als are also observed from space here
frac  tional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vap  ori  ze it uses distillation to fr  action  ate generally the component parts have boiling points that differ by less than 25 ° c from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere if the difference in boiling points is greater than 25 ° c a simple distillation is typically used
in physics fr  action  alization is the phenomenon whereby the qu  asi  particles of a system cannot be constructed as combinations of its elementary constituents one of the earliest and most prominent examples is the frac  tional quantum hall effect where the constituent particles are electron  s but the qu  asi  particles carry fractions of the electr  on charge fr  action  alization can be understood as de  confinement of qu  asi  particles that together are viewed as comprising the elementary constituents in the case of spin – charge separation for example the electr  on can be viewed as a bound state of a spin  on and a char  gon which under certain conditions can become free to move separately
a frac  ture is the separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress the frac  ture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement dis  continuity surfaces within the solid if a displacement develops per  pend  icular to the surface of displacement it is called a normal ten  sile crack or simply a crack if a displacement develops tang  entially to the surface of displacement it is called a she  ar crack slip band or dis  location frac  ture strength or breaking strength is the stress when a specimen fails or fractu  res the word frac  ture is often applied to bones of living creatures i e a bone frac  ture or to cryst  alline materi  al  ss such as gem  stones or metal sometimes individual cryst  als frac  ture without the structure actually separating into two or more pieces depending on the substance a frac  ture reduces strength most substances or inhi  bits transmission of waves such as light optical cryst  als a detailed understanding of how frac  ture occurs in materials may be assisted by the study of frac  ture mechanics
frac  ture bl  is  ters occur on skin over  lying a fractu  red bone and fractu  res complicated by the development of over  lying bl  is  ters remain a clinical dilemma in orth  o  pe  dic  s frac  ture bl  is  ters are tense ves  ic  les or bul  la  e that arise on markedly sw  oll  en skin directly over  lying a frac  ture frac  ture bl  is  ters pop up in trauma patients occasionally a frac  ture bl  ister typically occurs near fractu  res where the skin has little sub  cu  taneous tissue between it and bone these include el  bows knees an  kles and w  rists they tend to complicate frac  ture management because they interfere with spl  in  ting casting and inc  ision planning for open reduction procedures they can appear anytime within a few hours of injury to 2 – 3 weeks later these bl  is  ters are thought to be caused by sh  ear  ing forces applied at the time of injury there are two types described based on their color clear fluid and hemorrha  gic the difference lies in the level of the she  ar clear fluid bl  is  ters have separated within the ep  id  er  mis and hemorrha  gic bl  is  ters separate at the der  mal ep  id  er  mal junction the clinical difference is healing time clear bl  is  ters take about 12 days and hemorrha  gic bl  is  ters heal in about 16 days the decision to pop the bl  is  ters in order to treat the frac  ture or wait for them to heal first usually hinges on the preferences of the orth  opa  ed  ic surgeon as there is a lack of data on what treatment is ideal waiting delays care an average of 7 days and longer for ti  bial pl  ate  au and cal  can  e  al fractu  res operating immediately anec  do  tally increases wound infection rates
fragile x associated trem  or at  ax  ia syndrome f  x  tas is a late onset neuro  degenerative disorder associated with problems of movement memory and the autonom  ic nervous system it is related to the disease fragile x syndrome although f  x  tas is a clin  ically distinct syndrome in fragile x syndrome f  xs the fragile x mental retar  dation 1 gene f  mr 1 is silenced in f  x  tas f  mr 1 is over  expressed and interferes with brain function both f  xs and f  x  tas are caused by a trin  uc  le  o  tide repeat expansion in f  mr 1 this c  gg repeat expansion is smaller in f  x  tas the disease only occurs in individuals with a fragile x pre  mutation it most often occurs in men but can present in women there is no cure for f  x  tas but several of the symptoms can be managed with medication
fragile x syndrome f  xs is a genetic disorder symptoms often include mild to moderate intellectual disability physical features may include a long and narrow face large ears flexible fingers and large tes  tic  les about a third of people have features of au  tism such as problems with social interactions and delayed speech hyper  activity is common and seizures occur in about 10 males are usually more affected than females fragile x syndrome is typically due to the expansion of the c  gg tri  p  let repeat within the fragile x mental retar  dation 1 f  mr 1 gene on the x chro  mo  some this results in a failure to express the fragile x mental retar  dation protein f  mr  p which is required for normal ne  ural development depending on the length of the c  gg repeat an alle  le may be classified as normal unaffected by the syndrome a pre  mutation at risk of fragile x associated disorders or full mutation usually affected by the syndrome a diagnosis of fragile x syndrome is made through genetic testing to determine the number of c  gg repeats testing for pre  mutation carriers may allow for genetic counsel  ing there is no medication that has a benefit specifically for fragile x syndrome medications are commonly used to treat symptoms of attention deficit and hyper  activity anxiety and aggression supportive management is important in optimi  zing functioning in individuals with fragile x syndrome and may involve speech therapy occupational therapy and individu  alized educational and behavioral programs fragile x syndrome occurs in about 1 in 4 000 males and 1 in 8 000 females the first complete dna sequence of the repeat expansion in someone with the full mutation was generated by scientists in 2012 using sm  rt sequ  encing
the fragile base class problem is a fundamental architectural problem of object oriented programming systems where base classes super  classes are considered fragile because seemingly safe modifications to a base class when inherited by the derived classes may cause the derived classes to mal  function the program  mer cannot determine whether a base class change is safe simply by examining in isolation the methods of the base class one possible solution is to make instance variables private to their defining class and force sub  classes to use acc  essors to modify super  class states a language could also make it so that sub  classes can control which inherited methods are exposed publicly these changes prevent sub  classes from relying on implementation details of super  classes and allow sub  classes to expose only those super  class methods that are applicable to themselves another alternative solution could be to have an interface instead of super  class the fragile base class problem has been blamed on open recur  sion dynamic dispatch of methods on a h  re  f medi  a  wi  ki index php title this computer programming title this computer programming this a with the suggestion that invoking methods on this default to closed recur  sion static dispatch early binding rather than open recur  sion dynamic dispatch late binding only using open recur  sion when it is specifically requested external calls not using this would be dynam  ically dispatched as usual
in computer storage fragmentation is a phenomenon in which storage space is used in  efficiently reducing capacity or performance and often both the exact consequences of fragmentation depend on the specific system of storage allocation in use and the particular form of fragmentation in many cases fragmentation leads to storage space being wasted and in that case the term also refers to the wasted space itself for other systems e g the fat file system the space used to store given data e g files is the same regardless of the degree of fragmentation from none to extreme there are three different but related forms of fragmentation external fragmentation internal fragmentation and data fragmentation which can be present in isolation or conjunction fragmentation is often accepted in return for improvements in speed or simplicity occur for other resources such as processors see below
in physics a fragmentation function is a probability function it is used to find the probability density or distribution of fragmented mes  ons in had  ron had  ron collis  ions it is important in the physics of deep in  elastic scat  tering
fragmentation of memory is a memory disorder in which the patient is unable to attach memories to specific locations or times the impaired person can remember events but cannot pin  point when the events happened either absolutely or in relation to other events this can occur even for relatively recent events the impaired person usually suffers from physical damage to or underdevelopment of the hippo  campus this may be due to a genetic disorder or be the result of trauma such as post traumatic stress disorder brain dysfunction often has other related consequences such as over  sensitivity to some stimul  i impul  siveness lack of direction in life occasional aggres  siveness a distorted perception of oneself and impaired ability to emp  ath  ize with others which is usually masked there is frequently a link between dissoci  ative disorders and memory fragmentation fragmentation of memory is common in two dissoci  ative disorders dissoci  ative or psycho  genic amnesia is not to be confused with general amnesia in which the suffer  er is unable to recall whole periods of time perhaps of several years duration in the dissoci  ative version there is failure to recall specific events usually involving memories pertaining to the trauma itself in particular the disorder also relates to the emotional state of the mind upon experiencing trauma so that at times while the person will be able to remember the specifics of the events date time location people involved etc the strong emotional ties to the experience become fragmented in the creation of the memory dissoci  ative fu  gue normally revolves around a specific journey taken by the person suffering from the disorder they can travel great distances and have no reco  ll  ection of having done so these un  remembered trips are usually the result of the individual trying to escape an unbearable situation and many times while traveling the person un  knowingly suffers some degree of identity distortion or even assumes a completely new identity one of the unique characteristics of this disorder is that upon completing the trip the suffer  er normally remembers it and all the details associated with it but while the events are happening s he has no reco  ll  ection of time passing or where s he physically is
f  rail  ty is a common ger  i  atric syndrome that embodies an elevated risk of catastrophic declines in health and function among older adults f  rail  ty is a condition associated with ageing and it has been recognized for centuries as described by shakespeare in as you like it the sixth age shifts into the lean and sli  pper ’ d pan  tal  oon with spectac  les on nose and p  ouch on side his youthful hose well sav ’ d a world too wide for his shrunk sh  ank … the shrunk sh  ank is a result of loss of muscle with aging it is also a marker of a more widespread syndrome of f  rail  ty with associated weakness slowing decreased energy lower activity and when severe unintended weight loss as a population ages a central focus of ger  i  at  ric  ians and public health practitioners is to understand and then benefic  ially intervene on the factors and processes that put elders at such risk especially the increased vulnerability to stres  sors e g extremes of heat and cold infection injury or even changes in medication that characterizes many older adults
fr  al  ey syndrome is a condition where the superior in  fun  di  bul  um of the upper caly  x of the kidney is obstructed by the crossing ren  al upper or middle section artery branch causing dis  tension and di  lat  ation of the caly  x and presenting clin  ically as ha  em  atur  ia and ne  phr  al  gia ip  si  lateral flank pain the condition was first described by u  ro  logist el  win e fr  al  ey in 1966 and can be treated sur  g  ically which might be necessary in symptomatic disease another possible cause for similar hydro  ne  ph  ro  sis is meg  ac  ali  co  sis for which surgery is considered inappropriate
in the reception of framed data a frame slip is the loss of synchron  ization between a received frame and the receiver clock signal causing a frame mis  alignment event and resulting in the loss of the data contained in the received frame a frame slip should not be confused with a dropped frame where synchron  ization is not lost as in the case of buffer over  flow for example
franc  es  ch  et  ti – kle  in syndrome also known as man  di  bul  o  facial dy  so  sto  sis is a syndrome that includes pal  pe  br  al anti  mongo  loid f  issu  res hypo  pl  asia of the facial bones macro  stom  ia va  ulted pal  ate mal  formations of both the external and internal ear buc  cal aur  icular f  ist  ula abnormal development of the neck with stretching of the cheeks accessory facial f  issu  res and sk  el  etal de  form  ities it is sometimes equ  ated with tre  acher collins syndrome
francis 1 st is an american sterling silver tab  le  ware pattern introduced in 1906 named after king francis i of france
frank s sign or frank sign is a diag  onal ear lo  be cre  ase el  c extending diag  onally from the trag  us across the lo  bu  le to the rear edge of the aur  ic  le the sign is named after dr sanders t frank it has been hypo  thes  ised that frank s sign is indicative of cardiovascular disease and or diabetes some studies have described frank s sign as a marker of cardiovascular disease but not linked to the severity of the condition in contrast other studies have re  but  ted any association between frank s sign and coron  ary artery disease in diabe  tics there have also been reported cases of frank s sign assisting in the diagnosis of cere  br  al inf  arc  tions a link between frank s sign and premature aging and the loss of der  mal and vascular fi  bers has also been hypothe  sized however researchers do agree that these cre  ases have no predic  tive value in native american indian and asian patients some studies have focused upon bilateral el  c
the frank – car  o process also called cyan  amide process is the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide with nitrogen gas in a reactor vessel at about 1 000 ° c the reaction is ex  other  mic and self sustaining once the reaction temperature is reached originally the reaction took place in large steel cylin  ders with an electrical resistance element providing initial heat to start the reaction modern production uses rotating ovens the synthesis produces a solid mixture of calcium cyan  amide cac  n 2 and carbon c  ac 2 n 2 → cac  n 2 c
frank ter ha  ar syndrome f  ths also known as ter ha  ar syndrome is a rare disease characterized by ab  norm  alities that affect bone heart and eye development children born with the disease usually die very young
fr  as  er syndrome also known as me  yer sch  wick  er  ath s syndrome fr  as  er françois syndrome or ul  l  rich fe  ich  tiger syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder fr  as  er syndrome is named for the gene  tic  ist george r fr  as  er who first described the syndrome in 1962
fra  si  er syndrome is a u  ro  genital anomaly associated with the w  t 1 wil  ms tumor 1 gene gene it was first characterized in 1964
f  reck  les sometimes called ep  heli  des singular ep  hel  is are clusters of concentrated mel  an  ini  zed cells which are most easily visible on people with a fair complex  ion f  reck  les do not have an increased number of the mel  an  in producing cells mel  an  oc  y  tes but instead have mel  an  oc  y  tes that over  produce mel  an  in gran  ules mel  ano  som  es changing the color  ation of the outer skin cells called ker  at  in  oc  y  tes as such f  reck  les are different from l  enti  gin  es and mol  es
in mathematics the fred  holm determinant is a complex valued function which gener  alizes the determinant of a matrix it is defined for bounded operators on a hil  bert space which differ from the identity operator by a trace class operator the function is named after the mathem  ati  cian eri  k iv  ar fred  holm fred  holm determin  ants have had many applications in mathematical physics the most celebrated example being gá  bor sz  eg  ő s limit formula proved in response to a question raised by lars on  s  ager and c n yang on the spontaneous magne  tization of the ising model
free living am  oe  ba  e or fl  a in the am  oe  bo  zo  a group are important causes of disease in humans and animals na  eg  ler  ia fow  l  eri is sometimes included in the group free living am  oe  ba  e and it causes a condition traditionally called primary am  oe  bic men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis however na  eg  ler  ia is now considered part of the exc  av  ata not the am  oe  bo  zo  a and is considered to be much more closely related to le  ish  mania and try  pan  o  som  a
free radical addition is an addition reaction in organic chemistry involving free radicals the addition may occur between a radical and a non radical or between two radicals the basic steps with examples of the free radical addition also known as radical chain mechanism are initiation by a radical initi  ator a radical is created from a non radical precursor chain propagation a radical reacts with a non radical to produce a new radical species chain termination two radicals react with each other to create a non radical species free radical reactions depend on a re  agent having a relatively weak bond allowing it to hom  ol  y  se to form radicals often with heat or light reagents without such a weak bond would likely proceed via a different mechanism an example of an addition reaction involving ar  yl radicals is the me  er  we  in ar  yl  ation
free running sleep is a sleep pattern that is not adjusted entr  ained to the 24 hour cycle in nature nor to any artificial cycle it occurs as the sleep disorder non 24 hour sleep wake disorder or artificially as part of experiments used in the study of cir  c  adi  an and other rhy  th  ms in biology study subjects are shiel  ded from all time cu  es often by a constant light protocol by a constant dark protocol or by the use of light dark conditions to which the organism cannot entr  ain such as the ultr  ash  or  t protocol of one hour dark and two hours light also limited amounts of food may be made available at short intervals so as to avoid entr  ain  ment to me  al  times subjects are thus forced to live by their internal cir  c  adi  an c  locks
in telecommunication free space path loss f  sp  l is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line of sight path through free space usually air with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diff  r  action it is defined in standard definitions of terms for anten  nas i  ee  e st  d 145 1983 as the loss between two iso  tropic radi  ators in free space expressed as a power ratio usually it is expressed in db although the i  ee  e standard does not say that so it assumes that the antenna gain is a power ratio of 1 0 or 0 db it does not include any loss associated with hardware imperfections or the effects of any antenna gains a discussion of these losses may be found in the article on link budget the f  sp  l is rarely used stand  alone but rather as a part of the fri  is transmission equation which includes the gain of anten  nas
in economics free entry is a condition in which firms can freely enter the market for an economic good by establishing production and beginning to sell the product in most markets this condition is present only in the long run free entry is part of the perfect competition assumption that there are an unlimited number of buyers and sellers in a market in conditions in which there is not a natural monopoly caused by unlimited economies of scale free entry prevents any existing firm from maintaining a monopoly which would restrict output and charge a higher price than a multi firm market would free entry is usually accompanied by free exit under which condition firms that are incurring losses such as would happen if there are too many firms producing the product so that each is producing too little to be at its minimum efficient scale can readily leave the market however ex  iting a market may involve abandonment costs
free variation in lingu  is  tics is the phenomenon of two or more sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers
free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action it is closely linked to the concepts of responsibility praise guilt sin and other judgments which apply only to actions that are freely chosen it is also connected with the concepts of advice persuasion deliberation and prohibition traditionally only actions that are freely will  ed are seen as deserving credit or blame there are numerous different concerns about threats to the possibility of free will varying by how exactly it is conceived which is a matter of some debate some conceive free will to be the capacity to make choices in which the outcome has not been determined by past events deter  minis  m suggests that only one course of events is possible which is inconsistent with the existence of such free will this problem has been identified in ancient greek philosophy and remains a major focus of philosophical debate this view that concei  ves free will to be incompatible with deter  minis  m is called incompati  bil  ism and encompasses both metaph  ys  ical liber  tari  anism the claim that deter  minis  m is false and thus free will is at least possible and hard deter  minis  m the claim that deter  minis  m is true and thus free will is not possible it also encompasses hard incompati  bil  ism which holds not only deter  minis  m but also its ne  gation to be incompatible with free will and thus free will to be impossible whatever the case may be regarding deter  minis  m in contrast compati  bil  ists hold that free will is compatible with deter  minis  m some compati  bil  ists even hold that deter  minis  m is necessary for free will arguing that choice involves preference for one course of action over another requiring a sense of how choices will turn out compati  bil  ists thus consider the debate between liber  tari  ans and hard deter  minis  ts over free will vs deter  minis  m a false dilemma different compati  bil  ists offer very different definitions of what free will even means and consequently find different types of constraints to be relevant to the issue classical compati  bl  ists considered free will nothing more than freedom of action considering one free of will simply if had one counter  factually wanted to do otherwise one could have done otherwise without physical impediment contemporary compati  bil  ists instead identify free will as a psychological capacity such as to direct one s behavior in a way responsive to reason and there are still further different conceptions of free will each with their own concerns sharing only the common feature of not finding the possibility of deter  minis  m a threat to the possibility of free will
fre  eman – sheldon syndrome f  ss also termed dis  tal ar  thro  gry  pos  is type 2 a da 2 a cran  io  car  po  tar  sal dys  pl  asia or dy  stro  phy cran  io car  po tar  sal syndrome wind  mill v  ane hand syndrome or whist  ling face syndrome was originally described by fre  eman and sheldon in 1938 fre  eman – sheldon syndrome is a rare form of multiple con  genital contrac  ture mc  c syndro  mes ar  thro  gry  poses and is the most severe form of dis  tal ar  thro  gry  pos  is da
freezer burn is a condition that occurs when frozen food has been damaged by dehydr  ation and oxid  ation due to air reaching the food it is generally caused by food not being securely wrapped in air tight packaging freezer burn appears as gray  ish brown lea  ther  y spots on frozen food and occurs when air reaches the food s surface and dri  es the product color changes result from chemical changes in the food s pig  ment freezer burn does not make the food unsafe it merely causes dry spots in foods provided that the freezer burns are removed before cooking the food remains usable and edible
freezing behavior or the freeze response is a reaction to specific stimul  i most commonly observed in prey animals when a prey animal has been caught and completely overcome by the predat  or it may still be possible for the prey to escape by fe  ign  ing death so that the predat  or stops the attack studies typically assess a conditioned freezing behavior response to stimul  i that typically or in  n  ately do not cause fear such as a tone or shock freezing behavior is most easily characterized by changes in blood pressure and lengths of time in c  rou  ching position but it also is known to cause changes such as short  ness of breath increased heart rate swe  ating or choking sensation however since it is difficult to measure these sympathetic responses to fear stimul  i studies are typically confined to simple c  rou  ching times a response to stimul  i typically is said to be a fight or flight but is more completely described as fight flight or freeze in addition freezing is observed to occur before or after a fight or flight response
the f  regol  i delusion or the delusion of dou  bles is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delu  sional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes appearance or is in disguise the syndrome may be related to a brain le  sion and is often of a paranoid nature with the delu  sional person believing themselves persecuted by the person they believe is in disguise a person with the f  regol  i delusion can also in  accurately recall places objects and events this disorder can be explained by associ  ative no  des the associ  ative no  des serve as a biological link of information about other people with a particular familiar face to the patient this means that for any face that is similar to a recogniz  able face to the patient the patient will recall that face as the person they know the f  regol  i delusion is classed both as a mono  thematic delusion since it only encompasses one delu  sional topic and as a delu  sional mis  identification syndrome d  ms a class of delu  sional beliefs that involves mis  identifying people places or objects like cap  gr  as delusion psychiat  rists believe it is related to a breakdown in normal face perception
fre  i  berg disease also known as a fre  i  berg infr  action is a form of av  ascular necro  sis in the met  at  ar  sal it generally develops in the second met  at  ar  sal but can occur in any met  at  ar  sal physical stress causes repeated micro  fractu  res where the middle of the met  at  ar  sal meets the growth plate these restrict circulation to the end of the met  at  ar  sal causing the necro  sis it is an un  common condition occurring most often in young women athletes and those with abnormally long met  at  ar  s  als approximately 80 of those diagnosed are women initial treatment is generally 4 – 6 weeks of limited activity often with cru  tches or orth  o  tics in rare cases surgery is necessary to reduce the bone mass of the met  at  ar  sal the condition was first described by dr alfred h fre  i  berg in 1914 he initially thought the condition was caused by acute physical trauma which is why it was initially called an infr  action
fre  mit  us is a vibration transmitted through the body in common medical usage it usually refers to assessment of the lungs by either the vibration intensity felt on the chest wall t  acti  le fre  mit  us and or heard by a st  eth  o  scope on the chest wall with certain spoken words vocal fre  mit  us although there are several other types
french migration to the united kingdom is a phenomenon that has occurred at various points in history the norman conquest of england by william the conqu  er  or in 10  66 resulted in the arrival of french aristo  cracy while in the 16 th and 17 th centuries protestant hu  gu  en  ots fled religious persecution to east london other waves but less likely to have put down permanent roots are associated with mon  as  ticism particularly post conquest bene  dict  ines and cis  ter  ci  ans aristo  cracy fleeing the french revolution expulsion of religious orders by third republic france and current economic migrants seeking employment opportunities not necessarily open to their british counterparts in france the 2011 uk census recorded 137 8  62 french born people living in the uk almost half of these were resident in the capital london many more british people have french ance  stry french remains the foreign language most learned by brit  ons it has traditionally been spoken as a second language by the country s educated classes and its popularity is reinforced by the close geographical proximity between great britain and france
french school holidays are the periods when schools in france and all the pupils in them have a holiday the dates are fixed nationally by the ministry of education for a period of three years holiday dates are given as a saturday date after classes as some schools have lessons on saturday mor  nings and return on a monday morning the fixed dates can lead to over crowding in tourist resor  ts such as the mediterranean coast and the ski resor  ts and price increases and availability problems in travel and accommod  ations to alleviate this problem holiday schedules for the winter and spring holidays in february and april respectively are staggered by dividing the country into three zones nevertheless the synchron  ized school holiday schedules still cause some crowding effects as families head to popular holiday locations especially in the summer at the beginning and end of the months in july and august when the traffic jams are a regular feature of the news bullet  ins
a fren  kel defect is a type of defect in cryst  alline soli  ds where  in an atom is displaced from its lat  tice position to an inter  sti  tial site creating a vacancy at the original site and an inter  sti  tial defect at the new location within the same element without any changes in chemical properties
fren  ul  ec  tomy of the penis is a surgical procedure for cutting and removal of the fren  ul  um of pre  pu  ce of penis to correct a condition known as fren  ul  um bre  ve this condition prevents the full re  traction of the fores  kin with or without an er  ection it is a simple and normally pain  less procedure that is performed in a u  ro  logist s office first the physician applies a local an  esthetic such as li  doc  aine pri  loc  aine cream on the fren  ul  um and surrounding area in half hour he checks to see if the patient has any feeling there if not he proceeds with the procedure otherwise he may recommend that it be performed in a hospital with stronger an  esthesia once the fren  ul  um is cut the physician applies sti  tches to close the wound the patient is given a prescription for pain killers to take in case there is pain afterwards but usually the only discomfort is from the pric  king of the sti  tches on the fores  kin once the sti  tches are removed in about a week normal sexual activity can resume
fren  ul  op  la  sty is the surgical alteration of a fren  ul  um when its presence restricts range of motion between interconnected tissues two of the common sites for a fren  ul  op  la  sty are fren  ul  op  la  sty of tongue fren  ul  op  la  sty of pre  pu  ce of penis
fren  ul  um bre  ve or short fren  ul  um is a condition in which the fren  ul  um of the penis which is an elastic band of tissue under the gl  ans penis that connects to the fores  kin and helps contract it over the gl  ans is too short and thus restricts the movement of the fores  kin the fren  ul  um should normally be sufficiently long and sup  ple to allow for the full re  traction of the fores  kin so that it lies smoothly back on the shaft of the er  ect penis the pen  ile fren  ul  um is comparable to the tongue s fren  ul  um between the tongue s lower surface and the lower jaw or the fren  ul  um between the upper lip and the outside of the upper gum
frequency ag  ility is the ability of a radar system to quickly shift its operating frequency to account for atmospheric effects jam  ming mutual interference with friendly sources or to make it more difficult to locate the radar broadcaster through radio direction finding the term can also be applied to other fields including las  ers or traditional radio trans  ce  i  vers using frequency division multi  plex  ing but it remains most closely associated with the radar field and these other roles generally use the more generic term frequency hopping
in computer science frequent sub  tree mining is the problem of finding all patterns in a given database whose support a metric related to its number of occurrences in other sub  trees is over a given threshold it is a more general form of the maximum agreement sub  tree problem
a fre  u  dian slip also called par  ap  ra  x  is is an error in speech memory or physical action that is interpreted as occurring due to the interference of an unconscious subdu  ed wish or internal train of thought the concept is part of classical psycho  analysis classical examples of par  ap  ra  xes involve slips of the tongue and of the pen but psycho  analy  tic theory also embraces mis  readings mis  hearings temporary for  ge  tt  ings and the mis  laying and losing of objects
fre  y s syndrome also known as bail  larger ’ s syndrome du  puy ’ s syndrome aur  icul  o  temporal syndrome or fre  y bail  larger syndrome is a rare neuro  logical disorder resulting from damage to or near the par  o  ti  d g  lands responsible for making sali  va and from damage to the aur  icul  o  temporal nerve often from surgery the symptoms of fre  y s syndrome are red  ness and swe  ating on the cheek area adjacent to the ear see focal hyper  hi  dro  sis they can appear when the affected person eats sees dreams thinks about or talks about certain kinds of food which produce strong sali  vation observing swe  ating in the region after eating a lemon wedge may be diagnostic
friction bl  is  ters are a skin condition that may occur at sites of combined pressure and friction and may be enhanced by heat moisture or cotton socks friction bl  is  ters are characterized by ves  ic  les or bul  la  e
in fluid flow friction loss or skin friction is the loss of pressure or “ head ” that occurs in pipe or duc  t flow due to the effect of the fluid s vis  cos  ity near the surface of the pipe or duc  t in mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines the term refers to the power lost in overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces a different phenomenon
the fried  länder synthesis is a chemical reaction of 2 amin  ob  en  zal  de  hy  des with ke  tones to form quin  oline derivatives it is named after german chem  ist paul fried  länder 18  57 – 19  23 the fried  länder synthesis this reaction has been cataly  zed by tri  fluoro  acetic acid t  olu  en  es  ul  fon  ic acid i  od  ine and lewis acids several reviews have been published
the friedman – savage utility function is the utility function post  ulated in the theory that milton friedman and leonard j savage put forth in their 1948 paper they argued that the cur  v  ature of an individual s utility function differs based upon the amount of wealth the individual has this vari  ably cur  ving utility function would thereby explain why an individual is risk loving when he has more wealth e g by playing the lottery and risk aver  se when he is poorer e g by buying insurance the function has been used widely including in the field of economic history to explain why social gambling did not necessarily mean that society had gone gambling mad
fried  reich s at  ax  ia is an auto  som  al rec  essive inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system it manifests in initial symptoms of poor coordination such as ga  it disturbance it can also lead to sco  li  osis heart disease and diabetes but does not affect cognitive function the disease progres  ses until a wheelchair is required for mobility its incidence in the general population is roughly 1 in 50 000 the particular genetic mutation expansion of an int  ronic ga  a tri  p  let repeat in the f  x  n gene leads to reduced expression of the mit  och  on  dri  al protein fr  at  ax  in over time this deficiency causes the aforementioned damage as well as frequent fatigue due to effects on cellular metabol  ism the at  ax  ia of fried  reich s at  ax  ia results from the de  generation of nervous tissue in the spinal cord in particular sensory neurons essential through connections with the cere  bell  um for directing muscle movement of the arms and legs the spinal cord becomes thin  ner and nerve cells lose some of their my  elin she  ath the insulating covering on some nerve cells that helps conduct nerve impul  ses the condition is named after the german physician nikol  aus fried  reich who first described it in the 18  60 s
the friendship paradox is the phenomenon first observed by the socio  logist scott l feld in 1991 that most people have fewer friends than their friends have on average it can be explained as a form of sampling bias in which people with greater numbers of friends have an increased likelihood of being observed among one s own friends in contradiction to this most people believe that they have more friends than their friends have the same observation can be applied more generally to social networks defined by other relations than friendship for instance most people s sexual partners have had on the average a greater number of sexual partners than they have
the fries re  arrangement named for the german chem  ist karl the  ophi  l fries is a re  arrangement reaction of a phen  ol  ic ester to a hydro  xy ar  yl ke  tone by catal  ysis of lewis acids it involves migration of an ac  yl group of phen  ol  ic ester to benzene ring the reaction is orth  o and para selective and one of the two products can be favoured by changing reaction conditions such as temperature and solvent
fri  ese freedom or freedom of the fris  ians fris  ian fr  ys  ke fri  j  heid dutch fri  ese v  rij  heid was the absence of feu  d  alism and ser  f  dom in fris  ia the area that was originally inhabited by the fris  ians historical fris  ia included the modern provinces of fri  es  land and gro  ningen and the area of west fri  es  land in the netherlands and east fri  es  land in germany during the period of fris  ian freedom the area did not have a sovereign lord who owned and administered the land the freedom of the fris  ians developed in the context of ongoing disputes over the rights of local no  bility
fris  son french for shi  ver is a sensation somewhat like shi  vering usually caused by stimul  i it is typically expressed as an overwhelming emotional response combined with pilo  er  ection goo  se  bu  mps stimul  i that produce a response are specific to the individual fris  son is of short duration usually no more than 4 – 5 seconds usually pleas  urable typical stimul  i include loud passages of music and passages that violate some level of musical expectation it has been shown that during fris  son the skin of the lower back fl  exes and shi  vers rise upward and inward from the shoulders up the neck and may extend to the cheeks and scal  p the face may become flush hair fol  lic  les experience pilo  er  ection this frequently occurs in a series of waves moving up the back in rapid succession the fr  iss  oner usually feels the experience as involuntary it has been shown that some experiencing musical fris  son report reduced excitement when under administration of n  alo  x  one an op  io  id recep  tor antagon  ist suggesting musical fris  son gives rise to endo  genous op  io  id pep  ti  des similar to other pleas  urable experiences fris  son may be enhanced by the am  pl  itude of the music and the temperature of the environment cool listening rooms and movie theat  ers may enhance the experience
the fr  it  sch – but  ten  berg – wi  ech  ell re  arrangement named for paul ern  st mor  itz fr  it  sch 1859 – 19  13 wil  helm paul but  ten  berg and hein  rich g wi  ech  ell is a chemical reaction whereby a 1 1 di  ar  yl 2 bro  mo al  k  ene re  arrang  es to a 1 2 di  ar  yl al  ky  ne by reaction with a strong base such as an al  ko  x  ide the fr  it  sch but  ten  berg wi  ech  ell re  arrangement this re  arrangement is also possible with al  ky  l substitu  ents
frog skin is a battle  dress cam  ou  fl  age pattern with mo  ttle and disruptive color  ation to blend into the environment similar to a frog s cry  p  sis skin
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the fro  gh  emo  th is a type of aberr  ation
fro  in s syndrome – coexistence of x  anth  och  ro  mia high protein level and marked co  ag  ulation of cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf it is caused by men  ing  e  al irritation e g during spinal men  ing  i  tis and c  sf flow block  age by tum  our mass or abs  c  ess stagnation of the c  sf within the th  ec  al s  ac facilitates ex  ud  ation from the tum  our itself and activation of co  ag  ulation factors clinical test formerly used for evaluation of spinal sten  osis was quec  ken  stedt s maneuver nowadays an magnetic resonance imaging is applied it often shows the prolongation of t 1 and t 2 signal in c  sf c  aud  al to a level of block phenomenon named after georg  es fro  in 18  74 – 19  32 a french physician who first described it
frontal lo  be disorder is an impairment of the frontal lo  be that occurs due to disease or head trauma the frontal lo  be of the brain plays a key role in higher mental functions such as motivation planning social behaviour and speech production a frontal lo  be syndrome can be caused by a range of conditions including head trauma tum  ours degenerative diseases neuro  surgery and cere  bro  vascular disease frontal lo  be impairment can be detected by recognition of typical clinical signs use of simple screening tests and specialist neuro  logical testing
frontal lo  be epi  le  psy or f  le is a neuro  logical disorder that is characterized by brief recurring seizures that arise in the frontal lob  es of the brain often while the patient is sleeping it is the second most common type of epi  le  psy after temporal lo  be epi  le  psy tle and is related to the temporal form by the fact that both forms are characterized by the occurrence of partial focal seizures partial seizures occurring in the frontal lob  es can occur in one of two different forms either simple partial seizures that do not affect awareness or memory or complex partial seizures that affect awareness or memory either before during or after a seizure the symptoms and clinical manifestations of frontal lo  be epi  le  psy can differ depending on which specific area of the frontal lo  be is affected the onset of a seizure may be hard to detect since the frontal lob  es contain and regulate many structures and functions about which relatively little is known due to the lack of knowledge surrounding the functions associated with the frontal lob  es seizures occurring in these regions of the brain may produce unusual symptoms which can often be mis  diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder non epi  le  ptic seizure or a sleep disorder during the onset of a seizure the patient may exhibit abnormal body posturing sens  or  im  o  tor tics or other ab  norm  alities in motor skills in some cases uncontrollable laughing or crying may occur during a seizure afflicted persons may or may not be aware that they are behaving in an abnormal manner depending on the patient and type of seizure a brief period of confusion known as a pos  tic  tal state may sometimes follow a seizure occurring in the frontal lob  es however these pos  tic  tal states are often un  detec  table and generally do not last as long as the periods of confusion following seizures that occur in the temporal lob  es there are many different causes of frontal lo  be epi  le  psy ranging from genetics to head trauma that result in le  sions in the frontal lob  es although frontal lo  be epi  le  psy is often mis  diagnosed tests such as prolonged eeg monitoring and or a m  ri scan of the frontal lob  es can be administered in order to reveal the presence of a tumor or vascular mal  formation unlike most epi  le  ptic ee  gs the ab  norm  alities in f  le ee  gs precede the physical onset of the seizure and aid in loc  alization of the seizure s origin medications such as anti epi  le  ptic drugs can typically control the onset of seizures however if medications are ineffective the patient may undergo surgery to have focal areas of the frontal lo  be removed
fron  ton  as  al dys  pl  asia f  nd also known as median cle  ft face syndrome fron  ton  as  al dy  so  sto  sis fron  ton  as  al mal  formation or tes  si  er cle  ft number 0 14 is a con  genital mal  formation of the mid  face for the diagnosis of f  nd a patient should present at least two of the following characteristics hyper  tel  or  ism an increased distance between the eyes a wide nas  al root vertical mid  line cle  ft of the nose and or upper lip cle  ft of the wings of the nose mal  formed nas  al tip encephal  oce  le an opening of the skull with pro  tru  sion of the brain or v shaped hair pattern on the fore  head the cause of f  nd remains unknown f  nd seems to be spor  adic random and multiple environmental factors are suggested as possible causes for the syndrome however in some families multiple cases of f  nd were reported which suggests a genetic cause of f  nd
fron  to  temporal dementia ft  d is the clinical presentation of fron  to  temporal lob  ar de  generation which is characterized by progressive neuro  nal loss predominantly involving the frontal and or temporal lob  es and typical loss of over 70 of spin  dle neurons while other ne  uron types remain intact it was first described by arnold pick in 18  92 and was originally called pick s disease a term now reserved for pick disease one specific type of fron  to  temporal dementia second only to alzheimer s disease ad in prevalence ft  d accounts for 20 of young onset dementia cases signs and symptoms typically manifest in late adul  thood more commonly between the ages of 55 and 65 approximately equally affecting men and women common signs and symptoms include significant changes in social and personal behavior apathy bl  unting of emotions and deficits in both expres  sive and receptive language currently there is no cure for ft  d but there are treatments that help alleviate symptoms
fron  to  temporal dementia and par  k  ins  on  ism linked to chro  mo  some 17 ft  dp 17 is an auto  som  al dominant neuro  degenerative disorder and par  kinson plus syndrome which has three cardinal features behavioral and personality changes cognitive impairment and motor symptoms ft  dp 17 was defined during the international consensus conference in ann ar  bor michigan in 1996
fron  to  temporal lob  ar de  generation ft  ld is a pathological process that occurs in fron  to  temporal dementia it is characterized by atro  phy in the frontal lo  be and temporal lo  be of the brain with spar  ing of the par  ie  tal and oc  ci  p  ital lob  es common prote  in  opath  ies that are found in ft  ld include the accumulation of ta  u proteins and tar  d  b  ps mutations in the c 9 or  f 72 gene have been established as a major genetic contribution of ft  ld although defects in the gr  n and map  t genes are also associated with it
fro  st  bite or cold burn is the medical condition in which loc  alized damage is caused to skin and other tissues due to freezing fro  st  bite is most likely to happen in body parts far  thest from the heart and those with large exposed areas the initial stages of fro  st  bite are sometimes called fro  st  nip
fro  sting is a decorative effect named after its resemblance to the appearance of frost it involves making very small marks in a surface so that it appears matt rather than polis  hed and in glass opaque rather than op  tically transparent it is often used for glass for ba  thro  oms and toi  lets but may be used on many materials and created by many processes
in fructose bis  phosp  hat  ase deficiency there is not enough fructose bis  phosp  hat  ase for glu  con  e  o  genesis to occur correctly gly  col  ysis the breakdown of glucose will still work as it does not use this enzyme
fructose mal  absorption formerly named dietary fructose intolerance d  fi is a dig  estive disorder in which absorption of fructose is impaired by deficient fructose carriers in the small intest  ine s enter  oc  y  tes this results in an increased concentration of fructose in the entire intest  ine occurrence in patients identified to be suffering symptoms of irrit  able bo  wel syndrome is not higher than occurrence in the normal population however due to the similarity in symptoms patients with fructose mal  absorption often fit the profile of those with irrit  able bo  wel syndrome in some cases fructose mal  absorption may be caused by several diseases which cause an intest  inal damage such as ce  li  ac disease fructose mal  absorption is not to be confused with hereditary fructose intolerance a potentially fatal condition in which the liver enzymes that break up fructose are deficient
a fruit allergy is a food allergy fruit allergies make up about ten percent of all food related allergies
the fru  ta del nor  te deposit is the largest gold deposits in ecuador and a world class discovery the deposit is located in the south east of the country in zam  ora chin  chi  pe province details of the deposit can be found at originally named by bart wilson who worked with a regional team led by hend  rik sch  lo  emann and initiated by keith bar  ron of au  reli  an resources f  dn was one of many anomalies that resulted from this regional program steve le  ary au  reli  an project manager later looked at the work done and was responsible for drilling the first successful hole on the target au  reli  an experienced a stock explosion once the preliminary findings were announced the company was taken over by kin  ross all exploration in the country was soon halted by ecu  ad  orian presidential decree kin  ross negotiated un  successfully for a number of years with the government and in 2014 sold the project to lund  in gold inc
fr  y  ns syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive multiple con  genital anomaly syndrome that is usually lethal in the ne  on  atal period fr  y  ns 1987 reviewed the syndrome
fu  ch  s dy  stro  phy pronounced fo  oks dis tr  ə fe also known as fu  ch  s cor  ne  al endo  the  li  al dy  stro  phy or f  ced is a slowly progressing cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy that usually affects both eyes and is slightly more common in women than in men although doctors can often see early signs of fu  ch  s dy  stro  phy in people in their 30 s and 40 s the disease rarely affects vision until people reach their 50 s and 60 s the condition was first described by austrian oph  thal  mo  logist ern  st fu  ch  s 18  51 – 1930 after whom it is named in 19  10 fu  ch  s first reported 13 cases of central cor  ne  al clou  ding loss of cor  ne  al sensation and the formation of epi  the  li  al bul  la  e which he labeled ‘ dy  stro  phia epi  the  li  alis cor  ne  ae ’ it was characterized by late onset slow progression decreased visual acu  ity in the morning lack of infl  amm  ation diffuse cor  ne  al op  acity intense centrally and rough  ened epi  the  lium with ves  ic  le like features a shift to the understanding of fu  ch  s ’ cor  ne  al endo  the  li  al dy  stro  phy f  ced as primarily a disease of the cor  ne  al endo  the  lium resulted after a number of observations in the 1920 s crystal like features of the endo  the  lium were noted by kr  au  pa in 1920 who suggested that the epi  the  li  al changes were dependent on the endo  the  lium using a sli  t lamp vo  gt described the exc  res  c  ences associated with f  cd as drop like in appearance in 19  21 in 19  24 graves then provided an extremely detailed explanation of the endo  the  li  al elev  ations visible with sli  t lamp biom  ic  ro  sco  py a patient with unilateral epi  the  li  al dy  stro  phy and bilateral endo  the  li  al changes was described by the fried  en  wal  ds in 19  25 subsequent involvement of the second eye led them to emphasize that endo  the  li  al changes preceded epi  the  li  al changes as only a sub  set of patients with endo  the  li  al changes proceeded to epi  the  li  al involvement graves stated on 19 october 19  25 to the new york academy of medicine that “ fu  ch  s ’ epi  the  li  al dy  stro  phy may be a very late sequ  el to sever  er cases of the deeper affection ”
the fu  ch  s spot or sometimes for  ster fu  ch  s re  tin  al spot is a de  generation of the mac  ula in case of high myop  ia it is named after the two persons who first described it ern  st fu  ch  s who described a pi  gm  ented le  sion in 19  01 and for  ster who described sub  re  tin  al ne  ov  as  cul  arisation in 18  62 the size of the spots are proportionate to the severity of the pathological myop  ia
fu  co  sid  osis is a rare ly  so  som  al storage disorder in which the fuc  a 1 gene experiences mutations that severely reduce or stop the activity of the alpha l fu  co  sid  ase enzyme the result is a buil  dup of complex sugars in parts of the body which leads to death fu  co  sid  osis is one of nine identified gly  co  protein storage diseases the gene en  coding the alpha fu  co  sid  ase fuc  a 1 was found to be located to the short arm of chro  mo  some 1 p 36 p 34 by carr  it and co workers in 1982
a fuel element failure is a rupture in a nuclear reactor s fuel cl  adding that allows the nuclear fuel or fis  sion products either in the form of dissolved radio  isotop  es or hot particles to enter the reactor cool  ant or storage water the de facto standard nuclear fuel is uranium dioxide or a mixed uranium plutonium dioxide this has a higher melting point than the ac  tini  de metals uranium dioxide res  ists corro  sion in water and provides a stable matrix for many of the fis  sion products however to prevent fis  sion products such as the noble gases from leaving the uranium dioxide matrix and entering the cool  ant the pel  lets of fuel are normally en  c  ased in tubes of a corro  sion resistant metal alloy normally z  ir  cal  oy for water cool  ed reactors those elements are then assembled into bund  les to allow good handling and cooling as the fuel fis  sions the radioactive fis  sion products are also contained by the cl  adding and the entire fuel element can then be disposed of as nuclear waste when the reactor is refu  eled if however the cl  adding is damaged those fis  sion products which are not im  mobile in the uranium dioxide matrix can enter the reactor cool  ant or storage water and can be carried out of the core into the rest of the primary cooling circuit increasing contamination levels there in the eu some work has been done in which fuel is over  heated in a special research reactor named p  he  bus during these experiments the emissions of radioactivity from the fuel are measured and afterwards the fuel is subjected to post irradiation examination pie to discover more about what happened to it it can be seen that the fuel has failed mechanically and has formed a pool near the bottom of the bundle the bottom of the bundle did not melt
fuel starvation and fuel exhaustion sometimes referred to as fuel depletion are problems that can affect internal combustion engines fuelled by either diesel kerosene petroleum or any other combustible liquid or gas if no fuel is available for an engine to burn it cannot function all modes of transport powered by such engines can be affected by this problem but the consequences are most significant when it occurs to aircraft in flight
fu  gue is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function submitted by ibm to the n  ist has  h function competition it was designed by sha  i hal  ev  i william e hall and char  anj  it s ju  t  la fu  gue takes an arbitrary length message and com  presses it down to a fixed bit length either 224 256 384 or 512 bits the has  h functions for the different output lengths are called fu  gue 224 fu  gue 256 fu  gue 384 and fu  gue 512 the authors also describe a parame  tri  zed version of fu  gue a weak version of fu  gue 256 is also described using this parame  ter  ized version the selling point of fu  gue is the authors claimed proof that a wide range of current attack strategies based on differential cry  pt  analysis cannot be efficient against fu  gue it is also claimed to be competitive with the n  ist has  h function sha 256 in both software and hardware efficiency achieving up to 36 2 cycles per by  te on an intel family 6 model 15 x  e  on 5  150 and up to 25 cycles per by  te on an intel core 2 processor t 7  700 on 45 nm core 2 processors e g t 9  400 fu  gue 256 runs at 16 cycles per by  te using s  se 4 1 instructions on the newer west  mere architec  tures 32 nm e g core i 5 fu  gue 256 runs at 14 cycles by  te fu  gue s design starts from the has  h function gr  ind  ah  l and like gr  ind  ah  l uses the s box from aes but it replaces the 4 × 4 column mixing matrix with a 16 × 16 super mix operation which greatly improves diffusion the super mix operation is however only slightly more compu  t  ationally expensive to implement than the aes mixing strategy
dissoci  ative fu  gue formerly fu  gue state or psycho  genic fu  gue is a dsm 5 dissoci  ative disorder it is a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity including the memories personality and other identifying characteristics of individu  ality the state is usually short lived ranging from hours to days but can last months or longer dissoci  ative fu  gue usually involves un  planned travel or wandering and is sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity it is no longer its own classification or diagnosis as it was in the dsm iv but is now a fac  et of dissoci  ative amnesia according to the dsm 5 after recovery from fu  gue previous memories usually return intact because of this there is not normally any treatment necessary for people who have been in fu  gue states additionally an episode of fu  gue is not characterized as attributable to a psychiatric disorder if it can be related to the ing  estion of psychotropic substances to physical trauma to a general medical condition or to other psychiatric conditions such as dissoci  ative identity disorder deli  ri  um or dementia fu  gues are usually precipit  ated by a stressful episode and upon recovery there may be amnesia for the original stres  sor dissoci  ative amnesia
the fujim  oto – bel  le  au reaction is a chemical reaction that forms cyclic α substituted α β un  saturated ke  tones from en  ol lac  tones the reaction is named after the two chem  ists george i fujim  oto and bernard bel  le  au the fujim  oto bel  le  au reaction the reaction is a gri  gn  ard reaction followed by a h shift an en  ol ke  to tau  tom  er  isation and an al  do  l addition reaction the last step is an elimination al  do  l condens  ation reaction with an e 1 cb mechanism mechanism of the reaction
in mathematics fu  j  ita s con  jec  ture is a problem in the theories of al  ge  bra  ic geometry and complex mani  fol  ds unsolved as of 2013 it is named after tak  ao fu  j  ita who formulated it in 1985 in complex mani  fold theory the con  jec  ture states that for a positive holo  morph  ic line bundle l on a compact complex mani  fold m with can  on  ical line bundle k then lm  k is sp  ann  ed by sections when m ≥ n 1 and is very ample when m ≥ n 2 where n is the complex dimension of m
in taiwan fu  kan chinese 副  刊 pin  yin f  ù  k  ā  n pe  ̍  h ō  e j  ī h  ù khan are literary supplements in newspapers
in compu  tational chemistry the fuku  i function or frontier function is a function that describes the electr  on density in a frontier orb  ital as a result of a small change in the total number of electron  s the condens  ed fuku  i function or condens  ed re  activity indicator is the same idea but applied to an atom within a mol  ecu  le rather than a point in three dimensional space the fuku  i function allows one to predict using density functional theory where the most electro  phil  ic and nucle  oph  il  ic sites of a mol  ecu  le are
fuku  y  ama con  genital muscular dy  stro  phy f  c  md is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive form of muscular dy  stro  phy weakness and breakdown of muscular tissue mainly described in japan but also identified in turkish and ash  ken  az  i jewish patients fifteen cases were first described on 1960 by fuku  y  ama f  c  md mainly affects the brain eyes and muscles in particular the disorder affects development of the sk  el  etal muscles leading to weakness and de  formed appearances and brain development is bl  unted affecting cognitive functioning as well as social skills in 1995 the disorder was linked to mutations in a gene coding for the protein fuku  tin the f  c  md gene fuku  y  ama con  genital muscular dy  stro  phy is the second most prevalent form of muscular dy  stro  phy in japan one out of every 90 people in japan is a hetero  zy  g  ous carrier
the fuku  y  ama coupling is a coupling reaction taking place between a thi  o  ester and an organ  oz  inc hali  de in the presence of a p  all  adi  um catalyst the reaction product is a ke  tone this reaction was discovered by to  h  ru fuku  y  ama et al in 1998 advantages are high chem  o  selectivity mild reaction conditions and the use of less toxic reagents fuku  y  ama coupling one advantage of this method is that the reaction stops at the ke  tone and does not proceed to a tertiary alcohol in addition the protocol is compatible with functional groups such as ke  tones acet  ates sul  fi  des aromatic bromi  des chl  ori  des and alde  hy  des original fuku  y  ama 1998 reaction the reaction interrupted has been used in the synthesis of bio  tin bio  tin total synthesis this reaction was preceded by the concep  tually related fuku  y  ama reduction
the fuku  y  ama in  do  le synthesis is a vers  ati  le tin medi  ated chemical reaction that results in the formation of 2 3 dis  u  b  stitu  ted ind  oles a practical one pot reaction that can be useful for the creation of dis  u  b  stitu  ted ind  oles most commonly tribu  ty  l  tin hy  dri  de is utilized as the reducing agent with az  ob  is  iso  bu  ty  ron  it  ri  le ai  bn as a radical initi  ator tri  ethyl  bor  ane can also be used as a radical initi  ator the reaction can begin with either an o is  oc  yan  o  sty  rene or a 2 al  ken  yl  thi  o  an  ili  de derivative both forming the in  do  le through radical cy  cli  zation via an alpha stan  no  im  ido  yl radical the r group can be a range of both basic and ac  id  ic sensitive functional groups such as esters th  p e  thers and beta lact  ams in addition the reaction is not stere  o specific in that both the cis and trans iso  form can be used to obtain the desired product fuku  y  ama in  do  le synthesis with either starting material
the fuku  y  ama reduction is an organic reaction and an organic reduction in which a thi  o  ester is reduced to an alde  hyde by a sil  yl hy  dri  de in presence of a catalytic amount of p  all  adi  um this reaction was invented in 1990 by to  h  ru fuku  y  ama in the original scope of the reaction the sil  yl hy  dri  de was tri  ethyl  si  lane and the catalyst p  all  adi  um on carbon the fuku  y  ama reduction fuku  y  ama reductions are used for the conversion of car  box  yl  ic acids as thi  o  ester precursor to alde  hy  des which is considered a difficult procedure because of the ease of secondary reduction to an alcohol
full spectrum light is light that covers the electromagnetic spectrum from infra  red to near ultra  violet or all wa  vel  eng  ths that are useful to plant or animal life in particular sunlight is considered full spectrum even though the solar spectr  al distribution reaching earth changes with time of day latitude and atmospheric conditions full spectrum is not a technical term when applied to an electrical light bul  b but rather a marketing term implying that the product emul  ates natural light products marketed as full spectrum may produce light throughout the entire spectrum but actually do not produce an even spectr  al distribution and may not even differ substantially from lights not marketed as full spectrum
fu  mar  ase deficiency or fu  mar  ic ac  id  ur  ia also known as poly  gam  ist down s is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme fu  mar  ate hydr  at  ase which is indicated by a buil  dup of fu  mar  ic acid in the urine
in mathematical analysis and applications in geometry applied mathematics engineering and natural sciences a function of a real variable is a function whose domain is the real numbers ℝ more specifically the sub  set of ℝ for which the function is defined the output also called the value of the function could be anything simple examples include a single real number or a vector of real numbers the function is vector valued vector valued functions of a single real variable occur widely in applied mathematics and physics particularly in classical mechanics of particles as well as phase paths of dynam  ical systems but we could also have a matrix of real numbers as the output the function is matrix valued and so on the output could also be other number fields such as complex numbers qu  ater  n  ions or even more exotic hyper  complex numbers
in mathematical analysis and applications in geometry applied mathematics engineering natural sciences and economics a function of several real variables or real multi  vari  ate function is a function with more than one argument with all arguments being real variables this concept extends the idea of a function of a real variable to several variables the input variables take real values while the output also called the value of the function may be real or complex however the study of the complex valued functions may be easily reduced to the study of the real valued functions by considering the real and imaginary parts of the complex function therefore unless explicitly specified only real valued functions will be considered in this article the domain of a function of several variables is the sub  set of ℝ  n for which the function is defined as usual the domain of a function of several real variables is supposed to contain an open sub  set of ℝ  n
in some programming languages function over  loading or method over  loading is the ability to create multiple methods of the same name with different implement  ations calls to an overloaded function will run a specific implementation of that function appropriate to the context of the call allowing one function call to perform different tasks depending on context for example do  task and do  task object o are overloaded methods to call the latter an object must be passed as a parameter whereas the former does not require a parameter and is called with an empty parameter field a common error would be to assign a default value to the object in the second method which would result in an ambiguous call error as the comp  iler wouldn t know which of the two methods to use another appropriate example would be a print object o method in this case one might like the method to be different when printing for example text or pictures the two different methods may be overloaded as print text object t print image object p if we write the overloaded print methods for all objects our program will print we never have to worry about the type of the object and the correct function call again the call is always print something
in compu  tational complexity theory a function problem is a compu  tational problem where a single output of a total function is expected for every input but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem that is it isn t just yes or no
functional dis  connection is the dis  integrated function in the brain in the absence of anatom  ical damage in distinction to physical dis  connection of the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es by surgical res  ection trauma or le  sion the concept was first coined by ger  ry leis  man and s  ro  ka sol  si and bor  n  stein applications have included alex  ia without ag  rap  hia dys  l  ex  ia persistent vegetative state and minim  ally conscious state as well as au  tis  tic spectrum disorders functional dis  connection is not a medic  ally recognized condition
a functional disorder is a medical condition that imp  airs the normal function of a bodily process but where every part of the body looks completely normal under examination dis  section or even under a micro  scope this stands in contrast to a structural disorder in which some part of the body can be seen to be abnormal or a psycho  som  atic disorder in which symptoms are caused by psychological or psychiatric illness definitions vary somewhat between fields of medicine generally the mechanism that causes a functional disorder is unknown poorly understood or occasionally unimportant for treatment purposes the brain or nerves are often believed to be involved it is common that a person with one functional disorder will have others
functional gastro  intest  inal disorders f  gi  d include a number of separate idi  opathic disorders which affect different parts of the gastro  intest  inal tract and involve vis  cer  al hy  pers  ensi  tivity and impaired gastro  intest  inal mo  ti  lity heightened m  ast cell activation is a common factor among all f  gi  ds that contributes to vis  cer  al hy  pers  ensi  tivity as well as epi  the  li  al neuro  muscular and mo  ti  lity dysfunction
functional neuro  logical symptom disorder f  n  s  d is a condition in which patients experience neuro  logical symptoms such as weakness movement disorders sensory symptoms and black  outs the brain of a patient with functional neuro  logical symptom disorder is structurally normal but functions incorrectly in broad terms there is a problem with the patient s central nervous system which is not sending and receiving signals correctly other terms for functional neuro  logical symptom disorder represent changing ideas and attitudes to these disorders and include functional neuro  logical disorder f  nd conversion disorder and psycho  genic movement disorder non epi  le  ptic seizures the cause of functional neuro  logical disorders is considered to be multi  fac  torial which means many different factors can contribute to the development of the disorder with greater understanding of the brain most diseases including functional neuro  logical disorders should be thought of as having biological psychological and social components the biop  sy  cho  social disease model functional neuro  logical disorders are common in neuro  logical services accounting for up to one third of out  patient neuro  logy clinic attend  ances and associated with as much physical disability and distress as other neuro  logical disorders the diagnosis is made based on positive signs and symptoms in the history and examination during consultation of a neuro  logist see below assessment demonstrates that normal function of the nervous system is possible the best evidence for treatment for functional neuro  logical disorders from recent studies suggest that physi  otherapy and or psychological therapy can both be helpful depending on the individual patient physi  otherapy is particularly helpful for patients with motor symptoms weakness ga  it disorders movement disorders and tailored cognitive behavi  our  al therapy has the best evidence in patients with dissoci  ative non epi  le  ptic attacks
a functional symptom is a medical symptom in an individual which is very broadly conceived as arising from a problem in nervous system functioning and not due to a structural or patho  logically defined disease cause functional symptoms are increasingly viewed within a framework in which psychological physiological and biological factors should be considered to be relevant historically there has often been fierce debate about whether certain problems are predominantly related to an ab  normality of structure disease or function abnormal nervous system functioning and what are at one stage pos  ited to be functional symptoms are sometimes later reclassi  fied as organic as investigative techniques improve thus on finding itself unable to discover effective treatments or physiological causes for symptoms the medical profession in explaining to itself these limitations of its own power over nature is of course subject to a temptation to minimize the explanatory role played by the many gaps in its own current scientific understanding and instead to gro  pe for theories of psycho  som  atic ae  ti  ology to account for the physical symptoms that it cannot otherwise explain and cannot cure to caricature this reasoning i can t cure you you must be mad it is well established that psycho  som  atic symptoms are a real phenomenon so this potential explanation is often plausible not always easily refu  table and can be reassuring at least for the doctor sometimes it is correct for example symptoms associated with migr  aine epi  le  psy schizophrenia multiple sclerosis stomach ul  cers chronic fatigue syndrome ly  me disease and many other conditions have all tended historically at first to be explained largely as physical manifestations of the suffer  er s psychological state of mind until such time as new physiological knowledge is eventually gained at this point a part of the earlier reliance on psychological explanations often evapor  ates taking a long historical view doctors being human there seems little reason to suppose that this historical pattern of eventual cor  re  loc  tion of earlier psychological mis  attribution of symptoms is yet become a thing of the past another specific example is functional con  sti  p  ation which may have psychological or psychiatric causes however one type of apparently functional con  sti  p  ation anis  mus may have a neuro  logical physical basis whilst mis  diagnosis of functional symptoms does occur in neuro  logy for example this appears to occur no more frequently than of other neuro  logical or psychiatric syndro  mes although in order to be quantified mis  diagnosis has to be recognized as such which can be problematic in such a challenging field as medicine a common trend is to see functional symptoms and syndro  mes such as fi  bro  my  al  gia irrit  able bo  wel syndrome and functional neuro  logical symptoms such as functional weakness as symptoms in which both biological and psychological factors are relevant without one necessarily being dominant
functional weakness is weakness of an arm or leg due to the nervous system not working properly it is not caused by damage or disease of the nervous system patients with functional weakness experience symptoms of limb weakness which can be disab  ling and frightening such as problems walking or a ‘ heav  iness ’ down one side dropping things or a feeling that a limb just doesn ’ t feel normal or ‘ part of them ’ functional weakness may also be described as dissoci  ative motor disorder and less help  fully as conversion disorder to the patient and the doctor it often looks as if there has been a stroke or have symptoms of multiple sclerosis however unlike these conditions with functional weakness there is no permanent damage to the nervous system which means that it can get better or even go away completely the diagnosis should usually be made by a consultant neuro  logist so that other neuro  logical causes can be excluded the diagnosis should be made on the basis of positive features in the history and the examination such as ho  over s sign it is dangerous to make the diagnosis simply because tests are normal neuro  logists usually diagnose wrongly about 5 of the time which is the same for many other conditions many patients with functional weakness suffer from not being believed although psychological factors can be important they are not exclusively so and the problem is not made up or imagined patients with functional weakness are as disabled and distressed by their symptoms as patients with multiple sclerosis treatment involves understanding and believing the diagnosis and gradually restoring nervous system function with graded exercise learning how to manage symptoms of fatigue and pain when present and treatment of associated symptoms of worry or low mood if present hypno  sis may also be useful
a functioning tumor is a tumor that is found in endocrine tissue and makes hormones chemicals that travel in the blood  stream and control the actions of other cells or organs
fund  ic g  land poly  pos  is is a medical syndrome where the fun  dus and the body of the stomach develop many poly  ps the condition has been described both in patients with famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is f  ap and attenu  ated variants af  ap and in patients in whom it occurs spor  ad  ically
fun  gal fol  lic  u  li  tis also known as maj  oc  chi gran  ul  oma is a skin condition characterized by a deep pu  st  ular type of tin  ea cir  cin  ata resembling a car  bun  cle or ker  ion
a fun  gal ker  ati  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the eye s cor  ne  a called ker  ati  tis that results from infection by a fun  gal organism ker  atom  y  co  sis is the greek terminology equivalent of fun  gal ker  ati  tis it is the fun  gal infection of the cor  ne  a the an  terior part of the eye which covers the pupil those experiencing these symptoms are typically advised to immediately visit the appropriate ey  ec  are professional
fun  gal men  ing  i  tis refers to men  ing  i  tis caused by a fun  gal infection one form of fun  gal men  ing  i  tis is cry  pto  coc  cal men  ing  i  tis patients treated for cancer or chronic illnesses where treatments and or the disease itself compromise the patient s immune system are particularly vulnerable most common in aids patients cry  pto  coc  cal fun  gal men  ing  i  tis cases have increased globally during the past decade national health data estimates the incidence to be approximately 1 500 cases annually in the u s
fun  gal pneumonia is an infection of the lungs by fun  gi it can be caused by either endemic or opportunistic fun  gi or a combination of both case mortality in fun  gal pneu  mon  ias can be as high as 90 in immun  o  compromised patients though immun  o  competent patients generally respond well to anti fun  gal therapy
fun  gal sin  u  si  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the lining mu  co  sa of the par  an  as  al sin  uses it occurs in people with reduced immunity the max  ill  ary sin  us is the most commonly involved fun  gus responsible are asper  gill  us fum  ig  atus 90 asper  gill  us flav  us and asper  gill  us niger fun  gal sin  u  si  tis occurs most commonly in middle aged populations diabetes mell  it  us is the most common risk factor involved
a fun  gating le  sion is a skin le  sion that fun  gates that is becomes like a fun  gus in its appearance or growth rate it is marked by ul  cer  ations breaks on the skin or surface of an organ and necro  sis death of living tissue and that usually has a bad smell this kind of le  sion may occur in many types of cancer including breast cancer mel  anom  a and squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma and especially in advanced disease the characteristic mal  od  or  ous smell is caused by di  methyl tr  is  ul  fide it is usually not literally a fun  gal infection but rather a ne  op  l  astic growth with necro  sing portions
fun  gem  ia or fun  ga  emia is the presence of fun  gi or ye  asts in the blood the most common type also known as candi  dem  ia can  de  dem  ia or systemic candi  di  asis is caused by candi  da species but infections by other fun  gi including sac  char  om  y  ces asper  gill  us and cry  pto  co  cc  us are also called fun  gem  ia it is most commonly seen in immun  o  suppressed or immun  o  compromised patients with severe neu  tro  pen  ia cancer patients or in patients with intra  ven  ous cathe  ters it has been suggested the otherwise immun  o  competent patients taking inf  li  xim  ab may be at a higher risk for fun  gem  ia diagnosis is difficult as routine blood cultures have poor sensitivity
fun  isi  tis is infl  amm  ation of the connec  tive tissue of the um  bil  ical cord which may cause abortion it is typically preceded by vas  cu  li  tis of the um  bil  ical artery or ve  ins and may be the result of ch  ori  o  am  ni  oni  tis
in dentistry a fur  c  ation defect is bone loss usually a result of period  on  tal disease affecting the base of the root trunk of a tooth where two or more roots meet bi  fur  c  ation or tri  fur  c  ation the extent and configuration of the defect are factors in both diagnosis and treatment planning a tooth with a fur  c  ation defect typically possessed a more diminished prog  no  sis owing to the difficulty of rendering the fur  c  ation area free from period  on  tal pathogens for this reason surgical period  on  tal treatment may be considered to either close the fur  c  ation defect with graf  ting procedures or allow greater access to the fur  c  ation defect for improved oral hygiene
a furn  ace roller can be used in many applications for example in steel manufacturing one common problem is heat loss due to water cooling of roller i e cooling of furn  ace higher power needed new technology has open up an opportunity to save money and down time usage of material that can withstand high temperature oxid  ation
fus  ari  osis is an infection seen in neu  tro  pen  ic patients and is a significant opportunistic pathogen in patients with hem  ato  logic m  align  ancy it is associated with infections with fus  arium species such as fus  arium prolifer  at  um
fus  arium ear b  light also called fe  b fus  arium head b  light f  h  b or sc  ab is a fun  gal disease in plants it is responsible for the most common damaging disease that affects golf course grass
fus  arium patch is a disease in turf grass settings called pink snow mold micro  do  chi  um patch or fus  arium patch micro  do  chi  um ni  val  e is the pathogen that causes this disease in many cool season turf grass species in north america the white pink my  ce  lium on infected leaf bl  ades is a distinguishing characteristic of the micro  do  chi  um ni  val  e pathogen fus  arium patch is considered economically important in the turf grass industry because of its tendency to cause significant injury to golf greens thereby decreasing putting surface quality dis  similar from other snow mol  ds such as gray snow mold micro  do  chi  um ni  val  e does not need snow cover to cause widespread infection
fus  arium wil  t is a common vascular wil  t fun  gal disease exhi  biting symptoms similar to ver  tic  il  lium wil  t the pathogen that causes fus  arium wil  t is fus  arium ox  ys  por  um f ox  ys  por  um the species is further divided into forma speci  alis based on host plant
fus  e  box funk is a powerhouse 6 piece funk hip hop phenomenon ha  iling from jack  son  ville fl fus  e  box funk has thrilled tens of thousands of fans at clubs and festi  vals across the country since their de  but in 2001 featuring a full horn section 3 voc  alists and one of the tigh  test rhythm sections in the region fus  e  box funk is guaranteed to be a stand  out at any venue or festival and can appeal to any type of audience the group features a plethora of talent including gold record artist j dash on keys and voc  als
the f  used grid is a street network pattern first proposed in 2002 and subsequently applied in cal  gary alber  ta 2006 and strat  ford on  tari  o 2004 it represents a synthesis of two well known and extensively used network concepts the grid and the rad  burn pattern derivatives of which are found in most city suburbs both concepts were self conscious attempts to organize urban space for hab  itation the grid was conceived and applied in the pre automotive era of cities starting cir  ca 2000 bc and prevailed until about 1900 ad the rad  burn pattern emerged in 1929 about thirty years following the invention of the internal combustion engine powered automobile and in anticipation of its eventual dominance as a means for mobility and transport both these patterns appear throughout north america f  used refers to a systematic re  combination of the essential characteristics of each of these two network patterns
the f  å  hr  æ  us effect is the decrease in average concentration of red blood cells in human blood as the diameter of the glass tube in which it is flowing decreases in other words in blood vessels with diame  ters less than 500 micro  meters the hem  ato  cr  it decreases with decreasing cap  ill  ary diameter the f  å  hr  æ  us effect definitely influences the f  å  hr  æ  us – lind  qvist effect which describes the dependence of apparent vis  cos  ity of blood on the cap  ill  ary size but the former is not the only cause of the latter
g  apo syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder that causes severe growth retar  dation and has been observed fewer than 30 times before 2011 g  apo is an acron  ym that encompasses the predominant traits of the disorder growth retar  dation al  op  ec  ia pseu  do  an  od  on  tia teeth failing to emerge from the g  ums and worsening op  tic atro  phy in some subjects other common symptoms include premature aging large prominent fore  heads and delayed bone aging g  apo syndrome typically results in premature death around age 30 40 due to inter  sti  tial fi  bro  sis and a  ther  os  clerosis
in molecular biology a g  c box is a distinct pattern of nucle  o  ti  des found in the promoter region of some eu  kar  y  otic genes upstream of the t  ata box and approximately 110 bases upstream from the trans  cription initiation site it has a consensus sequence gg  g  c  gg which is position dependent and orientation independent the g  c elements are bound by trans  cription factors and have similar functions to enhan  cers
the gm 1 gang  li  o  sid  o  ses are caused by a deficiency of beta galac  to  sid  ase with resulting abnormal storage of ac  id  ic lip  id materials in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems but particularly in the nerve cells
gm 2 gang  li  o  sid  osis ab variant is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that causes progressive destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord it has a similar path  ology to sand  hoff disease and t  ay sachs disease the three diseases are classified together as the gm 2 gang  li  o  sid  o  ses because each disease represents a distinct molecular point of failure in the activation of the same enzyme beta hex  o  sam  in  id  ase ab variant is caused by a failure in the gene that makes an enzyme co  factor for beta hex  o  sam  in  id  ase called the gm 2 activ  ator
the gm 2 gang  li  o  sid  o  ses are a group of three related genetic disorders that result from a deficiency of the enzyme beta hex  o  sam  in  id  ase this enzyme cataly  zes the bio  degradation of fatty acid derivatives known as gang  li  o  sides the diseases are better known by their individual names beta hex  o  sam  in  id  ase is a vital hydro  ly  tic enzyme found in the ly  so  som  es that breaks down li  pi  ds when beta hex  o  sam  in  id  ase is no longer functioning properly the li  pi  ds accumulate in the nervous tissue of the brain and cause problems gang  li  o  sides are made and biodegrad  ed rapidly in early life as the brain develops except in some rare late onset forms the gm 2 gang  li  o  sid  o  ses are fatal all three disorders are rare in the general population t  ay sachs disease has become famous as a public health model because an enzyme ass  ay test for ts  d was discovered and developed in the late 1960 s and early 1970 s providing one of the first mass screening tools in medical genetics it became a research and public health model for understanding and preventing all auto  som  al genetic disorders t  ay sachs disease ab variant and sand  hoff disease might easily have been defined together as a single disease because the three disorders are associated with failure of the same metabol  ic path  way and have the same outcome classification and naming for many genetic disorders reflects history because most diseases were first observed and classified based on bio  chemistry and path  op  hy  si  ology before genetic diagnosis was available however the three gm 2 gang  li  o  sid  o  ses were discovered and named separately each represents a distinct molecular point of failure in a sub  unit that is required for activation of the enzyme
g  ms syndrome is a syndrome characterised by g  oni  odys  genesis intellectual disability and short stature
grac  ile syndrome is a very rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder one of the finnish heritage diseases it is caused by mutation in b  cs 1 l gene that occurs in 1 out of 1 500 000 live births grac  ile is an acron  ym for growth retar  dation amino ac  id  ur  ia amino acids in the urine cho  le  st  asis iron overload lac  tic aci  do  sis and early death other names for this syndrome include finnish lethal ne  on  atal metabol  ic syndrome fl  n  ms lac  tic aci  do  sis finnish with he  p  atic h  emo  sid  er  osis and fell  man syndrome
gri  k 4 glu  tam  ate recep  tor ion  o  tropic k  ain  ate 4 is a k  ain  ate recep  tor subtype belonging to the family of lig  and gated ion channels which is en  coded by the gri  k 4 gene
the gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that trans  forms primary al  ky  l hali  des into primary am  ines traditionally the reaction uses potassium phthal  im  ide the reaction is named after the german chem  ist si  eg  m  und gabriel the gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the al  k  yl  ation of sul  fon  am  ides and im  ides followed by de  protection to obtain am  ines see alternative gabriel reagents the al  k  yl  ation of ammonia is often an un  selective and inefficient route to am  ines in the gabriel method phthal  im  ide an  ion is employed as a sur  rogate of h 2 n −
the gabriel – col  man re  arrangement is the chemical reaction of a sac  char  in or phthal  im  ido ester with a strong base such as an al  ko  x  ide to form substituted iso  quin  ol  ines this re  arrangement a ring expansion is seen to be general if there is an en  oli  z  able hydrogen on the group attached to the nitrogen since it is necessary for the nitrogen to abstract a hydrogen to form the car  ban  ion that will close the ring as shown in the case of the general example below x is either co or so 2 gabriel col  man re  arrangement overall reaction
g  aff  ka  emia g  aff  k  emia in american english is a bacterial disease of lob  sters caused by the gram positive lac  tic acid bacter  ium aero  co  cc  us vi  ri  dans var hom  ari
in financial accounting a gain is the increase in owner s equity resulting from something other than the day to day earnings from recurrent operations and are not associated with investments or withdrawals typical gains refer to non  typical and non  recurring transactions for instance gain on sale of land change in a stock ’ s market price a gift or a chance discovery
ga  it is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals including humans during locomo  tion over a solid sub  str  ate most animals use a variety of ga  its selecting ga  it based on speed terrain the need to maneuver and energetic efficiency different animal species may use different ga  its due to differences in anatomy that prevent use of certain ga  its or simply due to evolved in  nate preferences as a result of habitat differences while various ga  its are given specific names the complexity of biological systems and inter  acting with the environment make these distinctions fu  zzy at best ga  its are typically classified according to foot  fall patterns but recent studies often prefer definitions based on mechanics the term typically does not refer to limb based propulsion through fluid medi  ums such as water or air but rather to propulsion across a solid sub  str  ate by generating reactive forces against it which can apply to walking while underwater as well as on land due to the rap  idity of animal movement simple direct observation is rarely sufficient to give any insight into the pattern of limb movement in spite of early attempts to classify ga  its based on foot  prints or the sound of foot  falls it wasn t until e  ad  we  ard mu  y  bridge and é  ti  enne jules ma  rey began taking rapid series of photographs that proper scientific examination of ga  its could begin
a galac  to  ce  le also lac  teal cyst or milk cyst is a retention cyst containing milk or a mil  ky substance that is usually located in the mam  mary g  lands it is caused by a protein plug that blocks off the outlet it is seen in lactating women on cessation of lac  tation once lac  tation has ended the cyst should resolve on its own without intervention a galac  to  ce  le does not cause infection as the milk within is sterile and has no outlet for which to become contaminated attempts to drain the cyst are unsuccessful because the protein plug remains intact and milk production continues it presents as a large soft fluctu  ating lump in the lower part of breast it is not usually painful treatment is by aspiration of the contents or by exc  ision of the cyst antibiotics are given to prevent infection galac  to  ce  le may be associated with oral contrac  eptive use
galac  to  kin  ase deficiency also known as galac  to  sem  ia type 2 or gal  k deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder marked by an accumulation of galac  tose and gal  acti  tol secondary to the decreased conversion of galac  tose to galac  tose 1 phosphate by galac  to  kin  ase the disorder is caused by mutations in the gal  k 1 gene located on chro  mo  some 17 q 24 galac  to  kin  ase cataly  zes the first step of galac  tose phosphor  yl  ation in the l  elo  ir path  way of intermediate metabol  ism galac  to  kin  ase deficiency is one of the three in  born errors of metabol  ism that lead to hyper  galac  to  sem  ia the disorder is inherited as an auto  som  al rec  essive trait unlike classic galac  to  sem  ia which is caused by deficiency of galac  tose 1 phosphate ur  id  yl  transfer  ase galac  to  kin  ase deficiency does not present with severe manifestations in early infancy its major clinical symptom is the development of cat  ar  acts during the first weeks or months of life as a result of the accumulation in the lens of gal  acti  tol a product of an alternative route of galac  tose utilization the development of early cat  ar  acts in homo  zy  g  ous affected infants is fully preventable through early diagnosis and treatment with a galac  tose restricted diet some studies have suggested that depending on milk consumption later in life hetero  zy  g  ous carriers of galac  to  kin  ase deficiency may be prone to pres  en  ile cat  ar  acts at 20 – 50 years of age
galac  tor  rhe  a also spelled galac  tor  rho  ea galac  to r  rhe  a or lac  tor  rhe  a lac  to r  rhe  a is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast un  associated with childbirth or nursing galac  tor  rhe  a is reported to occur in 5 – 32 of women much of the difference in reported incidence can be attributed to different definitions of galac  tor  rhe  a although frequently benign it may be caused by serious underlying conditions and should be properly investigated galac  tor  rhe  a also occurs in males new  born infants and adolescents of both sexes
galac  tose 1 phosphate ur  id  yl  yl  transfer  ase deficiency also called galac  to  sem  ia type 1 classic galac  to  sem  ia or gal  t deficiency is the most common type of galac  to  sem  ia an in  born error of galac  tose metabol  ism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galac  tose 1 phosphate ur  id  yl  yl  transfer  ase it is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that can cause liver disease and death if untreated treatment of galac  to  sem  ia is most successful if initiated early and includes dietary restriction of lac  tose intake because early intervention is key galac  to  sem  ia is included in new  born screening programs in many areas on initial screening which often involves measuring the concentration of galac  tose in blood classic galac  to  sem  ia may be in  distingu  ishable from other in  born errors of galac  tose metabol  ism including galac  to  kin  ase deficiency and galac  tose ep  im  erase deficiency further analysis of metabol  ites and enzyme activities are needed to identify the specific metabol  ic error
galac  tose ep  im  erase deficiency also known as g  ale deficiency galac  to  sem  ia iii and u  dp galac  tose 4 ep  im  erase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive form of galac  to  sem  ia associated with a deficiency of the enzyme galac  tose ep  im  erase
galac  to  sem  ia british galac  to  sa  emia is a rare genetic metabol  ic disorder that affects an individual s ability to met  abo  li  ze the sugar galac  tose properly galac  to  sem  ia follows an auto  som  al rec  essive mode of inheritance that confers a deficiency in an enzyme responsible for adequate galac  tose degradation friedrich g  op  pert 1870 – 19  27 a german physician first described the disease in 1917 with its cause as a defect in galac  tose metabol  ism being identified by a group led by herman kal  ck  ar in 1956 its incidence is about 1 per 60 000 births for people of european ance  stry in other populations the incidence rate differs galac  to  sa  emia is about one hundred times more common 1 480 births within the irish traveller population
a galac  to  sem  ic cat  ar  act is cat  ar  act which is associated with the consequences of galac  to  sem  ia
galac  to  si  ali  do  sis is a ly  so  som  al storage disease this condition is rare and most cases have been in the juvenile adult group of patients an inf  anti  le form has been described
the gale  az  zi frac  ture is a frac  ture of the radius with dis  location of the dis  tal radi  oul  nar joint it class  ically involves an isolated frac  ture of the junction of the dis  tal third and middle third of the radius with associated su  blu  x  ation or dis  location of the dis  tal radio ul  nar joint the injury disrup  ts the fore  arm axis joint
gal  en partners is a leading growth equity late stage venture capital firm that invests in high growth healthcare firms already generating revenue and focuses on healthcare technology enabled services medical devices and specialty pharmaceutical companies founded in 1990 by the late william r grant gal  en has raised nearly 1 billion through five funds and has invested in more than 70 companies since inception in 2006 the company relocated its headquarters from new york city ’ s rocke  f  eller center to stam  ford connec  tic  ut
the culture of galicia is the patterns of human activity and symbolism associated with the galicia region of spain and the galician people
gall  blad  der cancer is a relatively un  common cancer it has peculiar geographical distribution being common in central and south america central and eastern europe japan and northern india it is also common in certain ethnic groups e g native american indians and his  panics if it is diagnosed early enough it can be cured by removing the gall  blad  der part of the liver and associated lymp  h no  des most often it is found after symptoms such as ab  domin  al pain ja  und  ice and v  om  iting occur and it has spread to other organs such as the liver it is a rare cancer that is thought to be related to gall  stones building up which also can lead to calci  fication of the gall  blad  der a condition known as por  cel  ain gall  blad  der por  cel  ain gall  blad  der is also rare some studies indicate that people with por  cel  ain gall  blad  der have a high risk of developing gall  blad  der cancer but other studies question this the outlook is poor for recovery if the cancer is found after symptoms have started to occur with a 5 year survival rate close to 3
gall  blad  der diseases are diseases involving the gall  blad  der gall  stones may develop in the gall  blad  der as well as elsewhere in the bi  li  ary tract if gall  stones in the gall  blad  der are symptomatic surgical removal of the gall  blad  der known as chol  ec  y  stec  tomy may be indicated gall  stones form when the ten  uous balance of solu  bility of bi  li  ary li  pi  ds tips in favor of precip  itation of cho  le  sterol un  con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin or bacterial degradation products of bi  li  ary li  pi  ds for cho  le  sterol gall  stones metabol  ic alterations in he  p  atic cho  le  sterol secre  tion combine with changes in gall  blad  der mo  ti  lity and intest  inal bacterial degradation of bile salts to destabilize cho  le  sterol carriers in bile and produce cho  le  sterol cryst  als for black pig  ment gall  stones changes in hem  e metabol  ism or bi  li  rubin absorption lead to increased bi  li  rubin concentrations and precip  itation of calcium bi  li  ru  bin  ate in contrast mechanical obstruction of the bi  li  ary tract is the major factor leading to bacterial degradation and precip  itation of bi  li  ary li  pi  ds in brown pig  ment stones about 104 million new cases of gall  blad  der and bi  li  ary disease occurred in 2013
gall  blad  der poly  ps are grow  ths or le  sions resembling grow  ths poly  po  id le  sions in the wall of the gall  blad  der true poly  ps are abnormal accumul  ations of mu  co  us memb  rane tissue that would normally be shed by the body the main types of poly  po  id grow  ths of the gall  blad  der include cho  le  sterol poly  p cho  le  ster  osis cho  le  ster  osis with fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia of gall  blad  der aden  om  y  om  at  osis hyper  plastic chol  ec  y  sto  sis and aden  o  carcin  oma
gall  i – gall  i disease is a rare inherited condition that has close resemblance clin  ically to dow  ling de  gos disease but is his  to  logically distinct characterized by skin le  sions that are 1 to 2 mm slightly ker  ato  tic red to dark brown pap  ules which are foc  ally con  flu  ent in a retic  ulate pattern the disease is also characterized by slowly progressive and dis  figuring retic  ulate hyper  pi  gm  entation of the fl  ex  ures clin  ically and hist  opath  o  logically diagnostic for dow  ling de  gos disease but also associated with supr  ab  as  al non  dy  sk  er  ato  tic ac  anth  ol  ysis
a gall  op rhythm refers to a usually abnormal rhythm of the heart on aus  cul  tation it includes three or four sounds thus resembling the sounds of a gall  op the normal heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called s 1 and s 2 that give the well known lub du  b rhythm they are caused by the closing of valves in the heart a gall  op rhythm contains another sound called s 3 or s 4 dependent upon where in the cycle this added sound comes it can also contain both of these sounds forming a quadru  ple gall  op and in situations of very fast heart rate can produce a sum  mation gall  op where s 3 and s 4 occur so close as to be in  distingu  ishable
g  allow  ay mo  w  at syndrome is a very rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder consisting of a variety of features including hi  atal her  nia micro  cephal  y and ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome
a gall  stone is a stone formed within the gall  blad  der out of bile components the term cho  le  li  thi  asis may refer to the presence of stones in the gall  blad  der or to the diseases caused by gall  stones most people with gall  stones about 80 never have symptoms in 1 – 4 of those with gall  stones a cr  amp  y pain in the right upper part of the ab  dom  en known as bi  li  ary col  ic occurs each year complications of gall  stones include infl  amm  ation of the gall  blad  der infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as and liver infl  amm  ation symptoms of these complications may include pain of more than five hours duration fever yel  low  ish skin v  om  iting or tea color urine risk factors for gall  stones include birth control pills pregnancy a family history of gall  stones obesity diabetes liver disease or rapid weight loss gall  stones are formed in the gall  blad  der typically from either cho  le  sterol or bi  li  rubin gall  stones may be suspected based on symptoms diagnosis is then typically confirmed by ul  tras  ound complications may be detected on blood tests prevention is by maintaining a healthy weight and eating a proper diet if there are no symptoms treatment is usually not needed in those who are having gall  blad  der attacks surgery to remove the gall  blad  der is typically recommended this can be either done through several small incis  ions or through a single larger inc  ision surgery is typically done under general an  esthesia in those who are unable to have surgery medication to try to dissolve the stones or shock wave lith  o  tri  psy may be tried in the developed world 10 – 15 of adults have gall  stones rates in many parts of africa however are as low as 3 gall  blad  der and bi  li  ary related diseases occurred in about 104 million people 1 6 in 2013 and they resulted in 106 000 deaths women more commonly have stones than men and they occur more commonly after the age of 40 certain ethnic groups have gall  stones more often than others for example 48 of american indians have gall  stones once the gall  blad  der is removed outcomes are generally good
the proposed gal  ore creek mine is one of the largest un  developed gold deposits in canada and in the world the deposit is located in the north west of the country in british columbia the mine has estimated reserves of 10 7 million oz of gold and 183 1 million oz of silver
gal  ton s problem named after sir francis gal  ton is the problem of drawing infer  ences from cross cultural data due to the statistical phenomenon now called auto  correlation the problem is now recognized as a general one that applies to all non  experimental studies and to experimental design as well it is most simply described as the problem of external depend  encies in making statistical estimates when the elements sampled are not statistically independent asking two people in the same household whether they watch tv for example does not give you statistically independent answers the sample size n for independent observations in this case is one not two once proper adjustments are made that deal with external depend  encies then the ax  i  oms of probability theory concerning statistical independence will apply these ax  i  oms are important for deriving measures of variance for example or tests of statistical significance
galvan  i potential also called galvan  i potential difference or inner potential difference δ  φ delta ph  i in electro  chemistry is the electric potential difference between two points in the bulk of two phases these phases can be two different soli  ds e g two metals joined together or a solid and a liquid e g a metal electro  de sub  merged in an electro  ly  te generally the galvan  i potential difference is measurable only when the two phases have identical chemical composition the galvan  i potential is named after lu  igi galvan  i
galvan  ic ur  tic  aria has been described after exposure to a galvan  ic electrical device used to treat hyper  hi  dro  sis
gam  as  o  ido  sis is a cu  taneous condition that occurs after contact with canaries pigeons and poultry caused by two genera of mit  es including or  ni  th  on  ys  sus and der  man  ys  sus
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the gam  b  ado is a type of aberr  ation
game  keeper s thumb also known as sk  ier s thumb or uc  l tear is a type of injury to the ul  nar collateral lig  ament uc  l of the thumb the uc  l is torn at or in some cases even av  ul  sed from its insertion site into the proxim  al p  hal  an  x of the thumb in the vast majority approximately 90 of cases this condition is commonly observed among game  keepers and scottish fowl hunters as well as athletes such as vol  ley  ball  ers it also occurs among people who sustain a fall onto an out  stretched hand
a gam  ma wave is a pattern of ne  ural osci  ll  ation in humans with a frequency between 25 and 100 h  z though 40 h  z is typical according to a popular theory gam  ma waves may be implicated in creating the unity of conscious perception the binding problem however there is no agreement on the theory as a researcher suggests whether or not gam  ma wave activity is related to subjective awareness is a very difficult question which cannot be answered with certainty at the present time
a gam  ow bag pronounced g  am off is an infl  atable pressure bag large enough to accommodate a person inside a patient can be placed inside the bag which is sealed and inflated with a foot pump within minutes the effective altitude can be decreased by 1000 to as much as 3000 meters 32  81 to 97  43 feet depending on the elev  ation the bag is pressur  ized to 105 220 mm pressure gr  adi  ent is regulated by pop off valves set to the target pressure it is primarily used for treating severe cases of altitude sickness high altitude cere  br  al e  dem  a and high altitude pul  mon  ary e  dem  a like office based hyper  bar  ic medicine the gam  ow bag uses increased partial pressure of oxygen for therapy of hypo  bar  ic injury but it has the advantage of being portable for field use patients typically are treated in 1 hour incre  ments and then are re  evaluated the gam  ow bag was named after its invent  or dr ig  or gam  ow son of george gam  ow dr gam  ow originally designed a predecessor to the gam  ow bag called the bubble to study the effect of high altitude on stam  ina and performance in athletes dr gam  ow later re designed the bubble into a bag that could be used in the high altitude wilderness
gang presence in the united states military is a phenomenon in which members of american street gangs such as the cri  ps latin kings ar  yan brotherhood and many others either join the united states armed forces or are recruited to join the gangs while already in the military
a gang  li  oc  y  tic parag  ang  li  oma abbreviated g  p is a rare tum  our that is typically found in the du  o  den  um and consists of three components 1 gang  lion cells 2 epi  the  li  o  id cells parag  ang  li  oma like and 3 spin  dle cells sch  wan  no  ma like
gang  li  og  li  oma is a rare slow growing primary central nervous system cns tumor which most frequently occurs in the temporal lob  es of children and young adults
a gang  lion cyst is a soft tissue lump that may occur in any joint but most often occurs on around or near joints and tend  ons in the hands or feet these cy  sts are caused by leakage of fluid from the joint into the surrounding tissue
gang  lion  euro  bl  ast  oma is a variant of neuro  bl  ast  oma that is surrounded by gang  lion cells it can be difficult to diagnose no  d  ular gang  lion  euro  bl  ast  oma can be divided by prog  no  sis
gang  lion  euro  ma is a rare and benign tumor of the autonom  ic nerve fi  bers arising from ne  ural c  rest sympath  og  onia which are completely un  differentiated cells of the sympathetic nervous system however gang  lion  euro  mas themselves are fully differentiated neuro  nal tumors that do not contain immature elements gang  lion  euro  mas most frequently occur in the ab  dom  en however these tumors can grow anywhere sympathetic nervous tissue is found other common locations include the adren  al g  land par  asp  inal retro  per  it  on  eu  m poster  ior medi  ast  inum head and neck
gang  li  o  sid  osis is a sub category of sp  hin  go  li  pi  do  sis that contains two different types of lip  id storage disorders caused by the accumulation of li  pi  ds known as gang  li  o  sides there are two distinct genetic causes of the disease both are auto  som  al rec  essive and affect males and females equally
gang  rene or gang  ren  ous necro  sis is a type of necro  sis caused by a critically insufficient blood supply this potentially life threatening condition may occur after an injury or infection or in people suffering from any chronic health problem affecting blood circulation the primary cause of gang  rene is reduced blood supply to the affected tissues which results in cell death diabetes and long term smoking increase the risk of suffering from gang  rene gang  rene is not a communicable disease it does not spread from person to person the types of gang  rene differ in symptoms and include dry gang  rene wet gang  rene gas gang  rene internal gang  rene and necro  tizing fas  ci  i  tis treatment depends on the underlying cause and can include res  ection debri  d  ement or in severe cases ampu  tation of the affected body parts antibiotics rev  as  cul  arization via a vascular bypass or an  gi  op  la  sty or hyper  bar  ic oxygen therapy it can rarely include medical therapy to stop vascular sp  asm or the production of cold induced vascular obstruction by cold precipit  ated cry  o  glob  ul  ins
gang  ur  u is an out growth to vi  j  ay  aw  ada in kr  ish  na district of the indian state of and  h  ra pradesh it forms a part of vi  j  ay  aw  ada urban agglomer  ation and is located in pen  amal  ur  u man  dal of vi  j  ay  aw  ada revenue division
gan  ser syndrome is a rare dissoci  ative disorder previously classified as a fac  ti  tious disorder it is characterized by nonsensical or wrong answers to questions or doing things incorrectly other dissoci  ative symptoms such as fu  gue amnesia or conversion disorder often with visual pseu  do  halluc  inations and a decreased state of consciousness it is also sometimes called nonsense syndrome bal  der  dash syndrome syndrome of approximate answers pseu  do  dementia hysterical pseu  do  dementia or prison psycho  sis this last name prison psycho  sis is sometimes used because the syndrome occurs most frequently in prison inmates where it may represent an attempt to gain leniency from prison or court officials gan  ser is an extremely rare variation of dissoci  ative disorder it is a reaction to extreme stress and the patient thereby suffers from approximation or giving absurd answers to simple questions the syndrome can sometimes be diagnosed as merely mal  ing  ering but it is more often defined as dissoci  ative disorder symptoms include a clou  ding of consciousness som  atic conversion symptoms confusion stress loss of personal identity ec  hol  alia and ec  hop  ra  x  ia the psychological symptoms generally resemble the patient s sense of mental illness rather than any recognized category individuals also give approximate answers to simple questions for example how many legs are on a cat to which the subject may respond three the syndrome may occur in persons with other mental disorders such as schizophrenia depres  sive disorders toxic states pa  res  is alcohol use disorders and fac  ti  tious disorders eeg data does not suggest any specific organic cause
the gan  z  feld effect from german for “ complete field ” or percep  tual deprivation is a phenomenon of perception caused by exposure to an un  structured uniform stimulation field the effect is the result of the brain amp  lif  ying ne  ural noise in order to look for the missing visual signals the noise is interpreted in the higher visual cor  tex and gives rise to halluc  inations it has been most studied with vision by staring at an un  differentiated and uniform field of colour the visual effect is described as the loss of vision as the brain cuts off the un  changing signal from the eyes the result is seeing black an apparent sense of blindness a f  lic  kering gan  z  feld causes geome  tr  ical patterns and colors to appear and this is the working principle for mind machines and the dream  ach  ine the gan  z  feld effect can also elic  it halluc  in  atory percep  ts in many people in addition to an altered state of consciousness gan  z  feld induc  tion in multiple senses is called multi modal gan  z  feld this is usually done by wearing gan  z  feld go  ggles in addition to head  phones with a uniform stimulus a related effect is sensory deprivation although in this case a stimulus is minimized rather than un  structured halluc  inations that appear under prolonged sensory deprivation are similar to elementary percep  ts caused by lumin  ous gan  z  feld and include transi  ent sens  ations of light fl  ashes or colours halluc  inations caused by sensory deprivation can like gan  z  feld induced halluc  inations turn into complex scenes the effect is a component of a gan  z  feld experiment a technique used in the field of par  ap  sy  cho  logy
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the gar  bug is a type of aberr  ation
the garden house riot was a civil disturbance at the garden house hotel in cambridge on friday 13 february 1970 it was the only serious disturbance in cambridge in the period around the widespread 1968 student protests the event has been described as a marking a watershed in student protest in the uk
gar  dner syndrome also known as gar  dner s syndrome or famili  al colo  rec  tal poly  pos  is is an auto  som  al dominant form of poly  pos  is characterized by the presence of multiple poly  ps in the col  on together with tumors outside the col  on the extra  colon  ic tumors may include o  ste  om  as of the skull thyro  id cancer ep  id  er  mo  id cy  sts fi  bro  mas as well as the occurrence of des  mo  id tumors in approximately 15 of affected individuals des  mo  id tumors are fi  bro  us tumors which usually occur in the tissue covering the intest  ines and may be provoked by surgery to remove the col  on the countless poly  ps in the col  on pre  dispose to the development of col  on cancer if the col  on is not removed the chance of col  on cancer is considered to be very significant poly  ps may also grow in the stomach du  o  den  um sp  leen kidneys liver mes  enter  y and small bo  wel in a small number of cases poly  ps have also appeared in the cere  bell  um cancers related to gar  dner syndrome commonly appear in the thyro  id liver and kidneys the number of poly  ps increases with age and hundreds to thousands of poly  ps can develop in the col  on the syndrome was first described in 1951 there is no cure at this time and in its more advanced forms it is considered a terminal diagnosis with a life expectancy of 35 – 45 years treatments are surgery and palliative care although some chem  otherapy has been tried with limited success
garlic allergy or allergic contact der  mati  tis to garlic is a common infl  am  matory skin condition caused by contact with garlic oil or dust it mostly affects people who cut and handle fresh garlic such as ch  efs and presents on the tips of the thumb index and middle fingers of the non dominant hand which typically hold garlic bulbs during the cutting the affected finger  tips show an asymmetrical pattern of fis  sure as well as thick  ening and shedding of the outer skin layers which may progress to second or third degree burn of injured skin garlic der  mati  tis is similar to the tu  lip der  mati  tis and is induced by a combined mechanical and chemical action whereas the former mechanism acts via skin rub  bing which progres  ses into damage the major cause of the latter is the chemical di  all  yl dis  ul  fide d  ads together with related compounds all  yl prop  yl dis  ul  fide and al  lic  in these chemicals occur in oils of plants of the genus allium including garlic on  ion and le  ek garlic allergy has been known since at least 1950 it is not limited to hand contact but can also be induced with different symptoms by inhal  ing garlic dust or ing  est  ing raw garlic though the latter cases are relatively rare d  ads penetr  ates through most types of commercial gloves and thus wearing gloves while handling garlic has proven inefficient against the allergy treatment includes avoiding any contact with garlic oil or vap  ors as well as medication such as administering ac  it  re  tin 25 mg day orally or applying p  sor  al  en and ultra  violet light to the affected skin area over a period of 12 weeks pu  va therapy
gar  re s s  cl  ero  sing o  ste  om  ye  li  tis is a type of chronic o  ste  om  ye  li  tis also called prolifer  ative perio  sti  tis perio  sti  tis os  si  fic  ans and g  arr  é s s  cl  ero  sing o  ste  om  ye  li  tis it is a rare disease it mainly affects children and young adults it is associated with a low grade infection which may be due to dental car  ies ca  vities in the teeth the body of the man  di  ble may show irregular luc  ent opaque changes with sub  perio  steal opaque lay  ering along inferior border it is a chronic o  ste  om  ye  li  tis with sub  perio  steal bone and coll  agen de  position it was first described by the swiss surgeon carl g  arr  é
gar  rod s p  ads also known as viol  in  ist s p  ads are a cu  taneous condition characterized by call  uses on the dor  sal aspect of the inter  p  hal  ange  al joints i e the back side of the finger joints they are often seen in viol  in viol  a and cell  o players along with fi  dd  ler s neck and other der  mato  logic conditions peculiar to string musicians although gar  rod ’ s p  ads are conventi  onally described as appearing on the proxim  al inter  p  hal  ange  al joint ri  m  mer sp  iel  vo  gel document an instance on the dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joint of a cel  list gar  rod s p  ads are named after archi  bald gar  rod who first documented them in 19  04 in association with du  pu  y  tre  n s contrac  ture h a bird described them as an incidental finding in a professional viol  in  ist and proposed that they arise in such cases due to repeated extreme tension of the ext  ens  or tend  ons over the inter  p  hal  ange  al joints bird noted that viol  in players use the left hand for a markedly different task than the right hand with the ext  ens  or tend  ons in the left hand subjected to considerable tension and that gar  rod ’ s p  ads only arise on the left hand in such cases this unilateral finding differenti  ates the occupational hazard of gar  rod ’ s p  ads from more significant disorders among viol  in  ists and viol  ists gar  rod ’ s p  ads apparently arise as a protective mechanism for the skin and sub  cu  taneous tissues above the tend  ons bird notes that they do not protect against external trauma unlike most call  uses patients with du  pu  y  tre  n s contrac  ture are four times more likely to have co  existing gar  rod s p  ads
in medicine gar  rod s tetr  ad is a term named for british physician archi  bald gar  rod who introduced the phrase in  born errors of metabol  ism in a lecture in 19  08 the tetr  ad comprises four inherited metabol  ic diseases al  bin  ism al  kap  ton  ur  ia cy  stin  ur  ia and pent  o  sur  ia
the gar  shel  is effect is the effect where  in a circum  fer  entially magne  tized rod of fer  ro  magnetic magne  to  stric  tive material generates a net ax  ial magnetic field in response to an applied tor  que
a gar  t  ner s duc  t cyst sometimes incorrectly referred to as vag  inal inclusion cyst is a benign vag  inal c  ys  tic le  sion that arises from the vesti  gi  al rem  nant of a mes  on  eph  ric duc  t wol  ff  ian duc  t or gar  t  ner s duc  t they are typically small as  ymp  tomatic cy  sts that occur along the lateral walls of the vag  ina following the course of the duc  t they can however enlarge to substantial proportions and be mistaken for u  re  th  ral diver  ticul  um or other structures there is a small association between gar  t  ner s duc  t cy  sts and me  tan  eph  ric ur  inary anomalies such as ec  topic u  re  ter ip  si  lateral ren  al hypo  pl  asia
gas sto  kers strike of 18  73 was a serious political disturbance in the industrial south eastern districts of victori  an london involving trade unionists striking to assert their rights the reaction of the radical liberal ministry and the court case that preceded it proved a landmark in british industrial relations law the shifting sands of the constitution and changing rights of workers informed the passage a decade later of third reform act enfranch  ising working men for the first time even the most enlightened manchester liberal capitalists were hostile to trade unionists during the downturn of the early 1870 s cabinet ministers william har  court for  ster hughes and a j mund  ella were major participants in legislation to reform trade union  ism laws in 18  73 in 18  72 henry james the employment minister drafted a new piece of trade union law
gas depletion is the decline in natural gas production of a well gas field or geographic area
a gas evolution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one of the end products is a gas such as oxygen or carbon dioxide is produced see also oxygen evolution acid base reactions are a specific type of gas evolution reaction there are also gas evolution reactions that are formed by the mixing of two aqu  eous solutions these reactions are a sub type of double replacement or double displacement reactions most of gas evolution reactions are done in a fume chamber because some of the gases are very poisonous when inhal  ed while other gases are explosive
gas gang  rene also known as clo  stri  dial my  on  ec  ro  sis and my  on  ec  ro  sis is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gang  rene this deadly form of gang  rene usually is caused by clo  stri  dium per  fr  ing  ens bacteria it is a medical emergency about 1000 cases of gas gang  rene occur yearly in the united states my  on  ec  ro  sis is a condition of necro  tic damage specific to muscle tissue it is often seen in infections with c per  fr  ing  ens or any of myriad soil borne an  aer  ob  ic bacteria bacteria cause my  on  ec  ro  sis by specific exo  toxins these micro  organisms are opportunistic and in general enter the body through significant skin break  age gang  ren  ous infection by soil borne bacteria was common in the combat injuries of soldiers well into the 20 th century because of non  sterile field surgery and the basic nature of care for severe projec  tile wounds other causes of my  on  ec  ro  sis include en  ven  om  ation by snakes of the bo  thro  ps genus family vi  peri  da  e is  chem  ic necro  sis caused by vascular block  age e g diabetes type ii tum  ours that block or ho  ard blood supply and disseminated intr  av  ascular co  ag  ulation or other thro  m  bo  ses
gas volume correc  tor device for calculating sum  ming and determining incre  ments of gas volume measured by gas meter if it were operating base conditions for this purpose uses as input the gas volume measured by the gas meter and other parameters such as gas pressure and temperature it is used for the settlement of trade wholesale gas there are two types of gas volume correc  tors type 1 gas volume correc  tor with specific types of trans  duc  ers for pressure and temperature or temperature only this type of gas volume correc  tor is powered by battery type 2 a device that conver  ts separate transmitters with external temperature and pressure or temperature only and for separate calcul  ator which may be approved separately this type of gas volume correc  tor is powered by main  s
in sailing gas  kets are lengths of rope or fabric used to hold a sto  wed sail in place in modern use the term is usually restricted to square rigged ships the equivalent items on y  ach  ts being referred to by the more pro  saic sail ties on most ships gas  kets are made of rope they are attached to the top of the yard and left loose would hang behind the sail gas  kets should never be left dang  ling however so when the sail is set they are brought around underneath the yard and up the back of it and then tied to the jack  stay metal rod where they originated alternatively longer gas  kets particularly the cle  w gas  kets described below can be secured using a gas  ket co  il when the sail is to be sto  wed it is first fol  ded and bag  ged neatly within itself pulled onto the top of the yard and then the gas  kets are brought round over it and secured to the jack  stay to hold it in place gas  kets should be tied with a slippery hit  ch to enable them to be let off quickly though if the yard is large there may only be enough rope to form a clo  ve hit  ch when the gas  ket is brought round it most ships are equipped with cle  w gas  kets at the outer ends of the yards these do not pass around the sail but through a shack  le or ring on the blocks of the sheet pulled tight and secured to the jack  stay or the yard s lift this takes the load off the cle  w  line and sail and should allow the blocks to be lifted higher dragging the sail down less and enabling a ne  ater sto  w
gasoline gallon equivalent gge or gasoline equivalent gallon ge  g is the amount of alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline gge allows consumers to compare the energy content of competing fuels against a commonly known fuel — gasoline gge also compares gasoline to fuels sold as a gas natural gas pro  pan  e hydrogen and electricity in 1994 the us national institute of standards and technology n  ist defined gasoline gallon equivalent gge means 5 660 pounds of natural gas compressed natural gas c  ng for example is a gas rather than a liquid it can be measured by its volume in standard cubic feet ft ³ volume at atmospheric conditions by its weight in pounds lb or by its energy content in jou  les j or british thermal units b  tu or kilowatt hours kw · h it is difficult to compare the cost of gasoline with other fuels if they are sold in different units gge solves this one gge of c  ng and one gge of electricity have exactly the same energy content as one gallon of gasoline c  ng sold at filling stations is priced in dollars per gge using gge to compare fuels for use in an internal combustion engine is only the first part of the equation whose bottom line is useful work in the context of gge a real world kind of useful work is miles per gallon mp  g as advertised by motor vehicle manufacturers substitu  ting one fuel for another in a given engine may start and may do useful work however getting optimum efficiency from each fuel – engine combination requires adjusting the mix of air and fuel this can be a manual adjustment using tools and test instruments or done automatically in computer controlled fuel injected and multi fuel vehicles fine tuning of the optimum fuel – air mix may be facilitated by using a super  char  ger or tur  bo  char  ger in battery or electric vehicles calculating efficiency of useful work begins with the charge – discharge rate of the battery pack generally 80 to 90 next is the conversion of potential energy b  tu of the charge to distance traveled under power see table below translating retail electricity costs for a gge in b  tu note that throughout this article gallon refers to the us gallon of approximately 3 8 litres as opposed to the imperial gallon of approximately 4 5 litres
ga  str  ic an  tr  al vascular ec  ta  sia gave is an un  common cause of chronic gastro  intest  inal bleeding or iron deficiency an  emia the condition is associated with dil  ated small blood vessels in the an  tr  um or the last part of the stomach the dil  ated vessels result in intest  inal bleeding it is also called water  mel  on stomach because stre  aky long red areas that are present in the stomach may resemble the markings on water  mel  on the condition was first discovered in 1952 and reported in the literature in 1953 water  mel  on disease was first diagnosed by wheel  er et al in 1979 and definitively described in four living patients by jab  bari et al only in 1984 as of 2011 the cause and patho  genesis are still not known however there are several competing hypo  theses as to various causes
ga  str  ic di  lat  ation vol  vul  us also known as twisted stomach ga  str  ic tor  sion and gd  v is a medical condition in which the stomach becomes over  stretched and rot  ated by excessive gas content the word blo  at is often used as a general term to cover gas dis  tension without tw  isting and is often a normal change after eating or with aerop  ha  gia it is sometimes used incorrectly to indicate ga  str  ic tor  sion ga  str  ic di  lat  ation vol  vul  us always involves the tw  isting of the stomach and is a life threatening condition that requires prompt treatment the condition occurs commonly in domes  ticated animals especially certain dog breeds deep ch  ested breeds are especially at risk mortality rates in dogs range from 10 to 60 percent even with treatment with surgery the mortality rate is 15 to 33 percent
ga  str  ic dumping syndrome or rapid ga  str  ic emp  tying is a condition where ing  ested foods pass through the stomach very rapidly and enter the small intest  ine largely un  dig  ested it happens when the small intest  ine expands too quickly due to the presence of hyper  o  sm  ol  ar having increased o  sm  ol  arity contents from the stomach this causes symptoms due to the fluid shift into the gut lum  en with plasma volume contraction and acute intest  inal dist  ention early dumping begins con  currently within 15 to 30 minutes from ing  estion of a meal symptoms of early dumping include naus  ea v  om  iting blo  ating cram  ping diarr  hea di  zz  iness and fatigue late dumping happens one to three hours after eating symptoms of late dumping include weakness swe  ating and di  zz  iness many people have both types the syndrome is most often associated with ga  str  ic bypass rou  x en y surgery rapid loading of the small intest  ine with hyper  tonic stomach contents can lead to rapid entry of water into the intest  inal lum  en os  mo  tic diarr  hea dis  tension of the small bo  wel leading to cr  amp  y ab  domin  al pain and hypo  vol  emia can result in addition people with this syndrome often suffer from low blood sugar or hypo  gly  cem  ia because the rapid dumping of food triggers the pan  cre  as to release excessive amounts of insulin into the blood  stream this type of hypo  gly  cem  ia is referred to as alim  entary hypo  gly  cem  ia
primary ga  str  ic lymp  homa lymp  homa that originates in the stomach itself is an un  common condition accounting for less than 15 of ga  str  ic m  align  ancies and about 2 of all lymp  hom  as however the stomach is a very common ex  tran  od  al site for lymp  hom  as lymp  hom  as originating somewhere else with me  tast  asis to stomach it is also the most common source of lymp  hom  as in the gastro  intest  inal tract
ga  str  ic mu  cos  al restitution is an alteration in the mor  pho  logy organization of cells in response to ga  str  ic damage it contributes to the re  formation of the ga  str  ic mu  cos  al barrier
ga  str  ic outlet obstruction often abbreviated as go  o is a medical condition where there is an obstruction at the level of the p  yl  or  us which is the outlet of the stomach individuals with ga  str  ic outlet obstruction will often have recurrent v  om  iting of food that has accumulated in the stomach but which cannot pass into the small intest  ine due to the obstruction the stomach often dil  ates to accommodate food intake and secre  tions causes of ga  str  ic outlet obstruction include both benign causes such as pe  ptic ul  cer disease affecting the area around the p  yl  or  us as well as m  align  ant causes such as ga  str  ic cancer causation related to ul  cers may involve severe pain which the patient may interpret as a heart condition attack treatment of the condition depends upon the underlying cause it can involve antibiotic treatment when h p  yl  ori is related to an ul  cer endo  scopic therapies such as dil  ation of the obstruction with ballo  ons or the placement of self exp  and  able metallic st  ents other medical therapies or surgery to resolve the obstruction
ga  str  ic var  ices are dil  ated sub  mu  cos  al ve  ins in the stomach which can be a life threatening cause of bleeding in the upper gastro  intest  inal tract they are most commonly found in patients with portal hyper  tension or elevated pressure in the portal vein system which may be a complic  ation of cir  rho  sis ga  str  ic var  ices may also be found in patients with thro  m  bo  sis of the splen  ic vein into which the short ga  str  ic ve  ins which drain the fun  dus of the stomach flow the latter may be a complic  ation of acute pan  cre  ati  tis pan  cre  atic cancer or other ab  domin  al tum  ours as well as hepatitis c ga  str  ic var  ices and associated bleeding are a potential complic  ation of sch  is  to  som  i  asis resulting from portal hyper  tension patients with bleeding ga  str  ic var  ices can present with bloody v  om  iting hem  at  em  esis dark tar  ry sto  ols mel  ena or rec  tal bleeding the bleeding may be br  isk and patients may soon develop shock treatment of ga  str  ic var  ices can include injection of the var  ices with cy  ano  ac  ry  late glue or a radiological procedure to decrease the pressure in the portal vein termed trans  ju  g  ular intra  he  p  atic por  to  systemic sh  unt or tips treatment with intra  ven  ous oc  tre  o  tide is also useful to sh  unt blood flow away from the stomach s circulation more aggressive treatment including splen  ec  tomy or surgical removal of the sp  leen or liver transplantation may be required in some cases
ga  str  ic vol  vul  us or vol  vul  us of stomach is a tw  isting of all or part of the stomach by more than 180 degrees with obstruction of the flow of material through the stomach variable loss of blood supply and possible tissue death the tw  isting can occur around the long axis of the stomach this is called organ  o  ax  ial or around the axis per  pend  icular to this called mes  enter  o  ax  ial obstruction is more likely in organ  o  ax  ial tw  isting than with mes  enter  o  ax  ial while the latter is more associated with is  chem  ia about one third of the cases are associated with a hi  atus her  nia treatment is surgical the classic tri  ad bor  char  dt s tri  ad of ga  str  ic vol  vul  us described by bor  char  dt in 19  04 consists of severe epi  ga  str  ic pain ret  ching without v  om  iting inability to pass a nas  o  ga  str  ic tube and reportedly occurs in 70 of cases sometimes severe pain at the top of left shoulder this may be due to internal bleeding irritating the di  aphr  ag  m upon respir  ation
a ga  str  in  oma is a tumor in the pan  cre  as or du  o  den  um that secre  tes excess of ga  str  in leading to ul  cer  ation in the du  o  den  um stomach and the small intest  ine there is hyper  secre  tion of the h  cl acid into the du  o  den  um which causes the ul  cers excessive h  cl acid production also causes hyper  per  ist  al  sis and inhi  bits the activity of lip  ase causing severe diarr  hea it is frequently the source of the ga  str  in in zoll  inger el  lis  on syndrome it is usually found in the du  o  den  um although it may arise in the stomach or pan  cre  as those occurring in the pan  cre  as have a greater potential for m  align  ancy most ga  str  in  om  as are found in the ga  str  in  oma triangle this is bound by the junction of c  ys  tic and common bile duc  ts junction of the second and third parts of the du  o  den  um and the junction of the neck and body of the pan  cre  as
gast  ri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the lining of the stomach it may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration the most common symptom is upper ab  domin  al pain other symptoms include naus  ea and v  om  iting blo  ating loss of appetite and heart  burn others may have no symptoms complications may include bleeding stomach ul  cers and stomach tumors when due to auto  immune problems low red blood cells due to not enough vitamin b 12 may occur a condition known as pernicious an  emia common causes include infection with heli  co  bac  ter p  yl  ori and use of n  s  aids less common causes include alcohol smoking cocaine severe illness auto  immune problems radiation therapy and cro  hn disease among others endo  sco  py a type of x ray known as an upper gastro  intest  inal series blood tests and sto  ol tests may help with diagnosis the symptoms of gast  ri  tis may be a presentation of a my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion other conditions with similar symptoms include infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as gall  blad  der problems and pe  ptic ul  cer disease prevention is by avoiding things that cause the disease treatment includes medications such as an  tac  ids h 2 bloc  kers or prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors during an acute attack drinking vis  co  us li  doc  aine may help if gast  ri  tis is due to n  s  aids these may be stopped if h p  yl  ori is present it may be treated with a combination of antibiotics such as am  ox  ic  ill  in and clari  thro  my  cin for those with pernicious an  emia vitamin b 12 supplements are recommended either by mouth or by injection people are usually advised to avoid foods that bother them gast  ri  tis is believed to affect about half of people in 2013 there were approximately 90 million new cases of the disease as people get older the disease becomes more common it along with a similar condition in the first part of the intest  ines known as du  o  deni  tis resulted in 60 000 deaths in 2013 h p  yl  ori was first discovered in 1981 by barry marshall and robin warren
gastro  cu  taneous syndrome is a rare auto  som  al dominant cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple l  enti  gin  es
gastro  enter  i  tis also known as infectious diarr  hea is infl  amm  ation of the gastro  intest  inal tract that involves the stomach and small intest  ine signs and symptoms include some combination of diarr  hea v  om  iting and ab  domin  al pain fever lack of energy and dehydr  ation may also occur this typically lasts less than two weeks it is unrelated to influenza though it has been called the stomach flu gastro  enter  i  tis can be due to infections by viruses bacteria parasites and fun  gus the most common cause is viruses in children ro  ta  virus is the most common cause of severe disease in adults nor  o  virus and camp  y  lob  ac  ter are common transmission may occur due to eating improperly prepared foods drinking contaminated water or through close contact with an individual who is infected testing to confirm the diagnosis is typically not needed prevention includes hand washing with soap drinking clean water proper disposal of human waste and breastfeeding babies instead of using formula the ro  ta  virus vaccine is recommended in children treatment involves getting enough fluids for mild or moderate cases this can typically be achieved by drinking oral re  hydr  ation solution a combination of water salts and sugar in those who are breast fed continued breastfeeding is recommended for more severe cases intra  ven  ous fluids may be needed fluids may also be given by a nas  o  ga  str  ic tube zinc supplem  entation is recommended in children antibiotics are generally not needed it is estimated that three to five billion cases of gastro  enter  i  tis resulting in 1 4 million deaths occur globally each year children and those in the developing world are most commonly affected as of 2011 in those below age five there were about 1 7 billion cases resulting in 0 7 million deaths in the developing world children less than two years of age frequently get six or more infections a year it is less common in adults partly due to the development of immunity
gastro  enter  o  co  li  tis is a condition characterized by infl  amm  ation of the stomach small intest  ines and col  on
gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease ger  d also known as acid ref  lux is a long term condition where stomach contents come back up into the es  op  ha  gus resulting in either symptoms or complications symptoms include the taste of acid in the back of the mouth heart  burn bad breath chest pain v  om  iting breathing problems and wearing away of the teeth complications include es  op  ha  gi  tis es  op  ha  ge  al stric  tures and bar  rett s es  op  ha  gus risk factors include obesity pregnancy smoking hi  atus her  nia and taking certain medicines medications involved include anti  hist  am  ines calcium channel bloc  kers anti  depres  s  ants and sleeping medication it is due to poor closure of the lower es  op  ha  ge  al sp  h  inc  ter the junction between the stomach and the es  op  ha  gus diagnosis among those who do not improve with simply measures may involve gastro  sco  py upper gi series es  op  ha  ge  al ph monitoring or es  op  ha  ge  al man  ome  try treatment is typically via lifestyle changes medications and sometimes surgery lifestyle changes include not lying down for three hours after eating losing weight avoiding certain foods and stopping smoking medications include an  tac  id h 2 recep  tor bloc  kers prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors and pro  k  ine  tics surgery may be an option in those who do not improve with other measures in the western world between 10 and 20 of the population are affected by ger  d gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux ger once in a  while without significant symptoms or complications is more common the condition was first described in 19  35 by as  her win  kel  stein the classic symptoms had been described earlier in 19  25
gastro  intest  inal bleeding gi bleed also known as gastro  intest  inal hemorrha  ge is all forms of bleeding in the gastro  intest  inal tract from the mouth to the rec  tum when there is significant blood loss over a short time symptoms may include v  om  iting red blood v  om  iting black blood bloody sto  ol or black sto  ol small amounts of bleeding over a long time may cause iron deficiency an  emia resulting in feeling tired or heart related chest pain other symptoms may include ab  domin  al pain short  ness of breath pale skin or passing out sometimes in those with small amounts of bleeding no symptoms may be present bleeding is typically divided into two main types upper gastro  intest  inal bleeding and lower gastro  intest  inal bleeding causes of upper gi ble  eds include pe  ptic ul  cer disease es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices due to liver cir  rho  sis and cancer among others causes of lower gi ble  eds include hemor  rho  ids cancer and infl  am  matory bo  wel disease among others diagnosis typically begins with a medical history and physical examination along with blood tests small amounts of bleeding may be detected by f  ec  al oc  cult blood test endo  sco  py of the lower and upper gastro  intest  inal track may locate the area of bleeding medical imaging may be useful in cases that are not clear initial treatment focuses on resusc  itation which may include intra  ven  ous fluids and blood trans  fu  sions often blood trans  fu  sions are not recommended unless the h  emo  glob  in is less than 70 or 80 g l treatment with prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors oc  tre  o  tide and antibiotics may be considered in certain cases if other measures are not effective an es  op  ha  ge  al balloon may be attempted in those with per  sum  ed es  op  ha  ge  al var  ices endo  sco  py of the es  op  ha  gus stomach and du  o  den  um or endo  sco  py of the large bo  wel are generally recommended within 24 hours and may allow treatment as well as diagnosis an upper gi bleed is more common than lower gi bleed an upper gi bleed occurs in 50 to 150 per 100 000 adults per year a lower gi bleed is estimated to occur in 20 to 30 per 100 000 per year it results in about 300 000 hospital ad  missions a year in the united states risk of death from a gi bleed is between 5 and 30 risk of bleeding is more common in males and increases with age
gastro  intest  inal cancer refers to m  align  ant conditions of the gastro  intest  inal tract gi tract and accessory organs of dig  estion including the es  op  ha  gus stomach bi  li  ary system pan  cre  as small intest  ine large intest  ine rec  tum and an  us the symptoms relate to the organ affected and can include obstruction leading to difficulty sw  allowing or defec  ating abnormal bleeding or other associated problems the diagnosis often requires endo  sco  py followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue the treatment depends on the location of the tumor as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere these factors also determine the prog  no  sis overall the gi tract and the accessory organs of dig  estion pan  cre  as liver g  all blad  der are responsible for more cancers and more deaths from cancer than any other system in the body there is significant geographic variation in the rates of different gastro  intest  inal cancers
gastro  intest  inal diseases refer to diseases involving the gastro  intest  inal tract namely the es  op  ha  gus stomach small intest  ine large intest  ine and rec  tum and the accessory organs of dig  estion the liver gall  blad  der and pan  cre  as
gastro  intest  inal intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia gin or gi  in also known as dig  estive epi  the  li  al dys  pl  asia is abnormal growth cellular dys  pl  asia of dig  estive epi  the  li  al cells in the dig  estive mu  co  sa gastro  intest  inal intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia is the potentially pre  m  align  ant transformation since 2000 they are classified according to the vienna classification
a gastro  intest  inal neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumor is a neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumor that appears in the gastro  intest  inal system
gastro  intest  inal per  for  ation also known as rup  tured bo  wel is a hole in the wall of part of the gastro  intest  inal tract the gastro  intest  inal tract includes the es  op  ha  gus stomach small intest  ine and large intest  ine symptoms include severe ab  domin  al pain and tender  ness when the hole is in the stomach or early part of the small intest  ine the onset of pain is typically sudden while with a hole in the large intest  ine onset may be more gradual the pain is usually constant in nature sep  sis with an increased heart rate increased breathing rate fever and confusion may occur the cause can include trauma such as from a knife wound eating a sharp object or a medical procedure such as colon  o  sco  py bo  wel obstruction such as from a vol  vul  us col  on cancer or diver  tic  u  li  tis stomach ul  cers is  chem  ic bo  wel and a number of infections including c di  ffici  le a hole allows intest  inal contents to enter the ab  domin  al cav  ity the entry of bacteria results in a condition known as per  it  oni  tis or in the formation of an abs  c  ess a hole in the stomach can also lead to a chemical per  it  oni  tis due to ga  str  ic acid a ct scan is typically the preferred method of diagnosis however free air from a per  for  ation can often be seen on plain x ray per  for  ation anywhere along the gastro  intest  inal tract typically requires emergency surgery in the form of an exploratory l  apar  o  tomy this is usually carried out along with intra  ven  ous fluids and antibiotics a number of different antibiotics may be used such as pi  per  ac  ill  in ta  z  ob  ac  t  am or the combination of ci  prof  lo  x  ac  in and met  ron  id  azole occasionally the hole can be se  wn closed while other times a bo  wel res  ection is required even with maximum treatment the risk of death can be as high as 50 a hole from a stomach ul  cer occurs in about 1 per 10 000 people per year while one from diver  tic  u  li  tis occurs in about 0 4 per 10 000 people per year
gastro  intest  inal st  rom  al tumors g  ists are the most common mes  en  ch  ym  al ne  op  las  ms of the gastro  intest  inal tract g  ists arise in the smooth muscle pac  emaker inter  sti  tial cell of ca  j  al or similar cells they are defined as tumors whose behavior is driven by mutations in the kit gene 85 p  dg  fra gene 10 or bra  f kin  ase rare 95 of g  ists stain positively for kit cd 117 most 66 occur in the stomach and ga  str  ic g  ists have a lower m  align  ant potential than tumors found elsewhere in the gi tract
a gastro  je  jun  o  col  ic f  ist  ula is a disorder of the human gastro  intest  inal tract it may form between the trans  verse col  on and the upper je  jun  um after a bill  roth ii surgical procedure the bill  roth procedure attaches the je  jun  um to the remainder of the stomach f  ec  al matter thereby passes improperly from the col  on to the stomach and causes hal  it  osis
gastro  pa  res  is g  p ga  stro from ancient greek γ  α  στ  ή  ρ g  aster stomach and π  άρ  ε  σ  ις pa  res  is partial paralysis also called delayed ga  str  ic emp  tying is a medical condition consisting of a pa  res  is partial paralysis of the stomach resulting in food remaining in the stomach for an abnormally long time normally the stomach contracts to move food down into the small intest  ine for additional dig  estion the vag  us nerve controls these contr  actions gastro  pa  res  is may occur when the vag  us nerve is damaged and the muscles of the stomach and intest  ines do not properly function food then moves slowly or stops moving through the dig  estive tract
in medicine gastro  pto  sis is the abnormal downward displacement of the stomach it is not a life threatening condition the condition frequently causes dig  estive symptoms and con  sti  p  ation and is much more prominent in women than men
gastro  sch  is  is represents a con  genital defect characterised by a defect in the an  terior ab  domin  al wall through which the ab  domin  al contents freely pro  tru  de there is no over  lying s  ac or per  it  on  eu  m and the size of the defect is usually less than 4 centi  metres 1 6 in the ab  domin  al wall defect is located at the junction of the um  bil  ic  us and normal skin and is almost always to the right of the um  bil  ic  us the defect occurs 5 – 8 weeks after conception most likely due to a disruption of the blood  supply to the developing ab  domin  al wall widespread use of anten  atal ul  tras  ound examination and maternal serum alpha fe  to  protein m  saf  p screening has made the detection of gastro  sch  is  is possible in the second trim  ester of pregnancy om  p  hal  oce  le is another con  genital birth defect but it involves the um  bil  ical cord itself and the organs remain enclosed in vis  cer  al per  it  on  eu  m with om  p  hal  oce  le the defect is usually much larger than in gastro  sch  is  is
the gat  ter  mann reaction also known as the gat  ter  mann alde  hyde synthesis is a chemical reaction in which aromatic compounds are form  yl  ated by hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a frie  del – crafts catalyst e g al  cl 3 it is named for the german chem  ist lud  wig gat  ter  mann and is similar to the frie  del crafts reaction the reaction can be simplified by replacing the h  cn al  cl 3 combination with zinc cyanide although it is also highly toxic z  n cn 2 is a solid making it safer to work with than gaseous h  cn additionally because the reaction uses h  cl z  n cn 2 also supplies the reaction with z  nc  l 2 in situ where it acts as a lewis acid catalyst examples of z  n cn 2 being used in this way include the synthesis of 2 hydro  xy 1 naf  thal  de  hyde and mes  ital  de  hyde
gau  cher s disease or gau  cher disease ɡ  o  ʊ  ˈ  ʃ  e  ɪ g  d is a genetic disorder in which glu  co  cere  bro  side a sp  hin  go  lip  id also known as glu  co  syl  ceram  ide accumul  ates in cells and certain organs the disorder is characterized by bru  ising fatigue an  emia low blood plat  elet count and enlargement of the liver and sp  leen and is caused by a hereditary deficiency of the enzyme glu  co  cere  bro  sid  ase also known as glu  co  syl  cer  amid  ase which acts on glu  co  cere  bro  side when the enzyme is defective glu  co  cere  bro  side accumul  ates particularly in white blood cells and especially in macro  p  ha  ges mon  on  uc  lear leuk  oc  y  tes glu  co  cere  bro  side can collect in the sp  leen liver kidneys lungs brain and bone marrow manifestations may include enlarged sp  leen and liver liver mal  function sk  el  etal disorders or bone le  sions that may be painful severe neuro  logical complications sw  elling of lymp  h no  des and occasionally adjacent joints dist  ended ab  dom  en a bro  wn  ish tin  t to the skin an  emia low blood plat  elet count and yellow fatty deposits on the white of the eye s  cl  era persons seriously affected may also be more susceptible to infection some forms of gau  cher s disease may be treated with enzyme replacement therapy the disease is caused by a rec  essive mutation in the g  ba gene located on chro  mo  some 1 and affects both males and females about one in 100 people in the united states are carriers of the most common type of gau  cher disease the carrier rate among ash  ken  az  i jews is 8 9 while the birth incidence is one in 450 gau  cher s disease is the most common of the ly  so  som  al storage diseases it is a form of sp  hin  go  li  pi  do  sis a sub  group of ly  so  som  al storage diseases as it involves dysfunctional metabol  ism of sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds the disease is named after the french physician philippe gau  cher who originally described it in 1882
in al  ge  bra in the theory of poly  no  mi  als a sub  field of ring theory ga  uss s lem  ma is either of two related statements about poly  no  mi  als with inte  ger coefficients the first result states that the product of two primitive poly  no  mi  als is primitive a poly  no  mi  al with inte  ger coefficients is called primitive if the greatest common divis  or of its coefficients is 1 the second result states that if a non constant poly  no  mi  al with inte  ger coefficients is irre  du  ci  ble over the inte  gers then it is also irre  du  ci  ble if it is considered as a poly  no  mi  al over the ration  als this second statement is a consequence of the first see proof below the first statement and proof of the lem  ma is in article 42 of carl friedrich ga  uss s dis  qu  isi  tion  es arithme  tic  ae 18  01 this statements have several gener  alizations described below
in mathematics the ga  uss circle problem is the problem of determining how many inte  ger lat  tice points there are in a circle centred at the origin and with radius r the first progress on a solution was made by carl friedrich ga  uss hence its name
gem  inal hali  de hydro  lysis is an organic reaction the re  ac  tants are gem  inal di  hali  des with a water mol  ecu  le or a hydrox  ide ion the reaction yields ke  tones from secondary hali  des or alde  hy  des from primary hali  des
gender h  ci is a sub  field of human computer interaction that focuses on the design and evaluation of interactive systems for humans with emphasis on differences in how males and females interact with computers
gender and jud  a  ism is an emerging sub  field at the inter  section of gender studies and jewish studies gender studies centers on inter  disciplinary research on the phenomenon of gender it focuses on cultural representations of gender and people s lived experience jewish studies is a field that looks at jews and jud  a  ism through such disciplines as history anthropo  logy literary studies lingu  is  tics and soci  ology
gender and security sector reform is an emerging sub  field of security sector reform s  sr that is both practical and conceptual s  sr generally is a comprehensive framework within which all or part of a state s security sector under  goes a process of transformation in order to bring it more into line with principles such as democratic oversight good governance and the rule of law the overall objectives of s  sr programmes – as defined both by the state in question and any international donors supporting the process – tend to include improving service delivery enhancing local ownership and ensuring the sustainability of security sector institutions as gender specific approaches take into account the specific needs of men women boys and girls through gender mainstreaming and by promoting the equal participation of people of all g  enders in decision making processes states and international organisations increasingly consider them to be a necessary component of s  sr programmes
health is the general condition of a person s mind and body usually indicating the state of being free from illness injury or pain the world health organization who has defined health as a state of complete physical mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or in  firm  ity identified by the 2012 world development report as one of two key human capital endow  ments health can influence an individual ’ s ability to reach his or her full potential in society yet while gender equality has made the most progress in areas such as education and labor force participation health inequality between men and women continues to plague many societies today while both males and females face health disparities girls and women experience a majority of health disparities this comes from the fact that many cultural ideologies and practices have structured society in a way whereby women are more vulnerable to abuse and mistreatment making them more prone to illnesses and early death women are also restricted from receiving many opportunities such as education and paid labor that can help improve their accessibility to better health care resources
gender dy  sp  h  oria or gender identity disorder gi  d is the dy  sp  h  oria distress a person experiences as a result of the sex and gender they were assigned at birth there is evidence suggesting that people who identify with a gender different from the one they were assigned at birth may do so not just due to psychological or behavioral causes but also biological ones related to their genetics or exposure to hormones before birth estimates of the prevalence of gender dy  sp  h  oria or gi  d range from a lower bound of 1 2000 or about 0 05 in the netherlands and belgium to 0 5 of massachusetts adults to 1 2 of new zealand high school students these numbers are based on those who identify as trans  gender it is estimated that about 0 005 to 0 0  14 of males and 0 002 to 0 003 of females would be diagnosed with gender dy  sp  h  oria based on current diagnostic criteria research indicates people who transition in adul  thood are up to three times more likely to be male assigned at birth but that among people transi  tioning in childhood the sex ratio is close to 1 1 gi  d is classified as a disorder by the ic  d 10 cm and dsm 5 called gender dy  sp  h  oria some trans  gender people and researchers support decl  assi  fication of gi  d because they say the diagnosis patho  logi  zes gender variance reinforces the b  inary model of gender and can result in stigmati  zation of trans  gender individuals the official reclassi  fication as gender dy  sp  h  oria in the dsm 5 may help resolve some of these issues because the term gender dy  sp  h  oria applies only to the discontent experienced by some persons resulting from gender identity issues the american psychiatric association publish  er of the dsm 5 states that gender non  conformity is not in itself a mental disorder the critical element of gender dy  sp  h  oria is the presence of clin  ically significant distress associated with the condition the current main psychiatric approaches to treatment for persons diagnosed with gi  d are psycho  therapy or to support the individual s preferred gender through hormone therapy gender expression and role or surgery
gender dy  sp  h  oria in children or gender identity disorder in children gi  dc is a formal diagnosis used by psychologists and physicians to describe children who experience significant discontent gender dy  sp  h  oria with their biological sex assigned gender or both gi  dc was form  alized in the third revision of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iii in 1980 and primarily referenced gender non conforming behaviors gi  dc remained in the dsm from 1980 to 2013 when it was replaced with the diagnosis of gender dy  sp  h  oria in the fifth revision dsm 5 in an effort to diminish the stigma attached to gender variance while maintaining a diagnostic route to gender affirming medical interventions such as hormone therapy and surgery controversy surrounding the patho  logi  zation and treatment of cross gender identity and behaviors particularly in children has been evident in the literature since the 1980 s proponents of more widespread gi  dc diagnoses argue that therapeutic intervention helps children be more comfortable in their bodies and can prevent adult gender identity disorder opponents say that the equivalent therapeutic interventions with g  ays and les  bians tit  led conversion or repar  ative therapy have been strongly questioned or declared un  ethical by the american psychological association american psychiatric association american association of social workers and american academy of pedi  at  rics the world professional association for trans  gender health w  path states that treatment aimed at trying to change a person s gender identity and expression to become more con  gru  ent with sex assigned at birth is no longer considered ethical critics also argue that the gi  dc diagnosis and associated therapeutic interventions rely on the assumption that an adult trans  sexual identity is undesirable challenging this assumption along with the lack of clinical data to support outcomes and efficacy gender identity disorder in children is more heavily linked with adult homosexuality than adult trans  sex  u  alism according to limited studies the majority of children diagnosed with gi  d cease to desire to be the other sex by pu  ber  ty with most growing up to identify as gay or lesbian with or without therapeutic intervention
the gender paradox is a soci  ol  ingu  istic phenomenon first observed by william lab  ov in which women conform more closely than men to soci  ol  ingu  istic norms that are over  tly prescribed but conform less than men when they are not specifically the paradox arises from soci  ol  ingu  istic data showing that women are more likely to use prestige forms and avoid stigmati  zed variants than men for a majority of linguistic variables but that they are also more likely to lead language change by using innovative forms of variables
the european commission defines the gender pay gap as the average difference between men s and women s aggregate hourly earnings the wage gap is due to a variety of causes such as differences in education choices differences in preferred job and industry differences in the types of positions held by men and women differences in the type of jobs men typically go into as opposed to women especially highly paid high risk jobs differences in amount of work experience difference in length of the work week and breaks in employment these factors resolve 60 to 75 of the pay gap depending on the source various explanations for the remaining 25 to 40 have been suggested including women s lower willingness and ability to negotiate salaries or else due to discrimination according to the european commission direct discrimination only explains a small part of gender wage differences in the united states the average female s un  adjusted annual salary has been cited as 78 of that of the average male however multiple studies from oecd a  au  w and the us department of labor have found that pay rates between males and females varied by 5 – 6 6 or females earning 94 cents to every dollar earned by their male counterparts when wages were adjusted to different individual choices made by male and female workers in college major occupation working hours and maternal pater  nal leave the remaining 6 of the gap has been spec  ulated to originate from deficiency in salary negotiating skills and sexual discrimination in the uk the aggregate gender pay gap has continued to close and as of 2012 the gap officially dropped below 10 for full time workers the aggregate gender pay gap can also be viewed as a generational sliding scale with females between 55 – 65 with the largest disparity 18 and females between the ages of 25 – 35 with the smallest disparity 6
australia has a persistent gender pay gap since 1990 the gender pay gap remained within a narrow range of between 15 and 18 in november 2015 the australian gender pay gap was 17 21 however it has been noted that some of this gap could be down to differing career choices between the g  enders as this is an aggregate figure with some sources citing an actual pay gap for equal work of below 3
the gender pay gap in new zealand is the difference in the average hourly wages of men and women in new zealand it is calculated using the median hourly wage paid to full time male and female workers an economic indicator of gender inequality a gender pay gap suggests a failure to ensure the principles of pay equality and equal pay for equal work
cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation for cancer to develop genes regulating cell growth and differentiation must be altered these mutations are then maintained through subsequent cell divisions and are thus present in all can  cer  ous cells gene expression profiling is a technique used in molecular biology to qu  ery the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously in the context of cancer gene expression profiling has been used to more accurately classify tumors the information derived from gene expression profiling often helps in predicting the patient ’ s clinical outcome
gene gating is a phenomenon by which trans  crip  tionally active genes are brought next to nuclear por  e complex  es n  pcs so that nascent trans  cripts can quickly form mature mr  na associated with export factors gene gating was first hypo  thes  ised by gün  ter blo  bel in 1985 it has been shown to occur in sac  char  om  y  ces cere  visi  ae ca  en  or  hab  di  tis eleg  ans dro  s  oph  ila mel  an  og  aster as well as mammalian model systems the proteins that con  situ  te the n  pcs known as nucle  op  or  ins have been shown to play a role in dna binding and mr  na transport making gene gating possible in addition gene gating is orchestrated by two protein complex  es sp  t ada g  cn 5 ace  ty  l  transfer  ase saga and trans  cription – export complex 2 tre  x 2 complex saga is a ch  rom  atin remo  deling complex responsible for activating the trans  cription of certain indu  ci  ble genes the saga complex binds to gene promoters and also inter  acts with the tre  x 2 complex in turn the tre  x 2 complex inter  acts with the n  pc thus favouring the relocation of actively trans  cri  bed genes to the periphery of the cell nucleus in contrast the rest of the periphery i e those parts not associated with n  pcs is trans  crip  tionally silent heter  och  rom  atin
the gene  alo  gy of musical gen  res is the pattern of musical gen  res that have contributed to the development of new gen  res gene  alo  gical charts or family trees of musical gen  res show how new gen  res have emerged from existing gen  res and how multiple gen  res have contributed to a new gen  re since music can be endlessly broken down into smaller and smaller categories a gene  alo  gical chart will usually focus on one major gen  re and its different strains for instance jazz is considered to be a gen  re with many sub  gen  res including new orleans jazz rag  time swing be  b  op free jazz and latin jazz how these developed out of one another is shown in a gene  alo  gical chart often with major figures or innovators of each sub  gen  re a gene  alo  gy of gen  res may also incorporate several major gen  res such as jazz rock and roll and folk music the image accompanying this article shows how numerous cuban musical styles have developed out of many other gen  res including some from europe africa the us latin america and other caribbean countries while focusing on cuban music the image also shows the gene  alo  gy of many popular music gen  res since the 18 th century the family tree of music can also be explored by starting at the article for your favourite gen  re and clic  king on the items in the sty  listic origins sub  gen  res derivative forms and fusion gen  res sections of the gen  re in  fo  box
gener  ación de la rup  tura breakaway generation was a reaction of the post world war ii generation of mexican artists against the established mexican school of painting more commonly called mexican mur  alism it began with the criticisms of josé luis cu  ev  as in the early 1950 s followed by others who thought the established art had become dogmatic formul  a  ic and nationalistic and the artists too defer  ential to the government this new generation of artists was not bound by a particular artistic style but was more interested in personal rather than social issues and influenced by a number of international trends in art such as abstract expres  sion  ism early reaction to them was strong and negative but by the end of the 1950 s they had succeeded in having their art shown in the major venues of mexico the gener  ación de la rup  tura had influence on other arts in mexico such as literature but it did not end the production of mur  als in mexico with social and nationalist purposes
the general group problem solving gg  ps model is a problem solving methodology in which a group of individuals will define the desired outcome identify the gap between the current state and the target and generate ideas for closing the gap by bra  inst  or  ming the end result is list of actions needed to achieve the desired results
general pa  res  is also known as general paralysis of the insane or paraly  tic dementia is a severe neuro  psychiatric disorder classified as an organic mental disorder and caused by the chronic men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis that leads to cere  br  al atro  phy in late stage sy  phil  is degenerative changes are associated primarily with the frontal and temporal lob  ar cor  tex the disease affects approximately 7 of infected individuals it prevails among men g  pi was originally considered to be a type of madness due to a dis  solu  te character when first identified in the 18 th century then the cause effect connection with sy  phil  is was discovered in the late 18  80 s subsequently the discovery of pen  ic  ill  in and its use in the treatment of sy  phil  is rendered pa  res  is cur  able and avoidable prior to that pa  res  is was inevitably fatal unless another terminating illness intervened and accounted for as much as 25 of the primary diagnosis for residents in public psychiatric hospitals
generalized epi  le  psy also known as primary generalized epi  le  psy or idi  opathic epi  le  psy is a form of epi  le  psy characterised by generalised seizures with no apparent cause generalized seizures as opposed to partial seizures are a type of seizure that imp  airs consciousness and distorts the electrical activity of the whole or a larger portion of the brain which can be seen for example on electro  encephal  o  graphy eeg generalized epi  le  psy is primary because the epi  le  psy is the originally diagnosed condition itself as opposed to secondary epi  le  psy which occurs as a symptom of a diagnosed condition
tonic – cl  onic seizures formerly known as grand mal seizures are a type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain tonic – cl  onic seizures are the seizure type most commonly associated with epi  le  psy and seizures in general though it is a misconception that they are the only type tonic – cl  onic seizures can be induced deliberately in electro  con  vul  sive therapy
generalized anxiety disorder g  ad is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive uncontrollable and often irrational worry that is apprehen  sive expectation about events or activities this excessive worry often interferes with daily functioning as individuals with g  ad typically anticipate disaster and are overly concerned about everyday matters such as health issues money death family problems friendship problems inter  personal relationship problems or work difficulties individuals often exhibit a variety of physical symptoms including fatigue fi  dge  ting headaches naus  ea num  b  ness in hands and feet muscle tension muscle aches difficulty sw  allowing excessive stomach acid buil  dup stomach pain v  om  iting diarr  hea b  outs of breathing difficulty difficulty concentrating trem  bling tw  it  ching irrit  ability ag  itation swe  ating rest  lessness in  som  nia hot fl  ashes r  ashes and inability to fully control the anxiety ic  d 10 these symptoms must be consistent and ongoing persisting at least six months for a formal diagnosis of g  ad standardized rating scales such as g  ad 7 can be used to assess severity of g  ad symptoms g  ad is the most common cause of disability in the workplace in the united states in a given year approximately two percent of american adults and european adults experience g  ad globally about 4 are affected at some point in their life g  ad is seen in women twice as much as men g  ad is also common in individuals with a history of substance abuse and a family history of the disorder once g  ad develops it may become chronic but can be managed or eliminated with proper treatment
in applied mathematics the maximum generalized assignment problem is a problem in combin  atorial optimi  zation this problem is a gener  alization of the assignment problem in which both tasks and agents have a size moreover the size of each task might vary from one agent to the other this problem in its most general form is as follows there are a number of agents and a number of tasks any agent can be assigned to perform any task incurring some cost and profit that may vary depending on the agent task assignment moreover each agent has a budget and the sum of the costs of tasks assigned to it cannot exceed this budget it is required to find an assignment in which all agents do not exceed their budget and total profit of the assignment is maxim  ized
generalized epi  le  psy with fe  bri  le seizures plus ge  fs is a syndro  mic auto  som  al dominant disorder where afflicted individuals can exhibit numerous epi  le  psy phen  o  types ge  fs can persist beyond early childhood i e 6 years of age ge  fs is also now believed to encompass three other epi  le  psy disorders severe my  o  cl  onic epi  le  psy of infancy sme  i which is also known as dra  vet s syndrome borderline sme  i sme  b and intractable epi  le  psy of childhood iec there are at least six types of ge  fs deline  ated by their caus  ative gene known caus  ative genes are the sodium channel α sub  unit genes s  cn 1 a an associated β sub  unit s  cn 1 b and a gab  aa recep  tor γ sub  unit gene gab  r  g 2 and there is another gene related with calcium channel the p  cd  h 19 which is also known as epi  le  psy female with mental retar  dation penetr  ance for this disorder is estimated at approximately 60
generalized erup  tive his  ti  oc  y  tom  a also known as erup  tive his  ti  oc  y  tom  a and generalized erup  tive his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is a rare cu  taneous condition characterized by widespread er  y  them  at  ous essentially symmetr  ical pap  ules particularly involving the trunk and proxim  al extre  mi  ties
generalized er  y  them  a is a skin condition that may be caused by medications bacterial toxins or viral infections
in compu  tational complexity theory generalized geography is a well known p  space complete problem
generalized gran  ul  oma annul  are is a skin condition of unknown cause tending to affect women in the fifth and sixth decades presenting as a diffuse but symmetr  ical pap  ular or ann  ular eruption of more than ten skin le  sions and often hundreds
generalized hyper  hi  dro  sis is excessive swe  ating that may be induced by fe  bri  le diseases vigorous exercise or a hot hum  id environment such as a tropical mili  eu
generalized l  enti  gin  osis is a cu  taneous condition that will occasionally present without other associated ab  norm  alities it may be caused by car  ney complex le  op  ard syndrome or pe  ut  z – je  gh  ers syndrome
lymp  h no  des or g  lands or no  des or lymp  ho  id tissue are no  d  ular bodies located throughout the body but clu  stering in certain areas such as the ar  mp  it back of the neck and the gro  in they are part of the lymp  h  atic system the lymp  h  atic system is part of the body s immune surveillance system blood contains fluid and blood cells the fluid which may contain suspended foreign material such as bacteria and viruses se  eps through blood vessel walls into the tissues where it ba  thes the body cells and exchanges substances with them some of this fluid is then taken up by lymp  h  atic vessels and passed back to the heart where it is again mixed with the blood on its way the fluid passes through the lymp  h no  des if no  des detect something foreign passing through them such as a bacter  ium or a cancer cell they will swell up this is called lymp  had  en  opathy or sw  oll  en g  lands usually this is loc  alised for example an infected spot on the scal  p will cause lymp  h no  des in the neck on that same side to swell up but when it is in two or more regions it is called generalized lymp  had  en  opathy usually this is in response to a body wide infectious disease such as influenza and will go away once the person has recovered but sometimes it can persist long term even when there is no obvious cause of disease this is then called persistent generalized lymp  had  en  opathy p  g  l
generalized pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis g  pp is an extremely rare type of ps  ori  asis that can present in a variety of forms unlike the most general and common forms of ps  ori  asis g  pp usually covers the entire body and with p  us filled bl  is  ters rather than pl  aqu  es g  pp can present at any age but is r  arer in young children it can appear with or without previous ps  ori  asis conditions or history and can re  occur in periodic episodes
in mathematics a semi infinite programming si  p problem is an optimi  zation problem with a finite number of variables and an infinite number of constraints the constraints are typically parame  ter  ized in a generalized semi infinite programming g  si  p problem the feasible set of the parameters depends on the variables
generalized vacc  in  ia is a cu  taneous condition that occurs 6 – 9 days after vaccination characterized by a generalized eruption of skin le  sions and caused by the vacc  in  ia virus
the generation effect is a phenomenon where information is better remembered if it is generated from one s own mind rather than simply read researchers have struggled to account for why generated information is better recalled than read information but no single explanation has been sufficient
a generation gap or generational gap is a difference of opinions between one generation and another regarding beliefs politics or values in today s usage generation gap often refers to a perceived gap between younger people and their parents and or grandparents
generation gap is a software design pattern documented by john v  lis  sides that treats automatically generated code differently than code that was written by a develop  er modifications should not be made to generated code as they would be over  written if the code generation process was ever re run such as during re  compilation v  lis  sides proposed creating a sub  class of the generated code which contains the desired modification
generation loss is the loss of quality between subsequent copies or trans  codes of data anything that reduces the quality of the representation when copying and would cause further reduction in quality on making a copy of the copy can be considered a form of generation loss file size increases are a common result of generation loss as the introduction of arti  facts may actually increase the ent  ro  py of the data through each generation
generic case complexity is a sub  field of compu  tational complexity theory that studies the complexity of compu  tational problems on most inputs generic case complexity is a way of measuring the complexity of a compu  tational problem by neglecting a small set o  fun  representative inputs and considering worst case complexity on the rest small is defined in terms of as  ymp  to  tic density the apparent efficacy of generic case complexity is because for a wide variety of concrete compu  tational problems the most difficult instances seem to be rare typical instances are relatively easy this approach to complexity originated in combin  atorial group theory which has a compu  tational tradition going back to the beginning of the last century the notion of generic complexity was introduced in a 2003 paper where authors showed that for a large class of fin  itely generated groups the generic time complexity of some classical decision problems from combin  atorial group theory namely the word problem con  ju  g  acy problem and membership problem are linear a detailed introduction of generic case complexity can be found in the surveys
a genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or more ab  norm  alities in the genome especially a condition that is present from birth con  genital most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions genetic disorders may be hereditary passed down from the parents genes in other genetic disorders defects may be caused by new mutations or changes to the dna in such cases the defect will only be passed down if it occurs in the germ line the same disease such as some forms of cancer may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people by new mutations in other people and mainly by environmental causes in other people whether when and to what extent a person with the genetic defect or ab  normality will actually suffer from the disease is almost always affected by the environmental factors and events in the person s development some types of rec  essive gene disorders confer an advantage in certain environments when only one copy of the gene is present
genetic gain is the amount of increase in performance that is achieved through artificial genetic improvement programs this is usually used to refer to the increase after one generation has passed
genetic hetero  geneity is a phenomenon in which a single phen  o  type or genetic disorder may be caused by any one of a multiple number of all  el  es or non alle  le loc  us mutations this is in contrast to ple  io  tro  py where a single gene may cause multiple phen  o  typ  ic expressions or disorders genetic hetero  geneity describes genetic variation from the normal population clin  ically genetic hetero  geneity refers to diseases that result from multiple gene ab  norm  alities multiple gene ab  norm  alities are seen in disorders such as au  tism c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis and ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa
genetic load is the difference between the fitness of an average geno  type in a population and the fitness of some reference geno  type which may be either the best present in a population or may be the theoretically optimal geno  type the average individual taken from a population with a low genetic load will generally when grown in the same conditions have more surviving offspring genetic load can also be seen as reduced fitness at the population level compared to what the population would have if all individuals had the reference high fitness geno  type high genetic load may put a population in danger of extinction
genetic vari  ability vary liable to or capable of change is the ability i e capability of a biological system – individual and population – that is changing over time the base of the genetic vari  ability is genetic variation of different biological systems in space genetic vari  ability is a measure of the tendency of individual geno  types in a population to vary from one another also vari  ability is different from genetic diversity which is the amount of variation seen in a particular population the vari  ability of a trait describes how much that trait tends to vary in response to environmental and genetic influences genetic vari  ability in a population is important for biodiversity because without vari  ability it becomes difficult for a population to adapt to environmental changes and therefore makes it more prone to extinction vari  ability is an important factor in evolution as it affects an individual s response to environmental stress and thus can lead to differential survival of organisms within a population due to natural selection of the most fit variants genetic vari  ability also underlies the differential suscep  tibility of organisms to diseases and sensitivity to toxins or drugs — a fact that has driven increased interest in person  alized medicine given the rise of the human genome project and efforts to map the extent of human genetic variation such as the hap  map project
down syndrome is a chro  mo  som  al ab  normality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 21 st chro  mo  some either in whole tr  is  omy 21 or part such as due to trans  locations the effects of the extra copy varies greatly from individual to individual depending on the extent of the extra copy genetic background environmental factors and random chance down syndrome can occur in all human populations and analogous effects have been found in other species such as chimp  an  ze  es and mice recently researchers have been able to create trans  genic mice with most of human chro  mo  some 21 in addition to their normal chro  mo  som  es a typical human kar  yo  type is shown here every chro  mo  some has two copies in the bottom right there are chro  mo  som  al differences between males xy and females xx which do not concern us a typical human kar  yo  type is designated as 46 xx or 46 xy indicating 46 chro  mo  som  es with an xx arrangement for females and 46 chro  mo  som  es with an xy arrangement for males for this section we will use females for the kar  yo  type designation 46 xx
cancer is a genetic disorder in which the normal control of cell growth is lost cancer genetics is now one of the fastest expanding medical speci  alties at the molecular level cancer is caused by mutation s in dna which result in aberr  ant cell proliferation most of these mutations are acquired and occur in som  atic cells however some people inherit mutation s in the ger  m  line the mutation s occur in two classes of cellular genes on  co  genes and tumor sup  pres  sor genes transformation of pro  to on  co  gene to on  co  gene is the result of gain in function through over expression of the gene or duplication such as amp  lification to produce increased on  co protein activation or formation of fusion gene by trans  location alteration of the gene product to produce transforming proteins
gen  ic  ulate gang  li  oni  tis or gen  ic  ulate ne  ur  al  gia gn also called nerv  us intermedi  us ne  ur  al  gia is a rare disorder that involves severe pain deep in the ear that may spread to the ear canal outer ear ma  sto  id or eye regions gn may also occur in combination with tri  gem  inal or glos  sop  har  yn  ge  al ne  ur  al  gia the pain of gn is sharp shooting or burning and can last for hours painful attacks can be triggered by cold noise sw  allowing or touch but triggers are usually unique to the suffer  er other related symptoms that may be experienced include increased sali  vation bitter taste tin  nit  us and ver  ti  go this disorder usually occurs in young to middle aged adults and more commonly in women gen  ic  ulate ne  ur  al  gia may be caused by compression of som  atic sensory branch of cran  ial nerve vii which goes through the nerv  us intermedi  us in sufferers of gn signals sent along these nerves are altered and interpreted by the gen  ic  ulate gang  lion a structure in the brain as gn pain gn may also develop following her  pes zo  ster o  tic  us ram  say hunt syndrome where cold so  res occur on the ear drum or ear this may also be associated with facial pa  res  is weakness tin  nit  us ver  ti  go and deaf  ness
gen  io  sp  asm is movement disorder of the ment  alis muscle it is a benign genetic disorder linked to chro  mo  some 9 q 13 q 21 where there are ep  is  od  ic involuntary up and down movements of the chin and lower lip the movements consist of rapid fl  ut  tering or trem  bling at about 8 h  z super  imposed onto a once per three seconds movement of higher am  pl  itude and occur symmetr  ically in the v shaped muscle the tongue and buc  cal floor muscles may also be affected but to a much lesser degree the movements are always present but extreme episodes may be precipit  ated by stress concentration or emotion and commence in early childhood the condition is extremely rare and in a study in 1999 only 23 families in the world were known to be affected although it may be under reported inheritance is aggressively auto  som  al dominant in at least two studies the condition appeared spontaneously in the families the condition responds very well to regular bot  ul  in  us toxin injections into the ment  alis muscle which paraly  se the muscle but cause no impairment of facial expression or speech
genital her  pes is a genital infection caused by the her  pes simpl  ex virus h  sv most individuals carrying her  pes are unaware they have been infected and many will never suffer an outbreak which involves bl  is  ters similar to cold so  res while there is no cure for her  pes over time symptoms are increasingly mild and outbreaks are decreas  ingly frequent when symptomatic the typical manifestation of a primary infection is clusters of genital so  res consisting of infl  amed pap  ules and ves  ic  les on the outer surface of the gen  itals resembling cold so  res these usually appear 4 – 7 days after sexual exposure to h  sv for the first time genital h  sv 1 infection rec  urs at rate of about one sixth of that of genital h  sv 2 h  sv has been classified into two distinct categories h  sv 1 and h  sv 2 although genital her  pes was previously caused primarily by h  sv 2 genital h  sv 1 infections are increasing and now cause up to 80 of infections in 2013 about 1 1 billion people 15 9 had as  ymp  tomatic genital her  pes and 47 million new cases of genital her  pes occurred a 1998 study indicated it was the most common sexually transmitted infection by the number of cases
genital war  ts are symptoms of a contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by some types of human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v war  ts are the most easily recognized symptom of genital h  p  v infection about 90 of those who contract h  p  v will not develop genital war  ts and the remaining 10 who are infected can transmit the virus h  p  v types 6 and 11 are most frequently the cause of genital war  ts it is spread through direct skin to skin contact usually during oral genital or anal sex with an infected partner while some types of h  p  v cause cer  vic  al cancer and anal cancers these are not the same types of h  p  v that cause genital war  ts the some h  p  v vaccines includes coverage for types 6 and 11 and therefore can prevent genital war  ts it is also possible to be infected with different types of h  p  v either at the same or different times although estimates of the number of new cases a year vary h  p  v is so common that nearly all sexually active people will get it at some point in their lives a con  dy  lo  ma acu  min  at  um is a single genital wart and con  dy  lo  mata acu  min  ata are multiple genital war  ts the word roots mean pointed wart from greek κ  όν  δ  υ  λο  ς knuc  kle greek ω  μα oma disease and latin acu  min  at  um pointed although similarly named it is not the same as con  dy  lo  ma lat  um which is a complic  ation of secondary sy  phil  is
in 2012 it was shown that mutations in the gene kat 6 b cause the syndrome
gen  it  our  inary am  oe  bi  asis or ren  al am  oe  bi  asis is a rare complic  ation to am  oe  bic liver abs  c  ess which in turn is a complic  ation of am  oe  bi  asis it is believed to result from liver abs  c  esses breaking open wh  er  eu  pon the am  oe  bas spread through the blood to the new loc  ale genital involvement is thought to result from f  ist  ula formation from the liver or through rec  to  co  li  tis the involvement causes le  sions which ex  ude a high degree of p  us
geno  copy is a trait that is a phen  o  typ  ic copy of a genetic trait but is caused by a different geno  type a geno  type at one loc  us that produces a phen  o  type that at some levels of resolution is in  distingu  ishable from that produced by another geno  type two types of el  lip  to  cy  to  sis that are geno  copies of each other but are distinguished by the fact that one is linked to the r  h blood group loc  us and the other is not the way to distinguish a rec  essive geno  copy from a phen  o  type caused by a different alle  le would be by carrying out a test cross breeding the two together if they f 1 hybrid segreg  ates 1 2 1 then we can determine that it was a geno  copy
geno  der  mato  ses are inherited genetic skin conditions often grouped into three categories chro  mo  som  al single gene and poly  genetic
genome size is the total amount of dna contained within one copy of a single genome it is typically measured in terms of mass in pi  co  grams tril  lion  ths 10 − 12 of a gram abbreviated pg or less frequently in dal  tons or as the total number of nucle  o  tide base pairs typically in me  gab  ases millions of base pairs abbreviated mb or m  bp one pi  co  gram equals 9  78 me  gab  ases in diplo  id organisms genome size is used inter  change  ably with the term c value an organism s complexity is not directly proportional to its genome size some single cell organisms have much more dna than humans see junk dna and c value en  ig  ma
genom  ic im  printing is the epi  genetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent of origin specific manner if the alle  le inherited from the father is im  printed it is thereby silenced and only the alle  le from the mother is expressed if the alle  le from the mother is im  printed then only the alle  le from the father is expressed forms of genom  ic im  printing have been demonstrated in fun  gi plants and animals as of 2014 there are about 150 im  printed genes known in the mouse and about half that in humans genom  ic im  printing is an inheritance process independent of the classical men  deli  an inheritance it is an epi  genetic process that involves dna meth  yl  ation and hist  one meth  yl  ation without altering the genetic sequence these epi  genetic marks are established im  printed in the ger  m  line sperm or egg cells of the parents and are maintained through mit  otic cell divisions in the som  atic cells of an organism appropriate im  printing of certain genes is important for normal development human diseases involving genom  ic im  printing include angel  man syndrome and pr  ader – will  i syndrome
gen  u recur  vat  um is a de  form  ity in the knee joint so that the knee ben  ds backwards in this de  form  ity excessive extension occurs in the ti  bi  of  em  oral joint gen  u recur  vat  um is also called knee hyper  extension and back knee this de  form  ity is more common in women and people with famili  al lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity hyper  extension of the knee may be mild moderate or severe the normal range of motion rom of the knee joint is from 0 to 135 degrees in an adult full knee extension should be no more than 10 degrees in gen  u recur  vat  um back knee normal extension is increased the development of gen  u recur  vat  um may lead to knee pain and knee o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis
gen  u val  gum commonly called knock knee is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch one another when the legs are strai  ghtened individuals with severe val  gus de  form  ities are typically unable to touch their feet together while simultaneously strai  ghtening the legs the term originates from the latin gen  u knee and val  gus which actually means bent outw  ards but in this case it is used to describe the dis  tal portion of the knee joint which ben  ds outw  ards and thus the proxim  al portion seems to be bent in  wards for c  itation and more information on uses of the words val  gus and var  us please visit the internal link to var  us mild gen  u val  gum is diagnosed when a person standing u  pri  ght with the feet touching also shows the knees touching it can be seen in children from ages 2 to 5 and is often corrected naturally as children grow however the condition may continue or worsen with age particularly when it is the result of a disease such as ric  kets or obesity idi  opathic gen  u val  gum is a form that is either con  genital or has no known cause other systemic conditions may be associated such as sch  ny  der cryst  alline cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy an auto  som  al dominant condition frequently reported with hyper  li  pi  dem  ia
gen  u var  um also called bow leg  ge  dness ban  din  ess ban  dy leg and ti  bia var  a is a physical de  form  ity marked by outward bo  wing of the lower leg in relation to the thi  gh giving the appearance of an archer s bow usually medi  al ang  ulation of both fem  ur and ti  bia is involved
in mathematics — specifically in differential geometry — a geo  des  ic map or geo  des  ic mapping or geo  des  ic diff  e  om  orph  ism is a function that preserves geo  des  ics more precisely given two pseudo ri  em  ann  ian mani  fol  ds m g and n h a function φ m → n is said to be a geo  des  ic map if φ is a diff  e  om  orph  ism of m onto n and the image under φ of any geo  des  ic arc in m is a geo  des  ic arc in n and the image under the in  verse function φ − 1 of any geo  des  ic arc in n is a geo  des  ic arc in m
ge  od  y  nam  ics is a sub  field of ge  oph  ys  ics dealing with dynamics of the earth it applies physics chemistry and mathematics to the understanding of how man  tle conv  ection leads to plate tec  ton  ics and geo  logic phenomena such as seaf  lo  or spreading mountain building volcan  oes earthquakes fa  ulting and so on it also attempts to probe the internal activity by measuring magnetic fields gravity and seis  mic waves as well as the miner  alo  gy of rocks and their isotop  ic composition methods of ge  od  y  nam  ics are also applied to exploration of other planets
geographic tongue also known by several other terms is an infl  am  matory condition of the mu  co  us memb  rane of the tongue usually on the dor  sal surface it is a common condition affecting approximately 2 – 3 of the general population it is characterized by areas of smooth red de  pap  ill  ation loss of lingual pap  il  la  e which migrate over time the name comes from the map like appearance of the tongue with the pat  ches resembling the islands of an archipelago the cause is unknown but the condition is entirely benign importantly it does not represent oral cancer and there is no cur  ative treatment un  commonly geographic tongue may cause a burning sensation on the tongue for which various treatments have been described with little formal evidence of efficacy
the geo  logy of british columbia is a function of its location on the leading edge of the north american continent the mountainous physi  o  graphy and the diversity of rock types and ages hint at the complex geo  logy which is still undergoing revision despite a century of exploration and mapping the country s most prominent geological features are mountain ranges including the north american cor  dill  era which stretches from southern mexico to alaska
a ge  om  ag  ne  tic storm is a temporary disturbance of the earth s magne  to  sphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and or cloud of magnetic field that inter  acts with the earth s magnetic field the increase in the solar wind pressure initially com  presses the magne  to  sphere the solar wind s magnetic field inter  acts with the earth ’ s magnetic field and transfers an increased energy into the magne  to  sphere both interactions cause an increase in plasma movement through the magne  to  sphere driven by increased electric fields inside the magne  to  sphere and an increase in electric current in the magne  to  sphere and ion  o  sphere during the main phase of a ge  om  ag  ne  tic storm electric current in the magne  to  sphere creates a magnetic force that pushes out the boundary between the magne  to  sphere and the solar wind the disturbance in the inter  plan  e  tary medium that drives the storm may be due to a solar cor  onal mass e  jec  tion c  me or a high speed stream co rotating interaction region or ci  r of the solar wind originating from a region of weak magnetic field on the sun ’ s surface the frequency of ge  om  ag  ne  tic storms increases and decreases with the sun  spot cycle c  me driven storms are more common during the maximum of the solar cycle while ci  r driven storms are more common during the minimum of the solar cycle several space weather phenomena tend to be associated with or are caused by a ge  om  ag  ne  tic storm these include solar energetic particle se  p events ge  om  ag  ne  tically induced currents gic ion  o  spheric disturbances that cause radio and radar sc  in  till  ation disruption of navigation by magnetic compass and aur  oral displays at much lower lati  tudes than normal in 1989 a ge  om  ag  ne  tic storm energi  zed ground induced currents that disrupted electric power distribution throughout most of the province of qu  eb  ec and caused aur  or  ae as far south as texas
ge  om  ag  ne  tically induced currents gic affecting the normal operation of long electrical conductor systems are a manifestation at ground level of space weather during space weather events electric currents in the magne  to  sphere and ion  o  sphere experience large variations which manifest also in the earth s magnetic field these variations induce currents gic in conductors operated on the surface of earth electric transmission grids and buried pipelines are common examples of such conductor systems gic can cause problems such as increased corro  sion of pipeline steel and damaged high voltage power transformers gic are one possible consequence of ge  om  ag  ne  tic storms which may also affect ge  oph  ys  ical exploration surveys and oil and gas drilling operations
ge  om  el  op  ha  gia is an unusual pic  a medical eating disorder in iron deficiency an  emia and is characterized by abnormal ing  estion of raw potatoes
in classical and quantum mechanics the geome  tric phase pan  char  at  nam – berry phase named after s pan  char  at  nam and sir michael berry pan  char  at  nam phase or most commonly berry phase is a phase difference acquired over  the course of a cycle when a system is subjected to cyclic adi  ab  atic processes which results from the geome  tr  ical properties of the parameter space of the hamil  ton  ian the phenomenon was first discovered in 1956 and re  discovered in 1984 it can be seen in the a  har  on  ov – bo  hm effect and in the con  ical inter  section of potential energy surfaces in the case of the a  har  on  ov – bo  hm effect the adi  ab  atic parameter is the magnetic field enclosed by two interference paths and it is cyclic in the sense that these two paths form a loop in the case of the con  ical inter  section the adi  ab  atic parameters are the molecular coordinates apart from quantum mechanics it arises in a variety of other wave systems such as classical op  tics as a rule of thumb it can occur whenever there are at least two parameters character  izing a wave in the vicinity of some sort of sing  ul  arity or hole in the topo  logy two parameters are required because either the set of non  singular states will not be simply connected or there will be non  zero hol  on  omy waves are characterized by am  pl  itude and phase and both may vary as a function of those parameters the geome  tric phase occurs when both parameters are changed simultaneously but very slowly adi  ab  atically and eventually brought back to the initial configuration in quantum mechanics this could involve ro  tations but also translations of particles which are apparently undone at the end one might expect that the waves in the system return to the initial state as characterized by the am  pl  it  u  des and phases and accounting for the passage of time however if the parameter ex  cur  sions correspond to a loop instead of a self re  tracing back and forth variation then it is possible that the initial and final states differ in their phases this phase difference is the geome  tric phase and its occurrence typically indicates that the system s parameter dependence is singular its state is un  defined for some combination of parameters to measure the geome  tric phase in a wave system an interference experiment is required the fou  ca  ult pendulum is an example from classical mechanics that is sometimes used to illustrate the geome  tric phase this mechanics analogue of the geome  tric phase is known as the h  ann  ay angle
ge  opho  to  graphy also geo photo  graphy or geological photo  graphy is a sub  field of geo  logy that involves the use of photo  graphy or other imaging techniques in the visible or near visible e g ultra  violet infra  red spectrum to realistically record objects features and processes of geological significance ultimately ge  opho  to  graphy is motivated by a scientific comprehension or question and serves to accomplish a specific useful goal in furthering the understanding of the aspect of geo  logy that it addresses however cros  so  ver does occur from documentary to more artistic styles as geo  logy is broadly the study of the earth and often entails the study of large scale features such as mountains and mountain belts there is significant overlap between ge  opho  to  graphy and landscape photo  graphy especially
geo  potential function is a function that at each point is equal to a constant minus the energy that would be acquired by a unit mass in falling from rest at infin  ity to the point in question the gr  adi  ent of the geo  potential function which can be obtained by vector calcul  us yields the earth s grav  it  ational field
george van  den b  emp  de earlier john  stone 29 may 17  20 – 29 april 17  92 3 rd mar  qu  ess of ann  and  ale succeeded james john  stone 2 nd mar  qu  ess of ann  and  ale on his death in 17  30 but in practice from 17  33 and enjoyed that title from then to his own death wh  er  eu  pon the title became extinct his change of sur  name from john  stone to van  den b  emp  de was a condition of receiving an inheritance from john van  den b  emp  de and was confirmed by an act of parliament of 17  44
geo  tric  ho  sis is a my  co  sis caused by geo  tric  h  um candi  dum the lungs are the primary organ affected but other systems can be involved
ge  phy  ro  pho  bia is the anxiety disorder or specific pho  bia characterized by the fear of bridges as a result sufferers of ge  phy  ro  pho  bia may avoid routes that will take them over bridges some possible explanations of ge  phy  ro  pho  bia may be the fear of the structural integrity of the bridges itself or the fear that the bridge will collapse if they try to cross it dr michael lie  bo  witz founder of the anxiety disorders clinic at the new york state psychiatric institute says it s not an isolated pho  bia but usually part of a larger con  stell  ation it s people who get panic attacks you get light headed dizzy your heart races you become afraid that you ll feel trapped the new york state thru  way authority will lead ge  phy  ro  pho  bi  acs over the t  app  an ze  e bridge a driver can call the authority in advance and arrange for someone to drive the car over the bridge for them the authority performs the service about six times a year the mary  land transportation authority offers a similar service for crossing the ches  a  pe  a  ke bay bridge the mack  in  ac bridge authority which over  sees the mack  in  ac bridge which connects michigan ’ s upper and lower pen  insul  as will drive one s car across its span for any needy ge  phy  ro  pho  bi  acs some thousand drivers take advantage of this free program each year the term ge  phy  ro  pho  bia comes from greek γ  έ  φ  υ  ρ  α ge  ph  ura meaning bridge and φ  ό  β  ος pho  bos fear
ger  i  atric trauma refers to a traumatic injury that occurs to an elderly person the three prevailing causes of traumatic death in the elderly are falls which account for 40 of traumatic death in this age group traffic collis  ions and burns
a germ cell tumor g  ct is a ne  op  las  m derived from germ cells germ cell tumors can be can  cer  ous or non can  cer  ous tumors germ cells normally occur inside the gon  ads o  vary and testi  s germ cell tumors that originate outside the gon  ads may be birth defects resulting from errors during development of the embryo
the letter monopoly german brief  mono  pol was a condition created after the german post  gesetz law was changed in 2005 — 2007 to allow an exclusive license to the german post office deutsche post for the transport of letters and catalo  g deliveries of up to 50 grams from the previous 100 grams this limit only applied to a portion of the postal market in a service industry of some 1 000 providers but it created a monopoly the letter monopoly was often justified by the provision of universal service by the state but some german cities wanted it to be abolished
germin  al matrix hemorrha  ge is a bleeding into the su  be  pend  ym  al germin  al matrix with or without subsequent rupture into the lateral ven  tric  le
a germin  oma is a type of germ cell tumor which is not differentiated upon examination it may be benign or m  align  ant
ger  m  line mo  sa  ic  ism also called gon  ad  al mo  sa  ic  ism is a type of genetic mo  sa  ic  ism where more than one set of genetic information is found specifically within the game  te cells som  atic mo  sa  ic  ism a type of genetic mo  sa  ic  ism found in som  atic cells and ger  m  line mo  sa  ic  ism can be present at the same time or individually depending on when the conditions occur when the mo  sa  ic  ism is only found in the game  tes and not in any som  atic cells it is referred to as pure ger  m  line mo  sa  ic  ism ger  m  line mo  sa  ic  ism can be caused either by a mutation that occurs after conception or by epi  genetic regulation alterations to dna such as meth  yl  ation that do not involve changes in the dna coding sequence a mutation in an alle  le acquired by a som  atic cell early in it s development can be passed on to its daughter cells including those that later speci  alize to game  tes it can also be caused by a spor  adic mutation in a game  te cell if the ger  m  line mo  sa  ic  ism causing mutation occurs in the som  atic cell it never results in pure ger  m  line mo  sa  ic  ism because it will be present in som  atic cells as well
ger  o  der  mia o  ste  odys  plas  tica go also called ger  o  der  ma o  ste  odys  plas  tic  um and walt dis  ney dwar  f  ism is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive connec  tive tissue disorder included in the spectrum of cu  tis la  xa syndro  mes usage of the name walt dis  ney dwar  f  ism is attributed to the first known case of the disorder documented in a 1950 journal report in which the authors described five affected members from a swiss family as having the physical appearance of dwar  ves from a walt dis  ney film the terms ger  o  der  ma or ger  o  der  mia can be used inter  change  ably with o  ste  odys  plas  tica or o  ste  odys  plas  tic  um with the term here  dit  aria sometimes appearing at the end
ger  st  mann syndrome is a neuro  psychological disorder that is characterized by a con  stell  ation of symptoms that suggests the presence of a le  sion in a particular area of the brain it should not be confused with ger  st  mann str  ä  us  sl  er sche  in  ker syndrome which is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy destruction to the inferior par  ie  tal lo  bu  le of the dominant hemisphere results in ger  st  mann s syndrome it is named for jose  f ger  st  mann
ger  st  mann – str  ä  us  sl  er – sche  in  ker syndrome g  ss is a very rare usually famili  al fatal neuro  degenerative disease that affects patients from 20 to 60 years in age though exclusively her  itable this extremely rare disease is classified with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies tse due to the caus  ative role played by pr  n  p the human pri  on protein the exact incidence of g  ss is unknown but is estimated to be between 1 and 10 per 100 million famili  al cases are associated with auto  som  al dominant inheritance ger  st  mann – str  ä  us  sl  er – sche  in  ker disease g  ss is an extremely rare neuro  genetic brain disorder it is always inherited and is found in only a few families all over the world nin  ds ¶ 1 the trait is an auto  som  al dominant trait caused by a gene mutation it is also in a group of hereditary pri  on protein diseases or also known as tses many symptoms are associated with g  ss such as progressive at  ax  ia pyram  idal signs and even adult onset dementia they progress more as the disease progres  ses far  low et al nov 1989
gest  alt  zer  fall german for shape de  composition refers to a type of visual agno  sia and is psychological phenomenon where delays in recognition are observed when a complex shape is st  ared at for a while as the shape seems to de  com  pose into its constituting parts with regards to kan  ji a study has shown that delays are most significant when the characters are of the same size when characters to recognize are of different sizes delays are observed only when they are of different patterns the phenomenon was first described and named by c fa  ust in 1947 as a symptom of the bilateral region of the par  ie  to oc  ci  p  ital sul  cus after a through and through bullet wound of this region afterwards when the concerned person st  ared at a truck for a while the truck seemed to de  com  pose into its motor ch  ass  is driver cab and the person could only focus on one of these parts until he shortly closed his eyes or looked away which reset the shape to the complete truck again the characteristics of orth  o  graphic sati  ation as opposed to sem  an  tic sati  ation is that meaning remains intact it was suggested that this is different from sem  an  tic sati  ation and from stimulus famili  arization effect because orth  o  graphic sati  ation occurs after the percei  vers have access to the l  ex  ical meaning
gest  ational ch  ori  o  carcin  oma is a m  align  ant tro  pho  bl  astic tum  our arising from any gest  ational event during pregnancy in the reproductive female women with gest  ational ch  ori  o  carcin  oma may present with abnormal vag  inal bleeding persistent markedly elevated β  h  c  g or a history of prior pregnancy most patients develop gest  ational ch  ori  o  carcin  oma shortly after gest  ational anomalies but path  ology may occur after a long lat  ency of years it may occur during pregnancy often it happens after a growth of some sort in the wom  b pregnancy tumor mole cyst
gest  ational diabetes also known as gest  ational diabetes mell  it  us g  dm is when a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy gest  ational diabetes generally results in few symptoms however it does increase the risk of pre ec  lam  p  sia depression and requiring a ca  es  are  an section babies born to mothers with poorly treated gest  ational diabetes are at increased risk of being too large having low blood sugar after birth and ja  und  ice if untreated it can also result in a still  birth long term children are at higher risk of being overweight and developing type 2 diabetes gest  ational diabetes is caused by not enough insulin in the setting of insulin resistance risk factors include being overweight previously having gest  ational diabetes a family history of type 2 diabetes and having poly  c  ys  tic o  vari  an syndrome diagnosis is by blood tests for those at normal risk screening is recommended between 24 and 28 weeks gest  ation for those at high risk testing may occur at the first pre  natal visit prevention is by maintaining a healthy weight and exercising before pregnancy gest  ational diabetes is a treated with a diabe  tic diet exercise and possibly insulin injections most women are able to manage their blood sugar with a diet and exercise blood sugar testing among those who are affected is often recommended four times a day breastfeeding is recommended as soon as possible after birth gest  ational diabetes affects 3 – 9 of pregnancies depending on the population studied it is especially common during the last third of pregnancy it affects 1 of those under the age of 20 and 13 of those over the age of 44 a number of ethnic groups including asians american indians indigenous austr  ali  ans and pacific isl  anders are at higher risk in 90 of people gest  ational diabetes will resolve after the baby is born women however are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
gest  ational hyper  tension or pregnancy induced hyper  tension pi  h is the development of new hyper  tension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks gest  ation without the presence of protein in the urine or other signs of pre  ec  lam  p  sia hyper  tension is defined as having a blood pressure greater than 140 90 mm h  g
gest  ational p  emp  hi  go  id or p  emp  hi  go  id gest  ation  is pg is a der  mat  osis of pregnancy being an auto  immune bl  is  tering skin disease that occurs during pregnancy typically in the second or third trim  ester and or immediately following pregnancy it was originally called her  pes gest  ation  is because of the bl  is  tering appearance although it is not associated with the her  pes virus
gest  ational incidental thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia is a condition that commonly affects pregnant women thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia is defined as the drop in plat  elet count from the normal range of 150 000 – 400 000 μ  l to a count lower than 150 000 μ  l there is still ongoing research to determine the reason for the lowering of plat  elet count in women with a normal pregnancy some researchers speculate the cause to be dependent on dilution decreased production of plat  el  ets or an increased turnover event although women with normal pregnancy experience a low plat  elet count women experiencing a continuous drop in plat  elet will be diagnosed with thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia and women with levels greater than 70 000 µ  l will be diagnosed with gest  ational thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia affects approximately 7 10 of pregnant women and of the 7 10 within that population approximately 70 80 have gest  ational thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia gest  ational thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia is a disorder similar to immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia it  p and is difficult to differentiate between the two disorders therefore a medical history is conducted to because a diagnostic test is unavailable
gest  ational tro  pho  bl  astic disease g  td is a term used for a group of pregnancy related tum  ours these tum  ours are rare and they appear when cells in the wom  b start to prolifer  ate un  controll  ably the cells that form gest  ational tro  pho  bl  astic tum  ours are called tro  pho  bl  asts and come from tissue that grows to form the plac  enta during pregnancy there are several different types of g  td hy  d  ati  di  form mol  es are benign in most cases but sometimes may develop into invasive mol  es or in rare cases into ch  ori  o  carcin  oma which is likely to spread quickly but which is very sensitive to chem  otherapy and has a very good prog  no  sis gest  ational tro  pho  bl  asts are of particular interest to cell biologists because like cancer these cells invade tissue the uter  us but unlike cancer they sometimes know when to stop g  td can simul  ate pregnancy because the uter  us may contain fe  tal tissue albeit abnormal this tissue may grow at the same rate as a normal pregnancy and produces ch  ori  onic gon  ad  o  tro  pin a hormone which is measured to monitor fe  tal well being while g  td overwhelmingly affects women of child bearing age it may rarely occur in post  men  opa  usal women
ge  top  t is a c library function used to par  se command line options it is also the name of a uni  x program for par  sing command line arguments in shell s  cripts
the ge  wald reaction is an organic reaction involving the condens  ation of a ke  tone or alde  hyde when r 2 h with a α cy  ano  ester in the presence of elem  ental sul  fur and base to give a poly substituted 2 amino thi  op  hen  e the ge  wald reaction the reaction is named after the german chem  ist karl ge  wald born 1930
gh  on s complex is a le  sion seen in the lung that is caused by tuberculosis the le  sions consist of a calci  fied focus of infection and an associated lymp  h no  de these le  sions are particularly common in children and can retain viable bacteria so are sources of long term infection and may be involved in re  activation of the disease in later life in countries where cow milk infected with my  co  bacter  ium bo  vis has been eliminated due to culling of infected cows and past  eur  ization primary tuberculosis is usually caused by my  co  bacter  ium tuberculosis and almost always begins in the lungs typically the inhal  ed bac  ill  i impl  ant in the dis  tal air  spaces of the lower part of the upper lo  be or the upper part of the lower lo  be usually close to the ple  ura as sensi  tization develops a 1 to 1 5 cm area of gray white infl  amm  ation with consolidation emerges known as the gh  on focus in most cases the center of this focus under  goes cas  eous necro  sis tuber  cle bac  ill  i either free or within p  ha  go  cy  tes drain to the regional no  des which also often cas  e  ate this combination of paren  ch  ym  al lung le  sion and no  dal involvement is referred to as the gh  on complex during the first few weeks there is also lymp  h  atic and hem  ato  genous dissemination to other parts of the body in approximately 95 of cases development of cell medi  ated immunity controls the infection
a gh  on focus is a primary le  sion usually sub  ple  ural often in the mid to lower zones caused by my  co  bacter  ium bac  ill  i tuberculosis developed in the lung of a non  immune host usually a child it is named for anton gh  on 18  66 – 1936 an austrian patho  logist it is a small area of gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation only detec  table by chest x ray if it calci  fies or grows substantially see tuberculosis radi  ology typically these will heal but in some cases especially in immun  o  suppressed patients it will progress to mili  ary tuberculosis so named due to the gran  ul  om  as resembling mil  let seeds on a chest x ray the classical location for primary infection is surrounding the lob  ar f  issu  res either in the upper part of the lower lo  be or lower part of the upper lo  be if the gh  on focus also involves infection of adjacent lymp  h  atics and hil  ar lymp  h no  des it is known as the gh  on s complex or primary complex when a gh  on s complex under  goes fi  bro  sis and calci  fication it is called a ran  ke complex
gh  os  al hem  ato  di  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia is a metabol  ic disorder it is associated with di  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia and refrac  tory an  emia it is associated with a deficiency of thro  m  box  ane a syn  th  ase which produces thro  m  box  ane a 2 it was characterized in 1988
gian  otti – cro  sti syndrome english d  ʒ  ə  ˈ  n  ɒ  ti ˈ  kr  ɔ  ː  sti also known as inf  anti  le pap  ular acro  der  mati  tis pap  ular acro  der  mati  tis of childhood and pap  ul  o  vesicular acro  located syndrome is a reaction of the skin to a viral infection hepatitis b virus and ep  stein – bar  r virus are the most frequently reported pathogens other incrimin  ated viruses are hepatitis a virus hepatitis c virus cy  tom  eg  alo  virus co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus aden  o  virus enter  o  virus ro  ta  virus rub  ella virus hiv and par  ain  flu  enza virus it is named for fer  din  ando gian  otti and ago  st  ino cro  sti
giant cell arter  i  tis g  ca also called temporal arter  i  tis cran  ial arter  i  tis or hor  ton disease is an infl  am  matory disease of blood vessels most commonly involving large and medium arter  ies of the head predominantly the branches of the external caro  ti  d artery the most serious complic  ation is oc  clu  sion of the oph  thal  mic artery which is a branch of the internal caro  ti  d it can create a medical emergency which can cause irreversible is  chem  ia and blindness if not treated promptly g  ca is treated with glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids ster  oids which reduce the infl  amm  ation and prevent oc  clu  sion no other drugs are effective or contribute to the effect of glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids g  ca is a form of vas  cu  li  tis it typically causes infl  amm  ation of the network of small vessels v  asa vas  orum that supplies the larger arter  ies g  ca affects arter  ies of the head and neck including the three arter  ies that branch out from the arch of the asc  ending a  or  ta and their branches — the thor  ac  ic a  or  ta the ax  ill  ary arter  ies the vertebr  al arter  ies and further on in the head in the oph  thal  mic and external caro  ti  d arter  ies the temporal and oc  ci  p  ital arter  ies it can cause oc  clu  sion of the arter  ies and is  chem  ia g  ca is diagnosed with biopsy of the temporal artery while the clinical presentation patient characteristics and blood test mark  ers of infl  amm  ation can raise suspicion only a temporal artery biopsy can give definite diagnosis some cases may not involve the temporal artery and distinguishing between a false negative and the absence of g  ca is difficult the terms giant cell arter  i  tis and temporal arter  i  tis are sometimes used inter  change  ably because of the frequent involvement of the temporal artery however it can involve other large vessels such as the a  or  ta in giant cell a  or  ti  tis giant cell arter  i  tis of the temporal artery is referred to as temporal arter  i  tis and is also known as cran  ial arter  i  tis and hor  ton s disease the name giant cell arter  i  tis reflects the type of infl  am  matory cell involved as seen on a biopsy
giant cell carcin  oma of the lung g  cc  l is a rare his  to  logical form of large cell lung carcin  oma a subtype of un  differentiated lung cancer traditionally classified within the non small cell lung carcin  om  as n  s  cl  c the characteristic feature of this highly lethal m  align  ancy is the distinctive light micro  scopic appearance of its extremely large cells which are bizarre and highly ple  om  orph  ic and which often contain more than one huge mis  shap  en ple  om  orph  ic nucleus syn  cy  tia which result from cell fusion although it is common in the lung cancer literature to refer to his  to  logically mixed tumors containing significant numbers of m  align  ant giant cells as giant cell carcin  om  as technically a diagnosis of giant cell carcin  oma should be limited strictly to ne  op  las  ms containing only m  align  ant giant cells i e pure giant cell carcin  oma aside from the great hetero  geneity seen in lung cancers especially those occurring among tobacco smokers the considerable vari  ability in diagnostic and sampling techniques used in medical practice the high relative proportion of individuals with suspected g  cc  l who do not undergo complete surgical res  ection and the near universal lack of complete sec  tioning and pathological examination of res  ected tumor specimens prevent high levels of quantitative accuracy
giant cell fi  bro  ma is a type of fi  bro  ma not associated with trauma or irritation it can occur at any age and on a mu  co  us memb  rane surface the most common oral locations are on the g  ing  iva of the man  di  ble tongue and pal  ate it is a loc  alized reactive proliferation of fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue giant cell fi  bro  ma g  cf is a benign non ne  op  l  astic le  sion first described by wea  thers and cal  li  han 1974 it occurs in the first three decades of life and predomin  ates in females houston 1982 bak  os 1992 clin  ically the g  cf presents as an as  ymp  tomatic pap  ill  ary and pe  dun  cul  ated le  sion the most predominant location is the man  di  bul  ar g  ing  iva houston 1982 bak  os 1992 his  to  logically the g  cf is distinctive consisting of fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue without infl  amm  ation and covered with str  ati  fied squ  am  ous hyper  plastic epi  the  lium the most characteristic his  to  logical feature is the presence of large spin  dle shaped and stell  ate shaped mon  on  uc  lear cells and multin  uc  le  ated cells these cells occur in a variety of le  sions such as the fi  bro  us pap  ule of the nose un  gu  al fi  bro  ma ac  ral fi  bro  ker  atom  a ac  ral an  gi  o  fi  bro  ma and des  mop  l  astic fi  bro  bl  ast  oma swan 1988 pit  t et al 1993 karab  ela bou  ro  poul  ou et al 1999 jan  g et al 1999 despite many studies the nature of the stell  ated multin  uc  le  ate and mon  on  uc  lear cell is not clear wea  thers and campbell 1974 reg  e  zi et al 1987 od  ell et al 1994 magn  us  son and ras  mus  son 1995
giant cell re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  tom  a also known as solitary re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  tom  a and solitary re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a solitary skin le  sion
giant cell tumor of the bone g  c  to  b is a relatively un  common tumor of the bone it is characterized by the presence of multin  uc  le  ated giant cells o  ste  o  cl  ast like cells m  align  ancy in giant cell tumor is un  common and occurs in about 2 of all cases however if m  align  ant de  generation does occur it is likely to me  tast  asi  ze to the lungs giant cell tumors are normally benign with unpredictable behavior it is a heterogeneous tumor composed of three different cell populations the giant cell tum  our st  rom  al cells g  c  ts  c constitute the ne  op  l  astic cells which are from an o  ste  obl  astic origin and are classified based on expression of o  ste  o  blast cell mark  ers such as al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase and o  ste  oc  al  cin in contrast the mon  on  uc  lear his  ti  oc  y  tic cells m  n  hc and multin  uc  le  ated giant cell m  ng  c fractions are secon  d  arily recruited and comprise the non ne  op  l  astic cell population they are derived from an o  ste  o  cl  ast mon  oc  y  te line  age determined primarily by expression of cd 68 a marker for mon  oc  y  tic precursor cells in most patients the tumors are slow to develop but may recur locally in as many as 50 of cases
giant cell tumor of the tend  on she  ath also known as giant cell sy  no  vi  oma and loc  alized no  d  ular ten  o  sy  no  vi  tis is a firm le  sion measuring 1 to 3 cm in diameter and is most commonly attached to the tend  ons of the fingers hands and w  rists with a pre  dil  ection for the fl  ex  or surfaces giant cell tumor of tend  on she  aths most often affect the wrist and fingers of males and females from the ages of 20 50 these tumors are typically pain  less and can cause cor  tical erosion surgery to remove the tumor is a common treatment though the tumors tend to recur
giant ax  onal neuro  pa  thy is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive neuro  logical disorder that causes dis  organization of neuro  fil  aments neuro  fil  aments form a structural framework that helps to define the shape and size of neurons and are essential for normal nerve function
giant ax  onal neuro  pa  thy with cur  ly hair is an auto  som  al rec  essive condition due to mutations in gi  ga  x  on  in
giant cell lic  hen  o  id der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition usually drug associated entity characterized by a lic  hen  o  id der  mati  tis with a gran  ul  om  at  ous infiltr  ate composed of his  ti  oc  y  tes and multin  uc  le  ated giant cells
giant con  dy  lo  ma acu  min  at  um also known as a bus  ch  ke – l  ö  wen  stein tumor and giant con  dy  lo  ma of bus  ch  ke – l  ö  wen  stein tumor is a rare cu  taneous condition characterized by an aggressive wart like growth that is a ver  ru  co  us carcin  oma it is attributed to human pap  il  lo  ma  virus
giant magne  to  resistance g  mr is a quantum mechanical magne  to  resistance effect observed in thin film structures composed of altern  ating fer  ro  magnetic and non magnetic conduc  tive layers the 2007 nobel prize in physics was awarded to albert fer  t and peter gr  ün  berg for the discovery of g  mr the effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magne  tization of adjacent fer  ro  magnetic layers are in a parallel or an anti  parallel alignment the overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for anti  parallel alignment the magne  tization direction can be controlled for example by applying an external magnetic field the effect is based on the dependence of electr  on scat  tering on the spin orientation the main application of g  mr is magnetic field sensors which are used to read data in hard disk drives bio  sensors micro  electro  mechanical systems m  ems and other devices g  mr multi  layer structures are also used in magne  to  resis  tive random access memory mr  am as cells that store one bit of information in literature the term giant magne  to  resistance is sometimes confused with colossal magne  to  resistance of fer  ro  magnetic and anti  fer  ro  magnetic semi  conductors which is not related to the multi  layer structure
giant plat  elet disorders are rare disorders featuring abnormally large plat  el  ets thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia and a tendency to bleeding giant plat  el  ets cannot stick adequately to an injured blood vessel walls resulting in abnormal bleeding when injured giant plat  elet disorder occurs for inherited diseases like bernard sou  lier syndrome gray plat  elet syndrome and may he  gg  lin anomaly
a giant solitary tric  ho  epi  the  li  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a skin le  sion that may be up to several centi  meters in diameter
gi  ardi  asis popul  arly known as be  aver fever is a zoonotic par  asi  tic disease caused by the flag  ell  ate proto  zo  an gi  ar  dia lam  b  lia also sometimes called gi  ar  dia inte  stin  alis and gi  ar  dia du  o  den  alis the gi  ar  dia organism in  habits the dig  estive tract of a wide variety of domestic and wild animal species as well as humans it is one of the most common pathogenic par  asi  tic infections in humans worldwide in 2013 there were about 280 million people worldwide with symptomatic gi  ardi  asis
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game a gib  bering mou  ther is a horrific aberr  ation which feeds on the bodily fluids and san  ity of its victims it resembles a w  ri  thing mass of grey flesh covered with dozens of randomly placed eyes and mouths of different sizes and shapes
the gi  bi  bit is a multiple of the bit a unit of information pre  fixed by the standards based multiplier gi  bi symbol gi a b  inary pre  fix meaning 230 the unit symbol of the gi  bi  bit is gi  bit 1 gi  bi  bit 230 bits 107  37  4  18  24 bits 1 0  24 me  bi  bits the gi  bi  bit is closely related to the gi  gab  it the corresponding unit using the metric pre  fix gi  ga which is 109 bits
the gi  bi  by  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information the b  inary pre  fix gi  bi means 230 therefore one gi  bi  by  te is equal to 107  37  4  18  24 by  tes 10  24 me  bi  by  tes the unit symbol for the gi  bi  by  te is gi  b it is a member of the set of units with b  inary pre  fixes defined by the international electro  technical commission iec the gi  bi  by  te is very closely related to the gi  gab  y  te gb the gb is defined by the iec as 109 by  tes 100  0000000 by  tes 1 gi  b ≈ 1 0  74 gb 10  24 gi  bi  by  tes are equal to one te  bi  by  te in the context of computer memory gi  gab  y  te and gb are custom  arily used to mean 10  243 230 by  tes although not in the context of data transmission and not necessarily in the context of hard drive size the word gi  bi  by  te was coined in 1998 b  inary pre  fixes are increasingly used in technical literature and open source software and are a component of the international system of quantities
the gi  gab  it is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage the pre  fix gi  ga symbol g is defined in the international system of units si as a multiplier of 109 1 billion short scale and therefore 1 gi  gab  it 109 bits 100  0000000 bits the gi  gab  it has the unit symbol g  bit or gb using the common by  te size of 8 bits 1 g  bit is equal to 125 me  gab  y  tes mb or approximately 119 me  bi  by  tes mi  b the gi  gab  it is closely related to the gi  bi  bit a unit multiple derived from the b  inary pre  fix gi  bi symbol gi of the same order of magnitude which is equal to 230 bits 107  37  4  18  24 bits or approximately 7 larger than the gi  gab  it
the gi  gab  y  te ˈ  ɡ  ɪ  ɡ  ə  ba  ɪ  t gig ə by  t or ˈ  d  ʒ  ɪ  ɡ  ə  ba  ɪ  t is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information the pre  fix gi  ga means 109 in the international system of units si therefore one gi  gab  y  te is 100  0000000 by  tes the unit symbol for the gi  gab  y  te is gb this definition is used in all contexts of science engineering business and many areas of computing including hard drive solid state drive and tape capacities as well as data transmission speeds however the term is also used in some fields of computer science and information technology to den  ote 107  37  4  18  24 10  243 or 230 by  tes particularly for sizes of ram the use of gi  gab  y  te is thus ambiguous for semiconductor ram the gi  gab  y  te den  o  tes 107  37  4  18  24 by  tes for hard drive capacities as described and marketed by the drive manufacturers the gi  gab  y  te den  o  tes 100  0000000 by  tes but when a 500 gb drive s capacity is displayed by for example microsoft windows it is reported as 465 gb where gb then means 107  37  4  18  24 by  tes to address this ambiguity the b  inary pre  fixes are standardized in the international system of quantities each b  inary pre  fix den  oting an inte  ger power of 10  24 with these pre  fixes a memory module that is labeled as having the size 1 gb is designated as 1 gi  b one gi  bi  by  te
gig  anti  sm also known as gi  anti  sm from greek γ  ί  γ  ας gi  gas giant plural γ  ί  γ  αν  τ  ες gigan  tes is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average in humans this condition is caused by over production of growth hormone in childhood resulting in people between 7 feet 2 13 m and 9 feet 2 75 m in height
the phenomenon is important in the biology of ec  to  ther  mic meg  af  a  una such as large tur  tles and aquatic repti  les like ich  th  yo  sa  urs and mos  as  a  urs gigan  to  ther  ms though almost always ec  to  ther  mic generally have a body temperature similar to that of endo  ther  ms it has been suggested that the larger dinosaurs would have been gigan  to  ther  mic rendering them virtually home  other  mic
gil  bert s syndrome gs is a common genetic liver disorder found in 3 12 of the population it produces elevated levels of un  con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin in the blood  stream hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia but this normally has no serious consequences although mild ja  und  ice may appear under conditions of exer  tion or stress the cause of this hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia is the reduced activity of the enzyme gl  uc  u  ron  yl  transfer  ase which con  ju  gates bi  li  rubin and a few other li  po  phil  ic molecules con  ju  gation renders the bi  li  rubin water soluble after which it is ex  cre  ted in bile into the du  o  den  um there are a number of variants of the gene for the enzyme so the genetic basis of the condition is complex
gill  es  pie syndrome also called ani  ri  dia cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia and mental deficiency is a rare genetic disorder the disorder is characterized by partial ani  ri  dia meaning that part of the iris is missing at  ax  ia motor and coordination problems and in most cases intellectual disability it is heterogeneous inherited in either an auto  som  al dominant or auto  som  al rec  essive manner gill  es  pie syndrome was first described by american oph  thal  mo  logist fred  rick gill  es  pie in 1965
gil  let  te syndrome is the social disruption that can occur in a community due to rapid population growth such disruptions usually include increased crime degraded mental health weakened social and community bonds abnormally high costs of living and other social problems gil  let  te syndrome is most relevant to boom  towns that are growing rapidly due to nearby natural resource extraction such as coal mining or natural gas drilling psycho  logist el  dean koh  rs coined the term gil  let  te syndrome in an attempt to describe the social impacts of rapid coal mining development on the boom  town of gil  let  te wy  oming
gim  bal lock is the loss of one degree of freedom in a three dimensional three gim  bal mechanism that occurs when the axes of two of the three gim  b  als are driven into a parallel configuration locking the system into rotation in a degenerate two dimensional space the word lock is misleading no gim  bal is restrained all three gim  b  als can still rot  ate freely about their respective axes of suspension nevertheless because of the parallel orientation of two of the gim  b  als axes there is no gim  bal available to accommodate rotation along one axis
the g  ing  i  val cyst of the adult is a cyst of the od  on  to  genic epi  the  lium which arises from the rest cells of the dental lam  ina it is most common in the man  di  ble near the can  ines and pre  mol  ars middle aged adults are more likely to be affected it appears as a sw  elling on attached g  ing  iva or inter  dental pap  illa g  ing  i  val cyst of the adult is the soft tissue counterpart of the developmental lateral period  on  tal cyst
the g  ing  i  val cyst of the new  born is a cyst that arises from the rest cells of the dental lam  ina it usually presents as a white pap  ule 1 2 mm in diameter on the max  ill  ary upper al  ve  ol  ar ridge of new  bor  ns no treatment is necessary
a g  ing  i  val disease is a disorder primarily affecting the g  ing  iva an example is g  ing  i  vi  tis
g  ing  i  val enlargement also termed g  ing  i  val over  growth hyper  troph  ic g  ing  i  vi  tis g  ing  i  val hyper  pl  asia or g  ing  i  val hyper  tro  phy and sometimes abbreviated to go is an increase in the size of the g  ing  iva g  ums it is a common feature of g  ing  i  val disease g  ing  i  val enlargement can be caused by a number of factors including infl  am  matory conditions and the side effects of certain medications the treatment is based on the cause a closely related term is ep  ul  is den  oting a loc  alized tumor i e lump on the g  ing  iva
g  ing  i  val fi  bro  ma is a cu  taneous condition that may be observed with another condition tuber  ous sclerosis
g  ing  i  val fi  bro  mat  osis with hyper  tric  ho  sis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by dark terminal ha  irs on the peripheral face central back and extre  mi  ties it is a ras  opathy
g  ing  i  vi  tis infl  amm  ation of the gum tissue is a non destructive disease that occurs around the teeth the most common form of g  ing  i  vi  tis and the most common form of period  on  tal disease overall is in response to bacterial bi  of  il  ms also called pla  que that is attached to tooth surfaces termed pla  que induced g  ing  i  vi  tis while some cases of g  ing  i  vi  tis never progress to period  on  ti  tis data indicate that period  on  ti  tis is always preceded by g  ing  i  vi  tis g  ing  i  vi  tis is reversible with good oral hygiene however in the absence of treatment or if not controlled g  ing  i  vi  tis can progress to period  on  ti  tis where the infl  amm  ation results in tissue destruction and al  ve  ol  ar bone resor  ption which can ultimately lead to tooth loss
git  el  man syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive kidney disorder characterized by hypo  kal  emic metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis with hypo  calci  ur  ia and hypo  mag  nes  emia it is caused by loss of function mutations of the thi  az  ide sensitive sodium chloride sym  porter also known as nc  c nc  ct or ts  c located in the dis  tal con  volu  ted tu  bu  le git  el  man syndrome was formerly considered a sub  set of bar  tter syndrome until the distinct genetic and molecular bases of these disorders were identified bar  tter syndrome is also an auto  som  al rec  essive hypo  kal  emic metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis but it derives from a mutation to the n  k  cc 2 found in the thick asc  ending limb of the loop of hen  le
the g  lab  ella in humans is the skin between the eyebro  ws and above the nose it also refers to the underlying bone which is slightly depressed and joins the two super  ci  li  ary ri  dges it is a cephal  ome  tric landmark that is just superior to the na  sion
a gl  ac  ial stream is a chan  ne  lized accumulation of liquid water which flow in a channel formed by a glaci  er depending on where they flow they can be classified into supr  ag  lac  ial eng  lac  ial and sub  gl  ac  ial streams
se  di  ments deposited into lakes that have come from glaciers are called glaci  ol  acu  str  ine deposits these lakes include ice margin lakes or other types formed from gl  ac  ial erosion or de  position se  di  ments in the bed  load and suspended load are carried into lakes and deposited the bed  load is deposited at the lake margin while the suspended load is deposited all over the lake bed
glan  ders from middle english g  laund  res or old french g  land  res both meaning g  lands latin mal  le  us german rot  z also known as equ  in  ia far  cy and mal  le  us is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses mul  es and don  keys it can be contracted by other animals such as dogs cats goats and humans it is caused by infection with the bacter  ium burk  hol  der  ia mal  le  i usually by ing  estion of contaminated feed or water signs of glan  ders include the formation of no  d  ular le  sions in the lungs and ul  cer  ation of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es in the upper respiratory tract the acute form results in cou  gh  ing fever and the release of an infectious nas  al discharge followed by sep  tic  aemia and death within days in the chronic form nas  al and sub  cu  taneous no  d  ules develop eventually ul  cer  ating death can occur within months while survivors act as carriers glan  ders is endemic in africa asia the middle east and central and south america it has been eradicated from north america australia and most of europe through surveillance and destruction of affected animals and import restrictions b mal  le  i is able to infect humans so is classed as a zoonotic agent transmission occurs by direct contact with infected animals and entry is through skin abra  sions nas  al and oral mu  cos  al surfaces or by inhal  ation the mal  le  in test is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glan  ders mal  le  in at  c  vet code q  i 05 ar 01 who a protein fraction of the glan  ders organism b mal  le  i is injected in  trad  er  mop  al  pe  br  ally or given by eye drop in infected animals the eye  lid sw  ells markedly in 1 to 2 days glan  ders has not been reported in the united states since 1945 except in 2000 when an american lab researcher suffered from accidental exposure it is a notifiable disease in the uk although it has not been reported there since 19  28
the g  land  ular od  on  to  genic cyst is a rare od  on  to  genic cyst in 85 of cases it is found in the man  di  ble especially in an  terior areas it is more common in adults in their fifth and sixth decades on radio  graphs it can appear as a uni  loc  ular or multi  loc  ular radi  ol  uc  ency dark area since the g  land  ular od  on  to  genic cyst can range in size treatment can be as simple as en  uc  le  ation and cu  re  tt  age to en bloc res  ection of the affected jaw
in g  land  ular ro  sac  ea men with thick se  bac  eous skin pre  dominate a disease in which the pap  ules are e  dem  at  ous the pu  st  ules often 0 5 to 1 0 cm in size with no  dul  oc  ys  tic le  sions often present
glan  z  mann s thro  m  bas  th  enia is an ab  normality of the plat  el  ets it is an extremely rare co  ag  ul  opathy bleeding disorder due to a blood ab  normality in which the plat  el  ets contain defective or low levels of gly  co  protein iib iiia g  pi  ib iiia which is a recep  tor for fi  br  ino  gen as a result no fi  br  ino  gen bridging of plat  el  ets to other plat  el  ets can occur and the bleeding time is significantly prolonged
gl  are is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct or reflected sunlight or artificial light such as car headlamps at night because of this some cars include mirrors with automatic anti gl  are functions gl  are is caused by a significant ratio of lumin  ance between the task that which is being looked at and the gl  are source factors such as the angle between the task and the gl  are source and eye adaptation have significant impacts on the experience of gl  are
the glas  er coupling is a type of coupling reaction it is by far the oldest ace  ty  len  ic coupling and is based on cu  pro  us salts like copper i chloride or copper i bromide and an additional oxid  ant like oxygen the base in its original scope is ammonia the solvent is water or an alcohol the reaction was first reported by carl andreas glas  er in 18  69
the glass delusion is an external manifestation of a psychiatric disorder recorded in europe mainly in the late middle ages and early modern period 15 th to 17 th centuries people feared that they were made of glass “ and therefore likely to shat  ter into pieces ” one famous early suffer  er was king charles vi of france who refused to allow people to touch him and wore reinforced clothing to protect himself from accidental “ shattering ”
the glass house effect or gh  e is the resulting phenomenon brought on by an awareness that one is subject to ubiquitous surveillance in corporate environments the transparency is considered a good idea as it is believed this discourages corporate crime and other mis  fe  as  ance the glass house effect can induce an overwhelming sense of hopelessness brought on those subject to such uncontrolled observation in such circumstances sol  itude is conspic  uously absent and privacy is considered a thought  crime the messages conveyed to the subject in such an environment usually involve some variation on the notion of catch 22 such as 1 there is no place to hide nor should you want to 2 any exhi  bited avoidance behavior is considered a threat and an invitation for additional scrutiny
gl  assy cell carcin  oma of the cer  vi  x also gl  assy cell carcin  oma is a rare aggressive m  align  ant tum  our of the uter  ine cer  vi  x the tum  our gets its name from its micro  scopic appearance its cy  top  las  m has a glass like appearance
gl  au  coma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the op  tic nerve and vision loss the most common type is open angle gl  au  coma with less common types including closed angle gl  au  coma and normal tension gl  au  coma open angle gl  au  coma develops slowly over time and there is no pain side vision may begin to decrease followed by central vision resulting in blindness if not treated closed angle gl  au  coma can present gradually or suddenly the sudden presentation may involve severe eye pain blurred vision mid dil  ated pupil red  ness of the eye and naus  ea vision loss from gl  au  coma once it has occurred is permanent risk factors for gl  au  coma include increased pressure in the eye a family history of the condition migr  ain  es high blood pressure and obesity for eye pressures a value of greater than 21 m  mh  g or 2 8 k  pa is often used with higher pressures leading to a greater risk however some may have high eye pressure for years and never develop damage conversely op  tic nerve damage may occur with normal pressure known as normal tension gl  au  coma the mechanism of open angle gl  au  coma is believed to be slow exit of aqu  eous humor through the tr  ab  ec  ular mes  h  work while in closed angle gl  au  coma the iris blocks the tr  ab  ec  ular mes  h  work diagnosis is by a dil  ated eye examination often the op  tic nerve shows an abnormal amount of cu  pping if treated early it is possible to slow or stop the progression of disease with medication laser treatment or surgery the goal of these treatments is to decrease eye pressure a number of different classes of gl  au  coma medication are available laser treatments may be effective in both open angle and closed angle gl  au  coma a number of types of gl  au  coma sur  ger  ies may be used in people who do not respond sufficiently to other measures treatment of closed angle gl  au  coma is a medical emergency about eleven to sixty seven million people have gl  au  coma globally the disease affects about two million people in the united states it occurs more commonly among older people closed angle gl  au  coma is more common in women gl  au  coma has been called the silent thief of sight because the loss of vision usually occurs slowly over a long period of time worldwide gl  au  coma is the second leading cause of blindness after cat  ar  acts the word gl  au  coma is from ancient greek gl  au  kos which means blue green or gray in english the word was used as early as 15  87 but did not become commonly used until after 18  50 when the development of the oph  thal  mo  scope allowed people to see the op  tic nerve damage
gle  ich s syndrome or ep  is  od  ic an  gi  oe  dem  a with e  o  sin  ophi  lia is a rare disease in which the body sw  ells up episo  dic  ally an  gi  oe  dem  a associated with raised antibodies of the ig  m type and increased numbers of e  o  sin  ophi  l gran  ul  oc  y  tes a type of white blood cells in the blood e  o  sin  ophi  lia it was first described in 1984 its cause is unknown but it is unrelated to cap  ill  ary leak syndrome which may cause similar sw  elling episodes and e  o  sin  ophi  lia my  al  gia syndrome which features e  o  sin  ophi  lia but alternative symptoms moreover it is not a form of hyper  e  o  sin  oph  il  ic syndrome as there is no evidence that it leads to organ damage some studies have shown that e  dem  a attacks are associated with de  gran  ulation release of enzymes and mediators from e  o  sin  oph  ils and others have demonstrated antibodies against endo  the  lium cells lining blood vessels in the condition gle  ich syndrome has a good prog  no  sis attack severity may improve with ster  o  id treatment
the gli  der is a pattern that travels across the board in con  way s game of life it was first discovered by richard k guy in 1970 while john con  way s group was attempting to track the evolution of the r pent  om  ino gli  ders are the smallest spac  es  hips and they travel diag  onally at a speed of c 4 the gli  der is often produced from randomly generated starting configur  ations john con  way has remarked that he wishes he hadn t called it the gli  der the game was developed before computers and after seeing it animated he feels the gli  der looks more like an ant walking across the plane
gli  obl  ast  oma multi  forme g  bm also known as gli  obl  ast  oma and grade iv astro  cy  tom  a is the most common and most aggressive cancer that begins within the brain signs and symptoms are initially non specific they may include headaches personality changes naus  ea and symptoms similar to those of a stroke worsening of symptoms is often rapid this can progress to un  consciousness the cause of most cases is unclear un  common risk factors include genetic disorders such as neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis and li frau  men  i syndrome and previous radiation therapy gli  obl  ast  om  as represent 15 of brain tumors they can either start from normal brain cells or develop from an already existing low grade astro  cy  tom  a the diagnosis is typically made by a combination of ct scan m  ri scan and tissue biopsy there is no clear way to prevent the disease typically treatment involves surgery after which chem  otherapy and radiation therapy are used the medication tem  o  zo  lo  mi  de is frequently used as part of chem  otherapy high dose ster  oids may be used to help reduce sw  elling and decrease symptoms it is unclear whether trying to remove all or simply most of the cancer is better despite maximum treatment the cancer usually rec  urs the most common length of survival following diagnosis is 12 to 15 months with less than 3 to 5 of people surviving longer than five years without treatment survival is typically 3 months about 3 per 100 000 people develop the disease a year it most often begins around 64 years of age and occurs more commonly in males than females immun  otherapy is being studied in gli  obl  ast  oma with promising results
a gli  oma is a type of tumor that starts in the brain or sp  ine it is called a gli  oma because it arises from gli  al cells the most common site of gli  om  as is the brain gli  om  as make up about 30 of all brain and central nervous system tumors and 80 of all m  align  ant brain tumors
gli  om  at  osis cere  br  i infiltr  ative diffuse astro  cy  to  sis is a rare primary brain tumor it is commonly characterized by diffuse infiltr  ation of the brain with ne  op  l  astic gli  al cells that affect various areas of the cere  br  al lob  es these m  align  ancies consist of infiltr  ative th  reads that spread quickly and deeply into the surrounding brain tissue or into multiple parts of the brain simultaneously making them very difficult to remove with surgery or treat with radiation gli  om  at  osis cere  bi behaves like a m  align  ant tumor that is very similar to gli  obl  ast  oma while gli  om  at  osis cere  br  i can occur at any age it is generally found in the third and fourth decades of life
gli  os  ar  coma is a rare type of gli  oma a cancer of the brain that comes from gli  al or supportive brain cells as opposed to the ne  ural brain cells gli  os  ar  coma is a m  align  ant cancer and is defined as a gli  obl  ast  oma consisting of gli  om  at  ous and sar  com  at  ous components it is estimated that approximately 2 1 of all gli  obl  ast  om  as are gli  os  ar  com  as although most gli  om  as rarely show me  tast  ases outside the cere  bru  m gli  os  ar  com  as have a propensity to do so most commonly spreading through the blood to the lungs and also liver and lymp  h no  des gli  os  ar  com  as have an epidemiology similar to that of gli  obl  ast  om  as with the average age of onset being 54 years and males being affected twice as often as females they are most commonly present in the temporal lo  be
a g  lit  ch is a sudden increase up to 1 part in 106 in the rot  ational frequency of a rotation powered pul  sar which usually decreases steadily due to braking provided by the emission of radiation and high energy particles it is unknown whether they are related to the timing noise which all pul  sars exhibit following a g  lit  ch is a period of gradual recovery where the observed periodic  ity slows to a period close to that observed before the g  lit  ch these gradual recovery periods have been observed to last from days to years currently only multiple g  lit  ches of the crab and vel  a pul  sars have been observed and studied extensively
the general signs and or symptoms of global ap  ha  sia include the inability to comprehend speech the inability to form speech and the inability to repeat the speech one has heard also reading and writing are very difficult for individuals with global ap  ha  sia global ap  ha  sia can be more severe in some patients than others while one patient may not be able to speak at all another patient may be able to make a few small ut  ter  ances it is most common for the onset of global ap  ha  sia to occur after a stroke
global labor arbitr  age is an economic phenomenon where as a result of the removal of or disintegration of barriers to international trade jobs move to nations where labor and the cost of doing business such as environmental regulations is inexpensive and or impoverished labor moves to nations with higher paying jobs two common barriers to international trade are tariffs politically imposed and the costs of transporting goods across oceans with the advent of the internet the decrease of the costs of telecommunications and the possibility of near instan  taneous document transfer the barriers to the trade of intellectual work product which is essentially any kind of work that can be performed on a computer such as computer programming or that makes use of a college education have been greatly reduced often a prosperous nation such as the united states will remove its barriers to international trade integrating its labor market with those of nations with a lower cost of labor such as india china and mexico resulting in a shifting of jobs from the prosperous nation to the developing one the end result is an increase in the supply of labor relative to the demand for labor which means a decrease in costs
in mathematical physics global hyper  bol  icity is a certain condition on the causal structure of a spac  e  time mani  fold that is a lo  ren  tz  ian mani  fold this is relevant to einstein s theory of general rel  ativity and potentially to other metric grav  it  ational theories
the globe effect sometimes called the rolling ball effect or the spinning globe effect is an optical phenomenon that occurs with visual optical instruments in particular bin  oc  ul  ars and teles  cop  es that are designed to be free of distortion when these instruments are pann  ed the moving image appears to roll over a cur  ved conv  ex surface in 1949 horst ko  e  hler at ze  iss j  ena suggested adding some pin  cushion distortion to the optical design to eliminate the globe effect august son  ne  feld conducted experiments with volunteers which supported the claim that a supplementary distortion could improve the imaging of visual optical instruments since that time most bin  oc  ular manufacturers have followed ze  iss s example and added pin  cushion distortion to their optical design the origin of the globe effect initially remained unclear after its discovery in the first half of the past century ko  e  hler spec  ulated about an unnatural perspective generated by the bin  oc  ular while p  anning over a three dimensional sc  ener  y thereby ignoring the fact that the globe effect was observ  able at the night sky as well where perspective distortions were absent recently the globe effect has been linked to the peculiar properties of human visual perception which adds a certain amount of barrel distortion to the visual field the amount of barrel distortion is subject to individual differences which explains the fact that the perceived intensity of the globe effect varies significantly between different observers an alternative approach for explaining the globe effect comes from the technical journalist and op  tics specialist walter e sch  ö  n he states that the observed effect is in fact not that of a rolling globe but that of a vertically rotating cylinder the globe shape of the illusion seen by most observers is only because the field of view through the optical device is circular this illusion of a rotating cylinder during p  anning is caused by the horizontal movement of the image being due to the ang  ular magni  fication of the device faster and more uniform with less paral  lax compared to the naked eye and also not corresponding to the felt rot  ational speed of the observer s head when the brain tries to integrate these conflicting signals it creates the perception that the image is moving slower at the left and right edges than in the middle giving the illusion of a rotating cylinder
globe rupture is an oph  thal  mo  logic condition when the integrity of the outer memb  ran  es of the eye are disrupted by blunt or penetr  ating trauma usually resulting from a full thickness injury to the cor  ne  a or s  cl  era it may also result from damage caused by chemicals such as strong acids hydro  chlor  ic acid sul  fur  ic acid hydro  fluor  ic acid etc or industrial chemicals such as le  wis  ite during a globe rupture the outer memb  ran  es of the eye are completely or partially compromised and the vit  re  ous and or aqu  eous humour drain through the site of the rupture causing the eye to defl  ate if not treated swiftly destruction of the affected eye usually results in many cases globe rup  tures are un  treat  able without en  uc  le  ating the affected eye socket and replacing the eye with an oc  ular pro  s  thesis
the glob  ul  om  ax  ill  ary cyst is a cyst that appears between a max  ill  ary lateral incis  or and the adjacent can  ine it exhi  bits as an inver  ted pear shaped radi  ol  uc  ency on radio  graphs or x ray films the glob  ul  om  ax  ill  ary cyst often causes the roots of adjacent teeth to diverge this cyst should not be confused with a nas  op  al  at  ine cyst the developmental origin has been disputed today most literature agree based on overwhelming evidence that the cyst is predominantly of tooth origin od  on  to  genic demonstrating findings consistent with peri  ap  ical cy  sts od  on  to  genic ker  at  oc  y  sts or lateral period  on  tal cy  sts
glo  bus phar  yn  gis also known as glo  bus sensation glo  bus or somewhat out  d  atedly glo  bus hyster  ic  us commonly referred to as having a lump in one s throat is the persistent sensation of having ph  leg  m a pill or some other sort of obstruction in the throat when there is none sw  allowing can be performed normally so it is not a true case of dy  sp  ha  gia but it can become quite irritating one may also feel mild chest pain or even severe pain with a clic  king sensation when sw  allowing
glo  man  gi  os  ar  coma is a low grade tumor of the soft tissue they rarely me  tast  asi  ze but me  tast  ases are possible it is also known as m  align  ant g  lom  us tumor positive stain  ing for v  im  entin has been reported
glo  mer  ul  oc  ys  tic kidney disease g  ck  d is a c  ys  tic disorder of the kidneys g  ck  d involves c  ys  tic dil  ation of bowman s cap  su  le it can occur with or without con  genital ab  normality
glo  mer  ul  o  id hem  an  gi  oma is a distinctive vascular ne  op  las  m first described in 1990 when found to be associated with crow fu  k  ase syndrome and cast  lem  an s disease
glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis gn also known as glo  mer  ular ne  ph  ri  tis is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases usually affecting both kidneys many of the diseases are characterised by infl  amm  ation either of the glo  mer  uli or of the small blood vessels in the kidneys hence the name but not all diseases necessarily have an infl  am  matory component as it is not strictly a single disease its presentation depends on the specific disease entity it may present with isolated hem  atur  ia and or prote  in  ur  ia blood or protein in the urine or as a ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome a ne  ph  ri  tic syndrome acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease they are categ  orized into several different pathological patterns which are broadly grouped into non prolifer  ative or prolifer  ative types diagno  sing the pattern of gn is important because the outcome and treatment differs in different types primary causes are intrinsic to the kidney secondary causes are associated with certain infections bacterial viral or par  asi  tic pathogens drugs systemic disorders s  le vas  cu  li  tis or diabetes
glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ro  sis is a non infl  am  matory disease of the kidney ne  ph  ro  sis presenting primarily in the glo  mer  ul  us a glo  mer  ul  opathy it can be contr  asted to glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis which implies infl  amm  ation it can be caused by di  ethyl  nitro  sam  ine
a g  lom  us tumor also known as a solitary g  lom  us tumor solid g  lom  us tumor or glo  man  gi  oma is a rare benign ne  op  las  m arising from the g  lom  us body and mainly found under the nail on the finger  tip or in the foot they account for less than 2 of all soft tissue tumors g  lom  us tumors were first described by ho  yer in 18  77 while the first complete clinical description was given by mass  on in 19  24 his  to  logically g  lom  us tumors are made up of an a  ffer  ent arter  io  le anast  om  otic vessel and collecting ven  ule g  lom  us tumors are modified smooth muscle cells that control the thermo  regulatory function of der  mal g  lom  us bodies as stated above these le  sions should not be confused with parag  ang  li  om  as which were formerly also called g  lom  us tumors in now antiquated clinical usage g  lom  us tumors do not arise from g  lom  us cells but parag  ang  li  om  as do famili  al glo  man  gi  om  as have been associated with a variety of dele  tions in the gl  mn glo  mul  in gene and are inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner with incomplete penetr  ance
a glory is an optical phenomenon that resembles an icon  ic saint s hal  o about the shadow of the observer s head caused by light of the sun or more rarely the moon inter  acting with the tiny water dro  ple  ts that make up mist or clouds the glory consists of one or more concentr  ic successively dim  mer rings each of which is red on the outside and blu  ish towards the centre due to its appearance the phenomenon is sometimes mistaken for a circular rain  bow but the latter has a much larger diameter and is caused by different physical processes the cause of the glory remains a matter of schol  arly debate
glos  si  tis can mean so  reness of the tongue or more usually infl  amm  ation with de  pap  ill  ation of the dor  sal surface of the tongue loss of the lingual pap  il  la  e leaving a smooth and er  y  them  at  ous red  dened surface sometimes specifically termed atro  ph  ic glos  si  tis in a wider sense glos  si  tis can mean infl  amm  ation of the tongue generally glos  si  tis is often caused by nutritional deficiencies and may be pain  less or cause discomfort glos  si  tis usually responds well to treatment if the cause is identified and corrected tongue so  reness caused by glos  si  tis is differentiated from burning mouth syndrome where there is no identifiable change in the appearance of the tongue and there are no identifiable causes
glos  sop  to  sis is a medical condition and ab  normality which refers to the downward displacement or re  traction of the tongue it may cause non fusion of hard pal  ate causing cle  ft pal  ate it is one of the features of pierre robin sequence and down syndrome
in operations research the glove problem also known as the con  dom problem is an optimi  zation problem used as an example that the cheapest capital cost often leads to dramatic increase in operational time but that the shortest operational time need not be given by the most expensive capital cost
a gl  uc  agon  oma is a rare tumor of the alpha cells of the pan  cre  as that results in the overproduction of the hormone gl  uc  agon alpha cell tumors are commonly associated with gl  uc  agon  oma syndrome though similar symptoms are present in cases of pseu  do  gl  uc  agon  oma syndrome in the absence of a gl  uc  agon secre  ting tumor
glu  co  cor  ti  co  id remedi  able al  do  ster  on  ism gra also descri  bable as al  do  ster  one syn  th  ase hyper  activity is an auto  som  al dominant disorder in which the increase in al  do  ster  one secre  tion produced by ac  th is no longer transi  ent it is a cause of primary hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism
glucose 6 phosphate de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency g 6 pd deficiency also known as fa  vism after the fava bean is an x linked rec  essive in  born error of metabol  ism that pre  dis  poses to hem  ol  ysis spontaneous destruction of red blood cells and resultant ja  und  ice in response to a number of triggers such as certain foods illness or medication it is particularly common in people of mediterranean and african origin the condition is characterized by abnormally low levels of glucose 6 phosphate de  hydro  gen  ase an enzyme involved in the pent  ose phosphate path  way that is especially important in the red blood cell g 6 pd deficiency is the most common human enzyme defect there is no specific treatment other than avoiding known triggers in the united states no genetic screening of prospective parents is recommended as the symptoms only show in part of the carriers and when that is the case they can be prevented or controlled and as a result the disease generally has no impact on the lifespan of those affected however globally g 6 pd deficiency has resulted in 4 100 deaths in 2013 and 3 400 deaths in 1990 carriers of the g 6 pd alle  le appear to be protected to some extent against malaria and in some cases affected males have shown complete immunity to the disease this accounts for the persistence of the alle  le in certain populations in that it confers a selective advantage
glucose galac  tose mal  absorption is a condition in which the cells lining the intest  ine cannot take in the sugars glucose and galac  tose which prevents proper dig  estion of these molecules and larger molecules made from them glucose and galac  tose are called simple sugars or mon  os  ac  ch  ari  des sucrose and lac  tose are called dis  ac  ch  ari  des because they are made from two simple sugars and are broken down into these simple sugars during dig  estion sucrose is broken down into glucose and another simple sugar called fructose and lac  tose is broken down into glucose and galac  tose as a result lac  tose sucrose and other compounds made from carbo  hydr  ates cannot be dig  ested by individuals with glucose galac  tose mal  absorption
glu  taric aci  dem  ia type 2 is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that is characterised by defects in the ability of the body to use proteins and fats for energy in  completely processed proteins and fats can build up leading to a dangerous chemical imbalance called aci  do  sis
glu  taric aci  dem  ia type 1 or glu  taric ac  id  ur  ia ga 1 or gat 1 is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to break down completely the amino acids lys  ine hydrox  yl  ys  ine and try  pt  oph  an excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products glu  taric acid glu  tar  yl co  a 3 hydroxy  glu  taric acid glu  ta  con  ic acid can accumulate and cause damage to the brain and also other organs but particularly the bas  al gang  lia which are regions that help regulate movement ga 1 causes secondary car  nit  ine deficiency as glu  taric acid like other organic acids is de  tox  ified by car  nit  ine mental retar  dation may also occur
glu  ta  th  ione synthe  t  ase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that prevents the production of glu  ta  th  ione glu  ta  th  ione helps prevent damage to cells by neutr  alizing harmful molecules generated during energy production glu  ta  th  ione also plays a role in processing medications and cancer causing compounds carcinogens and building dna proteins and other important cellular components
glu  ta  th  ion  ur  ia is the presence of glu  ta  th  ione in the urine and is a rare in  born error of metabol  ism the condition has been identified in five patients
the gly  c  emic response to a food or meal is the effect that food or meal has on blood sugar glucose levels after consumption it is normal for blood glucose and insulin levels to rise after eating and then return again to fast  ing levels over a short period of time this is particularly so after consumption of meals rich in certain carbo  hydr  ates gly  c  emic management refers to the selection of foods to manage your blood sugar levels several tools have been developed to help quantify and communicate the effect of food on gly  c  emic response these include gly  c  emic index gi gly  c  emic load g  l and gly  c  emic glucose equivalents gge a comparative gly  c  emic response can also be determined which compares the impact on blood glucose of one food to another based upon their total carbo  hydrate or total quantity in 1981 the idea of classifying carbo  hydr  ates according to their gly  c  emic index was first published since then many studies have been undertaken to determine the impact of altering the blood glucose raising potential gly  c  emic challenge of the diet on a wide range of short and long term health outcomes however evaluating the impact of a single dietary change on health is notoriously complex and opinions on the relevance of gi g  l and gge have been divided there are many different ways of lowering gly  c  emic response gi or g  l not all of which have the same effects on health il  si europe published a mono  graph in november 2011 tit  led food gly  ca  emic response and health which concluded that it is becoming evident that modifying the gly  c  emic response of the diet should not be seen as a stand alone strategy but rather as an element of an overall balanced diet and lifestyle a low gly  c  emic food will release glucose more slowly and steadily which leads to lower post  pr  an  dial after meal blood glucose readings a high gly  c  emic food causes a more rapid rise in blood glucose levels after meals high gly  c  emic foods are ideal for energy recovery after exercise or for a person experiencing hypo  gly  cem  ia the gly  c  emic effect of foods depends on a number of factors such as the type of starch amy  lose versus am  yl  op  ec  tin physical entr  ap  ment of the starch molecules within the food fat and protein content of the food and organic acids or their salts in the meal — adding vin  eg  ar for example will lower the gl  cy  emic response the presence of fat or soluble dietary fiber can slow the ga  str  ic emp  tying rate thus lowering the gly  c  emic response in general foods with higher amounts of fiber and or resistant starch have a lower gly  c  emic response while adding fat or protein will lower the gly  c  emic response to a meal the relative differences remain that is with or without additions there is still a higher blood glucose curve after a high gly  c  emic white bread than after a low gy  c  emic bread such as pum  per  nickel un  refined wild plant foods like those available to contemporary for  agers typically exhibit low gly  c  emic indices
gly  cer  ol kin  ase deficiency g  k  d is an x linked rec  essive enzyme defect that is hetero  zy  g  ous in nature three clin  ically distinct forms of this deficiency have been proposed namely inf  anti  le juvenile and adult national institutes of health and its office of rare diseases research ord  r branch classi  fies g  k  d as a rare disease known to affect less than 200 000 individuals in the united states the responsible gene lies in a region containing genes in which dele  tions can cause du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy and adren  al hypo  pl  asia con  gen  ita combinations of these three genetic defects including g  k  d are addressed medic  ally as complex g  k  d
gly  cine encephalopathy also known as non ke  to  tic hyper  gly  cin  emia or n  kh is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder of gly  cine metabol  ism after phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia gly  cine encephalopathy is the second most common disorder of amino acid metabol  ism the disease is caused by defects in the gly  cine cle  av  age system an enzyme responsible for gly  cine cat  abol  ism there are several forms of the disease with varying severity of symptoms and time of onset the symptoms are exclusively neuro  logical in nature and clin  ically this disorder is characterized by abnormally high levels of the amino acid gly  cine in bodily fluids and tissues especially the cere  br  al spinal fluid gly  cine encephalopathy is sometimes referred to as non  ke  to  tic hyper  gly  cin  emia n  kh as a reference to the bio  chemical findings seen in patients with the disorder and to distinguish it from the disorders that cause ke  to  tic hyper  gly  cin  emia seen in pro  pi  onic aci  dem  ia and several other inherited metabol  ic disorders to avoid confusion the term gly  cine encephalopathy is often used as this term more accurately describes the clinical symptoms of the disorder
gly  co  gen bran  ching enzyme deficiency g  bed is an inher  itable gly  co  gen storage disease affecting american quarter horses and american paint horses it leads to abortion still  births or early death of affected animals
gly  co  gen storage disease gs  d also gly  co  gen  osis and d  extr  in  osis is the result of defects in the processing of gly  co  gen synthesis or breakdown within muscles liver and other cell types gs  d has two classes of cause genetic and acquired genetic gs  d is caused by any in  born error of metabol  ism genetically defective enzymes involved in these processes in livestock acquired gs  d is caused by in  tox  ication with the al  k  alo  id ca  stan  os  per  mine
gly  co  gen storage disease type 0 is a disease characterized by a deficiency in the gly  co  gen syn  th  ase enzyme although gly  co  gen syn  th  ase deficiency does not result in storage of extra gly  co  gen in the liver it is often classified with the gly  co  gen storage diseases because it is another defect of gly  co  gen storage and can cause similar problems mutations in the liver iso  form g  ys 2 causes fast  ing hypo  gly  cem  ia high blood ke  tones increased free fatty acids and low levels of alan  ine and lact  ate conversely feeding in these patients results in hyper  gly  cem  ia and hyper  lac  tat  emia there are two versions the muscle version involves g  ys 1 and the liver version involves g  ys 2
gly  co  gen storage disease type i gs  d i or von gi  er  ke s disease is the most common of the gly  co  gen storage diseases this genetic disease results from deficiency of the enzyme glucose 6 phosp  hat  ase and has an incidence in the american population of approximately 1 in 50 000 to 100 000 births the deficiency imp  airs the ability of the liver to produce free glucose from gly  co  gen and from glu  con  e  o  genesis since these are the two principal metabol  ic mechanisms by which the liver supplies glucose to the rest of the body during periods of fast  ing it causes severe hypo  gly  cem  ia and results in increased gly  co  gen storage in liver and kidneys both organs function normally in childhood but are susceptible to a variety of problems in adult years other metabol  ic der  ang  ements include lac  tic aci  do  sis and hyper  li  pi  dem  ia frequent or continuous fe  edings of corn  starch or other carbo  hydr  ates are the principal treatment other therapeutic measures may be needed for associated problems the disease was named after german doctor edgar von gi  er  ke
gly  co  gen storage disease type ii also called pom  pe disease ˈ  p  ɒ  mp  ə or acid mal  t  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder which damages muscle and nerve cells throughout the body it is caused by an accumulation of gly  co  gen in the ly  so  some due to deficiency of the ly  so  som  al acid alpha glu  co  sid  ase enzyme it is the only gly  co  gen storage disease with a defect in ly  so  som  al metabol  ism and the first gly  co  gen storage disease to be identified in 19  32 by the dutch patho  logist j c pom  pe the build up of gly  co  gen causes progressive muscle weakness my  opathy throughout the body and affects various body tissues particularly in the heart sk  el  etal muscles liver and the nervous system
gly  co  gen storage disease type iii is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder and in  born error of metabol  ism characterized by a deficiency in gly  co  gen deb  ran  ching enzymes it is also known as cor  i s disease in honor of the 1947 nobel laureates carl cor  i and ger  ty cor  i other names include for  bes disease in honor of clin  ician gil  bert bur  nett for  bes 1915 2003 an american physician who further described the features of the disorder or limit d  extr  in  osis due to the limit d  extr  in like structures in cy  to  sol limit d  extr  in is the remaining poly  mer produced after hydro  lysis of gly  co  gen without gly  co  gen deb  ran  ching enzymes to further convert these bran  ched gly  co  gen pol  ym  ers to glucose limit d  extr  in  osis abnormally accumul  ates in the cy  top  las  m gly  co  gen is a mol  ecu  le the body uses to store carbo  hydrate energy symptoms of gs  d iii are caused by a deficiency of the enzyme am  yl  o 1 6 glu  co  sid  ase or deb  ran  cher enzyme this causes excess amounts of an abnormal gly  co  gen to be deposited in the liver muscles and in some cases the heart
gly  co  gen storage disease type iv is a rare hereditary metabol  ic disorder it is the result of a mutation in g  be 1 gene which causes a defect in the gly  co  gen bran  ching enzyme therefore gly  co  gen is not made properly and abnormal gly  co  gen molecules accumulate in cells most severely in cardiac and muscle cells the severity of this disease varies on the amount of enzyme produced gly  co  gen storage disease type iv is auto  som  al rec  essive which means each parent has a mut  ant copy of the gene but show no symptoms of the disease it affects 1 in 800 000 individuals worldwide with 3 of all gly  co  gen storage diseases being type iv
gly  co  gen storage disease type ix is a hereditary deficiency of gly  co  gen phosphor  yl  ase kin  ase b that affects the liver and or muscle it is inherited in an x linked or auto  som  al rec  essive manner
gly  co  gen storage disease type v gs  d v is a metabol  ic disorder more specifically a gly  co  gen storage disease caused by a deficiency of myop  hosp  hor  yl  ase its incidence is reported as 1 in 100 000 approximately the same as gly  co  gen storage disease type i gs  d type v is also known as m  car  dle disease or muscle phosphor  yl  ase myop  hosp  hor  yl  ase deficiency the disease was first reported in 1951 by dr brian m  car  dle of guy s hospital london
gly  co  gen storage disease type vi gs  d vi is a type of gly  co  gen storage disease caused by a deficiency in liver gly  co  gen phosphor  yl  ase or other components of the associated phosphor  yl  ase cas  c  ade system it is also known as hers disease after henri g hers who characterized it in 1959 the scope of gs  d vi now also includes gly  co  gen storage disease type viii ix caused by phosphor  yl  ase b kin  ase deficiency and x deficiency protein kin  ase a the incidence of gs  d vi is approximately 1 case per 65 000 – 85 000 births representing approximately 30 all cases of gly  co  gen storage disease approximately 75 of these gs  d vi cases result from the x linked rec  essive forms of phosphor  yl  ase kin  ase deficiency all other forms are auto  som  al rec  essive
gly  co  gen storage disease type xi is a form of gly  co  gen storage disease it is also known as fan  coni – bic  kel syndrome for guido fan  coni and horst bic  kel who first described it in 1949 it is associated with glut 2 a glucose transport protein which when functioning normally allows glucose to exit several tissues including the liver ne  ph  ron  s and enter  oc  y  tes of the intest  ines and enter the blood the syndrome results in he  pat  om  eg  al  y secondary to gly  co  gen accumulation glucose and galac  tose intolerance fast  ing hypo  gly  ca  emia a characteristic proxim  al tu  bul  ar ne  ph  ro  pa  thy and severe short stature
gly  co  genic ac  anth  osis is a no  d  ular appearance of the mu  co  sa of the es  op  ha  gus it is seen incidentally in 3 5 of gastro  sco  pies it is also a common finding during fluoro  scopic studies of the es  op  ha  gus
gly  co  prote  in  osis are ly  so  som  al storage diseases affecting gly  co  proteins resulting from defects in ly  so  som  al function the term is sometimes reserved for conditions involving degradation of gly  co  proteins
gly  co  sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds are a subtype of gly  co  li  pi  ds containing the amino alcohol sp  hin  go  sine alternatively they may be considered as sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds with a carbo  hydrate attached they include cere  bro  sides gang  li  o  sides glo  bo  sides
gly  co  syl  ation see also chemical gly  co  syl  ation is the reaction in which a carbo  hydrate i e a gly  co  sy  l donor is attached to a hydrox  yl or other functional group of another mol  ecu  le a gly  co  sy  l accep  tor in biology gly  co  syl  ation mainly refers in particular to the enz  ym  atic process that attaches gly  cans to proteins li  pi  ds or other organic molecules this enz  ym  atic process produces one of the fundamental bio  pol  ym  ers found in cells along with dna r  na and proteins gly  co  syl  ation is a form of co transl  ational and post transl  ational modification gly  cans serve a variety of structural and functional roles in memb  rane and secre  ted proteins the majority of proteins synthe  sized in the rough er undergo gly  co  syl  ation it is an enzyme directed site specific process as opposed to the non enz  ym  atic chemical reaction of gly  c  ation gly  co  syl  ation is also present in the cy  top  las  m and nucleus as the o gl  cn  ac modification ag  ly  co  syl  ation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass gly  co  syl  ation five classes of gly  cans are produced n linked gly  cans attached to a nitrogen of asparag  ine or ar  gin  ine side chains n linked gly  co  syl  ation requires participation of a special lip  id called dol  ic  hol phosphate o linked gly  cans attached to the hydrox  yl oxygen of ser  ine thre  on  ine ty  ros  ine hydrox  yl  ys  ine or hydroxy  pro  line side chains or to oxy  gens on li  pi  ds such as ceram  ide phosp  ho gly  cans linked through the phosphate of a phosp  ho ser  ine c linked gly  cans a rare form of gly  co  syl  ation where a sugar is added to a carbon on a try  pt  oph  an side chain gly  pi  ation which is the addition of a g  pi anchor that links proteins to li  pi  ds through gly  can linkages
gn  ath  i  tis is jaw infl  amm  ation
gn  ath  op  hy  ma involves sw  elling of the chin it is a type of le  sion associated with ro  sac  ea a common chronic infl  am  matory skin disorder of the se  bac  eous o  ily and fatty g  lands characterized by red  ness sw  elling and ac  ne like pu  st  ules other le  sions associated with ro  sac  ea which affects about 10 percent of fair skin  ned people normally between the ages of 30 and 50 include rhin  op  hy  ma enlarged nose me  top  hy  ma enlarged cushion like sw  elling of the fore  head ble  phar  op  hy  ma sw  elling of the eye  li  ds ot  op  hy  ma a cau  lif  lower like sw  elling of the ear  lob  es treatment for mild to moderate cases includes an oral antibiotic or topical gel or cream
gn  ath  o  stom  i  asis also known as lar  va migr  ans pro  fun  dus is the human infection caused by the nemato  de round  worm gn  ath  o  stom  a sp  ini  ger  um and or gn  ath  o  stom  a his  pi  dum which inf  ects vertebr  ates
g  no  to  bio  sis from greek roots g  no  st  os known and bi  os life is a condition in which all the forms of life present within an organism can be accounted for typically g  no  to  bio  tic organisms are germ free or g  not  op  hor  ic having only one contamin  ant
in retail terms go backs are items of merchandise which must be placed back on the store shelves they usually accumulate during the store s open hours and comprise a combination of returned items items customers have decided not to purchase and items store employees may have found left lying on the wrong shelf go backs can often accumulate over several days because businesses especially larger department stores tend to have other priorities at the time and not enough employment to put the go backs away go backs are sometimes referred to as re shop put backs misplaced shop backs returns aband  ons left beh  in  ds loose stock or shop downs
in computing goal seeking is the ability to calculate backward to obtain an input that would result in a given output this can also be called what if analysis or back solving it can either be attempted through trial and improvement or more logical means basic goal seeking functionality is built into most modern spre  ad  sheet packages such as microsoft exce  l according to o bri  en and mar  ak  as optimi  zation analysis is a more complex extension of goal seeking analysis instead of setting a specific target value for a variable the goal is to find the optimum value for one or more target variables given certain constraints then one or more other variables are changed repeatedly subject to the specified constraints until you discover the best values for the target variables
the gob  let cell carcin  o  id abbreviated gcc and also known as cry  pt cell carcin  oma and neuro  endocrine tum  our with gob  let cell differentiation is a rare bi  ph  as  ic gastro  intest  inal tract tum  our that consists of a neuro  endocrine component and a conventional carcin  oma his  to  logically arising from pan  eth cells
a god  spot is an effect used in stage lighting for the theatre the effect is created using a powerful spotlight usually a beam projec  tor fres  nel or ers placed directly above the stage at an angle of less than 10 degrees from vertical i e almost straight down the light has no color gel and is usually directed downwards to hit a single actor or a hu  ddled group of actors with a bright white light the effect is meant to ev  oke an understanding that god is present and directly watching the scenes proceeding below use of the god  spot in this fashion often fore  shadows a deus ex mach  ina ending the god  spot can also used at times to suggest an angel  ic nature of a particular character sometimes this effect is used to simul  ate an alien abduction this is used in the science fiction tv shows stargate sg 1 and stargate at  l  anti  s as part of the as  g  ard transporter effect
a go  itre british english or go  iter american english from the latin gu  t  ter  ia str  uma is a sw  elling of the neck or lar  yn  x resulting from enlargement of the thyro  id g  land thyro  me  gal  y associated with a thyro  id g  land that is not functioning properly worldwide over 90 cases of go  itre are caused by i  od  ine deficiency
the gold effect is the phenomenon in which a scientific idea particularly in medicine is developed to the status of an accepted position within a professional body or association by the social process itself of scientific conferences committees and consensus building despite not being supported by conclusive evidence the effect was described by professor t gold in 1979 the effect was reviewed by drs pe  tr sk  r  aban  ek and james mc  cor  mick in their book fol  lies and fall  acies in medicine the gold effect is used to analyze errors in public health policy and practice such as the widespread use of cho  le  sterol screening in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in their book sk  r  aban  ek and mc  cor  mick describe the gold effect as at the beginning a few people arrive at a state of near belief in some idea a meeting is held to discuss the pros and cons of the idea more people favouring the idea than those dis  interested will be present a representative committee will be nominated to prepare a collective volume to propag  ate and foster interest in the idea the tot  ality of resulting articles based on the idea will appear to show an increasing consensus a specialised journal will be launched only orthodox or near orthodox articles will pass the ref  ere  es and the editor
a gold gram is the amount of value represented by exactly one gram of gold it is a unit of account frequently used for digital gold currencies it is sometimes den  oted by the symbol gg au  g or gau a milli  gram of gold is sometimes referred to as a mi  l or m  gg therefore 1 au  g 1 gg 1000 m  gg 1000 mi  l and 1 mi  l 1 m  gg 0 001 gg 0 001 au  g this allows gold holdings and transfers to take place in tiny fractions of a gram equivalent to a few cents a possible source of confusion is that gold is often priced on the open market in the more traditional troy ounce one troy ounce is exactly 31 10  34  768 grams which is larger than the avo  ir  du  po  is ounce generally in use in the united states and has a mass of 28 35 grams kilogram gold prices are commonly used by the zur  ich gold pool where 1 000 kilograms one metric tonne
gold  bach s con  jec  ture is one of the oldest and best known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics it states every even inte  ger greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two pri  mes the con  jec  ture has been shown to hold up through 4 × 10  18 but remains un  proven despite considerable effort
gold  berg – sh  pr  int  zen is a condition associated with mutations in ki  aa 1279 gene which en  codes k  if binding protein k  bp a protein that may interact with micro  tu  bul  es and acti  n filament k  bp may play a key role in cy  to  skelet  on formation and ne  ur  ite growth hir  sch  sp  rung s disease may be part of the presentation individuals with the syndrome exhibit oc  ular pto  sis hyper  op  ia or me  gal  oc  or  ne  a cardiac u  ro  genital ve  si  cou  re  ter  al ref  lux mul  tic  ys  tic ren  al dys  pl  asia and sk  el  etal oligo  don  tia sco  li  osis high ar  ched pal  ate developmental ab  norm  alities
gold  bl  att kidney is a condition of the kidney in which a con  stric  tion of the ren  al artery causes ren  al is  chem  ia and the release of ren  in which would cause hyper  tension
gol  den  har syndrome also known as oc  ul  o aur  icul  o vertebr  al o  av syndrome is a rare con  genital defect characterized by incomplete development of the ear nose soft pal  ate lip and man  di  ble it is associated with anom  alous development of the first bran  ch  ial arch and second bran  ch  ial arch common clinical manifestations include lim  bal der  mo  ids pre  aur  icular skin tags and str  ab  is  mus the term is sometimes used inter  change  ably with hem  i  facial micro  som  ia although this definition is usually reserved for cases without internal organ verte  bra  e disruption it affects between 1 3 500 to 1 26 000 live births with a male female ratio of 3 2
the gol  em effect is a psychological phenomenon in which lower expectations placed upon individuals either by supervisors or the individual themselves lead to poorer performance by the individual this effect is mostly seen and studied in educational and organizational environments it is a form of self fulfilling prophecy
gol  fer s el  bow or medi  al epi  con  dy  li  tis is tend  in  osis of the medi  al epi  con  dy  le of the el  bow it is in some ways similar to tennis el  bow the an  terior fore  arm contains several muscles that are involved with fl  ex  ing the digits of the hand and fl  ex  ing and pron  ating the wrist the tend  ons of these muscles come together in a common tend  inous she  ath which originates from the medi  al epi  con  dy  le of the hum  er  us at the el  bow joint in response to minor injury or sometimes for no obvious reason at all this point of insertion becomes infl  amed
gom  ath  i am  man tamil க  ோ  ம  த  ி அ  ம  ்  ம  ன  ் is one of the manifestation of ad  hi shak  th  i the temple is popul  arly known as san  kar  an  ay  in  ar  ko  il or san  kar  an  ko  vi  l and she is the consor  t of van  mi  kan  ath  ar and seen along with san  kar  an  ar  ay  an  ar the unification of shi  va and vis  hn  u this temple is 900 years old and was built by uk  k  ira pan  dian tamil உ  க  ்  க  ி  ர ப  ா  ண  ்  ட  ி  ய  ன  ் a king from pan  di  ya dynasty adi th  ab  as  u is very famous festival celebrated there every year
the gom  berg – b  ach  mann reaction named for the ukrainian american chem  ist moses gom  berg and the american chem  ist wer  ner em  manuel b  ach  mann is an ar  yl ar  yl coupling reaction via a di  az  on  ium salt gom  berg b  ach  mann reaction the aren  e compound 1 here benzene is coupled with base with the di  az  on  ium salt 2 to the bi  ar  yl 3 through an intermediate ar  yl radical for example p bro  mobi  phen  yl may be prepared from 4 bromo  an  il  ine and benzene br  c 6 h 4 n  h 2 c 6 h 6 → br  c 6 h 4 − c 6 h 5 the reaction offers a wide scope for both di  az  on  ium component and aren  e component but yields are generally low following the original procedure less than 40 given the many side reactions of di  az  on  ium salts several improvements have been suggested one possibility is to employ di  az  on  ium tetr  af  lu  or  ob  or  ates in aren  e solvent together with a phase transfer catalyst another is to use 1 ar  yl 3 3 dial  k  yl  tri  az  en  es
g  ome  z lo  pez her  nan  dez syndrome gl  h or cere  bel  lo  tri  gem  inal der  mal dys  pl  asia is a rare neuro  cu  taneous p  ha  kom  at  osis disorder affecting the tri  gem  inal nerve and causing several other ne  ural and physical ab  norm  alities g  ome  z lo  pez her  nan  dez syndrome has been diagnosed in only 34 people cases of g  ome  z lo  pez her  nan  dez syndrome may be under reported as other diseases share the characteristics of cere  bell  ar mal  formation shown in g  ome  z lo  pez her  nan  dez syndrome g  ome  z lo  pez her  nan  dez syndrome was first characterized in 1979
gon  ad  al dys  genesis is any con  genital developmental disorder of the reproductive system characterized by a progressive loss of germ cells on the developing gon  ads of an embryo this loss leads to extremely hypo  plastic underdeveloped and dys  functioning gon  ads mainly composed of fi  bro  us tissue hence the name stre  ak gon  ads — i e a form of ap  la  sia in which the o  vary is replaced by func  tion  less tissue the accompanying hormonal failure also prevents the development of secondary sex characteristics in either sex resulting in a sexually inf  anti  le female appearance and in  fertility the first type of gon  ad  al dys  genesis discovered was turner syndrome
a gon  ad  al tissue ne  op  las  m is a tumor having any his  to  logy characteristic of cells or tissues giving rise to the gon  ads these tissues arise from the sex cord and st  rom  al cells the tumor may be derived from these tissues or produce them although the tumor is composed of gon  ad  al tissue it is not necessarily located in an o  vary or tes  tic  le a gon  ad  al tissue ne  op  las  m should not be confused with a u  ro  genital ne  op  las  m though the two topics are often studied together the embry  ology of the gon  ads is only indirectly related to the embry  ology of the external gen  itals and ur  inary system
a gon  ad  obl  ast  oma is a complex ne  op  las  m composed of a mixture of gon  ad  al elements such as large pri  mor  dial germ cells immature ser  tol  i cells or gran  ul  osa cells of the sex cord and gon  ad  al st  rom  al cells most gon  ad  obl  ast  om  as are benign
gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone gn  r  h in  sensitivity is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic and endocrine syndrome which is characterized by in  activating mutations of the gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone recep  tor gn  r  hr and thus an in  sensitivity of the recep  tor to gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone gn  r  h resulting in a partial or complete loss of the ability of the gon  ads to synthe  size the sex hormones the condition manifests itself as isolated hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism i  hh presenting with symptoms such as delayed reduced or absent pu  ber  ty low or complete lack of li  bi  do and in  fertility and is the predominant cause of i  hh when it does not present alongside an  os  mia
resistant o  vary syndrome previously known as savage syndrome is a cause of o  vari  an failure that can lead to secondary amen  or  rhe  a resistant ov  aries result from a functional disturbance of the gon  ad  o  tro  pin recep  tors in the o  vari  an fol  lic  les it may be a cause of primary or secondary amen  or  rhe  a and is resistant to exo  genous gon  ad  o  tro  pin stimulation diagnosis of this condition requires that the patient has a normal 46 xx kar  yo  type normal secondary sexual characteristics elevated plasma fol  lic  le stimulating hormone and lu  te  ini  zing hormone – in the men  opa  usal range – and that normal multiple fol  lic  les are seen on o  vari  an biopsy spontaneous reversal of the recep  tor resistance may occur
gon  o  co  cc  emia also known as ar  thri  tis – der  mat  osis syndrome and disseminated gon  o  coc  cal infection is a condition characterized by a hemorrha  gic ves  icul  op  ust  ular eruption b  outs of fever and ar  thr  al  gia or actual ar  thri  tis of one or several joints
gon  or  rhe  a also spelled gon  or  rho  ea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacter  ium ne  is  ser  ia gon  or  rho  e  ae many people have no symptoms men may have burning with ur  ination discharge from the penis or tes  tic  ular pain women may have burning with ur  ination vag  inal discharge vag  inal bleeding between periods or pel  vic pain complications in women include pel  vic infl  am  matory disease and in men include infl  amm  ation of the epi  di  dy  mis if untreated gon  or  rhe  a can occasionally spread to affect joints or heart valves gon  or  rhe  a is spread through sexual contact with an infected person this includes oral anal and vag  inal sex it can also spread from a mother to a child during birth diagnosis is by testing the urine u  re  th  ra in males or cer  vi  x in females testing all women who are sexually active and less than 25 years of age each year as well as those with new sexual partners is recommended this same recommendation applies in men who have sex with men gon  or  rhe  a can be prevented with the use of condoms having sex with only one person who is un  infected and by not having sex treatment is usually with ce  f  tri  ax  one by injection and azi  thro  my  cin by mouth resistance has developed to many previously used antibiotics and higher doses of ce  f  tri  ax  one are occasionally required re  testing is recommended three months after treatment sexual partners from the last 2 months should also be treated gon  or  rhe  a affects about 0 8 of women and 0 6 of men an estimated 33 to 106 million new cases occur each year out of the 4  98 million new cases of cur  able sti – which also includes sy  phil  is ch  lam  y  dia and tric  hom  oni  asis infections in women most commonly occur when they are young adults in 2013 it caused about 3 200 deaths up from 2 300 in 1990 descriptions of the disease date as far back as the old testament
good  pasture syndrome gps also known as good  pasture ’ s disease anti  glo  mer  ular basement anti  body disease or anti g  bm disease is a rare auto  immune disease in which antibodies attack the basement memb  rane in lungs and kidneys leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure it is thought to attack the alpha 3 sub  unit of type iv coll  agen which has therefore been referred to as good  pasture s antigen good  pasture syndrome may quickly result in permanent lung and kidney damage often leading to death it is treated with immun  o  sup  pres  sant drugs such as cor  ti  co  ster  oids and cycl  op  hosp  ham  ide and with plas  map  her  esis in which the antibodies are removed from the blood famous sufferers include vince earl an actor on the british soap opera brook  side who underwent a successful kidney transplant in 2012 the disease was first described by an american patho  logist ern  est good  pasture of van  der  bil  t university in 19  19 and was later named in his honor
google do  od  les re  directs here for a list of google do  od  les see lists of google do  od  les a google do  odle is a special temporary alteration of the logo on google s hom  ep  age that is intended to celebrate holidays events achievements and people the first google do  odle was in honor of the burning man festival of 1998 and was designed by larry page and serge  y br  in to notify users of their absence in case the ser  vers crashed subsequent google do  od  les were designed by an outside contractor until page and br  in asked inter  n dennis h  wang to design a logo for bas  til  le day in 2000 from that point onward do  od  les have been organized and published by a team of employees termed do  od  lers initially do  od  les were neither animated nor hyper  linked do  od  les increased in both frequency and complexity by the beginning of the 2010 s and in january 2010 the first animated do  odle was posted hon  oring isa  ac newton the first interactive do  odle appeared shortly thereafter celebrating pac man and hyper  links also began to be added to do  od  les usually linking to a search results page for the subject of the do  odle by 2014 google had published over 2 000 regional and international do  od  les throughout its hom  ep  ages often featuring guest artists musicians and personalities google do  od  les violate the long accepted ten  et of brand management that a logo should be respected and used correctly and consistently at all times a constantly changing logo was thought to reduce brand equity while this may be true of many brands google has successfully de  fied the orthodoxy the google logo has been noted for the constant interactive engagement that attracts the attention of the press and general public
gordon syndrome gs or dis  tal ar  thro  gry  pos  is type 3 is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder characterized by cle  ft pal  ate and con  genital contr  actu  res of the hands and feet
gor  ham s disease pronounced g  or am  z also known as gor  ham van  ishing bone disease and phantom bone disease is a very rare sk  el  etal condition of unknown cause characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of dist  ended thin w  alled vascular or lymp  h  atic channels within bone which leads to resor  ption and replacement of bone with an  gi  om  as and or fi  bro  sis current treatments are experimental only
in medicine gor  lin sign is the ability to touch the tip of the nose with the tongue approximately ten percent of the general population can perform this act whereas fifty percent of people with the inherited connec  tive tissue disorder eh  lers dan  los syndrome can not to be confused with gor  lin syndrome it is named for robert j gor  lin
gou  ger  ot – bl  um syndrome also known as pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic lic  hen  o  id der  mati  tis and pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic lic  hen  o  id der  mati  tis of gou  ger  ot and bl  um is a variant of pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic der  mati  tis a skin condition characterized by minute r  ust colored to viol  ac  eous lic  hen  o  id pap  ules that tend to fuse into pl  aqu  es of various h  ues relative to other variants it is characterized clin  ically by a male predominance pr  ur  it  us with a pre  dil  ection for the legs and his  to  logically it features a densely cellular lic  hen  o  id infiltr  ate it was characterized in 19  25
g  our  mand syndrome is a rare benign condition that sometimes occurs in people who sustain injuries to the right frontal lo  be these people develop a new post injury passion for g  our  met food it was first described by regard and land  is in the journal neuro  logy it is characterized by a right hemisphere brain le  sion and a obs  essive focus on eating thinking talking and writing about fine foods however it is not associated with an increase in appetite the most famous case of g  our  mand syndrome developed in a swiss stroke patient after his release from the hospital he immediately quit his job as a political journalist and took up the profession of food cri  ti  qu  ing
grad  eni  go s syndrome also called grad  eni  go lanno  is syndrome and petro  us ap  ic  i  tis is a complic  ation of o  ti  tis media and ma  sto  idi  tis involving the ap  ex of the petro  us temporal bone it was first described by gius  ep  pe grad  eni  go in 19  04 when he reported a tri  ad of symptoms consisting of peri  orb  ital unilateral pain related to tri  gem  inal nerve involvement di  pl  op  ia due to sixth nerve pal  sy and persistent o  tor  rhe  a associated with bacterial o  ti  tis media with ap  ex involvement of the petro  us part of the temporal bone petro  si  tis the classical syndrome related to o  ti  tis media has become very rare after the antibiotic era
gr  adi  ent well for  med  ness is a problem that arises in the analysis of data in gener  ative lingu  is  tics in which a linguistic entity is neither completely gr  amm  atical nor completely un  gr  amm  atical a native speaker may judge a word phrase or pron  unciation as not quite right or almost there rather than dismissing it as completely unacceptable or fully accepting it as well formed thus the acceptability of the given entity lies on a gr  adi  ent between well for  med  ness and ill for  med  ness some gener  ative lingu  ists think that ill for  med  ness might be strictly additive thus trying to figure out universal constraints by acquiring scal  ar gr  amm  atic  ality judgements from inform  ants generally however gr  adi  ent well for  med  ness is considered an unsolved problem in gener  ative lingu  is  tics
in russia gr  affi  ti or street art is an ambiguous phenomenon i e considered to be des  ec  ration by some and art by others it is done for a variety of reasons including expressing oneself through an art form or protesting against a corporation or ideology
graft versus host disease g  v  hd is a medical complic  ation following the receipt of trans  planted tissue from a genetically different person g  v  hd is commonly associated with stem cell or bone marrow transplant but the term also applies to other forms of tissue graft immune cells white blood cells in the donated tissue the graft recognize the recipient the host as foreign the trans  planted immune cells then attack the host s body cells g  v  hd can also occur after a blood transfusion if the blood products used have not been irradiated or treated with an approved pathogen reduction system
graham little syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by lichen plan  us like skin le  sions
grain growth is the increase in size of grains cryst  all  ites in a material at high temperature this occurs when recovery and rec  ry  stal  lis  ation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary the term is commonly used in metall  ur  gy but is also used in reference to ceram  ics and minerals
grain itch also known as barley itch mat  tress itch pr  ai  rie itch and straw itch is a cu  taneous condition caused by several types of mit  es and characterized by intense pr  ur  it  us
gram negative bacterial infection refers to a disease caused by gram negative bacteria one example is e coli it is important to recognize that this class is defined mor  pho  logically by the presence of a bacterial outer memb  rane and not his  to  logically by a pink appearance when stained though the two usually coincide one reason for this division is that the outer memb  rane is of major clinical significance it can play a role in the reduced effectiveness of certain antibiotics and it is the source of endo  toxin the gram status of some organisms is complex or disputed my  co  plasma are sometimes considered gram negative but because of its lack of a cell wall and unusual memb  rane composition it is sometimes considered separately from other gram negative bacteria gar  d  ner  ella is often considered gram negative but it is classified in mesh as both gram positive and gram negative it has some traits of gram positive bacteria but has a gram negative appearance it has been described as a gram variable rod
gram negative fol  lic  u  li  tis occurs in patients who have had moderately infl  am  matory ac  ne for long periods and have been treated with long term antibiotics mainly te  trac  ycl  ines a disease in which cultures of le  sions usually reveals a species of kle  b  si  ella es  cher  ic  hia coli enter  ob  ac  ter or from the deep c  ys  tic le  sions prot  eus
gram negative ro  sac  ea is a cu  taneous condition that clin  ically looks like stage ii or iii ro  sac  ea
gram negative toe web infection is a cu  taneous condition that often begins with der  mat  op  hy  to  sis
grande bar  o  que is a sterling silver tab  le  ware pattern
grande s  onn  erie french meaning grand strike is a complic  ation in a mechanical watch or clock which combines a quarter striking mechanism with a repe  ater on every quarter hour it strikes the number of quarter hours audi  bly on a gong and then the number of hours since the last hour on a second gong for instance in a 3 weight vienna wall clock at 6 15 it would strike once on a high pitched gong then strike six times on a lower pitched gong at 6 30 it would strike twice on the high pitched gong then six times on the lower pitched gong 6 45 three times on the high pitched gong then six times on the lower pitched gong and at 7 00 it would strike four times on the high pitched gong then seven times on the lower pitched gong you will always know the time at any or every fifteen minutes by just listening to the striking these types of striking c  locks are mostly found as carriage c  locks or 3 weight vienna regulators in addition it can strike the hours on demand at the push of a button the term is sometimes used errone  ously for a mere quarter striking mechanism it is more complex than the peti  te s  onn  erie which merely strikes the hours on the hour and the quarter hours on the quarter with no repe  ater function
grandiose delu  sions g  d or delu  sions of gran  de  ur are a subtype of delusion that occur in patients suffering from a wide range of psychiatric diseases including two thirds of patients in man  ic state of bipolar disorder half of those with schizophrenia patients with the grandiose subtype of delu  sional disorder and a substantial portion of those with substance abuse disorders g  ds are characterized by fant  as  tical beliefs that one is famous omni  potent wealthy or otherwise very powerful the delu  sions are generally fantastic and typically have a religious science fic  tional or super  natural theme there is a relative lack of research into g  d in contrast to persecu  tory delu  sions and aud  itory halluc  inations about 10 of healthy people experience grandiose thoughts but do not meet full criteria for a diagnosis of g  d
gran  ular cell tumor is a tumor that can develop on any skin or mu  cos  al surface but occurs on the tongue 40 of the time it is also known as ab  ri  ko  s  so  ff s tumor gran  ular cell my  obl  ast  oma gran  ular cell nerve she  ath tumor and gran  ular cell sch  wan  no  ma
gran  ular conv  ection is a phenomenon where gran  ular material subjected to shaking or vibration will exhibit circulation patterns similar to types of fluid conv  ection it is sometimes described as the brazil nut effect when the largest particles end up on the surface of a gran  ular material containing a mixture of vari  ously sized objects this derives from the example of a typical container of mixed nuts where the largest will be brazil nuts the phenomenon is also known as the mu  es  li effect since it is seen in packets of breakfast cereal containing particles of different sizes but similar density such as mu  es  li mix under experimental conditions gran  ular conv  ection of vari  ously sized particles has been observed forming conv  ection cells similar to fluid motion the conv  ection of gran  ular flows is becoming a well understood phenomenon
gran  ular par  ak  er  at  osis also known as ax  ill  ary gran  ular par  ak  er  at  osis inter  tri  gin  ous gran  ular par  ak  er  at  osis and more recently zom  bie patch is a cu  taneous condition characterized by bro  wn  ish red ker  ato  tic pap  ules that can coal  es  ce into pl  aqu  es
gran  ul  arity also called gr  ain  iness the quality of being gr  ain  y is the extent to which a material or system is composed of distingu  ishable pieces or grains it can either refer to the extent to which a larger entity is subdivided or the extent to which groups of smaller in  distingu  ishable entities have joined together to become larger distingu  ishable entities for example a kilo  meter broken into centi  meters has fin  er gran  ul  arity than a kilo  meter broken into meters in contrast molecules of photo  graphic emul  sion may cl  ump together to form distinct noticeable gran  ules reflecting co  ar  ser gran  ul  arity co  arse gr  ained materials or systems have fewer larger dis  crete components than fine gr  ained materials or systems a co  arse gr  ained description of a system regards large sub  components while a fine gr  ained description regards smaller components of which the larger ones are composed the concepts gran  ul  arity co  arsen  ess and fin  eness are relative used when comparing systems or descriptions of systems an example of increasingly fine gran  ul  arity a list of nations in the united nations a list of all states provinces in those nations a list of all cities in those states etc the terms fine and co  arse are used consistently across fields but the term gran  ul  arity itself is not for example in investing more gran  ul  arity refers to more positions of smaller size while photo  graphic film that is more gran  ular has fewer and larger chemical grains similarly sugar that is more gran  ular has fewer and larger grains
in medicine gran  ul  oc  y  to  sis is the presence in peripheral blood of an increased number of gran  ul  oc  y  tes a category of white blood cells often the word refers to an increased neu  tro  phil gran  ul  oc  y  te count as neu  troph  ils are the main gran  ul  oc  y  tes
gran  ul  oma is an infl  amm  ation found in many diseases it is a collection of immune cells known as his  ti  oc  y  tes macro  p  ha  ges gran  ul  om  as form when the immune system attempts to wall off substances it percei  ves as foreign but is unable to eliminate such substances include infectious organisms including bacteria and fun  gi as well as other materials such as ker  atin and su  ture fragments
gran  ul  oma annul  are is a fairly rare chronic der  mat  ological condition which presents as red  dish bu  mps on the skin arranged in a circle or ring it can initially occur at any age and is significantly more common in females 80 20 ratio
gran  ul  oma annul  are in hiv disease is a skin condition characterized typically by pap  ular and generalized skin le  sions
gran  ul  oma fac  i  ale g  f is an un  common benign chronic skin disease of unknown origin characterized by single or multiple cu  taneous no  d  ules usually occurring over the face occasionally extr  af  ac  ial involvement is noted most often on sun exposed areas
gran  ul  oma glu  te  ale inf  an  tum is a cu  taneous condition that appears in the ano  genital region of infants as a complic  ation of di  aper der  mati  tis according to some no gran  ul  om  as are found
gran  ul  oma ingu  in  ale also known as don  o  van  osis is a bacterial disease caused by kle  b  si  ella gran  ul  om  atis formerly known as cal  ym  mat  ob  ac  ter  ium gran  ul  om  atis characterized by ul  cer  ative genital le  sions it is endemic in many less developed regions it is also known as don  o  van  osis gran  ul  oma gen  ito  ingu  in  ale gran  ul  oma ingu  in  ale tro  pic  um gran  ul  oma v  ener  eu  m gran  ul  oma v  ener  eu  m gen  ito  ingu  in  ale lu  po  id form of gro  in ul  cer  ation ser  pi  gin  ous ul  cer  ation of the gro  in ul  cer  ating gran  ul  oma of the pu  den  dum and ul  cer  ating s  cl  ero  sing gran  ul  oma the disease often goes untreated because of the scarcity of medical treatment in the countries in which it is found in addition the pain  less genital ul  cers can be mistaken for sy  phil  is the ul  cers ultimately progress to destruction of internal and external tissue with extensive leakage of m  uc  us and blood from the highly vascular le  sions the destructive nature of don  o  van  osis also increases the risk of super  infection by other pathogenic microbes
gran  ul  oma multi  forme also known as m  kar disease and gran  ul  oma multi  forme lei  ker is a cu  taneous condition most commonly seen in central africa and rarely elsewhere characterized by skin le  sions that are on the upper trunk and arms in sun exposed areas it may be confused with tubercul  o  id leprosy with which it has clinical similarities the condition was first noted by go  s  set in the 1940 s but it was not until 1964 that lei  ker coined the term to describe a disease resembling leprosy in his study in nigeria
gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis g  pa previously known as we  gen  er s gran  ul  om  at  osis w  g is a systemic disorder that involves both gran  ul  om  at  osis and pol  yan  gi  i  tis it is a form of vas  cu  li  tis infl  amm  ation of blood vessels that affects small and medium size vessels in many organs damage to the lungs and kidneys can be fatal it requires long term immun  o  suppression the condition was originally named for friedrich we  gen  er who described the disease in 1936 as a response to we  gen  er s association with the german nazi party professional bodies and journals have replaced his name with a descriptive name however the older name is still often seen gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis is part of a larger group of vas  cu  li  tic syndro  mes called systemic vas  cu  liti  des or necro  tizing vas  cul  opath  ies all of which feature an auto  immune attack by an abnormal type of circulating anti  body termed an  cas an  tin  eu  tro  phil cy  top  las  mic antibodies against small and medium size blood vessels apart from g  pa this category includes e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis eg  pa and micro  scopic pol  yan  gi  i  tis although g  pa affects small and medium size vessels it is formally classified as one of the small vessel vas  cu  liti  des in the cha  pel hill system
gran  ul  om  at  ous am  oe  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis ga  e is a central nervous system disease caused by certain species of free living am  oe  ba  e especially species of ac  anth  am  oe  ba and bal  am  u  thia man  dri  l  lar  is the term is most commonly used with ac  anth  am  oe  ba in more modern references the term bal  am  u  thia am  oe  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis ba  e is commonly used when bal  am  u  thia man  dri  l  lar  is is the cause
gran  ul  om  at  ous facial der  mati  tis is found in patients with persistent facial er  y  them  a involving one or more conv  ex surfaces of the face with le  sions that show gran  ul  om  at  ous reaction his  to  logically
gran  ul  om  at  ous mas  ti  tis can be divided into idi  opathic gran  ul  om  at  ous mas  ti  tis also known as gran  ular lob  ular mas  ti  tis and gran  ul  om  at  ous mas  ti  tis occurring as a rare secondary complic  ation of a great variety of other conditions such as tuberculosis and other infections sar  co  ido  sis and gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis special forms of gran  ul  om  at  ous mas  ti  tis occur as complic  ation of diabetes some cases are due to sili  cone injection sili  cone induced gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation or other foreign body reactions primary presentation of any of these conditions as mas  ti  tis is very rare and in many cases probably pre  disposed by other breast or systemic conditions although gran  ul  om  at  ous mas  ti  tis is easily confused with cancer it is a completely benign non can  cer  ous condition treatment is radically different for idi  opathic gran  ul  om  at  ous mas  ti  tis and other gran  ul  om  at  ous le  sions of the breast the precise diagnosis is therefore very important
gran  ul  om  at  ous men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis g  me is an infl  am  matory disease of the central nervous system cns of dogs and rarely cats it is a form of men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis g  me is likely second only to en  ce  ph  ali  tis caused by can  ine dist  emp  er virus as the most common cause of infl  am  matory disease of the can  ine cns the disease is more common in female toy dogs of young and middle age it has a rapid onset the le  sions of g  me exist mainly in the white matter of the cere  bru  m bra  inst  em cere  bell  um and spinal cord the cause is only known to be non  infectious and is considered at this time to be idi  opathic because le  sions resemble those seen in allergic men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis g  me is thought to have an immune medi  ated cause but it is also thought that the disease may be based on an abnormal response to an infectious agent one study searched for viral dna from can  ine her  pes  virus can  ine aden  o  virus and can  ine par  vo  virus in brain tissue from dogs with g  me necro  tizing men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis and necro  tizing leuko  en  ce  ph  ali  tis see below for the latter two conditions but failed to find any
gran  ul  om  at  ous pro  stati  tis is an un  common disease of the pro  state an exo  cr  ine g  land of the male reproductive system it is a form of pro  stati  tis i e infl  amm  ation of the pro  state resulting from infection bacterial viral or fun  gal the b  c  g therapy mala  co  pl  ak  ia or systemic gran  ul  om  at  ous diseases which involve the pro  state
gran  ul  om  at  ous slack skin g  ss is a rare cu  taneous condition a variant of lymp  homa that typically presents in middle aged adults it is a form of cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa it is a variant of my  co  sis fun  go  ides
gran  ul  osa cell tum  ours or gran  ul  osa th  eca cell tum  ours are tum  ours that arise from gran  ul  osa cells these tum  ours are part of the sex cord gon  ad  al st  rom  al tum  our or non epi  the  li  al group of tum  ours although gran  ul  osa cells normally occur only in the o  vary gran  ul  osa cell tum  ours occur in both ov  aries and tes  tic  les see o  vari  an cancer and tes  tic  ular cancer these tum  ours should be considered m  align  ant and treated in the same way as other m  align  ant tum  ours of o  vary the o  vari  an disease has two forms juvenile and adult both characterized by ind  ol  ent growth and therefore has high recovery rates the staging system for these tum  ours is the same as for epi  the  li  al tum  ours and most present as stage i the peak age at which they occur is 50 – 55 years but they may occur at any age juvenile gran  ul  osa cell tum  our is a similar but distinct rare tum  our it too occurs in both the o  vary and testi  s in the testi  s it is extremely rare and has not been reported to be m  align  ant although this tum  our usually occurs in children hence its name it has been reported in adults
gran  ul  osis ru  bra na  si is a rare famili  al disease of children occurring on the nose cheeks and chin characterized by diffuse red  ness persistent hyper  hi  dro  sis and small dark red pap  ules that disappear on dias  cop  ic pressure
gra  pe  vine yel  lows gy are diseases associated to phy  top  las  mas that occur in many grape growing areas worldwide and are of still increasing significance almost identical symptoms of the gy syndrome are caused by different phy  top  las  mas and appear on leaves shoots and clusters of gra  pe  vine typical symptoms include dis  color  ation and necro  sis of leaf ve  ins and leaf bl  ades downward cur  ling of leaves lack or incomplete lign  ification of shoots stun  ting and necro  sis of shoots abortion of inf  lo  res  c  ences and shri  vel  ling of berries those symptoms are related to cal  lose de  position at the si  eve plates and subsequent de  generation of the ph  lo  em although no resistant cultiv  ars of vi  tis v  ini  fera or ro  ot  stocks are known so far the various grape varieties differ considerably as far as symptom severity is concerned it ranges from fast decline and death in highly susceptible cultiv  ars to tolerant ro  ot  stocks as symp  tom  less carriers of the pathogen the main vi  ticul  tural production areas in the republic of macedonia were surveyed in 2006 2007 2008 for the presence of gra  pe  vine yel  lows p  cr and r  fl  p analyses were used to detect and identify phy  top  las  mas inf  ecting gra  pe  vines only phy  top  las  mas associated with “ bo  is no  ir ” disease ri  bo  som  al sub  group 16 sr  xii a or stol  bur were detected molecular analyses showed that all phy  top  las  mas identified belonged to tu  f type ii v  k  ii
in graph theory a branch of mathematics graph can  on  ization is the problem finding a can  on  ical form of a given graph g a can  on  ical form is a labeled graph can  on g that is isom  orph  ic to g such that every graph that is isom  orph  ic to g has the same can  on  ical form as g thus from a solution to the graph can  on  ization problem one could also solve the problem of graph isom  orph  ism to test whether two graphs g and h are isom  orph  ic compu  te their can  on  ical forms can  on g and can  on h and test whether these two can  on  ical forms are identical the can  on  ical form of a graph is an example of a complete graph invari  ant every two isom  orph  ic graphs have the same can  on  ical form and every two non isom  orph  ic graphs have different can  on  ical forms conversely every complete invari  ant of graphs may be used to construct a can  on  ical form the ver  tex set of an n ver  tex graph may be identified with the inte  gers from 1 to n and using such an identification a can  on  ical form of a graph may also be described as a per  mutation of its ver  tices can  on  ical forms of a graph are also called can  on  ical lab  el  ings and graph can  on  ization is also sometimes known as graph can  on  ic  alization
the graph isom  orph  ism problem is the compu  tational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isom  orph  ic the problem is neither known to be sol  vable in poly  no  mi  al time nor n  p complete and therefore may be in the compu  tational complexity class n  p intermediate it is known that the graph isom  orph  ism problem is in the low hierarchy of class n  p which implies that it is not n  p complete unless the poly  no  mi  al time hierarchy collapses to its second level at the same time isom  orph  ism for many special classes of graphs can be solved in poly  no  mi  al time and in practice graph isom  orph  ism can often be solved efficiently this problem is a special case of the sub  graph isom  orph  ism problem which is known to be n  p complete it is also known to be a special case of the non ab  eli  an hidden sub  group problem over the sym  metric group
in structure mining a domain of learning on structured data objects in machine learning a graph ker  nel is a ker  nel function that compu  tes an inner product on graphs graph ker  n  els can be intu  i  tively understood as functions measuring the similarity of pairs of graphs they allow ker  ne  lized learning algori  th  ms such as support vector machines to work directly on graphs without having to do feature extraction to transform them to fixed length real valued feature vectors they find applications in bio  inform  atics in chem  o  inform  atics as a type of mol  ecu  le ker  n  els and in social network analysis graph ker  n  els were first described in 2002 by r i kon  dor and john la  ffer  ty  as ker  n  els on graphs i e similarity functions between the no  des of a single graph with the world wide web hyper  link graph as a suggested application vis  h  wan  athan et al instead defined ker  n  els between graphs an example of a ker  nel between graphs is the random walk ker  nel which concep  tually performs random walks on two graphs simultaneously then counts the number of paths that were produced by both walks this is equivalent to doing random walks on the direct product of the pair of graphs and from this a ker  nel can be derived that can be efficiently compu  ted
graph literacy is the ability to understand information presented graphically including general knowledge about how to extract information and make infer  ences from different graphical formats although related graph literacy is distinct from other forms of literacy e g general health literacy or numer  acy in the sense that it relates more specifically to one ’ s ability to obtain meaning from information presented graphically it can include the storage of mental representations in long term memory knowledge about the properties of different types of formats and procedures to interpret them however similar to other types of literacy higher graph literacy is associated with higher education levels and suggests that developing the skills required to interpret graphical information requires knowledge that is acquired through formal education and experience graph literacy is important in everyday life graphs appear throughout the published media in newspapers and magazines on tv and on the internet and are used to provide information for many important decisions including medical nutritional financial and political choices yet many people can have difficulty understanding even the simplest graphs up to one third of the general population lacks the skills needed to understand basic numerical formats e g percentages or ratios and basic graphic displays such as bar or pie charts line graphs or icon arr  ays while graphical displays can improve understanding and comprehension of quantitative information such as the risks and benefits of medical treatments they may not be helpful for everyone visual displays may be of greater help to people with low numer  acy whereas numbers may be better for people who have poor graph literacy determining what type of information displays lead to better comprehension of information and for whom is an ongoing topic of research particularly within the area of risk communication
in graph theory and computer science the graph sandwich problem is a problem of finding a graph that belongs to a particular family of graphs and is sand  w  ich  ed between two other graphs one of which must be a sub  graph and the other of which must be a super  graph of the desired graph graph sandwich problems gener  alize the problem of testing whether a given graph belongs to a family of graphs and have attracted attention because of the  ir  applications and as a natural gener  alization of recognition problems
graph  esthesia is the ability to recognize writing on the skin purely by the sensation of touch its name derives from greek graph  ē writing and ais  th  ē  sis perception graph  esthesia tests combined cor  tical sensation therefore it is necessary that primary sensation be intact during medical or neuro  logical examination graph  esthesia is tested in order to test for certain neuro  logical conditions such as le  sions in bra  inst  em spinal cord sensory cor  tex or thal  am  us an examiner writes single numbers or simple letters on the skin usually the palm with something that will provide a clear stimulus such as a broken tongue depres  sor pen cap etc prior to the start of testing an agreement may be reached between the examiner and the patient as to the orientation of the letters although this is often unnecessary since orientation and size of the figures are rarely an issue the crucial aspect of testing graph  esthesia as with any sensory testing is to establish that the patient understands the test hence the test is commenced in the hem  ip  leg  ic patient on the normal intact hand this also allows the examiner to establish the patient s numer  acy since semi numer  ate patients may have difficulties performing the task the patient provides a verbal response identifying the figure that was drawn if the patient has a speech or language impairment that prevents them from verb  alizing an answer the answer can be selected from a series of images shown to them loss of graph  esthesia indicates either par  ie  tal lo  be damage on the side opposite the hand tested or damage to the dor  sal columns path  way at any point between the tested point and the contr  al  ateral par  ie  tal lo  be the major clinical utility of the test in the 21 st century is in the condition cor  tico bas  al gang  li  onic de  generation where in addition to evidence of bas  al gang  lia dysfunction the presence of cor  tical sensory loss is likely to have reasonably high specificity for the diagnosis testing graph  esthesia can be substituted for stere  og  no  sis if a patient is unable to grasp an object
in psychology graph  or  rhe  a is a communication disorder expressed by excessive wor  din  ess with minor or sometimes incoherent ram  bling specifically in written work graph  or  rhe  a is sometimes classified as a mental illness resulting in a variety of psychiatric and neuro  logical disorders including ap  ha  sia loc  alized cor  tical le  sions in the thal  am  us mania or most typically in cat  at  onic schizophrenia some ram  bl  ings may follow all any gr  amm  atical rule s but still leave the reader confused and unsure about what the piece is about
grap  ing is a phenomenon marked by the appearance of un  ref  lowed sol  der particles on top of the sol  der mass the sol  der that is partially coal  es  ced looks like a cluster of grapes which is where the phenomenon ’ s name is derived
grass tet  any or hypo  mag  nes  emic tet  any also known as grass st  agg  ers and winter tet  any is a metabol  ic disease involving magnesium deficiency which can occur in such ruminant livestock as beef cattle dairy cattle and sheep usually after grazing on past  ures of rapidly growing grass especially in early spring
grass  land degradation also called vegetation or step  pe degradation is a bio  tic disturbance in which grass struggles to grow or can no longer exist on a piece of land due to causes such as over  grazing bur  rowing of small mammals and climate change since the 1970 s it has been noticed to affects plains and pl  ate  aus of alpine mead  ows or grass  lands most notably being in the philippines and in the tibetan and inner mongo  lian region of china where 24  60 km 2 of grass  land is degraded each year across the globe it is estimated that 23 of the land is degraded it takes years and sometimes even decades depending on what is happening to that piece of land for a grass  land to become degraded the process is slow and gradual but at the same time so is restoring degraded grass  land initially only pat  ches of grass appear to die and appear brown in nature but the degradation process if not addressed can spread to decim  ate many acres of land which in the most severe cases is merely bare black soil bere  ft of any usefulness as a result the frequency of land  slides and dust storms increases the degraded land ’ s less fertile ground cannot yield any produce nor can animals gra  ze in these fields any longer a dramatic decrease in plant diversity in this ecosystem and more carbon and nitrogen are released into the atmosphere these results can have serious effects on humans such as dis  placing her  ders from their community a decrease in vegetables fruit and meat that are regularly acquired from these fields and a cataly  zing effect on global warming
grati  fication is the pleas  urable emotional reaction of happiness in response to a ful  fill  ment of a desire or goal grati  fication like all emotions is a motiv  ator of behavior and thus plays a role in the entire range of human social systems
grave goods in archae  ology and anthropo  logy are the items buried along with the body they are usually personal possessions supplies to smooth the deceased s journey into the after  life or offer  ings to the gods grave goods may be classed as a type of vo  tive deposit most grave goods recovered by archae  o  logists consist of in  organic objects such as pot  tery and stone and metal tools but organic objects that have since dec  ayed were also placed in ancient tom  bs fun  er  ary art is a broad term but generally means art  works made specifically to decor  ate a burial place such as miniature models of possessions including slaves or servants for use in the after  life where grave goods appear grave robbery is a potential problem etr  us  cans would scratch the word ś  u  θ  ina etr  us  can for from a tomb on grave goods buried with the dead to discourage their reuse by the living the tomb of pharaoh tu  tan  kham  un is famous because it was one of the few egyptian tom  bs that was not thoroughly loo  ted in ancient times grave goods can be regarded as a sacrifice intended for the benefit of the deceased in the after  life closely related are customs of anc  est  or worship and offer  ings to the dead in modern western culture related to all souls day day of the dead in east asia the hell bank note and related customs also closely related is the custom of re  tain  er sacrifice where servants or wives of a deceased chief  tain are inter  red with the body as the inclusion of expensive grave goods and of slaves or re  tain  ers became a sign of high status in the bron  ze age the prohibitive cost led to the development of fake grave goods where art  work meant to depic  t grave goods or re  tain  ers is produced for the burial and deposited in the grave in place of the actual sacrifice
graves disease also known as toxic diffuse go  iter is an auto  immune disease that affects the thyro  id it frequently results in and is the most common cause of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m it also often results in an enlarged thyro  id signs and symptoms of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m may include irrit  ability muscle weakness sleeping problems a fast heartbeat poor tolerance of heat diarr  hea and weight loss other symptoms may include thick  ening of the skin on the sh  ins known as pre  ti  bial my  x  e  dem  a and eye bul  ging a condition caused by graves oph  thal  mop  athy about 25 to 80 of people with the condition develop eye problems the exact cause is unclear however it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors a person is more likely to be affected if they have a family member with the disease if one twin is affected there is a 30 chance the other twin will also have the disease the onset of disease may be triggered by stress infection or giving birth those with other auto  immune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis are more likely to be affected smoking increases the risk of disease and may worsen eye problems the disorder results from an anti  body called thyro  id stimulating immun  o  glob  ulin tsi that has a similar effect to thyro  id stimulating hormone ts  h these tsi antibodies cause the thyro  id g  land to produce excess thyro  id hormone the diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with blood tests and radio  i  od  ine uptake typically blood tests show a raised t 3 and t 4 low ts  h increased radio  i  od  ine uptake in all areas of the thyro  id and tsi antibodies there are three treatment options radio  i  od  ine therapy medications and thyro  id surgery radio  i  od  ine therapy involves taking i  od  ine 131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyro  id over weeks to months the resulting hypo  thyro  i  dis  m is treated with synthetic thyro  id hormone medications such as beta bloc  kers may control some of the symptoms and anti thyro  id medications such as meth  im  azole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having effect surgery to remove the thyro  id is another option eye problems may require additional treatments graves disease will develop in about 0 5 of males and 3 of females it occurs about 7 5 times more often in women than men often it starts between the ages of 40 and 60 but can begin at any age it is the most common cause of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m in the united states about 50 to 80 of cases the condition is named after robert graves who described it in 18  35 a number of prior descriptions also exist
graves oph  thal  mop  athy also known as thyro  id eye disease ted dys  thyro  id thyro  id associated or  bit  opathy tao graves or  bit  opathy is an auto  immune infl  am  matory disorder affecting the orbit around the eye characterized by upper eye  lid re  traction lid lag sw  elling red  ness er  y  them  a con  junc  ti  vi  tis and bul  ging eyes ex  op  thal  mos it is part of a systemic process with variable expression in the eyes thyro  id and skin caused by auto  antibodies that bind to tissues in those organs and in general occurs with hyper  thyro  i  dis  m the most common form of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m is graves disease about 10 of cases do not have graves disease but do have auto  antibodies the auto  antibodies target the fi  bro  bl  asts in the eye muscles and those fi  bro  bl  asts can differentiate into fat cells adi  po  cy  tes fat cells and muscles expand and become infl  amed ve  ins become compressed and are unable to drain fluid causing e  dem  a annual incidence is 16 100 000 in women 3 100 000 in men about 3 5 have severe disease with intense pain and sight threatening cor  ne  al ul  cer  ation or compression of the op  tic nerve cigarette smoking which is associated with many auto  immune diseases raises the incidence 7 7 fold mild disease will often resolve and merely requires measures to reduce discomfort and dr  y  ness such as artificial tears and smoking cessation if possible severe cases are a medical emergency and are treated with glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids ster  oids and sometimes cic  los  por  in many anti infl  am  matory biological mediators such as inf  li  xim  ab et  an  er  cep  t and an  ak  in  ra are being tried but there are no random  ized controlled trials demonstrating effectiveness
grav  it  ational compression is a phenomenon in which gravity acting on the mass of an object com  presses it reducing its size and increasing the object s density at the center of a planet or star grav  it  ational compression produces heat by the kel  vin – hel  m  hol  tz mechanism this is the mechanism that explains how jupiter continues to radi  ate heat produced by its grav  it  ational compression the most common reference to grav  it  ational compression is with respect to stell  ar evolution the sun and other main sequence stars are produced by the initial grav  it  ational collapse of a molecular cloud assuming the mass of the material is large enough grav  it  ational compression reduces the size of the core increasing its temperature until hydrogen fusion can begin this hydrogen to heli  um fusion reaction releases energy that balances the inward grav  it  ational pressure and the star becomes stable for millions of years no further grav  it  ational compression occurs until the hydrogen is nearly used up reducing the thermal pressure of the fusion reaction at the end of the sun s life grav  it  ational compression will turn it into a white dwarf at the other end of the scale are massive stars which burn their fuel very quickly ending their lives as super  nov  ae after which further grav  it  ational compression will produce either a neutr  on star or a black hole from the remnants for planets and mo  ons equilibrium is reached when the compression due to gravity is balanced by a pressure gr  adi  ent in the opposite direction due to the strength of the material at which point grav  it  ational compression ceases
grav  it  ational micro  l  ens  ing is an astro  nom  ical phenomenon due to the grav  it  ational lens effect it can be used to detect objects that range from the mass of a planet to the mass of a star regardless of the light they emit typically astro  no  mers can only detect bright objects that emit much light stars or large objects that block background light clouds of gas and dust these objects make up only a tiny portion of the mass of a galaxy micro  l  ens  ing allows the study of objects that emit little or no light when a distant star or qu  as  ar gets sufficiently aligned with a massive compact foreground object the b  ending of light due to its grav  it  ational field as discussed by einstein in 1915 leads to two distorted unresolved images resulting in an observ  able magni  fication the time scale of the transi  ent bri  ghtening depends on the mass of the foreground object as well as on the relative proper motion between the background source and the foreground lens object since micro  l  ens  ing observations do not rely on radiation received from the lens object this effect therefore allows astro  no  mers to study massive objects no matter how faint it is thus an ideal technique to study the gal  actic population of such faint or dark objects as brown dwar  fs red dwar  fs planets white dwar  fs neutr  on stars black holes and  massive compact hal  o objects moreover the micro  l  ens  ing effect is wa  vel  eng  th independent allowing study of source objects that emit any kind of electromagnetic radiation micro  l  ens  ing by an isolated object was first detected in 1989 since then micro  l  ens  ing has been used to constrain the nature of the dark matter detect ex  op  lan  ets study limb dark  ening in distant stars constrain the b  inary star population and constrain the structure of the mil  ky way s disk micro  l  ens  ing has also been proposed as a means to find dark objects like brown dwar  fs and black holes study star  spots measure stell  ar rotation and probe qu  as  ars including their acc  re  tion disks
a grav  it  ational mir  age or co  sm  ic mir  age is an optical phenomenon affecting the appearance of a distant star or galaxy seen only through a teles  cope it can take the form of a ring or rings partially or completely surrounding the object a duplicate image adjacent to the object or multiple duplicate images surrounding the object sometimes the direct view of the original object itself is dim  med or absent the illusion is caused by a grav  it  ational lens in space between the object and the observer s teles  cope which ben  ds light as it travels the effect is analogous to the atmospheric mir  age which has been observed since antiqu  ity in circumstances where the air temperature varies strongly with height over the ground or sea the rapidly changing ref  r  active index ben  ds light producing inver  ted and or multiple images floating in the air ring shaped grav  it  ational mir  ages are referred to as einstein rings and one multiple image grav  it  ational mir  age is named the einstein cross as tribute for einstein s predictions regarding grav  it  ational l  ens  ing
gravity or grav  itation is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are brought toward or grav  itate toward one another including planets stars and galax  ies since energy and mass are equivalent all forms of energy including light also cause grav  itation and are under the influence of it on earth gravity gives weight to physical objects and causes the ocean ti  des the grav  it  ational attraction of the original gaseous matter present in the universe caused it to begin coal  es  cing forming stars — and the stars to group together into galax  ies — so gravity is responsible for many of the large scale structures in the universe gravity has an infinite range although its effects become increasingly weaker on farther objects gravity is most accurately described by the general theory of rel  ativity proposed by albert einstein in 1915 which describes gravity not as a force but as a consequence of the cur  v  ature of spac  e  time caused by the uneven distribution of mass energy the most extreme example of this cur  v  ature of spac  e  time is a black hole from which nothing can escape once past its event horizon not even light more gravity results in grav  it  ational time dil  ation where time lapses more slowly at a lower stronger grav  it  ational potential however for most applications gravity is well approxim  ated by newton s law of universal grav  itation which post  ul  ates that gravity causes a force where two bodies of mass are directly drawn or attracted to each other according to a mathematical relationship where the attractive force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inver  sely proportional to the square of the distance between them gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions of nature the grav  it  ational attraction is approximately 10  38 times weaker than the strong force 10  36 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 10  29 times weaker than the weak force as a consequence gravity has a negligible influence on the behavior of sub  atomic particles and plays no role in determining the internal properties of everyday matter but see quantum gravity on the other hand gravity is the dominant interaction at the macro  scopic scale and is the cause of the formation shape and trajectory orbit of astro  nom  ical bodies it is responsible for various phenomena observed on earth and throughout the universe for example it causes the earth and the other planets to orbit the sun the moon to orbit the earth the formation of ti  des the formation and evolution of the solar system stars and galax  ies the earliest instance of gravity in the universe possibly in the form of quantum gravity super  gravity or a grav  it  ational sing  ul  arity along with ordinary space and time developed during the plan  ck epo  ch up to 10 − 43 seconds after the birth of the universe possibly from a pri  me  val state such as a false vacuum quantum vacuum or virtual particle in a currently unknown manner for this reason in part pursuit of a theory of everything the merging of the general theory of rel  ativity and quantum mechanics or quantum field theory into quantum gravity has become an area of research
a gravity anomaly is the difference between the observed acceleration of a planet s reaction to gravity and a value predicted from a model a location with a positive anomaly exhi  bits more gravity than predicted while a negative anomaly exhi  bits a lower value than predicted the anomaly is the body or effect that causes the deviation from the ideal gravity model many data corrections must be made to the measured gravity value in order to extract the response of the local anomaly or local geo  logy which is typically the goal of applied ge  oph  ys  ics
gravity spreading is the phenomenon in which a geological body lat  er  ally extends and vertically contracts in order to reduce its grav  it  ational potential energy it has been observed on many different scales and at numerous locations on earth from rhy  ol  ite lava flows to passive margins additionally gravity spreading is thought to have occurred on both mars and venus
gray baby syndrome also termed gray or grey syndrome is a rare but serious side effect that occurs in new  born infants especially premature babies following the accumulation of antimicro  bial chlor  am  phen  i  col
the gray ceiling is a business societal phenomenon where the existing workforce of those born during the baby boom era prevents the slightly younger generation x  ers from advancing or being promoted at their jobs
the development of the brain in the human fe  tus is extraordinarily complex and is still not fully understood ne  ural matter originates in the outer ec  to  der  mic layer of the ga  str  ula thus it originates from the cell layer primarily responsible for skin hair nails etc rather than from the layers that develop into other internal organs the nervous system originates as a tiny simple open tube called the ne  ural tube the front of this tube develops into the brain and re  tin  as of the eye while the spinal cord develops from the very back end neurons begin to form early but most of them become structural rather than active nerve cells the brain generally forms from the inside out especially in the case of the ne  oc  or  tex the difficulties arising from this are readily apparent as each successive layer of cells must travel through the previous layer to reach its destination therefore nervous tissue develops l  adders made of rad  ial gli  al cells that neurons climb through the previous layers to reach their proper destination some destinations such as the cere  br  al cor  tex even have plac  e  holder neurons that travel up the ladder to form a structure when the final neurons germin  ate they find a correct plac  e  holder and then the plac  e  holder cell dies
gray plat  elet syndrome gps or plat  elet alpha gran  ule deficiency is a rare con  genital auto  som  al rec  essive bleeding disorder caused by a reduction or absence of alpha gran  ules in blood plat  el  ets and the release of proteins normally contained in these gran  ules into the marrow causing my  elo  fi  bro  sis gps is primarily inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner and the gene that is mut  ated in gps has recently been mapped to chro  mo  some 3 p and identified as n  be  al 2 n  be  al 2 en  codes a protein containing a beach domain that is predicted to be involved in vesicular trafficking it is expressed in plat  el  ets and meg  ak  ar  y  oc  y  tes and is required for the development of plat  elet alpha gran  ules n  be  al 2 expression is also required for the development of thro  m  bo  cy  tes in ze  br  af  ish gps is characterized by thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia and abnormally large ag  ran  ular plat  el  ets in peripheral blood sme  ars the defect in gps is the failure of meg  ak  ar  y  oc  y  tes to package secre  tory proteins into alpha gran  ules patients with the gps are affected by mild to moderate bleeding tendencies
gray zone lymp  homa often presenting as large tumors in the medi  ast  inum is a type of lymp  homa that is characterized by having cellular features of both classic ho  dg  kin s lymp  hom  as ch  l and large b cell lymp  hom  as
graz  iel  a pre  iser is a pattern and textile designer who is well known in germany for her 1970 s designs born in germany she was educated at the wer  k  kun  st  sch  ule han  nover now called ak  adem  ie der bil  d  enden k  ün  ste for the majority of her career she worked as a creative director graphic designer and illustr  ator alongside her work for several lifestyle magazines she is best known for her print and textile designs of the 1970 s she gained an international audience through exposure in the magazine brig  it  te by 1973 the name graz  iel  a had become synonymous with her style typical of her cre  ations are cheer  ful colours and a clear tim  eless graphic design which was hugely popular in the 1970 s in 2008 she founded the company by  graz  iel  a to relaunch her 1970 s designs
grazing pressure is the stress on plant populations due to the grazing of animals plants may be lost either directly as a result of animals grazing upon them or indirectly as a result of damage to the vegetation or ecosystem by animals moving through the area usually the term refers to introduced past  oral animals such as cattle and sheep but in some contexts it may mean introduced feral animals or even native animals
gre  asy hair is a hair condition which is common in humans one of four main four types of hair conditioning — normal gre  asy dry and gre  asy dry it is primarily caused by build up of the natural secre  tion from the se  bac  eous g  lands in the scal  p and is characterised by the continuous development of natural grease on the scal  p a chronic condition of gre  asy hair may often accompany chronic gre  asy skin conditions on the face and body and o  ily skin and ac  ne excessive carbo  hydrate fat and starch consumption can increase the likelihood of developing gre  asy hair and also poor personal hygiene and not washing the hair for a long duration will lead to a buil  dup of se  bum in the hair fol  lic  les hair condi  tioners can decrease the likelihood of developing gre  asy hair after sham  poo  ing some cosmetics companies produce sham  poos and condi  tioners specifically to deal with gre  asy hair and for o  ily or dry hair problems mass  aging the scal  p and exposure to the sun can reduce the problem of gre  asy hair in some men a gre  ased back wet hair look is considered desirable and numerous hair g  els and wa  xes speci  alize in giving a wet look appearance
the great disappointment in the mil  ler  ite movement was the reaction that followed bap  tist preacher william miller s proclam  ations that jesus christ would return to the earth in 18  44 what he called the advent his study of the daniel 8 prophecy during the second great awakening led him to the conclusion that daniel ’ s “ cleansing of the sanctuary ” was cleansing of the earth from sin when christ would come and he and many others prepared but october 22 18  44 came and they were disappointed however it paved the way for the adventi  sts who formed the seventh day adventi  st church who came to the understanding that what had happened on oct 22 was not of jesus ’ return as miller had thought but the start of jesus ’ final work of at  on  ement the cleansing in the heaven  ly sanctuary leading up to the second coming
the great male renunciation is the historical phenomenon at the end of the 18 th century for m  ens  wear to stop using brilliant or refined forms which were left to women s clothing coined by psycho  analyst john fl  ü  gel in 1930 it is considered a major turning point in the history of clothing in which the men relinquish their claim to ador  n  ment and beauty the great renunciation encouraged the establishment of the suit s monopoly on male dress codes at the beginning of 19 th century
greater india is the historical extent of indian culture beyond the indian sub  continent this particularly concerns the spread of hindu  ism and buddh  ism from india to southeast asia central asia and china by the silk road during the early centuries of the common era and the spread of the indian writing systems like the pal  lava script of the south indian pal  lava dynasty to southeast asia and sid  d  ha  ṃ script to east asia through gu  pta empire by the travellers and maritime traders of the 5 th to 15 th centuries it also describes the establishment of indi  anis  ed king  doms in southeast asia and the spread of the indian script architecture and administration to the west greater india overlaps with greater per  sia in the hindu k  ush and pam  ir mountains the term is tied to the geographic uncertainties surrounding the indi  es during the age of exploration
greater kam  r  up was the historical extent of the political boundaries and culture of kam  r  up beyond the current cultural sphere this particularly concerns the spread of political boundaries of kam  r  up kingdom through expansion and conquest but may also refer to the spread of kam  rup  i culture to the east and south  wards during the early centuries of the common era to the west expansion of political boundaries towards north beng  al and eastern bi  har and expansion towards south east to beng  al and north o  dis  ha the term is tied to the geographic uncertainties surrounding the kam  r  up during the first millennium and early second millennium
greater tro  chan  ter  ic pain syndrome g  t  ps also known as tro  chan  ter  ic bur  si  tis is infl  amm  ation of the tro  chan  ter  ic bur  sa a part of the hip this bur  sa is at the top outer side of the fem  ur between the insertion of the glu  t  eus medi  us and glu  t  eus minim  us muscles into the greater tro  chan  ter of the fem  ur and the fem  oral shaft it has the function in common with other bur  sa  e of working as a shock absor  ber and as a lubric  ant for the movement of the muscles adjacent to it occasionally this bur  sa can become infl  amed and clin  ically painful and tender this condition can be a manifestation of an injury often resulting from a tw  isting motion or from over  use but sometimes arises for no obviously defin  able cause the symptoms are pain in the hip region on walking and tender  ness over the upper part of the fem  ur which may result in the inability to lie in comfort on the affected side more often the lateral hip pain is caused by disease of the glu  teal tend  ons that secon  d  arily infl  ames the bur  sa this is most common in middle aged women and is associated with a chronic and deb  il  itating pain which does not respond to conservative treatment other causes of tro  chan  ter  ic bur  si  tis include uneven leg length ili  o  ti  bial band syndrome and weakness of the hip abduc  tor muscles greater tro  chan  ter  ic pain syndrome can remain incorrectly diagnosed for years because it shares the same pattern of pain with many other mus  cul  osk  el  etal conditions thus people with this condition may be labeled mal  ing  er  ers or may undergo many ineffective treatments due to mis  diagnosis it may also coexist with low back pain ar  thri  tis and obesity
grec  o buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of grec  o buddh  ism a cultural syn  cre  tism between the classical greek culture and buddh  ism which developed over a period of close to 1000 years in central asia between the conqu  ests of alexander the great in the 4 th century bc and the islamic conqu  ests of the 7 th century ad grec  o buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism and sen  su  ous description of hellen  istic art and the first representations of the buddha in human form which have helped define the artistic and particularly sculp  tural can  on for buddhist art throughout the asian continent up to the present it is also a strong example of cultural syn  cre  tism between eastern and western traditions the origins of grec  o buddhist art are to be found in the hellen  istic grec  o bac  tri  an kingdom 250 bc 130 bc located in today ’ s afghanistan from which hellen  istic culture radi  ated into the indian sub  continent with the establishment of the in  do greek kingdom 180 bc 10 bc under the in  do greeks and then the ku  sh  ans the interaction of greek and buddhist culture flour  ished in the area of gand  hara in today ’ s northern pakistan before spreading further into india influencing the art of ma  thur  a and then the hindu art of the gu  pta empire which was to extend to the rest of south east asia the influence of grec  o buddhist art also spread north  ward towards central asia strongly affecting the art of the tari  m basin and ultimately the arts of china korea and japan
the greek withdrawal from the eurozone is the potential exit of greece from the eurozone monetary union in the 2010 s primarily for the country to deal with its government debt crisis the controversial and much discussed possible exit is often referred to as gre  x  it a port  man  teau combining the english words greek and exit the term was coined by the ci  ti  group economist e  brahim rah  bari and was introduced by rah  bari and ci  ti  group s global chief economist will  em h bu  iter on 6 february 2012 proponents of the proposal argue that leaving the euro and re  introducing the dr  ach  ma would dramatically boost exports and tourism and encourage the local economy while discouraging expensive imports opponents argue that the proposal would impose excessive hardship on the greek people cause civil unrest destabilize and harm the reputation of the eurozone and could cause greece to align more with non eu states on 27 january 2015 two days after an early election of the greek parliament alex  is t  si  pr  as leader of the new syri  za coalition of the radical left party formed a new government he appointed yan  is var  ou  f  akis as minister of finance a particularly important post in view of the government debt crisis since then the chance of a gre  x  it or even a gr  accident accidental gre  x  it in the near future has been widely discussed after the announcement of the bailout referendum on 27 june 2015 speculation rose that day bbc news reported that default appears inevitable though it later removed the online statement on 29 june 2015 it was announced that greek banks would remain closed all week cash withdrawals from banks would be limited to € 60 per day and international money transfers would be limited to urgent pre approved commercial transfers
green tobacco sickness g  ts is a type of nicotine poisoning caused by the der  mal absorption of nicotine from the surface of wet tobacco plants tobacco harvest  ers whose clothing becomes saturated from tobacco wet with rain or morning de  w are at high risk of developing g  ts workers can avoid getting this sickness by waiting to harvest until the tobacco leaves are dry or by wearing a rain suit wet clothing that has come in contact with tobacco leaves should be removed immediately and the skin washed with warm so  ap  y water nicotine from other sources including nicotine gum a nicotine patch or electronic cigarette or other tobacco products like cigarettes or smo  k  eless tobacco appears to reduce the risk of g  ts due to the body adapting to the intake of nicotine symptoms of g  ts include naus  ea v  om  iting headache di  zz  iness and severe weakness these symptoms may be accompanied by fluctuations in blood pressure or heart rate ab  domin  al cram  ping ch  ills increased swe  ating sali  vation and difficulty breathing are also common the illness will resolve on its own within one to two days but symptoms may be so severe as to require emergency medical treatment in the united states where tobacco is increasingly being farmed on large farms seasonal or migrant farm  workers are disproportionately affected by this condition worldwide there are an estimated 33 million tobacco farm workers with a substantial proportion living in developing countries a recent international review reported that between 8 89 of tobacco harvest  ers may be affected in the course of a season this wide variation probably being due to differences between study methodologies as well as a range of working conditions the long term health outcomes for individuals exposed to nicotine trans  der  m  ally for extended periods of time are not known
green nail syndrome also known as chlor  ony  ch  ia is a par  ony  ch  ial infection caused due to pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa that can develop in individuals whose hands are frequently sub  merged in water it may also occur as trans  verse green stri  pes that are ascri  bed to inter  mit  tent episodes of infection
a gre  ens  tick frac  ture is a frac  ture in a young soft bone in which the bone ben  ds and breaks gre  ens  tick fractu  res usually occur most often during infancy and childhood when bones are soft the name is by analogy with green i e fresh wood which similarly breaks on the outside when bent it was discovered by british american orth  o  pe  dis  t john ins  all and polish american orth  o  pe  dis  t michael sl  up  ec  ki
gre  ig cephal  o  poly  syn  d  ac  ty  ly syndrome is a disorder that affects development of the limbs head and face the features of this syndrome are highly variable ranging from very mild to severe people with this condition typically have one or more extra fingers or toes poly  d  ac  ty  ly or an abnormally wide thumb or big toe hall  ux the skin between the fingers and toes may be f  used cu  taneous syn  d  ac  ty  ly this disorder is also characterized by widely spac  ed eyes oc  ular hyper  tel  or  ism an abnormally large head size macro  cephal  y and a high prominent fore  head rarely affected individuals may have more serious medical problems including seizures mental retar  dation and developmental delay
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the gre  ll is an aberr  ation
a gre  yout us english gra  yout is a transi  ent loss of vision characterized by a perceived dim  ming of light and color sometimes accompanied by a loss of peripheral vision it is a precursor to fain  ting or a blackout and is caused by hypo  x  ia low brain oxygen level often due to a loss of blood pressure gre  youts have a variety of possible causes shock such as hypo  vol  emia even in mild form such as when drawing blood suddenly standing up see orth  o  static hypo  tension especially if sick hun  go  ver or suffering from low blood pressure positive g forces as experienced by pilots or roller coast  er riders paradoxically hyper  ventilation self induced hypo  cap  nia such as in the fain  ting game or in shallow water blackout over  exer  tion panic attack usually recovery is rapid and a gre  yout can be readily reversed by lying down this way the cardiovascular system does not need to work against gravity for blood to reach the brain a grey out may be experienced by aircraft pilots pulling high positive g forces as when pulling up into a loop or a tight turn forcing blood to the lower extre  mi  ties of the body and lowering blood pressure in the brain this is the reverse of a red  out or a red  dening of the vision which is the result of negative g forces caused by performing an outside loop that is by pushing the nose of the aircraft down re  douts are potentially dangerous and can cause re  tin  al damage and hemorrha  gic stroke pilots of high performance aircraft can increase their resistance to gre  yout by using a g suit which controls the pooling of blood in the lower limbs but there is no suit yet capable of controlling a red  out in both cases symptoms may be remedied immediately by easing pressure on the flight controls continued or heavy g force will rapidly progress to g lo  c g force induced loss of consciousness surprisingly even during a heavy grey out where the visual system is severely impaired pilots can still hear feel and speak in other words complete grey out and loss of consciousness are separate events another common occurrence of gre  youts are in roller coast  er riders many roller coast  ers put riders through positive g forces particularly in vertical lo  ops and hel  ices roller coast  ers rarely have high enough negative g forces to induce re  douts as most low g elements are designed to simul  ate wei  ght  lessness
in the dun  geons and drag  ons fantasy role playing game the gr  ick is an aberr  ation a gr  ick resembles a large roughly 8 feet long dark  ly colored worm or snake like creature its be  ak is ring  ed by four bar  bed tent  acles which are its main weapons
in politics gridlock or deadlock or political stalemate refers to a situation when there is difficulty passing laws that satisfy the needs of the people a government is grid  locked when the ratio between bills passed and the agenda of the legislature decreases think of laws as the supply and the legislative agenda as demand gridlock can occur when two legislative houses or the executive branch and the legislature are controlled by different political parties or otherwise cannot agree
the gri  eco elimination is an organic reaction describing the elimination reaction of an ali  ph  atic primary alcohol through a sel  en  ide to a terminal al  k  ene it is named for paul gri  eco the alcohol first reacts with o nitro  phen  yl  sel  en  oc  yan  ate and tribu  ty  l  phosp  h  ine to form a sel  en  ide via a nucle  oph  il  ic substitution on the electr  on deficient sel  en  ium in the second step the sel  en  ide is ox  idi  zed with hydrogen per  oxide to give a sel  en  oxide this structure de  com  poses to form an al  k  ene by an ei elimination mechanism with expulsion of a sel  en  ol in a fashion similar to that of the cope elimination this reaction takes part in the synthesis of ring c of the d  anis  he  f  sky tax  ol synthesis
the gri  eco three component condens  ation is an organic chemistry reaction that produces nitrogen containing six member heter  oc  ycles via a multi component reaction of an alde  hyde an an  il  ine and an electr  on rich al  k  ene the reaction is cataly  zed by tri  fluoro  acetic acid or lewis acids such as y  t  ter  bi  um tri  fluor  ome  than  es  ul  fon  ate y  b ot  f 3 the reaction is named for paul gri  eco who first reported it in 1985 the reaction process involves the formation of an ar  yl im  mon  ium ion intermediate followed by an aza di  els al  der reaction with an al  k  ene im  ines are electr  on poor and thus usually function as the dien  ophi  le here however the al  k  ene is electr  on rich so it reacts well with the im  mon  ium di  ene in an in  verse electr  on demand di  els – al  der reaction researchers have extended the gri  eco three component reaction to re  ac  tants or cataly  sts im  mobilized on solid support which greatly expands the application of this reaction to various combin  atorial chemistry settings ki  ely  ov and armstrong were the first to report a solid supported version of this reaction they found that this reaction works well for each re  ac  tants im  mobilized on solid support kob  ay  ashi and co workers show that a poly  mer supported s  candi  um catalyst cataly  ze the gri  eco reaction with high efficiency given the effectiveness of the reaction and the commercial availability of various gri  eco partners the gri  eco three component coupling is very useful for preparing quin  oline libraries for drug discovery
a griev  ance is a complaint raised by an employee which may be resolved by procedures provided for in a collective agreement an employment contract or by other mechanisms established by an employer such a griev  ance may arise from a violation of a collective bargaining agreement the terms of a contract the treatment by others in the workplace or violations of the law such as workplace safety regulations under uk employment law all employees have a legal right to raise a griev  ance and there is a statutory ac  as code of practice for handling grievances typically everyone involved with a griev  ance has strict time lines which must be met in the processing of this formal complaint until it is resolved employers cannot legally treat an employee any differently whether he or she has filed a griev  ance or not a collective griev  ance is a complaint raised by two or more employees in a union  ized workplace under some jurisdictions it may also be known as a collective or labor dispute the difference between a griev  ance and a complaint in the union  ized workplace is whether the subject matter relates to the collective bargaining agreement if the dispute cannot be resolved through discussion and negotiation between labor and management mediation arbitration or legal remedies may be employed where a collective dispute cannot be resolved it may lead to a strike action
the gri  gn  ard reaction pronounced ɡ  ri  ɲ  ar is an organ  om  et  all  ic chemical reaction in which al  ky  l vinyl or ar  yl magnesium hali  des gri  gn  ard reagents add to a carbon  yl group in an alde  hyde or ke  tone this reaction is an important tool for the formation of carbon – carbon bonds the reaction of an organic hali  de with magnesium is not a gri  gn  ard reaction but provides a gri  gn  ard re  agent an example of a gri  gn  ard reaction gri  gn  ard reactions and reagents were discovered by and are named after the french chem  ist françois au  gu  ste victor gri  gn  ard university of nancy france who was awarded the 19  12 nobel prize in chemistry for this work gri  gn  ard reagents are similar to organ  oli  th  ium reagents because both are strong nucle  oph  iles that can form new carbon – carbon bonds
a gri  ll on a postage stamp is an emb  os  sed pattern of small ind  ent  ations intended to discourage postage stamp reuse they were supposed to work by allowing the ink of the cancellation to be absorbed more readily by the fibres of the stamp paper making it harder to wash off the cancellation
in graph theory grin  berg s theore  m is a necessary condition for a plan  ar graph to contain a hamil  ton  ian cycle based on the lengths of its face cycles the result has been widely used to construct non hamil  ton  ian plan  ar graphs with further properties such as to give new counter  examples to ta  it s con  jec  ture originally dis  proved by w t tu  tte in 1946 this theore  m was proved by latvian mathem  ati  cian eman  u  el grin  berg in 1968
grin  ker s my  el  in  opathy also known as an  ox  ic leuko  encephalopathy and delayed post hypo  x  ic leuko  encephalopathy d  ph  l is a rare disease of the central nervous system grin  ker s my  el  in  opathy was originally characterized by roy r grin  ker in 19  25 or 19  26 depending on the source the disease is characterized by a delayed leuko  encephalopathy after an hypo  x  ic episode it is typically though not necessarily related to carbon monoxide poisoning or heroin over  dose it occurs in roughly 2 8 of those who experience an acute hypo  x  ic an  ox  ic episode because of the wide range of symptoms and the delay in onset it is often mis  diagnosed as other neuro  patho  logies
gr  insp  an syndrome is a syndrome characterized by presence of the tri  ad essential hyper  tension diabetes mell  it  us and oral lichen plan  us oral lichen plan  us is thought to be a result of the drugs used for treatment of hyper  tension and diabetes mell  it  us but this is not confirmed
gr  is  cell  i syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by al  bin  ism hypo  pi  gm  entation with immun  o  deficiency that usually causes death by early childhood
gr  is  cell  i syndrome type 2 also known as partial al  bin  ism with immun  o  deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive syndrome characterized by variable pi  gm  entary dilution hair with sil  very metallic she  en frequent py  ogenic infections neu  tro  pen  ia and thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia
gr  is  cell  i syndrome type 3 is a disorder of mel  ano  some transport presenting initially with hypo  pi  gm  entation
gr  isi si  k  nis in mis  ki  to language from the english means crazy sickness is a contagious culture bound syndrome that occurs predominantly among the mis  ki  to people of eastern central america and affects mainly young women it is also known as gr  isi mun  ai  a chip  il si  k  nis and nil si  k  nis more recently cases occurring amongst people of spanish descent have also been reported
gr  it in psychology is a positive non cognitive trait based on an individual s passion for a particular long term goal or end state coupled with a powerful motivation to achieve their respective objective this perseverance of effort promotes the overcoming of obstacles or challenges that lie within a gr  it  ty individual s path to accomplishment and serves as a driving force in achievement realization commonly associated concepts within the field of psychology include perseverance har  din  ess resilience ambition need for achievement and consci  enti  ousness these construc  ts can be concep  tu  alized as individual differences related to the accomplishment of work rather than latent ability this distinction was brought into focus in 1907 when william james challenged the field to further investigate how certain individuals are capable of accessing richer trait reservoirs enabling them to accomplish more than the average person but the construct dates back at least to gal  ton and the ideals of persistence and tenacity have been understood as a virtue at least since aristo  tle
in chemistry a gro  b fragmentation is an elimination reaction that breaks a neutral ali  ph  atic chain into three fragments a positive ion sp  anning atoms 1 and 2 the electro  fu  ge an un  saturated neutral frag  ment sp  anning positions 3 and 4 and a negative ion the nucle  o  fu  ge comprising the rest of the chain for example the positive ion may be a car  ben  ium carbon  ium or ac  y  lium ion the neutral frag  ment could be an al  k  ene al  ky  ne or im  ine and the negative frag  ment could be a to  sy  l or hydrox  yl ion gro  b fragmentation the reaction is named for the swiss chem  ist cy  ril a gro  b
gro  cer s itch is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a pr  uri  tic der  mati  tis that occurs from coming into contact with mit  es such as car  po  gly  ph  us pass  ul  ar  um a fruit m  ite or gly  ci  p  ha  gus domes  tic  us a common house m  ite contact usually occurs when handling food with mit  es in it such as figs dates prunes grain cheese or other dried foods
the gro  n  chi rosa is a rare italian postage stamp design error it was part of a 1961 issue for the voyage of president giov  anni gro  n  chi to three south american countries the 205 li  ras rosa was intended for the sto  po  ver in peru the artist made a mistake with the boundaries between peru and ecuador the rose colored stamp was quickly replaced by a grey version with corrected boundaries but some phil  at  el  ic sou  ven  irs using the gro  n  chi rosa already existed a forgery of this stamp is known to exist
groom kidnapping col  lo  qu  ially known as pak  ar  u  ah sha  adi or jab  aria sha  adi is a phenomenon common in the western parts of bi  har and eastern u  tt  ar pradesh states in india where  in eligible bachel  ors are abducted by the bride s family and later forcefully married to avoid heavy dow  ry costs considering the traditional regard for the marriage sac  ram  ent most such marriages are not annulled additionally the groom may suffer criminal charges under indian dow  ry law and end up fighting lengthy legal battles the practice started becoming noticeable towards the late 20 th century as dow  ry costs became prohibitive and organized gangs came forward to carry out the abduc  tions in 2009 12  24 kidnappings for marriage were reported in bi  har carried out on behalf of the families of the bri  des
gross le  as  able area gl  a is the amount of floor space available to be rented in a commercial property specifically gross le  as  able area is the total floor area designed for tenant occu  pan  cy and exclusive use including any bas  ements me  zz  an  ines or upper floors it is typically expressed in square metres although in some places such as the united states canada and the united kingdom the square foot is used it is measured from the center line of joint parti  tions and from outside wall faces that is gross le  as  able area is the area for which tenants pay rent and thus the area that produces income for the property owner for a property with only one tenant the measurements gross floor area g  fa and gross le  as  able area gl  a are essentially equal the building owners and managers association has established a standard with american national standards institute an  si bom  a z 65 1 1996 for measuring floor area and calculating gross le  as  able area and loss factor
gross loan is the total amount of issued credits given to banks during the accounting period liquidity of the bank can be judged upon the amount of its gross loans liquidity of the credit institutions is directly related to the refinancing needs gross loan is the total amount of loans re  financed by credit institutions subject to the central bank the central bank as the lender of last resort provides loans credits to commercial banks and other credit institutions when the banks themselves have completely depleted their internal resources and are unable to maintain their solvency through other means the central bank gives loans to commercial banks at the refinancing interest rate which is minimal and may vary depending on the type of services the given bank provides
gross margin is the difference between revenue and cost of goods sold or co  gs divided by revenue expressed as a percentage generally it is calculated as the selling price of an item less the cost of goods sold production or acquisition costs essentially gross margin is often used inter  change  ably with gross profit but the terms are different when speaking about a dollar amount it is technically correct to use the term gross profit when referring to a percentage or ratio it is correct to use gross margin in other words gross margin is a value while gross profit is a value gross margin is a type of profit margin specifically a form of profit divided by net revenue for example gross profit margin operating profit margin net profit margin etc
in accounting gross profit sales profit or credit sales is the difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service before deduc  ting over  heads payroll taxation and interest payments this is different from operating profit earnings before interest and taxes gross margin is the term normally used in the u s while gross profit is the more common usage in the uk and australia the various deductions and their corresponding metr  ics leading from net sales to net income are as follows net sales gross sales – customer discounts returns allowances gross profit net sales – cost of goods sol  d  gross profit percentage net sales – cost of goods sold net sales × 100 operating profit gross profit – total operating exp  ens  es  net income or net profit operating profit – taxes – interest note cost of goods sold is calculated differently for a merchandis  ing business than for a manufacturer
in chess a grotesque is a problem or endgame study which features a particularly unlikely initial position especially one in which white fights with a very small force against a much larger black army grotes  ques are generally intended to be humor  ous
in radi  ology ground glass op  acity g  go is a non  specific finding on compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct sc  ans that indicates a partial filling of air spaces in the lungs by exu  date or tran  su  date as well as inter  sti  tial thick  ening or partial collapse of lung al  ve  oli the similarity of shadows to a real ground glass is obvious
in electronic engineering ground bounce is a phenomenon associated with trans  is  tor switching where the gate voltage can appear to be less than the local ground potential causing the unstable operation of a logic gate
ground pressure is the pressure exerted on the ground by the tires or tracks of a mo  tori  zed vehicle and is one measure of its potential mobility especially over soft ground it also applies to the feet of a walking person or machine ground pressure is measured in pas  c  als pa which corresponds to the united states customary units unit of pounds per square inch p  si average ground pressure can be calculated using the standard formula for average pressure p f a in an ide  alized case i e a static uniform net force normal to level ground at earth sea level this is simply the object s weight divided by contact area the ground pressure of mo  tori  zed vehicles is often compared to the ground pressure of a human foot which can be 60 80 k  pa while walking or as much as 13 mp  a for a person in spike heels increasing the size of the contact area on the ground the footprint in relation to the weight decreases the ground pressure ground pressure of 14 k  pa 2 p  si or less is recommended for fragile ecosystems like marsh  es decreasing the ground pressure increases the flo  tation allowing easier passage of the body over soft terrain this is often observed in activities like snow  sho  eing
ground vibration boom is a phenomenon of very large increase in ground vibrations generated by high speed railway trains travelling at speeds higher than the velocity of ray  le  igh surface waves in the supporting ground
a group a st  rep  to  coc  cal infection is an infection with group a st  rep  to  co  cc  us gas st  rep  to  co  cc  us py  o  genes comprises the vast majority of the lan  ce  field group a st  rep  to  coc  ci and is often used as a synon  ym for gas however s dys  gal  acti  ae can also be group a s py  o  genes is a beta hem  ol  y  tic species of gram positive bacteria that is responsible for a wide range of both invasive and non  invasive infections infection of gas may spread through direct contact with m  uc  us or so  res on the skin gas infections can cause 500 000 deaths per year despite the emergence of antibiotics as a treatment for group a β hem  ol  y  tic st  rep  to  co  cc  us infection of gas is an increasing problem particularly on the continent of africa there are many other types of st  rep  to  coc  ci species of st  rep  to  co  cc  us including group b st  rep  to  co  cc  us st  rep  to  co  cc  us ag  al  acti  ae and st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae which cause other types of infections and should not be confused with group a stre  p several virul  ence factors contribute to the patho  genesis of gas such as m protein hem  ol  y  sins and ex  trac  ell  ular enzymes
group b st  rep  to  co  cc  us infection is the infection caused by the bacter  ium st  rep  to  co  cc  us ag  al  acti  ae s ag  al  acti  ae also known as group b st  rep  to  co  cc  us or g  bs group b st  rep  to  coc  cal infection can cause serious illness and sometimes death especially in new  bor  ns the elderly and people with compromised immune systems g  bs was recognized as a pathogen in cattle by ed  mond no  card and moll  ere  au in the late 18  80 s but its significance as a human pathogen was not discovered before 1938 when fr  y  described three fatal cases of puer  per  al infections caused by g  bs in the early 1960 s g  bs was recognized as a main cause of ne  on  atal infections in general g  bs is a harmless commens  al bacter  ium being part of the human micro  bio  ta colon  izing the gastro  intest  inal and gen  it  our  inary tracts of up to 30 of healthy human adults as  ymp  tomatic carriers s ag  al  acti  ae is also a common veterinary pathogen because it can cause bovine mas  ti  tis infl  amm  ation of the u  dder in dairy cows the species name ag  al  acti  ae meaning no milk allu  des to this s ag  al  acti  ae is a gram positive co  cc  us spher  ical bacter  ium with a tendency to form chains st  rep  to  co  cc  us beta ha  emol  y  tic catal  ase negative and fac  ul  tative an  aero  be s ag  al  acti  ae is the species designation for st  rep  to  coc  ci belonging to the group b of the rebecca lan  ce  field classification of st  rep  to  coc  ci lan  ce  field grouping g  bs is surrounded by a bacterial cap  su  le composed of pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des exo  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des g  bs are sub  classified into 10 sero  types ia ib ii – ix depending on the immun  o  logic re  activity of their pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de cap  su  le as other virulent bacteria g  bs harb  ours an important number of virul  ence factors the most important are the cap  s  ular pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de rich in si  al  ic acid and a por  e forming toxin β ha  emol  ys  in the g  bs cap  su  le is probably the key virul  ence factor because it helps g  bs escape from the host defence mechanisms interfering with p  ha  go  cy  tic killing of g  bs by human p  ha  go  cy  tes the g  bs β ha  emol  ys  in is considered identical to the g  bs pig  ment
group dating is a modern pattern for dating where a group of single men and a group of single women organise a night out with the hope of forming romantic partnerships it is most popular in japan where it is known as g  ō  kon in other cultures group dating is becoming more popular as a safe alternative to single dating especially blind dating also helping to ease tension because both parties will feel more comfortable having the company of their friends group dating is often recommended by paren  ting experts as more age appropriate form of dating for pre  teens than one on one dating
in abstract al  ge  bra a group isom  orph  ism is a function between two groups that sets up a one to one correspondence between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations if there exists an isom  orph  ism between two groups then the groups are called isom  orph  ic from the standpoint of group theory isom  orph  ic groups have the same properties and need not be distinguished
in abstract al  ge  bra the group isom  orph  ism problem is the decision problem of determining whether two given finite group presentations present isom  orph  ic groups the isom  orph  ism problem was identified by max de  hn in 19  11 as one of three fundamental decision problems in group theory the other two being the word problem and the con  ju  g  acy problem all three problems are undec  id  able there does not exist a computer algori  thm that correctly solves every instance of the isom  orph  ism problem or of the other two problems regardless of how much time is allowed for the algori  thm to run
group  shift is a phenomenon in which the initial positions of individual members of a group are exaggerated toward a more extreme position when people are in groups they make decisions about risk differently from when they are alone in the group they are likely to make ris  kier decisions as the shared risk makes the individual risk less
group  think is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision making outcome group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints by actively suppressing diss  enting viewpoints and by isolating themselves from outside influences group  think requires individuals to avoid raising controversial issues or alternative solutions and there is loss of individual creativity uniqueness and independent thinking the dysfunctional group dynamics of the ing  ro  up produces an illusion of inv  ul  ner  ability an inflated certainty that the right decision has been made thus the ing  ro  up significantly over  rates its own abilities in decision making and significantly under  rates the abilities of its opponents the out  group furthermore group  think can produce de  human  izing actions against the out  group an  tec  ed  ent factors such as group cohe  siveness faulty group structure and situ  ational context e g community panic play into the likelihood of whether or not group  think will impact the decision making process group  think is a construct of social psychology but has an extensive reach and influences literature in the fields of communication studies political science management and organizational theory as well as important aspects of devi  ant religious cult behaviour group  think is sometimes stated to occur more broadly within natural groups within the community for example to explain the lifelong different mind  sets of conservatives versus liberals or the solitary nature of intro  verts however this conformity of viewpoints within a group does not mainly involve deliberate group decision making and might be better explained by the collective confirmation bias of the individual members of the group most of the initial research on group  think was conducted by ir  ving jan  is a research psycho  logist from yale university jan  is published an influential book in 1972 which was revised in 1982 jan  is used the bay of pigs disaster the failed invasion of castro s cuba in 1961 and the japanese attack on pearl harbor in 1941 as his two prime case studies have evaluated and re  formulated his group  think model
growing pains are pain symptoms relatively common in children ages 3 – 12 typically they are located in the muscles rather than the joints of the leg and less commonly the arm they are usually felt on both sides and appear late in the day or at night waking the child with pain varying from mild to very severe pain is absent by the morning and there are no objective clinical signs of infl  amm  ation pain can recur nigh  tly or be absent for days to months growing pain is not associated with other serious disease and usually resol  ves by late childhood but frequent episodes are capable of having a substantial effect on the life of the child growing pains were first described as such in 18  23 by a french doctor
growing ter  atom  a syndrome is a rare complic  ation of ter  atom  a that can occur when an immature o  vari  an germ cell ter  atom  a is treated by chem  otherapy
the growth and under  investment ar  che  type is one of the common system ar  che  type patterns defined as part of the system dynamics discipline system dynamics is an approach which strives to understand describe and optimi  ze non  linear behaviors of complex systems over time using tools such as feedback lo  ops in order to find a leverage point of the system as part of this discipline several commonly found patterns of system behavior were found named and described in detail the growth and under  investment ar  che  type is one of such patterns
growth hormone deficiency gh  d is a medical condition caused by problems arising in the pit  u  itary g  land in which the body does not produce enough growth hormone gh growth hormone also called som  atro  pin is a poly  pep  tide hormone which stimulates growth and cell reproduction growth hormone deficiency has a variety of different negative effects at different ages for example in new  born infants the primary manifestations may be hypo  gly  cem  ia or micro  penis while in later infancy and childhood growth failure is more likely deficiency in adults is rare but may feature diminished lean body mass poor bone density and a number of physical and psychological symptoms psychological symptoms include poor memory social withdrawal and depression while physical symptoms may include loss of strength stam  ina and mus  cul  ature other hormonal or g  land  ular disorders frequently coincide with diminished growth hormone production the most common cause of gh  d representing two thirds of cases are pit  u  itary and paras  ell  ar tumors the origin of adult gh  d may be con  genital or acquired of those adult gh  d that are acquired roughly 15 are idi  opathic 50 are from pit  u  itary tumors 20 from extr  ap  it  u  itary tumors and 5 from infiltr  ative or infl  am  matory le  sions gh deficiency can be treated through growth hormone replacement injections of growth hormone or radiation or surgical treatment of tumors
the term growth recession indicates a situation were growth is slow but not low enough to be a technical recession yet unemployment increases since more jobs are lost than created the term was created by dr solomon fabric  ant new york university national bureau of economic research and is recognized and cited more recently by business economists note that the term also has slightly different secondary meanings including a more general one that growth is below potential however the more specific meaning indicates the growth is weak and insufficient to provide jobs for those entering the labor market see the ho  is  ington and hunt reference there may also be a third meaning referring to growth in which more jobs are actually being destroyed than created in all cases the term indicates real gdp is expanding slowly but with job contraction so the economy behaves or feels in many ways like a recession a former group managing director at global insight who is now at the bureau of economic analysis uses the phrase in this quote my feeling at the time 2002 2003 was we had a recession followed by a growth recession till 03 that ’ s what i showed on those global insight recession growth recession charts mike nem  eira chief economist international council of shopping centers a better expert than i am and i debated this he thought there was an argument for a quick full recovery then a lapse into a growth recession there is no agreed standard for growth recession but i would say while it looked stronger for a couple quarters it wasn ’ t real strong soft landings tend to also be growth recessions but not always if economic growth in the economy is slowing to such a point that establishment payroll growth contracts then the soft landing is so soft it has crossed over into a growth recession both soft landings in the mid 1980 s and 1990 s qualify as for several months employment did contract two months in 1995 and one month in 1986 jobless recovery is another similar term all jobless recoveries are by definition also growth recessions however not all growth recessions are jobless recoveries because a growth recession can occur at any point in an economic cycle and a jobless recovery only refers to the period immediately after a recession ends
the grund  mann alde  hyde synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces an alde  hyde from an ac  yl hali  de the grund  mann alde  hyde synthesis because of the ro  sen  m  und reduction and di  bal h accomplish similar transformations this reaction sequence is not practiced much currently
gr  us is an accumulation of ang  ular co  arse gr  ained fragments particles of sand and gra  vel resulting from the gran  ular disintegration by the processes of chemical and mechanical wea  thering of cryst  alline rocks most notably gran  ito  ids generally in an arid or semi  arid region gr  us sand when cem  ented into a sand  stone will form an ark  ose
gr  yn  fel  tt les  shaft her  nia is a her  ni  ation of ab  domin  al contents through the back specifically through the superior lum  bar triangle which is defined by the quad  r  atus lum  bor  um muscle twelfth ri  b and internal obli  que muscle
gr  ø  st  l is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function submitted to the n  ist has  h function competition by pra  ve  en ga  ur  av  ar  am lars k  nu  d  sen kry  sti  an mat  u  sie  wic  z flori  an men  del christian rech  berger martin sch  lä  ffer and sø  ren s thom  sen gr  ø  st  l was chosen as one of the five fin  alists of the competition it uses the same s box as aes in a custom construction the authors claim speeds of up to 21 4 cycles per by  te on an intel core 2 du  o according to the submission document the name gr  ø  st  l is a multilingual play on words referring to an austrian dish that is very similar to has  h food like other has  h functions in the md 5 sha family gr  ø  st  l divides the input into blocks and iter  atively compu  tes hi f hi − 1 mi however gr  ø  st  l maintains a has  h state at least twice the size of the final output 512 or 10  24 bits which is only tr  unc  ated at the end of has  h compu  tation the compression function f is based on a pair of 256 or 512 bit per  mutation functions p and q and is defined as f h m p h ⊕ m ⊕ q m ⊕ h the per  mutation functions p and q are heavily based on the rij  n  da  el aes block ci  p  her but operate on 8 × 8 or 8 × 16 arr  ays of by  tes rather than 4 × 4 like aes each round consists of four operations 1 add  round  key the gr  ø  st  l round keys are fixed but differ between p and q 2 sub  by  tes this uses the rij  n  da  el s box allowing sharing with aes implement  ations 3 shif  t  by  tes expanded compared to aes this also differs between p and q and 512 and 10  24 bit versions 4 mix  columns using an 8 × 8 matrix rather than rij  n  da  el s 4 × 4 unlike rij  n  da  el all rounds are identical and there is no final add  round  key operation 10 rounds are recommended for the 512 bit per  mutation and 14 rounds for the 10  24 bit version the final double width has  h receives a final output transformation of ω h h ⊕ p h and is then tr  unc  ated to the desired width this is equivalent to applying a final iter  ation of the compression function using an all zero message block m followed by a cry  pto  graphically insignificant exclusive or with the fixed constant q 0
gu  an  id  ino  acetate meth  yl  transfer  ase deficiency also called gam  t deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system and muscles it is the first observed disorder of cre  at  ine metabol  ism
in con  current programming guarded suspension is a software design pattern for managing operations that require both a lock to be acquired and a precondition to be satisfied before the operation can be executed the guarded suspension pattern is typically applied to method calls in object oriented programs and involves suspending the method call and the calling thread until the precondition acting as a guard is satisfied
the guardian australia is the sydney based australian online presence of the british print newspaper the guardian it launched in 2013 led by kath  ar  ine vin  er the australian site followed the earlier guardian us service which started in 2011 as of november 2014 it is in the top ten australian news media websites with a read  ership of just over 2 million austr  ali  ans per month contr  asted to fair  fax media s sydney morning herald website and the news ltd website news com au with read  ership of 3 8 and 3 7 million respectively
guardian us is the new york city based american online presence of the british print newspaper the guardian it launched in september 2011 led by editor in chief jan  ine gib  son and followed the earlier guardian america service which was wound up in 2009 guardian us is only available online although guardian weekly an international version of the guardian is available in print and online kath  ar  ine vin  er is editor in chief of guardian us
a gu  el  ta or q  alta or gal  ta or ag  el  m  am from arabic ق  ل  ت  ة which means a lower level of height in ground between rocks which holds water is a pocket of water that forms in drainage can  als or w  ad  is in the sahara the size and duration will depend on the location and conditions it may last year round through the dry season if fed by a source such as a spring when rivers w  ad  is dry up there may remain pockets of water along its course c f ox bow lake in western sahara gu  el  tas correspond with o  ases some examples include gu  el  ta d ar  che  i in chad and timi  a in niger
the guer  bet reaction named after mar  cel guer  bet 18  61 – 1938 is an organic reaction converting a primary ali  ph  atic alcohol into its β al  k  yl  ated di  mer alcohol with loss of one equivalent of water this reaction requires a catalyst and elevated temperatures guer  bet reaction the original 18  99 publication concerned the conversion of n bu  tan  ol to 2 ethyl  hex  an  ol the alcohol  s derived from this reaction are called guer  bet alcohol  s application of long cha  ined ali  ph  atic alcohol  s gives access to sur  fac  tants the reaction requires alkali metal hydrox  ides or al  ko  x  ides and hydro  gen  ation cataly  sts such as ran  ey nickel at higher temperature 220 ° c and pressure
guided mode resonance or wa  ve  guide mode resonance is a phenomenon where  in the guided modes of an optical wa  ve  guide can be excited and simultaneously extracted by the introduction of a phase matching element such as a diff  r  action gr  ating or pr  ism such guided modes are also called leak  y modes as they do not remain guided and have been observed in one and two dimensional pho  tonic crystal s  labs
guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome g  bs is a rapid onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system the initial symptoms are typically changes in sensation or pain along with muscle weakness beginning in the feet and hands this often spreads to the arms and upper body with both sides being involved the symptoms develop over hours to a few weeks during the acute phase the disorder can be life threatening with about 15 developing weakness of the breathing muscles requiring mechanical ventilation some are affected by changes in the function of the autonom  ic nervous system which can lead to dangerous ab  norm  alities in heart rate and blood pressure the cause is unknown the underlying mechanism involves an auto  immune disorder in which the body s immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves and damages their my  elin insulation sometimes this immune dysfunction is triggered by an infection or less commonly surgery or vaccination the diagnosis is usually made based on the signs and symptoms through the exclusion of alternative causes and supported by tests such as nerve conduc  tion studies and examination of the cere  bro  spinal fluid there are a number of sub  types based on the areas of weakness results of nerve conduc  tion studies and the presence of certain antibio  dies it is classified as an acute pol  yn  euro  pa  thy in those with severe weakness prompt treatment with intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ul  ins or plas  map  her  esis together with supportive care will lead to good recovery in the majority recovery may take weeks to years about a third have some permanent weakness globally death occurs in about 7 5 of those affected guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome is rare at one or two cases per 100 000 people every year both sexes and all parts of the world have similar rates of disease the syndrome is named after the french neuro  logists georg  es guil  lain and jean alex  andre bar  r  é who described it with andré stro  hl in 19  16
the guil  lo  tine problem is a problem in combin  atorial geometry and in printing closely related to packing problems and specifically to cutting stock and bin packing problems it is the question of how to get the maximum number of sheets of one rec  tang  ular size out of a larger sheet only orth  og  onal cuts that bis  ect one component of the sheet are allowed as on a paper cutting guil  lo  tine the gui  lo  tt  ine problem is important in glass mach  ining glass sheets are scored along horizontal and vertical lines and then broken along these lines to obtain smaller panels like the cutting stock problem it is n  p hard but various approximate and exact solutions have been devised
a gu  ini  er – pre  ston zone or g  p zone is a fine scale metallurgical phenomenon involving early stage precip  itation g  p zones are associated with the phenomenon of age hard  ening whereby room temperature reactions continue to occur within a material through time resulting in changing physical properties in particular this occurs in several aluminium series such as the 6000 and 7000 series allo  ys physically g  p zones are extremely fine scaled on the order of 3 – 10 nm in size solu  te enriched regions of the material which offer physical obstruc  tions to the motion of dis  locations above that of the solid solution strengthening of the solu  te components in 70  75 aluminium for example z  n – mg clusters precede the formation of equilibrium m  g  z  n 2 precipit  ates
gulf war syndrome g  ws also known as gulf war illnesses g  wi is a chronic multi  symptom disorder affecting returning military veterans and civilian workers of the 1990 – 91 gulf war a wide range of acute and chronic symptoms have been linked to it including fatigue muscle pain cognitive problems r  ashes and diarr  hea approximately 250 000 of the 697 000 u s veterans who served in the 1991 gulf war are afflicted with enduring chronic multi symptom illness a condition with serious consequences from 1995 to 2005 the health of combat veterans worsened in comparison with non  deployed veterans with the onset of more new chronic diseases functional impairment repeated clinic visits and hosp  itali  zations chronic fatigue syndrome like illness post  traumatic stress disorder and greater persistence of adverse health incidents according to a report by the iraq and afghanistan veterans of america veterans of iraq and afghanistan may also suffer from the syndrome suggested causes have included depleted uranium sar  in gas smoke from burning oil wells vaccinations combat stress and psychological factors the u s department of veterans affairs va refers to the condition as gulf war veterans ’ medic  ally un  explained illnesses the va states we prefer not to use the term gulf war syndrome when referring to medic  ally un  explained symptoms reported by gulf war veterans why because symptoms vary widely
a g  um  ma is a soft non can  cer  ous growth resulting from the tertiary stage of sy  phil  is it is a form of gran  ul  oma g  um  mas are most commonly found in the liver g  um  ma hepati  s but can also be found in brain heart skin bone testi  s and other tissues leading to a variety of potential problems including neuro  logical disorders or heart valve disease
g  um  my stem b  light is a cuc  ur  bit rot disease caused by the fun  gal plant pathogen di  dy  m  ella bry  oni  ae an  amor  ph ph  oma cuc  ur  bit  ac  ear  um g  um  my stem b  light can affect a host at any stage of growth in its development and affects all parts of the host including leaves stems and fruits symptoms generally consist of circular dark tan le  sions that b  light the leaf water so  aked leaves stem can  kers and g  um  my brown oo  ze that exu  des from can  kers giving it the name g  um  my stem b  light g  um  my stem b  light reduces yields of edible cuc  ur  bits by devastating the vines and leaves and ro  tting the fruits there are various methods to control g  um  my stem b  light including use of treated seed crop rotation using preventative fun  g  ic  ides eradication of dise  ased material and deep p  lowing previous debris
in a cellular autom  aton a gun is a pattern with a main part that repeats periodically like an osci  ll  ator and that also periodically emits spac  es  hips there are then two periods that may be considered the period of the spaceship output and the period of the gun itself which is necessarily a multiple of the spaceship output s period a gun whose period is larger than the period of the output is a pseu  d  oper  i  od gun in the game of life for every p greater than or equal to 14 it is possible to construct a gli  der gun in which the gli  ders are emitted with period p since guns continually emit spac  es  hips the existence of guns in life means that initial patterns with finite numbers of cells can eventually lead to configur  ations with limit  less numbers of cells something that john con  way himself originally con  jec  tured to be impossible however according to con  way s later testimony this con  jec  ture was explicitly intended to encourage someone to dis  prove it i e con  way hoped that infinite growth patterns did exist bill go  sp  er discovered the first gli  der gun in 1970 earning 50 from con  way the discovery of the gli  der gun eventually led to the proof that con  way s game of life could function as a turing machine for many years this gli  der gun was the smallest one known in life although other rules had smaller guns however in 2015 a period 120 gun in life with fewer live cells but a larger boun  ding box was discovered
gun  ther disease also known as con  genital er  y  thro  po  ie  tic por  phy  ria ce  p u  ro  por  phy  rin  o  gen iii syn  th  ase deficiency and u  ros deficiency is a con  genital form of er  y  thro  po  ie  tic por  phy  ria the word por  phy  ria originated from the greek word por  ph  ura por  ph  ura actually means “ purple pig  ment ” which in suggestion the color that the body fluid changes when a person has gun  ther ’ s disease it is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder affecting hem  e caused by deficiency of the enzyme u  ro  por  phy  rin  o  gen co  synthe  t  ase it is extremely rare with a prevalence estimated at 1 in 1 000 000 or less there have been times that prior to birth of a fe  tus gun  ther s disease has been shown to lead to an  emia in mil  der cases patients have not presented any symptoms until they have reached adul  thood in gun  ther s disease por  phy  r  ins are accumulated in the teeth and bones and an increased amount are seen in the plasma bone marrow f  ec  es red blood cells and urine
the gun  z has  l  ach inter  gl  ac  ial german gün  z has  l  ach inter  gla  z  ial also gun  z has  l  ach warm period gün  z has  l  ach warm  ze  it is one of the warm periods of the ple  is  to  cen  e in the alpine region it lies between the gun  z and has  l  ach glaci  ations
gu  o jin min tu  i 国  进  民  退 is a phenomenon in the chinese economy meaning the state advances the private sector re  treats despite being less profitable the average return on equity is 4 state owned enterprises have easier access to funding than purely private enterprises the government has encouraged state owned enterprises to consolidate favoured them in regulation and awarded them contracts and subsidies this crowds out other competitors both domestic and foreign undermining the economy this contrasts with an earlier phase of economic liberalisation in china where the private sector was seen as flourishing and generating growth in the late 1990 s z  hu ron  g  ji wee  ded out some of the weaker state owned enterprises however in some contexts gu  o jin min tu  i has been contr  asted with gu  o jin min ye jin meaning the state and the market develop together six years ago the central government invited private investors to enter the business by 2006 eight private carriers had sp  rung up to challenge the three state controlled maj  ors air china china southern and china eastern the state airlines immediately began a price war the state owned monopoly that provided jet fuel refused to service private carriers on the same generous terms given the big three china ’ s only computerized reservation system — currently one third owned by the three state airlines — refused to book flights for private competitors and when mismanagement and the 2008 economic crisis drove the three maj  ors into financial straits the central government bought stock to bail them out
for alternative use see som  er  set g  urg  le g  urg  le com is a british pregnancy and paren  ting website owned by high street paren  ting store mother  care founded by tom w  right g  urg  le launched as a joint venture between mother  care and flem  ing media a family backed investment company in october 2007 mother  care bought flem  ing media out to become outright owner of g  urg  le in september 2009 since 2008 the site has been run by pet  tr  ina ke  o  gh who joined the company from telegraph media group
gu  stat  ory hyper  hi  dro  sis is excessive swe  ating that certain individuals regularly experience on the fore  head scal  p upper lip peri  oral region or ster  num a few moments after eating sp  icy foods tomato sauce chocolate coffee tea or hot sou  ps this type of swe  ating is classified under focal hyper  hi  dro  sis that is it is restricted to certain regions of the body a common cause is the result of trauma or damage of the nerve that passes through the par  o  ti  d g  land this type of swe  ating is known as fre  y s syndrome in which case the damage to the nerve is due to surgery of the par  o  ti  d g  land par  o  ti  dec  tomy it has been observed in diabe  tics with autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy and a variant of this disorder has been reported following surgical sympath  ec  tomy one of the more effective treatments is oral or top  ically applied gly  copy  r  ro  late
gu  tt  ate ps  ori  asis also known as erup  tive ps  ori  asis is a type of ps  ori  asis that presents as small 0 5 – 1 5 cm in diameter le  sions over the upper trunk and proxim  al extre  mi  ties it is found frequently in young adults gu  tt  ate ps  ori  asis is class  ically triggered by a bacterial infection usually an upper respiratory tract infection for some people it starts as a throat infection or stre  p throat after the throat infection has cleared up the person can feel fine for several weeks before noticing the appearance of red spots they appear small at first like a dry red spot which is slightly it  chy when scrat  ched or picked the top layer of dry skin is removed leaving dry red skin beneath with white dry areas marking where flakes of dry skin stop and start in the weeks that follow the spots can grow to as much as an inch in diameter some of the larger ones may form a pale area in the center which is slightly yellow treatment is often a mild ster  o  id such as hydro  cor  tis  one but this is not always effective other treatment include exposing the affected area of the skin to sunlight while avoiding sun  burn the condition often but not always clears up on its own the gu  tt  ate ps  ori  asis can occur on any part of the body particularly the legs arms tor  so eye  li  ds back bottom bi  kin  i line and neck generally the parts of the body most affected are seen on the arms legs back and tor  so enthusiastic ex  foli  ation can lead to bleeding so care and mois  tur  ization are important to keep the affected skin healthy note it is commonly mistaken for meas  les
in common par  lance gu  t  tural r is the phenomenon whereby a rho  tic cons  on  ant an r like sound is produced in the back of the vocal tract usually with the u  vul  a rather than in the front portion thereof and thus as a gu  t  tural cons  on  ant speakers of languages with gu  t  tural r typically regard gu  t  tural and cor  onal rho  tics to be alternative pron  unci  ations of the same ph  on  em  e despite artic  ul  atory differences similar cons  on  ants are found in other parts of the world but they often have little to no cultural association or inter  change  ability with cor  onal rho  tics such as r ɾ and ɹ and gu  t  tural realization of a lone rho  tic cons  on  ant is typical in most of what is now france french speaking belgium germany denmark and the sou  ther  n  most parts of sweden and south western parts of norway it is also frequent in the netherlands dutch speaking belgium and switzerland it also occurs as the normal pron  unciation of one of two rho  tic ph  on  em  es usually replacing an older al  ve  ol  ar tr  ill in most of portugal various parts of brazil and among minorities of other portuguese speaking regions
gy  c  kel j  y  c  kel also known as sp  ex on some university fac  ul  ties not to be confused with the theatre form sp  ex is short theat  r  ical appearance performed at a g  ask a gy  c  kel often involves a group of students singing a song or playing a play lasting no more than a few minutes there are several un  written rules the most important one is that the j  y  c  kel must be written by the performers and be presented for the first time at the g  ask the gy  c  kel should also be sar  cas  tic s  exis  tic or humor  istic at a g  ask with members from different fac  ul  ties it is usually expected that each faculty perform its own gy  c  kel others may also report that they will be performing a gy  c  kel to the to  ast  master the to  ast  master announced when the time has come for a certain group to perform their gy  c  kel
gy  ne  com  as  tia is a common disorder of the endocrine system in which there is a non can  cer  ous increase in the size of male breast tissue most adoles  cent boys up to 70 have some breast development during pu  ber  ty new  born and adoles  cent males often experience temporary gy  ne  com  as  tia due to the influence of maternal hormones and hormonal changes during pu  ber  ty respectively the development of gy  ne  com  as  tia is usually associated with benign pu  ber  tal changes in adoles  cent boys the condition is often a source of psychological distress however 75 of pu  ber  tal gy  ne  com  as  tia cases resolve within two years of onset without treatment in rare cases gy  ne  com  as  tia has been known to occur in association with certain disease states gy  ne  com  as  tia may be seen in individuals with k  lin  ef  el  ter syndrome or certain cancers with disorders involving the endocrine system or metabol  ic dysfunction with the use of certain medications or in older males due to a natural decline in te  sto  ster  one production disturbances in the endocrine system that lead to an increase in the ratio of est  rog  ens and  rog  ens are thought to be responsible for the development of gy  ne  com  as  tia this may occur even if the levels of est  rog  ens and and  rog  ens are both appropriate but the ratio is altered the disorder is usually diagnosed by a physician after a detailed history and physical examination conservative management of gy  ne  com  as  tia is often appropriate as the condition commonly resol  ves on its own medical treatment of gy  ne  com  as  tia that has persisted beyond two years is often ineffective medications such as arom  at  ase inhi  bit  ors have been found to be effective in rare cases of gy  ne  com  as  tia from disorders such as arom  at  ase excess syndrome or pe  ut  z – je  gh  ers syndrome but surgical removal of the excess tissue is usually required
in mathematical logic gö  del s β function is a function used to permit quantification over finite sequences of natural numbers in formal theories of arithmetic the β function is used in particular in showing that the class of arithme  tically defin  able functions is closed under primitive recur  sion and therefore includes all primitive recur  sive functions
in mathematical logic a gö  del numbering is a function that as  signs to each symbol and well formed formula of some formal language a unique natural number called its gö  del number the concept was used by kurt gö  del for the proof of his in  completeness theore  ms a gö  del numbering can be interpreted as an en  coding in which a number is assigned to each symbol of a mathematical no  tation after which a sequence of natural numbers can then represent a sequence of symbols these sequences of natural numbers can again be represented by single natural numbers facilitating their manipulation in formal theories of arithmetic since the publishing of gö  del s paper in 1931 the term gö  del numbering or gö  del code has been used to refer to more general assignments of natural numbers to mathematical objects
the h reflex or hoff  mann s reflex is a refl  ec  tory reaction of muscles after electrical stimulation of sensory fi  bers ia a  ffer  ents stemming from muscle sp  ind  les in their in  nerv  ating nerves for example those located behind the knee the h reflex test is performed using an electric stimul  ator which gives usually a square wave current of short duration and small am  pl  itude higher stimul  ations might involve alpha fi  bers causing an f wave compromising the results and an em  g set to record the muscle response that response is usually a clear wave called h wave 28 35 ms after the stimulus not to be confused with an f wave an m wave an early response occurs 3 6 ms after the onset of stimulation the h and f waves are later responses as the stimulus increases the am  pl  itude of the f wave increases only slightly and the h wave decreases and at supr  am  a  xim  al stimulus the h wave will disappear the m wave does the opposite of the h wave as the stimulus increases the m wave increases there is a point of minimal stimulus where the m wave is absent and the h wave is maxim  al h reflex is analogous to the mechanically induced spinal stretch reflex for example knee jerk reflex the primary difference between the h reflex and the spinal stretch reflex is that the h reflex by  passes the muscle spin  dle and therefore is a valuable tool in assessing modulation of mono  syn  ap  tic reflex activity in the spinal cord although stretch reflex gives just qualitative information about muscle sp  ind  les and reflex arch activity if the purpose of the test to compare performances from different subjects h reflex should be used in that case in fact lat  encies ms and am  pl  it  u  des mv of h wave can be compared h reflex am  pl  it  u  des measured by em  g are shown to decrease significantly with applied pressure such as massage and tapping to the cited muscle the amount of decrease seems to be dependent on the force of the pressure with higher pressures resulting in lower h reflex am  pl  it  u  des h reflex levels return to baseline immediately after pressure is released except in high pressure cases which had baseline levels returned within the first 10 seconds after about 5 days in zero gravity for instance in orbit around earth the h reflex diminishes significantly it is generally assumed that this is due to a marked reduction in the exc  itability of the spinal cord in zero gravity once back on earth a marked recovery occurs during the first day but it can take up to 10 days to return to normal the h reflex was the first medical experiment completed on the international space station
hair an syndrome consists of hyper  and  ro  gen  ism ha insulin resistance ir and ac  anth  osis ni  gr  ic  ans an although it is a rare sub  set of poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome studies on patients with hair an played a key role in elu  ci  dating the patho  genesis of the former in particular although hair an results from two very different types of ab  norm  alities blocking antibodies against the insulin recep  tor or genetically absent reduced insulin recep  tor number function patients with both types have high levels of and  rog  ens male hormones research on the two types of hair an demonstrated that patients with both forms of hair an had very high levels of insulin and critically that it was the high insulin that caused the elev  ation in and  rog  ens in other words regardless of how it comes about high levels of insulin lead to high levels of and  rog  ens this insight had important implications for the understanding of the more common form of poly  c  ys  tic o  vari  an syndrome and ultimately led to new treatments for it such as met  form  in
has 160 is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function designed for use with the korean k  cd  sa digital signature algori  thm it is derived from sha 1 with ass  or  ted changes intended to increase its security it produces a 160 bit output has 160 is used in the same way as sha 1 first it divides input in blocks of 512 bits each and p  ads the final block a dig  est function updates the intermediate has  h value by processing the input blocks in turn the message dig  est algori  thm consists of 80 rounds
has v is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function with a variable output length has v is a has  h function based on a block ci  p  her the has  h function can produce has  h values with lengths from 16 to 40 by  tes
ha  val is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function unlike md 5 but like most modern cry  pto  graphic has  h functions ha  val can produce h  ashes of different lengths ha  val can produce h  ashes in lengths of 128 bits 160 bits 192 bits 224 bits and 256 bits ha  val also allows users to specify the number of rounds 3 4 or 5 to be used to generate the has  h ha  val was invented by yu  li  ang zhen  g jose  f pie  przy  k and jennifer se  berry in 1992
h  ec syndrome is a syndrome characterized by hydro  cephal  us endo  cardi  al fi  bro  el  ast  osis and cat  ar  acts
hel  l  p syndrome is a life threatening ob  ste  tric complic  ation usually considered to be a variant or complic  ation of pre ec  lam  p  sia both conditions usually occur during the later stages of pregnancy or sometimes after childbirth hel  l  p is an abbreviation of the three main features of the syndrome hem  ol  ysis elevated liver enzymes low plat  elet count
ha  emo  chro  mat  osis or h  emo  chro  mat  osis type 1 also h  fe hereditary ha  emo  chro  mat  osis or h  fe related hereditary ha  emo  chro  mat  osis is a hereditary disease characterized by excessive intest  inal absorption of dietary iron resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores humans like most animals have no means to ex  crete excess iron excess iron accumul  ates in tissues and organs disrupting their normal function the most susceptible organs include the liver adren  al g  lands heart skin gon  ads joints and the pan  cre  as patients can present with cir  rho  sis poly  ar  thro  pa  thy adren  al in  sufficiency heart failure or diabetes the hereditary form of the disease is most common among those of northern european ance  stry in particular those of cel  tic descent the disease is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations most often the parents of an individual with an auto  som  al rec  essive condition each carry one copy of the mut  ated gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the condition
hiv associated li  po  dy  stro  phy is a condition characterized by loss of sub  cu  taneous fat associated with infection with hiv
hiv associated ne  ph  ro  pa  thy hi  van refers to kidney disease developing in association with hiv infection the most common or classical type of hiv associated ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is a collapsing focal seg  mental glo  mer  ul  os  clerosis f  s  gs though other forms of kidney disease may also occur with hiv regardless of the underlying his  to  logy ren  al disease in hiv positive patients is associated with an increased risk of death hi  van may be caused by direct infection of the ren  al cells with the hiv 1 virus with resulting ren  al damage through the viral gene products it could also be caused by changes in the release of cy  to  k  ines during hiv infection usually occurs only in advanced disease and approximately 80 of patients with hi  van have a cd 4 count of less than 200 hi  van presents with ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome and progressive kidney failure despite being a cause of chronic kidney failure kidney sizes are usually normal or large
hiv associated neuro  cognitive disorders hand are neuro  logical disorders associated with hiv infection and aids hand may include neuro  logical disorders of various severity such as aids dementia complex ad  c also known as hiv dementia and hiv associated dementia had hiv encephalopathy and mild neuro  cognitive disorder m  nd hiv associated neuro  cognitive disorders are associated with a metabol  ic encephalopathy induced by hiv infection and fueled by immune activation of macro  p  ha  ges and micro  glia these cells are actively infected with hiv and secre  te neuro  toxins of both host and viral origin the essential features of ad  c are disab  ling cognitive impairment accompanied by motor dysfunction speech problems and behavioral change cognitive impairment is characterised by mental slowness trouble with memory and poor concentration motor symptoms include a loss of fine motor control leading to clum  sin  ess poor balance and tre  mors behavioral changes may include apathy leth  ar  gy and diminished emotional responses and spontane  ity hist  opath  o  logically it is identified by the infiltr  ation of mon  oc  y  tes and macro  p  ha  ges into the central nervous system cns gli  osis p  all  or of my  elin she  aths ab  norm  alities of d  end  ri  tic processes and neuro  nal loss ad  c typically occurs after years of hiv infection and is associated with low cd 4 t cell levels and high plasma viral loads it is sometimes seen as the first sign of the onset of aids prevalence is between 10 24 in western countries and has only been seen in 1 2 of india based infections with the advent of highly active anti  retro  viral therapy ha  art the incidence of ad  c has declined in developed countries although its prevalence is increasing ha  art may prevent or delay the onset of ad  c in people with hiv infection and may also improve mental function in people who already have ad  c dementia only exists when neuro  cognitive impairment in the patient is severe enough to interfere markedly with day to day function that is the patient is typically unable to work and may not be able to take care of him or herself before this the patient is said to have a mild neuro  cognitive disorder
hiv associated pr  ur  it  us is a cu  taneous condition an it  chin  ess of the skin that occurs in up to 30 of hiv infected people occurs when the t cell count drops below 400 per cubic mm
human immun  o  deficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome hiv aids is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immun  o  deficiency virus hiv following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza like illness typically this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms as the infection progres  ses it interferes more with the immune system increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis as well as other opportunistic infections and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems these late symptoms of infection are referred to as aids this stage is often also associated with weight loss hiv is spread primarily by unprotected sex including anal and oral sex contaminated blood trans  fu  sions hypo  der  mic needles and from mother to child during pregnancy delivery or breastfeeding some bodily fluids such as sali  va and tears do not transmit hiv methods of prevention include safe sex needle exchange programs treating those who are infected and male circumcision disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child anti  retro  viral medication there is no cure or vaccine however anti  retro  viral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near normal life expectancy treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made without treatment the average survival time after infection is 11 years in 2015 about 36 7 million people were living with hiv and it resulted in 1 1 million deaths most of those infected live in sub saharan africa between its discovery and 2014 aids has caused an estimated 39 million deaths worldwide hiv aids is considered a pandemic — a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading hiv is believed to have originated in west central africa during the late 19 th or early 20 th century aids was first recognized by the united states centers for disease control and prevention c  dc in 1981 and its cause — hiv infection — was identified in the early part of the decade hiv aids has had a great impact on society both as an illness and as a source of discrimination the disease also has large economic impacts there are many mis  conceptions about hiv aids such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non sexual contact the disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion including the catholic church s decision not to support con  dom use as prevention it has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large scale funding since it was identified in the 1980 s
human immun  o  deficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome hiv aids is a disease spectrum of the human immune system caused by infection with human immun  o  deficiency virus hiv as the infection progres  ses it interferes more and more with the immune system making the person much more susceptible to common infections like tuberculosis as well as opportunistic infections and tumors that do not usually affect people who have working immune systems the late symptoms of the infection are referred to as aids this stage is often complicated by an infection of the lung known as pneu  mo  cy  stis pneumonia severe weight loss a type of cancer known as ka  posi s sar  coma or other aids defining conditions genetic research indicates that hiv originated in west central africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century aids was first recognized by the united states centers for disease control and prevention c  dc in 1981 and its cause — hiv infection — was identified in the early part of the decade since its discovery aids has caused an estimated 36 million deaths worldwide as of 2012 as of 2012 approximately 35 3 million people are living with hiv globally a team at the university of oxford united kingdom and the university of leu  ven in belgium tried to reconstruct hiv s family tree and find out where its oldest ancestors came from their 2014 study indicated that hiv aids pandemic originated in the democratic republic of congo as a result of social circumstances and the migration of workers
hiv disease related drug reactions present in hiv infected patients especially those with hel  per t cell counts between 25 and 200 immun  o  suppression that increases the risk for the development of adverse reactions to medications
hiv super  infection also called hiv re  infection is a condition in which a person with established human immun  o  deficiency virus infection acquires a second strain of the virus the hiv super  infection strain a re  combin  ant strain appears when a person becomes infected by two different strains allowing dna to fuse and create a new one the second strain co exists with the first and may cause more rapid disease progression or carry resistance to certain hiv medication people with hiv risk super  infection by the same actions that would place a non infected person at risk of acquiring hiv these include sharing needles and for  going condoms with hiv positive sexual partners for many years super  infection was thought to occur mainly in high risk populations research from uganda published in 2012 indicates that hiv super  infection among hiv infected individuals within a general population remains unknown further research from the journal of infectious diseases indicates that there have been 16 documented cases of super  infection since 2002
h  ms beat  rice was a 98 ton displacement scho  oner launched in 18  60 at ne  wh  av  en she was acquired by the royal navy and the colony of south australia on 27 september 18  62 and served on the australia station and was used as a survey ship and in this role she surveyed areas of the north coast of australia assisted the 18  66 expedi  tion of john mc  kin  lay in the northern territory and surveyed the south australian coast in 18  80 she was purchased outright by the colony of south australia where she was converted into a hul  k in 18  81 as a mo  oring marker for the mail steam  ers at glen  el  g later she was moved in 18  88 to sem  aphor  e as a light  ship she was sold in 1890 to private owners re rigged she was stranded near port lincoln on 4 february 18  97 and after being ref  lo  ating was rebuilt on a voyage to new owners on 14 july 1917 at ho  bart she encountered heavy weather and became stranded at tam  ar heads tas  mania while transporting a load of timber from ho  bart for melbourne she was wrecked off the south eastern side of water  house island in bass strait on 9 april 19  21 her crew was saved and her gear salv  aged beat  rice is  lets in ne  pe  an bay on kang  ar  oo island are named after h  ms beat  rice
h  ms el  k was a 482 ton displacement 16 gun ac  orn class bri  g slo  op of the royal navy launched on 29 september 18  47 from the cha  th  am doc  ky  ard she was sent to the east indi  es station and china station and participated during the second opium war until being assigned to the australia station in 1859 she searched for h  ms s  app  ho with h  m  vs victoria after s  app  ho disappeared in bass strait in february 1858 in 18  60 she participated during the first tar  an  aki war she left the australia station in march 18  60 and upon arriving in england was paid off she was transferred to her majesty s coastguard in 18  63 and was ren  amed w  v 13 and she was later ren  amed w  v 28 she was sold in may 18  93
h  ms pel  or  us was a 2 330 ton displacement 21 gun cor  ve  tte launched on 5 february 18  57 from the dev  on  port doc  ky  ard it was cap  tained at first by frederick beau  champ pag  et se  ym  our then by henry boys and later william henry has  well she participated as part of a squ  ad  ron after the indian rebellion of 18  57 then she was sent to the china station during the second opium war until may 1859 when she s  ailed for australian station in june 18  60 as flagship of the australian squ  ad  ron under captain frederick se  ym  our she participated in the attack on pu  ke  tak  au  ere p  ā during the first tar  an  aki war later that year the crew landed at k  air  au to support british troops under attack from ma  ori and in january 18  61 a gun crew from the ship helped defend the british re  doubt at hu  ir  ang  i against the ma  ori she left the australia station in july 18  62 for pl  y  mouth the future admiral cypri  an bridge served on pel  or  us in the east indi  es as a mid  ship  man she was decommissioned in 1868 and was broken up for scrap in 18  69
human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v positive or  op  har  yn  ge  al cancer op  c also known as h  p  v 16 or  op  har  yn  ge  al cancer or h  p  v op  c is a recognized subtype of or  op  har  yn  ge  al squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as os  cc associated with the h  p  v type 16 virus
ha  ber syndrome is a cu  taneous disorder of hyper  pi  gm  entation characterized by retic  ulated pi  gm  entation of the person s skin a rare geno  der  mat  osis its key features include ro  sac  ea like facial eruption retic  ulated hyper  pi  gm  entation of major fl  ex  ures com  ed  ones on the back and neck and pit  ted facial scars
had  ron spec  tro  sco  py is the sub  field of particle physics that studies the masses and dec  ays of had  ron  s had  ron spec  tro  sco  py is also an important part of the new nuclear physics the properties of had  ron  s are a consequence of a theory called quantum chro  mo  dynamics q  cd q  cd predicts that quar  ks and anti  quar  ks bind into particles called mes  ons another type of had  ron is called a bar  yon that is made of three quar  ks there is good experimental evidence for both mes  ons and bar  y  ons potentially q  cd also has bound states of just glu  ons called glu  eb  alls one of the goals of the field of had  ronic spec  tro  sco  py is to find experimental evidence for exotic mes  ons te  tra  quar  ks molecules of had  ron  s and glu  eb  alls an important part of the field of had  ronic spec  tro  sco  py are the attempts to solve q  cd the properties of had  ron  s require the solution of q  cd in the strong coupling regime where per  turb  ative techniques based on fe  yn  man diag  r  ams do not work there are several approaches to trying to solve q  cd to compu  te the masses of had  ron  s quar  k models lat  tice q  cd effective field theory sum rules
ha  em  ob  ilia is a medical condition of bleeding into the bi  li  ary tree ha  em  ob  ilia occurs when there is a f  ist  ula between a vessel of the s  plan  ch  nic circulation and the intra  he  p  atic or extra  he  p  atic bi  li  ary system it can present as acute upper gastro  intest  inal ug  i bleeding it should be considered in upper ab  domin  al pain presenting with ug  i bleeding especially when there is a history of liver injury or instrum  entation first recorded in 16  54 by francis g  lis  son a cambridge professor
ha  emo  chro  mat  osis type 3 is a type of iron overload disorder associated with deficiencies in transfer  rin recep  tor 2 it exhi  bits an auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance pattern
ha  emo  dial  ysis associated amy  lo  ido  sis is a form of amy  lo  ido  sis associated with chronic kidney failure
ha  emol  ac  ria is a physical condition that causes a person to produce tears that are partially composed of blood it can manifest as tears that are anything from merely red ting  ed to appearing to be entirely made of blood ha  emol  ac  ria is a symptom of a number of diseases and may also be indicative of a tumor in the lac  ri  mal apparatus it is most often provoked by local factors such as bacterial con  junc  ti  vi  tis environmental damage or injuries acute ha  emol  ac  ria can occur in fertile women and seems to be induced by hormones similarly to what happens in end  ome  tri  osis
ha  em  ophi  lia also spelled hem  ophi  lia is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that imp  airs the body s ability to make blood clo  ts a process needed to stop bleeding this results in people bleeding longer after an injury easy bru  ising and an increased risk of bleeding inside joints or the brain those with mild disease may only have symptoms after an accident or during surgery bleeding into a joint can result in permanent damage while bleeding in the brain can result in long term headaches seizures or a decreased level of consciousness there are two main types of ha  em  ophi  lia ha  em  ophi  lia a which occurs due to not enough clo  tting factor viii and ha  em  ophi  lia b which occurs due to not enough clo  tting factor ix they are typically inher  iting from one s parents an x chro  mo  some with a non  functional gene rarely a new mutation may occur during early development or ha  em  ophi  lia may develop later in life due to antibodies forming against a clo  tting factor other types include ha  em  ophi  lia c which occurs due to not enough factor xi and par  a  ha  em  ophi  lia which occurs due to not enough factor v acquired ha  em  ophi  lia is associated with cancers auto  immune disorders and pregnancy diagnosis is by testing the blood for its ability to clo  t and its levels of clo  tting factors prevention may occur by removing a woman s egg fertili  zing it and testing the embryo before putting it in the uter  us treatment is by replacing the missing blood clo  tting factors this may be done on a regular basis or during bleeding episodes replacement may take place at home or in hospital the clo  tting factors are made either from human blood or by re  combin  ant methods by up to 20 of people develop antibodies to the clo  tting factors which makes treatment more difficult the medication des  mop  res  sin may be used in those with mild ha  em  ophi  lia a studies of gene therapy are in early human trials ha  em  ophi  lia a affects about 1 in 5 000 – 10 000 while ha  em  ophi  lia b affects about 1 in 40 000 males at birth as ha  em  ophi  lia a and b are x linked rec  essive disorders females are very rarely severely affected some females with a non  functional gene on one of the x chro  mo  som  es may be mildly symptomatic ha  em  ophi  lia c occurs equally in both sexes and is mostly found in ash  ken  az  i jews in the 1800 s ha  em  ophi  lia was common within the royal families of europe the difference between ha  em  ophi  lia a and b was determined in 1952 the word is from the greek ha  ima α  ἷ  μα meaning blood and phi  lia φ  ι  λ  ία meaning love
ha  em  ophi  lia a is a genetic deficiency in clo  tting factor viii which causes increased bleeding and usually affects males in the majority of cases it is inherited as an x linked rec  essive trait though there are cases which arise from spontaneous mutations
ha  em  ophi  lia b or hem  ophi  lia b is a blood clo  tting disorder caused by a mutation of the factor ix gene leading to a deficiency of factor ix it is the second most common form of ha  em  ophi  lia r  arer than ha  em  ophi  lia a ha  em  ophi  lia b was first recognized as a different kind of ha  em  ophi  lia in 1952 it is sometimes called christmas disease named after stephen christmas the first patient described with this disease in addition the first report of its identification was published in the christmas edition of the british medical journal
ha  em  ophi  lia c also known as plasma thro  m  b  op  las  tin an  tec  ed  ent pta deficiency or ro  sen  th  al syndrome is a mild form of ha  em  ophi  lia affecting both sexes due to factor xi deficiency however it predominantly occurs in jewish people of ash  ken  az  i descent it is the fourth most common co  ag  ulation disorder after von wil  le  brand s disease and ha  em  ophi  lia a and b in the united states it is thought to affect 1 in 100 000 of the adult population making it 10 as common as ha  em  ophi  lia a
ha  em  oph  il  us influ  enz  ae cell  u  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a distinctive blu  ish or pur  pl  ish red cell  u  li  tis of the face
ha  em  oph  il  us men  ing  i  tis is a form of bacterial men  ing  i  tis caused by the ha  em  oph  il  us influ  enz  ae bacteria it is usually but not always associated with ha  em  oph  il  us influ  enz  ae type b men  ing  i  tis involves the infl  amm  ation of the protective memb  ran  es that cover the brain and spinal cord ha  em  oph  il  us men  ing  i  tis is characterized by symptoms including fever naus  ea sensitivity to light headaches stiff neck an  ore  x  ia and seizures ha  em  oph  il  us men  ing  i  tis can be deadly but antibiotics are effective in treating the infection especially when cases are caught early enough that the infl  amm  ation has not done a great deal of damage before the introduction of the hi  b vaccine in 1985 ha  em  oph  il  us men  ing  i  tis was the leading cause of bacterial men  ing  i  tis in children under the age of five however since the creation of the hi  b vaccine only two in every 100 000 children contract this type of men  ing  i  tis five to ten percent of cases can be fatal although the average mortality rate in developing nations is seventeen percent mostly due to lack of access to vaccination as well as lack of access to medical care needed to combat the men  ing  i  tis
haemorrha  gic disease of the new  born also known as vitamin k deficiency bleeding v  k  db is a co  ag  ulation disturbance in new  born infants due to vitamin k deficiency as a consequence of vitamin k deficiency there is an impaired production of co  ag  ulation factors ii vii ix x protein c and protein s by the liver resulting in excessive bleeding hemorrha  ge
ha  ff disease german ha  ff  k  ran  k  heit is the development of r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis sw  elling and breakdown of sk  el  etal muscle with a risk of acute kidney failure within 24 hours of ing  est  ing fish
ha  gem  os  er – we  instein – bres  nick syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder first described by ha  gem  os  er et al in 1989 it is characterized by op  tic atro  phy followed shortly by loss of hearing and peripheral neuro  pa  thy onset of the disease occurred in early childhood as opposed to the later onset of similar diseases op  tic atro  phy occurs in the first year and the following symptoms show up before thirteen years a possible auto  som  al rec  essive form of this disease was described in 1970 by i  wash  ita et al
ha  gl  und ’ s de  form  ity aka the mul  hul  land de  form  ity is a bon  y enlargement on the back of the heel that most often leads to painful bur  si  tis which is an infl  amm  ation of the bur  sa a fluid filled s  ac between the tend  on and bone in ha  gl  und ’ s de  form  ity the soft tissue near the achilles tend  on becomes irritated when the bon  y enlargement ru  bs against shoes ha  gl  und ’ s de  form  ity is often called “ pump bump ” because the rigid backs of pump style shoes can create pressure that aggrav  ates the enlargement when walking
ha  id  inger s brush is an ent  op  tic phenomenon first described by austri  an  physic  ist wil  helm karl von ha  id  inger in 18  44 many people are able to perceive polarization of light it may be seen as a yel  low  ish horizontal bar or bow tie shape with fu  zzy ends hence the name brush visible in the center of the visual field against the blue sky viewed while facing away from the sun or on any bright background it typically occupies roughly 3 – 5 degrees of vision about twice or three times the width of one s thumb held at arm s length the direction of light polarization is per  pend  icular to the yellow bar i e vertical if the bar is horizontal fain  ter blu  ish or pur  pl  ish areas may be visible between the yellow bru  shes see illustration ha  id  inger s brush may also be seen by looking at a white area on many l  cd flat panel computer screens due to the polarization effect of the display in which case it is often diag  onal
hai  ley – hai  ley disease or famili  al benign chronic p  emp  hi  gus or famili  al benign p  emp  hi  gus was originally described by the hai  ley brothers hugh edward and william howard in 1939 it is a genetic disorder that causes bl  is  ters to form on the skin
ha  im – mun  k syndrome also known as pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma with period  on  ti  tis and ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly and ac  ro o  ste  ol  ysis is a cu  taneous condition caused by a mutation in the cathe  p  sin c gene it was named after dr sali  m ha  im and dr mun  k l
hair diseases are disorders primarily associated with the fol  lic  les of the hair an example is hyper  tric  ho  sis many hair diseases can be associated with distinct underlying disorders pie  dra are fun  gal diseases hair disease may refer to excessive shedding or bal  dness or both bal  ding can be loc  alised or diffuse scar  ring or non scar  ring increased hair can be due to hormonal factors hir  su  tism or non hormonal hyper  tric  ho  sis scal  p disorders may or may not be associated with hair loss
hair fol  lic  le nev  us also known as a vel  lus ham  ar  tom  a is a cu  taneous condition that presents as a small pap  ule from which fine ha  irs pro  tru  de evenly from the surface
hair loss also known as al  op  ec  ia or bal  dness refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body typically at least the head is involved the severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body typically infl  amm  ation or scar  ring is not present hair loss in some people causes psychological distress common types include male pattern hair loss female pattern hair loss al  op  ec  ia are  ata and a thin  ning of hair known as tel  o  gen efflu  vi  um the cause of male pattern hair loss is a combination of genetics and male hormones the cause of female pattern hair loss is unclear the cause of al  op  ec  ia are  ata is auto  immune and the cause of is tel  o  gen efflu  vi  um is typically a physically or psychologically stressful event tel  o  gen efflu  vi  um is very common following pregnancy less common causes of hair loss without infl  amm  ation or scar  ring include the pulling out of hair certain medications including chem  otherapy hiv aids hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and malnutrition including iron deficiency causes of hair loss that occurs with scar  ring or infl  amm  ation include fun  gal infection lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus radiation therapy and sar  co  ido  sis diagnosis of hair loss is partly based on the areas affected treatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition intervention that can be tried include the medications min  ox  idi  l or fin  aster  ide and hair transplant surgery al  op  ec  ia are  ata may be treated by ster  o  id injections in the affected area but these need to be frequently repeated to be aff  ective hair loss is a common problem pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of males and a quarter of females about 2 of people develop al  op  ec  ia are  ata at some point in time
hair tour  ni  quet is a medical condition where  in a hair or other thread becomes tied around a toe or finger tightly so as to put the digit at risk of damage occasionally this is known as toe tour  ni  quet the problem usually arises in babies and small children when ha  irs and thread are lost loosely inside socks they can become spontaneously tied round a toe and will tend to tighten with w  ri  ggling natural hair is much more likely to undergo this phenomenon than sp  un thread incidents similar to this can also occur during sleep usually under du  ve  ts or sheets which have loose th  reads which can con  strict the toes
in finance a haircut is the difference between the market value of an asset used as loan collateral and the amount of the loan the amount of the haircut reflects the lender s perceived risk of loss from the asset falling in value or being sold in a fire sale the lender will however still hold a lien for the entire value of the asset in the event the collateral is sold to repay the loan the lender will have a higher chance of being made whole expressed as a percentage of the collateral s market value the haircut is the complement of the loan to value ratio together they equal 100 of the value for example united states treasury bills which are seen as fairly safe might have a haircut of 10 while for stock options which are seen as highly risky the haircut might be as high as 30 in other words a 1000 treasury bill will be accepted as collateral for a 900 loan while a 1000 stock option might only allow a 700 loan lower hair  cuts allow for more leverage haircut plays an important role in many kinds of trades such as re  purchase agreements referred to in debt instrument finance as rep  o but not to be confused with the concept of re  possession den  oted by that term in consumer finance and reverse re  purchase agreements reverse rep  o in debt instrument finance in popular media haircut has been used to den  ote a financial loss on an investment as in to take a haircut to accept or receive less than is owed especially following the financial crisis of 2008 the term was popular in political debates surrounding the propri  ety of various government actions in response to the crisis
ha  iry cell leuk  emia is an un  common hem  at  ological m  align  ancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal b lymp  ho  cy  tes it is usually classified as a sub type of chronic lymp  ho  id leuk  emia ha  iry cell leuk  emia makes up approximately 2 of all leuk  emi  as with fewer than 2 000 new cases diagnosed annually in north america and western europe combined ha  iry cell leuk  emia was originally described as his  ti  oc  y  tic leuk  emia m  align  ant re  ticul  osis or lymp  ho  id my  elo  fi  bro  sis in publications dating back to the 1920 s the disease was formally named leuk  emic re  ticul  o  endo  the  li  osis and its characterization significantly advanced by ber  tha bou  ron  cle and colleagues at the ohio state university college of medicine in 1958 its common name which was coined in 1966 is derived from the ha  iry appearance of the m  align  ant b cells under a micro  scope
ha  iry leuk  op  la  k  ia also known as oral ha  iry leuk  op  la  k  ia o  hl or hiv associated ha  iry leuk  op  la  k  ia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corru  gated or ha  iry appearance it is caused by ep  stein bar  r virus eb  v and occurs usually in persons who are immun  o  compromised especially those with human immun  o  deficiency virus infection acquired immun  o  deficiency syndrome hiv aids this white le  sion cannot be scrap  ed off the le  sion itself is benign and does not require any treatment although its appearance may have diagnostic and prog  no  s  tic implications for the underlying condition depending upon what definition of leuk  op  la  k  ia is used ha  iry leuk  op  la  k  ia is sometimes considered a subtype of leuk  op  la  k  ia or a distinct diagnosis
ha  j  du – cheney syndrome also called acro  o  ste  ol  ysis with o  ste  op  or  osis and changes in skull and man  di  ble ar  thro  d  ent  oo  ste  odys  pl  asia and cheney syndrome is an extremely rare auto  som  al dominant con  genital disorder of the connec  tive tissue characterized by severe and excessive bone resor  ption leading to o  ste  op  or  osis and a wide range of other possible symptoms mutations in the not  ch 2 gene identified in 2011 cause h  cs h  cs is so rare that only about 70 cases have been reported worldwide since the discovery of the syndrome in 1948
the ha  jos – par  r  ish – eder – s  auer – wiec  her  t reaction in organic chemistry is a pro  line cataly  sed asymmetric al  do  l reaction the reaction is named after its principal investigators z  ol  tan ha  jos others from hoff  mann la roche and sch  ering ag discovered in the 1970 s the original ha  jos par  r  ish catalytic procedure shown in the reaction equation leading to the op  tically active bic  ycl  ic ke  tol as well as the eder s  auer wiec  her  t modification leading to the op  tically active en  edi  one through the loss of water from the ke  tol paved the way of asymmetric organ  oc  at  al  ysis it has been used extensively as a tool in the synthesis of ster  oids and other en  anti  om  er  ically pure molecules figure 1 in the original reaction shown in figure 1 naturally occurring chir  al pro  line is the chir  al catalyst in an al  do  l reaction the starting material is an ach  ir  al tri  ke  tone and it requires just 3 of pro  line to obtain the reaction product a ke  tol in 93 en  anti  om  eric excess as shown above ha  jos and par  r  ish worked at ambient temperature in di  meth  yl  form  amide d  m  f solvent using a catalytic amount 3 mol  ar equi  v of s − pro  line enabling them to isolate the op  tically active intermediate bic  ycl  ic ke  tol thus they described the first use of pro  line in a catalytic asymmetric al  do  l reaction the sch  ering group worked under non biological conditions using s pro  line 47 mol 1 n per  chlor  ic acid in ace  ton  it  ri  le at 80 ° c hence they could not isolate the ha  jos par  r  ish intermediate bic  ycl  ic ke  tol but instead the condens  ation product 7 as 7 a methyl 2 3 6 7 te  tra  h  dro  in  do  l 1 5 di  one through the loss of water thirty seven years later a new group at sch  ering ag published the continuation of the earlier sch  ering work 3 instead of the aforementioned non biological conditions the new group used the ha  jos par  r  ish catalytic procedure thus they could isolate the op  tically active 6 5 bic  ycl  ic ke  tol described so far only in the ha  jos par  r  ish publications 1 2 ha  jos and par  r  ish investigated further the exact configuration of the above cis f  used 7 a methyl 6 5 bic  ycl  ic ke  tol by circular dic  h  ro  ism and these results were confirmed by a single crystal x ray diff  r  action study the centro symmetr  ical crystal of the corresponding rac  emic ke  tol without a heavy atom label has been obtained by the use of rac  emic pro  line it showed by x ray diff  r  action an ax  ial orientation of the ang  ular methyl group and an equatorial orientation of the hydrox  yl group in the chair con  former of the six memb  ered ring this is in good agreement with the crystal structure of the cd ring of dig  it  ox  i  gen  in the structure of this ke  tol and its ethyl homo  logue are shown as follows ha  jos par  r  ish ket  ols similar studies of the 7 a ethyl homo  logue showed that the ethyl bic  y  c  ic ke  tol existed in a cis conform  ation in which the 7 a ethyl group is equ  atori  ally oriented and the hydrox  yl group is ax  ially oriented in the chair form of the six memb  ered ring as shown above the reason for a preference for this conform  ation could be enhanced 1 3 di  ax  ial interaction in the other cis con  former between the ang  ular ethyl group and the ax  ial hydro  gens at c 4 and c 6 in the six memb  ered ring in a 2000 study the bar  bas group found that inter  molecular al  do  l additions those between ke  tones and alde  hy  des are also possible albeit with use of considerably more pro  line al  do  l bar  bas 2000 the authors noted the similarity of pro  line the al  dol  ase antibodies they had created and natural al  dol  ase enzymes al  dol  ase a all of which operate through an en  amine intermediate in this reaction the large concentration of acet  one one of the two re  ac  tants sup  presses various possible side reactions reaction of the ke  tone with pro  line to an ox  az  oli  din  one and reaction of the alde  hyde with pro  line to an az  om  eth  ine y  li  de not  z and list went on to expand the utility of this reaction to the synthesis of 1 2 di  ols synthesis of di  ols not  z 2000 in their full account of their 2000 communication the group revealed that pro  line together with the thi  az  oli  um salt 5 5 di  methyl thi  az  oli  d  ini  um 4 car  box  y  late were found to be the most effective cataly  sts among a large group of am  ines while catal  ysis with s 1 2 py  r  ro  li  din  yl  methyl py  r  ro  li  dine salts formed the basis for the development of diam  ine organ  oc  at  aly  sts that have proven effective in a wide variety or organ  oc  at  aly  tic reactions the asymmetric synthesis of the wi  eland mi  es  cher ke  tone 1985 is another intr  am  ol  ec  ular reaction also based on pro  line that was explored by the bar  bas group in 2000 in this study the bar  bas group demonstrated for the first time that pro  line can cataly  ze the cas  c  ade michael al  do  l reaction through combined im  ini  um en  amine catal  ysis this work is significant because despite the 30 year history and application of the ha  jos par  r  ish reaction in industry the tri  ke  tone sub  str  ate for this reaction had always been synthe  sized in a dis  crete independent step demonstrating that there was a fundamental lack of understanding of the chemical mechanism of this reaction the bar  bas group had reported the al  dol  ase anti  body cataly  zed im  ini  um en  amine robinson ann  ulation in their 1997 study that marked the beginning of their studies in the area now called organ  oc  at  al  ysis in a report published in 2002 carlos f bar  bas iii said work in the 1970 s on pro  line cataly  zed intr  am  ol  ec  ular al  do  l addition reactions by synthetic organic chem  ists z  ol  tan g ha  jos and david r par  r  ish of the chemical research department at hoff  mann la roche nut  ley n j inspired us to look more closely at parallels between small mol  ecu  le cataly  sts and enzymes in 2002 the mac  millan group was the first to demonstrate the pro  line cataly  zed al  do  l reaction between different alde  hy  des this reaction is unusual because in general alde  hy  des will self con  dense al  do  l mac  millan 2002 the organ  oc  at  aly  tic inter  molecular al  do  l reaction is now known as the bar  bas list al  do  l reaction
hal  al syndrome is a rare disorder characterised by micro  cephal  y cle  ft pal  ate and variable other anomalies
the half life of knowledge is the amount of time that has to elapse before half of the knowledge in a particular area is superseded or shown to be untrue the concept is attributed to fr  itz mach  l  up 1962 for example donald he  bb estimated the half life of psychology to be five years the half life of knowledge differs from the concept of half life in physics in that there is no guarantee that the truth of knowledge in a particular area of study is declining exponentially it is unclear that there is any way to establish what constitutes knowledge in a particular area as opposed to mere opinion or theory this is similar to the concept of a half life of facts coined by samuel ar  bes  man a harvard mathem  ati  cian and scholar at the kaufmann foundation because scientific knowledge is growing by a factor of ten every 50 years this means that half of what scientists may have known about a particular subject will be wrong or obsolete in 45 years
hal  it  osis col  lo  qu  ially called bad breath or fe  tor or  is is a symptom in which a notic  e  ably unpleasant od  or is present on the ex  hal  ed breath concern about hal  it  osis is estimated to be the third most frequent reason for people to seek dental care following tooth decay and gum disease and about 20 of the general population are reported to suffer from it to some degree not all who think they have hal  it  osis have a genuine problem of those who feel they have hal  it  osis significant percentages 5 – 72 have been reported to have no genuine hal  it  osis when professionally examined of those who have genuine hal  it  osis often the od  or is caused by bacteria present below the g  um  line and on the back of the tongue the remaining 10 is accounted for by many conditions including disorders in the nas  al cav  ity sin  uses throat lungs es  op  ha  gus stomach or elsewhere see the related article on ton  sil  lo  li  ths for another possible cause of hal  it  osis very rarely hal  it  osis can be one of many symptoms of a serious underlying medical condition such as liver failure but in the vast majority of cases the cause is minor and can often be reduced by adjustments to oral hygiene including bru  shing or gently scrap  ing the back of the tongue and improving the health of the g  ums by using dental flo  ss occasionally however especially if the origin of the od  or is not in the mouth hal  it  osis can be more difficult to diagnose and to manage successfully bad breath is a social taboo and as a result perceived or genuine hal  it  osis can sometimes trigger social anxiety
hall  er  mann – stre  i  ff syndrome also known as oc  ul  om  andi  bul  o  facial syndrome françois dys  cephal  ic syndrome hall  er  mann – stre  i  ff – françois syndrome oc  ul  om  andi  bul  odys  cephal  y with hypo  tric  ho  sis au  br  y syndrome and ul  l  rich fre  mer  y do  h  na syndrome is a con  genital disorder that affects growth cran  ial development hair growth and dental development there are fewer than 200 people with the syndrome worldwide an organization supporting people with the hall  er  mann – stre  i  ff syndrome is the germany based sch  atten  kin  der e v
a halluc  ination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception halluc  inations are vivid substantial and are perceived to be located in external objective space they are distingu  ishable from these related phenomena dreaming which does not involve wa  ke  fulness illusion which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception imag  ery which does not mim  ic real perception and is under voluntary control and pseu  do  halluc  ination which does not mim  ic real perception but is not under voluntary control halluc  inations also differ from delu  sional perceptions in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus i e a real perception is given some additional and typically absurd significance halluc  inations can occur in any sensory modality — visual aud  itory ol  factory gu  stat  ory t  acti  le propri  o  cep  tive equilibri  o  cep  tive no  cic  eptive thermo  cep  tive and chrono  cep  tive a mild form of halluc  ination is known as a disturbance and can occur in most of the senses above these may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision or hearing faint noises and or voices aud  itory halluc  inations are very common in schizophrenia they may be benevolent telling the subject good things about themselves or malicious cur  sing the subject etc aud  itory halluc  inations of the malicious type are frequently heard for example people talking about the subject behind his her back like aud  itory halluc  inations the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject s back their visual counterpart is the feeling of being looked or st  ared at usually with malicious intent frequently aud  itory halluc  inations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together hyp  nag  og  ic halluc  inations and hypno  pomp  ic halluc  inations are considered normal phenomena hyp  nag  og  ic halluc  inations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypno  pomp  ic halluc  inations occur when one is waking up halluc  inations can be associated with drug use particularly deli  ri  ants sleep deprivation psycho  sis neuro  logical disorders and deli  ri  um trem  ens the word halluc  ination itself was introduced into the english language by the 17 th century physician sir thomas bro  wn  e in 16  46 from the deri  vation of the latin word al  uc  in  ari meaning to w  ander in the mind
halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia greek palin for again and op  sia for seeing is a subtype of pal  in  op  sia a visual disturbance defined as the persistent or recurrence of a visual image after the stimulus has been removed pal  in  op  sia is a broad term describing a heterogeneous group of symptoms which is divided into halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia and illusory pal  in  op  sia halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia refers to the projection of an already en  coded visual memory and is similar to a complex visual halluc  ination the creation of a formed visual image where none exists halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia usually arises from poster  ior cor  tical le  sions or seizures and can be the presenting symptom of a serious neuro  logical disease halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia describes after  images or scenes that are formed long lasting high resolution and iso  ch  rom  atic the pal  in  op  tic images are not typically reliant on environmental parameters and often present with hom  onym  ous visual field deficits halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia occurs un  predictably and the persistent images can appear anywhere in the visual field regardless of the location of the original stimulus a patient will often have only a few episodes of halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia visual per  sever  ation is synonymous with pal  in  op  sia
halluc  ino  gen persisting perception disorder h  pp  d is a disorder characterized by a continual presence of sensory disturbances most commonly visual that are reminiscent of those generated by the use of halluc  in  ogenic substances previous use of halluc  in  ogens by the person is necessary but not sufficient for diagnosis of h  pp  d for an individual to be diagnosed with h  pp  d the symptoms cannot be due to another medical condition h  pp  d is distinct from flash  backs by reason of its relative perman  ence while flash  backs are transi  ent h  pp  d is persistent h  pp  d is a dsm iv diagnosis with diagnostic code 292 89
hall  ux rigi  dus or stiff big toe is degenerative ar  thri  tis and sti  ff  ness due to bone sp  urs that affects the mt  p joint at the base of the hall  ux big toe hall  ux fl  exus was initially described by davies colle  y in 18  87 as a plan  tar fl  ex  ed posture of p  hal  an  x relative to the met  at  ar  sal head about the same time co  t  ter  ill first used the term hall  ux rigi  dus
hall  ux var  us is a de  form  ity of the great toe joint where the hall  ux is devi  ated medi  ally towards the mid  line of the body away from the first met  at  ar  sal bone the hall  ux usually moves in the trans  verse plane unlike hall  ux val  gus hall  ux var  us is un  common in the west but it is common in cultures where the population remains un  shod
hal  o from greek ἅ  λ  ως hal  ō  s is the name for a family of optical phenomena produced by light inter  acting with ice cryst  als suspended in the atmosphere hal  os can have many forms ranging from colored or white rings to ar  cs and spots in the sky many of these are near the sun or moon but others occur elsewhere or even in the opposite part of the sky among the best known hal  o types are the circular hal  o properly called the 22 ° hal  o light pillars and sun dogs but there are many more some of them fairly common others extremely rare the ice cryst  als responsible for hal  os are typically suspended in cir  rus or cir  ro  str  atus clouds high 5 – 10 km or 3 – 6 miles in the upper tro  po  sphere but in cold weather they can also float near the ground in which case they are referred to as diamond dust the particular shape and orientation of the cryst  als are responsible for the type of hal  o observed light is reflected and refrac  ted by the ice cryst  als and may split up into colors because of dispersion the cryst  als behave like pris  ms and mirrors ref  r  acting and reflecting light between their faces sending sh  af  ts of light in particular directions atmospheric phenomena such as hal  os were used as part of weather l  ore as an empirical means of weather forecasting before meteor  ology was developed they often do mean that rain is going to fall within the next 24 hours as the cir  ro  str  atus clouds that cause them can signify an approaching frontal system other common optical phenomena involving water dro  ple  ts rather than ice cryst  als include the  glory and the rain  bow
hal  o b  light of bean is a bacterial disease caused by pseu  dom  onas syr  ing  ae p  v ph  ase  oli  cola hal  o b  light ’ s pathogen is a gram negative aer  ob  ic polar flag  ell  ated and non spor  e forming bacteria this bacterial disease was first discovered in the early 1920 s and rapidly became the major disease of beans throughout the world the disease favors the places where temperatures are moderate and plentiful in  oc  ul  um is available
hal  o nev  us also known as leuko  der  ma acquis  it  um centrifu  gum per  inev  o  id viti  li  go and su  tton nev  us is a mole that is surrounded by a de  pi  gm  ented ring or hal  o
in radi  ology the hal  o sign is a finding of a dark hal  o around the arter  ial lum  en on ul  tras  ound that suggests the diagnosis of temporal arter  i  tis the standard diagnostic test for temporal arter  i  tis is biopsy however ul  tras  ound and m  ri show promise for replacing it the hal  o sign of temporal arter  i  tis should not be confused with de  u  el s hal  o sign which is a sign of fe  tal death the hal  o sign is also understood as a region of ground glass atten  uation surrounding a pul  mon  ary no  dule on an x ray compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct scan of the chest it can be associated with hemorrha  gic no  d  ules tumors or infl  am  matory processes but is most commonly known as an early radio  graphic sign of invasive pul  mon  ary infection by the fun  gus species asper  gill  us in nursing the hal  o sign is the result of a test to see if drainage from a head injury contains cere  bro  spinal fluid when a d  ext  ro  sti  x or tes tape test gives a positive reading for glucose the drainage must be further tested because glucose is also found in the blood to perform the test the le  aking fluid is dri  pped onto a 4 x 4 gau  ze or towel the blood should coal  es  ce into the center leaving a ring if cere  bro  spinal fluid is present
in oce  ano  graphy a halo  cl  ine from greek h  als hal  o ‘ salt ’ and k  lin  ein ‘ to slope ’ is a subtype of chem  o  cl  ine caused by a strong vertical sal  inity gr  adi  ent within a body of water because sal  inity in concert with temperature affects the density of se  aw  ater it can play a role in its vertical str  ati  fication increasing sal  inity by one kg m 3 results in an increase of se  aw  ater density of around 0 7 kg m 3 in the mid  lati  tudes an excess of evapor  ation over precip  itation leads to surface waters being sal  tier than deep waters in such regions the vertical str  ati  fication is due to surface waters being warmer than deep waters and the halo  cl  ine is destabilizing such regions may be prone to salt finger  ing a process which results in the preferential mixing of sal  inity in certain high latitude regions such as the arctic ocean bering sea and the southern ocean the surface waters are actually col  der than the deep waters and the halo  cl  ine is responsible for maintaining water column stability isolating the surface waters from the deep waters in these regions the halo  cl  ine is important in allowing for the formation of sea ice and limiting the escape of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere halo  cl  ines are also found in f  j  ords and poorly mixed estu  aries where fresh water is deposited at the ocean surface
the halo  form reaction is a chemical reaction where a halo  form ch  x 3 where x is a halo  gen is produced by the exhaustive halo  gen  ation of a methyl ke  tone a mol  ecu  le containing the r – co – ch 3 group in the presence of a base r may be al  ky  l or ar  yl the reaction can be used to produce chloro  form ch  cl 3 bromo  form ch  br 3 or i  odo  form chi 3 halo  form reaction scheme
halo  gen ac  ne is caused by io  di  des bromi  des and flu  ori  des hal  ogens that induce an ac  nei  form eruption similar to that observed with ster  oids
a halo  gen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halo  gen mol  ecu  le is added to the carbon – carbon double bond of an al  k  ene functional group the general chemical formula of the halo  gen addition reaction is c c x 2 → x − c − c − x x represents the hal  ogens bro  mine or chlorine and in this case a solvent could be ch 2 cl 2 or cc  l 4 the product is a vic  inal di  hali  de this type of reaction is a halo  gen  ation and an electro  phil  ic addition
the halo  gen dance re  arrangement is an organic reaction in which a halo  gen substitu  ent moves to a new position on an aromatic ring system the reaction belongs to a class of organic reactions called 1 2 re  arrangements the original halo  gen dance is the base cataly  sed re  arrangement of 1 2 4 tri  bromo  benzene to 1 3 5 tri  bromo  benzene in liquid ammonia with the an  il  ine potassium base system the intermediate in this reaction is an ar  yl car  ban  ion the halo  gen dance concept can be extended from benzene derivatives to other aromatic systems as well for instance fur  an and thi  op  hen  e  compounds the halo  gen dance re  arrangement of i  odo  ox  az  oles was studied by the stam  bul  i group
halo  gen  ation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of one or more hal  ogens to a compound or material de  halo  gen  ation is the reverse of halo  gen  ation and results in the removal of a halo  gen from a mol  ecu  le the path  way and sto  ic  hi  ome  try of halo  gen  ation depends on the structural features and functional groups of the organic sub  str  ate as well as on the specific halo  gen in  organic compounds such as metals also undergo halo  gen  ation
halo  geno  der  mas are skin erup  tions that result after exposure to halo  gen containing drugs or substances this may last several weeks after drug use is discontinued this is because of the slow elimination rate of io  di  des and bromi  des fluoro  der  ma is a particular type of halo  geno  der  ma which is caused by flu  oride flu  oride is present in oral hygiene products such as tooth  past  es and mouth wash  es hence this type of ac  ne is seen mostly around the mouth and j  aw  line acute fluoro  der  ma has been observed in patients exposed to ana  esthe  tics containing flu  oride such as se  vo  fl  ur  ane
in compu  tability theory the halting problem is the problem of determining from a description of an arbitrary computer program and an input whether the program will finish running or continue to run forever alan turing proved in 1936 that a general algori  thm to solve the halting problem for all possible program input pairs cannot exist a key part of the proof was a mathematical definition of a computer and program which became known as a turing machine the halting problem is undec  id  able over turing machines it is one of the first examples of a decision problem jack cop  eland 2004 attributes the term halting problem to martin davis
hal  t  los is a german word which means drifting aim  less irresponsible
a ham  arti  a is a focal mal  formation consisting of dis  organized arrangement of tissue types that are normally present in the anatom  ical area a ham  arti  a is not considered to be a tumor and is distinct from a ham  ar  tom  a which describes a benign ne  op  las  m characterized by tissue mis  arrangement similar to a ham  arti  a i e tissue types that are typical of the area but arranged in an atypical manner
a ham  ar  tom  a is a benign focal mal  formation that resembles a ne  op  las  m in the tissue of its origin this is not a m  align  ant tumor and it grows at the same rate as the surrounding tissues it is composed of tissue elements normally found at that site but which are growing in a dis  organized mass they occur in many different parts of the body and are most often as  ymp  tomatic and un  detected unless seen on an image taken for another reason incid  ent  al  oma additionally the definition of ham  ar  tom  a versus benign ne  op  las  m is often unclear since both le  sions can be cl  onal le  sions such as hem  an  gi  om  as lymp  han  gi  om  as r  hab  dom  y  om  as aden  om  as and developmental cy  sts within the kidneys lungs or pan  cre  as are interpreted by some experts as ham  ar  tom  as while others consider them true ne  op  las  ms moreover even though ham  ar  tom  as show a benign his  to  logy it does not eliminate some rare but life threatening clinical issues such as those found in tuber  ous sclerosis and neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type i chor  ist  om  as forms of heter  ot  op  ia are closely related benign tumors found in abnormal locations the two can be differentiated as follows a ham  ar  tom  a is an excess of normal tissue in a normal situation e g a birth  mark on the skin while a chor  ist  oma is an excess of tissue in an abnormal situation e g pan  cre  atic tissue in the du  o  den  um
in the mathematical field of graph theory the hamil  ton  ian path problem and the hamil  ton  ian cycle problem are problems of determining whether a hamil  ton  ian path a path in an un  directed or directed graph that visits each ver  tex exactly once or a hamil  ton  ian cycle exists in a given graph whether directed or un  directed both problems are n  p complete there is a simple relation between the problems of finding a hamil  ton  ian path and a hamil  ton  ian cycle in one direction the hamil  ton  ian path problem for graph g is equivalent to the hamil  ton  ian cycle problem in a graph h obtained from g by adding a new ver  tex and connecting it to all ver  tices of g thus finding a hamil  ton  ian path cannot be significantly slower in the worst case as a function of the number of ver  tices than finding a hamil  ton  ian cycle in the other direction the hamil  ton  ian cycle problem for a graph g is equivalent to the hamil  ton  ian path problem in the graph h obtained by copying one ver  tex v of g v that is letting v have the same neighbourhood as v and by adding two dummy ver  tices of degree one and connecting them with v and v respectively the hamil  ton  ian cycle problem is also a special case of the travelling salesman problem obtained by setting the distance between two cities to one if they are adjacent and two otherwise and verifying that the total distance travelled is equal to n if so the route is a hamil  ton  ian circuit if there is no hamil  ton  ian circuit then the shortest route will be longer
ham  man s syndrome also known as mack  lin s syndrome is a syndrome of spontaneous sub  cu  taneous emph  ys  ema air in the sub  cu  taneous tissues of the skin and pneu  mom  edi  ast  inum air in the medi  ast  inum the center of the chest cav  ity sometimes associated with pain and less commonly dy  sp  ne  a difficulty breathing dy  sp  hon  ia and a low grade fever ham  man s syndrome can cause ham  man s sign an unusual combination of sounds that can be heard with a st  eth  o  scope
a hammer is a type of bul  lish reversal can  d  les  tick pattern made up of just one candle found in price charts of financial assets the candle looks like a hammer as it has a long lower wick and a short body at the top of the can  d  les  tick with little or no upper wick in order for a candle to be a valid hammer most traders say the lower wick must be two times greater than the size of the body portion of the candle and the body of the candle must be at the upper end of the trading range when you see the hammer form in a down  trend this is a sign of a potential reversal in the market as the long lower wick represents a period of trading where the sellers were initially in control but the buyers were able to reverse that control and drive prices back up to close near the high for the day thus the short body at the top of the candle after seeing this chart pattern form in the market most traders will wait for the next period to open higher than the close of the previous period to confirm that the buyers are actually in control two additional things that traders will look for to place more significance on the pattern are a long lower wick and an increase in volume for the time period that formed the hammer
a hammer toe or contracted toe is a de  form  ity of the proxim  al inter  p  hal  ange  al joint of the second third or fourth toe causing it to be permanently bent resembling a hammer mal  let toe is a similar condition affecting the dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joint cla  w toe is another similar condition with dor  si  fl  ex  ion of the proxim  al p  hal  an  x on the lesser met  at  ar  sop  hal  ange  al joint combined with fl  ex  ion of both the proxim  al and dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joints cla  w toe can affect the second third fourth or fifth toes
the hammer  smith ghost murder case of 18  04 set a legal precedent in the uk regarding self defence whether someone could be held liable for their actions even if they were the consequence of a mistaken belief near the end of 18  03 a number of people claimed to have seen and even been attacked by a ghost in the hammer  smith area of london a ghost believed by locals to be the spirit of a suicide victim on 3 january 18  04 a member of one of the armed patrols set up in the wake of the reports shot and killed a pl  aster  er thomas mill  wood mis  taking the white clothes of mill  wood s trade for a gho  stly appar  ition the culprit a 29 year old excise officer named francis smith was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death commu  ted to one year s hard labour the issues surrounding the case were not settled for 180 years until a court of appeal decision in 1984
the ham  mick reaction named after dal  zi  el ham  mick is a chemical reaction in which the thermal dec  ar  box  yl  ation of α pi  co  lin  ic or related acids in the presence of carbon  yl compounds forms 2 py  ri  dy  l car  bin  ols the ham  mick reaction using p cy  men  e as solvent has been shown to increase yields
in sword  smi  thing ham  on 刃  文 ham  on from japanese literally blade pattern is a visual effect created on the blade by the hard  ening process the ham  on is the outline of the hardened zone yak  i  ba which contains the cutting edge ha bl  ades made in this manner are known as differ  entially hardened with a harder cutting edge than sp  ine or mun  e for example mun  e 40 hr  c vs ha 58 hr  c this difference in hard  ness results from clay being applied on the blade prior to the cooling process qu  en  ching less or no clay allows the ha to cool faster making it harder but more brit  tle while more clay allows the mun  e to cool slower and retain its resilience the ham  on outlines the transition between the region of harder mar  ten  si  tic steel at the blade s edge and the sof  ter pear  li  tic steel at the center and back of the sword this difference in hard  ness is the objective of the process the appearance is purely a side effect however the aesthetic qualities of the ham  on are quite valuable — not only as proof of the differential hard  ening treatment but also in its artistic value — and the patterns can be quite complex many modern re  productions do not have natural ham  on because they are thoroughly hardened mono  steel the appearance of a ham  on is reproduced via various processes such as acid et  ching sand  bl  asting or more crude ones such as wire bru  shing some modern re  productions with natural ham  on are also subjected to acid et  ching to enhance that ham  on s prominence a true ham  on can be easily discer  ned by the presence of a ni  oi which is a bright spec  k  led line a few milli  meters wide following the length of the ham  on the ni  oi is typically best viewed at long angles and cannot be fa  ked with et  ching or other methods when viewed through a magni  fying lens the ni  oi appears as a spar  kly line being made up of many bright mart  ens  ite grains which are surrounded by darker sof  ter pear  lite
hand foot and mouth disease h  fmd is a common infection caused by a group of viruses it typically begins with a fever and feeling generally un  well this is followed a day or two later by flat dis  colored spots or bu  mps that may bl  ister on the hands feet and mouth and occasionally but  toc  ks and gro  in signs and symptoms normally appear 3 – 6 days after exposure to the virus the rash generally goes away on its own in about a week finger  nail and to  en  ail loss may occur a few weeks later and these then reg  row the viruses that cause h  fmd are spread through close personal contact through the air from cou  gh  ing and the f  ec  es of an infected person contaminated objects can also spread the disease co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus a 16 is the most common cause and enter  o  virus 71 is the second most common cause other strains of co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus and enter  o  virus can also be responsible some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease other animals are not involved diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms occasionally throat or sto  ol sample may be tested for the virus hand  washing may prevent spread and those infected should not go to work day  care or school no anti  viral medication or vaccine is available but development efforts are underway most cases require no specific treatment simple pain medication such as i  bu  prof  en or num  bing mouth gel may be used occasionally intra  ven  ous fluids are given to children who are unable to drink enough rarely viral men  ing  i  tis or en  ce  ph  ali  tis may complicate the disease h  fmd occurs in all areas of the world it often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kinder  gar  tens large outbreaks have been occurring in asia since 1997 it usually occurs during the spring summer and fall months typically it occurs in children less than five years old but can occasionally occur in adults h  fmd should not be confused with foot and mouth disease also known as ho  of and mouth disease which mostly affects livestock
hand foot genital syndrome h  f  gs is characterized by limb mal  formations and u  ro  genital defects mild bilateral shortening of the thum  bs and great toes caused primarily by shortening of the dis  tal p  hal  an  x and or the first me  tac  ar  pal or met  at  ar  sal is the most common limb mal  formation and results in impaired d  exter  ity or ap  position of the thum  bs u  ro  genital ab  norm  alities include ab  norm  alities of the u  re  ters and u  re  th  ra and various degrees of incomplete mü  ll  er  ian fusion in females and hypo  sp  adi  as of variable severity with or without chor  dee in males ve  si  cou  re  ter  al ref  lux recurrent ur  inary tract infections and chronic p  yel  on  eph  ri  tis are common fertility is normal
a hand de  form  ity is a disorder of the hand that can be con  genital or acquired an example is mad  el  ung s de  form  ity
hand ecz  ema presents on the pal  ms and sol  es and may sometimes be difficult or impossible to differentiate from at  op  ic der  mati  tis allergic contact der  mati  tis and ps  ori  asis which also commonly involve the hands even a biopsy of all these conditions may not result in a definitive diagnosis as all three conditions may demonstrate spongi  osis and cru  sting on the hands non communicable infl  amm  ation of the skin of the hands is referred to as hand ecz  ema hand ecz  ema is widely prevalent and as it is a very visible condition associated with severe it  ching or pain has serious consequences for the affected person including a high psychological impact different disease patterns can be identified according to the course of the illness appearance of symptoms degree of severity or cataly  sts prog  no  sis is hard to predict for individual cases of chronic hand ecz  ema and usually differs from patient to patient successful treatment depends on determining the causes of the condition obtaining an accurate diagnosis sustainable hand protection procedures and an early extensive and where appropriate internal treatment
the hand is a very complex organ with multiple joints different types of lig  ament tend  ons and nerves with constant use it is no wonder that hand disease injuries are common in society hand injuries can result from excessive use degenerative disorders or trauma trauma to the finger or the hand is quite common in society in some particular cases the entire finger may be subject to ampu  tation the majority of traumatic injuries are work related today skilled hand surgeons can sometimes re  attach the finger or thumb using micro  surgery sometimes traumatic injuries may result in loss of skin and plastic surgeons may place skin and muscle graf  ts
the hand of bene  diction results from prolonged compression or injury of the median nerve or the ul  nar nerve at the fore  arm or el  bow with median nerve compression the bene  diction sign only appears when the patient attempts to make a fist but is not present with the hand open with ul  nar nerve compression the bene  diction sign only appears when the patient attempts to extend all fingers but is not present with the hand closed the term hand of bene  diction more frequently refers to damage of the median nerve however median nerve injury prevents the ability to flex the 2 nd and 3 rd digit me  tac  ar  pop  hal  ange  al joint this is due to the loss of in  ner  vation of the lateral 2 l  umb  ric  als of the hand and the lateral half of the fl  ex  or dig  it  orum pro  fun  dus the ext  ens  or dig  it  orum is left un  opposed and the me  tac  ar  pop  hal  ange  al joints of the 2 nd and 3 rd digits remain extended while attempting to make a fist ul  nar nerve injury prevents the ability to extend the 4 th and 5 th digits by imp  airing the 3 rd and 4 th l  umb  ric  als which results in the inability to extend the proxim  al and dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joints the name arises from the inv  oc  ation of a blessing used in christian circles see bene  diction
a hand pay or hand  pay is a condition where a slot machine cannot pay the patron in the typical manner requiring the casino staff such as the floor attendant or cas  hi  er to pay the customer out manu  ally i e by hand in casinos which use coin in coin out systems a hand pay may be caused by a coin jam inadequate supply of coins in the machine s hop  per to pay the requested amount or other problem with the coin out mechanism a hand pay can also be triggered when the win is large enough that the number of coins required to pay out the win would be excessive in casinos that use ticket in ticket out cash  less systems a hand pay can be caused by communication or other issues with the ticket printer more frequently it is caused by communication problems with the server which tracks and as  signs ticket serial numbers hand pays also occur whenever the amount of the win is over the minimum taxable win amount for the jurisdiction that the machine is in this allows the floor attendant to collect the patron s identification and tax id numbers such as the social security number in the united states and other pertinent information such as the winning combination the patron is then provided with the applicable tax forms in the united states a hand pay will normally occur for all wins over 1 200 which is the amount above which win  nings must be reported to the irs some states may have lower thresholds where the taxes must be reported to the state revenue office citizens of the united states winning in that country will receive a w 2 g tax form and often a w 9 form to validate that the social security number they provided is correct to perform a hand pay a floor attendant may complete a form which the patron presents to the cash cage to be paid out in other casinos the floor attendant will retri  eve the funds and pay the patron directly the latter is typical for hand pays resulting from taxable wins most casinos will require an electronic record of the hand pay to be made through the slot accounting system
field hand  ball at the 1936 summer olympics was the first appearance of the sport at the olympics it was contested by six teams the six teams were split into two groups of three each team played the other two teams in its group once the top two teams in each group advanced to the final round while the third ranked teams played each other for fifth and sixth places in the final round each team played all three other teams once final rankings were based on the records of each team in those three games
hand  ball at the 1972 summer olympics was the second appearance of the sport at the olympics returning to the olympic program after a 36 year absence it was contested by sixteen teams the teams were split into four groups of four teams each each team played every other team in its group the lowest team in group a played the lowest in group b while the lowest in groups c and d played each other the winners of those games played each other for 13 th and 14 th places while the losers played each other for 15 th and 16 th the third ranked teams in groups a and b also played each as did those in groups c and d again the winners of those games played each other this time for 9 th and 10 th places the losers played for 11 th and 12 th places the top two teams in each group advanced to the main round those from groups a and b became group i while those from groups c and d became group ii another round robin was played within those groups with the results from the preliminary round carrying over the fourth ranked teams in each of the two main round groups played each other for 7 th and 8 th place the third ranked teams played against each other for 5 th and 6 th place the second ranked teams played for the bron  ze medal and 4 th place the top teams in group i and group ii played each other for the gold and silver medals
han  di  go  du syndrome is a rare and painful o  ste  o  ar  thri  tic disorder endemic to the mal  n  ad region in the state of kar  nat  aka india also known as han  di  go  du joint disease it derives its name from the village of han  di  go  du in the sag  ara tal  uk of the shim  og  a district of kar  nat  aka where it was first noticed this disease currently has no cure scientifically it is termed as endemic famili  al ar  thri  tis of mal  n  ad since the day it was discovered it has claimed over 1000 lives and has left many people crippled apart from sag  ara tal  uk the disease has also been reported from the kop  pa nar  asi  m  har  a  jap  ura and s  ring  eri tal  u  ks of chi  k  kam  ag  al  ur  u district
handwriting recognition or h  w  r is the ability of a computer to receive and interpret intelligible hand  written input from sources such as paper documents photographs touch screens and other devices the image of the written text may be sensed off line from a piece of paper by optical scanning optical character recognition or intelligent word recognition alternatively the movements of the pen tip may be sensed on line for example by a pen based computer screen surface a generally easier task as there are more clues available handwriting recognition principally entails optical character recognition however a complete handwriting recognition system also handles form  at  ting performs correct segm  entation into characters and finds the most plausible words
hand – sch  ü  ller – christian disease is associated with multi  focal lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis it is associated with a tri  ad of ex  oph  thal  mos ly  tic bone le  sions often in the skull and diabetes insi  pi  dus from pit  u  itary stal  k infiltr  ation it is named for alfred hand ar  tur sch  ü  ller and henry as  bury christian
a hanging man is a type of bear  ish reversal pattern made up of just one candle found in an up  trend of price charts of financial assets it has a long lower wick and a short body at the top of the can  d  les  tick with little or no upper wick in order for a candle to be a valid hanging man most traders say the lower wick must be two times greater than the size of the body portion of the candle and the body of the candle must be at the upper end of the trading range
hanging miniature is an in camera special effect similar to a mat  te shot where a model rather than a painting is placed in foreground and the action takes place in the background it is thus a specific form of forced perspective
hang  man s frac  ture is the col  lo  qu  ial name given to a frac  ture of both pe  dic  les or par  s inter  artic  ul  aris of the axis verte  bra c 2 or ep  ist  ro  ph  eus
a hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects following the consumption of ethanol as found in wine beer and distilled spirits hango  vers can last for several hours or for more than 24 hours typical symptoms of a hangover may include headache drow  sin  ess concentration problems dry mouth di  zz  iness fatigue gastro  intest  inal distress e g v  om  iting absence of hunger swe  ating naus  ea hyper exc  itability and anxiety while the causes of a hangover are still poorly understood several factors are known to be involved including ace  tal  de  hyde accumulation changes in the immune system and glucose metabol  ism dehydr  ation metabol  ic aci  do  sis disturbed pro  stag  land  in synthesis increased cardiac output vas  o  dil  ation sleep deprivation and malnutrition bever  age specific effects of additives or by products such as con  gen  ers in alcoholic beverages also play an important role the symptoms occur typically after the in  tox  ic  ating effect of the alcohol begins to wear off generally the morning after a night of heavy drinking though many possible remedies and folk cures have been suggested there is no compelling evidence to suggest that any are effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation are the most effective ways to avoid a hangover the socioeconomic consequences and health risks of alcohol hangover include workplace ab  sent  ee  ism impaired job performance reduced productivity and poor academic achievement a hangover may also compromise potentially dangerous daily activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery
han  hart syndrome is a con  genital disorder that causes an un  developed tongue and mal  formed extre  mi  ties and fingers
hansen s problem is a problem in plan  ar surve  ying named after the astro  no  mer peter andreas hansen 17  95 – 18  74 who worked on the geo  de  tic survey of denmark there are two known points a and b and two unknown points p 1 and p 2 from p 1 and p 2 an observer measures the angles made by the lines of sight to each of the other three points the problem is to find the positions of p 1 and p 2 see figure the angles measured are α 1 β 1 α 2 β 2 since it involves observations of angles made at unknown points the problem is an example of res  ection as opposed to inter  section
han  ta  viruses are single stranded envelop  ed negative sense r  na viruses in the bun  y  avi  ri  da  e family which can kill humans they normally infect ro  dents and do not cause disease in these hosts humans may become infected with han  ta  viruses through contact with ro  dent urine sali  va or f  ec  es some strains of han  ta  viruses cause potentially fatal diseases in humans such as han  ta  virus hemorrha  gic fever with ren  al syndrome h  frs and han  ta  virus pul  mon  ary syndrome h  ps — also known as han  ta  virus cardi  op  ul  mon  ary syndrome h  c  ps — while others have not been associated with known human disease h  ps h  c  ps is a rare respiratory illness associated with the inhal  ation of aero  soli  zed ro  dent ex  cre  ta urine and f  ec  es contaminated by han  ta  virus particles human infections of han  ta  viruses have almost entirely been linked to human contact with ro  dent ex  cre  ment but recent human to human transmission has been reported with the an  des virus in south america han  ta  virus is named for the han  tan river area in south korea where an early outbreak was observed the virus was isolated in the late 1970 s by karl m johnson and ho wang lee
the han  tz  sch py  ri  dine synthesis or han  tz  sch di  hydro  py  ri  dine synthesis is a multi component organic reaction between an alde  hyde such as form  alde  hyde 2 equivalents of a β ke  to ester such as ethyl ace  to  acetate and a nitrogen donor such as ammonium acetate or ammonia the initial reaction product is a di  hydro  py  ri  dine which can be ox  idi  zed in a subsequent step to a py  ri  dine the driving force for this second reaction step is aromati  zation this reaction was reported in 18  81 by arthur ru  dol  f han  tz  sch a 1 4 di  hydro  py  ri  dine dic  ar  box  y  late is also called a 1 4 d  h  p compound or a han  tz  sch compound these compounds are an important class of calcium channel bloc  kers and as such commerci  alized in for instance ni  fe  di  pine am  lo  di  pine or nim  o  di  pine the reaction has been demonstrated to proceed in water as reaction solvent and with direct aromati  zation by fer  ric chloride man  g  anese dioxide or potassium perman  gan  ate in a one pot synthesis han  tz  sch reaction with ammonium acetate ethyl ace  to  acetate form  alde  hyde and fer  ric chloride the han  tz  sch di  hydro  py  ri  dine synthesis is found to benefit from microwave chemistry
the han  tz  sch py  r  role synthesis named for arthur ru  dol  f han  tz  sch is the chemical reaction of β ke  to  esters 1 with ammonia or primary am  ines and α halo  ke  tones 2 to give substituted py  r  roles 3 py  r  roles are found in a variety of natural products with biological activity so the synthesis of substituted py  r  roles has important applications in medicinal chemistry alternative methods for synthe  sizing py  r  roles exist such as the k  nor  r py  r  role synthesis and pa  al k  nor  r synthesis the han  tz  ch py  r  role synthesis
hap  al  ony  ch  ia also known as egg shell nail is a condition in which the top of a toe or finger nail becomes soft and thin causing it to bend or break this condition can manifest as a result of genetic discrepancy and may also occur due to malnutrition and deb  ility nails are often a representation of the internal nutritional of health although overall well being is not typically determined by nail health f  issu  res breaks and calcium spots are minor indications of inner health hap  al  ony  ch  ia may also be attributed to my  x  e  dem  a r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis an  ore  x  ia bu  li  mia hansen s disease ray  n  aud phenomenon oral re  tin  o  id therapy or radio  der  mati  tis
hap  nes bom  an ske  ie syndrome is a rare genetic disorder first described by s  vel  n hap  nes et al in 1980 it is characterized by sub  cu  taneous an  gi  oli  po  mas around the w  rists knees and an  kles it is also known as anom  alous insertion of ext  ens  or tend  ons of fingers a name derived from the condition that the tend  ons of the fingers are attached in such a way that the fingers cannot open or close normally though the tumors extend deeply into the muscle tissue joints and tend  ons the tumors did not invade these structures
har  am  aki japanese 腹  巻 lit bell  y  band are items of japanese clothing that cover the stomach they are worn for health and fashion reasons
the hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining how and why we have quali  a or phenomen  al experiences — how sens  ations acquire characteristics such as colors and tastes the philosopher david chal  mers who introduced the term hard problem of consciousness contrasts this with the easy problems of explaining the ability to discriminate integrate information report mental states focus attention etc easy problems are easy because all that is required for their solution is to specify a mechanism that can perform the function that is their proposed solutions regardless of how complex or poorly understood they may be can be entirely consistent with the modern materi  alistic conception of natural phenomena chal  mers claims that the problem of experience is distinct from this set and he argues that the problem of experience will persist even when the performance of all the relevant functions is explained the existence of a hard problem is controversial and has been disputed by philosophers such as daniel den  nett and cognitive neuro  scientists such as stan  isl  as dehaene clinical neuro  logist and skep  tic steven novel  la has dismissed it as the hard non problem
har  der  op  or  phy  ria is a rare disorder of hem  e bio  synthesis inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner caused by specific mutations in the c  pox gene mutations in c  pox usually cause hereditary co  propor  phy  ria an acute he  p  atic por  phy  ria however the k 404 e mutation in a homo  zy  g  ous or compound hetero  zy  g  ous state with a null alle  le cause the more severe har  der  op  or  phy  ria har  der  op  or  phy  ria is the first known metabol  ic disorder where the disease phen  o  type depended on the type and location of the mutations in a gene associated with multiple disorders in contrast with other por  phy  ri  as which typically present with either cu  taneous le  sions after exposure to sunlight or acute neuro  vis  cer  al attack at any age most commonly in adul  thood har  der  op  or  phy  ria is characterized by ja  und  ice an  emia enlarged liver and sp  leen often presenting in the ne  on  atal period later in life these individuals may present with photo  sensitivity similar to that found in cu  taneous por  phy  ri  as bio  chemically har  der  op  or  phy  ria presents with a distinct pattern of increased har  der  op  or  phy  rin 2 vinyl 4 6 7 tri  pro  pi  onic acid por  phy  rin in urine and particularly in f  ec  es a metabol  ite that is not seen in significant quantities in any other por  phy  ria enzyme tests show markedly reduced activity of co  propor  phy  rin  o  gen oxid  ase compared to both unaffected individuals and those affected with hereditary co  propor  phy  ria consistent with rec  essive inheritance har  der  op  or  phy  ria is a rare condition with less than 10 cases reported worldwide it may be under  diagnosed as it does not have the typical presentation associated with a por  phy  ria it was identified as a variant type of co  propor  phy  ria in 1983 in a family with three children identified at birth with ja  und  ice and hem  ol  y  tic an  emia there is no standard treatment for har  der  op  or  phy  ria care is mainly focused on the management of symptoms
harding at  ax  ia also known as early onset cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia with retained refl  exes e  o  car  r is an auto  som  al rec  essive cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia originally described by harding in 1981 this form of cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia is similar to fried  reich at  ax  ia including that it results in poor refl  exes and balance but differs in several ways including the absence of diabetes mell  it  us op  tic atro  phy cardi  om  y  opathy sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities and the fact that tend  on refl  exes in the arms and knees remain intact this form of at  ax  ia is characterized by onset in the first 20 years and is less severe than fried  reich at  ax  ia additional cases were diagnosed in 1989 1990 1991 and 1998
in mathematics har  ish chan  dra s c function is a function related to the intertw  ining operator between two principal series representations that appears in the plan  ch  erel measure for s  emis  im  ple lie groups har  ish chan  dra introduced a special case of it defined in terms of the as  ymp  to  tic behavior of a z  onal spher  ical function of a lie group and har  ish chan  dra introduced a more general c function called har  ish chan  dra s generalized c function g  indi  kin and kar  p  elev  ich introduced the g  indi  kin – kar  p  elev  ich formula a product formula for har  ish chan  dra s c function
in mathematical harmon  ic analysis har  ish chan  dra s ξ function is a special spher  ical function on a s  emis  im  ple lie group studied by har  ish chan  dra section 16 har  ish chan  dra used it to define har  ish chan  dra s schwar  tz space 4 5 gives a detailed description of the properties of ξ
har  le  quin type ich  thy  osis is a very rare severe genetic disease which causes thick  ening of the skin at birth the child ’ s whole body is en  c  ased in an armour of thick white plates of skin separated with deep cracks in addition the eyes ears penis and limbs may be abnormally contracted because of resultant cracked skin in locations where normal skin would fold it is easily preg  n  able by bacteria and other contaminants which can result in serious risk of fatal infection it is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital ich  thy  osis which is a group of non  syndro  mic disorders of ker  at  ini  zation it is associated with a mutation in the gene for the protein ab  ca 12 the disease can be diagnosed in the uter  us by way of fe  tal skin biopsy or by analysis of am  ni  otic fluid cells obtained by am  ni  oc  ent  esis common features of the disease can be recognized through ul  tras  ound and follow up with 3 d ul  tras  ound to diagnose the condition ul  tras  ound can reveal abnormal facial features with ec  tro  p  ion ec  lab  ium short foot length incur  ved toes cl  en  ched f  ists poor deline  ation of no  stri  ls and poly  hy  dram  ni  os constant care is required to mois  tur  ise and protect the skin the overall rate of har  le  quin ich  thy  osis is 1 in 300 000 births the har  le  quin type designation comes from the diamond shape of the scales at birth resembling the costume of ar  lec  chin  o
har  le  quin color change is a cu  taneous condition seen in new  born babies characterized by mom  entary red color changes of half the child sharply demarc  ated at the body s mid  line this transi  ent change occurs in approximately 10 of healthy new  bor  ns it is seen usually between two and five days of birth the condition lasts from 30 seconds to 20 minutes and then f  ades it may recur when the infant is placed on his or her side as the intensity of color has been shown to be gravity dependent and considerably variable from one infant to another the dark red color skin of the new  born with har  le  quin signs indicates poly  cy  them  ia poly  cy  them  ia is common in pre  term infants because of the presence of fe  tal red blood cells r  b  cs the condition is also often seen in healthy new  bor  ns although associations like with pre  maturity low birth weight hypo  x  ia systemic use of pro  stag  land  in e 1 or in  trac  ran  ial injury men  ing  i  tis and even an  esthesia has been mentioned in the literature probable differential diagnosis are port wine stain and nascent hem  an  gi  oma of infancy but these can be differentiated due to transi  ent nature of this condition hypothe  sized patho  genesis involves temporary imbalance in the tone of cu  taneous blood vessels secondary to hypo  thal  am  ic im  maturity this condition was first described by ne  lig  an and str  ang in 1952 and was named so
har  le  quin syndrome is a condition characterized by asymmetric swe  ating and flu  shing on the upper thor  ac  ic region of the chest the neck and the face it is caused by sustaining an injury to the sympathetic nervous system listed as a rare disease har  le  quin syndrome affects fewer than 200 000 people in the united states it can also be the outcome of a unilateral endo  scopic thor  ac  ic sympath  ec  tomy ets or endo  scopic sympathetic blockade es  b surgery see endo  scopic thor  ac  ic sympath  ec  tomy
in psychology harm avoidance ha is a personality trait characterized by excessive worrying pessimism sh  y  ness and being fearful doubtful and easily fati  gu  ed in m  ri studies ha was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the or  bi  to frontal oc  ci  p  ital and par  ie  tal regions harm avoidance is a temper  ament assessed in the temper  ament and character inventory t  ci its revised version t  ci r and the tri  dimensional personality questionnaire t  p  q and is positively related to the trait neuro  ticism and inver  sely to extra  version in the revised neo personality inventory and the ey  sen  ck personality questionnaire researchers have cont  ended that harm avoidance represents a composite personality dimension with neuro  tic intro  version at one end of the spectrum and stable extra  version at the other end harm avoidance has also been found to have moderate in  verse relationships with consci  enti  ousness and openness to experience in the five factor model the ha of t  p  q and t  ci r has four sub  scales 1 anticip  atory worry ha 1 2 fear of uncertainty ha 2 3 sh  y  ness sh  y  ness with strangers ha 3 4 fati  g  ability fati  g  ability and asth  enia ha 4 it has been suggested that ha is related to high sero  ton  er  gic activity and much research has gone into investigating the link between ha and components of the sero  ton  in system e g genetic variation in 5 h  tt  l  pr in the sero  ton  in transporter gene
in mathematics a weak ma  ass form is a smooth function f on the upper half plane transforming like a mod  ular form under the action of the mod  ular group being an ei  gen  function of the corresponding hyper  bol  ic lap  l  ace operator and having at most linear exponential growth at the cus  ps if the ei  gen  value of f under the lap  lac  ian is zero then f is called a harmon  ic weak ma  ass form or briefly a harmon  ic ma  ass form a weak ma  ass form which has actually moderate growth at the cus  ps is a classical ma  ass wave form the fou  rier expan  sions of harmon  ic ma  ass forms often en  code interesting combin  atorial arithmetic or geome  tric generating functions regul  arized the  ta lifts of harmon  ic ma  ass forms can be used to construct ar  ak  el  ov green functions for special divis  ors on orth  og  onal shim  ura varieties
the harmon  ic seventh ch  ord is a major tri  ad plus the harmon  ic seventh interval ratio of 7 4 about 9  68 8  26 cents this interval is somewhat narrower about 48 77 cents a sep  tim  al quarter tone and is swee  ter in quality than an ordinary minor seventh which has a just int  on  ation ratio of 9 5 1017 596 cents or an equal temper  ament ratio of 1000 cents 25 6 1 frequent use of this ch  ord is one of the defining characteristics of blues and bar  ber  shop harmony bar  ber  shop  pers refer to it as the bar  ber  shop seventh since bar  ber  shop music tends to be sung in just int  on  ation the bar  ber  shop seventh ch  ord may be accurately termed a harmon  ic seventh ch  ord the harmon  ic seventh ch  ord is also widely used in blues fla  vored music as guit  ars pi  anos and other equal temper  ament instruments cannot play this ch  ord it is frequently approxim  ated by a dominant seventh ch  ord as a result it is often called a dominant seventh ch  ord and written with the same symbols such as the blues progression i 7 v 7 iv 7 a frequently encountered example of the harmon  ic seventh ch  ord is the last word of the and many more modern addition to the song happy birthday to you when sung by professional sing  ers the harmony on the word more typically takes the form of a harmon  ic seventh ch  ord the alpha scale has excellent harmon  ic seventh ch  ords using the in  version of 7 4 i e 8 7 it is suggested that the harmon  ic seventh on the dominant not be used as a suspension since this would create a mis  tuned fourth over the tonic the harmon  ic seventh of g f 7 is lower than the perfect fourth over c f ♮ by arch  y  tas comma 27 25 cents 22 equal temper  ament avoids this problem because it temp  ers out this comma while still offering a reasonably good approximation of the harmon  ic seventh ch  ord
har  p  ist s fingers are a cu  taneous condition caused by the repeti  tive playing of the har  p
harrison syndrome is a type of chronic g  out associated with presence of top  hi
har  tn  up disease also known as p  ell  ag  ra like der  mat  osis and har  tn  up disorder is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder affecting the absorption of non  polar amino acids particularly try  pt  oph  an that can be in turn converted into sero  ton  in mel  at  on  in and ni  ac  in ni  ac  in is a precursor to nico  tin  amide a necessary component of n  ad the caus  ative gene sl  c 6 a 19 is located on chro  mo  some 5
hash  im  oto s encephalopathy also known as ster  o  id responsive encephalopathy associated with auto  immune thyro  idi  tis s  re  at is a ne  ou  ro  logical condition characterized by encephalopathy thyro  id auto  immunity and good clinical response to ster  oids it is associated with hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis it was first described in 1966 it is sometimes referred to as a neuro  endocrine disorder although the condition s relationship to the endocrine system is widely disputed it is recognized as a rare disease by the nih genetic and rare diseases information center up to 2005 there were almost 200 published case reports of this disease between 1990 and 2000 43 cases were published since that time research has expanded and numerous cases are being reported by scientists around the world suggesting that this rare condition is likely to have been significantly un  diagnosed in the past over 100 scientific articles on hash  im  oto s encephalopathy were published between 2000 and 2013
hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis also known as chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic thyro  idi  tis is an auto  immune disease in which the thyro  id g  land is gradually destroyed early on there may be no symptoms over time the thyro  id may enlarge forming a pain  less go  itre some people eventually develop hypo  thyro  i  dis  m with its accompanying weight gain feeling tired con  sti  p  ation depression and general pains after many years the thyro  id typically shrin  ks in size potential complications include thyro  id lymp  homa hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors risk factors include a family history of the condition and having another auto  immune diseases diagnosis is confirmed with blood tests for ts  h t 4 and anti  thyro  id antibodies other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include graves ’ disease and non  toxic no  d  ular go  iter hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis regardless of whether or not hypo  thyro  i  dis  m is present can be treated with le  vo  thyro  x  ine if hypo  thyro  i  dis  m is not present some may recommend no treatment while others may treat to try to reduce the size of the go  itre those affected should avoid eating large amounts of i  od  ine however sufficient i  od  ine is required especially during pregnancy surgery is rarely required to treat the go  itre hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis affects about 5 of the population at some point in their life it typically begins between the ages of 30 and 50 and is much more common in women than men rates of disease appear to be increasing it was first described by the japanese physician ha  kar  u hash  im  oto in 19  12 in 1957 it was recognized as an auto  immune disorder
hat puzz  les are logic problems that date back to as early as 1961 a number of players at least three are each wearing a hat which may be of various specified colours players can see the colours of at least some other players hats but not that of their own with highly restricted communication or none some of the players must guess the colour of their hat the problem is to find a strategy for the players to determine the colours of their hats based on the hats they see and what the other players do in some versions they compete to be the first to guess correctly in others they can work out a strategy beforehand to cooperate and maximize the probability of correct gu  esses another version is the white hat black hat version there are three men sitting around a round table there are five hats on the table two black three white all three men are then blind  fol  ded hats are placed on their heads the other hats are then removed these men are supposed to figure out the colour of their hat by only looking at the other men s hats the first man removes his blind  fold after looking at the other men s hats he says that he cannot figure out the colour of his hat and gives up the second man then removes his blind  fold looking at the other men and cannot figure out the colour of his hat and gives up but the third man without removing his blind  fold says the colour of his hat correctly what colour hat is the third man wearing and how did he figure it solution the third man was wearing a white hat  the first man takes off his blind  fold if the other two men were wearing a black hat he would have known he was wearing a white hat therefore not possible so one or none of the other men were wearing a black hat the second man took off his blind  fold while looking at the third man he realised that if the third man was wearing a black hat that he could not so he would have to be wearing a white hat cause he was unsure of his own hat colour therefore guaranteeing the third man having a white hat one variation received some new publicity as a result of todd e  bert s 1998 ph d thesis at the university of california santa barbara it is a strategy question about a cooperative game which has connections to al  ge  bra  ic coding theory
hat  ch  ings are distinctive and systematic patterns of lines and do  ts used for designating heral  d  ic t  inc  tures or other colours on un  coloured surfaces such as wood  cuts or en  grav  ings seals and coins several systems of hat  ch  ings were developed during the renaissance as an alternative to tric  king the earlier method of indicating heral  d  ic t  inc  tures by use of written abbrevi  ations the present day hatching system was developed during the 16  30 s by sil  vest  er pe  tra sanc  ta and marcus vul  son de la colom  bi  ère some earlier hatching methods were also developed but did not come into wide use
ha  ver  hill fever or epidemic ar  thri  tic er  y  them  a is a form of rat bite fever caused by the bacter  ium st  rep  tob  ac  ill  us mon  ili  form  is an organism common in rats and mice symptoms begin to appear two to ten days after a rat bite injury the illness resembles a severe influenza with a moderate fever 38 40 ° c or 101 104 ° f ch  ills joint pain and a diffuse red rash located mostly on the hands and feet the caus  ative organism can be isolated by blood culture and pen  ic  ill  in is the most common treatment treatment is usually quite successful although the body can clear the infection by itself in most cases complications are rare but can include endo  cardi  tis and men  ing  i  tis despite its name it can present without being bit  ten by a rat the disease was recognized from an outbreak which occurred in ha  ver  hill massachusetts in january 19  26 the organism s mon  ili  form  is was isolated from the patients epidemiology implicated infection via consumption of milk from one particular dairy
a hawai  ian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle low level eruption it is so named because it is characteristic of hawai  ian volcan  oes typically they are eff  u  sive erup  tions with bas  al  tic mag  mas of low vis  cos  ity low content of gases and high temperature at the vent very little amounts of volcanic ash are produced this type of eruption occurs most often at hot  spot volcan  oes such as k  ī  lau  ea and iceland though it can occur near sub  duc  tion zones e g medicine lake volcano in california united states and rift zones another example of hawai  ian erup  tions occurred on sur  t  sey from 1964 to 1967 when mol  ten lava flow  ed from the cr  ater to the sea hawai  ian erup  tions may occur along fis  sure v  ents such as during the eruption of ma  una lo  a volcano in 1950 or at a central vent such as during the 1959 eruption in k  ī  lau  ea i  ki cr  ater which created a lava foun  tain 580 meters 1 900 ft high and formed a 38 meter cone named pu  ʻ  u pu  a  ʻ  i in fis  sure type erup  tions lava spur  ts from a fis  sure on the volcano s rift zone and feeds lava streams that flow down  slope in central vent erup  tions a foun  tain of lava can spur  t to a height of 300 meters or more heights of 1600 meters were reported for the 1986 eruption of mount mi  hara on iz  u ō  shima japan hawai  ian erup  tions usually start by the formation of a crack in the ground from which a curtain of incan  descent mag  ma or several closely spac  ed mag  ma foun  tains appear the lava can over  flow the fis  sure and form ʻ  a  ʻ  ā or p  ā  ho  e  ho  e style of flows when such an eruption from a central cone is protracted it can form lightly slop  ed shield volcan  oes for example ma  una lo  a or sk  jal  d  bre  i  ð  ur in iceland
haw  kin  sin  ur  ia also called 4 alpha hydroxy  phen  yl  py  ru  v  ate hydrox  yl  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al dominant metabol  ic disorder affecting the metabol  ism of ty  ros  ine normally the breakdown of the amino acid ty  ros  ine involves the conversion of 4 hydroxy  phen  yl  py  ru  v  ate to hom  og  enti  sate by 4 hydroxy  phen  yl  py  ru  v  ate diox  y  gen  ase complete deficiency of this enzyme would lead to ty  ro  sin  emia iii in rare cases however the enzyme is still able to produce the reactive intermediate 1 2 epo  xy  phen  yl acetic acid but is unable to convert this intermediate to hom  og  enti  sate the intermediate then spontaneously reacts with glu  ta  th  ione to form 2 l cy  stein s yl 1 4 di  hydro  xy cyclo  h  ex 5 en 1 yl acetic acid haw  k  ins  in patients present with metabol  ic aci  do  sis during the first year of life which should be treated by a phen  yl  alan  ine and ty  ros  ine restricted diet the tolerance toward these amino acids norm  alizes as the patients get older then only a chlorine like smell of the urine indicates the presence of the condition patients have a normal life and do not require treatment or a special diet the production of haw  k  ins  in is the result of a gain of function mutation inheritance of haw  kin  sin  ur  ia is therefore auto  som  al dominant presence of a single mut  ated copy of the gene causes the condition most other in  born errors of metabol  ism are caused by loss of function mutations and hence have rec  essive inheritance condition occurs only if both copies are mut  ated
the hay  ashi re  arrangement is the chemical reaction of orth  o benzo  yl  benzo  ic acids cataly  zed by sul  fur  ic acid or phosphorus pent  oxide the hay  ashi re  arrangement this reaction proceeds through electro  phil  ic ac  y  lium ion attack with a spir  o intermediate hay  ashi mechanism
a hay  ra  ke table is a distinct pattern of table produced as part of the english arts and crafts movement in the early part of the twentieth century its distinctive feature is the arrangement of the lower stret  cher between the legs as a double ended y shape the shape of each end and their join  ery was based on traditional english craft wood  working and the construction of wooden hay ra  kes the stret  cher is not merely a simple y shape but its junction is brac  ed by a t shaped joint as was needed for the work of a ra  ke some modern re  productions simplify this to a plain y abandoning the design s original roots these tables are best known as the work of ern  est gim  son and his associates the bar  n  sley brothers and peter wa  als at their dan  e  way workshops in sap  per  ton gl  ou  c  est  er  shire other arts and crafts designers of the period also produced them particularly those in the co  t  sw  olds such as gordon russell timber used in their construction was as for other arts and crafts work locally grown english hard  woods most were produced in oak although some like the original hay ra  kes were made in ash the design varies between makers mostly in its details gim  son s tables are considered the finest and the can  on  ical example of the design their edges are heavily cham  fer  ed a typically gim  son feature which is derived from the finishing of the original agricultural tools this cham  fer also has the practical benefit for a table stret  cher of reduced wear from feet on an otherwise sharp edge gim  son s distinctive use of gentle stopped cham  f  ers ev  okes the framing of gl  ou  c  est  er  shire wagons gim  son s tables also have their edges finished with bands of chip car  ving or sometimes with in  laid bands of light holly and dark bo  g oak peter wa  als produced the tables for some time after the death of gim  son and as with many of his pieces updated their arts and crafts detailing to follow the post war fashi  ons of modern  ism and art dec  o although less well known than some other icon  ic arts and crafts pieces the hay  ra  ke table remains a popular design to this day they are produced both commercially and as plans for hob  by  ists
hay – wells syndrome also known as a  ec syndrome see is one of at least 150 known types of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia these disorders affect tissues that arise from the ec  to  der  mal germ layer such as skin hair and nails
in the domain of central processing unit c  pu design hazards are problems with the instruction pipeline in c  pu micro  architec  tures when the next instruction cannot execute in the following clock cycle and can potentially lead to incorrect compu  tation results three common types of hazards are data hazards structural hazards and control flow hazards bran  ching hazards there are several methods used to deal with hazards including pipeline st  alls pipeline bub  bling and in the case of out of order execution the score  boarding method and the tom  as  ul  o algori  thm
in digital logic a hazard in a system is an undesirable effect caused by either a deficiency in the system or external influences logic hazards are manifestations of a problem in which changes in the input variables do not change the output correctly due to some form of delay caused by logic elements not and or gates etc this results in the logic not performing its function properly the three different most common kinds of hazards are usually referred to as static dynamic and function hazards hazards are a temporary problem as the logic circuit will eventually settle to the desired function therefore in synchron  ous designs it is standard practice to register the output of a circuit before it is being used in a different clock domain or rou  ted out of the system so that hazards do not cause any problems if that is not the case however it is imperative that hazards be eliminated as they can have an effect on other connected systems
head of line blocking hol blocking in computer networking is a performance limiting phenomenon that occurs when a line of packets is held up by the first packet examples include input bu  ffered network switches out of order delivery and multiple requests in http pipel  ining
head and lateral line erosion hl  le or hole in the head hi  th is a disease in fish chronic ul  cer  ative der  mat  opathy or chronic ero  sive der  mat  opathy are symptoms of similar conditions with different eti  ology
head and neck cancer is a group of cancers that starts within the mouth nose throat lar  yn  x sin  uses or sali  vary g  lands symptoms may include a lump or sore that does not heal a sore throat that does not go away trouble sw  allowing or a change in the voice there may also be unusual bleeding facial sw  elling or trouble breathing about 80 of head and neck cancer is due to the use of alcohol or tobacco other risk factors include be  tel quid certain types of human pap  il  lo  ma  virus radiation exposure certain workplace exposures and ep  stein bar  r virus head and neck cancers are most commonly of the squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma type the diagnosis is confirmed by tissue biopsy the degree of spread may be determined by medical imaging and blood tests prevention is by not using tobacco or alcohol while screening in the general population does not appear to be useful screening high risk groups by examination the throat might be useful often head and neck cancer is cur  able if detected early however outcomes are typically poor if detected late treatment may include a combination of surgery radiation therapy chem  otherapy and targeted therapy following treatment of one head and neck cancer people are at higher risk of a second cancer in 2013 head and neck cancers globally affected more than 4 6 million people mouth 2 4 million throat 1 3 million lar  yn  x 0 9 million and resulted in more than 362 000 deaths mouth 135 000 throat 139 000 lar  yn  x 88 000 together they are the seventh most frequent cancer and the ninth most frequent cause of death from cancer in the united states about one percent of people are affected at some point in their life and males are affected twice as often as females the usually age at diagnosis is between 55 and 65 years the average 5 year survival following diagnosis in the developed world is 42 to 64
head and neck cancers are m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms that arise in the head and region which comprises nas  al cav  ity par  an  as  al sin  uses oral cav  ity sali  vary g  lands phar  yn  x and lar  yn  x the majority of head and neck cancers his  to  logically belong to squ  am  ous cell type and hence they are categ  orized as head and neck squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma abbreviated as hn  sc  c for  as  ti  ere aa 2003 hn  sc  c is the sixth most common type of cancer world wide and account for 5 of all m  align  ancies world wide fer  lay j 2010 and 3 of all m  align  ancies in the united states sie  gel r 2014 risk factors include tobacco consumption chewing or smoking alcohol consumption human pap  il  lo  ma virus h  p  v infections es  p h  p  v 16 18 be  tel nut chewing wood dust exposures and others n  ci fac  t  sheet 2013 symptoms include lump or sore sore throat ho  arse of voice difficulty in sw  allowing etc n  ci fac  t  sheet 2013 treatment for hn  sc  c is based on the stage of the disease standard of care for hn  sc  c includes one or combination of the following surgery radiation chem  other  apeu  tic agents such as cis  pl  atin 5 flu  ro  ur  ac  il 5 fu etc molec  ularly targeted therapies were developed since the discovery of role of ep  id  er  mal growth factor recep  tor eg  fr sign  aling in hn  sc  c development progression and prog  no  sis these targeted therapies include mono  cl  onal antibodies such as ce  tu  xim  ab pan  it  um  um  ab etc and ty  ros  ine kin  ase inhi  bit  ors such as er  lot  ini  b ge  fit  ini  b etc among these eg  fr targeting agents only ce  tu  xim  ab has been approved by f  da in 2006 for hn  sc  c treatment ninety percent of cases of head and neck cancer cancer of the mouth nas  al cav  ity nas  op  har  yn  x throat and associated structures are due to squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma symptoms may include a poorly healing mouth ul  cer a ho  arse voice or other persistent problems in the area treatment is usually with surgery which may be extensive and radi  otherapy risk factors include smoking alcohol consumption and hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cell transplantation in addition recent studies show that about 25 of mouth and 35 of throat cancers are associated with h  p  v the 5 year disease free survival rate for h  p  v positive cancer is significantly higher when appropriately treated with surgery radiation and chem  otherapy as compared to non h  p  v positive cancer substantiated by multiple studies including research conducted by maur  a gil  lis  on et al of joh  ns hop  kins sid  ney kim  mel cancer center
any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain can be classified as a head injury the terms traumatic brain injury and head injury are often used inter  change  ably in the medical literature this broad classification includes neuro  nal injuries hemorrha  ges vascular injuries cran  ial nerve injuries and sub  d  ural hy  gro  mas among many others these classifications can be further categ  orized as open penetr  ating or closed head injuries this depends on if the skull was broken or not because head injuries cover such a broad scope of injuries there are many causes — including accidents falls physical assault or traffic accidents — that can cause head injuries many of these are minor but some can be severe enough to require hosp  itali  zation the incidence number of new cases of head injury is 1 7 million people in the united states alone each year with about 3 of these incidents leading to death adults suffer head injuries more frequently than any age group resulting from falls motor vehicle cr  ashes colli  ding or being struck by an object or assaults children however may experience head injuries from accidental falls or intentional causes such as being struck or shaken leading to hosp  itali  zation unlike a broken bone where trauma to the body is obvious head trauma can sometimes be conspicuous or in  conspicuous in the case of an open head injury the skull is cracked and broken by an object that makes contact with the brain this leads to bleeding other obvious symptoms can be neuro  logical in nature the person may become sleepy behave abnormally lose consciousness v  omit develop a severe headache have mis  matched pupil sizes and or be unable to move certain parts of the body while these symptoms happen right after head injury occurs many problems can develop later in life alzheimer ’ s disease for example is much more likely to develop in a person who has experienced a head injury
head lic  e inf  est  ation also known as pe  dic  ul  osis cap  i  tis n  its or coo  ties is the infection of the head hair and scal  p by the head lou  se pe  dic  ul  us human  us cap  i  tis it  ching from lic  e bites is common during a person s first infection the itch may not develop for up to six weeks if a person is infected again symptoms may begin much more quickly the itch may cause problems with sleeping generally however it is not a serious condition while head lic  e appear to spread some other diseases in africa they do not appear to do so in europe or north america head lic  e are spread by direct contact with the hair of someone who is infected the cause of head lic  e inf  est  ations are not related to clean  liness other animals such as cats and dogs do not play a role in transmission head lic  e feed only on human blood and are only able to survive on human head hair when adults they are about 2 to 3 mm long when not attached to a human they are unable to live beyond three days humans can also become infected with two other lic  e – the body lou  se and the crab lou  se to make the diagnosis live lic  e must be found using a comb can help with detection empty e  gg  shells known as n  its are not sufficient for the diagnosis possible treatments include comb  ing the hair frequently with a fine tooth comb or sha  ving the head completely a number of topical medications are also effective including mal  ath  ion i  ver  mec  tin and di  meth  i  cone di  meth  i  cone which is a sili  cone oil is often preferred due to the low risk of side effects py  re  thro  ids such as per  meth  rin have been commonly used however have become less effective due to increasing pesticide resistance there is little evidence for alternative medicines head lic  e inf  est  ations are common especially in children in europe they infect between 1 and 20 of different groups of people in the united states between 6 and 12 million children are infected a year they occur more often in girls than boys it has been suggested that historically head lic  e infection were beneficial as they protected against the more dangerous body lou  se inf  est  ations may cause stigmati  zation of the infected individual
head pressing is a veterinary condition characterized by standing close to a wall or corner face first without moving this condition is seen in pets such as dogs and cats and also other animals such as cows horses and goats head pressing is usually a sign of a neuro  logical disorder especially of the fore  brain e g pro  sen  cephal  on disease or of toxicity due to liver damage such as por  to  systemic sh  unt and he  p  atic encephalopathy it should be distinguished from bun  ting which is a normal behavior found in healthy animals
headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck it occurs in migr  ain  es tension type headaches and cluster headaches frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment there is also an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches headaches can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not there are a number of different classification systems for headaches the most well recognized is that of the international headache society causes of headaches may include fatigue sleep deprivation stress the effects of medications the effects of recreational drugs viral infections common col  ds head injury rapid ing  estion of a very cold food or bever  age and dental or sin  us issues treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause but commonly involves pain medication some form of headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical dis  comfor  ts about half of adults have a headache in a given year tension headaches are the most common affecting about 1 6 billion people 21 8 of the population followed by migr  aine headaches which affect about 848 million 11 7
these headaches have been further sub classified by the ic  hd 2 into headaches induced by acute substance use or exposure medication over  use headaches mo  h headaches attributed to chronic medication use headaches attributed to substance withdrawal
head  shaking is a condition where the horse or pony sh  akes its head continuously often while being ridden originally considered a bad habit it is now thought that some horses are allergic to certain poll  ens which causes them to head  shake however horses also normally react to flies and head  shaking may be a fly defence over  reaction even if flies are not present sometime the hal  ter or bri  dle is mal  adjusted or irritating the animal as the rider is using rein commands the use of nose nets is thought to improve the problem nose nets are not allowed in all competitions however british dres  sage has approved of the use of some mu  zzle nets
the head – body pattern is a common x  ml design pattern used for example in the soap protocol this pattern is useful when a message or parcel of data requires considerable metad  ata while mixing the me  ta data with the data could be done it makes the whole confusing in this pattern the me  ta data or me  ta information are structured as the head  er sometimes known as the envelope the ordinary data or information are structured as the body sometimes known as the pay  load x  ml is employed for both head and body see also x  ml protocol
a healing factor is the ability of some characters in fiction to recover from bodily injuries or disease at a super  human rate since the introduction of wol  ver  ine by mar  vel com  ics in 1974 and inspired by the immense popularity of the character super  human healing has become a fairly common power featured in comic books novel  s television film and other medi  ums the overall efficiency of a character s healing factor often fluctu  ates due to various writers applying a very broad degree of artistic license weapon x has been established on multiple accounts for having the fastest healing factor over all mut  ants with the exception of external factors as a result especially concerning characters depicted in comic books it has become a very common source of debate among fans over the years it has also become common for healing factors to have an umbrella effect serving as a partial source for multiple super  human abilities various powers thus demonstrated include super  human strength speed stam  ina ag  ility refl  exes durability and or senses to name the most common the source of a character s healing factor depending upon the medium usually ranges from natural genetic mutation accidental exposure to radioactive materials artificially induced genetic enhancement cyber  ne  tic aug  mentation magic or even a combination of different factors despite the ability to quickly recover from wounds characters with a healing factor are still capable of feeling pain
health effects of pesticides may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed a 2007 systematic review found that most studies on non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa and leuk  emia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased strong evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neuro  logical problems birth defects fe  tal death and neuro  developmental disorder according to the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent chemicals are pesticides
the health effects of salt are the conditions associated with the consumption of either too much or too little salt salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride nac  l and is used in food for both preservation and flavor sodium ions are needed in small quantities by most living things as are chloride ions salt is involved in regulating the water content fluid balance of the body the sodium ion itself is used for electrical sign  aling in the nervous system salt consumption has increased during modern times scientists have become aware of health risks associated with high salt intake including high blood pressure in sensitive individuals therefore health authorities recommend limitations on dietary sodium the united states department of health and human services recommends that individuals consume no more than 1500 – 2300 mg of sodium 37  50 – 57  50 mg of salt per day depending on age as an essential nutrient sodium is involved in numerous cellular and organ functions salt intake that is too low may also increase risk for cardiovascular disease and early death
the phrase health hal  o or health hal  o effect den  o  tes a phenomenon in which there is a hal  o effect on certain foods or brands causing them to be perceived as healthy the health hal  o of  t  enti  mes results in increased consumption of the product in the hal  o the health hal  o has had increased media attention as increased healthy options are being marketed
cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the u  ae constituting 28 percent of total deaths other major causes are accidents and injuries m  align  ancies and con  genital anomalies
health literacy is the ability to obtain read understand and use healthcare information to make appropriate health decisions and follow instructions for treatment there are multiple definitions of health literacy in part because health literacy involves both the context or setting in which health literacy demands are made e g health care media internet or fitness facility and the skills that people bring to that situation ru  dd mo  ey  k  ens col  ton 1999 studies reveal that only 12 percent of the adults in the u s have profic  ient health literacy this means 77 million adults have basic or below basic health literacy these individuals have difficulty with common health tasks including reading the label of a prescribed drug low health literacy reduces the success of treatment and increases the risk of medical error health literacy is essential to promote healthy individuals and communities various interventions such as simplified information and illustr  ations avoiding jargon teach back methods and encouraging patients questions have improved health behaviors in persons with low health literacy health literacy is of continued and increasing concern for health professionals as it is a primary factor behind health disparities the proportion of adults aged 18 and over in the u s in the year 2010 who reported that their health care providers always explained things so they could understand them was about 60 6 this number increased 1 from 2007 to 2010 the healthy people 2020 initiative of the united states department of health and human services has included it as a pressing new topic with objectives for addressing it in the decade to come society as a whole is responsible for improving health literacy but most importantly the healthcare public health professionals and the public health systems
hearing aud  itory perception or audition is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time through an organ such as the ear
hearing loss also known as hearing impairment is a partial or total inability to hear a deaf person has little to no hearing hearing loss may occur in one or both ears in children hearing problems can affect the ability to learn language and in adults it can cause work related difficulties in some people particularly older people hearing loss can result in lon  eliness hearing loss can be temporary or permanent hearing loss may be caused by a number of factors including genetics ageing exposure to noise some infections birth complications trauma to the ear and certain medications or toxins a common condition that results in hearing loss is chronic ear infections certain infections during pregnancy such as sy  phil  is and rub  ella may also cause hearing loss hearing loss is diagnosed when hearing testing finds that a person is unable to hear 25 deci  bels in at least one ear testing for poor hearing is recommended for all new  bor  ns hearing loss can be categor  ised as mild moderate moderate severe severe or profound half of hearing loss is preventable this includes by immun  isation proper care around pregnancy avoiding loud noise and avoiding certain medications the world health organization recommends that young people limit the use of personal audio players to an hour a day in an effort to limit exposure to noise early identification and support are particularly important in children for many hearing aids sign language co  ch  lear implants and subtitles are useful lip reading is another useful skill some develop access to hearing aids however is limited in many areas of the world as of 2013 hearing loss affects about 1 1 billion people to some degree it causes disability in 5 360 to 538 million and moderate to severe disability in 124 million people of those with moderate to severe disability 108 million live in low and middle income countries of those with hearing loss it began in 65 million during childhood those who use sign language and are members of deaf culture see themselves as having a difference rather than an illness most members of deaf culture oppose attempts to cure deaf  ness and some within this community view co  ch  lear implants with concern as they have the potential to eliminate their culture the term hearing impairment is often viewed negatively as it emphasises what people cannot do
heart hand syndro  mes are a group of rare diseases that manifest with both heart and limb de  form  ities as of july 2013 known heart hand syndro  mes include hol  t – or  am syndrome ber  k – tab  at  z  nik syndrome heart hand syndrome type 3 br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly long thumb syndrome patent duc  tus arter  io  sus bic  us  pid a  or  tic valve syndrome and heart hand syndrome slovenian type
heart block is a disease or inherited condition that causes a fault within the heart s natural pac  emaker due to some kind of obstruction or block in the electrical conduc  tion system of the heart despite the severe sounding name heart block may often cause no symptoms at all in some cases or occasional missed heart  beats in other cases which can cause ligh  the  ad  ed  ness syn  cope fain  ting and pal  p  itations or may require an artificial pac  emaker to be impl  anted depending upon exactly where in the heart conduc  tion is being impaired and how significantly it is affected in severe cases where the heart s ability to control and trigger heart  beats may be completely ineffective or unreliable heart block can usually be treated by inserting an artificial pac  emaker a medical device that provides correct electrical impul  ses to trigger heart beats compensating for the natural pac  emaker s un  reliability therefore heart block frequently has no effects or mild and occasional effects and is not life threatening in the vast majority of cases and is usually treat  able in more serious cases the human heart uses electrical signals to maintain and initiate the regular heart beat in a living person incorrect conduc  tion can lead to mild or serious symptoms depending upon the location of the block  age and how severely conduc  tion is being blocked conduc  tion is initiated by the sin  o  atri  al no  de sin  us no  de or sa no  de and then travels to the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de av no  de which also contains a secondary pac  emaker that acts as a backup for the sa no  des then to the bundle of his and then via the bundle branches to the point of the ap  ex of the fasc  icular branches shown in the diag  ram on the right block  ages are therefore classified based on where the block  age occurs namely the sa no  de sin  o  atri  al block av no  de av block or av  b and at or below the bundle of his intra his  ian or infr  a his  ian block respectively infr  a his  ian blocks may occur at the left or right bundle branches bundle branch block or the fasc  ic  les of the left bundle branch fasc  icular block or hem  i  block sa and av no  de blocks are each divided into three degrees with second degree blocks being divided into two types written either type i or ii or type 1 or 2 the term wen  c  ke  bach block is also used for second degree type 1 blocks of either the sa or av no  de in addition second degree blocks type 1 and 2 are also sometimes known as mo  bit  z 1 and mo  bit  z 2 clin  ically speaking the blocks tend to have more serious potential the closer they are to the end of the electrical path the muscles of the heart regulated by the heartbeat and less serious effects the closer they are to the start at the sa no  de because the potential disruption becomes greater as more of the path is blocked from its end point therefore most of the important heart blocks are av no  dal blocks and infr  a his  ian blocks sa blocks are usually of lesser clinical significance since in the event of sa block the av no  de contains a secondary pac  emaker which would still maintain a heart rate of around 40 60 beats per minute sufficient for consciousness and much of daily life in the majority of individuals
heart cancer is an extremely rare form of cancer that is divided into primary tumors of the heart and secondary tumors of the heart
according to the australian heart disease statistics heart disease is a major cause of death in australia nichol  s 2014 heart disease is an overall term used for any type of heart disorder that affects the heart reducing blood supply to the heart it is also often referred as cardiac disease and coron  ary heart disease it is generally a lifelong condition where damage to the artery and blood vessel cannot be cured bishop 2010
heart failure hf often referred to as cong  estive heart failure chf occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body s needs signs and symptoms commonly include short  ness of breath excessive ti  red  ness and leg sw  elling the short  ness of breath is usually worse with exercise while lying down and may wake the person at night a limited ability to exercise is also a common feature chest pain including ang  ina does not typically occur due to heart failure common causes of heart failure include coron  ary artery disease including a previous my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion heart attack high blood pressure atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation val  vul  ar heart disease excess alcohol use infection and cardi  om  y  opathy of an unknown cause these cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart there are two main types of heart failure heart failure due to left ven  tric  ular dysfunction and heart failure with normal e  jec  tion fraction depending on whether the ability of the left ven  tric  le to contract is affected or the heart s ability to relax the severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise heart failure is not the same as my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion in which part of the heart muscle dies or cardiac arrest in which blood flow stops altogether other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity kidney failure liver problems an  emia and thyro  id disease the condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echo  cardi  o  graphy blood tests electro  cardi  o  graphy and chest radio  graphy may be useful to determine the underlying cause treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease in people with chronic stable mild heart failure treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking physical exercise and dietary changes as well as medications in those with heart failure due to left ven  tric  ular dysfunction an  gi  ot  ens  in converting enzyme inhi  bit  ors or an  gi  ot  ens  in recep  tor bloc  kers along with beta bloc  kers are recommended for those with severe disease al  do  ster  one antagon  ists or hydr  al  az  ine with a nitrate may be used di  u  re  tics are useful for preventing fluid retention sometimes depending on the cause an impl  anted device such as a pac  emaker or an implan  table cardiac defi  bri  ll  ator may be recommended in some moderate or severe cases cardiac res  yn  ch  ron  ization therapy cr  t may be suggested or cardiac contr  acti  lity modulation may be of benefit a ven  tric  ular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures heart failure is a common costly and potentially fatal condition in developed countries around 2 of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65 this increases to 6 – 10 in the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35 after which it decreases to below 10 each year this is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer in the united kingdom the disease is the reason for 5 of emergency hospital ad  missions heart failure has been known since ancient times with the e  bers pap  y  rus commenting on it around 15  50 b  ce
heart rate vari  ability hr  v is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heart  beats it is measured by the variation in the beat to beat interval other terms used include cycle length vari  ability r  r vari  ability where r is a point corresponding to the peak of the q  rs complex of the ec  g wave and r  r is the interval between successive rs and heart period vari  ability see also heart rate turbulence sin  us rhythm methods used to detect beats include ec  g blood pressure bal  lis  to  cardi  o  grams and the pulse wave signal derived from a pho  top  leth  ys  mo  graph pp  g ec  g is considered superior because it provides a clear wa  ve  form which makes it easier to exclude heart  beats not originating in the sin  o  atri  al no  de the term nn is used in place of r  r to emphasize the fact that the processed beats are normal beats
in trees heart rot is a fun  gal disease that causes the decay of wood at the center of the trunk and branches fun  gi enter the tree through wounds in the bark and decay the hear  tw  ood the dise  ased hear  tw  ood sof  tens resulting in trees being structurally weaker and prone to break  age heart rot is a major factor in the economics of logging and the natural growth dynamic of many older forests heart rot is prevalent throughout the world affecting all hard  wood trees and can be very difficult to prevent a good indication of heart rot is the presence of mushrooms or fun  gus con  ks on the tree
heart valve dys  pl  asia is a con  genital heart defect which affects the a  or  tic pul  mon  ary mit  ral and tric  us  pid heart valves pul  mon  ary valve sten  osis and a  or  tic valve sten  osis are discussed separately dys  pl  asia of the mit  ral and tric  us  pid valves can cause leakage of blood or sten  osis dys  pl  asia of the mit  ral and tric  us  pid valves also known as the atri  o  ven  tric  ular av valves can appear as thick  ened shortened or not  ched valves the ch  ord  ae tend  in  ae can be f  used or thick  ened the pap  ill  ary muscles can be enlarged or atro  phi  ed the cause is unknown but genetics play a large role dogs and cats with tric  us  pid valve dys  pl  asia often also have an open for  amen o  val  e an atri  al sep  tal defect or infl  amm  ation of the right atri  al epic  ardi  um in dogs tric  us  pid valve dys  pl  asia can be similar to eb  stein s anomaly in humans mit  ral valve sten  osis is one of the most common con  genital heart defects in cats in dogs it is most commonly found in great danes german shepherd dogs bull terri  ers golden retri  evers new  found  lands and mas  ti  ffs tric  us  pid valve dys  pl  asia is most common in the old english sheep  dog german shepherd dog we  im  ar  an  er lab  rador retri  ever great pyrenees and sometimes the pap  illon it is inherited in the lab  rador retri  ever the disease and symptoms are similar to progression of acquired valve disease in older dogs valve leakage leads to heart enlargement arr  hy  th  mi  as and cong  estive heart failure heart valve dys  pl  asia can be tolerated for years or progress to heart failure in the first year of life diagnosis is with an echo  cardi  o  gram the prog  no  sis is poor with significant heart enlargement
heart  burn also known as acid indi  ges  tion is a burning sensation in the central chest or upper central ab  dom  en the pain often rises in the chest and may radi  ate to the neck throat or angle of the jaw heart  burn is usually due to reg  urg  itation of ga  str  ic acid ga  str  ic ref  lux into the es  op  ha  gus and is the major symptom of gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease ger  d in about 0 6 of cases it is a symptom of is  chem  ic heart disease
in meteor  ology a heat burst is a rare atmospheric phenomenon characterized by gu  sty winds and a rapid increase in temperature and decrease in de  w point moisture heat bursts typically occur during night time and are associated with dec  aying thunder  storms although this phenomenon is not fully understood it is the  orized that the event is caused when rain evapor  ates vir  ga into a parcel of cold dry air high in the atmosphere making the air d  ens  er than its surroundings the parcel desc  ends rapidly warming due to compression over  shoots its equilibrium level and reaches the surface similar to a down  burst recorded temperatures during heat bursts have reached well above 38 ° c 100 ° f sometimes rising by 11 ° c 20 ° f or more within only a few minutes more extreme events have also been documented where temperatures have been reported to exceed 120 ° f 49 ° c however such extreme events have never been officially verified heat bursts are also characterized by extremely dry air and are sometimes associated with very strong even damaging winds
heat e  dem  a is a cu  taneous condition characterized by dependent e  dem  a from vas  o  di  lat  ory pooling heat causes the blood vessels to expand di  late so body fluid moves into the hands or legs by gravity the balance of salt in the body is also a risk factor for heat e  dem  a if salt loss is less than normal the increased salt level draws fluid into the hands and legs older adults have an increased risk of heat e  dem  a especially if they have other medical conditions that affect their circulation people visiting hot clim  ates from col  der clim  ates may also have an increased risk of heat e  dem  a
heat illness or heat related illness is a spectrum of disorders due to environmental exposure to heat it includes minor conditions such as heat cram  ps heat syn  cope and heat exhaustion as well as the more severe condition known as heat stroke
heat intolerance is a symptom reported by people who feel uncomfortable in hot environments typically the person feels un  comfortably hot and swe  ats excessively compared to heat illnesses like heat  stroke heat intolerance is usually a symptom of endocrine disorders drugs or other medical conditions rather than the result of too much exercise or hot hum  id weather
in bio  chemistry heat shock is the effect of subjecting a cell to a higher temperature than that of the ideal body temperature of the organism from which the cell line was derived
heat  stroke and heat  stro  kes redirect here for other uses see heat  stroke dis  ambigu  ation heat stroke also known as sun stroke is a severe heat illness defined as hyper  ther  mia with a body temperature greater than 40 6 ° c 105 1 ° f because of environmental heat exposure with lack of thermo  regulation this is distinct from a fever where there is a physiological increase in the temperature set point of the body the term stroke in heat stroke is a mis  no  mer in that it does not involve a block  age or hemorrha  ge of blood flow to the brain preventive measures include drinking plenty of cool liquids and avoiding excessive heat and hum  idity especially in un  ventil  ated spaces such as parked cars that can over  heat quickly treatment requires rapid physical cooling of the body
heat syn  cope is fain  ting or di  zz  iness as a result of overheating syn  cope is the medical term for fain  ting it is a type of heat illness the basic symptom of heat syn  cope is fain  ting with or without mental confusion heat syn  cope is caused by peripheral vessel dil  ation resulting in diminished blood flow to the heart and dehydr  ation
heat ur  tic  aria presents within five minutes after the skin has been exposed to heat above 43 degrees celsius 109 4 degrees fah  ren  heit with the exposed area becoming burned st  inging and turning red sw  oll  en and ind  ur  ated
heat  work is the combined effect of temperature and time it is important to several industries ceram  ics glass and metal an  ne  aling metal heat treating pyro  metric devices can be used to gauge heat work as they de  form or contract due to heat  work to produce temperature equivalents within tolerances firing can be undertaken at lower temperatures for a longer period to achieve comparable results when the amount of heat  work of two fir  ings is the same the pieces may look identical but there may be differences not visible such as mechanical strength and micro  structure heat  work is taught in material science courses but is not a precise measurement or a valid scientific concept
the hea  vis  ide condition named for oliver hea  vis  ide 18  50 – 19  25 is the condition an electrical transmission line must meet in order for there to be no distortion of a transmitted signal also known as the distor  tion  less condition it can be used to improve the performance of a transmission line by adding loading to the cable
heavy n  p shift is a particular manifestation of shifting where a heavy nou  n phrase n  p appears in a position to the right of its can  on  ical position under certain circumstances although the term is coined according to the tradition of transform  ational gr  ammar which describes the process to be done by movement of the n  p the term is also used by lingu  ists who do not believe in transform  ational gr  ammar heav  iness is determined by the gr  amm  atical complexity ross 1967 may have been the first to look at heavy n  p shift in some detail
heavy chain disease is a form of par  a  prote  in  emia with a proliferation of cells producing immun  o  glob  ulin heavy chains this disease is characterized by an excessive production of heavy chains that are short and tr  unc  ated these heavy chain disease proteins have various dele  tions mainly in their amino terminal part which causes the heavy chains to lose the ability to form dis  ul  fide bonds with the light chains the defect in the immun  o  glob  ul  ins presumably arises during som  atic hyper  mutation deletion of the n terminal part of the heavy chain disease protein leads to aggregation and sign  aling of the b cell recep  tor presumably due to the loss of the anti aggreg  ating properties of the light chain
heavy legs french jam  bes l  our  des is an alleged medical condition described as an unpleasant sensation of pain and heav  iness in the lower limbs it is of french origin but is occasionally seen elsewhere due to the limited recognition it has received and because of its proliferation in the media and by the alternative health community many medical practitioners believe it is a sign of hypo  ch  on  dri  asis the cause may be ven  ous in  sufficiency or peripheral arter  ial disease it was described by bbc reporter emma jane kir  by as a curiously french complaint the illness you can only get in health conscious france
heck s disease also known as focal or multi  focal epi  the  li  al hyper  pl  asia is an as  ymp  tomatic benign ne  op  l  astic condition characterized by multiple white to pin  k  ish pap  ules that occur diff  us  ely in the oral cav  ity can present with slightly pale smooth or rough  ened surface mor  pho  logy it is caused by the human pap  il  lo  ma virus types 13 and 32 it exhi  bits surface cells with vacu  ol  ated cy  top  las  m around irregular py  kno  tic nucle  i and occasional cells with mit  osis like changes within otherwise mature and well differentiated epi  the  lium a distinguishing his  to  logic feature is el  ong  ated re  te ri  dges resembling bron  ze age axe with mit  oso  id bodies present it was first identified in the ab  original population over time they will spontaneously reg  ress without treatment possible treatment may be exc  is  ional biopsy for le  sions of functional or aesthetic concern
the heck reaction also called the mi  zor  ok  i heck reaction is the chemical reaction of an un  saturated hali  de or tri  fl  ate with an al  k  ene in the presence of a base and a p  all  adi  um catalyst or p  all  adi  um nanomater  ial based catalyst to form a substituted al  k  ene it is named after tsu  tom  u mi  zor  ok  i and richard f heck heck was awarded the 2010 nobel prize in chemistry which he shared with ei ichi neg  ish  i and ak  ira suz  uki for the discovery and development of this reaction this reaction was the first example of a carbon carbon bond forming reaction that followed a pd 0 pd ii catalytic cycle the same catalytic cycle that is seen in other pd 0 cataly  zed cross coupling reactions the heck reaction is of great importance as it allows one to do substitution reactions on plan  ar sp 2 hybri  di  zed carbon atoms the reaction is performed in the presence of an organ  op  all  adi  um catalyst the hali  de br cl or tri  fl  ate is an ar  yl ben  zy  l or vinyl compound and the al  k  ene contains at least one hydrogen and is often electr  on deficient such as ac  ry  late ester or an ac  ry  lon  it  ri  le the catalyst can be tetr  akis tri  phen  yl  phosp  h  ine p  all  adi  um 0 p  all  adi  um chloride or p  all  adi  um ii acetate the lig  and is tri  phen  yl  phosp  h  ine pho  x or bin  ap the base is tri  ethyl  amine potassium carbon  ate or sodium acetate several reviews have been published
the heck mat  su  da hm reaction is an organic reaction and a type of p  all  adi  um cataly  sed ar  yl  ation of ole  fins that uses are  ne  di  az  on  ium salts as an alternative to ar  yl hali  des and tri  fl  ates the use of are  ne  di  az  on  ium salts presents some advantages over traditional ar  yl hali  de electro  ph  iles for example the use of phosp  h  ines as lig  and are not required and thus neg  ating the requirement for an  aer  ob  ic conditions which makes the reaction more practical and easier to handle additionally the reaction can be performed with or without a base and is often faster than traditional heck protocols hm faster than heck all  yl  ic alcohol  s con  ju  gated al  ken  es un  saturated heter  oc  ycles and un  activated al  ken  es are capable of being ar  yl  ated with are  ne  di  az  on  ium salts using simple cataly  sts such as p  all  adi  um acetate pd o  ac 2 or tr  is di  ben  zy  li  den  e  acet  one di  p  all  adi  um 0 pd 2 d  ba 3 at room temperature in air and in benign and conventional solvents ole  fins in hm reaction in addition to the inter  molecular variant of the hm reaction intr  am  ol  ec  ular cy  cli  zation processes have also been developed for the construction of a range of oxygen and nitrogen heter  oc  ycles intr  am  ol  ec  ular hm the catalytic cycle for the heck mat  su  da ar  yl  ation reaction has four main steps oxid  ative addition migratory insertion or carb  op  all  ad  ation syn β elimination and reduc  tive elimination the proposed heck catalytic cycle involving c  ation  ic p  all  adi  um with di  az  on  ium salts was reinforced by studies with mass spec  tro  metry e  si by cor  re  ia and co workers these results also show the complex interactions that occur in the coordination sphere of p  all  adi  um during the heck reaction with are  ne  di  az  on  ium salt hm mechanism
heel pad syndrome also known as heel fat pad syndrome heel pad atro  phy and heel fat pad atro  phy is a pain that occurs in the center of the heel it is typically due to atro  phy of the fat pad which makes up the heel risk factors include obesity other conditions with similar symptoms include plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis treatment includes rest pain medication and heel cups it becomes more common with age
heel stick wounds are a cu  taneous condition characterized by a break in the skin caused by ne  on  atal heel prick
he  er  for  dt s syndrome also referred to as u  ve  op  ar  o  ti  d fever he  er  for  dt – my  li  us syndrome he  er  for  dt – wal  den  ström syndrome and wal  den  ström ’ s u  ve  op  ar  o  ti  tis is a rare manifestation of sar  co  ido  sis the symptoms include infl  amm  ation of the eye u  ve  i  tis sw  elling of the par  o  ti  d g  land chronic fever and in some cases pal  sy of the facial nerves
in dis  crete geometry and discrepancy theory the he  il  bron  n triangle problem is a problem of placing points within a region in the plane in order to avoid tri  angles of small area it is named after hans he  il  bron  n who con  jec  tured prior to 1950 that this smallest triangle area is necessarily at most inver  sely proportional to the square of the number of points he  il  bron  n s con  jec  ture was proven false but the as  ymp  to  tic growth rate of the minimum triangle area remains unknown
hei  lig  ens  che  in german for ‘ hal  o ’ or ‘ au  re  ola ’ literally ‘ holy or sain  tly appearance ’ pronounced ˈ  ha  ɪ  l  ɪ  ɡ  ə  n  ˌ  ʃ  a  ɪ  n see also the article for hal  o the optical phenomenon is an optical phenomenon which creates a bright spot around the shadow of the vie  wer s head in photo  gram  metry and remote sensing it is more commonly known as the hot  spot and is due to the reduction in the proportion of shadows viewed at angles close to the back  scat  ter direction it may also be created when the surface on which the shadow falls has special optical characteristics both dry du  sty surfaces and de  wy grass are known to exhibit these characteristics nearly spher  ical de  w dro  ple  ts act as l  enses to focus the light on the surface beneath them some of this light back  scat  ters in the direction of the sunlight as it passes back through the de  w dro  p  let this makes the anti  solar point appear the brightest the glory creates a similar hal  o effect by a different mechanism
in mathematics the he  ine – can  tor theore  m named after edu  ard he  ine and georg can  tor states that if f m → n is a continuous function between two metric spaces and m is compact then f is uniformly continuous an important special case is that every continuous function from a bounded closed interval to the real numbers is uniformly continuous
a hein  rich event is a natural phenomenon in which large arm  adas of ice  ber  gs break off from glaciers and tra  verse the north atlantic first described by marine geo  logist har  t  mut hein  rich they occurred during the past gl  ac  ial periods or ice ages and are particularly well documented for the last gl  ac  ial period the ice  ber  gs contained rock mass which has been eroded by the glaciers and as they melted this matter was dropped onto the sea floor as ice raf  ted debris abbreviated to ir  d the ice  ber  gs melting caused pro  digi  ous amounts of fresh water to be added to the north atlantic such inputs of cold and fresh water may well have altered the density driven thermo  hal  ine circulation patterns of the ocean and often coincide with indications of global climate fluctuations various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cause of hein  rich events most of which implies instability of the massive lau  ren  tide ice sheet a continental glaci  er covering north america during the last gl  ac  ial period other northern hemisphere ice sheets were potentially involved as well scandinavia iceland greenland however the initial cause of this instability is still debated
heli  co  bac  ter cell  u  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition caused by heli  co  bac  ter cin  a  ed  i h cin  a  ed  i can cause cell  u  li  tis and bacter  emia in immun  o  compromised people
heli  co  bac  ter p  yl  ori previously camp  y  lob  ac  ter p  yl  ori is a gram negative micro  aer  oph  il  ic bacter  ium found usually in the stomach it was identified in 1982 by australian scientists barry marshall and robin warren who found that it was present in a person with chronic gast  ri  tis and ga  str  ic ul  cers conditions not previously believed to have a micro  bial cause it is also linked to the development of du  o  den  al ul  cers and stomach cancer however over 80 of individuals infected with the bacter  ium are as  ymp  tomatic and it may play an important role in the natural stomach ecology more than 50 of the world s population harbor h p  yl  ori in their upper gastro  intest  inal tract infection is more prevalent in developing countries and incidence is decreasing in western countries h p  yl  ori s hel  ical shape from which the genus name is derived is thought to have evolved to penetrate the mu  co  id lining of the stomach
hel  ls gate is an abrupt narrowing of british columbia s fr  as  er river located immediately downstream of boston bar in the southern fr  as  er canyon the tow  ering rock walls of the fr  as  er river plunge toward each other forcing the waters through a passage only 35 metres 115 ft wide it is also the name of the rural loc  ality at the same location for centuries the narrow passage has been a popular fishing ground for ab  original communities in the area european settlers also began to cong  reg  ate there in the summer months to fish eventually the fr  as  er canyon became a route used by gold rush min  ers wishing to access the upper fr  as  er gold bearing bars and the upper country beyond up the fr  as  er and the thompson in the 18  80 s the canadian pacific railway c  pr built a trans  continental railroad that passed along the bank at hel  ls gate and in 19  11 the canadian northern railway c  nr began constructing a second track in 1914 a large roc  k  slide triggered by c  nr construction fell into the river at hel  ls gate obstructing the passage of pacific salmon needing to swim upstream to spa  wn salmon had difficulty passing through the now swif  ter water and were appearing in increased numbers downstream below the hel  ls gate passage and in tribu  tary rivers and streams that they had not inhabited before in the winter of 1914 debris removal began and in 1915 the river was pronounced clear however many biologists claim that the river was permanently altered and the salmon migration would forever remain disturbed by the slide a decrease in fr  as  er salmon cataly  zed tension between the government of canada and the ab  original peoples of the area not only did the debris clearing operation impede their access to the river but the government imposed new fishing restrictions such as a four day per week limit in an attempt to preserve the salmon population ultimately the slide and subsequent restrictions proved very damaging for the ab  original fishing economy the canadian and united states governments formed the pacific salmon convention psc of 19  37 which created the international pacific salmon fisheries commission ip  s  fc now the pacific salmon commission the ip  s  fc carried out extensive research and as based on their findings they recommended that fish  ways be constructed to help migr  ating salmon pass through hel  ls gate building of the fish  ways began in 1944 this decision sparked a major controversy in the pacific fisheries and research community which became divided along national lines american william thompson head researcher for the ip  s  fc was criticized by canadian zoo  logist william ric  ker who claimed that the ip  s  fc research was unreliable and that fish  ways were not a means to preserving fr  as  er salmon ric  ker believed that hel  ls gate posed no threat to migr  ating salmon and that commercial over fishing did he held that stringent regulations should be placed on fishing for fr  as  er salmon the fish  ways at hel  ls gate became a tourist attraction in the 1970 s among the attr  actions for tourists are the air  tr  am food outlets observation dec  ks and an educational fisheries exhibit
hel  m  hol  tz resonance or wind thro  b is the phenomenon of air resonance in a cav  ity such as when one blows across the top of an empty bottle the name comes from a device created in the 18  50 s by her  mann von hel  m  hol  tz the hel  m  hol  tz reson  ator which he used to identify the various frequencies or musical pit  ches present in music and other complex sounds
the hel  m  hol  tz – ko  hl  ra  us  ch effect after her  mann von hel  m  hol  tz and ru  dol  f ko  hl  ra  us  ch is an ent  op  tic phenomenon where  in the intense satur  ation of spectr  al h  ue is perceived as part of the color s lumin  ance this bri  ght  ness increase by satur  ation which grows stronger as satur  ation increases might better be called ch  rom  atic lumin  ance since white or ach  rom  atic lumin  ance is the standard of comparison it appears in both self lumin  ous and surface colors although it is most pronounced in spectr  al lights
hel  min  thi  asis plural hel  min  thi  ases also known as worm infection is any macro  par  asi  tic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with par  asi  tic worms known as hel  min  ths there are numerous species of these parasites which are broadly classified into ta  pe  worms flu  kes and round  worms they often live in the gastro  intest  inal tract of their hosts but they may also bur  row into other organs where they induce physiological damage soil transmitted hel  min  thi  asis and sch  is  to  som  i  asis are the most important hel  min  thi  ases and are among the neglected tropical diseases this group of hel  mi  an  thi  ases have been targeted under the joint action of the world s leading pharmaceutical companies and non governmental organizations through a project launched in 2012 called the london declaration on neglected tropical diseases which aims to control or eradicate certain neglected tropical diseases by 2020 hel  min  thi  asis has been found to result in poor birth outcome poor cognitive development poor school and work performance poor socioeconomic development and poverty chronic illness malnutrition and an  emia are further examples of secondary effects soil transmitted hel  min  thi  ases are responsible for par  asi  tic infections in as much as a quarter of the human population worldwide one well known example of soil transmitted hel  min  thi  ases is as  cari  asis
silver s  cur  f is a plant disease that is caused by the plant pathogen hel  min  th  os  por  ium sol  ani this pathogen is a fun  gus which is specific to inf  ecting only potato tubers silver s  cur  f is a bl  em  ish disease meaning the effect it has on tubers is mostly cosmetic and affects “ fresh market processing and seed tu  ber potatoes there are some reports of it affecting development meaning growth and tu  ber yield this is caused by light brown le  sions which in turn change the perme  ability of tu  ber skin and then it causes tu  ber shr  ink  age and water loss which finally causes weight loss the disease has become economically important because silver s  cur  f affected potatoes for processing and direct consumption have been rejected by the industry the disease cycle can be divided into two stages field and storage it is mainly a seed borne disease and the primary source of in  oc  ul  um is mainly infected potato seed tubers symptoms develop and worsen in storage because the conditions are conducive to spor  ulation the ideal conditions for the spread of this disease are high temperatures and high hum  idity there are also many cultural practices that favor spread and development luckily there are multiple ways to help control the disease
a help  mate is a type of chess problem in which both sides cooperate in order to achieve the goal of check  m  ating black in a help  mate in n moves black moves first then white each side moving n times to culminate in white s n  th move check  m  ating black in a help  mate in two for example sometimes abbreviated h 2 the solution consists of a black move a white move a second black move then a second white move giving check  mate although the two sides cooperate all moves must be legal according to the rules of chess the example problem to the right is a help  mate in eight or h 8 by z mas  l  ar published in die sch  wal  be in 1981 the solution is recall that in help  mate solutions black s move is given first 1 k  f 3 k  d 3 2 bb 3 k  c 3 3 ke 4 k  d 2 4 k  d 4 ke 2 5 k  c 3 nb 4 6 k  b 2 k  d 2 7 ka 1 k  c 1 8 ba 2 nc 2
hem  an  gi  obl  ast  om  as or ha  eman  gi  obl  ast  om  as see spelling differences cap  il  li  ary hem  an  gi  obl  ast  om  as are tumors of the central nervous system that originate from the vascular system usually during middle age sometimes these tumors occur in other sites such as the spinal cord and re  tina they may be associated with other diseases such as poly  cy  them  ia increased blood cell count pan  cre  atic cy  sts and von hip  pel lind  au syndrome v  hl syndrome hem  an  gi  obl  ast  om  as are most commonly composed of st  rom  al cells in small blood vessels and usually occur in the cere  bell  um brain stem or spinal cord they are classed as grade one tumors under the world health organization s classification system
hem  an  gi  o  endo  the  li  oma is used to describe a group of vascular ne  op  las  ms that may be considered benign as well as m  align  ant depending on the specific group member s activity
an inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  oma i  h is one of the most common benign tumors of infancy and occurs in approximately 5 – 10 of infants the word hem  an  gi  oma comes from the greek ha  ema α  ί  μα blood ange  io αγ  γ  εί  ο vessel oma ω  μα tumor inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  om  as are benign vascular tumors composed of an increased number of unique endo  the  li  al cells that line blood vessels they occur more frequently in female premature and low birth weight infants inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  om  as usually appear within the first weeks of life and grow most rapidly during the first three to six months of life for most hem  an  gi  om  as 80 of inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  oma size is generally reached by 3 months of age usually growth and proliferation is complete and inv  olution commences by twelve months of age however inv  olution occurs slowly over many years with a majority of inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  oma regression occurring by five years of age although inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  om  as spontaneously reg  ress over time some may leave residual redundant fi  bro  fatty tissue scar residual tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia or pi  gm  entary changes
a hem  an  gi  oper  ic  y  tom  a h  pc is a type of soft tissue sar  coma that originates in the peric  y  tes in the walls of cap  il  lar  ies when inside the nervous system although not strictly a men  ing  i  oma tumor it is a men  ing  e  al tumor with a special aggressive behavior it was first characterized in 19  42
hem  an  gi  os  ar  coma is a rapidly growing highly invasive variety of cancer occurring almost exclusively in dogs and rarely in cats it is a sar  coma arising from the lining of blood vessels that is blood filled channels and spaces are commonly observed micro  sco  p  ically a frequent cause of death is the rup  turing of this tumor causing the patient to rapidly bleed to death the term an  gi  os  ar  coma when used without modi  fier usually refers to hem  an  gi  os  ar  coma however glo  man  gi  os  ar  coma 87  10 3 and lymp  han  gi  os  ar  coma 9  170 3 are distinct conditions hem  an  gi  os  ar  com  as are commonly associated with toxic exposure to th  orium dioxide thor  o  tr  ast vinyl chloride and arsenic
hem  ar  thro  sis or ha  em  ar  thro  sis plural h a em  ar  thro  ses is a bleeding into joint spaces it is a common feature of hem  ophi  lia the presence of it excludes the idi  opathic thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a it  p
hem  at  em  esis or ha  em  at  em  esis is the v  om  iting of blood the source is generally the upper gastro  intest  inal tract typically above the susp  ens  ory muscle of du  o  den  um patients can easily confuse it with hem  op  ty  sis cou  gh  ing up blood although the latter is more common hem  at  em  esis is always an important sign
hem  ati  dro  sis also cal  led  blood sweat is a very rare condition in which a human swe  ats blood the term is from greek ha  ima ha  im  at  os α  ἷ  μα α  ἵ  ματ  ος meaning blood and hi  dr  ō  s ἱ  δρ  ώς meaning sweat
a hem  ato  ce  le is a collection of blood in a body cav  ity the term most commonly refers to the collection of blood in the tun  ica vag  in  alis around the tes  tic  le hem  at  oc  el  es can also occur in the ab  domin  al cav  ity and other body ca  vities
ha  emato  che  zia or hem  ato  che  zia from greek α  ἷ  μα blood and χ  έ  ζ  ει  ν to defa  ec  ate is the passage of fresh blood through the an  us usually in or with sto  ols contrast with mel  ena ha  emato  che  zia is commonly associated with lower gastro  intest  inal bleeding but may also occur from a br  isk upper gastro  intest  inal bleed the difference between hem  ato  che  zia and rec  tor  rha  gia is that in the latter rec  tal bleeding is not associated with defec  ation instead it is associated with expulsion of fresh bright red blood without sto  ols the phrase bright red blood per rec  tum br  b  pr is associated with hem  ato  che  zia and rec  tor  rha  gia it is also important to differentiate from hem  at  op  ap  y  rus blood on the toilet paper noticed when wiping
hem  ato  col  pos is a medical condition in which the vag  ina fills with men  str  ual blood it is often caused by the combination of men  str  uation with an imper  for  ate hy  men it is sometimes seen in ro  bin  ow syndrome uter  us di  del  ph  ys or other con  genital conditions a related disorder is hem  atom  e  tra where the uter  us fills with men  str  ual blood it presents after pu  ber  ty as primary amen  or  rho  ea recurrent pel  vic pain with a pel  vic mass this can be caused by a con  genital sten  osis of the cer  vi  x or by a complic  ation of a surgical treatment
hem  ato  logic diseases are disorders which primarily affect the blood hem  at  ology includes the study of these disorders
a hem  atom  a is a loc  alized collection of blood outside the blood vessels usually in liquid form within the tissue an ec  ch  y  mo  sis commonly although errone  ously called a bru  ise is a hem  atom  a of the skin larger than 10 mm it is not to be confused with hem  an  gi  oma which is an abnormal buil  dup of blood vessels in the skin or internal organs
hem  atom  e  tra or hem  ome  tra is a medical condition involving collection or retention of blood in the uter  us it is most commonly caused by an imper  for  ate hy  men or a trans  verse vag  inal sep  tum
hem  ato  po  ie  tic ul  cers are those occurring with sick  le cell an  emia con  genital hem  ol  y  tic an  emia poly  cy  them  ia vera thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a macro  glob  ul  in  emia and cry  o  glob  ul  in  emia
hem  ato  sal  pin  x sometimes also h  emo  sal  pin  x is a medical condition involving bleeding into the fall  op  ian tubes
hem  at  os  per  mia the presence of blood in semen is most often a benign symptom among men age 40 or older hem  at  os  per  mia is a slight predic  tor of cancer typically pro  state cancer no specific cause is found in up to 70 of cases
in medicine hem  atur  ia or ha  em  atur  ia is the presence of red blood cells er  y  thro  cy  tes in the urine it may be idi  opathic and or benign or it can be a sign that there is a kidney stone or a tumor in the ur  inary tract kidneys u  re  ters ur  inary blad  der pro  state and u  re  th  ra ranging from trivial to lethal if white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells then it is a signal of ur  inary tract infection occasionally h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia is used synonym  ously although more precisely it refers only to h  emo  glob  in in the urine
h  emer  al  op  ia from greek η  μέ  ρ  α h  emer  a day and α  λα  ός al  a  os blindness is the inability to see clearly in bright light and is the exact opposite of ny  c  tal  op  ia night blindness h  emer  a was the greek goddess of day and ny  x was the goddess of night however it has been used in an opposite sense by many non english speaking doctors it can be described as insufficient adaptation to bright light it is also called heli  opho  bia and day blindness in h  emer  al  op  ia day  time vision gets worse characterised by photo  aversion dislike avoidance of light rather than pho  top  ho  bia eye discomfort pain in light which is typical of infl  amm  ations of eye night  time vision largely remains unchanged due to the use of rods as opposed to con  es during the day which are affected by h  emer  al  op  ia and in turn de  grade the day  time optical response hence many patients feel they see better at dus  k than in day  time
the hem  et  s  berger in  do  le synthesis also called the hem  et  s  berger – k  nit  tel synthesis is a chemical reaction that ther  m  ally de  com  poses a 3 ar  yl 2 azi  do pro  pen  o  ic ester into an in  do  le 2 car  box  yl  ic ester the hem  et  s  berger in  do  le synthesis yields are typically above 70 however this is not a popular reaction due to the lack of stability and difficulty in synthe  sizing the starting material
hem  i  an  op  sia or hem  i  an  op  ia is a decreased vision or blindness an  op  sia in half the visual field usually on one side of the vertical mid  line the most common causes of this damage are stroke brain tumor and trauma this article deals only with permanent hem  i  an  op  ia and not with transitory temporary hem  i  an  op  ia as identified by william wol  la  ston pr  s in 18  24 gan  zz  an  ig  a iv  ry and man  gun cognitive neuro  science the biology of the mind w w nor  ton and company new york and london p 9
bal  lis  mus or bal  lis  m called hem  i  bal  lis  mus or hem  i  bal  lis  m in its unilateral form is a very rare movement disorder it is a type of cho  rea caused in most cases by a decrease in activity of the sub  thal  am  ic nucleus of the bas  al gang  lia resulting in the appearance of fla  iling ballistic un  desired movements of the limbs it can also appear rarely due to certain metabol  ic ab  norm  alities it is a rare movement disorder being 500 times r  arer than par  kinson s disease hem  i  bal  lis  mus can cause significant disability symptoms can decrease during sleep
hemic  ran  ia continu  a hc is a persistent unilateral headache that responds to in  dom  eth  ac  in it is usually unre  mitting but rare cases of remission have been documented hemic  ran  ia continu  a is considered a primary headache disorder meaning that it is not caused by another condition
hem  i  facial hyper  tro  phy also termed facial hem  i  hyper  tro  phy facial hem  i  hyper  pl  asia or fried  reich s disease abbreviated as h  f  h is rare con  genital disease characterized by unilateral enlargement of the head and teeth it is classified as true h  f  h th  f  h with unilateral enlargement of the vis  cer  o  cran  ium and partial h  f  h ph  f  h in which not all structures are enlarged hem  i  facial hyper  tro  phy can cause a wide spectrum of defects or may involve only muscle or bone it is usually treated sur  g  ically it is believed to be a minor form of hem  i  hyper  tro  phy
hem  i  facial micro  som  ia is a con  genital disorder that affects the development of the lower half of the face most commonly the ears the mouth and the man  di  ble it can occur on one side of the face or both if severe it can lead to difficulties in breathing obstructing the trac  hea and requiring a trac  he  o  tomy it is the second most common facial birth defect after cle  f  ts with an incidence in the range of 1 in 3500 to 4500 hem  i  facial micro  som  ia shares many similarities with tre  acher collins syndrome
hem  i  facial sp  asm h  fs is a rare neuro  muscular disease characterized by irregular involuntary muscle contr  actions sp  as  ms on one side hem  i of the face facial the facial muscles are controlled by the facial nerve seventh cran  ial nerve which originates at the bra  inst  em and exits the skull below the ear where it separates into five main branches this disease takes two forms typical and atypical in typical form the tw  it  ching usually starts in the lower eye  lid in or  bic  ul  aris oc  uli muscle as time progres  ses it spreads to the whole lid then to the or  bic  ul  aris or  is muscle around the lips and buc  cin  ator muscle in the chee  k  bone area the reverse process of tw  it  ching occurs in atypical hem  i  facial sp  asm tw  it  ching starts in or  bic  ul  aris or  is muscle around the lips and buc  cin  ator muscle in the chee  k  bone area in the lower face then progres  ses up to the or  bic  ul  aris oc  uli muscle in the eye  lid as time progres  ses the most common form is the typical form and atypical form is only seen in about 2 – 3 of patients with hem  i  facial sp  asm the incidence of hem  i  facial sp  asm is approximately 0 8 per 100 000 persons this disorder occurs in both men and women although it affects middle aged or elderly women more frequently hem  i  facial sp  asm is much more common in some asian populations it may be caused by a facial nerve injury a tumor or it may have no apparent cause individuals with sp  asm on both sides of the face are very rare
hem  i  hydr  an  encephal  y is a severe cephal  ic disorder characterized by complete or almost complete absence of the cere  br  al cor  tex with preservation of men  inges bas  al gang  lia p  ons med  ul  la cere  bell  um and fal  x it is a special type of hydr  an  encephal  y it is a very rare disease as it stands only 7 cases have been reported
hem  i  hyper  pl  asia – multiple li  po  mat  osis syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple li  po  mas in association with asymmetric but non progressive and non distorting over  growth cu  taneous cap  ill  ary mal  formations and thick  ened plan  tar skin with prominent cre  ases
hem  i  hyper  tro  phy now more commonly referred to as hem  i  hyper  pl  asia in the medical literature is a condition in which one side of the body or a part of one side of the body is larger than the other to an extent considered greater than the normal variation as it is difficult to establish a set clinical criteria for diagnosis of hem  i  hyper  pl  asia the dic  tum is often used that the clin  ician should be able to see the asymmetry from the end of the bed hem  i  hyper  pl  asia is a con  genital over  growth disorder and the asymmetry can range from mild to severe it is important to establish a diagnosis because hem  i  hyper  pl  asia is associated with an increased risk for embry  onal tumors mainly wil  ms tumor and he  pat  obl  ast  oma due to the heightened tumor risk there is a tumor screening protocol that is recommended for all children with isolated hem  i  hyper  pl  asia and bec  k  with wi  e  deman  n syndrome some of the other syndro  mes associated with hem  i  hyper  pl  asia may also follow this tumor surveillance protocol the recommended tumor surveillance protocol is 1 any child with suspected isolated hem  i  hyper  pl  asia should be referred to a clinical gene  tic  ist for evaluation 2 ab  domin  al ul  tras  ound every 3 months until 7 years 3 serum alpha fe  to  protein measurement every 3 months until 4 years 4 daily caretaker ab  domin  al examination at the discretion of the provider parent children with hem  i  hyper  tro  phy may also develop sco  li  osis a cur  v  ature of the sp  ine there are two main surgical options for the treatment of hem  i  hyper  tro  phy shortening and leng  th  ening ep  ip  hy  sio  des  is which involves removing part of the growth plate of the longer leg allowing the shorter leg to catch up is performed on patients still able to grow bone res  ection is performed on patients who have no growth left and involves removing part of the bone leg leng  th  ening procedures are more painful involving the insertion of pins to be turned moving parts of the bone apart ili  zar  ov s method this process is reserved mainly for patients with a discrepancy greater than 4 cm although some leg leng  th  ening procedures are now done cosme  tically non surgical options include attachment of a lift to the shoe allowing the patient to walk normally hem  i  facial hyper  pl  asia is believed to be a minor form of hem  i  hyper  tro  phy
hem  im  o  tor neglect or simply motor neglect is a neuro  psychological condition that occurs after damage to one hemisphere of the brain characterized by a failure of spontaneous use of upper and lower limbs on one side of body it occurs in the absence of paralysis pyram  idal syndro  mes extr  ap  y  ram  idal symptoms strength and primary sensory deficit
hem  ip  a  res  is is unilateral pa  res  is that is weakness of the entire left or right side of the body hem  i means half hem  ip  legi  a is in its most severe form complete paralysis of half of the body hem  ip  a  res  is and hem  ip  legi  a can be caused by different medical conditions including con  genital causes trauma tumors or stroke
hemis  pati  al neglect also called hem  i  agno  sia hem  in  eg  l  ect unilateral neglect spatial neglect contr  al  ateral neglect unilateral visual in  attention hem  i in  attention neglect syndrome or contr  al  ateral hemis  pati  al  agno  sia is a neuro  psychological condition in which after damage to one hemisphere of the brain is sustained a deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of space is observed it is defined by the inability of a person to process and perceive stimul  i on one side of the body or environment where that inability is not due to a lack of sensation hemis  pati  al neglect is very commonly contr  al  ateral to the damaged hemisphere but instances of ip  si  le  sional neglect on the same side as the le  sion have been reported
h  emo  glob  in c abbreviated as h  b c or h  bc is an abnormal h  emo  glob  in in which substitution of a glu  tam  ic acid residue with a lys  ine residue at the 6 th position of the β glob  in chain has occurred e 6 k substitution
h  emo  glob  in d pun  jab is one of the sub variants of h  emo  glob  in d a variant of h  emo  glob  in found in human blood it is so named because of its higher prevalence in the pun  jab region of india and pakistan it is also the most frequent abnormal h  emo  glob  in variant in xinjiang uygh  ur autonomous region of china studies indicate that h  emo  glob  in d pun  jab accounts for over 55 of the total h  emo  glob  in variants there h  emo  glob  in d pun  jab was first discovered in the early 1950 s in a mixed british and american family of indian origin from the los angeles area hence it is also sometimes called “ d los angeles ” h  emo  glob  in d is the 4 th most common h  emo  glob  in variant it developed as a response to the selective pressures of malaria in these regions of asia
the β  e mutation affects β gene expression creating an alternate s  plic  ing site in the mr  na at co  d  ons 25 27 of the β glob  in gene through this mechanism there is a mild deficiency in normal β mr  na and production of small amounts of anom  alous β mr  na the reduced synthesis of β chain may cause β thal  ass  emia also this h  emo  glob  in variant has a weak union between α and β glob  in causing instability when there is a high amount of oxid  ant
h  emo  glob  in h disease is a type of alpha thal  ass  emia caused by impaired production of three of the four alpha glob  ins coded by genes h  ba 1 and h  ba 2
h  emo  glob  in  emia british ha  emo  glob  in  aemia is a medical condition in which there is an excess of h  emo  glob  in in the blood plasma this is an effect of intr  av  ascular hem  ol  ysis in which h  emo  glob  in separates from red blood cells a form of an  emia h  emo  glob  in  emia can be caused by intr  in  is  ic or extr  ins  ic factors when h  emo  glob  in  emia is internally caused it is a result of rec  essive genetic defects that cause the red blood cells to ly  se letting the h  emo  glob  in spill out of the cell into the blood plasma in externally caused h  emo  glob  in  emia an outside att  acker acts as an anti  body against the red blood cells this can cause the cells to be destroyed and their h  emo  glob  in released
in medicine h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia or ha  emo  glob  in  ur  ia is a condition in which the oxygen transport protein h  emo  glob  in is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine the condition is often associated with hem  ol  y  tic an  emia in which red blood cells r  b  cs are destroyed thereby increasing levels of free plasma h  emo  glob  in excess h  emo  glob  in is filtered by the kidneys which ex  crete it into the urine giving urine a purple color
hem  ol  y  tic u  rem  ic syndrome or ha  emol  y  tic ur  a  emic syndrome abbreviated hus is a disease characterized by hem  ol  y  tic an  emia an  emia caused by destruction of red blood cells acute kidney failure u  re  mia and a low plat  elet count thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia it predominantly but not exclusively affects children most cases are preceded by an episode of infectious sometimes bloody diarr  hea acquired as a food  borne illness or from a contaminated water supply caused by e coli o 157 h 7 other non o 157 h 7 e coli sero  types shi  g  ella and camp  y  lob  ac  ter a variety of viruses have also been implicated as a caus  ative agent it is now the most common cause of acquired acute ren  al failure in childhood it is a medical emergency and carries a 5 – 10 mortality rate of the remainder the majority recover without major consequences but a small proportion develop chronic kidney disease meaning at some point they will likely become reliant on ren  al replacement therapy dial  ysis or transplantation the primary target appears to be the vascular endo  the  li  al cell this may explain the patho  genesis of hus in which a characteristic ren  al le  sion is cap  ill  ary micro  an  gi  opathy hus was first defined as a syndrome in 1955 the more common form of the disease shi  ga like toxin producing e coli hus st  ec hus is triggered by the infectious agent e coli o 157 h 7 and several other non o 157 h 7 e coli sero  types certain shi  ga toxin secre  ting strains of shi  g  ella dy  sen  ter  i  ae can also cause hus approximately 5 of cases are classified as pneu  mo  coc  cal hus which results from infection by st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae the agent that causes traditional lob  ar pneumonia there is also a rare chronic and severe form known as atypical hem  ol  y  tic u  rem  ic syndrome ah  us which is caused by genetic defects resulting in chronic uncontrolled complement activation both st  ec hus and ah  us cause endo  the  li  al damage leuk  oc  y  te activation plat  elet activation and widespread infl  amm  ation and multiple thro  m  bo  ses in the small blood vessels a condition known as systemic thro  m  bo  tic micro  an  gi  opathy t  ma which leads to thro  m  bo  tic events as well as organ damage failure and death
hem  ol  y  tic an  emia or ha  emol  y  tic ana  emia is a form of an  emia due to hem  ol  ysis the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells r  b  cs either in the blood vessels intr  av  ascular hem  ol  ysis or elsewhere in the human body extr  av  ascular it has numerous possible consequences ranging from relatively harmless to life threatening the general classification of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia is either inherited or acquired treatment depends on the cause and nature of the breakdown symptoms of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia are similar to other forms of an  emia fatigue and short  ness of breath but in addition the breakdown of red cells leads to ja  und  ice and increases the risk of particular long term complications such as gall  stones and pul  mon  ary hyper  tension
hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born also known as hem  ol  y  tic disease of the fe  tus and new  born h  dn h  d  f  n or er  y  thro  bl  ast  osis fe  tal  is is an allo  immune condition that develops in a fe  tus when the ig  g molecules one of the five main types of antibodies produced by the mother pass through the plac  enta among these antibodies are some which attack antigens on the red blood cells in the fe  tal circulation breaking down and destroying the cells hem  ol  ysis the fe  tus can develop re  ticul  oc  y  to  sis and an  emia this fe  tal disease ranges from mild to very severe and fe  tal death from heart failure hydro  ps fe  tal  is can occur when the disease is moderate or severe many er  y  thro  bl  asts immature red blood cells are present in the fe  tal blood and so these forms of the disease can be called er  y  thro  bl  ast  osis fe  tal  is or er  y  thro  bl  ast  osis fo  e  tal  is h  d  f  n represents a breach of immune privilege for the fe  tus or some other form of impairment of the immune tolerance of pregnancy various types of h  d  f  n are classified by which allo  antigen provo  kes the response in order of incidence the types include abo anti rh  d anti r  he anti rh  c anti r  he anti rh  c multi  antigen combinations and anti k  ell
in abo hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born also known as abo h  dn maternal ig  g antibodies with specificity for the abo blood group system pass through the plac  enta to the fe  tal circulation where they can cause hem  ol  ysis of fe  tal red blood cells which can lead to fe  tal an  emia and h  dn in contrast to r  h disease about half of the cases of abo h  dn occur in a fir  st  born baby and abo h  dn does not become more severe after further pregnancies the abo blood group system is the best known surface antigen system expressed on a wide variety of human cells for caucasian populations about one fifth of all pregnancies have abo incompatibility between the fe  tus and the mother but only a very small minority develop symptomatic abo h  dn the latter typically only occurs in mothers of blood group o because they can produce enough ig  g antibodies to cause hem  ol  ysis although very un  common cases of abo h  dn have been reported in infants born to mothers with blood groups a and b
hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born anti k  ell 1 is the third most common cause of severe hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born h  dn after r  h disease and abo incompatibility anti k  ell 1 is becoming relatively more important as prevention of r  h disease is also becoming more effective hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born anti k  ell 1 is caused by a mis  match between the k  ell antigens of the mother and fe  tus about 91 of the population are k  ell 1 negative and about 9 are k  ell 1 positive a fraction of a percentage are homo  zy  g  ous for k  ell 1 therefore about 4 5 of babies born to a k  ell 1 negative mother are k  ell 1 positive the disease results when maternal antibodies to k  ell 1 are transferred to the fe  tus across the plac  ental barrier breaching immune privilege these antibodies can cause severe an  emia by interfering with the early proliferation of red blood cells as well as causing allo  immune hem  ol  ysis very severe disease can occur as early as 20 weeks gest  ation hydro  ps fe  tal  is can also occur early the finding of anti k  ell antibodies in an anten  atal screening blood test indirect co  om  bs test is an indication for early referral to a specialist service for assessment management and treatment
hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born anti r  he is caused by the anti r  he anti  body of the r  h blood group system the anti r  he anti  body can be naturally occurring or arise following immune sensi  tization after a blood transfusion or pregnancy the anti r  he anti  body is quite common especially in the r  h geno  type c  de c  de it usually only causes a mild hem  ol  y  tic disease but very rarely can cause a severe condition in the new  born it can occur with other antibodies usually the anti rh  c anti  body which can also cause a severe hem  ol  y  tic disease
hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born anti rh  c can range from a mild to a severe disease it is the third most common cause of severe h  dn r  h disease is the most common and hem  ol  y  tic disease of the new  born anti k  ell is the second most common cause of severe h  dn it occurs more commonly in women who are r  h d negative
hem  oper  ic  ardi  um refers to blood in the peric  ardi  al s  ac of the heart it is clin  ically similar to a peric  ardi  al eff  usion and depending on the volume and rap  idity with which it develops may cause cardiac tam  pon  ade the condition can be caused by full thickness necro  sis death of the my  o  cardi  um heart muscle after my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion chest trauma and by over prescription of anti  co  ag  ul  ants other causes include rup  tured an  eur  ys  m of sin  us of val  sal  va and other an  eur  ys  ms of the a  or  tic arch hem  oper  ic  ardi  um can be diagnosed with a chest x ray or a chest ul  tras  ound and is most commonly treated with peric  ardi  oc  ent  esis while hem  oper  ic  ardi  um itself is not deadly it can lead to cardiac tam  pon  ade a condition that is fatal if left untreated
hem  oper  it  on  eu  m sometimes also hem  at  oper  it  on  eu  m is the presence of blood in the per  it  one  al cav  ity the blood accumul  ates in the space between the inner lining of the ab  domin  al wall and the internal ab  domin  al organs hem  oper  it  on  eu  m is generally classified as a surgical emergency in most cases urgent l  apar  o  tomy is needed to identify and control the source of the bleeding in selected cases careful observation may be permissible the ab  domin  al cav  ity is highly dis  ten  sible and may easily hold greater than five lit  ers of blood or more than the entire circulating blood volume for an average sized individual therefore large scale or rapid blood loss into the ab  dom  en will reliably induce hemorrha  gic shock and if untreated may rapidly lead to death
hem  op  ha  go  cy  tic lymp  ho  his  ti  oc  y  to  sis hl  h also known as ha  em  op  ha  go  cy  tic lymp  ho  his  ti  oc  y  to  sis british spelling and hem  op  ha  go  cy  tic or ha  em  op  ha  go  cy  tic syndrome is an un  common hem  ato  logic disorder it is a life threatening disease of severe hyper  infl  amm  ation caused by uncontrolled proliferation of activated lymp  ho  cy  tes and macro  p  ha  ges characterised by proliferation of mor  pho  logically benign lymp  ho  cy  tes and macro  p  ha  ges that secre  te high amounts of infl  am  matory cy  to  k  ines it is classified as one of the cy  to  k  ine storm syndro  mes
hem  op  neu  mo  thor  ax or ha  em  op  neu  mo  thor  ax is a medical term describing the combination of two conditions pneu  mo  thor  ax or air in the chest cav  ity and h  emo  thor  ax also called h  æ  mo  thor  ax or blood in the chest cav  ity a h  emo  thor  ax pneu  mo  thor  ax or both can occur if the chest wall is punc  tured to understand the ramifications of this it is important to have an understanding of the role of the ple  ural space the ple  ural space is located anatom  ically between the vis  cer  al memb  rane which is firmly attached to the lungs and the par  ie  tal memb  rane which is firmly attached to the chest wall aka rib  cage and inter  cost  al muscles muscles between the ribs the ple  ural space contains ple  ural fluid this fluid holds the two memb  ran  es together by surface tension as much as a drop of water between two sheets of glass prevents them from separating because of this when the inter  cost  al muscles move the rib  cage outward the lungs are pulled out as well dropping the pressure in the lungs and pulling air into the bron  chi when we breathe in the ple  ural space is maintained in a constant state of negative pressure in comparison to atmospheric pressure if the chest wall and thus the ple  ural space is punc  tured blood air or both can enter the ple  ural space air blood ru  shes into the space in order to equ  alise the pressure with that of the atmosphere as a result the fluid is disrupted and the two memb  ran  es no longer adhere to each other when the ri  b cage moves out it no longer pulls the lungs with it thus the lungs cannot expand the pressure in the lungs never drops and no air is pulled into the bron  chi respir  ation is not possible the affected lung which has a great deal of elastic tissue shri  vel  s in what is referred to as a collapsed lung
hemorrha  gic gastro  enter  i  tis h  ge is a disease of dogs characterized by sudden v  om  iting and bloody diarr  hea the symptoms are usually severe and h  ge can be fatal if not treated h  ge is most common in young adult dogs of any breed but especially small dogs such as the toy po  odle and miniature schn  au  zer it is not contagious
hemorrha  gic inf  arc  ts are inf  arc  ts commonly caused by oc  clu  sion of ve  ins with red blood cells entering the area of the inf  arc  t or an artery oc  clu  sion of an organ with collater  als or dual circulation this is commonly seen in brain lungs liver and the gi tract areas referred to as having loose tissue or dual circulation loose tex  tured tissue allows red blood cells released from damaged vess  les to diffuse through the necro  tic tissue white inf  arc  ts can become hemorrha  gic with reper  fusion compare to anemic inf  arc  t hemorrha  gic inf  arc  tion is also associated with tes  tic  ular tor  sion
hemorrha  gic small  pox sometimes called bloody pox ful  min  ant small  pox and black  pox is a severe and rare form of small  pox and is usually fatal like all forms of small  pox it is caused by the vari  ola virus it is characterized by an incub  ation period of 7 to 14 days it has two stages the first begins with fever headache ch  ills naus  ea v  om  iting and severe muscle aches the skin flu  shes in a deep purple uneven pattern across the face the early stage is often mistaken for meas  les the late stage is characterized by the appearance of small bl  is  ters resembling a severe form of chick  en  pox these small bl  is  ters then fl  atten until they are even with the skin and change into red  dish le  sions similar to those seen in meas  les the skin then turns a deep purple le  sions appear inside the mouth and active bleeding from oral and nas  al mu  co  us memb  ran  es is common this is followed by active bleeding in the gastro  intest  inal tract and blood appears in the sto  ol and urine blood studies resemble the clinical values of disseminated intr  av  ascular co  ag  ulation
hemor  rho  ids also spelled ha  emor  rho  ids are vascular structures in the anal canal in their normal state they are cush  ions that help with sto  ol control they become a disease when sw  oll  en or infl  amed the unqualified term hemor  rho  id is often used to mean the disease the signs and symptoms of hemor  rho  ids depend on the type present internal hemor  rho  ids usually present with pain  less bright red rec  tal bleeding when defec  ating external hemor  rho  ids often result in pain and sw  elling in the area of the an  us if bleeding occurs it is usually darker symptoms frequently get better after a few days a skin tag may remain after the healing of an external hemor  rho  id while the exact cause of hemor  rho  ids remains unknown a number of factors which increase pressure in the ab  dom  en are believed to be involved this may include con  sti  p  ation diarr  hea and sitting on the toilet for a long time hemor  rho  ids are also more common during pregnancy diagnosis is made by looking at the area many people incorrectly refer to any symptom occurring around the anal area as hemor  rho  ids and serious causes of the symptoms should be ruled out colon  o  sco  py or sig  mo  ido  sco  py is reasonable to confirm the diagnosis and rule out more serious causes often no specific treatment is needed initial measures consists of increasing fiber intake drinking fluids to maintain hydr  ation n  s  aids to help with pain and rest medicated cre  ams applied to the area are poorly supported by evidence a number of minor procedures may be performed if symptoms are severe or do not improve with conservative management surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures half to two thirds of people have problems with hemor  rho  ids at some point in their lives males and females are affected about equally commonly hemor  rho  ids affect people most often between 45 and 65 years of age it is more common among the wealthy outcomes are usually good the first known mention of the disease is from a 1700 bc egyptian pap  y  rus
hem  os  cro  tum or ha  em  os  cro  tum in british english is a condition in which blood accumul  ates inside the scro  tum hem  os  cro  tum can follow trauma such as a stradd  le injury or can be a complic  ation of surgery it is often accompanied by tes  tic  ular pain it has been reported in patients with hem  ophi  lia and following cathe  ter  ization of the fem  oral artery if the diagnosis is not clin  ically evident transi  ll  u  min  ation with a pen  light against the scro  tum will show a non trans  luc  ent fluid inside the scro  tum ul  tras  ound imaging may also be useful in confirming the diagnosis in severe or non resolving cases surgical inc  ision and drainage may be required to prevent recurrence following surgical drainage a drain may be left at the surgical site
h  emo  sid  erin hyper  pi  gm  entation is pi  gm  entation due to deposits of h  emo  sid  erin and occurs in pur  pur  a h  emo  chro  mo  to  sis hemorrha  gic diseases and st  asis der  mati  tis
h  emo  sid  er  osis ame or ha  emo  sid  er  osis bre is a form of iron overload disorder resulting in the accumulation of h  emo  sid  erin types include transfusion h  emo  sid  er  osis idi  opathic pul  mon  ary h  emo  sid  er  osis trans  fu  sional diabetes h  emo  sid  erin de  position in the lungs is often seen after diffuse al  ve  ol  ar hemorrha  ge which occurs in diseases such as good  pasture s syndrome gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis and idi  opathic pul  mon  ary h  emo  sid  er  osis mit  ral sten  osis can also lead to pul  mon  ary h  emo  sid  er  osis h  emo  sid  erin collects throughout the body in h  emo  chro  mat  osis h  emo  sid  erin de  position in the liver is a common feature of h  emo  chro  mat  osis and is the cause of liver failure in the disease selective iron de  position in the beta cells of pan  cre  atic is  lets leads to diabetes due to distribution of transfer  rin recep  tor on the beta cells of is  lets and in the skin leads to hyper  pi  gm  entation h  emo  sid  erin de  position in the brain is seen after ble  eds from any source including chronic sub  d  ural hemorrha  ge cere  br  al arter  io  ven  ous mal  formations ca  vern  ous hem  an  gi  om  ata h  emo  sid  erin collects in the skin and is slowly removed after bru  ising h  emo  sid  erin may remain in some conditions such as st  asis der  mati  tis h  emo  sid  erin in the kidneys has been associated with marked hem  ol  ysis and a rare blood disorder called par  oxy  sm  al no  c  tur  nal h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia h  emo  sid  erin may deposit in diseases associated with iron overload these diseases are typically diseases in which chronic blood loss requires frequent blood trans  fu  sions such as sick  le cell an  emia and thal  ass  emia though beta thal  ass  emia minor has been associated with h  emo  sid  erin deposits in the liver in those with non alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of any trans  fu  sions
h  emo  succ  us pan  cre  atic  us also known as pseu  do  hem  at  ob  ilia or wir  sun  gor  rha  ge is a rare cause of hemorrha  ge in the gastro  intest  inal tract it is caused by a bleeding source in the pan  cre  as pan  cre  atic duc  t or structures adjacent to the pan  cre  as such as the splen  ic artery that bleed into the pan  cre  atic duc  t which is connected with the bo  wel at the du  o  den  um the first part of the small intest  ine patients with h  emo  succ  us may develop symptoms of gastro  intest  inal hemorrha  ge such as blood in the sto  ols mar  oon sto  ols or mel  ena which is a dark tar  ry sto  ol caused by dig  estion of red blood cells they may also develop ab  domin  al pain it is associated with pan  cre  ati  tis pan  cre  atic cancer and an  eur  ys  ms of the splen  ic artery h  emo  succ  us may be identified with endo  sco  py es  op  ha  go  gastro  du  o  den  o  sco  py where fresh blood may be seen from the pan  cre  atic duc  t alternatively an  gi  o  graphy may be used to inject the ce  li  ac axis to determine the blood vessel that is bleeding this may also be used to treat h  emo  succ  us as emb  oli  zation of the end vessel may terminate the hemorrha  ge however a dis  tal pan  cre  at  ec  tomy — surgery to removal of the tail of the pan  cre  as — may be required to stop the hemorrha  ge
a h  emo  thor  ax hem  o thor  ax or ha  emo  thor  ax or haemorrha  gic ple  ural eff  usion is a type of ple  ural eff  usion in which blood accumul  ates in the ple  ural cav  ity this excess fluid can interfere with normal breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs
hen  ne  k  am syndrome also known as hen  ne  k  am lymp  han  gi  ec  ta  sia – lymp  he  dem  a syndrome and intest  inal lymp  ha  gi  ec  ta  sia – lymp  he  dem  a – mental retar  dation syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder consisting of intest  inal lymp  han  gi  ec  ta  sia facial anomalies peripheral lymp  he  dem  a and mild to moderate levels of growth and intellectual disability it is also known as lymp  he  dem  a lymp  han  gi  ec  ta  sia mental retar  dation syndrome in a sub  set of patients it is associated with cc  be 1 according research published by its nam  es  a  ke ra  oul hen  ne  k  am other causal mutations were found in the fat 4 gene previously mutations in the fat 4 gene had been only associated with van mal  der  gem syndrome the molecular eti  ology of the lymp  he  dem  a phen  o  type in cc  be 1 associated cases was identified as a diminished ability of the mut  ated cc  be 1 to accelerate and focus the activation of the primary lymp  han  gi  ogenic growth factor ve  g  f c
hen  och – sch  ön  le  in pur  pur  a h  sp also known as ig  a vas  cu  li  tis an  ap  hy  lac  to  id pur  pur  a pur  pur  a r  heu  m  atica and sch  ön  le  in – hen  och pur  pur  a is a disease of the skin mu  co  us memb  ran  es and sometimes other organs that most commonly affects children in the skin the disease causes palpable pur  pur  a small hemorrha  ges often with joint pain and ab  domin  al pain with kidney involvement there may be a loss of small amounts of blood and protein in the urine hem  atur  ia and prote  in  ur  ia but this usually goes unnoticed in a small proportion of cases the kidney involvement proceeds to chronic kidney disease h  sp is often preceded by an infection such as a throat infection h  sp is a systemic vas  cu  li  tis infl  amm  ation of blood vessels and is characterized by de  position of immune complex  es containing the anti  body immun  o  glob  ulin a ig  a the exact cause for this phenomenon is unknown it usually resol  ves within several weeks and requires no treatment apart from symptom control but may relap  se in a third of cases and cause irreversible kidney damage in about one in a hundred cases
he  par  in induced thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia hit is the development of thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia a low plat  elet count due to the administration of various forms of he  par  in an anti  co  ag  ul  ant hit pre  dis  poses to thro  m  bo  sis the abnormal formation of blood clo  ts inside a blood vessel and when thro  m  bo  sis is identified the condition is called he  par  in induced thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia and thro  m  bo  sis hit  t hit is caused by the formation of abnormal antibodies that activate plat  el  ets if someone receiving he  par  in develops new or worsening thro  m  bo  sis or if the plat  elet count falls hit can be confirmed with specific blood tests the treatment of hit requires both protection from thro  m  bo  sis and choice of an agent that will not reduce the plat  elet count further several alternatives are available for this purpose and mainly used are dan  apar  o  id fon  d  apar  in  ux arg  atro  ban and bi  val  ir  ud  in while he  par  in was discovered in the 1930 s hit was not reported until the 1960 s
he  par  in necro  sis is a cu  taneous condition and usually occurs between days 5 and 10 of he  par  in therapy
he  p  atic encephalopathy he is the occurrence of confusion altered level of consciousness and coma as a result of liver failure in the advanced stages it is called he  p  atic coma or coma hepati  cu  m it may ultimately lead to death it is caused by accumulation in the blood  stream of toxic substances that are normally removed by the liver the diagnosis of he  p  atic encephalopathy requires the presence of impaired liver function and the exclusion of an alternative explanation for the symptoms blood tests ammonia levels may assist in the diagnosis attacks are often caused by another problem such as infection or con  sti  p  ation he  p  atic encephalopathy is reversible with treatment this relies on suppressing the production of the toxic substances in the intest  ine and is most commonly done with the lax  ative lac  tul  ose or with non absor  bable antibiotics in addition the treatment of any underlying condition may improve the symptoms in particular settings such as acute liver failure the onset of encephalopathy may indicate the need for a liver transplant
he  p  atic micro  vascular dys  pl  asia h  md or m  vd or portal at  re  sia is a disorder where mixing of ven  ous blood and arter  ial blood in the liver occurs at the micro  scopic level it occurs most commonly in certain dog breeds such as the cair  n and yorkshire terri  ers although any dog breed may be at risk
he  p  atic por  phy  ri  as is a form of por  phy  ria in which the enzyme deficiency occurs in the liver examples include in order of synthesis path  way acute inter  mit  tent por  phy  ria por  phy  ria cu  tane  a tar  da and he  pat  o  er  y  thro  po  ie  tic por  phy  ria hereditary co  propor  phy  ria vari  eg  ate por  phy  ria
he  p  atic ven  o oc  clu  sive disease or ven  o oc  clu  sive disease v  od is a condition in which some of the small ve  ins in the liver are obstructed it is a complic  ation of high dose chem  otherapy given before a bone marrow transplant b  mt and is marked by weight gain due to fluid retention increased liver size and raised levels of bi  li  rubin in the blood the name sin  us  o  idal obstruction syndrome is now preferred if v  od happens as a result of chem  otherapy or bone marrow transplantation apart from chem  otherapy v  od may also occur after ing  estion of certain plant al  k  alo  ids such as py  r  ro  li  zid  ine al  k  alo  ids in some herbal te  as and has been described as part of a rare hereditary disease called he  p  atic ven  o  oc  clu  sive disease with immun  o  deficiency which results from mutations in the gene coding for a protein called sp 110
hepatitis is a disease of the liver characterized by the presence of infl  amm  ation hepatitis may occur without symptoms but can lead to ja  und  ice a yellow dis  color  ation of the skin mu  co  us memb  ran  es and con  junc  tiva of the eyes poor appetite and fatigue depending on the cause hepatitis can manifest either as an acute or as a chronic disease acute hepatitis can be self limiting resolving on its own can progress to chronic hepatitis or can cause acute liver failure in rare instances chronic hepatitis may have no symptoms or may progress over time to cir  rho  sis scar  ring of the liver fi  bro  sis the formation of extra fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue and chronic liver failure cir  rho  sis of the liver increases the risk of developing he  pat  oc  ell  ular carcin  oma a form of liver cancer worldwide viral hepatitis is the most common cause followed closely by alcoholic liver disease and non alcoholic liver disease naf  ld other less common causes of hepatitis include auto  immune diseases ing  estion of toxic substances certain medications such as par  acet  am  ol some industrial organic solvents and plants the word is derived from the greek h  ê  par ἧ  παρ meaning liver and the suff  ix i  tis ῖ  τις meaning infl  amm  ation c 17  27
hepatitis a formerly known as infectious hepatitis is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis a virus ha  v many cases have few or no symptoms especially in the young the time between infection and symptoms in those who develop them is between two and six weeks when symptoms occur they typically last eight weeks and may include naus  ea v  om  iting diarr  hea ja  und  ice fever and ab  domin  al pain around 10 – 15 of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the six months after the initial infection acute liver failure may rarely occur with this being more common in the elderly it is usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with infected f  ec  es shellfish which have not been sufficiently cooked are a relatively common source it may also be spread through close contact with an infectious person while children often do not have symptoms when infected they are still able to infect others after a single infection a person is immune for the rest of his or her life diagnosis requires blood testing as the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other diseases it is one of five known hepatitis viruses a b c d and e the hepatitis a vaccine is effective for prevention some countries recommend it routinely for children and those at higher risk who have not previously been vaccinated it appears to be effective for life other preventive measures include hand washing and properly cooking food no specific treatment is available with rest and medications for naus  ea or diarr  hea recommended on an as needed basis infections usually resolve completely and without ongoing liver disease treatment of acute liver failure if it occurs is with liver transplantation globally around 1 4 million symptomatic cases occur each year and about 102 million infections symptomatic and as  ymp  tomatic it is more common in regions of the world with poor sanitation and not enough safe water in the developing world about 90 of children have been infected by age 10 and thus are immune by adul  thood it often occurs in outbreaks in moderately developed countries where children are not exposed when young and vaccination is not widespread acute hepatitis a resulted in 102 000 deaths in 2010 world hepatitis day occurs each year on july 28 to bring awareness to viral hepatitis
hepatitis b is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis b virus h  bv which affects the liver it can cause both acute and chronic infections many people have no symptoms during the initial infection some develop a rapid onset of sickness with v  om  iting yel  low  ish skin ti  red  ness dark urine and ab  domin  al pain often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death it may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin in those who get infected around the time of birth 90 develop chronic hepatitis b while less than 10 of those infected after the age of five do most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms however cir  rho  sis and liver cancer may eventually develop these complications result in the death of 15 to 25 of those with chronic disease the virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people s blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis b is acquired in areas where the disease is common in areas where the disease is rare intra  ven  ous drug use and sexual inter  course are the most frequent routes of infection other risk factors include working in healthcare blood trans  fu  sions dial  ysis living with an infected person travel in countries where the infection rate is high and living in an institution tat  too  ing and acupuncture led to a significant number of cases in the 1980 s however this has become less common with improved ster  ility the hepatitis b viruses cannot be spread by holding hands sharing eating u  ten  si  ls kissing hu  gging cou  gh  ing snee  zing or breastfeeding the infection can be diagnosed 30 to 60 days after exposure diagnosis is typically by testing the blood for parts of the virus and for antibodies against the virus it is one of five known hepatitis viruses a b c d and e the infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982 vaccination is recommended by the world health organization in the first day of life if possible two or three more doses are required at a later time for full effect this vaccine works about 95 of the time about 180 countries gave the vaccine as part of national programs as of 2006 it is also recommended that all blood be tested for hepatitis b before transfusion and condoms be used to prevent infection during an initial infection care is based on the symptoms that a person has in those who develop chronic disease anti  viral medication such as ten  o  fo  vi  r or interfer  on may be useful however these drugs are expensive liver transplantation is sometimes used for cir  rho  sis about a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives including 240 million to 350 million who have chronic infections another 129 million new infections occurred in 2013 over 750 000 people die of hepatitis b each year about 300 000 of these are due to liver cancer the disease is now only common in east asia and sub saharan africa where between 5 and 10 of adults are chronically infected rates in europe and north america are less than 1 it was originally known as serum hepatitis research is looking to create foods that contain h  bv vaccine the disease may affect other great apes as well
hepatitis c is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis c virus h  c  v that primarily affects the liver during the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms occasionally a fever dark urine ab  domin  al pain and yellow ting  ed skin occurs the virus persists in the liver in about 75 to 85 of those initially infected early on chronic infection typically has no symptoms over many years however it often leads to liver disease and occasionally cir  rho  sis in some cases those with cir  rho  sis will develop complications such as liver failure liver cancer or es  op  ha  ge  al and ga  str  ic var  ices h  c  v is spread primarily by blood to blood contact associated with intra  ven  ous drug use poorly sterilized medical equipment need  les  tick injuries in healthcare and trans  fu  sions with blood screening the risk from a transfusion is less than one per two million it may also be spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth it is not spread by superficial contact it is one of five known hepatitis viruses a b c d and e diagnosis is by blood testing to look for either antibodies to the virus or its r  na testing is recommended in all people who are at risk there is no vaccine against hepatitis c prevention includes harm reduction efforts among people who use intra  ven  ous drugs and testing donated blood chronic infection can be cured about 90 of the time with treatments that include the medications so  fo  s  bu  vi  r or si  me  pre  vi  r previous to this a combination of pe  g  interfer  on and rib  avi  rin was used which had a cure rate around 50 and greater side effects getting access to the newer treatments however can be expensive those who develop cir  rho  sis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant hepatitis c is the leading reason for liver transplantation though the virus usually rec  urs after transplantation an estimated 130 – 200 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis c in 2013 about 11 million new cases occurred it occurs most commonly in africa and central and east asia about 343 000 deaths due to liver cancer and 358 000 deaths due to cir  rho  sis occurred in 2013 due to hepatitis c the existence of hepatitis c – originally identifiable only as a type of non a non b hepatitis – was suggested in the 1970 s and proven in 1989 hepatitis c inf  ects only humans and chimp  an  ze  es
hepatitis d hepatitis delta is a disease caused by the hepatitis d virus h  d  v a small spher  ical envelop  ed r  na virus this is one of five known hepatitis viruses a b c d and e h  d  v is considered to be a sub  viral satellite because it can propag  ate only in the presence of the hepatitis b virus h  bv transmission of h  d  v can occur either via simultaneous infection with h  bv co  infection or super  imposed on chronic hepatitis b or hepatitis b carrier state super  infection both super  infection and co  infection with h  d  v results in more severe complications compared to infection with h  bv alone these complications include a greater likelihood of experiencing liver failure in acute infections and a rapid progression to liver cir  rho  sis with an increased risk of developing liver cancer in chronic infections in combination with hepatitis b virus hepatitis d has the highest fat  ality rate of all the hepatitis infections at 20
hepatitis e is a viral hepatitis liver infl  amm  ation caused by infection with a virus called hepatitis e virus it is one of five known human hepatitis viruses a b c d and e hev is a positive sense single stranded non envelop  ed r  na i  co  sa  he  dr  al virus hev has a f  ec  al oral transmission route infection with this virus was first documented in 1955 during an outbreak in new delhi india a preventative vaccine hev 239 is approved for use in china although hepatitis e often causes an acute and self limiting infection the virus usually resol  ves itself and the individual recovers with low mortality rates in the western world it bears a high risk of developing chronic hepatitis in immun  o  compromised patients with substantial mortality rates organ transplant recipients who receive immun  o  sup  pres  sive medication to prevent rejection are thought to be the main population at risk for chronic hepatitis e furthermore in healthy individuals during the duration of the infection the disease severely imp  airs a person ’ s ability to work care for family members and other daily activities hepatitis e occasionally develops into an acute severe liver disease and is fatal in about 2 of all cases clin  ically it is comparable to hepatitis a but in pregnant women the disease is more often severe and is associated with a clinical syndrome called ful  min  ant liver failure pregnant women especially those in the third trim  ester suffer an elevated mortality rate from the disease of around 20 hepatitis e newly affected about 28 million people in 2013
he  pat  obl  ast  oma is an un  common m  align  ant liver cancer occurring in infants and children and composed of tissue resembling fe  tal liver cells mature liver cells or bile duc  t cells they usually present with an ab  domin  al mass the disease is most commonly diagnosed during a child s first three years of life alpha fe  to  protein af  p levels are commonly elevated but when af  p is not elevated at diagnosis the prog  no  sis is poor
he  pat  oc  ell  ular aden  oma also he  p  atic aden  oma or rarely he  pad  en  oma is an un  common benign liver tumor which is associated with the use of hormonal contraception with a high estro  gen content patients of advanced age or taking higher potency hormones or patients with prolonged duration of use have a significantly increased risk of developing he  pat  oc  ell  ular aden  om  as
he  pat  oc  ell  ular carcin  oma h  cc also called m  align  ant he  pat  oma is the most common type of liver cancer most cases of h  cc are as a result of either a viral hepatitis infection hepatitis b or c metabol  ic toxins such as alcohol or aflatoxin conditions like h  emo  chro  mat  osis and alpha 1 anti  try  p  sin deficiency or n  ash treatment options for h  cc and prog  no  sis are dependent on many factors but especially on tum  our size staging and extent of liver injury tum  our grade is also important high grade tumors will have a poor prog  no  sis while low grade tumors may go unnoticed for many years as is the case in many other organs h  cc is relatively un  common in the united states and many other developed countries it occurs most commonly in countries where hepatitis b infections are common
he  pat  oc  y  te growth factor scat  ter factor hg  f sf is a par  ac  rine cellular growth mo  ti  lity and mor  pho  genic factor it is secre  ted by mes  en  ch  ym  al cells and targets and acts primarily upon epi  the  li  al cells and endo  the  li  al cells but also acts on ha  emo  po  ie  tic prog  en  itor cells and t cells it has been shown to have a major role in embryonic organ development specifically in my  o  genesis in adult organ regeneration and in wound healing
he  pat  o  er  y  thro  po  ie  tic por  phy  ria is a very rare form of he  p  atic por  phy  ria caused by a disorder in both genes which code u  ro  por  phy  rin  o  gen iii dec  ar  box  yl  ase u  rod it has a similar presentation to por  phy  ria cu  tane  a tar  da pc  t but with earlier onset in classifications which define pc  t type 1 as spor  adic and pc  t type 2 as famili  al he  pat  o  er  y  thro  po  ie  tic por  phy  ria is more similar to type 2
he  pat  oli  thi  asis is the presence of gall  stones in the bi  li  ary duc  ts of the liver treatment is usually surgical it is rare in western countries but prevalent in east asia the gall  stones are normally found proxim  al to the left and right he  p  atic duc  ts the causes of the disease are poorly understood but it is suspected that genetics di  ets and environmental causes may contribute it is more common in those of low socioeconomic status who suffer from malnutrition typically is strikes between 50 and 70 years old with neither men nor women more likely to acquire it the prevalence in east asia ranges is as high as 30 50 while in the west it is rare however immigration has increased its prevalence in the west countries that have seen more economic development have also seen a reduction in the rates of the disease some patients have these gall  stones with no symptoms and the disease is only detected through ab  domin  al imaging for those with symptoms common ones are ab  domin  al pain ja  und  ice and fever the gall  stones can cause more serious conditions like fi  brin  ol  ys disorder or gall  stone pan  cre  ati  tis
he  pat  om  eg  al  y is the condition of having an enlarged liver it is a non specific medical sign having many causes which can broadly be broken down into infection he  p  atic tum  ours or metabol  ic disorder often he  pat  om  eg  al  y will present as an ab  domin  al mass depending on the cause it may sometimes present along with ja  und  ice
he  pat  o  protection or anti  he  pat  o  toxicity is the ability to prevent damage to the liver this damage is known as he  pat  o  toxicity
in medicine he  pat  op  ul  mon  ary syndrome is a syndrome of short  ness of breath and hypo  x  emia low oxygen levels in the blood of the arter  ies caused by vas  o  dil  ation broadening of the blood vessels in the lungs of patients with liver disease dy  sp  ne  a and hypo  x  emia are worse in the u  pri  ght position which is called plat  y  p  ne  a and orth  o  de  ox  ia respectively
he  pat  o  ren  al syndrome often abbreviated h  rs is a life threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cir  rho  sis or ful  min  ant liver failure h  rs is usually fatal unless a liver transplant is performed although various treatments such as dial  ysis can prevent advancement of the condition h  rs can affect individuals with cir  rho  sis severe alcoholic hepatitis or liver failure and usually occurs when liver function deterior  ates rapidly because of a sudden insult such as an infection bleeding in the gastro  intest  inal tract or over  use of di  u  re  tic medications h  rs is a relatively common complic  ation of cir  rho  sis occurring in 18 of people within one year of their diagnosis and in 39 within five years of their diagnosis deteriorating liver function is believed to cause changes in the circulation that supplies the intest  ines altering blood flow and blood vessel tone in the kidneys the kidney failure of h  rs is a consequence of these changes in blood flow rather than direct damage to the kidney the diagnosis of he  pat  o  ren  al syndrome is based on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible to the condition two forms of he  pat  o  ren  al syndrome have been defined type 1 h  rs entails a rapidly progressive decline in kidney function while type 2 h  rs is associated with as  cites fluid accumulation in the ab  dom  en that does not improve with standard di  u  re  tic medications the risk of death in he  pat  o  ren  al syndrome is very high the mortality of individuals with type 1 h  rs is over 50 over the short term as determined by historical case series the only long term treatment option for the condition is liver transplantation while awaiting transplantation people with h  rs often receive other treatments that improve the ab  norm  alities in blood vessel tone including supportive care with medications or the insertion of a trans  ju  g  ular intra  he  p  atic por  to  systemic sh  unt tips which is a small sh  unt placed to reduce blood pressure in the portal vein some patients may require h  emo  dial  ysis to support kidney function or a newer technique called liver dial  ysis which uses a dial  ysis circuit with albumin bound memb  ran  es to bind and remove toxins normally cleared by the liver providing a means of ex  trac  or  po  real liver support until transplantation can be performed
he  pat  os  plen  ic t cell lymp  homa is a rare and generally incur  able form of lymp  homa
he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y commonly abbreviated h  sm is the simultaneous enlargement of both the liver he  pat  om  eg  al  y and the sp  leen splen  om  eg  al  y he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y can occur as the result of acute viral hepatitis infectious mon  on  uc  le  osis and hist  op  las  mo  sis or it can be the sign of a serious and life threatening ly  so  som  al storage disease systemic ven  ous hyper  tension can also increase the risk for developing he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y which may be seen in those patients with right sided heart failure
he  pat  o  toxicity from he  p  atic toxicity implies chemical driven liver damage drug induced liver injury is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease the liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents certain medicinal agents when taken in over  doses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges may inj  ure the organ other chemical agents such as those used in laboratories and industries natural chemicals e g micro  cy  st  ins and herbal remedies can also induce he  pat  o  toxicity chemicals that cause liver injury are called he  pat  o  toxins more than 900 drugs have been implicated in causing liver injury and it is the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market he  pat  o  toxicity and drug induced liver injury also account for a substantial number of compound failures highlighting the need for drug screening ass  ays such as stem cell derived he  pat  oc  y  te like cells that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the drug development process chemicals often cause sub  clinical injury to the liver which manifests only as abnormal liver enzyme tests drug induced liver injury is responsible for 5 of all hospital ad  missions and 50 of all acute liver failures
he  pat  y  ri  x is a combined hepatitis a and typ  ho  id vaccination a combination of in  activated hepatitis a virus and vi pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de of salmonella ty  ph  i bacteria manufactured by gla  x  os  mi  th  k  line
herbal magic is a canadian weight loss and nutrition company based in toronto on  tari  o operating through a network of approximately 150 weight loss and nutrition centres across canada herbal magic is canada s largest commercial weight loss company the program includes one on one personal co  aching natural health products including vitamin support and grocer  y store bought food
a hereditary cns dem  yel  inating disease is a dem  yel  inating central nervous system disease that is primarily due to an inherited genetic condition this is in contrast to auto  immune dem  yel  inating conditions such as multiple sclerosis or conditions such as central pon  tine my  el  in  ol  ysis that are associated with acute acquired insult examples include alexander disease can  av  an disease kr  ab  be disease leuko  encephalopathy with van  ishing white matter me  gal  encephal  ic leuko  encephalopathy with sub  cor  tical cy  sts met  ach  rom  atic leuko  dy  stro  phy x linked ad  re  no  leuko  dy  stro  phy
hereditary an  gi  oe  dem  a ha  e is a rare auto  som  al domin  antly inherited blood disorder that causes ep  is  od  ic attacks of sw  elling that may affect the face extre  mi  ties gen  itals gastro  intest  inal tract and upper airways in this form of an  gi  oe  dem  a sw  ell  ings of the intest  inal mu  co  us memb  rane may lead to v  om  iting and painful col  ic like intest  inal sp  as  ms that may mim  ic intest  inal obstruction air  way e  dem  a may be life threatening episodes may be triggered by trauma surgery dental work men  str  uation some medications viral illness and stress however this is not always readily determined this disorder affects approximately one in 10 000 – 50 000 people the underlying cause of most ha  e is auto  som  al dominant inheritance of mutations in the c 1 inhi  bit  or gene c 1 in  h gene or ser  ping 1 gene which is mapped to chro  mo  some 11 11 q 12 q 13 1 to date there are over 300 known genetic mutations that result in a deficiency of functional c 1 inhi  bit  or protein the majority of ha  e patients have a family history however 25 are the result of new mutations the low level of c 1 inhi  bit  or in the plasma leads to increased activation of pathways that release brad  y  kin  in the chemical responsible for the an  gi  oe  dem  a due to increased vascular perme  ability and the pain seen in individuals with ha  e the most common form of the disorder is ha  e type i which is the result of abnormally low amounts low serum levels of c 1 inhi  bit  ors which are responsible for maintaining proper balance home  ost  asis in the complement system specifically keeping the c 1 part of the classical complement path  way from being over  active this inhi  bi  tion helps to regulate various body functions e g flow of body fluids in and out of cells ha  e type ii is a more un  common form of the disorder it occurs as the result of the production of c 1 inhi  bit  or that is normal in amount but does not work well abnormal structure and function type ii accounts for about 15 20 of ha  e type iii is a very rare recently documented form it predominantly affects females and it is influenced by exposure to est  rog  ens or hormone replacement therapy e g oral contrac  ep  tives and pregnancy and is not associated with c 1 in  h deficiency ha  e type iii is not due to c 1 in  h deficiency it is linked to an increase in kin  ino  gen  ase activity leading to elevated levels of brad  y  kin  in some patients with type iii ha  e have a mutation in the f 12 gene which produces a protein involved in blood clo  tting
hereditary benign intra  epi  the  li  al dy  sk  er  at  osis is a rare auto  som  al dominant disease of the con  junc  tiva and the oral mu  co  sa caused by a duplication of chro  mo  some 4 q 35 in the mouth it appears similar to white spon  ge nev  us with pain  less diffuse fol  ded and spon  gy white pl  aqu  es in the eye it appears as gelat  inous pl  aqu  es on bul  bar peri  lim  bal con  junc  tiva
hereditary breast – o  vari  an cancer syndro  mes h  bo  c are cancer syndro  mes that produce higher than normal levels of breast cancer and o  vari  an cancer in genetically related families either one individual had both or several individuals in the pedigree had one or the other disease the hereditary factors may be proven or suspected to cause the pattern of breast and o  vari  an cancer occurrences in the family
hereditary co  propor  phy  ria h  cp is a disorder of hem  e bio  synthesis classified as an acute he  p  atic por  phy  ria h  cp is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme co  propor  phy  rin  o  gen oxid  ase coded for by the c  pox gene and is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant fashion although homo  zy  g  ous individuals have been identified unlike acute inter  mit  tent por  phy  ria individuals with h  cp can present with cu  taneous findings similar to those found in por  phy  ria cu  tane  a tar  da in addition to the acute attacks of ab  domin  al pain v  om  iting and neuro  logical dysfunction characteristic of acute por  phy  ri  as like other por  phy  ri  as attacks of h  cp can be induced by certain drugs environmental stres  sors or diet changes bio  chemical and molecular testing can be used to narrow down the diagnosis of a por  phy  ria and identify the specific genetic defect overall por  phy  ri  as are rare diseases the combined incidence for all forms of the disease has been estimated at 1 20 000 the exact incidence of h  cp is difficult to determine due to its reduced penetr  ance
hereditary cy  stati  n c amy  loid an  gi  opathy h  c  ca  a is a rare fatal amy  loid disease in young people in iceland caused by a mutation in cy  stati  n c most of the families with the defect gene can be traced to a region in the northwest of iceland around bre  i  ð  af  jör  ð  ur mutations in the cy  stati  n 3 gene are responsible for the icelandic type of hereditary cere  br  al amy  loid an  gi  opathy a condition pre  disposing to in  trac  ere  br  al haemorrha  ge stroke and dementia the condition is inherited in a dominant fashion
hereditary diffuse ga  str  ic cancer is an inherited genetic syndrome caused by a change in the e cad  her  in gene it often results in stomach cancer such that it is recommended that those who carry the gene have their stomach removed
hereditary diffuse leuko  encephalopathy with spher  oids h  d  ls is a rare adult onset auto  som  al dominant disorder characterized by cere  br  al white matter de  generation with dem  yel  ination and ax  onal spher  oids leading to progressive cognitive and motor dysfunction spher  oids are ax  onal sw  ell  ings with dis  continuous or absence of my  elin she  aths it is believed that the disease arises from primary micro  gli  al dysfunction that leads to secondary disruption of ax  onal integrity neuro  ax  onal damage and focal ax  onal spher  oids leading to dem  yel  ination spher  oids in h  d  ls resemble to some extent those produced by she  ar stress in a closed head injury with damage to ax  ons causing them to swell due to block  age of ax  op  las  mic transport in addition to trauma ax  onal spher  oids can be found in aged brain stroke and in other degenerative diseases in h  d  ls it is uncertain whether dem  yel  ination occurs prior to the ax  onal spher  oids or what triggers neuro  de  generation after apparently normal brain and white matter development although genetic deficits suggest that dem  yel  ination and ax  onal path  ology may be secondary to micro  gli  al dysfunction the clinical syndrome in patients with h  d  ls is not specific and it can be mistaken for alzheimer s disease fron  to  temporal dementia atypical par  k  ins  on  ism multiple sclerosis or cor  ti  co  bas  al de  generation
hereditary el  lip  to  cy  to  sis also known as o  val  oc  y  to  sis is an inherited blood disorder in which an abnormally large number of the patient s er  y  thro  cy  tes i e red blood cells are el  lip  tical rather than the typical bi  con  cave dis  c shape such mor  pho  logically distinctive er  y  thro  cy  tes are sometimes referred to as el  lip  to  cy  tes or o  val  oc  y  tes it is one of many red cell memb  rane defects in its severe forms this disorder pre  dis  poses to ha  emol  y  tic ana  emia although pathological in humans el  lip  to  cy  to  sis is normal in c  ame  li  ds
hereditary fol  ate mal  absorption h  f  m om  im 2  290  50 is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder caused by caused by loss of function mutations in the prot  on coupled fol  ate transporter pc  ft gene resulting in systemic fol  ate deficiency and impaired delivery of fol  ate to the brain
hereditary fructose intolerance h  fi is an in  born error of fructose metabol  ism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme al  dol  ase b individuals affected with h  fi are as  ymp  tomatic until they ing  est fructose sucrose or sor  bit  ol if fructose is ing  ested the enz  ym  atic block at al  dol  ase b causes an accumulation of fructose 1 phosphate this accumulation has downstream effects on glu  con  e  o  genesis and regeneration of aden  os  ine tri  phosphate at  p symptoms of h  fi include v  om  iting hypo  gly  cem  ia ja  und  ice hemorrha  ge he  pat  om  eg  al  y hyper  ur  ic  emia and potentially kidney failure while h  fi is not clin  ically a devastating condition there are reported deaths in infants and children as a result of the metabol  ic consequences of h  fi death in h  fi is always associated with problems in diagnosis h  fi is an auto  som  al rec  essive condition caused by mutations in the al  do  b gene located at 9 q 22 3 h  fi is typically suspected based on dietary history especially in infants who become symptomatic after breast feeding this suspicion is typically confirmed by molecular analysis treatment of h  fi involves strict avoidance of fructose in the diet older patients with h  fi typically self select a diet low in fructose even before being diagnosed
hereditary gel  sol  in amy  lo  ido  sis is a cu  taneous condition inherited in an auto  som  al dominant fashion the condition was first described in 1969 by the finnish oph  thal  mo  logist jou  ko mere  to  ja and is also known as famili  al amy  loid neuro  pa  thy type iv mere  to  ja syndrome hereditary amy  lo  ido  sis finnish type the disorder primarily associated with eye skin and cran  ial nerve symptoms it is a form of amy  lo  ido  sis where the amy  loid complex  es are formed from fragments of the protein gel  sol  in in the plasma due to an mutation in the gs  n gene c 654 g a or c 654 g t
hereditary g  ing  i  val fi  bro  mat  osis hg  f also known as idi  opathic g  ing  i  val hyper  pl  asia is a rare condition of g  ing  i  val over  growth hg  f is characterized as a benign slowly progressive non  hemorrha  gic fi  bro  us enlargement of ker  at  ini  zed g  ing  iva it can cover teeth in various degrees and can lead to aesthetic dis  figu  rement fi  bro  us enlargement is most common in areas of max  ill  ary and man  di  bul  ar tissues of both ar  ches in the mouth phen  o  type and geno  type frequency of hg  f is 1 175 000 where males and females are equally affected but the cause is not entirely known it mainly exists as an isolated ab  normality but can also be associated with a multi system syndrome
hereditary hemorrha  gic tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia h  ht also known as o  sl  er – weber – ren  du disease and o  sl  er – weber – ren  du syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin mu  co  us memb  ran  es and often in organs such as the lungs liver and brain it may lead to no  se  ble  eds acute and chronic dig  estive tract bleeding and various problems due to the involvement of other organs treatment focuses on reducing bleeding from blood vessel le  sions and sometimes surgery or other targeted interventions to remove arter  io  ven  ous mal  formations in organs chronic bleeding often requires iron supplements and sometimes blood trans  fu  sions h  ht is transmitted in an auto  som  al dominant fashion and occurs in one in 5 000 people the disease carries the names of sir william o  sl  er henri jules louis marie ren  du and frederick par  kes weber who described it in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries
hereditary hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia refers to the condition where levels of bi  li  rubin are elevated for reasons that can be attributed to a metabol  ic disorder an example is cri  gl  er naj  jar syndrome
reed ’ s syndrome or famili  al lei  om  y  om  at  osis cu  tis et uter  i is a rare inherited condition characterised by multiple cu  taneous lei  om  y  om  as and in women uter  ine lei  om  y  om  as it pre  dis  poses for ren  al cell cancer an association denominated hereditary lei  om  y  om  at  osis and ren  al cell cancer and it is also associated with increased risk of uter  ine lei  om  y  os  ar  coma the syndrome is caused by a mutation in the fu  mar  ate hydr  at  ase gene which leads to an accumulation of fu  mar  ate the inheritance pattern is auto  som  al dominant
hybrid on  co  cy  tom  a ch  rom  opho  be ren  al cell carcin  oma is rare subtype of ren  al cell carcin  oma
hereditary motor and sensory neuro  path  ies h  ms  n is a name sometimes given to a group of different neuro  path  ies which are all characterized by their impact upon both a  ffer  ent and eff  er  ent ne  ural communication h  ms  n are characterised by atypical ne  ural development and degradation of ne  ural tissue the two common forms of h  ms  n are either hyper  troph  ic dem  yel  inated nerves or complete atro  phy of ne  ural tissue hyper  troph  ic condition causes ne  ural sti  ff  ness and a dem  yel  ination of nerves in the peripheral nervous system and atro  phy causes the breakdown of ax  ons and ne  ural cell bodies in these disorders a patient experiences progressive muscle atro  phy and sensory neuro  pa  thy of the extre  mi  ties the term hereditary motor and sensory neuro  pa  thy was used mostly historically to den  ote the more common forms char  cot – marie – tooth disease c  mt with the identification of a wide number of genetically and phen  o  typically distinct forms of c  mt the term h  ms  n is now used less frequently
hereditary motor and sensory neuro  pa  thy with proxim  al dominance h  ms  n p is an auto  som  al dominant neuro  degenerative disorder that is defined by extensive involuntary and spontaneous muscle contr  actions asth  enia and atro  phy with dis  tal sensory involvement following the disease starts presenting typically in the 40 s and is succeeded by a slow and continuous onslaught muscle sp  as  ms and muscle contr  actions large in number are noted especially in the earliest stages the presentation of h  ms  n p is quite similar to am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis and has common neuro  pathological findings sensory loss happens as the disease progres  ses but the amount of sensation lost varies from case to case there have been other symptoms of h  ms  n p reported such as ur  inary disturbances and a dry cough two large families in japan have been identified with the disease loc  us to chro  mo  some 3 q from descendants of japan h  ms  n p was brought to brazil from there it is a pretty isolated disease through clinical studies researchers identified that t  f  g mutations on chro  mo  some 3 q 13 2 causes h  ms  n p the presence of t  f  g ubi  qui  tin and or t  dp 43 immun  o  positive cy  top  las  mic inclu  sions in motor neurons and cy  to  sol  ic aggregation composed of t  dp 43 in cul  tured cells expressing mut  ant t  f  g indicate a novel path  way of motor ne  uron death
hereditary mu  co  epi  the  li  al dys  pl  asia h  md or simply mu  co  epi  the  li  al dys  pl  asia is a rare auto  som  al dominant multi  epi  the  li  al disorder causing systemic mal  development of the epi  the  lia and mu  co  us memb  ran  es that line the surface of tissues and structures throughout the body particularly affecting systems affiliated with mu  co  sa which includes the respiratory dig  estive ur  inary reproductive and immune systems the disorder is attributed to improper formation of des  mo  som  es and gap junc  tions which prevents proper cor  ni  fication of the epi  the  li  al layer of the skin
hereditary multiple exo  sto  ses h  me or m  he also known as di  ap  hy  seal ac  las  is is a rare medical condition in which multiple bon  y sp  urs or lum  ps also known as exo  sto  ses or o  ste  och  on  dro  mas develop on the bones of a child h  me is synonymous with multiple hereditary exo  sto  ses and multiple o  ste  och  on  dro  mat  osis which is the preferred term used by the world health organization
hereditary ne  ur  al  gic am  yo  tro  phy h  na is a ne  ur  al  gic disorder that is characterized by nerve damage and muscle atro  phy preceded by severe pain it is caused by a mutation in the se  pt 9 gene 17 q 25 while not much is known about this disorder it has been characterized to be similar to par  son  age turner syndrome in prog  no  sis for a comprehensive overview of hereditary and idi  opathic ne  ur  al  gic am  yo  tro  phy and its consequences for patients please see the pdf file link at the bottom of this page
hereditary neuro  pa  thy with liability to pressure pal  sy hn  pp is a peripheral neuro  pa  thy a disorder of the nerves hn  pp is a nerve disorder that affects the peripheral nerves — pressure on the nerves can cause ting  ling sens  ations num  b  ness pain weakness muscle atro  phy and even paraly  zation of affected area in normal individuals these symptoms disappear quickly but in sufferers of hn  pp even a short period of pressure can cause the symptoms to occur pal  sies can last from minutes days to weeks or even months the symptoms may vary — some individuals report minor problems whilst others experience severe discomfort and disability in many cases the symptoms are mild enough to go unnoticed the time period between episodes is known to vary between individuals hn  pp has not been found to alter the lifespan although in some cases a decline in quality of life is noticed some sufferers 10 15 report various pains growing in severity with progression of the disease the nerves most commonly affected are the per  one  al nerve at the fi  bul  ar head leg and feet the ul  nar nerve at the el  bow arm and the median nerve at the wrist palm thum  bs and fingers but any peripheral nerve can be affected hn  pp is part of the group of hereditary motor and sensory neuro  pa  thy h  ms  n disorders and is linked to char  cot – marie – tooth disease c  mt
lyn  ch syndrome hn  p  cc or hereditary non  poly  pos  is colo  rec  tal cancer is an auto  som  al dominant genetic condition that has a high risk of col  on cancer as well as other cancers including end  ome  trial cancer second most common o  vary stomach small intest  ine he  pat  ob  ili  ary tract upper ur  inary tract brain and skin the increased risk for these cancers is due to inherited mutations that impair dna mis  match repair it is a type of cancer syndrome
hereditary pan  cre  ati  tis h  p is an infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as attributed to genetic causes it was first described in 1952 by comfort and stein  berg but it was not until 1996 that whit  comb et al isolated the first responsible mutation in the try  p  sin  o  gen gene pr  ss 1 on the long arm of chro  mo  some seven 7 q 35 the term hereditary pan  cre  ati  tis is used when a genetic biom  ar  ker is identified and famili  al pan  cre  ati  tis otherwise
hereditary persistence of fe  tal h  emo  glob  in h  p  f  h bre hereditary persistence of fo  etal ha  emo  glob  in is a benign condition in which significant fe  tal h  emo  glob  in h  emo  glob  in f production continues well into adul  thood disregarding the normal shu  to  ff point after which only adult type h  emo  glob  in should be produced
hereditary progressive m  uc  inous his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is a very rare benign non lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis an auto  som  al dominant or x linked hereditary disease described on the skin it has been found almost exclusively in women one case of the disease in a male patient has been reported
hereditary pyro  po  i  ki  loc  y  to  sis h  pp is an auto  som  al rec  essive form of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia characterized by an abnormal sensitivity of red blood cells to heat and er  y  thro  cy  te mor  pho  logy similar to that seen in thermal burns patients with h  pp tend to experience severe ha  emol  ysis and ana  emia in infancy that gradually improves evolving toward typical el  lip  to  cy  to  sis later in life however the hem  ol  ysis can lead to rapid sequestr  ation and destruction of red cells splen  ec  tomy is cur  ative when this occurs h  pp has been associated with a defect of the er  y  thro  cy  te memb  rane protein spectr  in and with spectr  in deficiency it was characterized in 1975 it is considered a severe form of hereditary el  lip  to  cy  to  sis
hereditary s  cl  ero  sing po  i  kilo  der  ma is an auto  som  al dominant conditions with skin changes consisting of generalized po  i  kilo  der  ma appearing in childhood
hereditary sensory and autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy h  san or hereditary sensory neuro  pa  thy h  s  n is a condition used to describe any of the types of this disease which inhibit sensation they are less common than char  cot marie tooth disease
hereditary sensory and autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy type i h  san i or hereditary sensory neuro  pa  thy type i h  s  n i is a group of auto  som  al dominant inherited neuro  logical diseases that affect the peripheral nervous system particularly on the sensory and autonom  ic functions the hallmark of the disease is the marked loss of pain and temperature sensation in the dis  tal parts of the lower limbs the autonom  ic disturbances if present manifest as swe  ating ab  norm  alities the beginning of the disease varies between adoles  cence and adul  thood since affected individuals cannot feel pain minor wounds or bl  is  ters in the pain  less area may not be immediately recognized and can develop into extensive and deep foot ul  cer  ations once infection occurs the complications such as infl  amm  ation and progressive destruction of the underlying bones may follow and may require ampu  tation of the surrounding area h  san i is the most common type among the five types of h  san as a heterogeneous group of diseases h  san i can be divided into five sub  types h  san ia e most of the genes associated with the diseases have been identified however the molecular pathways leading to the manifestation of the diseases are not fully understood therefore the potential targets for therapeutic interventions are not known moreover gene based therapies for patients with the diseases are not available to date hence supportive care is the only treatment available for the patients
hereditary sp  astic par  ap  legi  a h  sp also known as hereditary sp  astic par  ap  a  res  is famili  al sp  astic par  ap  legi  as french settlement disease or str  ump  ell lor  rain disease is a group of inherited diseases whose main feature is progressive sti  ff  ness and contraction sp  as  tic  ity in the lower limbs as a result of damage to or dysfunction of the nerves h  sp is not a form of cere  br  al pal  sy even though it physically may appear and behave much the same as for example sp  astic di  ple  gia the origins of h  sp are entirely separate phenomena from cere  br  al pal  sy despite this some of the same anti sp  as  tic  ity medications used in sp  astic cere  br  al pal  sy are sometimes used to try to treat h  sp symp  tom  at  ology the condition sometimes also affects the op  tic nerve and re  tina of the eye causes cat  ar  acts at  ax  ia lack of muscle coordination epi  le  psy cognitive impairment peripheral neuro  pa  thy and deaf  ness h  sp is caused by defects in the mechanisms that transport proteins and other substances through the cell long nerves are affected because they have to transport cellular material through long distances and are particularly sensitive to defects of cellular transport hereditary sp  astic par  ap  legi  a was first described in 1883 by adol  ph str  ü  mp  ell a german neuro  logist and was later described more extensively in 18  88 by maurice lor  rain a french physician
hereditary spher  oc  y  to  sis also known as min  kowski – chau  ff  ard syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant ab  normality of er  y  thro  cy  tes the disorder is caused by mutations in genes relating to memb  rane proteins that allow for the er  y  thro  cy  tes to change shape the abnormal er  y  thro  cy  tes are sphere shaped spher  oc  y  to  sis rather than the normal bi  con  cave disk shaped dysfunctional memb  rane proteins interfere with the cell s ability to be flexible to travel from the arter  ies to the smaller cap  il  lar  ies this difference in shape also makes the red blood cells more prone to rupture cells with these dysfunctional proteins are taken for degradation at the sp  leen this shortage of er  y  thro  cy  tes results in hem  ol  y  tic an  emia it was first described in 18  71 and is the most common cause of inherited hem  ol  ysis in europe and north america within the caucasian population with an incidence of 1 in 5000 births the clinical severity of hs varies from symptom fre  ec  arri  er to severe ha  emol  ysis because the disorder exhi  bits incomplete penetr  ance in its expression symptoms include an  emia ja  und  ice splen  om  eg  al  y and fatigue on a blood sme  ar ho  well jolly bodies may be seen within red blood cells primary treatment for patients with symptomatic hs has been total splen  ec  tomy which eliminates the hem  ol  y  tic process allowing normal h  emo  glob  in re  ticul  oc  y  te and bi  li  rubin levels
hereditary stom  at  oc  y  to  sis describes a number of inherited auto  som  al dominant human conditions which affect the red blood cell in which the memb  rane or outer coating of the cell leaks sodium and potassium ions
here  do  famili  al amy  lo  ido  sis is an inherited condition that may be characterized by systemic or loc  alized de  position of amy  loid in body tissues
herman  sky – pu  d  la  k syndrome h  ps is an extremely rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder which results in oc  ul  o  cu  taneous al  bin  ism decreased pi  gm  entation bleeding problems due to a plat  elet ab  normality plat  elet storage pool defect and storage of an abnormal fat protein compound ly  so  som  al accumulation of cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin it is considered to affect around 1 in 500 000 people worldwide with a significantly higher occurrence in puerto ric  ans with a prevalence of 1 in 1800 many of the clinical research studies on the disease have been conducted in puerto rico there are eight classic forms of the disorder based on the genetic mutation from which the disorder stems a ninth type has also been described this last type is due to a mutation in the gene palli  din pl  dn
her  m  ite s problem is an open problem in mathematics posed by charles her  m  ite in 18  48 he asked for a way of expressing real numbers as sequences of natural numbers such that the sequence is eventually periodic precisely when the original number is a cubic irrational
a her  nia is the exit of an organ such as the bo  wel through the wall of the cav  ity in which it normally resides her  ni  as come in a number of different types most commonly they involve the ab  dom  en specifically the gro  in gro  in her  ni  as are most common of the ingu  inal type but may also be fem  oral other her  ni  as include hi  atus incis  ional and um  bil  ical her  ni  as for gro  in her  ni  as symptoms are present in about 66 of people this may include pain or discomfort especially with cou  gh  ing exercise or going to the toilet often it gets worse throughout the day and improves when lying down a bul  ging area may occur that becomes larger when bearing down gro  in her  ni  as occur more often on the right than left side the main concern is strang  ulation where the blood supply to part of the bo  wel is blocked this usually produces severe pain and tender  ness of the area hi  atus or hi  atal her  ni  as often result in heart  burn but may also cause chest pain or pain with eating risk factors for the development of a her  nia include smoking chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease obesity pregnancy per  it  one  al dial  ysis coll  agen vascular disease and previous open append  ec  tomy among others her  ni  as are partly genetic and occur more often in certain families it is unclear if gro  in her  ni  as are associated with heavy lifting her  ni  as can often be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms occasionally medical imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible causes the diagnosis of hi  atus her  ni  as is often by endo  sco  py gro  in her  ni  as that do not cause symptoms in males do not need to be repaired repair however is generally recommended in women due to the higher rate of fem  oral her  ni  as which have more complications if strang  ulation occurs immediate surgery is required repair may be done by open surgery or by l  apar  o  scopic surgery open surgery has the benefit of possibly being done under local an  esthesia rather than general an  esthesia l  apar  o  scopic surgery generally has less pain following the procedure a hi  atus her  nia may be treated with lifestyle changes such as raising the head of the bed weight loss and adjusting eating habits the medications h 2 bloc  kers or prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors may help if the symptoms do not improve with medications the surgery known as l  apar  o  scopic fund  op  lic  ation may be an option about 27 of males and 3 of females develop a gro  in her  nia at some time in their life gro  in her  ni  as occur most often before the age of one and after the age of fifty ingu  inal fem  oral and ab  domin  al her  ni  as resulted in 32 500 deaths in 2013 and 50 500 in 1990 it is not known how commonly hi  atus her  ni  as occur with estimates in north america varying from 10 to 80 the first known description of a her  nia dates back to at least 15  50 bc in the e  bers pap  y  rus from egypt
the hero syndrome is a phenomenon affecting people who seek hero  ism or recognition usually by creating a desperate situation which they can resolve this can include unlawful acts such as arson the phenomenon has been noted to affect civil servants such as firefighters nurses police officers and security guards acts linked with the hero syndrome should not be confused with acts of mal  ice for example a punished fire  fighter ex  acting revenge or an ins  ati  able level of excitement as was found in a federal study of more than 75 fire  fighter ar  son  ists however acts of the hero syndrome have been linked to previously failed hero  ism the hero syndrome may also be a more general yearning for self worth people with hero syndrome will usually cause an accident and pretend to help
her  p  ang  ina also called mouth bl  is  ters is the name of a painful mouth infection caused by co  x  s  ack  i  evi  ruses usually her  p  ang  ina is produced by one particular strain of co  x  s  ack  ie virus a and the term her  p  ang  ina virus refers to co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus a but it can also be caused by co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus b or echo  viruses most cases of her  p  ang  ina occur in the summer affecting mostly children however it occasionally occurs in adolescents and adults it was first characterized in 1920
her  pes es  op  ha  gi  tis is a viral infection of the es  op  ha  gus caused by her  pes simpl  ex virus h  sv while the disease most often occurs in immun  o  compromised patients including post chem  otherapy immun  o  suppression with organ transplants and in aids her  pes es  op  ha  gi  tis can also occur in immun  o  competent individuals
her  pes lab  i  alis also called cold so  res among other names is a type of her  pes simpl  ex occurring on the lip i e an infection caused by her  pes simpl  ex virus h  sv an outbreak typically causes small bl  is  ters or so  res on or around the mouth the so  res typically heal within 2 – 3 weeks but the her  pes virus remains dormant in the facial nerve branches following oro  facial infection periodically re  activating in symptomatic people to create so  res in the same area of the mouth or face at the site of the original infection cold sore has a frequency that varies from rare episodes to 12 or more recur  ren  ces per year people with the condition typically experience one to three attacks each year the frequency and severity of outbreaks generally decreases over time
her  pes simpl  ex greek ἕ  ρ  π  ης her  p  ē  s creeping or latent is a viral disease caused by the her  pes simpl  ex virus infections are categ  orized based on the part of the body infected oral her  pes involves the face or mouth it may result in small bl  is  ters in groups often called cold so  res or fever bl  is  ters or may just cause a sore throat genital her  pes often simply known as her  pes may have minimal symptoms or form bl  is  ters that break open and result in small ul  cers these typically heal over two to four weeks ting  ling or shooting pains may occur before the bl  is  ters appear her  pes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms the first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever muscle pains sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des and headaches over time episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity other disorders caused by her  pes simpl  ex include her  pe  tic whit  low when it involves the fingers her  pes of the eye her  pes infection of the brain and ne  on  atal her  pes when it affects a new  born among others there are two types of her  pes simpl  ex virus type 1 h  sv 1 and type 2 h  sv 2 h  sv 1 more commonly causes oral infections while h  sv 2 more commonly causes genital infections they are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or le  sions of an infected individual transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present genital her  pes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection it may be spread to an infant during childbirth after infection the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies where they reside lifelong causes of recurrence may include decreased immune function stress and sunlight exposure oral and genital her  pes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms the diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting her  pes dna in fluid from bl  is  ters testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections the most effective method of avoiding genital infections is by avoiding vag  inal oral and anal sex con  dom use decreases the risk somewhat daily anti  viral medication taken by someone who has the infection can also reduce spread there is no available vaccine and once infected there is no cure par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en and topical li  doc  aine may be used to help with the symptoms treatments with anti  viral medication such as ac  ic  lo  vi  r or val  ac  ic  lo  vi  r can lessen the severity of symptomatic episodes worldwide rates of either h  sv 1 or h  sv 2 are between 60 and 95 in adults h  sv 1 is usually acquired during childhood rates of both increase as people age rates of h  sv 1 are between 70 and 80 in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40 to 60 in populations of improved socioeconomic status an estimated 536 million people worldwide 16 of the population were infected with h  sv 2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world most people with h  sv 2 do not realize that they are infected
her  pe  tic simpl  ex ker  ati  tis also known as her  pe  tic ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis and her  pes  viral ker  ati  tis is a form of ker  ati  tis caused by recurrent her  pes simpl  ex virus h  sv infection in the cor  ne  a it begins with infection of epi  the  li  al cells on the surface of the eye and retrograde infection of nerves serving the cor  ne  a primary infection typically presents as sw  elling of the con  junc  tiva and eye  li  ds ble  phar  o  con  junc  ti  vi  tis accompanied by small white it  chy le  sions on the cor  ne  al surface the effect of the le  sions varies from minor damage to the epi  the  lium superficial pun  ct  ate ker  ati  tis to more serious consequences such as the formation of d  end  ri  tic ul  cers infection is unilateral affecting one eye at a time additional symptoms include dull pain deep inside the eye mild to acute dr  y  ness and sin  u  si  tis most primary infections resolve spontaneously in a few weeks healing can be aided by the use of oral and topical anti  vir  als subsequent recur  ren  ces may be more severe with infected epi  the  li  al cells showing larger d  end  ri  tic ul  cer  ation and le  sions forming white pl  aqu  es the epi  the  li  al layer is sl  ough  ed off as the d  end  ri  tic ul  cer grows and mild infl  amm  ation i  ri  tis may occur in the underlying st  roma of iris sensation loss occurs in le  sional areas producing generalised cor  ne  al ana  esthesia with repeated recur  ren  ces recurrence can be accompanied by chronic dry eye low grade inter  mit  tent con  junc  ti  vi  tis or chronic un  explained sin  u  si  tis following persistent infection the concentration of viral dna reaches a critical limit anti  body responses against the viral antigen expression in the st  roma can trigger a massive auto  immune response in the eye the response may result in the destruction of the cor  ne  al st  roma resulting in loss of vision due to op  aci  fication of the cor  ne  a this is known as immune medi  ated st  rom  al ker  ati  tis h  sv infection is very common in humans it has been estimated that one third of the world population have recurrent infection ker  ati  tis caused by h  sv is the most common cause of cor  ne  a derived blindness in developed nations therefore h  sv infections are a large and worldwide public health problem the global incidence rate of new disease of her  pes ker  ati  tis is roughly 1 5 million including 40 000 new cases of severe mon  oc  ular visual impairment or blindness each year
her  pes zo  ster oph  thal  mic  us h  zo and also known as oph  thal  mic zo  ster is a disease characterised by re  activation of dormant var  ic  ella zo  ster virus residing within the oph  thal  mic nerve the first division of the tri  gem  inal nerve this condition is an important subtype of sh  ing  les representing 15 of all cases her  pes zo  ster oph  thal  mic  us is transmitted via direct contact or dro  ple  ts var  ic  ella zo  ster virus is a dna virus which produces ac  id  oph  il  ic in  tran  uc  lear inclusion bodies the virus is neuro  troph  ic in nature the frontal nerve is more commonly affected than the nas  o  ci  li  ary nerve or lac  ri  mal nerve
her  pes  viral en  ce  ph  ali  tis is en  ce  ph  ali  tis due to her  pes simpl  ex virus her  pes simpl  ex en  ce  ph  ali  tis h  se is a viral infection of the human central nervous system it is estimated to affect at least 1 in 500 000 individuals per year and some studies suggest an incidence rate of 5 9 cases per 100 000 live births the majority of cases of her  pes en  ce  ph  ali  tis are caused by her  pes simpl  ex virus 1 h  sv 1 the same virus that causes cold so  res 57 of american adults are infected with h  sv 1 which is spread through dro  ple  ts casual contact and sometimes sexual contact though most infected people never have cold so  res about 10 of cases of her  pes en  ce  ph  ali  tis are due to h  sv 2 which is typically spread through sexual contact about 1 in 3 cases of h  se result from primary h  sv 1 infection predominantly occurring in individuals under the age of 18 2 in 3 cases occur in sero  positive persons few of whom have history of recurrent oro  facial her  pes approximately 50 of individuals that develop h  se are over 50 years of age
her  pes  viral men  ing  i  tis is men  ing  i  tis associated with her  pes simpl  ex virus h  sv h  sv 2 is the most common cause of mol  la  ret s men  ing  i  tis a type of recurrent viral men  ing  i  tis this condition was first described in 1944 by french neuro  logist pierre mol  la  ret recur  ren  ces usually last a few days or a few weeks and resolve without treatment they may recur weekly or monthly for approximately 5 years following primary infection
g  ing  ivo  stom  ati  tis also known as primary her  pe  tic g  ing  ivo  stom  ati  tis or or  ol  ab  ial her  pes is a combination of g  ing  i  vi  tis and stom  ati  tis or an infl  amm  ation of the oral mu  co  sa and g  ing  iva her  pe  tic g  ing  ivo  stom  ati  tis is often the initial presentation during the first primary her  pes simpl  ex infection it is of greater severity than her  pes lab  i  alis cold so  res which is often the subsequent presentations primary her  pe  tic g  ing  ivo  stom  ati  tis is the most common viral infection of the mouth primary her  pe  tic g  ing  ivo  stom  ati  tis ph  gs represents the clin  ically apparent pattern of primary her  pes simpl  ex virus h  sv infection since the vast majority of other primary infections are symp  tom  less ph  gs is caused predominantly by h  sv 1 and affects mainly children pro  dro  mal symptoms such as fever an  ore  x  ia irrit  ability malaise and headache may occur in advance of disease the disease presents as numerous pin head ves  ic  les which rupture rapidly to form painful irregular ul  cer  ations covered by yellow – grey memb  ran  es sub man  di  bul  ar lymp  had  eni  tis hal  it  osis and refusal to drink are usual concomitant findings
a her  pe  tic whit  low is a le  sion whit  low on a finger or thumb caused by the her  pes simpl  ex virus it is a painful infection that typically affects the fingers or thum  bs occasionally infection occurs on the toes or on the nail cu  tic  le her  pes whit  low can be caused by infection by h  sv 1 or h  sv 2 h  sv 1 whit  low is often contracted by health care workers that come in contact with the virus it is most commonly contracted by dental workers and medical workers exposed to oral secre  tions it is also often observed in thumb sucking children with primary h  sv 1 oral infection auto  in  oc  ulation prior to sero  conversion and in adults aged 20 to 30 following contact with h  sv 2 infected gen  itals symptoms of her  pe  tic whit  low include sw  elling red  dening and tender  ness of the skin of infected finger this may be accompanied by fever and sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des small clear ves  ic  les initially form individually then merge and become clou  dy associated pain often seems large relative to the physical symptoms the her  pes whit  low le  sion usually he  als in two to three weeks it may reside in ax  ill  ary sensory gang  lia to cause recurrent her  pe  tic le  sions on that arm or digits
in anatomy heter  och  ro  mia ancient greek ἕ  τε  ρο  ς hé  ter  os different χρ  ώ  μα chr  ó  ma color is a difference in color  ation usually of the iris but also of hair or skin heter  och  ro  mia is a result of the relative excess or lack of mel  an  in a pig  ment it may be inherited or caused by genetic mo  sa  ic  ism chim  er  ism disease or injury heter  och  ro  mia of the eye heter  och  ro  mia i  ri  dis or heter  och  ro  mia i  ri  dum is of three kinds in complete heter  och  ro  mia one iris is a different color from the other in sectoral heter  och  ro  mia part of one iris is a different color from its remainder and finally in central heter  och  ro  mia there are spi  kes of different colours radi  ating from the pupil though multiple causes have been pos  ited the scientific consensus is that a lack of genetic diversity is the primary reason behind heter  och  ro  mia this is due to a mutation of the genes that determine mel  an  in distribution at the 8 ht  p path  way which usually only become corrupted due to chro  mo  som  al homo  geneity eye color specifically the color of the ir  ises is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of mel  an  in the affected eye may be hyper  pi  gm  ented hyper  ch  rom  ic or hypo  pi  gm  ented hypo  ch  rom  ic in humans usually an excess of mel  an  in indicates hyper  pl  asia of the iris tissues whereas a lack of mel  an  in indicates hypo  pl  asia
heterogeneous water oxid  ation water oxid  ation is one of the half reactions of water splitting 2 h 2 o → o 2 4 h 4 e − oxid  ation generation of diox  y  gen 4 h 4 e − → 2 h 2 reduction generation of di  hydrogen 2 h 2 o → 2 h 2 o 2 total reaction of the two half reactions the oxid  ation step is the most demanding because it requires the coupling of 4 electr  on and prot  on transfers and the formation of an oxygen oxygen bond this process occurs naturally in plants photo  system ii to provide prot  ons and electron  s for the photo  synthesis process and release oxygen to the atmosphere since hydrogen can be used as an alternative clean burning fuel there has been a need to split water efficiently however there are known materials that can mediate the reduction step efficiently therefore much of the current research is aimed at the oxid  ation half reaction also known as the oxygen evolution reaction o  er current research focuses on understanding the mechanism of o  er and development of new materials that cataly  ze the process
heter  oph  oria is an eye condition in which the directions that the eyes are pointing at rest position when not performing bin  oc  ular fusion are not the same as each other or not straight there can be es  oph  oria where the eyes tend to cross inward in the absence of fusion ex  oph  oria in which they diverge or hyper  ph  oria in which one eye points up or down relative to the other ph  ori  as are known as latent squ  int because the tendency of the eyes to deviate is kept latent by fusion a person with two normal eyes has single vision usually because of the combined use of the sensory and motor systems the motor system acts to point both eyes at the target of interest any offset is detected vis  ually and the motor system correc  ts it heter  oph  oria only occurs during dissoci  ation of the left eye and right eye when fusion of the eyes is absent if you cover one eye e g with your hand you remove the sensory information about the eye s position in the orbit without this there is no stimulus to bin  oc  ular fusion and the eye will move to a position of rest the difference between this position and where it would be were the eye uncovered is the heter  oph  oria the opposite of heter  oph  oria where the eyes are straight when relaxed and not f  using does not have an accepted term but might be called home  oph  oria or simply normal in contrast fixation disparity is a very small deviation of the pointing directions of the eyes that is present while performing bin  oc  ular fusion heter  oph  oria is usually as  ymp  tomatic this is when it is said to be compensated when fu  sional reserve is used to compensate for heter  oph  oria it is known as compensating ver  gence in severe cases when the heter  oph  oria is not overcome by fu  sional ver  gence sign and symptoms appear this is called de  compensated heter  oph  oria heter  oph  oria may lead to squ  int or also known as str  ab  is  mus
heter  op  las  my is the presence of more than one type of organ  ell  ar genome mit  och  on  dri  al dna or plas  ti  d dna within a cell or individual it is an important factor in considering the severity of mit  och  on  dri  al diseases because most eu  kar  y  otic cells contain many hundreds of mit  och  on  dri  a with hundreds of copies of mit  och  on  dri  al dna it is common for mutations to affect only some mit  och  on  dri  a leaving most unaffected although detrimental scenarios are well studied heter  op  las  my can also be beneficial for example cent  en  arians show a higher than average degree of heter  op  las  my micro  heter  op  las  my is present in most individuals this refers to hundreds of independent mutations in one organism with each mutation found in about 1 – 2 of all mit  och  on  dri  al genom  es
heter  ot  op  ic os  sification ho is the process by which bone tissue forms outside of the skelet  on
a heter  ot  op  ic pregnancy is a rare complic  ation of pregnancy in which both extra uter  ine ec  topic pregnancy and in  trau  ter  ine pregnancy occur simultaneously it may also be referred to as a combined ec  topic pregnancy multiple ‑ s  ited pregnancy or coinci  dent pregnancy
in organic chemistry the hex  ad  e  hydro di  els al  der h  d  da reaction is an organic chemical reaction between a di  y  ne 2 al  ky  ne functional groups arranged in a con  ju  gated system and an al  ky  ne to form a reactive ben  zy  ne species via a 4 2 cyclo  addition reaction this ben  zy  ne intermediate then reacts with a suitable trapping agent to form a substituted aromatic product this reaction is a derivative of the established di  els al  der reaction and proceeds via a similar 4 2 cyclo  addition mechanism the h  d  da reaction is particularly effective for forming heavily func  tion  alized aromatic systems and multiple ring systems in one synthetic step h  d  da figure generalized 2
hex  okin  ase deficiency is an an  emia causing condition associated with inadequate hex  okin  ase specifically the h  k 1 iso  zy  me is involved
he  yde s syndrome is a syndrome of gastro  intest  inal bleeding from an  gi  odys  pl  asia in the presence of a  or  tic sten  osis it is named after edward c he  yde md who first noted the association in 1958 it is caused by the induc  tion of von wil  le  brand disease type iia v  wd 2 a by a depletion of von wil  le  brand factor v  w  f in blood flowing through the narrowed val  vul  ar sten  osis
a hi  atus of a television series is a break of at least several weeks in the normal schedule of broadcast programming it can occur during a season of a television program which is called a mid season break or can be between television seasons usually starting in june and ending in september on the northern hemisphere when shooting starts for the next season
a hi  atus her  nia or hi  atal her  nia is the pro  tru  sion or her  ni  ation of the upper part of the stomach into the chest cav  ity through the es  op  ha  ge  al hi  atus because of a tear or weakness in the di  aphr  ag  m the most common cause is obesity the diagnosis is often by endo  sco  py or medical imaging a hi  atus her  nia may be treated with lifestyle changes such as raising the head of the bed weight loss and adjusting eating habits medications such as h 2 bloc  kers or prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors may help if the symptoms do not improve with medications the surgery known as l  apar  o  scopic fund  op  lic  ation may be an option
a hi  ber  no  ma is a benign ne  op  las  m of vesti  gi  al brown fat the term was originally used by gery in 1914
a hic  key is a bru  ise or bru  ise like mark caused by the kissing or sucking of the skin usually on the neck or arm while biting might be part of giving a hic  key sucking is sufficient to burst small superficial blood vessels under the skin hic  keys typically last from 5 to 12 days and may be treated in the same way as other bru  ises ways to reduce the appearance of hic  keys include icing recent hic  keys to reduce sw  elling rub  bing them with a chilled spoon to remove the bru  ise and applying a warm com  press to older hic  keys to di  late vessels and promote blood flow they can be covered with a conce  al  er or powder corresponding to the suffer  er s skin tone or a fake tan alternatively articles of clothing such as scar  ves sno  ods turtle necks or sle  eves may be used to conceal hic  keys
a hidden curriculum is a side effect of an education lessons which are learned but not openly intended such as the transmission of norms values and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment any learning experience may teach unintended lessons hidden curriculum often refers to knowledge gained in primary and secondary school settings usually with a negative conno  tation where the school strives for equal intellectual development as a positive aim in this sense a hidden curriculum reinforces existing social inequalities by educating students according to their class and social status the unequal distribution of cultural capital in a society mirrors a corresponding distribution of knowledge among its students
a hide or skin is an animal skin treated for human use common commercial hides include leather from cattle and other livestock animals buck  skin al  lig  ator skin and snake skin all are used for shoes clothes and other fashion accessories leather is also used in up  hol  ster  y interior decor  ating horse tack and har  nesses such skins are sometimes still gathered from hunting and processed at a domestic or artisanal level but most leather making is now industrialized and large scale various tann  ins are used for this purpose the term hide is sometimes expanded to include fur  s which are harvested from various species including cats must  eli  ds and bears
hi  dr  ad  eni  tis is any disease in which the his  to  logic ab  normality is primarily an infl  am  matory infiltr  ate around the ec  cr  ine g  lands this group includes neu  tro  phil  ic ec  cr  ine hi  dr  ad  eni  tis and recurrent pal  mop  lan  tar hi  dr  ad  eni  tis it can also be defined more generally as an infl  amm  ation of sweat g  lands hi  dr  ad  eni  tis sup  pur  ativa is a chronic cu  taneous condition originally thought to be primarily characterized by sup  pur  ative infl  amm  ation of the apo  cr  ine sweat g  lands however recent evidence supports that the primary event is fol  lic  ular hyper  ker  at  osis and obstruction
hi  dr  ad  eni  tis sup  pur  ativa hs also known as ac  ne in  versa is a chronic skin disease characterized by clusters of abs  c  esses or sub  cu  taneous boil like infections of  t  enti  mes free of actual bacteria that most commonly affects the under  arms under the breasts inner thi  ghs gro  in and but  toc  ks outbreaks are painful and may persist for years with inter  s  pers  ed periods of infl  amm  ation often culminating in sudden drainage of p  us this process often forms open wounds that will not heal and frequently leads to significant scar  ring persistent le  sions may lead to the formation of sin  us tracts or tunnels connecting the abs  c  esses or infections under the skin at this stage complete healing is usually not possible and progression is variable with some experiencing remission for months to years at a time while others may worsen and require multiple sur  ger  ies bacterial infections and cell  u  li  tis deep tissue infl  amm  ation are other common complications of hs depression and pain are often seen with hs and can be difficult to manage hs often goes un  diagnosed for years due to embarrassment causing delay in seeking treatment hs fla  res may be triggered by emotional erotic stress swe  ating hormonal changes heat and hum  idity and the condition is exacerbated by friction from clothing the disease is not contagious there are indications that it is hereditary among certain ethnic groups and auto  immune in nature onset is most common in the late teens and early 20 s for unknown reasons people with hs develop plu  gging of their apo  cr  ine g  lands there is currently no known cure nor any consistently effective treatment inc  ision and drainage procedures may provide symptomatic relief carbon dioxide laser surgery may be an effective treatment with a low chance of recurrence lu  ke  warm sit  z ba  ths can provide relief gentle anti  se  ptic skin clean  s  ers and hydrogen per  oxide assist in keeping affected areas free of bacteria the number of people affected is not well established but has been estimated as being between 1 24 4 1 and 1 600 0 2
hi  dr  aden  o  carcin  oma also known as m  align  ant hi  dr  aden  oma m  align  ant acro  spi  roma clear cell ec  cr  ine carcin  oma or primary mu  co  ep  id  er  mo  id cu  taneous carcin  oma is a m  align  ant ad  n  ex  al tumor of the sweat g  land it is the m  align  ant variant of the benign hi  dr  aden  oma it may develop de novo or in association with an existent hi  dr  aden  oma this type of tumor typically develops in older individuals after age 40
hi  dr  aden  oma also known as acro  spi  roma from ak  ral peripheral spi  roma epi  the  li  al tumor of sweat g  land refers to a benign ad  n  ex  al tumor of the ap  ical sweat g  land another name for hi  dr  aden  oma is cy  stad  en  oma and hydro  cy  stad  en  om  as these are 1 – 3 cm trans  luc  ent blue c  ys  tic no  d  ules it usually presents as a single small skin colored le  sion and is considered distinct from the closely related por  oma hi  dr  aden  om  as are often sub classified based on subtle his  to  logic differences for example clear cell hi  dr  aden  oma or acro  spi  roma no  d  ular hi  dr  aden  oma or acro  spi  roma solid c  ys  tic hi  dr  aden  oma discussion of sweat g  land tumors can be difficult and confusing due to the complex classification and redundant terminology used to describe the same tumors for example acro  spi  roma and hi  dr  aden  oma are synonymous and sometimes the term acro  spi  roma is used to generally describe benign sweat g  land tumors in addition a single le  sion may contain a mixture of cell types there has also been a change in understanding about how tumors that were previously believed to strictly derive from specific sweat g  land types may in fact derive from both ec  cr  ine or apo  cr  ine g  lands hi  dr  aden  om  as are by definition benign with m  align  ant transformation very rare when tumors show m  align  ant characteristics they are known as hi  dr  aden  o  carcin  oma surgical exc  ision is usually cur  ative and local recur  ren  ces are rare although m  align  ant tumors may me  tast  asi  ze
hi  dro  cy  stom  a also known as cy  stad  en  oma a mo  ll s g  land cyst and a sud  ori  fer  ous cyst is an aden  oma of the sweat g  lands hi  dro  cy  stom  as are cy  sts of sweat duc  ts usually on the eye  li  ds they are not tum  ours a similar sounding le  sion called hi  dro  aden  oma is a benign tum  our there are three types of sweat g  lands true sweat g  lands or ec  cr  ine g  lands se  bac  eous g  lands which have an o  ily secre  tion around hair fol  lic  les and apo  cr  ine g  lands which have more o  ily product than ec  cr  ine g  lands and are found on the face ar  mp  it and gro  in hi  dro  cy  stom  as usually arise from apo  cr  ine g  lands they are also called cy  sts of mo  ll or sud  ori  fer  ous cy  sts there may be a type of hi  dro  aden  oma that arises from ec  cr  ine g  lands but these are un  common other related conditions on the eye  li  ds include chal  az  ion a gran  ul  om  at  ous reaction to se  bac  eous g  lands on the eye  lid lac  ri  mal duc  t cy  sts cy  sts related to tear duc  ts and nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t cy  sts the nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t dra  ins tears into the nose via a punc  tum on the lower eye  lid
hierarchical model – view – controller h  m  v  c is a software architectural pattern a variation of model – view – controller m  v  c similar to presentation – abstr  action – control pac that was published in 2000 in an article in jav  a  world magazine the authors apparently unaware of pac which was published 13 years earlier the controller has some oversight the controller sel  ects the model and then sel  ects the view so there is an approval mechanism by the controller the model prevents the view from accessing the data source directly
high altitude cere  br  al e  dem  a h  ace is a medical condition in which the brain sw  ells with fluid because of the physiological effects of traveling to a high altitude it generally appears in patients who have acute mountain sickness and involves dis  orientation leth  ar  gy and naus  ea among other symptoms it occurs when the body fails to acc  lim  ati  ze while asc  ending to a high altitude it appears to be a vas  ogenic e  dem  a fluid penetration of the blood – brain barrier although cy  to  toxic e  dem  a cellular retention of fluids may play a role as well individuals with the condition must immediately descend to a lower altitude or coma and death can occur patients are usually given supplem  ental oxygen and d  exam  eth  as  one as well h  ace can be prevented by asc  ending to heights slowly to allow the body more time to acc  lim  ati  ze ace  ta  z  ol  amide also helps prevent the condition untreated patients usually die within 48 hours those who receive treatment may take weeks to fully recover it is a rare condition occurring in less than one percent of people who asc  end to 4 000 metres 13 000 ft first described in 19  13 little was known about the eti  ology of the condition until m  ri studies were performed in the 1990 s
high altitude fl  atus expulsion ha  fe is a gastro  intest  inal syndrome which involves the spontaneous passage of increased quantities of rec  tal gases at high al  titu  des first described by joseph hamel in c 18  20 and occasionally described after  ward a landmark study of this phenomenon was published in 1981 by paul au  erb  ach and york miller the phenomenon is based on the differential in atmospheric pressure directly correlated with the observer s frequency of and level of experience in high altitude metabol  ism as the external pressure decreases the difference in pressure between the gas within the body and the atmosphere outside is higher and the urge to expel gas to relieve the pressure is greater consistent with bo  yle s law controlling for dietary variance the amount of gas produced is constant in mass but the volume increases as the external pressure decreases the feeling of ful  l  ness or need to expel brought on by this differential in atmospheric pressure has been verified by studies involving military pilots subjected to pressure changes simul  ating flight
high altitude pul  mon  ary e  dem  a ha  pe hap  o spelled oe  dem  a in british english is a life threatening form of non cardi  ogenic pul  mon  ary e  dem  a fluid accumulation in the lungs that occurs in otherwise healthy mountain  e  ers at al  titu  des typically above 2 500 meters 8 200 ft however cases have also been reported at lower al  titu  des between 1 500 – 2 500 metres or 4 900 – 8 200 feet in highly vulnerable subjects though what makes some people susceptible to ha  pe is currently unknown ha  pe remains the major cause of death related to high altitude exposure with a high mortality rate in the absence of adequate emergency treatment
a high ar  ched pal  ate also termed high va  ulted pal  ate is where the pal  ate is unusually high and narrow it is usually a developmental feature that may occur in isolation or in association with a number of conditions it may also be an acquired condition caused by chronic thumb sucking high ar  ched pal  ate may cause narrowed air  way and sleep dis  ordered breathing example conditions which may be associated with high ar  ched pal  ate include c  rou  z  on syndrome down syndrome ap  ert syndrome tre  acher collins syndrome mar  fan syndrome in  contin  entia pi  gm  enti
in u  ro  logic path  ology high grade pro  static intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia abbreviated hg  pin is an ab  normality of pro  static g  lands and believed to precede the development of pro  state aden  o  carcin  oma the most common form of pro  state cancer it may be referred to simply as pro  static intra  epi  the  li  al ne  op  la  sia abbreviated as pin it is considered to be a pre m  align  ancy or carcin  oma in situ of the pro  static g  lands
high output heart failure is a heart condition that occurs when the cardiac output is higher than normal there is a circul  atory overload which may develop pul  mon  ary e  dem  a secondary to an elevated di  ast  ol  ic pressure in left ven  tric  le these individuals usually have a normal syst  ol  ic function but symptoms are those of a heart failure with time this overload causes syst  ol  ic failure ultimately cardiac output can be reduced to very low levels it may occur in situations with an increased blood volume from excess of water and salt kidney path  ology excess of fluid or blood administration treatment with retaining water ster  oids chronic and severe an  emia large arter  io  ven  ous f  ist  ula or multiple small arter  io  ven  ous sh  unts as in h  ht or pag  et s disease of bone some forms of severe liver or kidney disorders hyper  thyro  i  dis  m and wet ber  iber  i and acutely in se  ptic shock especially caused by gram negative bacteria
high pressure nervous syndrome h  p  ns – also known as high pressure neuro  logical syndrome is a neuro  logical and physiological diving disorder that results when a di  ver desc  ends below about 500 feet 150 m using a breathing gas containing heli  um the effects experienced and the severity of those effects depend on the rate of descent the depth and percentage of heli  um heli  um tre  mors were first widely described in 1965 by royal navy physi  o  logist peter b ben  nett who also founded the di  vers alert network russian scientist g l z  al ts  man also reported on heli  um tre  mors in his experiments from 1961 however these reports were not available in the west until 1967 the term high pressure nervous syndrome was first used by br  auer in 1968 to describe the combined symptoms of trem  or electro  encephal  o  graphy eeg changes and som  no  l  ence that appeared during a 1 189 foot 362 m chamber dive in marseille
high rise syndrome is the phenomenon of cats falling from higher than two stories 7 – 9 m 23 – 30 ft this is generally from high rise buildings or sk  ys  cr  ap  ers and is also used to refer to the injuries sustained by a cat falling from a great height
a high resistance connection hr  c is a problem that results from loose or poor connections in traditional electrical accessories and switchgear which can cause heat to develop capable of starting a fire safety devices such as fuses and residual current devices r  cds are unable to detect thermal rise and dis  connect the electrical supply because they cannot sense hr  c a safety device to prevent hr  c operates by effectively monitoring for abnormal thermal rise and will prevent ignition smoke or burning od  our of the electrical accessory or electrical installation an example extract from the national union of teachers nut fire safety brief electrical equipment should be regularly maintained by competent people machines should not be allowed to over  heat care should be taken not to cover machines while they are switched on as this is particularly likely to cause overheating tr  ailing cables should be regularly checked for damage loose or poor connections in traditional electrical accessories and switchgear can cause heat to develop capable of starting a fire this problem is known as high resistance connection hr  c and safety devices such as fuses and residual circuit devices r  cds are unable to dis  connect the electrical supply because they cannot sense hr  c consideration should be given to the installation of a preventative system designed to stop electrical connections and accessories from reaching a temperature which would result in a fire such a device operates by effectively closing a switch at a pre set temperature to prevent ignition smoke or burning od  our thermal monitoring of the connection and providing a hr  c device close to the probable location where a fault may develop is key to providing early warning or isolation to reduce the risk of fire
high speed pursuit syndrome is a condition that police officers may suffer from during a high speed chase when a police officer gets into a high speed chase they may get so angry and pumped up with energy that the adren  al  ine rush could cause them to become violent this could ultimately lead them to carry out deadly force on a suspect at the end of or during a police pursuit
high an  ion gap metabol  ic aci  do  sis is a form of metabol  ic aci  do  sis characterized by a high an  ion gap a medical value based on the concentrations of ions in a patient s serum an an  ion gap is usually considered to be high if it is over 11 me  q l high an  ion gap metabol  ic aci  do  sis is caused generally by the body producing too much acid or not producing enough bic  ar  bon  ate this is often due to an increase in lac  tic acid or ke  to  acids or it may be a sign of kidney failure more rarely high an  ion gap metabol  ic aci  do  sis may be caused by ing  est  ing meth  an  ol or over  do  sing on aspir  in the delta ratio is a formula that can be used to assess elevated an  ion gap metabol  ic aci  do  sis and to evaluate whether mixed acid base disorder metabol  ic aci  do  sis is present the list of agents that cause high an  ion gap metabol  ic aci  do  sis is similar to but broader than the list of agents that cause a serum o  sm  ol  al gap
high energy density physics he  dp is a new sub  field of physics inter  sec  ting nuclear physics astro  physics and plasma physics it has been defined as the physics of matter and radiation at energy den  sities in excess of about 100 g  j m 3
high plains disease is a viral disease afflicting wheat and maize it is caused by the negative sense s  sr  na virus wheat mo  saic virus symptoms are similar to wheat stre  ak mo  saic virus with leaf ve  ins showing yellow fl  ec  ks and stre  aks followed by leaf margin pur  pling in maize depending on the timing of infection stun  ting and death occur plants can be doubly infected with high plains virus and wheat stre  ak mo  saic virus
a grease gun injury or injection injury is an injury caused by high pressure injection of oil grease solvents water or even air into the body the most common causes are accidents with grease guns paint spr  ay  ers and pressure wash  ers but pin  hole leaks in pressur  ized hydraulic lines occasionally cause this injury additionally there is at least one known case of deliberate self injection with a grease gun although the initial wound often seems minor the unseen internal damage can be severe with hydraulic fluids paint and detergents these injuries are extremely serious as most hydraulic fluids and organic solvents are highly toxic delay in surgical treatment often leads to ampu  tations or death but even with pure water or air these injuries cause compartment syndrome which leads to cell death if surgical intervention is delayed
the high  gate vampire was a media sensation surrounding reports of supposed super  natural activity at high  gate cemetery in london in the 1970 s
the high  land clear  ances scottish ga  el  ic fu  ad  ach nan g  à  id  heal the evic  tion of the ga  el was the forced displacement during the 18 th and 19 th centuries of a significant number of people from traditional land ten  ancies in the scottish highlands where they had practised small scale agriculture it resulted from en  closures of common lands and a change from farming to sheep raising an agricultural revolution largely carried out by hereditary aristo  cratic landowners the clear  ances were a complex series of events occurring over more than a hundred years a high  land clearance has been defined as an enforced simultaneous evic  tion of all families living in a given area such as an entire gl  en the clear  ances are particularly notorious as a result of the brutality of many evic  tions at short notice year by year tenants had almost no protection under scots law and the abru  pt  ness of the change from the traditional clan system in which reciprocal obligations between the population and their leaders were well recognised the cumulative effect of the clear  ances and the large scale voluntary emigr  ations over the same period devastated the cultural landscape of scotland in a way that did not happen in other areas of britain the effect of the clear  ances was to destroy much of the ga  el  ic culture the clear  ances resulted in significant emigration of high  lan  ders to the coast the scottish low  lands and further a  field to north america and austr  al  asia in the early 21 st century many times more descendants of high  lan  ders are found in these diaspora destinations than in scotland
the high  land towers collapse was an apartment building collapse that occurred on 11 december 1993 in tam  an hill  view ul  u k  lang sel  ang  or malaysia the collapse of block one of the apartments caused the deaths of 48 people and led to the complete evacuation of the remaining two blocks due to safety concerns on 11 december 2010 coinci  ding with the seventeenth anniversary of the incident a  et  n s history channel showed an hour long documentary on the tragedy with accounts from the victims their families and former residents
hi  gou  m  én  akis sign is a unilateral enlargement of the ster  no  cla  vic  ular portion of the cla  vic  le seen in con  genital sy  phil  is it is an end result of ne  on  atal perio  sti  tis this sign was first described by george hi  gou  men  akis in 19  27 in the greek periodical proceedings of the medical society of athens πρ  ακ  τικά ι  ατ  ρ  ικής ε  τα  ι  ρ  εί  ας α  θη  ν  ών he subsequently published the description of the sign in a german article making the sign more known among der  mato  logists thus the sign was named after george hi  gou  men  akis
the hij  ab protests in azerbaijan are a consequence of recent changes in the formal and social aspects of azerbaijan with the banning of the hij  ab in schools and universities the hij  ab ban lead to protests by some religious activists and to their subsequent arrests due to their opposition to the new laws
the hi  k  ka  ke pattern or hi  k  ka  ke is a technical analysis pattern used for determining market turning points and continu  ations it is a simple pattern that can be observed in market price data using traditional bar charts point and figure charts or japanese can  d  les  tick charts the pattern does not belong to the collection of traditional can  d  les  tick chart patterns though some have referred to the hi  k  ka  ke pattern as an inside day false break  out or a fa  key pattern these are deviations from the original name given to the pattern by daniel l ches  ler c  mt and are not popul  arly used to describe the pattern for example the name hi  k  ka  ke pattern has been chosen over inside day false break  out or fa  key pattern by the majority of book authors who have covered the subject including technical analysis the complete resource for financial market technicians by charles d kirk  patrick and julie r dah  l  qu  ist and long short market dynamics trading strategies for today s markets by c  live m cor  cor  an and diary of a professional commodity trader by peter l brand  t
hil  bert s eighteenth problem is one of the 23 hil  bert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by mathem  ati  cian david hil  bert it asks three separate questions about lat  tices and sphere packing in eu  cli  dean space
hil  bert s fifteenth problem is one of the 23 hil  bert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by david hil  bert the problem is to put sch  u  bert s enum  er  ative calcul  us on a rigorous foundation
hil  bert s fifth problem is the fifth mathematical problem from the problem list publicized in 1900 by mathem  ati  cian david hil  bert and concerns the characterization of lie groups the theory of lie groups describes continuous sym  metry in mathematics its importance there and in theoretical physics for example quar  k theory grew steadily in the twentieth century in rough terms lie group theory is the common ground of group theory and the theory of topo  logical mani  fol  ds the question hil  bert asked was an acute one of making this precise is there any difference if a restriction to smooth mani  fol  ds is imposed the expected answer was in the negative the classical groups the most central examples in lie group theory are smooth mani  fol  ds this was eventually confirmed in the early 1950 s since the precise notion of mani  fold was not available to hil  bert there is room for some debate about the formulation of the problem in contemporary mathematical language
hil  bert s nineteenth problem is one of the 23 hil  bert problems set out in a list compiled in 1900 by david hil  bert it asks whether the solutions of regular problems in the calcul  us of variations are always analy  tic informally and perhaps less directly since hil  bert s concept of a regular vari  ational problem identifies precisely a vari  ational problem whose eul  er – lag  range equation is an elli  ptic partial differential equation with analy  tic coefficients hil  bert s nineteenth problem despite its seemingly technical statement simply asks whether in this class of partial differential equations any solution function inher  its the relatively simple and well understood structure from the solved equation
hil  bert s seventeenth problem is one of the 23 hil  bert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by david hil  bert it concerns the expression of positive definite rational functions as sums of quo  ti  ents of squares the original question may be re  formulated as given a multi  vari  ate poly  no  mi  al that takes only non negative values over the re  als can it be represented as a sum of squares of rational functions
hil  bert s thir  teenth problem is one of the 23 hil  bert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by david hil  bert it entails proving whether a solution exists for all 7 th degree equations using al  ge  bra  ic variant continuous functions of two arguments it was first presented in the context of no  mo  graphy and in particular no  mo  graphic construction — a process whereby a function of several variables is constructed using functions of two variables hil  bert s con  jec  ture that it is not always possible to find such a solution was dis  proven in 1957
hil  bert s twentieth problem is one of the 23 hil  bert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by david hil  bert it asks whether all boundary value problems can be solved that is do vari  ational problems with certain boundary conditions have solutions
hil  bert s twenty fourth problem is a mathematical problem that was not published as part of the list of twenty three problems known as hil  bert s problems but was included in david hil  bert s original notes the problem asks for a criterion of simplicity in mathematical proofs and the development of a proof theory with the power to prove that a given proof is the simplest possible the 24 th problem was re  discovered by german historian rü  di  ger thi  ele in 2000 noting that hil  bert did not include the 24 th problem in the lecture presenting hil  bert s problems or any published texts hil  bert s friends and fellow mathem  ati  ci  ans adol  f hur  witz and her  mann min  kowski were closely involved in the project but did not have any knowledge of this problem this is the full text from hil  bert s notes given in rü  di  ger thi  ele s paper the section was translated by rü  di  ger thi  ele the 24 th problem in my paris lecture was to be criteria of simplicity or proof of the greatest simplicity of certain proofs develop a theory of the method of proof in mathematics in general under a given set of conditions there can be but one simplest proof quite generally if there are two proofs for a theore  m you must keep going until you have derived each from the other or until it becomes quite evident what variant conditions and aids have been used in the two proofs given two routes it is not right to take either of these two or to look for a third it is necessary to investigate the area lying between the two routes attempts at judging the simplicity of a proof are in my examination of sy  zy  gies and sy  zy  gies hil  bert mis  spelled the word sy  zy  gies between sy  zy  gies see hil  bert 42 lectures xx  xii – xx  x  ix the use or the knowledge of a sy  zy  gy simpli  fi  es in an essential way a proof that a certain identity is true because any process of addition is an application of the comm  ut  ative law of addition etc and because this always corresponds to geome  tric theore  ms or logical conclusions one can count these processes and for instance in proving certain theore  ms of elementary geometry the py  th  ag  or  as theore  m theore  ms on remarkable points of tri  angles one can very well decide which of the proofs is the simplest author s note part of the last sentence is not only barely legible in hil  bert s note  book but also gr  amm  atically incorrect corrections and inser  tions that hil  bert made in this entry show that he wrote down the problem in haste — david hil  bert hil  bert ’ s twenty fourth problem rü  di  ger thi  ele american mathematical monthly january 2003
in mathematics the hil  bert symbol or norm residue symbol is a function – – from k × × k × to the group of n  th roots of unity in a local field k such as the fields of re  als or p adic numbers it is related to reciprocity laws and can be defined in terms of the ar  tin symbol of local class field theory the hil  bert symbol was introduced by david hil  bert sections 64 131 english translation in his zah  l  ber  ic  ht with the slight difference that he defined it for elements of global fields rather than for the larger local fields the hil  bert symbol has been generalized to higher local fields
hill  climbing is a problem faced by railway systems when a load must be carried up an incl  ine while railways have a great ability to haul very heavy loads this advantage is only significant when the tracks are fairly level as soon as the gr  adi  ents sti  ff  en the tonnage that can be haul  ed is greatly diminished
in population genetics the hill – rober  t  son effect or hill – rober  t  son interference is a phenomenon first identified by bill hill and alan rober  t  son in 1966 it provides an explanation as to why there may be an evolutionary advantage to genetic re  combination
a hill – sachs le  sion or hill – sachs frac  ture is a cor  tical depression in the poster  ol  ateral head of the hum  er  us it results from forceful imp  action of the hum  eral head against the an  ter  o  inferior glen  o  id rim when the shoulder is dis  located an  ter  ior  ly
the hil  um over  lay sign is an imaging appearance on chest radio  graphs in which the outline of the hil  um can be seen at the level of a mass or collection in the mid chest it implies that the mass is not in the middle medi  ast  inum and usually is from the poster  ior medi  ast  inum
the hin  denburg omen is a technical analysis pattern that is said to port  end a stock market crash it is named after the hin  denburg disaster of may 6 19  37 in which the z  ep  pel  in air  ship hin  denburg crashed and burned
the hindu milk miracle was a phenomenon considered by many hindus as a miracle which started on 21 september 1995 in which stat  ues of the hindu de  ity gan  es  ha allegedly drank milk offer  ings it attracted great attention from people and the media particularly in india the scientific explanation for the incident attested by indian academics was that the material was pulled up from the offering bow  ls by cap  ill  ary action
hindu  ism is a recent phenomenon in togo the religion was introduced by indigenous africans based in acc  ra ghana and a branch of the hindu monastery of africa has been established in lomé
hip dys  pl  asia developmental dys  pl  asia of the hip dd  h or con  genital dys  pl  asia of the hip cd  h is a con  genital or developmental de  formation or mis  alignment of the hip joint
a hip frac  ture is a serious fem  oral frac  ture that occurs in the proxim  al end of the fem  ur the long bone running through the thi  gh near the hip the term hip frac  ture is commonly used to refer to four different frac  ture patterns and is often due to o  ste  op  or  osis in the vast majority of cases a hip frac  ture is a fragility frac  ture due to a fall or minor trauma in someone with weakened o  ste  op  or  otic bone most hip fractu  res in people with normal bone are the result of high energy trauma such as car accidents falling from heights or sports injuries in the uk the mortality following a fractu  red neck of fem  ur is between 20 and 35 within one year in people aged 82 ± 7 years of whom 80 were women
hippo  camp  al re  play is a phenomenon observed in rats mice cats rabbits s  ong  birds and monkeys during sleep or awake rest re  play refers to the re occurrence of a sequence of cell acti  vations that also occurred during activity but the re  play has a much faster time scale it may be in the same order or in reverse cases were also found where a sequence of acti  vations occurs before the actual activity but it is still the same sequence this is called pre  play the phenomenon has mostly been observed in the hippo  campus a brain region associated with memory and spatial navigation specifically the cells that exhibit this behavior are place cells characterized by reliably increasing their activity when the animal is in a certain location in space during navigation the place cells fire in a sequence according to the path of the animal in a re  play instance the cells are activated as if in response to the same spatial path but at a much faster rate than the animal actually moved in
hippo  camp  al sclerosis hs is a neuro  pathological condition with severe neuro  nal cell loss and gli  osis in the hippo  campus specifically in the ca 1 corn  u ammon  is area 1 and sub  icul  um of the hippo  campus it was first described in 18  80 by wil  helm sommer hippo  camp  al sclerosis is a frequent patho  logic finding in community based dementia hippo  camp  al sclerosis can be detected with autopsy or m  ri individuals with hippo  camp  al sclerosis have similar initial symptoms and rates of dementia progression to those with alzheimer s disease ad and therefore are frequently mis  classified as having alzheimer s disease but clinical and patho  logic findings suggest that hippo  camp  al sclerosis has characteristics of a progressive disorder although the underlying cause remains elusive a diagnosis of hippo  camp  al sclerosis has a significant effect on the life of patients because of the notable mortality morbi  dity and social impact related to epi  le  psy as well as side effects associated with anti  epi  le  ptic treatments
hir  sch  sp  rung s disease hd is a form of me  ga  col  on that occurs when part or all of the large intest  ine or an  tec  ed  ent parts of the gastro  intest  inal tract have no gang  lion cells and therefore cannot function during normal pre  natal development cells from the ne  ural c  rest migrate into the large intest  ine col  on to form the networks of nerves called the my  enter  ic plex  us au  erb  ach plex  us between the smooth muscle layers of the gastro  intest  inal tract wall and the sub  mu  cos  al plex  us me  iss  ner plex  us within the sub  mu  co  sa of the gastro  intest  inal tract wall in hir  sch  sp  rung s disease the migration is not complete and part of the col  on lacks these nerve bodies that regulate the activity of the col  on the affected segment of the col  on cannot relax and pass sto  ol through the col  on creating an obstruction in most affected people the disorder affects the part of the col  on that is nearest the an  us in rare cases the lack of nerve bodies involves more of the col  on in five percent of cases the entire col  on is affected stomach and es  op  ha  gus may be affected too hir  sch  sp  rung s disease occurs in about one in 5 000 of live births it is usually diagnosed in children and affects boys more often than girls about 10 of cases are famili  al
hir  su  ties is the growth in a woman of co  arse terminal hair in a male distribution
hir  su  ties coron  ae g  land  is also known as hir  su  to  id pap  il  lom  as and pe  arly pen  ile pap  ules are small pro  tuber  ances that may form on the ridge of the gl  ans of the human penis they are a harmless anatom  ical variation though sometimes confused with h  p  v infection the pap  ules are not a sexually transmitted infection and are not contagious the pap  ules appear as one or several rows of small pe  arly or flesh colored smooth dom  e top  ped bu  mps situated circum  fer  entially around the cor  ona or sul  cus of the gl  ans they may range in size from less than 1 mm to 3 mm as of 1999 different studies have produced estimates of incidence ranging from 8 to 48 percent of all men studies suggest that it occurs more often on younger men and those who have not been circum  c  ised one study found them in 33 3 of males who had not been circum  c  ised and in 7 1 of circum  c  ised males hir  su  ties coron  ae g  land  is are sometimes described as vesti  gi  al remnants of pen  ile sp  ines sensitive features found in the same location in other pri  mates in species which retain the full expression of pen  ile sp  ines the sp  ines contribute to sexual pleasure and quicker org  as  ms a similar expression vesti  bul  ar pap  il  lo  mat  osis of the vul  va or hir  su  ties pap  il  lar  is vul  v  ae occurs in females and similarly can be misinterpreted as an outbreak of the h  p  v infection like hir  su  ties pap  il  lar  is gen  ital  is it is a normal variation on human anatomy
hir  su  tism is excessive body hair in women on parts of the body where hair is normally absent or minimal such as on the chin or chest it refers to a male pattern of hair growth that may be a sign of a more serious medical condition especially if it develops well after pu  ber  ty it can be caused by increased levels of and  ro  gen hormones the amount and location of the hair is measured by a fer  ri  man gall  we  y score it is different than hyper  tric  ho  sis which is excessive hair growth anywhere on the body
his  ti  din  emia also referred to as his  ti  din  ur  ia is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme his  ti  d  ase his  ti  d  ase is needed for the metabol  ism of the amino acid his  ti  dine although originally thought to be linked to multiple developmental disorders his  ti  din  emia is now accepted as a relatively benign disorder leading to a reduction in the prevalence of ne  on  atal screening procedures
his  ti  oc  y  tic sar  coma is a tumor derived from his  ti  oc  y  tes the tumor is often positive for cd 163 and can appear in the thyro  id however in some cases it can also appear in the brain
a his  ti  oc  y  tom  a is a tum  our consisting of his  ti  oc  y  tes his  ti  oc  y  tes are cells that are a part of the mon  on  uc  lear p  ha  go  cy  tic system a part of the body s immune system that consists of p  ha  go  cy  tic cells which are responsible for engul  fing solid particles by the cell memb  rane to form an internal p  ha  go  some by p  ha  go  cy  tes and pro  tists types include my  x  o  fi  bro  sar  coma benign fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  a m  align  ant fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  a his  ti  oc  y  tom  a dog
a his  ti  oc  y  tom  a in the dog is a benign tumor it is an abnormal growth in the skin of his  ti  oc  y  tes his  ti  oc  y  to  sis a cell that is part of the immune system a similar disease in humans hash  im  oto pr  it  z  ker disease is also a lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis dog breeds that may be more at risk for this tumor include bull  dogs american pit bull terri  ers american staf  for  d  shire terri  ers scottish terri  ers gre  yh  ounds box  ers and boston terri  ers they also rarely occur in goats and cattle
in medicine his  ti  oc  y  to  sis refers to an excessive number of his  ti  oc  y  tes tissue macro  p  ha  ges and is typically used to refer to a group of rare diseases which share this as a characteristic occasionally and conf  us  ingly the term his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is sometimes used to refer to individual diseases according to the his  ti  oc  y  to  sis association of america 1 in 200 000 children in the united states are born with his  ti  oc  y  to  sis each year ha  a also states that most of the people diagnosed with his  ti  oc  y  to  sis are children under the age of 10 although the disease can afflic  t adults the university of california san francisco states that the disease usually occurs from birth to age 15 his  ti  oc  y  to  sis and m  align  ant his  ti  oc  y  to  sis are both important in veterinary as well as human path  ology
his  to  id leprosy is a skin condition a rare form of multi  bac  ill  ary leprosy
hist  om  oni  asis or hist  om  on  osis is a disease of birds particularly of chickens and turkeys due to par  asi  tic infection of a proto  zo  an hist  om  onas mel  eag  ri  dis it is a form of black  head disease in poultry the parasite specifically inf  ects the cec  um and liver symptoms of the infection include depression reduced appetite poor growth increased thirst sulphur yellow diarr  ho  ea lis  t  lessness and dry ru  ff  led feathers the head may become cyan  otic blu  ish in colour hence the common name of the disease black  head thus the name black  head is in all possibility a mis  no  mer for dis  color  ation it is particularly highly fatal in poultry and less in other birds currently no prescription drug is available to treat this disease
hist  op  las  mo  sis also known as cave disease darling s disease ohio valley disease re  ticul  o  endo  the  li  osis sp  el  un  ker ’ s lung and ca  ver s disease is a disease caused by the fun  gus hist  op  las  ma capsul  at  um symptoms of this infection vary greatly but the disease affects primarily the lungs occasionally other organs are affected this is called disseminated hist  op  las  mo  sis and it can be fatal if left untreated hist  op  las  mo  sis is common among aids patients because of their suppressed immunity in immun  o  competent individuals past infection results in partial protection against ill effects if re  infected hist  op  las  ma capsul  at  um is found in soil often associated with dec  aying bat gu  ano or bird dro  pp  ings disruption of soil from exc  av  ation or construction can release infectious elements that are inhal  ed and settle into the lung
historically puer  per  al fever was a devastating disease it affected women within the first three days after childbirth and progressed rapidly causing acute symptoms of severe ab  domin  al pain fever and deb  ility the most common infection causing puer  per  al fever is genital tract sep  sis caused by contaminated medical equipment or un  hygienic medical staff who contam  inate the mother s genital tract during the delivery other types of infection that can lead to sep  sis after childbirth include ur  inary tract infection breast infection mas  ti  tis and respiratory tract infection more common after ana  esthesia due to le  sions in the trac  hea puer  per  al fever is now rare in the west due to improved hygiene during delivery and the few infections that do occur are usually treat  able with antibiotics
there were five important periods in the history of canadian newspapers responsible for the eventual development of the modern newspaper these are the transplant period from 17  50 – 1800 when printing and newspapers initially came to canada as publications of government news and proclam  ations followed by the partisan period from 1800 – 18  50 when individual pr  inters and editors played a growing role in politics the nation building period from 18  50 – 1900 when canadian editors began the work of establishing a common nationalistic view of canadian society the modern period from 1900 to 1980 s saw the profession  alization of the industry and the growth of chains current history since the 1990 s saw outside interests take over the chains as they faced new competition from the internet
the city of san antonio is one of the oldest spanish colonization of the european settlements in texas and was for decades its largest city before spanish colonization the site was occupied for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples the historic pay  aya indians were likely those who encountered the first europeans development of the spanish colonial city followed construction of a fort in 17  17 a catholic mission and trading post were also established and the town developed as the capital of te  jas a province of colonial spain it was the nor  ther  n  most settlement associated with the his  panic culture of the valley of mexico after mexico achieved independence in 18  21 anglo american settlers entered the region from the united states in 18  49 anglo americans gained control of san antonio in the fighting that gained independence for the republic of texas in 18  45 texas was annexed by the united states of america and became a state
the ep  on  ym was bestowed by jean martin char  cot 18  25 – 93 on behalf of his resident georg  es albert é  dou  ard bru  tus gil  les de la tou  ret  te 1859 – 19  04 a french physician and neuro  logist who published an account of nine patients with tou  ret  te s in 18  85 the possibility that movement disorders including tou  ret  te syndrome might have an organic origin was raised when an en  ce  ph  ali  tis epidemic from 1918 – 19  26 led to a subsequent epidemic of tic disorders research in 1972 advanced the argument that tou  ret  te s is a neuro  logical rather than psychological disorder since the 1990 s a more neutral view of tou  ret  te s has emerged in which biological vulnerability and adverse environmental events are seen to interact findings since 1999 have advanced ts science in the areas of genetics neuro  imaging neuro  physi  ology and neuro  path  ology questions remain regarding how best to classify tou  ret  te syndrome and how closely tou  ret  te s is related to other movement disorders or psychiatric disorders good epidem  io  logic data is still lacking and available treatments are not risk free and not always well tolerated
athe  ism derived from the ancient greek ἄ  θε  ος athe  os meaning without gods go  dless secular denying or disd  aining the gods especially officially sanctioned gods is the absence or rejection of the belief that de  ities exist the english term was used at least as early as the sixteenth century and athe  istic ideas and their influence have a longer history over the centuries athe  ists have supported their lack of belief in gods through a variety of avenues including scientific philosophical and ideological notions philosophical athe  ist thought began to appear in europe and asia in the sixth or fifth century b  ce will dur  ant in his the story of civilization explained that certain py  g  my tribes found in africa were observed to have no identifiable cul  ts or rit  es there were no tot  ems no de  ities and no spirits their dead were buried without special ceremon  ies or accompanying items and received no further attention they even appeared to lack simple supersti  tions according to travel  ers reports the ve  das of ce  ylon admitted only the possibility that de  ities might exist but went no further neither prayers nor sacrifices were suggested in any way
diabetes is one of the first diseases described with an egyptian man  us  cript from c 1500 b  ce mentioning “ too great emp  tying of the urine ” the first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as mad  hu  me  ha or honey urine noting that the urine would attract ants the term diabetes or to pass through was first used in 250 b  ce by the greek apoll  oni  us of m  emp  his type 1 and type 2 diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the indian physicians su  sh  ru  ta and char  aka in 400 500 ce with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with obesity the term mell  it  us or from honey was added by thomas will  is in the late 1600 s to separate the condition from diabetes insi  pi  dus which is also associated with frequent ur  ination
the history of in vitro fertilisation goes back more than half a century there was a transi  ent bio  chemical pregnancy reported by australian fo  x  ton school researchers in 1953 john rock was the first to extract an intact fertilis  ed egg in 1959 min chu  eh chang at the wor  c  ester foundation proved fertilisation in vitro was capable of proceeding to a birth of a live rabbit chang s discovery was sem  inal as it clearly demonstrated that o  oc  y  tes fertilis  ed in vitro were capable of developing if transferred into the uter  us and thereby produce live young the first pregnancy achieved through in vitro human fertilisation of a human o  oc  y  te was reported in the lan  cet from the mon  ash university team of carl wood john le  et  on and alan tro  un  son in 1973 although it lasted only a few days and would today be called a bio  chemical pregnancy lan  drum she  tt  les attempted to perform an iv  f in 1973 but his departmental chairman inter  dic  ted the procedure at the last moment there was also an ec  topic pregnancy reported by patrick step  toe and robert ed  wards in 1976 in 1977 step  toe and ed  wards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world s first baby to be conceived by iv  f louise brown on 25 july 1978 in ol  d  ham general hospital greater manchester uk in october 1978 it was reported that sub  ash mu  k  hop  ad  y  ay a relatively unknown physician from kol  k  ata india was performing experiments on his own with primitive instruments and a household refrigerator and this resulted in a test tube baby later named as d  urg  a ali  as kan  u  pri  ya agar  wal who was born on 3 october 1978 however state authorities prevented him from presenting his work at scientific conferences and in the absence of scientific evidence his work is not recognised by the international scientific community these days however mu  k  hop  ad  hy  ay s contribution is acknowledged in works dealing with the subject step  toe and ed  wards were responsible for the world ’ s first confirmed boy conceived by iv  f al  ast  air mac  donald born on 14 january 1979 in glasgow a team led by ian johnston and alex lop  ata were responsible for australia s first baby conceived by iv  f can  dice reed born on 23 june 1980 in melbourne it was the subsequent use of stimulated cycles with clo  mi  phen  e cit  rate and the use of human ch  ori  onic gon  ad  o  troph  in h  c  g to control and time o  oc  y  te matur  ation thus controlling the time of collection that converted iv  f from a research tool to a clinical treatment this was followed by a total of 14 pregnancies resulting in nine births in 1981 with the mon  ash university team howard w jones and geor  ge  anna see  gar jones at the eastern virginia medical school in nor  folk virginia further improved stimulated cycles by incorporating the use of a fol  lic  le stimulating hormone u  h  mg this then became known as controlled o  vari  an hyper  stimulation co  h another step forward was the use of gon  ad  o  troph  in releasing hormone agon  ists gn  r  ha thus decreasing the need for monitoring by preventing premature ov  ulation and more recently gon  ad  o  troph  in releasing hormone antagon  ists gn  r  h ant which have a similar function the additional use of the oral contrac  eptive pill has allowed the scheduling of iv  f cycles which has made the treatment far more convenient for both staff and patients the ability to freeze and subsequently th  aw and transfer embryos has significantly improved the feasibility of iv  f use the other very significant milestone in iv  f was the development of the in  trac  y  top  las  mic sperm injection ic  si of single sper  ms by gian  pi  ero d palermo et al in brussels u  z brussel 1992 this has enabled men with minimal sperm production to achieve pregnancies ic  si is sometimes used in conjunction with sperm recovery using a tes  tic  ular fine needle or open tes  tic  ular biopsy using this method some men with k  lin  ef  el  ter s syndrome and so would be otherwise in  fertile have occasionally been able to achieve pregnancy thus iv  f has become the final solution for most fertility problems moving from tu  bal disease to male factor idi  opathic sub  fertility end  ome  tri  osis advanced maternal age and an  ov  ulation not responding to ov  ulation induc  tion robert ed  wards was awarded the 2010 nobel prize in physi  ology or medicine for the development of in vitro fertili  zation carl wood was dubbed the father of iv  f in vitro fertilisation for having pione  ered the use of frozen embryos in the us art cycles started in 2006 resulted in 41 343 births 54 656 infants which is slightly more than 1 of total us births
les  bi  anism is the sexual and romantic desire between females there are far fewer historical mentions of les  bi  anism than male homosexuality possibly due to many historical writ  ings and records focusing primarily on men
during the colonial era the indian slavery in al  ab  ama soon became surpassed by industrial scale plantation slavery following the patenting of the cotton gin in 17  93 the war of 18  12 and the defeat and expulsion of the creek nation european american settlement in al  ab  ama was intensified as was the presence of slavery on newly established plantations in the territory like its neighbors the al  ab  ama territory was fertile ground for the sur  ging cotton crop and soon became one of the major destinations for african american slaves who were being shipped to the extreme sou  the  astern united states most of the settlers came from the nearby states of north carol  ina south carol  ina and georgia attracted by the prospect of fertile planting of cotton in the ten  nes  see valley and black belt the plantation system was soli  di  fied throughout the first half of the 19 th century and al  ab  ama was one of the first seven states to withdraw from the union prior to the american civil war however by the eve of the civil war only a minute portion of the population continued to own slaves as the state had experienced a slave labor decline slavery was officially abolished by the thir  teenth amendment which took effect on december 18 18  65 slavery had been theoretically abolished by president abraham lincoln s emancipation proclamation which proclaimed in 18  63 that only slaves located in territories that were in rebellion from the united states were free since the u s government was not in effective control of many of these territories until later in the war many of these slaves proclaimed to be free by the emancipation proclamation were still held in serv  itude until those areas came back under union control
super  conduc  tivity is the phenomenon of certain materials exhi  biting zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields below a characteristic temperature the history of super  conduc  tivity began with dutch physic  ist hei  ke k  amer  ling  h onn  es s discovery of super  conduc  tivity in mercury in 19  11 since then many other super  conducting materials have been discovered and the theory of super  conduc  tivity has been developed these subjects remain active areas of study in the field of condens  ed matter physics
syn  esthesia is a neuro  logical condition in which two or more bodily senses are coupled for example in a form of syn  esthesia known as graph  em  e color syn  esthesia letters or numbers may be perceived as inherently colored historically the most commonly described form of syn  esthesia or syn  esthesia like m  app  ings has been between sound and vision e g the hearing of colors in music
the arab – israeli conflict is a modern phenomenon which has its roots in the end of the 19 th century the conflict became a major international issue with the birth of israel in 1948 the arab – israeli conflict has resulted in at least five major wars and a number of minor conflicts it has also been the source of two major palestinian uprisings inti  f  adas
there was a jewish presence in oman for many centuries however the jewish community of the country is no longer existent
there was a small jewish presence of eight families in 18  85 when the rebel leader muhammad el mah  di seized control of sudan from its ottoman egyptian rulers the origins of these families and how they settled in sudan is largely unknown in 18  85 they were forcibly converted to islam in september 1898 general kit  chen  er and 20 000 anglo egyptian troops including a young winston churchill entered om  dur  man and regained control of the sudan the country became an anglo egyptian con  dom  ini  um and with this new political status it began to economically flourish the railway line built by the british from cairo to khartoum originally for the military campaign became particularly important for opening up a previously long and difficult route for traders including many jews after anglo egyptian rule had been established six of the formerly jewish families chose to revert to jud  a  ism they were quickly joined by many more jewish families who saw the economic opportunities of the developing country from 1900 jews from all over the middle east and north africa began to arrive in sudan via cairo and settle along the nile in the four towns of khartoum khartoum north om  dur  man and w  ad med  ani predominantly small time merchants of textiles sil  ks and gum their businesses soon began to flourish by 19  26 the small syn  ago  gue they had quickly erected had been replaced by a brand new self funded building and several of its members owned large successful business despite the fact that the jewish community as a whole was split over several towns it was incredibly tight kn  it a single mo  hel and sho  chet served the entire community and at the centre of the social scene was the bu  st  ling jewish social club sometimes referred to as the jewish recreational club at its peak between 1930 and 1950 the jewish community in sudan numbered between 500 and 1000 people in 1956 sudan gained independence and hostility towards the jewish community began to grow from 1957 many members of the community began to leave sudan for israel via greece america and other european countries primarily britain and switzerland by 1970 almost all of the jewish community had left sudan in 1977 a large scale air transfer of many human remains from the jewish cemetery in khartoum was organised by several prominent members of the community and re  burial was arranged in jerusalem as of 2005 there were at least 15 jewish graves left in the jewish cemetery at khartoum however in recent years even these have been des  ec  rated and the site is now used as a dumping ground for used car parts the site of the much older jewish cemetery in om  dur  man is unknown the syn  ago  gue was sold and demol  ished in 1986 and a bank now occupies the site
his  to  toxic hypo  x  ia also called his  toxic hypo  x  ia is the inability of cells to take up or utili  ze oxygen from the blood  stream despite physi  o  logically normal delivery of oxygen to such cells and tissues his  to  toxic hypo  x  ia results from tissue poisoning such as that caused by cyanide which acts by inhi  biting cy  to  ch  rome oxid  ase and certain other pois  ons like hydrogen sul  fide by  product of sewage and used in leather tann  ing his  to  toxic hypo  x  ia refers to a reduction in at  p production by the mit  och  on  dri  a due to a defect in the cellular usage of oxygen an example of his  to  toxic hypo  x  ia is cyanide poisoning there is a profound drop in tissue oxygen consumption since the reaction of oxygen with cy  to  ch  rome c oxid  ase is blocked by the presence of cyanide there are other chemicals that interrupt the mit  och  on  dri  al electr  on transport chain e g ro  ten  one anti  my  cin a and produce effects on tissue oxy  gen  ation similar to that of cyanide oxygen extraction decreases in parallel with the lower oxygen consumption with a resulting increase in ven  ous oxygen content and p  vo 2 although cyanide stimulates the peripheral respiratory chem  o  recep  tors increasing the inspired oxygen fraction is not helpful since there is already an adequate amount of oxygen which the poisoned cells cannot use
his  tri  onic personality disorder h  pd is defined by the american psychiatric association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention seeking emotions usually beginning in early adul  thood including in  appropriately seduc  tive behavior and an excessive need for approval his  tri  onic people are lively dramatic vi  vac  ious enthusiastic and fli  rt  ati  ous h  pd affects four times as many women as men it has a prevalence of 2 – 3 in the general population and 10 – 15 in in  patient and out  patient mental health institutions h  pd lies in the dramatic cluster of personality disorders people with h  pd have a high need for attention make loud and inappropriate appearances exaggerate their behaviors and emotions and cr  ave stimulation they may exhibit sexually provocative behavior express strong emotions with an impres  sion  istic style and can be easily influenced by others associated features include ego  centr  ism self indulgence continuous longing for appreciation and persistent manipulative behavior to achieve their own needs
hi  ves also known as ur  tic  aria is a kind of skin rash with red raised it  chy bu  mps they may also burn or sting often the pat  ches of rash move around typically they last a few days and do not leave any long lasting skin changes fewer than 5 of cases last for more than six weeks the condition frequently rec  urs hi  ves frequently occur following an infection or as a result of an allergic reaction such as to medication insect bites or food psychological stress cold temperature or vibration may also be a trigger in half of cases the cause remains unknown risk factors include having conditions such as hay fever or asthma diagnosis is typically based on the appearance patch testing may be useful to determine the allergy prevention is by avoiding whatever it is that causes the condition treatment is typically with anti  hist  am  ines such as di  phen  hy  dram  ine and ran  i  ti  dine in severe cases cor  ti  co  ster  oids or leuko  tri  ene inhi  bit  ors may also be used keeping the environmental temperature cool is also useful for cases that last more than six weeks immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants such as cic  los  por  in may be used about 20 of people are affected cases of short duration occur equally in males and females while cases of long duration are more common in females cases of short duration are more common among children while cases of long duration are more common among those who are middle aged hi  ves have been described at least since the time of hippo  crates the term ur  tic  aria is from the latin ur  tica meaning net  tle
the hi  y  ama coupling is a p  all  adi  um cataly  zed cross coupling reaction of organ  osi  lanes with organic hali  des used in organic chemistry to form carbon – carbon bonds c c bonds this reaction was discovered in 1988 by t  ame  j  iro hi  y  ama and yas  u  o hat  an  aka as a method to form carbon carbon bonds synthe  tically with chem  o and reg  io  selectivity this reaction has been applied to the synthesis of various natural products ar  yl al  ken  yl or al  ky  n  yl ar  yl al  ken  yl al  ky  n  yl or al  ky  l cl f or al  ky  l cl br i or ot  f
in mathematics the ho  dge con  jec  ture is a major unsolved problem in the field of al  ge  bra  ic geometry that relates the al  ge  bra  ic topo  logy of a non singular complex al  ge  bra  ic variety and the sub  varieties of that variety more specifically the con  jec  ture says that certain de rh  am co  hom  ology classes are al  ge  bra  ic that is they are sums of poin  car  é du  als of the hom  ology classes of sub  varieties it was formulated by the scottish mathem  ati  cian william vall  ance douglas ho  dge as a result of a work in between 1930 and 1940 to enrich the description of de rh  am co  hom  ology to include extra structure that is present in the case of complex al  ge  bra  ic varieties it received little attention before ho  dge presented it in an address during the 1950 international congress of mathem  ati  ci  ans held in cambridge massachusetts u s the ho  dge con  jec  ture is one of the clay mathematics institute s millennium prize problems with a prize of 1 000 000 for whoever can prove or dis  prove the ho  dge con  jec  ture
ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa hl is a type of lymp  homa which is generally believed to result from white blood cells of the lymp  ho  cy  te kind symptoms may include fever night swe  ats and weight loss often there will be non painful enlarged lymp  h no  des in the neck under the arm or in the gro  in those affected may feel tired or be it  chy about half of cases of ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa are due to ep  stein – bar  r virus eb  v other risk factors include a family history of the condition and having hiv aids there are two major types of ho  dg  kin lymp  homa classical ho  dg  kin lymp  homa and no  d  ular lymp  ho  cy  te predominant ho  dg  kin lymp  homa diagnosis is by finding ho  dg  kin s cells such as multin  uc  le  ated reed – ster  n  berg cells rs cells in lymp  h no  des ho  dg  kin lymp  homa may be treated with chem  otherapy radiation therapy and stem cell transplant the choice of treatment often depends on how advanced the cancer is and whether or not it has favorable features in early disease a cure is often possible the percentage of people who survive five years in the united states is 86 for those under the age of 20 rates of survival are 97 radiation and some chem  otherapy drugs however increase the risk of other cancers heart disease or lung disease over the subsequent decades in 2013 about 725 000 people had ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa and 24 000 died in the united states 0 2 of people are affected at some point in their life the most common age of diagnosis is between 20 and 40 years old it was named after the english physician thomas ho  dg  kin who first described the condition in 18  32
the ho  es  ch reaction or hou  ben – ho  es  ch reaction is an organic reaction in which a nit  ri  le reacts with an aren  e compound to form an ar  yl ke  tone the reaction is a type of frie  del crafts ac  yl  ation with hydrogen chloride and a lewis acid catalyst an example is the synthesis of 1 2 4 6 tri  hydroxy  phen  yl ethan  one from ph  lor  o  gl  uc  in  ol a ke  ti  mine is isolated as an intermediate reaction product the attacking electro  phi  le is possibly a species of the type r c n  h  cl − the aren  e must be electr  on rich i e phen  ol or an  il  ine type a related reaction is the gat  ter  mann reaction in which hydro  cyan  ic acid not a nit  ri  le is used the reaction is named after kurt ho  es  ch and jose  f hou  ben who reported about this new reaction type in respectively 1915 and 19  26
a hoff  a frac  ture is an intra artic  ular su  pra  cond  yl  ar dis  tal fem  oral frac  ture characterized by a frac  ture in the cor  onal plane it is named for albert hoff  a
the ho  f  mann re  arrangement is the organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine with one fewer carbon atoms the reaction is named after its discover  er august wil  helm von ho  f  mann this reaction is also sometimes called the ho  f  mann degradation or the harm  on process and should not be confused with the ho  f  mann elimination
the ho  f  mann – l  ö  ff  ler reaction also referred to as ho  f  mann – l  ö  ff  ler – fre  y  tag reaction l  ö  ff  ler – fre  y  tag reaction l  ö  ff  ler – ho  f  mann reaction as well as l  ö  ff  ler s method is an organic reaction in which a cyclic amine 2 py  r  ro  li  dine or in some cases pi  peri  dine is generated by thermal or photo  chemical de  composition of n halogenated amine 1 in the presence of a strong acid concentrated sul  fur  ic acid or concentrated cf 3 co 2 h the ho  f  mann – l  ö  ff  ler – fre  y  tag reaction proceeds via an intr  am  ol  ec  ular hydrogen atom transfer to a nitrogen centered radical and is an example of a remote intr  am  ol  ec  ular free radical c – h func  tion  alization file general scheme g  if
the ho  f  mann – mar  tius re  arrangement in organic chemistry is a re  arrangement reaction converting an n al  k  yl  ated an  il  ine to the corresponding orth  o and or para ar  yl al  k  yl  ated an  il  ine the reaction requires heat and the catalyst is an acid like hydro  chlor  ic acid the ho  f  mann – mar  tius re  arrangement when the catalyst is a metal hali  de the reaction is also called the re  illy – hic  kin  bottom re  arrangement the reaction is also known to work for ar  yl e  thers and two concep  tually related reactions are the fries re  arrangement and the fischer – he  pp re  arrangement its reaction mechanism centers around dissoci  ation of the re  ac  tant with the positively charged organic residue r attacking the an  il  ine ring in a frie  del – crafts al  k  yl  ation in one study this re  arrangement was applied to a 3 n ch 3 c 6 h 5 2 ox  in  do  le ho  f  mann – mar  tius re  arrangement of 3 n ar  yl 2 ox  ind  oles
hog ma  w is the stomach of a pig more specifically it is the exter  ior muscular wall of the stomach organ with interior lining mu  co  sa removed which contains no fat if cleaned properly it can be found in soul food chinese pennsylvania dutch mexican portuguese and italian dishes in addition it can be prepared in various ways including ste  wed fried baked and bro  iled
in medicine the hol  ds  worth frac  ture is an unstable frac  ture dis  location of the thor  aco lum  bar junction of the sp  ine the injury comprises a frac  ture through a vertebr  al body rupture of the poster  ior spinal lig  aments and fractu  res of the fac  et joints the injury was described by frank wild hol  ds  worth in 1963 he described the mechanism of this injury as a fl  ex  ion rotation injury and said that the unstable frac  ture dis  location should be treated by fusion of the two affected verte  bra  e
holiday heart syndrome is an irregular heartbeat pattern presented in individuals who are otherwise healthy coined in 1978 the term is defined as abnormal heart rhy  th  ms sometimes following excessive alcohol consumption usually temporary holiday heart syndrome can be the result of stress dehydr  ation and drinking alcohol it is sometimes associated with binge drinking common during the holiday season the condition can also occur when individuals consume only moderate amounts of alcohol irregular heart  beats can be serious if pal  p  itations continue for longer than a few hours patients should seek medical attention atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation is the most common arr  hy  th  mia in holiday heart syndrome symptoms usually resolve themselves within 24 hours
a hol  len  horst pla  que aka e  ick  en  horst pla  que is a cho  le  sterol embol  us that is seen in a blood vessel of the re  tina
holmes heart is a rare con  genital heart disease with absence of the inflow tract of the mor  pho  logically right ven  tric  le r  v and hence a single left ven  tric  le lv the great vessels are normally related with the pul  mon  ary artery arising from the small in  fun  di  bul  ar outlet chamber and the a  or  ta arising from the single left ven  tric  le the holmes heart is named after dr andrew f holmes who first described an autopsy specimen of this con  genital heart defect in 18  24 dr holmes later became the first dean of the medical faculty at mc  gill university in canada
holo  car  box  yl  ase synthe  t  ase deficiency is an inherited metabol  ic disorder in which the body is unable to use the vitamin bio  tin effectively this disorder is classified as a multiple car  box  yl  ase deficiency a group of disorders characterized by impaired activity of certain enzymes that depend on bio  tin symptoms are very similar to bio  tin  id  ase deficiency and treatment – large doses of bio  tin – is also the same
in mathematics and more specifically in analysis a hol  on  om  ic function is a smooth function in several variables that is a solution of a system of linear homogeneous differential equations with poly  no  mi  al coefficients and satisfies a suitable dimension condition in terms of d modules theory more precisely a hol  on  om  ic function is an element of a hol  on  om  ic module of smooth functions hol  on  om  ic functions can also be described as differenti  ably finite functions also known as d finite functions when a power series in the variables is the taylor expansion of a hol  on  om  ic function the sequence of its coefficients in one or several indices is also called hol  on  om  ic hol  on  om  ic sequences are also called p recur  sive sequences they are defined recur  sively by multi  vari  ate recur  ren  ces satisfied by the whole sequence and by suitable speci  alizations of it the situation simplifies in the uni  vari  ate case any uni  vari  ate sequence that satisfies a linear homogeneous recurrence relation with poly  no  mi  al coefficients or equival  ently a linear homogeneous difference equation with poly  no  mi  al coefficients is hol  on  om  ic
in differential geometry the hol  on  omy of a connection on a smooth mani  fold is a general geome  tr  ical consequence of the cur  v  ature of the connection measuring the extent to which parallel transport around closed lo  ops fails to preserve the geome  tr  ical data being transported for flat connections the associated hol  on  omy is a type of mon  od  ro  my and is an inherently global notion for cur  ved connections hol  on  omy has non  trivial local and global features any kind of connection on a mani  fold gives rise through its parallel transport maps to some notion of hol  on  omy the most common forms of hol  on  omy are for connections possessing some kind of sym  metry important examples include hol  on  omy of the levi ci  vit  a connection in ri  em  ann  ian geometry called ri  em  ann  ian hol  on  omy hol  on  omy of connections in vector bund  les hol  on  omy of car  tan connections and hol  on  omy of connections in principal bund  les in each of these cases the hol  on  omy of the connection can be identified with a lie group the hol  on  omy group the hol  on  omy of a connection is closely related to the cur  v  ature of the connection via the the study of ri  em  ann  ian hol  on  omy has led to a number of important developments the hol  on  omy was introduced by in order to study and classify sym  metric spaces it was not until much later that hol  on  omy groups would be used to study ri  em  ann  ian geometry in a more general setting in 1952 georg  es de rh  am proved the de rh  am de  composition theore  m a principle for splitting a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold into a car  te  sian product of ri  em  ann  ian mani  fol  ds by splitting the tang  ent bundle into irre  du  ci  ble spaces under the action of the local hol  on  omy groups later in 1953 m berger classified the possible irre  du  ci  ble hol  on  om  ies the de  composition and classification of ri  em  ann  ian hol  on  omy has applications to physics and to string theory
holo  pro  sen  cephal  y h  pe once known as ar  hin  encephal  y is a cephal  ic disorder in which the pro  sen  cephal  on the fore  brain of the embryo fails to develop into two hemis  ph  er  es normally the fore  brain is formed and the face begins to develop in the fifth and sixth weeks of human pregnancy the condition also occurs in other species the condition can be mild or severe according to the national institute of neuro  logical disorders and stroke nin  ds in most cases of holo  pro  sen  cephal  y the mal  formations are so severe that babies die before birth when the embryo s fore  brain does not divide to form bilateral cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es the left and right hal  ves of the brain it causes defects in the development of the face and in brain structure and function in less severe cases babies are born with normal or near normal brain development and facial de  form  ities that may affect the eyes nose and upper lip
a holstein – lewis frac  ture is a frac  ture of the dis  tal third of the hum  er  us resulting in entr  ap  ment of the rad  ial nerve
the hol  tz  man effect is a fic  tional scientific phenomenon in the d  une universe created by frank herbert beginning with the 1965 novel d  une the effect is never explained in detail but it makes among other things defensive force shields and instan  taneous space travel possible frank herbert was inconsistent with the spelling of hol  tz  man resulting in the variant sp  ell  ings hol  tz  mann 1976 s children of d  une and hol  z  mann 1985 s chap  ter  house d  une this may be intentional as herbert mut  ated other words and names over the several millennia the d  une series sp  ans such as the change of ar  rak  is to rak  is and cal  ad  an to dan beginning with here  tics of d  une 1984 according to the leg  ends of d  une pre  quel tri  logy by brian herbert and kevin j anderson 2002 – 2004 the hol  tz  man effect is named after the scientist who discovered it though for many of its applications hol  tz  man in fact takes credit for the mathematical theories of his assistant norma cen  va
hol  t – or  am syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant disorder that affects bones in the arms and hands the upper limbs and may also cause heart problems the syndrome includes an absent rad  ial bone in the arms an atri  al sep  tal defect and a first degree heart block hol  t – or  am syndrome is considered to be a phen  o  copy of th  ali  dom  ide since both the genetic disorder and the ter  ato  genic effects have similar presentations in individuals
home accessories are furniture items which are easy to replace and easy to move and include almost any items that aren t strictly func  tionally necessary in the decor  ated space these accessories include such items as curtains sof  a sets cush  ions tab  lec  lo  ths and decorative craft products decorative wrought iron and so on these items are commonly used in indoor furn  ish  ings and layout and can include cloth items paintings and plants
hom  elessness is the condition of people without a permanent dwelling such as a house or apartment people who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular safe secure and adequate housing the legal definition of homeless varies from country to country or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region the term homeless may also include people whose primary night time residence is in a homeless shelter a warming center a domestic violence shelter long term residence in a motel a vehicle including recreational vehicles and camp  ers squ  at  ting card  board boxes a tent city tar  paul  ins shan  ty town structures made of discarded building materials or other ad hoc housing situations according to the uk hom  elessness charity crisis a home is not just a physical space it also provides roots identity security a sense of belonging and a place of emotional wellbeing american government homeless enum  eration studies also include people who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings there are a number of organizations who provide help for the homeless in 2005 an estimated 100 million 1 in 65 people worldwide were homeless and as many as 1 billion people live as squ  at  ters refugees or in temporary shelter all lacking adequate housing in western countries the large majority of homeless are men 75 – 80 with single males particularly over  represented most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people these services often provide food shelter beds and clothing and may be organized and run by community organizations often with the help of volunteers or by government departments or agencies these programs may be supported by the government charities churches and individual donors many cities also have street newspapers which are publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people while some homeless have jobs some must seek other methods to make a living begging or pan  handling is one option but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities people who are homeless may have additional conditions such as physical or mental health issues or substance addiction these issues make resolving hom  elessness a challenging policy issue
in the mathematical field of topo  logy a home  om  orph  ism or topo  logical isom  orph  ism or bi continuous function is a continuous function between topo  logical spaces that has a continuous in  verse function home  om  orph  isms are the isom  orph  isms in the category of topo  logical spaces — that is they are the m  app  ings that preserve all the topo  logical properties of a given space two spaces with a home  om  orph  ism between them are called home  om  orph  ic and from a topo  logical viewpoint they are the same the word home  om  orph  ism comes from the greek words ὅ  μο  ι  ος homo  i  os similar and μ  ορ  φ  ή morph  ē shape form roughly speaking a topo  logical space is a geome  tric object and the home  om  orph  ism is a continuous stretching and b  ending of the object into a new shape thus a square and a circle are home  om  orph  ic to each other but a sphere and a tor  us are not an often repeated mathematical joke is that topo  logists can t tell the difference between a coffee cup and a don  ut since a sufficiently p  liable don  ut could be re  shaped to the form of a coffee cup by creating a dim  ple and progressively enlarging it while preserving the don  ut hole in a cup s handle
a home  o  static emotion pri  mor  dial emotion or pri  mor  dial feeling is an attention demanding sensation and motivation e g thirst pain fatigue itch ev  oked by an internal body state that drives behavior drinking withdrawing resting and scrat  ching in these examples aimed at maintaining the body s internal mili  eu in its ideal state derek d  ent  on defines pri  mor  dial emotion as the subjective element of the instincts which are the genetically programmed behaviour patterns which con  tri  ve home  ost  asis they include thirst hunger for air hunger for food pain hunger for specific minerals etc there are two constituents of a pri  mor  dial emotion the specific sensation which when severe may be imperi  ous and the compelling intention for grati  fication by a consum  matory act bud craig argues that humans and anthropo  id pri  mates form an image of all of the body s unique home  o  static sens  ations in the brain s primary inter  o  cep  tive cor  tex located in the dor  sal poster  ior ins  ula this image is mir  ro  red re represented in the mid and an  terior ins  ula and the an  terior ins  ula s image mod  ulated by input from cognitive aff  ective and reward related circuits embodies conscious awareness of the whole body s home  o  static state a sensation re represented in the an  terior ins  ula and that sensation s related motivation hosted in the an  terior c  ing  ulate cor  tex form a home  o  static emotion antonio dam  asi  o uses pri  mor  dial feeling to den  ote this class of sens  ations motivations in his 2010 book self comes to mind constructing the conscious brain
in game theory the hom  ic  idal chau  ff  eur problem is a mathematical pursuit problem which pits a hypothetical runner who can only move slowly but is highly maneu  ver  able against the driver of a motor vehicle which is much faster but far less maneu  ver  able who is attempting to run him down both runner and driver are assumed to never tire the question to be solved is under what circumstances and with what strategy can the driver of the car guarantee that he can always catch the pedestrian or the pedestrian guarantee that he can indefinitely el  ude the car the problem was proposed by rufus isa  acs in a 1951 report for the rand corporation and in the book differential games the hom  ic  idal chau  ff  eur problem is a classic example of a differential game played in continuous time in a continuous state space the calcul  us of variations and level set methods can be used as a mathematical framework for investigating solutions of the problem although the problem is phr  ased as a recreational problem it is an important model problem for mathematics used in a number of real world applications a dis  crete version of the problem was described by martin gar  dner in his book mathematical carnival chapter 16 where a squad car of speed 2 ch  ases a crook of speed 1 on a rec  tang  ular grid where the squad car but not the crook is constrained not to make left hand turns or u turns
hom  ic  idal ide  ation is a common medical term for thoughts about homicide there is a range of hom  ic  idal thoughts which sp  ans from vague ideas of revenge to detailed and fully formulated plans without the act itself many people who have hom  ic  idal ide  ation do not commit homicide 50 91 of people surveyed on university grounds in various places in the usa admit to having had a hom  ic  idal fantasy hom  ic  idal ide  ation is common accounting for 10 17 of patient presentations to psychiatric facilities in the usa hom  ic  idal ide  ation is not a disease itself but may result from other illnesses such as deli  ri  um and psycho  sis psycho  sis which accounts for 89 of ad  missions with hom  ic  idal ide  ation in one us study includes substance induced psycho  sis e g amp  he  tam  ine psycho  sis and the psycho  ses related to schizophren  i  form disorder and schizophrenia deli  ri  um is often drug induced or secondary to general medical illness es see ic  d 10 chapter v mental and behavi  our  al disorders f 05 it may arise in association with personality disorders or it may occur in people who do not have any detec  table illness in fact surveys have shown that the majority of people have had hom  ic  idal fantasies at some stage in their life many theories have been proposed to explain this
hom  ing is the inherent ability of an animal to navigate towards an original location through unfamiliar areas this location may be either a home territory or a breeding spot
hom  ing is the phenomenon whereby cells migrate to the organ of their origin by hom  ing trans  planted hem  ato  po  ie  tic cells are able to travel to and en  graft or establish residence in the bone marrow various chem  ok  ines and recep  tors are involved in the hom  ing of hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cells
classical hom  oc  y  stin  ur  ia also known as cy  sta  th  ion  ine beta syn  th  ase deficiency or c  bs deficiency is an inherited disorder of the metabol  ism of the amino acid meth  ion  ine often involving cy  sta  th  ion  ine beta syn  th  ase it is an inherited auto  som  al rec  essive trait which means a child needs to inherit a copy of the defective gene from both parents to be affected
homogeneous broadening is a type of emission spectrum broadening in which all atoms radi  ating from a specific level under consideration radi  ate with equal opportunity if an optical em  itter e g an atom shows homogeneous broadening its spectr  al line  width is its natural line  width with a lo  ren  tz  ian profile
mobility can be difficult for people with hom  onym  ous hem  i  an  op  sia “ patients frequently complain of bump  ing into obstacles on the side of the field loss thereby bru  ising their arms and legs ” 3 people with hom  onym  ous hem  i  an  op  sia often experience discomfort in crowds “ a patient with this condition may be unaware of what he or she cannot see and frequently bu  mps into walls trips over objects or walks into people on the side where the visual field is missing ” 5 a related phenomenon is hemis  pati  al neglect the possible neglect of the right or left the patient is not conscious of its existence the right side of the face is not sh  av  en make up is applied to one side of the face only and only half of a plate of food is eaten this however is not necessarily due to a sensory ab  normality and is therefore distinct from hem  i  an  op  sia
in mathematics in particular in hom  ot  op  y theory within al  ge  bra  ic topo  logy the hom  ot  op  y lifting property also known as the right lifting property or the covering hom  ot  op  y ax  i  om is a technical condition on a continuous function from a topo  logical space e to another one b it is designed to support the picture of e above b by allowing a hom  ot  op  y taking place in b to be moved upstairs to e for example a covering map has a property of unique local lifting of paths to a given sheet the uniqueness is because the fi  bers of a covering map are dis  crete spaces the hom  ot  op  y lifting property will hold in many situations such as the projection in a vector bundle fiber bundle or fi  br  ation where there need be no unique way of lifting
the hon  da point disaster was the largest peacetime loss of u s navy ships on the evening of september 8 19  23 seven destro  yers while traveling at 20 kno  ts 37 km h ran ag  round at hon  da point a few miles from the northern side of the santa barbara channel off point argu  ello on the coast in santa barbara county california two other ships grounded but were able to maneuver free of the rocks twenty three sailors died in the disaster
honey  comb  ing or honey  comb lung is the radiological appearance seen with widespread fi  bro  sis and is defined by the presence of small c  ys  tic spaces with ir  regularly thick  ened walls composed of fi  bro  us tissue dil  ated and thick  ened terminal and respiratory bron  chi  oles produce c  ys  tic air  spaces giving honey  comb appearance on chest x ray honey  comb cy  sts often pre  dominate in the peripheral and ple  ural sub  ple  ural lung regions regardless of their cause sub  ple  ural honey  comb cy  sts typically occur in several con  ti  gu  ous layers this finding can allow honey  comb  ing to be distinguished from paras  ep  tal emph  ys  ema in which sub  ple  ural cy  sts usually occur in a single layer
honeymoon rh  initi  s is a condition in which the suffer  er experiences nas  al congestion during sexual inter  course the condition appears to be genetically determined and caused by the presence in the nose of er  ec  tile tissue which may become eng  org  ed during sexual ar  ous  al as a side effect of the signals from the autonom  ic nervous system that trigger changes in the gen  itals of both men and women a related condition called sexually induced snee  zing also exists where people snee  ze sometimes un  controll  ably when engaging in or even thinking about sexual activity a phenomenon presumably related to honeymoon rh  initi  s is the occurrence of nas  al congestion as a reported side effect of vi  ag  ra use
the hong – ou – man  del effect is a two pho  ton interference effect in quantum op  tics which was demonstrated by three physicists ch  ung ki hong z  he yu ou and leonard man  del in 1987 from the university of ro  chester the effect occurs when two identical single pho  ton waves enter a 50 50 beam spl  itter one in each input port when both pho  tons are identical they will extingu  ish each other if they become more distingu  ishable the probability of detection will increase in this way the interfer  ome  ter can measure accurately band  width path lengths and timing
ho  of wall separation disease h  w  s  d is an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic ho  of disease in horses research is being carried out at among others uc davis school of veterinary medicine in davis in california the disease has been found in conn  em  ara pon  ies and was earlier referred to as ho  of wall separation syndrome h  w  ss
hook  worm infection also known as hook  worm disease is an infection by a par  asi  tic blood  sucking round  worm hook  worm infections include an  cy  lo  stom  i  asis and nec  atori  asis these worms live in the small intest  ine of their host which may be a bird or a mamm  al such as a dog cat or human hook  worm infection in pregnancy can cause retar  ded growth of the fe  tus premature birth and a low birth weight hook  worms in children can cause intellectual cognitive and growth problems two species of hook  worms commonly infect humans an  cy  lo  stom  a du  o  den  ale and nec  ator americ  an  us a du  o  den  ale predomin  ates in the middle east north africa india and formerly in southern europe while n americ  an  us predomin  ates in the americas sub saharan africa southeast asia china and indonesia a tu  ba  e  forme inf  ects cats a can  inum inf  ects dogs and a braz  ili  ense and un  cin  aria sten  o  cephal  a infect both cats and dogs hook  worms are much smaller than the giant round  worms as  car  is lum  bri  co  ides and so cause less tissue damage and obstruction the most significant risk of hook  worm infection is an  emia secondary to loss of iron and protein in the gut the worms suck blood vor  aci  ously and damage the mu  co  sa however the blood loss in the sto  ols is not visibly apparent hook  worm infection affects over half a billion people globally it is a leading cause of maternal and child morbi  dity in the developing countries of the tro  p  ics and sub  tro  p  ics in developed countries hook  worm infection is rarely fatal but an  emia can be significant in a heavily infected individual hook  worm infection is a soil transmitted hel  min  thi  asis and therefore classified as a neglected tropical disease an  cy  lo  stom  i  asis is the disease caused when an  cy  lo  stom  a du  o  den  ale hook  worms present in large numbers produce an iron deficiency an  emia by sucking blood from the host s intest  inal walls
ho  ose is a disease of sheep cattle goats and swine caused by the presence of various species of nemato  des of the genera dic  ty  oc  a  ul  us me  ta  stron  g  yl  us and proto  stron  g  yl  us in the bron  ch  ial tubes or in the lungs it is marked by cough dy  sp  ne  a an  ore  x  ia and con  sti  p  ation also called ver  minous bron  chi  tis ho  ose is essentially an inf  anti  le disease almost always afflicting animals under one year of age
hop  kins syndrome is a neuro  logical disorder its cause has not been established but its association with asthma exacerb  ations usually with a respiratory infection as a trigger has led to suspicion that the initial viral insult that causes the respiratory infection is also implicated in the subsequent paralysis her  pes simpl  ex virus type i dna has been found in the cere  bro  spinal fluid of at least one patient diagnosed with hop  kins syndrome in several cases anti viral anti  body ti  ters for echo  virus enter  o  virus co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus and poli  o  virus types 1 2 and 3 were specifically sought all were negative there is one reported case in which my  co  plasma pneu  mon  i  ae infection was found in the patient the syndrome appears to involve the spinal cord specifically the an  terior horn cells sub  serving the affected muscles are often damaged the evidence for an  terior horn cell involvement comes from radiological and electro  my  o  graphical studies in one case a biopsy of an affected muscle revealed scattered atro  ph  ic fi  bers indicating le  sions in the an  terior horn cells of the spinal cord as the illness is rare no treatments have been subjected to a random  ized controlled trial ac  y  clo  vi  r ster  oids and therapeutic plasma exchange have been tried one report suggests that the latter is more effective than ster  o  idal therapy the prog  no  sis for recovery of function of the affected limbs is generally considered to be poor
hor  i s nev  us also known as acquired bilateral nev  us of ota like mac  ules is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple brown – gray to brown – blue mac  ules primarily in the mal  ar region of the face
the horizon effect also known as the horizon problem is a problem in artificial intelligence where in many games the number of possible states or positions is immense and computers can only fe  asi  bly search a small portion of it typically a few p  lies down the game tree thus for a computer searching only five p  lies there is a possibility that it will make a detrimental move but the effect is not visible because the computer does not search to the depth of the error i e beyond its horizon when evaluating a large game tree using techniques such as minim  ax or alpha beta prun  ing search depth is limited for feasibility reasons however evaluating a partial tree may give a misleading result when a significant change exists just over the horizon of the search depth the compu  tational device falls victim to the horizon effect the horizon effect can be mitigated by extending the search algori  thm with a qui  es  cence search this gives the search algori  thm ability to look beyond its horizon for a certain class of moves of major importance to the game state such as captures in chess re  writing the evaluation function for leaf no  des and or analy  zing more no  des will solve many horizon effect problems
the horizon problem sometimes called the homo  geneity problem is a problem with the standard cosmo  logical model of the big bang which was identified in the late 1960 s primarily by charles mis  ner it points out that different regions of the universe have not contacted each other because of the great distances between them but nevertheless they have the same temperature and other physical properties this should not be possible given that the transfer of information or energy heat etc can occur at most at the speed of light two theories that attempt to solve the horizon problem are the theory of co  sm  ic inflation and variable speed of light
a gaze pal  sy is the pa  res  is of con  ju  gate eye movements horizontal gaze pal  sy may be caused by le  sions in the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es which cause pa  res  is of gaze away from the side of the le  sion or from brain stem le  sions which if they occur below the crossing of the fi  bers from the frontal eye fields in the c  aud  al mid  brain will cause weakness of gaze toward the side of the le  sion another way to remember this is that patients with hemisphere le  sions look toward their le  sion while patients with pon  tine gaze pal  sies look away from their le  sions note that patients with gaze pal  sy still have con  ju  gate eye movements and therefore do not complain of di  pl  op  ia the human rob  o gene acts as a recep  tor for a mid  line repul  sive cue when rob  o is mut  ated the longit  ud  inal tract formation is disrupted and therefore normal neuro  nal connections cannot form this leads to the reduced hind  brain volume and sco  li  osis which are common symptoms of horizontal gaze pal  sy
hormonal im  printing hi is a phenomenon which takes place at the first encounter between a hormone and its developing recep  tor in the critical periods of life in unic  ell  ul  ars during the whole life and determines the later signal trans  duc  tion capacity of the cell the most important period in mammals is the per  in  atal one however this system can be im  printed at we  aning at pu  ber  ty and in case of continuously dividing cells during the whole life faulty im  printing is caused by drugs environmental pollutants and other hormone like molecules present in excess at the critical periods with lifelong recep  torial mor  pho  logical bio  chemical and behavioral consequences hi is transmitted to the hundreds of prog  eny generations in unic  ell  ul  ars and as proved to a few generations also in mammals
a hormone recep  tor positive tumor is a tumor which consists of cells that express recep  tors for certain hormones the term most commonly refers to estro  gen recep  tor positive tumors i e tumors that contain estro  gen recep  tor positive cells but can also include prog  est  er  one recep  tor positive tumors estro  gen recep  tor positive tumors depend on the presence of estro  gen for ongoing proliferation
hormone replacement therapy hrt in men  op  ause is medical treatment in sur  g  ically men  opa  usal perim  en  opa  usal and post  men  opa  usal women its goal is to mitigate discomfort caused by diminished circulating estro  gen and prog  est  er  one hormones in men  op  ause combination hrt is often recommended as it decreases the amount of end  ome  trial hyper  pl  asia and cancer associated with un  opposed estro  gen therapy the main hormones involved are estro  gen prog  est  er  one and prog  esti  n some recent therapies include the use of and  rog  ens as well the 2002 women s health initiative of the national institutes of health found disparate results for all cause mortality with hormone replacement finding it to be lower when hrt was begun earlier between age 50 59 but higher when begun after age 60 in older patients there was an increased incidence of breast cancer heart attacks and stroke although a reduced incidence of colo  rec  tal cancer and bone frac  ture some of the wh  i findings were again found in a larger national study done in the uk known as the million women study as a result of these findings the number of women taking hormone treatment dropped precipit  ously the women s health initiative recommended that women with non surgical men  op  ause take the lowest feasible dose of hrt for the shortest possible time to minimize associated risks the current indications for use from the u s food and drug administration include short term treatment of men  opa  usal symptoms such as vas  om  o  tor hot fl  ashes or u  ro  genital atro  phy and prevention of o  ste  op  or  osis in 2012 the united states preventive task force concluded that the harmful effects of combined estro  gen and prog  esti  n are likely to exceed the chronic disease prevention benefits in most women a consensus expert opinion published by the endocrine society stated that when taken during perim  en  op  ause or the initial years of men  op  ause hormonal therapy carries significantly fewer risks than previously published and reduces all cause mortality in most patient scenarios the american association of clinical endocr  in  ology also released a position statement in 2009 that approved of hrt in appropriate clinical scenarios
hor  ner s syndrome is a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as the sympathetic trunk is damaged the signs and symptoms occur on the same side as the le  sion of the sympathetic trunk it is characterized by mi  osis a con  stric  ted pupil pto  sis a weak dro  op  y eye  lid apparent an  hi  dro  sis decreased swe  ating with or without en  oph  thal  mos in  set eye  ball the nerves of the sympathetic trunk arise from the spinal cord in the chest and from there asc  end to the neck and face the nerves are part of the sympathetic nervous system a part of the autonom  ic or involuntary nervous system once the syndrome has been recognized medical imaging and response to particular eye drops may be required to identify the location of the problem and the underlying cause
the hor  ner – w  ad  s  worth – em  mons reaction or h  we reaction is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry of stabilized phosp  hon  ate car  ban  ions with alde  hy  des or ke  tones to produce predominantly e al  ken  es the hor  ner – w  ad  s  worth – em  mons reaction in 1958 le  o  po  ld hor  ner published a modified wit  ti  g reaction using phosp  hon  ate stabilized car  ban  ions william s w  ad  s  worth and william d em  mons further defined the reaction in contrast to phosp  hon  ium y  li  des used in the wit  ti  g reaction phosp  hon  ate stabilized car  ban  ions are more nucle  oph  il  ic but less basic likewise phosp  hon  ate stabilized car  ban  ions can be al  k  yl  ated unlike phosp  hon  ium y  li  des the dial  k  yl  phosphate salt by  product is easily removed by aqu  eous extraction several reviews have been published
the hor  n  s  let wind turb  ine collapse was a spectacular collapse of a wind turb  ine on february 22 2008 it is one of only a few structural collapses that have been captured on film
in oph  thal  mo  logy horror fu  sion  is is a condition in which the eyes have an un  steady deviation with the extra  oc  ular muscles performing sp  asm like movements that continuously shift the eyes away from the position in which they would be directed to the same point in space giving rise to di  pl  op  ia even when the double vision images are made to nearly overlap using optical means such as pris  ms the irregular movements prevent bin  oc  ular fusion the name horror fu  sion  is latin phrase literally meaning fear of fusion arises from the notion that the brain is or at least appears to be actively preventing bin  oc  ular fusion the condition is an extreme type of bin  oc  ular fusion deficiency
horse ri  pping or horse sl  ashing is an animal cruelty phenomenon involving serious injuries in horses often involving mutilation of their gen  italia and sl  ashing of the flank or neck it has not been established however how often these injuries are caused by human cruelty horse ri  pping is not an entirely neutral term since it implies there is always a human act behind the mutil  ations
hor  ses  ho  e kidney also known as ren ar  cu  atus in latin ren  al fusion or super kidney is a con  genital disorder affecting about 1 in 600 people more common in men in this disorder the patient s kidneys fuse together to form a hor  ses  ho  e shape during development in the wom  b the f  used part is the is  th  mus of the hor  ses  ho  e kidney fusion ab  norm  alities of the kidney can be categ  orized into two groups hor  ses  ho  e kidney and crossed f  used ec  top  ia the hor  ses  ho  e kidney is the most common ren  al fusion anomaly
the ho  s  ford yield criterion is a function that is used to determine whether a material has undergone plastic yielding under the action of stress
hospital acquired infection hai — also known as no  so  com  ial infection — is an infection that is contracted from the environment or staff of a healthcare facility it can be spread in the hospital environment nursing home environment rehabilitation facility clinic or other clinical settings infection is spread to the susceptible patient in the clinical setting by a number of means health care staff can spread infection in addition to contaminated equipment bed lin  ens or air dro  ple  ts the infection can originate from the outside environment another infected patient staff that may be infected or in some cases the source of the infection cannot be determined in some cases the micro  organism originates from the patient s own skin micro  bio  ta becoming opportunistic after surgery or other procedures that compromise the protective skin barrier though the patient may have contracted the infection from their own skin the infection is still considered no  so  com  ial since it develops in the health care setting in the united states the centers for disease control and prevention estimated roughly 1 7 million hospital associated infections from all types of micro  organisms including bacteria and fun  gi combined cause or contribute to 99 000 deaths each year in europe where hospital surveys have been conducted the category of gram negative infections are estimated to account for two thirds of the 25 000 deaths each year no  so  com  ial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the ur  inary tract blood  stream and other parts of the body many types are difficult to treat with antibiotics in addition antibiotic resistance can complicate treatment
hospital fur  un  cul  osis is a cu  taneous condition that can be epidemic in the hospital setting characterized hist  opath  o  logically by a deep abs  c  ess with both lymp  ho  cy  tes and neu  troph  ils
hospit  alism or an  ac  li  tic depression in its sub  lethal form was a pedi  atric diagnosis used in the 1930 s to describe infants who wasted away while in hospital the symptoms could include retar  ded physical development and disruption of percep  tual motor skills and language it is now understood that this wasting disease was mostly caused by a lack of social contact between the infant and its ca  reg  i  vers infants in poorer hospitals were less subject to this disease since those hospitals could not afford incubators which meant that the hospital staff regularly held the infants the term was used by the psycho  therapist ren  é sp  itz in 1945 but its origins are older than this it occurs in an editorial in archives on pedi  at  rics as early as 18  97 it appears under adjustment disorders at f 43 2 in the world health organization s classification of diseases ic  d 10
hot carrier injection h  ci is a phenomenon in solid state electronic devices where an electr  on or a “ hole ” gains sufficient k  ine  tic energy to overcome a potential barrier necessary to break an interface state the term hot refers to the effective temperature used to model carrier density not to the overall temperature of the device since the charge carriers can become trapped in the gate di  electric of a mos trans  is  tor the switching characteristics of the trans  is  tor can be permanently changed hot carrier injection is one of the mechanisms that adversely affects the reliability of semi  conductors of solid state devices
in aviation hot and high is a condition of low air density due to high ambient temperature and high airport elev  ation air density decreases with increasing temperature and altitude at any given true air  speed lower air density reduces the amount of lift generated by the wings or the ro  tors of an aircraft which may hamper an aircraft s performance and hence its ability to operate safely the reduced density also reduces the performance of the aircraft s engine comp  ounding the effect avi  ators gauge air density by calculating the density altitude hot and high do not have to be mutually inclusive of one another though this tends to be the exception if an airport is especially hot or high the other condition need not be present temperatures can change from one hour to the next while the elev  ation of an airport always remains constant the fact that temperatures decrease at higher elev  ations miti  gates the hot and high effect to a certain extent
the hot chocolate effect also known as the all  ass  onic effect is a phenomenon of wave mechanics first documented in 1982 by frank craw  ford where the pitch heard from tapping a cup of hot liquid rises after the addition of a soluble powder it was first observed in the making of hot chocolate or instant coffee but also occurs in other situations such as adding salt to su  pers  atur  ated hot water or cold beer recent research has found many more substances which create the effect even in initially non su  pers  atur  ated liquids it can be observed by pouring hot milk into a mu  g stirring in chocolate powder and tapping the bottom of the mu  g with a spoon while the milk is still in motion the pitch of the t  aps will increase progressively with no relation to the speed or force of tapping subsequent stirring of the same solution without adding more chocolate powder will gradually decrease the pitch again followed by another increase this process can be repeated a number of times until equilibrium has been reached upon initial stirring entr  ained gas bubbles reduce the speed of sound in the liquid lowering the frequency as the bubbles clear sound travels faster in the liquid and the frequency increases
in the study of financial markets hot equity periods or hot issue periods are periods of time in which many firms perform initial public offering ip  o of their equity firms in modern economies often finance themselves by the issuance in public markets of shares also called equity it turns out that these initial public offer  ings tend to cluster in time so that one year many firms might be doing an ip  o while next year very few firms do it these periods in which many firms perform an ip  o are called hot equity periods
a hot quad  rate sign is an imaging appearance of increased enhancement in ct sc  ans or m  ri or radio  trac  er accumulation in nuclear medicine in which there is enhancement of the quad  rate lo  be of the liver the appearance is an indirect reflection of the collater  alized flow of sv  c syndrome in which oc  clu  sion of the superior ven  a cav  a leads to preferential flow to the quad  rate the sign is similar in mechanism but distinct in significance from the hot cau  date sign in which the cau  date lo  be of the liver shows preferential enhancement or radio  trac  er accumulation with he  p  atic vein oc  clu  sion in bud  d chi  ari syndrome in the latter the cau  date shows preferential flow because its direct drainage into the inferior ven  a cav  a remains un  obstructed as opposed to the rem  nant liver which dra  ins into the he  p  atic vein
in veterinary medicine a hot spot or acute py  o  der  ma acute mo  ist py  o  traumatic der  mati  tis amp  d is one of the many names for a raw painful irritated skin le  sion that results in and wor  sens from a pet such as a dog or a cat constantly biting scrat  ching chewing and lic  king an area of its skin that is irritated or it  chy if it is covered by the dog s hair the hair holds in the moisture and further irrit  ates it py  o  traumatic der  mati  tis is an acute rapidly developing surface bacterial skin infection that occurs as a result of self inflicted trauma these le  sions are created when the animal lic  ks che  ws scrat  ches and ru  bs a focal area of skin in response to an it  chy pr  uri  tic painful stimulus as the le  sion grows secondary infection from opportunistic bacteria can occur causing more discomfort and leading the pet to scratch and chew even more other names include wet ecz  ema mo  ist ecz  ema summer so  res acute mo  ist al  derman acute mo  ist der  mati  tis py  o traumatic der  mati  tis or acute py  o traumatic der  mati  tis as the nickname summer so  res suggests hot spots are more common in the summer however the ail  ment can occur at any time of the year many pets that develop them have allergies they are particularly common in pets with fle  a allergies however any sort of irritation to the skin can result in a hot spot
there are two very different definitions of hot start commonly used in aviation one for turb  ine based engines and one for reciproc  ating fuel injected engines
hot tub fol  lic  u  li  tis also known as pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa fol  lic  u  li  tis is a common type of fol  lic  u  li  tis a condition which causes infl  amm  ation of hair fol  lic  les this condition is caused by an infection of hair fol  lic  les due to the bacter  ium pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa the bacter  ium is commonly found in hot tu  bs water slides and such places children are more prone to this because they usually stay in the water longer than adults hot tub fol  lic  u  li  tis appears on the skin in the form of a rash roughly resembling chicken pox and then develops further to appear as a pim  ple hot tub fol  lic  u  li  tis can be extremely painful and or it  chy and left alone without scrat  ching will go away much more quickly if the rash is aggravated it can stay worsen and spread lasting for months by that time it is much more difficult to treat the do  ts usually go away after about 7 to 10 days but the condition leaves a hyper  pi  gm  ented le  sion that goes away after a few months normally the rash does not need specific treatment and will go away on its own antibiotics may be prescribed in some cases if the rash continues to appear longer than the 7 to 10 day time period a physician should be consulted fol  lic  u  li  tis that is not treated properly could worsen and cause abs  c  esses
h  oun  d  sto  o  th h  ounds tooth check or h  ound s tooth and similar sp  ell  ings also known as dog  sto  o  th dog  tooth dog s tooth or pied de pou  le is a du  ot  one textile pattern characterized by broken checks or abstract four pointed shapes often in black and white although other colours are used the classic h  oun  d  sto  o  th pattern is an example of a t  ess  ell  ation a smaller scale version of the pattern can be referred to as pu  pp  y  tooth
housing inequality is the difference in the quality of housing that exists within a given society it can have negative implications for the options available to an individual or family the term may apply regionally across a geographic space tempor  ally between one generation and the next or culturally between groups of varying racial or social backgrounds housing inequality is directly related to concepts of racial inequality social inequality income inequality and wealth inequality in addition it is the result of a number of different factors including natural market forces housing discrimination and housing segregation housing inequality is also often linked to discussions of poverty because it can be seen as both a cause and an effect of poverty residential inequality is especially relevant to discussions of poverty when considering amar  ty  a sen ’ s definition of poverty as “ the deprivation of basic capabilities ”
howe  l – evans syndrome is an extremely rare condition involving thick  ening of the skin in the pal  ms of the hands and the sol  es of the feet hyper  ker  at  osis this famili  al disease is associated with a high lifetime risk of es  op  ha  ge  al cancer for this reason it is sometimes known as ty  losis with o  es  op  ha  ge  al cancer to  c the condition is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner and it has been linked to a mutation in the rh  b  df 2 gene it was first described in 1958
ho  y  er  aal h  re  id  ar  sson syndrome h  hs is a very rare multi  system x linked rec  essive disorder characterized by excessively short tel  om  er  es and is considered a severe form of dy  sk  er  at  osis con  gen  ita being an x linked disorder h  hs primarily affects males patients with h  hs typically present in early childhood with cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia immun  o  deficiency progressive bone marrow failure and in  trau  ter  ine growth retar  dation the primary cause of death in h  hs is bone marrow failure but mortality from cancer and pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis is also significant
ho – kauf  man – mc  alis  ter syndrome also known as the chen kung ho – kauf  man – mc  alis  ter syndrome is a rare con  genital mal  formation syndrome where infants are born with a cle  ft pal  ate micro  gn  ath  ia wor  mi  an bones con  genital heart disease dis  located hips bo  wed fi  bul  ae pre  ax  ial poly  d  ac  ty  ly of the feet abnormal skin patterns and most prominently missing ti  bia the eti  ology is unknown ho – kauf  man – mc  alis  ter syndrome is named after chen kung ho r l kauf  man and w h mc  alis  ter who first described the syndrome in 1975 at washington university in st louis it is considered a rare disease by the office of rare diseases ord of the national institutes of health nih
in statistics the huber loss is a loss function used in robust regression that is less sensitive to out  liers in data than the squ  ared error loss a variant for classification is also sometimes used
hughes sto  vin syndrome is a rare auto  immune disorder of unknown cause that is characterized by the combination of multiple pul  mon  ary artery an  eur  ys  ms and deep vein thro  m  bo  sis it is named after the two british physicians john patter  son hughes and peter george ing  le sto  vin who first described it in 1959 it is a rare variant of beh  ç  et s disease which entails more general problems with the circul  atory system most patients are young adult males between the age of 20 40 common clinical presentations include fever cough dy  sp  ne  a and hem  op  ty  sis radiological features are similar to those of beh  ç  et s disease there is no satisfactory treatment for this disease
human behaviour genetics is a sub  field of the field of behaviour genetics that studies the role of genetic and environmental influences on human behaviour class  ically human behavi  our  al gene  tic  ists have studied the inheritance of behavi  our  al traits the field was originally focused on testing whether genetic influences were important in human behavior e g do genes influence human behavior it has evolved to address more complex questions such as how important are genetic and or environmental influences on various human behavioral traits to what extent do the same genetic and or environmental influences impact the overlap between human behavioral traits how do genetic and or environmental influences on behavior change across development and what environmental factors moderate the importance of genetic effects on human behavior gene environment interaction the field is inter  disciplinary and draws from genetics psychology and statistics most recently the field has moved into the area of statistical genetics with many behavioral gene  tic  ists also involved in efforts to identify the specific genes involved in human behavior and to understand how the effects associated with these genes changes across time and in conjunction with the environment
human cy  tom  eg  alo  virus is a species of the cy  tom  eg  alo  virus genus of viruses which in turn is a member of the viral family known as her  pes  vi  ri  da  e or her  pes  viruses it is typically abbreviated as h  c  mv or commonly but more ambiguously as c  mv it is also known as human her  pes  virus 5 h  h  v 5 within her  pes  vi  ri  da  e h  c  mv belongs to the be  ta  her  pes  vir  in  ae sub  family which also includes cy  tom  eg  alo  viruses from other mammals although they may be found throughout the body h  c  mv infections are frequently associated with the sali  vary g  lands h  c  mv infection is typically unnoticed in healthy people but can be life threatening for the immun  o  compromised such as hiv infected persons organ transplant recipients or new  born infants con  genital cy  tom  eg  alo  virus infection can lead to significant morbi  dity and even death after infection h  c  mv remains latent within the body throughout life and can be re  activated at any time eventually it may cause mu  co  ep  id  er  mo  id carcin  oma and possibly other m  align  ancies such as pro  state cancer h  c  mv is found throughout all geographic locations and socioeconomic groups and inf  ects between 60 and 70 of adults in industrialized countries and almost 100 in emerging countries of all her  pes viruses h  c  mv harb  ors the most genes dedicated to altering evading in  nate and adap  tive immunity in the host and represents a lifelong burden of anti  genic t cell surveillance and immune dysfunction commonly it is indicated by the presence of antibodies in the general population ser  op  re  val  ence is age dependent 58 9 of individuals aged 6 and older are infected with c  mv while 90 8 of individuals aged 80 and older are positive for h  c  mv h  c  mv is also the virus most frequently transmitted to a developing fe  tus h  c  mv infection is more widespread in developing countries and in communities with lower socioeconomic status and represents the most significant viral cause of birth defects in industrialized countries con  genital h  c  mv is the leading infectious cause of deaf  ness learning disabilities and intellectual disability in child  ren  c  mv also seems to have a large impact on immune parameters in later life and may contribute to increased morbi  dity and eventual mortality
human echo  location is the ability of humans to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects by actively creating sounds – for example by tapping their can  es lightly stom  ping their foot sn  apping their fingers or making clic  king noises with their mouths – people trained to orient by echo  location can interpret the sound waves reflected by nearby objects accurately identifying their location and size this ability is used by some blind people for acous  tic way  finding or navi  gating within their environment using aud  itory rather than visual cu  es it is similar in principle to active son  ar and to animal echo  location which is employed by bats dolphins and tooth  ed whales to find prey
human gran  ul  oc  y  tic an  ap  las  mo  sis h  ga is a tick borne infectious disease caused by an  ap  las  ma p  ha  go  cy  top  hil  um an oblig  ate in  trac  ell  ular bacter  ium that is typically transmitted to humans by tic  ks of the i  x  o  des ric  in  us species complex including i  x  o  des s  cap  ul  aris and i  x  o  des pac  ific  us in north america these tic  ks also transmit ly  me disease and other tick borne diseases the bacteria infect white blood cells called neu  troph  ils causing changes in gene expression that prolong the life of these otherwise short lived cells
hair color is the pi  gm  entation of hair fol  lic  les due to two types of mel  an  in eu  mel  an  in and p  he  om  el  an  in generally if more eu  mel  an  in is present the color of the hair is darker if less eu  mel  an  in is present the hair is lighter the darker a person s natural hair color is the more individual hair fol  lic  les they have on their scal  p levels of mel  an  in can vary over time causing a person s hair color to change and it is possible to have hair fol  lic  les of more than one color on the same person particular hair colors are associated with ethnic groups gray or white hair is associated with age the fischer – s  all  er scale named after eu  gen fischer and s  all  er is used in physical anthropo  logy and medicine to determine the shades of hair color the scale uses the following designations a very light blond b to e light blond f to l blond m to o dark blond p to t light brown to brown u to y dark brown black and roman numer  als i to iv red and v to vi red blond
human her  pes  virus 7 h  h  v 7 is one of nine known members of the her  pes  vi  ri  da  e family that inf  ects humans h  h  v 7 is a member of be  ta  her  pes  vi  ri  da  e a sub  family of the her  pes  vi  ri  da  e that also includes h  h  v 6 and cy  tom  eg  alo  virus h  h  v 5 or h  c  mv h  h  v 7 often acts together with h  h  v 6 and the viruses together are sometimes referred to by their genus ro  se  olo  virus h  h  v 7 was first isolated in 1990 from cd 4 t cells taken from peripheral blood lymp  ho  cy  tes
human mon  oc  y  to  tropic e  hr  lic  hi  osis h  me is a form of e  hr  lic  hi  osis associated with e  hr  lic  hia cha  ff  e  ensis this bacteria is an oblig  ate in  trac  ell  ular pathogen affecting mon  oc  y  tes and macro  p  ha  ges
human pap  il  lo  ma  virus infection is an infection by human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v most h  p  v infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously in some they persist and result in war  ts or pre  can  cer  ous le  sions the pre  can  cer  ous le  sions increase the risk of cancer of the cer  vi  x vul  va vag  ina penis an  us mouth or throat nearly all cer  vic  al cancer is due to h  p  v with two types h  p  v 16 and h  p  v 18 accounting for 70 of cases between 60 and 90 of the other cancers are also linked to h  p  v h  p  v 6 and h  p  v 11 are common causes of genital war  ts and respiratory pap  il  lo  mat  osis h  p  v infection is caused by a human pap  il  lo  ma  virus a dna virus from the pap  il  lo  ma  virus family of which over 150 types are known more than 40 types are transmitted through sexual contact and infect the an  us and gen  itals risk factors for persistent h  p  v infections include early age of first sexual inter  course multiple partners smoking and poor immune function h  p  v is typically spread by sustained direct skin to skin contact with vag  inal and anal sex being the most common methods occasionally it can spread from a mother to her baby during pregnancy it does not spread via common items like toilet seats people can become infected with more than one type of h  p  v h  p  v only affects humans h  p  v vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection to be effective they must be used before an infection occurs and are therefore recommended between the ages of nine and 13 cer  vic  al cancer screening such as with the pap  ani  co  la  ou test p  ap or looking at the cer  vi  x after using acetic acid can detect early cancer or abnormal cells that may develop into cancer this allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes screening has reduced both the number and deaths from cer  vic  al cancer in the developed world war  ts can be removed by freezing h  p  v is the most common sexually transmitted infection globally most people are infected at some point in their lives in 2012 about 528 000 new cases and 266 000 deaths occurred from cer  vic  al cancer worldwide around 85 of these occurred in the developing world in the united states about 27 000 cases of cancer due to h  p  v occur each year about 1 of sexually active adults have genital war  ts while cases of war  ts have been described since the time of ancient greece their viral nature was discovered in 1907
human resource management hr  m or simply hr is the management of human resources it is a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer s strategic objectives hr is primarily concerned with the management of people within organizations focusing on policies and on systems hr departments and units in organizations typically undertake a number of activities including employee benefits design employee recruitment training and development performance appraisal and rewarding e g managing pay and benefit systems hr also concerns itself with organizational change and industrial relations that is the balancing of organizational practices with requirements arising from collective bargaining and from governmental laws hr is a product of the human relations movement of the early 20 th century when researchers began docum  enting ways of creating business value through the strategic management of the workforce the function was initially dominated by trans  ac  tional work such as payroll and benefits administration but due to globalization company consolidation technological advances and further research hr as of 2015 focuses on strategic initiatives like mergers and acquisitions talent management succession planning industrial and labor relations and diversity and inclusion human resources is a business field focused on maximizing employee productivity human resources professionals manage the human capital of an organization and focus on implementing policies and processes they can be specialists focusing in on recruiting training employee relations or benefits recruiting specialists are in charge of finding and hiring top talent training and development professionals ensure that employees are trained and have continuous development this is done through training programs performance evaluations and reward programs employee relations deals with concerns of employees when policies are broken such as harassment or discrimination someone in benefits develops compensation structures family leave programs discounts and other benefits that employees can get on the other side of the field are human resources gener  alists or business partners these human resources professionals could work in all areas or be labor relations representatives working with union  ized employees in start  up companies trained professionals may perform hr duties in larger companies an entire functional group is typically dedicated to the discipline with staff speci  alizing in various hr tasks and functional leadership engaging in strategic decision making across the business to train practitioners for the profession institutions of higher education professional associations and companies themselves have established programs of study dedicated explicitly to the duties of the function academic and practitioner organizations likewise seek to engage and further the field of hr as evidenced by several field specific publications hr is also a field of research study that is popular within the fields of management and industrial organizational psychology with research articles appearing in a number of academic journals including those mentioned later in this article businesses are moving globally and forming more diverse teams it is the role of human resources to make sure that these teams can function and people are able to communicate cross culturally and across borders due to changes in business current topics in human resources are diversity and inclusion as well as using technology to advance employee engagement in the current global work environment most companies focus on lowering employee turnover and on retaining the talent and knowledge held by their workforce new hiring not only entails a high cost but also increases the risk of a newcom  er not being able to replace the person who worked in a position before hr departments strive to offer benefits that will appeal to workers thus reducing the risk of losing corporate knowledge
human rights in armenia tend to be better than those in most former soviet republics and have drawn closer to acceptable standards especially economically still there are several considerable problems overall the country is classified partly free by freedom house which gives it a score of 46 falling two points below bangladesh and one point above honduras
human rights in austria are generally respected by the government however there were problems in some areas there were some reports of police abuse and use of unjustified force against prisoners anti semitic incidents including physical attacks name calling property damage and threatening letters telephone calls and internet post  ings occurred during the year there was some governmental and societal discrimination against fathers muslims and members of un  recognized religious groups particularly those considered sec  ts there were incidents of neo national socialist activity righ  tw  ing extremism and xenophobia trafficking in women and children for prostitution and labor also remained a problem
human trafficking in brazil is an ongoing problem brazil is a source country for men women girls and boys subjected to human trafficking specifically forced prostitution within the country and abroad as well as a source country for men and boys in forced labor within the country in 2012 there was a soap opera made about human trafficking named sal  ve jorge
human trafficking in europe is a regional manifestation of the wider practice of trade in humans for the purposes of various forms of coercive exploitation human trafficking has existed for centuries all over the world and follows from the earlier practice of slavery which differ  ed from human trafficking in that it was legally recognized and accepted it has become an increasing concern for countries in europe since the fall of communism the transition to a market economy in some countries has led to both opportunity and a loss of security for citizens of these countries economic hardship and promises of prosperity have left many people vulnerable to trafficking within their countries and to destinations in other parts of europe and the world unique to the balkans are some of the situations that support trafficking such as organized crime and the recruitment strategies that perpetuate it while some gener  alizations can be made the countries within this region face different challenges and are at varying stages of compliance with the rules that govern trafficking in persons
according to the us department of state human trafficking in the netherlands is a problem which affects particularly women and girls who are forced to work in the sex industry in the year of 2009 there were 9  09 registered victims of human trafficking according to the us department of state the netherlands is primarily a source and destination country for men women and children subjected to trafficking in persons specifically forced prostitution and forced labor though to a lesser extent it is a transit country for such trafficking accord  int to the us department of state the top five countries of origin for victims are the netherlands china nigeria hungary and sierra leone
human try  pan  o  som  i  asis is a cu  taneous condition caused by several species of try  pan  o  som  es with skin manifestations usually being observed in the earlier stages of the disease as ev  an  es  cent er  y  them  a er  y  them  a multi  forme and e  dem  a especially an  gi  oe  dem  a
viruses are a major cause of human water  borne and water related diseases water  borne diseases are caused by water that is contaminated by human and animal urine and f  ec  es that contain pathogenic micro  organisms a subject can get infected through contact with or consumption of the contaminated water viruses affect all living organisms from single cellular plants bacteria and animal to the highest forms of plants and animals including human beings viruses can interact with their host through several methods and mechanisms some viruses can be host specific hiv and some can be less host specific influenza viruses different viruses can have different routes of transmission for example hiv is directly transferred by contaminated body fluids from an infected host into the tissue or blood  stream of a new host while influenza is airborne and transmitted through inhal  ation of contaminated air containing viral particles by a new host enter  ic viruses primarily infect the intest  inal tract through ing  estion of food and water contaminated with viruses of f  ec  al origin some viruses can be transmitted through all three routes of transmission water viro  logy started about half a century ago when scientists attempted to detect the polio virus in water samples since then other pathogenic viruses that are responsible for gastro  enter  i  tis hepatitis and many other virus strains have replaced enter  o  viruses as the main aim for detection in the water environment
humanis  tic economics is a distinct pattern of economic thought with old historical roots that have been more recently invigor  ated by e f schum  acher s small is beautiful economics as if people mattered 1973 proponents argue for persons first economic theories as opposed to mainstream economic theories which are understood as often emphasizing financial gain over human well being in particular the overly abstract human image implicit in mainstream economics is critically analyzed and instead it attempts a re  thinking of economic principles policies and institutions based on a richer and more balanced view of human nature according to schum  acher call a thing immoral or ugly soul destroying or a degradation of man a peril to the peace of the world or to the well being of future generations as long as you have not shown it to be un  economic you have not really questioned its right to exist grow and prosper
the hume frac  ture is an injury of the el  bow comprising a frac  ture of the ol  ec  ran  on with an associated an  terior dis  location of the rad  ial head which occurs in children it was originally described as an undis  placed ol  ec  ran  on frac  ture but more recently includes displaced fractu  res and can be considered a variant of the monte  g  gia frac  ture the injury was described in 1957 by a c hume of the orth  opa  ed  ic surgery department of st bar  th  olo  me  w s hospital ro  chester
a hum  er  us frac  ture is a bone frac  ture of the bone of the upper arm the hum  er  us fractu  res of the hum  er  us may be classified by the location of the frac  ture and divided into fractu  res of the proxim  al region which is near the shoulder the middle region which is the shaft of the hum  er  us and the dis  tal region which is near the el  bow these locations can further be divided based on the extent of the frac  ture and the specific areas of each of the three regions affected hum  er  us fractu  res usually occur after physical trauma falls excess physical stress or pathological conditions falls are the most common cause of proxim  al and shaft fractu  res and those who experience a frac  ture from a fall usually have an underlying risk factor for bone frac  ture dis  tal fractu  res occur most frequently in children who experience physical trauma to the el  bow area symptoms of frac  ture are pain sw  elling and dis  color  ation of the skin at the site of the frac  ture bru  ising appears a few days after the frac  ture the neuro  vascular bundle of the arm may be affected in severe cases which will cause loss of nerve function and diminished blood supply beneath the frac  ture proxim  al and dis  tal fractu  res will often cause a loss of shoulder or el  bow function displaced shaft and dis  tal fractu  res may cause de  form  ity and such shaft fractu  res will often shorten the length of the upper arm most hum  er  us fractu  res are non  displaced and will heal within a few weeks if the arm is im  mobilized severe displaced hum  er  us fractu  res and complications often require surgical intervention in most cases normal function to the arm returns after the frac  ture is healed in severe cases however function of the arm may be diminished after recovery
hum  idity is the amount of water vap  or in the air water vap  or is the gaseous state of water and is invisible hum  idity indicates the likelihood of precip  itation de  w or fog higher hum  idity reduces the effectiveness of swe  ating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evapor  ation of moisture from the skin this effect is calculated in a heat index table or hum  id  ex the amount of water vap  or that is needed to achieve satur  ation increases as the temperature increases as the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of satur  ation without adding or losing water mass the differences in the amount of water vap  or in a parcel of air can be quite large for example a parcel of air that is near satur  ation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 30 ° c but only 8 grams of water per cubic meter of air at 8 ° c there are three main measurements of hum  idity absolute relative and specific absolute hum  idity is the water content of air at a given temperature expressed in gram per cubic meter relative hum  idity expressed as a percent measures the current absolute hum  idity relative to the maximum highest point for that temperature specific hum  idity is a ratio of the water vap  or content of the mixture to the total air content on a mass basis
hu  moral immune deficiencies are conditions which cause impairment of hu  moral immunity which can lead to immun  o  deficiency it can be medi  ated by insufficient number or function of b cells the plasma cells they differentiate into with these two potentially being caused by b cell lymp  ho  cy  top  enia or the anti  body secre  ted by the plasma cells they are associated with increased vulnerability to infection but can be difficult to detect or as  ymp  tomatic in the absence of infection they can be associated with increased risk of ga  str  ic cancer
hun  an hand syndrome also known as chili burn is a cu  taneous condition and commonly among those who remove the skins from large batches of roasted chili pe  ppers
the hundred dollar hundred digit challenge problems are 10 problems in numerical mathematics published in 2002 by nick t  ref  e  then a 100 prize was offered to whoever produced the most accurate solutions measured up to 10 significant digits the deadline for the contest was may 20 2002 in the end 20 teams solved all of the problems perfectly within the required precision and an anonymous donor aided in producing the required prize monies the challenge and its solutions were described in detail in the book fol  k  mar bor  nem  ann dir  k laur  ie stan wagon et al
the hund  red  th monkey effect is a hypothetical phenomenon in which a new behavior or idea is claimed to spread rapidly by un  explained means from one group to all related groups once a critical number of members of one group exhibit the new behavior or acknowledge the new idea one of the primary factors in the promul  gation of the story is that many authors quote secondary tertiary or post tertiary sources which have themselves mis  represented the original observations
in politics humanitarian aid and social science hunger is a condition in which a person for a sustained period is unable to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional needs throughout history portions of the world s population have often experienced sustained periods of hunger in many cases this resulted from food supply disruptions caused by war pl  agues or adverse weather for the first few decades after world war ii technological progress and enhanced political cooperation suggested it might be possible to substantially reduce the number of people suffering from hunger while progress was uneven by 2000 the threat of extreme hunger subsid  ed for many of the world s people according to the w  fp some statistics are that some 795 million people in the world do not have enough food to lead a healthy active life that s about one in nine people on earth the vast majority of the world s hungry people live in developing countries where 12 9 percent of the population is under  nourished until 2006 the average international price of food had been largely stable for several decades in the closing months of 2006 however prices began to rise rapidly by 2008 rice had tripled in price in some regions and this severely affected developing countries food prices fell in early 2009 but rose to another record high in 2011 and have since decreased slightly the 2008 worldwide financial crisis further increased the number of people suffering from hunger including dramatic increases even in advanced economies such as great britain the eurozone and the united states the millennium development goals included a commitment to a further 50 reduction in the proportion of the world s population who suffer from extreme hunger by 2015 as of 2012 this target appeared difficult to achieve due in part to persistent inflation in food prices however in late 2012 the un s food and agriculture organization fao stated it is still possible to hit the target with sufficient effort in 2013 the fao estimated that 842 million people are under  nourished 12 of the global population malnutrition is a cause of death for more than 3 1 million children under 5 every year unicef estimates 300 million children go to bed hungry each night and that 8000 children under the age of 5 are estimated to die of malnutrition every day
the hun  s  di  ec  ker reaction also called the bor  od  in reaction after alexander bor  od  in is the organic reaction of silver salts of car  box  yl  ic acids with hal  ogens to give organic hali  des it is an example of a halo  gen  ation reaction the reaction is named after heinz hun  s  di  ec  ker and cl  ä  re hun  s  di  ec  ker but was first noted by bor  od  in in 18  61 when he prepared methyl bromide from silver acetate the hun  s  di  ec  ker reaction several reviews have been published mercur  ic oxide will also effect this transformation
the hunter valley cannabis inf  est  ation was an inf  est  ation of the marijuana plant cannabis sativa in the hunter valley in new south wales australia at its peak the inf  est  ation covered about 30 square kilometres 12 s  q mi it took nine years for the new south wales government to eradicate it
hunter syndrome or mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis ii mps ii is a ly  so  som  al storage disease caused by a deficient or absent enzyme i  du  ron  ate 2 sul  fat  ase i 2 s the accumulated sub  str  ates in hunter syndrome are he  par  an sul  fate and der  mat  an sul  fate the syndrome has x linked rec  essive inheritance
hun  t  ington s disease hd also known as hun  t  ington s cho  rea is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells the earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental abilities a general lack of coordination and an un  steady ga  it often follow as the disease advances uncoordinated jer  ky body movements become more apparent physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk mental abilities generally decline into dementia the specific symptoms vary somewhat between people symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age but can start at any age the disease may develop earlier in life in each successive generation about 8 of cases start before the age of 20 years and typically present with symptoms more similar to par  kinson s disease people with hd often underestimate the degree of their problems hd is typically inherited from a person s parents with 10 of cases due to a new mutation the disease is caused by an auto  som  al dominant mutation in either of an individual s two copies of a gene called hun  ting  tin this means a child of an affected person typically has a 50 chance of inher  iting the disease the hun  ting  tin gene provides the genetic information for a protein that is also called hun  ting  tin expansion of ca  g cy  to  sine aden  ine gu  an  ine tri  p  let repeats in the gene coding for the hun  ting  tin protein results in an abnormal protein which gradually damages cells in the brain through mechanisms that are not fully understood diagnosis is by genetic testing which can occur at any point in time regardless of whether or not symptoms are present this fact raises several ethical debates the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing whether parents have the right to have their children tested and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results there is no cure for hd full time care is required in the later stages of the disease treatments can relieve some symptoms and in some improve quality of life the best evidence for treatment of the movement problems is with tetr  ab  en  az  ine hd affects about 4 to 15 in 100 000 people of european descent it is rare among japanese and occurs at an unknown rate in africa the disease affects men and women equally complications such as pneumonia heart disease and physical injury from falls reduce life expectancy suicide is the cause of death in about 9 of cases death typically occurs fifteen to twenty years from when the disease was first detected the first likely description of the disease was in 18  41 by charles oscar waters the condition was described in further detail in 18  72 by george hun  t  ington after whom it is named the genetic basis was discovered in 1993 by an international collaborative effort led by the hereditary disease foundation research and support organizations began forming in the late 1960 s to increase public awareness to provide support for individuals and their families and to promote research current research directions include determining the exact mechanism of the disease improving animal models to aid with research testing of medications to treat symptoms or slow the progression of the disease and studying procedures such as stem cell therapy with the goal of repairing damage caused by the disease
the hun  t  ington s disease like syndro  mes often abbreviated as hd like or h  dl syndro  mes are a family of inherited neuro  degenerative diseases that closely resemble hun  t  ington s disease hd in that they typically produce a combination of cho  rea cognitive decline or dementia and behavi  our  al or psychiatric problems
hur  ler syndrome also known as mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis type i mps i hur  ler s disease also gar  go  y  lis  m is a genetic disorder that results in the buil  dup of gly  co  sam  ino  gly  cans formerly known as mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des due to a deficiency of alpha l i  du  ron  id  ase an enzyme responsible for the degradation of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des in ly  so  som  es without this enzyme a buil  dup of he  par  an sul  fate and der  mat  an sul  fate occurs in the body symptoms appear during childhood and early death can occur due to organ damage mps i is divided into three sub  types based on severity of symptoms all three types result from an absence of or insufficient levels of the enzyme α l i  du  ron  id  ase mps i h or hur  ler syndrome is the most severe of the mps i sub  types the other two types are mps i s or sch  ei  e syndrome and mps i h s or hur  ler sch  ei  e syndrome hur  ler syndrome is often classified as a ly  so  som  al storage disease and is clin  ically related to hunter syndrome hunter syndrome is x linked while hur  ler syndrome is auto  som  al rec  essive it is named for ger  tru  d hur  ler 18  89 – 1965 a german pedi  at  ric  ian
hur  ler – sch  ei  e syndrome also known as mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis type i h s is a cu  taneous condition also characterized by mild mental retar  dation and cor  ne  al clou  ding
a h  ür  th  le cell is a cell in the thyro  id that is often associated with hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis as well as fol  lic  ular thyro  id cancer h  ür  th  le cell cancer is considered a variant of fol  lic  ular thyro  id cancer this version is a relatively rare form of differentiated thyro  id cancer accounting for only 3 10 of all differentiated thyro  id cancers on  co  cy  tes in the thyro  id are often called h  ür  th  le cells although the terms on  co  cy  te oxy  phil  ic cell and h  ür  th  le cell are used inter  change  ably h  ür  th  le cell is used only to indicate cells of thyro  id fol  lic  ular origin
in mathematics the hut  chin  son metric is a function which measures the discrepancy between two images for use in frac  tal image processing and can also be applied to describe the similarity between dna sequences expressed as real or complex genom  ic signals
hu  zz  as also referred to as hu  zz  aw  ou  ie hu  zz  as is the name of a surf break off grac  e  town western australia it is in proximity to a number of other surf breaks that are located near to cowar  am  up bay and grac  e  town
h  w  ab  ye  ong or h  w  aby  ung is a korean som  ati  zation disorder a mental illness which arises when people are unable to confront their anger as a result of conditions which they perceive to be unfair h  w  aby  ung is loosely used as the name of the disease as it is actually more of a name regarding the cause h  w  aby  ung is known as a culture bound syndrome the word h  w  aby  ung is composed of h  wa meaning fire angry and by  ung meaning syndrome or illness in south korea it is also called ul  h  w  ab  ye  ong 鬱  火  病 depression anger illness in a survey 4 1 of the general population in a rural area in korea were reported as having h  w  aby  ung another survey shows that about 35 of korean employees begin to suffer from this disease at some point
hy  al  ini  zing clear cell carcin  oma abbreviated h  ccc is a rare m  align  ant sali  vary g  land tum  our with a good prog  no  sis that is usually found on the tongue or pal  ate
hy  al  ini  zing tr  ab  ec  ular aden  oma or hy  al  ini  zing tr  ab  ec  ular aden  oma is a subtype of thyro  id aden  oma
hy  alu  ron  id  ase deficiency also known as mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis type ix is a condition caused by mutations in hy  al 1 and characterized by multiple soft tissue masses
hybrid on  co  cy  tom  a ch  rom  opho  be ren  al cell carcin  oma is rare subtype of ren  al cell carcin  oma it arises from inter  cal  ated cells of cor  tical collecting duc  ts of the kidney it is associated with extreme hypo  diplo  id  y with multiple losses of entire chro  mo  som  es 1 2 6 10 13 17 21 and y
hydr  a vi  ri  dis  si  ma also known as hydr  a vi  ri  dis and chloro  hydr  a vi  ri  dis  si  ma or the green hydr  a is a species of freshwater hydro  id poly  p in the genus hydr  a found widely dispersed in the northern temper  ate zone it is a common organism found in still waters from early spring to late autumn the characteristic green colour comes from cells of the unic  ell  ular al  ga chlo  rella within the cells of the gastro  der  mis because of this h vi  ri  dis  si  ma are generally less pred  acious than a  pos  ym  bio  tic hydr  a species it is most commonly found attached to the stems of water plants and the under  sides of leaves including duc  k  weed when disturbed it re  tracts to a small green blo  b which is easily overlooked gently sweeping through a clean wee  dy pond and allowing the collected water and leaves to stand in a jar will often reveal h vi  ri  dis  si  ma emerging after only a few minutes h vi  ri  dis  si  ma in captivity will tend to cong  reg  ate towards the light when in feeding mode the extended tent  acles are generally only as long as or shorter than the body it lives in water and resembles a fine delicate sea  weed h vi  ri  dis  si  ma h vi  ri  dis  si  ma
hydr  an  encephal  y or hydr  an  cephal  y is a condition in which the brain s cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es are absent to varying degrees and the remaining cran  ial cav  ity is filled with cere  bro  spinal fluid hydr  an  encephal  y or hydr  an  cephal  y is a type of cephal  ic disorder these disorders are con  genital conditions that derive from either damage to or abnormal development of the fe  tal nervous system in the earliest stages of development in uter  o cephal  ic is the medical term for “ head ” or “ head end of body ” these conditions do not have any definitive identifiable cause factor instead generally attributed to a variety of hereditary or genetic conditions but also by environmental factors such as maternal infection pharmaceutical intake or even exposure to high levels of radiation this should not be confused with hydro  cephal  us which is an accumulation of excess cere  bro  spinal fluid in the ven  tric  les of the brain in hem  i  hydr  an  encephal  y only half of the cran  ial cav  ity is filled with fluid
hydr  ation energy also hydr  ation en  th  alp  y is the amount of energy released when one mole of ions undergo hydr  ation which is a special case of sol  vation it is a special case of dissolution energy with the solvent being water for example upon dis  solving a salt in water the outermost ions those at the edge of the lat  tice move away from the lat  tice and become covered with the neighboring water molecules if the hydr  ation energy is equal to or greater than the lat  tice energy then the salt is water soluble in salts for which the hydr  ation energy is higher than the lat  tice energy sol  vation occurs with a release of energy in the form of heat for instance cac  l 2 an  hydro  us calcium chloride he  ats the water when dis  solving however the hex  a  hydrate cac  l 2 · 6 h 2 o co  ols the water upon dissolution the latter happens because the hydr  ation energy does not completely over come the lat  tice energy and the remainder has to be taken from the water in order to compensate the energy loss
in chemistry a hydr  ation reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water in organic chemistry water is added to an un  saturated sub  str  ate which is usually an al  k  ene or an al  ky  ne this type of reaction is employed industri  ally to produce ethanol iso  pro  pan  ol and 2 bu  tan  ol
a hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraul  ics which is frequently observed in open channel flow such as rivers and sp  ill  ways when liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface the rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height converting some of the flow s initial k  ine  tic energy into an increase in potential energy with some energy irre  versi  bly lost through turbulence to heat in an open channel flow this manifests as the fast flow rapidly slowing and piling up on top of itself similar to how a shoc  k  wave forms the phenomenon is dependent upon the initial fluid speed if the initial speed of the fluid is below the critical speed then no jump is possible for initial flow speeds which are not significantly above the critical speed the transition appears as an und  ulating wave as the initial flow speed increases further the transition becomes more abrupt until at high enough speeds the transition front will break and cur  l back upon itself when this happens the jump can be accompanied by violent turbulence ed  dying air entr  ain  ment and surface und  ul  ations or waves there are two main manifestations of hydraulic jumps and historically different terminology has been used for each however the mechanisms behind them are similar because they are simply variations of each other seen from different frames of reference and so the physics and analysis techniques can be used for both types the different manifestations are the stationary hydraulic jump – rapidly flowing water transitions in a stationary jump to slowly moving water as shown in figures 1 and 2 the tidal bore – a wall or und  ulating wave of water moves upstream against water flowing downstream as shown in figures 3 and 4 if considered from a frame of reference which moves with the wave front you can see that this case is physically similar to a stationary jump a related case is a cas  c  ade – a wall or und  ulating wave of water moves downstream over  taking a sh  allow  er downstream flow of water as shown in figure 5 if considered from a frame of reference which moves with the wave front this is amenable to the same analysis as a stationary jump these phenomena are addressed in an extensive literature from a number of technical viewpoints
hydraulic jump in a rec  tang  ular channel also known as classical jump is a natural phenomenon that occurs whenever flow changes from super  critical to sub  critical flow in this transition the water surface rises abruptly surface roll  ers are formed intense mixing occurs air is entr  ained and often a large amount of energy is dissip  ated in other words a hydraulic jump happens when a higher velocity v 1 super  critical flow upstream is met by a sub  critical downstream flow with a decreased velocity v 2 and sufficient depth num  eric models created using the standard step method or h  ec ras are used to track super  critical and sub  critical flows to determine where in a specific reach a hydraulic jump will form there are common hydraulic jumps that occur in everyday situations such as during the use of a household sink there are also man made hydraulic jumps created by devices like we  irs or sluice gates in general a hydraulic jump may be used to dissip  ate energy to mix chemicals or to act as an a  eration device to produce equations describing the jump since there is an unknown energy loss there is a need to apply conservation of momentum to develop this equation a general situation in which there may or may not be an energy loss between upstream and downstream and there may or may not be some obstacle on which there is a drag force pf is considered however for a simple or classic hydraulic jump the force per unit width pf equals 0 from there the momentum equation and the con  ju  gate depths equation can be derived
hydra  zone i  od  ination is an organic reaction in which a hydra  zone is converted into a vinyl io  di  de by reaction of i  od  ine and a non nucle  oph  il  ic base such as d  bu first published by d h r bar  ton in 1962 the reaction is sometimes referred to as the bar  ton reaction although there are many different bar  ton reactions or more descri  p  tively as the bar  ton vinyl i  od  ine procedure the reaction has earlier roots with the 19  11 discovery by wi  eland and ro  se  eu that the reaction of hydra  zones with i  od  ine alone without base results in the az  ine di  mer structure 2 in scheme 1 i  od  ination of hydra  zones in the original bar  ton publication the reaction was optimi  zed by using a strong gu  an  id  ine base the in  verse addition of the hydra  zone to an i  od  ine solution and by exclusion of water bar  ton vinyl io  di  de synthesis when i  od  ine as an electro  phi  le is replaced by aromatic sel  en  yl bromi  des the corresponding vinyl sel  en  ides are obtained vinyl sel  en  ide synthesis
hydro  a vacc  ini  forme h  v is a very rare chronic photo  der  mati  tis type skin condition with usual onset in childhood it was first described in 18  62 by baz  in it is sometimes called baz  in s hydro  a vacc  ini  forme a study published in scotland in 2000 reviewed the cases of 17 patients and estimated a prevalence of 0 34 cases per 100 000 population in this study they reported an average age of onset of 7 9 years frequently the rash first appeared in the spring or summer months and involved sun exposed skin the rash starts as a vesicular eruption later becoming um  bil  ic  ated and resulted in vacc  ini  form scar  ring it is most frequently found on the nose cheeks ears dor  sum of the hand and arms places that are most exposed to light
hydro  ac  yl  ation is a type of organic reaction in which an alde  hyde is added over an al  k  ene or al  ky  ne bond the reaction product is a ke  tone the reaction requires a metal catalyst often rho  dium it is almost invariably practice as an intr  am  ol  ec  ular reaction with an al  ky  ne in place of al  ken  es the reaction product is an α β un  saturated ke  tone hydro  ac  yl  ation general the reaction was discovered as part of a synthetic route to certain pro  stano  ids the reaction required tin tetr  ach  l  oride and a sto  ic  hi  ome  tric amount of wil  kinson s catalyst an equal amount of a cyclo  pro  pan  e was formed as the result of dec  ar  bon  yl  ation hydro  ac  yl  ation sak  ai 1972 the first catalytic application was reported by miller in 1976 in their reaction treatment of 4 pent  en  al with wil  kinson s catalyst gave cycl  op  ent  an  one in this reaction the solvent was saturated with ethylene cycl  op  ent  an  one synthesis miller another suitable catalyst is the salt r  h d  ppe 2 cl  o 4
hydro  al  ko  x  yl  ation is a chemical reaction that combines alcohol  s with al  ken  es or al  ky  nes the process affords e  thers the reaction conver  ts al  ken  es to dial  ky  l or ar  yl al  ky  l e  thers r oh r  ch ch 2 → r och r ch 3 similarly ak  ynes are converted to vinyl e  thers r oh rc ≡ ch → r oc r ch 2 as shown the reaction follows the mark  ov  ni  kov rule the process exhi  bits good atom economy in the sense that no by  products are produced the reaction is cataly  zed by bases and also by transition metal complex  es usually symmetr  ical e  thers are prepared by dehydr  ation of alcohol  s and un  symmetr  ical e  thers by the william  son e  ther synthesis from al  ky  l hali  des and alkali metal al  ko  x  ides
in organic chemistry the hydro  bor  ation – oxid  ation reaction is a two step organic reaction that conver  ts an al  k  ene into a neutral alcohol by the net addition of water across the double bond the hydrogen and hydrox  yl group are added in a syn addition leading to cis stere  och  emis  try hydro  bor  ation – oxid  ation is an anti mark  ov  ni  kov reaction with the hydrox  yl group attaching to the less substituted carbon the reaction was first reported by herbert c brown in the late 1950 s and it was recognized in his receiving the nobel prize in chemistry in 1979 the general form of the reaction is as follows te  tra  hydro  fur  an th  f is the ar  che  typ  al solvent used for hydro  bor  ations
a hydrocarbon ker  at  osis also known as pitch ker  at  osis tar ker  at  osis and tar wart is a pre  can  cer  ous ker  ato  tic skin le  sion that occurs in people who have been occup  ationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
a hydro  ce  le br english hydro  co  ele den  o  tes a pathological accumulation of ser  ous fluid in a body cav  ity a hydro  ce  le testi  s the accumulation of fluids around a tes  tic  le is fairly common it is often caused by fluid secre  ted from a rem  nant piece of per  it  on  eu  m wrapped around the tes  tic  le called the tun  ica vag  in  alis provided there is no her  nia present hydro  coel  es below the age of 1 year usually resolve spontaneously primary hydro  coel  es may develop in adul  thood particularly in the elderly and in hot countries by slow accumulation of ser  ous fluid presumably caused by impaired re  absorption which appears to be the explanation for most primary hydro  cel  es although the reason remains obscure a hydro  ce  le can also be the result of a plu  gged ingu  inal lymp  h  atic system caused by repeated chronic infection of wu  cher  er  ia ban  cro  f  ti or bru  gia malay  i two mosquito borne parasites of africa and southeast asia respectively as such the condition would be a part of more diffuse sequ  el  ae commonly referred to as eleph  anti  asis which also affects the lymp  h  atic system in other parts of the body
a hydro  ce  le testi  s is an accumulation of clear fluid in the tun  ica vag  in  alis the most internal of memb  ran  es containing a tes  tic  le a primary hydro  ce  le causes a pain  less enlargement in the scro  tum on the affected side and is thought to be due to the defective absorption of fluid secre  ted between the two layers of the tun  ica vag  in  alis investing memb  rane a secondary hydro  ce  le is secondary to either infl  amm  ation or a ne  op  las  m in the testi  s a hydro  ce  le usually occurs on one side but can also affect both sides the accumulation can be a marker of physical trauma infection tumor or vari  co  ce  le surgery but the cause is generally unknown indirect ingu  inal her  nia indicates increased risk of hydro  ce  le hydro  ce  le is normally seen in infant boys as enlarged scro  tum in infant girls it appears as enlarged lab  ia however hydro  ce  le is more common in boys than girls
hydro  cephal  us is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf within the brain this typically causes increased pressure inside the skull older people may have headaches double vision poor balance ur  inary in  contin  ence personality changes or mental impairment in babies there may be a rapid increase in head size other symptoms may include v  om  iting sleep  iness seizures and downward pointing of the eyes hydro  cephal  us can occur due to birth defects or be acquired later in life associated birth defects include ne  ural tube defects and those that result in aqu  educ  tal sten  osis other causes include men  ing  i  tis brain tumors traumatic brain injury intra  ven  tric  ular hemorrha  ge and sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ge there are four types of hydro  cephal  us communicating non communicating ex vacu  o and normal pressure diagnosis is typically by examination and medical imaging hydro  cephal  us is typically treated by the surgical placement of a sh  unt system a procedure called a third ven  tric  ul  o  stom  y may be an option in a few people complications from sh  unts may include over  drainage under  drainage mechanical failure infection or obstruction this may require replacement outcomes are variable however many live normal lives without treatment death may occur about one to two per 1 000 new  bor  ns have hydro  cephal  us rates in the developing world may be more normal pressure hydro  cephal  us is estimated to affect about 5 per 100 000 people with rates increasing with age description of hydro  cephal  us by hippo  crates date back more than 2000 years the word hydro  cephal  us is from from greek hydro meaning water and ke  p  hal  os meaning head
hydro  deal  k  yl  ation is a chemical reaction that often involves reacting an aromatic hydrocarbon such as t  olu  ene in the presence of hydrogen gas to form a simpler aromatic hydrocarbon devoid of functional groups an example is the conversion of 1 2 4 trim  ethyl  benzene to x  ylene this chemical process usually occurs at high temperature at high pressure or in the presence of a catalyst these are predominantly transition metals such as chromium or mol  y  b  den  um
hydro  de  fluor  ination h  df is a type of organic reaction in which in a sub  str  ate a carbon – fluor  ine bond is replaced by a carbon – hydrogen bond the topic is of some interest to scientific research in one general strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds with a specific substitution pattern the sub  str  ate is a cheaply available per  fluorinated hydrocarbon an example is the conversion of hex  af  lu  or  ob  enz  ene c 6 f 6 to pen  ta  fluor  ob  enz  ene c 6 f 5 h by certain z  ir  con  oc  ene hy  dri  do complex  es in this type of reaction the thermo  dynamic driving force is the formation of a metal fluor  ine bond that can offset the cle  av  age of the very stable c f bond other sub  str  ates that have been investigated are fluorinated al  ken  es another reaction type is oxid  ative addition of a metal into a c f bond followed by a reduc  tive elimination step in presence of a hydrogen source for example per  fluor  on  ated py  ri  dine reacts with bis cyclo  oc  t  adi  ene nickel 0 and tri  ethyl  phosp  h  ine to the oxid  ative addition product and then with h  cl to the orth  o hydro  de  fluorinated product in reduc  tive hydro  de  fluor  ination the fluoro  carbon is reduced in a series of single electr  on transfer steps through the radical an  ion the radical and the an  ion with ultimate loss of a fluor  ine an  ion an example is the conversion of pen  ta  fluor  ob  enzo  ic acid to 3 4 5 tetr  af  lu  or  ob  enzo  ic acid in a reaction of zinc dust in aqu  eous ammonia specific systems that have been reported for fluoro  al  ky  l group h  df are tri  ethyl  si  lane car  bor  ane acid and nic  l 2 p  cy 3 2 li  al o t bu 3 h
hydrogen atom abstr  action or hydrogen atom transfer hat in chemistry is any chemical reaction in which a hydrogen free radical is abstr  acted from a sub  str  ate according to the general equation x h y x h y examples of hat reactions are oxid  ative reactions in general hydrocarbon combustion and reactions involving cy  to  ch  rome p 450 containing an iron v ox  o unit the abstr  actor is usually a radical species itself an example of a closed shell abstr  actor is chro  my  l chloride hat can take place through prot  on coupled electr  on transfer
a hydrogen od  or  ant in any form is a minute amount of od  or  ant such as ethyl iso  bu  ty  rate with a ro  tting cab  bage like smell that is added to the otherwise color  less and almost od  or  less hydrogen gas so that leaks can be detected before a fire or explosion occurs od  or  ants are considered non toxic in the extremely low concentrations occurring in hydrogen gas delivered to the end user the approach is not new for the same safety reasons the od  or  ant ter  t bu  ty  l mer  cap  tan is used in natural gas
hydro  gen  ation – to treat with hydrogen – is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen h 2 and another compound or element usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel p  all  adi  um or plat  inum the process is commonly employed to reduce or satur  ate organic compounds hydro  gen  ation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a mol  ecu  le often an al  k  ene cataly  sts are required for the reaction to be usable non catalytic hydro  gen  ation takes place only at very high temperatures hydro  gen  ation reduces double and triple bonds in hydrocarbons
hydro  gen  ol  ysis is a chemical reaction whereby a carbon – carbon or carbon – hetero  atom single bond is cle  a  ved or under  goes lysis breakdown by hydrogen the hetero  atom may vary but it usually is oxygen nitrogen or sul  fur a related reaction is hydro  gen  ation where hydrogen is added to the mol  ecu  le without cle  aving bonds usually hydro  gen  ol  ysis is conducted cataly  tically using hydrogen gas
hydrogen – de  uter  ium exchange also called h – d or h d exchange is a chemical reaction in which a co  val  ently bon  ded hydrogen atom is replaced by a de  uter  ium atom or vice versa it can be applied most easily to ex  changeable prot  ons and de  uter  ons where such a transformation occurs in the presence of a suitable de  uter  ium source without any catalyst the use of acid base or metal cataly  sts coupled with conditions of increased temperature and pressure can facilitate the exchange of non ex  changeable hydrogen atoms so long as the sub  str  ate is robust to the conditions and reagents employed this often results in per  de  uter  ation hydrogen de  uter  ium exchange of all non ex  changeable hydrogen atoms in a mol  ecu  le an example of ex  changeable prot  ons which are commonly examined in this way are the prot  ons of the am  ides in the backbone of a protein the method gives information about the solvent accessibility of various parts of the mol  ecu  le and thus the tertiary structure of the protein hydrogen exchange was first shown and explored by ka  j ul  rik lin  der  str  ø  m lang
hydro  id der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition that occurs after contact with the small marine hydro  id hal  ec  ium
hydro  le  thal  us syndrome less commonly referred to as sal  on  en her  va n  ori  o syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes improper fe  tal development resulting in birth defects and often still  birth it is associated with hy  ls 1 mutations
hydro  lock a shor  th  and no  tation for hydro  static lock is an abnormal condition of any device which is designed to com  press a gas by mechanically restraining it most commonly the reciproc  ating internal combustion engine the case this article refers to unless otherwise noted hydro  lock occurs when a volume of liquid greater than the volume of the cylinder at its minimum end of the pist  on s stroke enters the cylinder since liquids are nearly in  com  pres  sible the pist  on cannot complete its travel either the engine must stop rotating or a mechanical failure must occur
hydro  metal  ation hydro  metall  ation is a type of chemical reaction in organ  om  et  all  ic chemistry in which a chemical compound with a hydrogen to metal bond m h metal hy  dri  de adds to compounds with an un  saturated bond like an al  k  ene rc cr forming a new compound with a carbon to metal bond rh  c cr  m the metal is less electro  negative than hydrogen the reverse reaction is beta hy  dri  de elimination the reaction is structurally related to car  bom  e  tal  ation when the sub  str  ate is an al  ky  ne the reaction product is a vin  yl  organ  om  et  all  ic hydro  metal  ation of an al  k  ene examples are hydro  bor  ation hydro  alumin  ation hydro  sil  yl  ation and hydro  z  ir  con  ation
hydro  ne  ph  ro  sis — literally water inside the kidney — refers to dis  tension and dil  ation of the ren  al pel  vis and caly  ces usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney untreated it leads to progressive atro  phy of the kidney one or both kidneys may be affected in cases of hy  drou  re  ter  on  eph  ro  sis there is dist  ention of both the u  re  ter and the ren  al pel  vis and cal  ices
hydro  pho  bic mis  match is the difference between the hydro  pho  bic length of the integral proteins and the hydro  pho  bic thickness of the memb  rane they span under the consideration of energy requirement in order to avoid un  favorable exposure of hydro  pho  bic surfaces to a hydro  phil  ic environment the hydro  pho  bic length of the integral proteins is supposed to be approximately equal to the hydro  pho  bic bil  ay  er thickness
hydro  phthal  mos is a con  genital form of gl  au  coma
hydro  pneu  mo  thor  ax is defined as the presence of both air and fluid within the ple  ural space surrounding the lung an u  pri  ght chest x ray will show air fluid levels the horizontal fluid level is usually well defined and extends across the whole length of hem  i  thor  ax
hydro  ps ec  topic calci  fication mo  th eaten sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia is a defect in cho  le  sterol bio  synthesis it is also known as green  berg dys  pl  asia green  berg characterized the condition in 1988 it has been associated with the lam  in b recep  tor
hydro  ps fe  tal  is is a condition in the fe  tus characterized by an accumulation of fluid or e  dem  a in at least two fe  tal compart  ments by comparison hydro  ps all  an  to  is or hydro  ps am  n  ion is an accumulation of excessive fluid in the all  an  to  ic or am  ni  otic space respectively
a hydro  sal  pin  x is a dist  ally blocked fall  op  ian tube filled with ser  ous or clear fluid the blocked tube may become substantially dist  ended giving the tube a characteristic sausage like or re  tor  t like shape the condition is often bilateral and the affected tubes may reach several centi  meters in diameter the blocked tubes cause in  fertility a fall  op  ian tube filled with blood is a hem  ato  sal  pin  x and with p  us a py  o  sal  pin  x hydro  sal  pin  x is a composite of the greek words ὕ  δ  ω  ρ hy  d  ō  r water and σ  ά  λ  π  ι  γ  ξ sá  l  pin  x trum  pet its plural is hydro  sal  p  inges
hydro  thor  ax is a type of ple  ural eff  usion in which ser  ous fluid accumul  ates in the ple  ural cav  ity this condition is most likely to develop secondary to cong  estive heart failure but may rarely develop in patients with cir  rho  sis or as  cites he  p  atic hydro  thor  ax is often difficult to manage in end stage liver failure and often fails to respond to therapy in similar ple  ural eff  u  sions the fluid is blood in h  emo  thor  ax as in major chest injuries p  us in py  o  thor  ax resulting from chest infections and lymp  h in ch  y  lo  thor  ax resulting from rupture of the thor  ac  ic duc  t
hydrox  yeth  yl starch induced pr  ur  it  us is an intense it  ching lasting for as long as one year occurring following hydrox  yeth  yl starch intra  ven  ous in  fusion for vascular in  sufficiency there is no treatment for the itch an updated clinical review on storage in different tissues describes a pattern of storage in the re  ticul  o  endo  the  li  al system and also the skin wi  e  der  mann differential storage described via immun  electron  ical micro  sco  py see st  än  der 2001 below
hydrox  yu  rea der  mop  athy is caused by chronic use of hydrox  yu  rea for chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia thro  m  bo  cy  to  sis or ps  ori  asis and presents with skin le  sions characteristic of der  mat  om  yo  si  tis
hy  ena butter is a secre  tion from the anal g  land of hy  en  as used to mark territory and to identify individuals by od  or the goo  ey substance is spread onto objects within the territory of the hy  ena by rub  bing their poster  ior against the object they mark african leg  ends state that wit  ches would ride hy  en  as and use a g  our  d full of hy  ena butter as fuel for the tor  ches they carried through the night
hy  gro  sco  py is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules from the surrounding usually at normal or room temperature environment this is achieved through either absorption or ad  sor  ption with the absorbing or ad  sor  bing substance becoming physically changed somewhat this could be by an increase in volume boiling point vis  cos  ity or other physical characteristic and properties of the substance as water molecules can become suspended between the substance s molecules in the process hy  gro  scopic substances include cellulose fi  bers such as cotton and paper sugar car  am  el honey gly  cer  ol ethanol meth  an  ol sul  fur  ic acid many fertilizer chemicals many salts including table salt and a wide variety of other substances zinc chloride and calcium chloride as well as potassium hydrox  ide and sodium hydrox  ide and many different salts are so hy  gro  scopic that they readily dissolve in the water they absorb this property is called deli  ques  cence not only is sul  fur  ic acid hy  gro  scopic in concentrated form but its solutions are hy  gro  scopic down to concentrations of 10 vol or below a hy  gro  scopic material will tend to become dam  p and ca  key when exposed to mo  ist air such as the salt inside salt shak  ers during hum  id weather because of their aff  inity for atmospheric moisture hy  gro  scopic materials might require storage in sealed containers when added to foods or other materials for the express purpose of maintaining moisture content such substances are known as hum  ec  tants materials and compounds exhibit different hy  gro  scopic properties and this difference can lead to detrimental effects such as stress concentration in composite materials the volume of a particular material or compound is affected by ambient moisture and may be considered its coefficient of hy  gro  scopic expansion che also referred to as c  me or coefficient of moisture expansion or coefficient of hy  gro  scopic contraction ch  c — the difference between the two terms being a difference in sign convention differences in hy  gro  sco  py can be observed in plastic lam  inated paper  back book covers — often in a suddenly mo  ist environment the book cover will cur  l away from the rest of the book the un  lam  inated side of the cover absor  bs more moisture than the lam  inated side and increases in area causing a stress that cur  ls the cover toward the lam  inated side this is similar to the function of a thermo  stat s bi metallic strip inexpensive dial type hy  gro  meters make use of this principle using a co  iled strip deli  ques  cence the process by which a substance absor  bs moisture from the atmosphere until it dis  solves in the absorbed water and forms a solution deli  ques  cence occurs when the vapour pressure of the solution that is formed is less than the partial pressure of water vapour in the air while some similar forces are at work here it is different from cap  ill  ary attraction a process where glass or other solid substances attract water but are not changed in the process e g water molecules do not become suspended between the glass molecules the similar sounding but unrelated word hydro  scopic is sometimes used in error for hy  gro  scopic a hydro  scope is an optical device used for making observations deep under water
in computer science and in particular functional programming a hy  lo  morph  ism is a recur  sive function corresponding to the composition of an an  am  orph  ism which first builds a set of results also known as unfolding followed by a cat  am  orph  ism which then fol  ds these results into a final return value fusion of these two recur  sive compu  tations into a single recur  sive pattern then avoids building the intermediate data structure this is an example of deforestation a program optimi  zation strategy a related type of function is a met  am  orph  ism which is a cat  am  orph  ism followed by an an  am  orph  ism
hy  l  opho  bia also known as x  yl  opho  bia yl  opho  bia and d  end  ro  pho  bia is a psychological disorder defined by an irrational fear of wood forest or trees it is a type of specific pho  bia
hy  men  ole  pi  asis is inf  est  ation by one of two species of ta  pe  worm hy  men  ole  p  is n  ana or h di  minu  ta alternative names are dwarf ta  pe  worm infection and rat ta  pe  worm infection the disease is a type of hel  min  thi  asis which is classified as a neglected tropical disease
hy  o  id bone frac  ture is a very rare frac  ture of the hy  o  id bone accounting for 0 002 of all fractu  res it is commonly associated with strang  ulation and rarely occurs in isolation the frac  ture may be associated with gunshot injury car accidents or induced v  om  iting in 50 of strang  ul  ations and 27 of hang  ings hy  o  id fractu  res occur
hyper  immun  o  glob  ul  in  emia d with recurrent fever hi  ds is a periodic fever syndrome originally described in 1984 by the intern  ist jos van der me  er then at le  iden university medical centre no more than 300 cases have been described worldwide
hyper ig  m syndrome type 1 hi  gm 1 is the x linked variant of the hyper ig  m syndrome the affected individuals are virtually always male because males only have one x chro  mo  some received from their mothers their mothers are not symptomatic even though they are carriers of the alle  le because the trait is rec  essive male offspring of these women have a 50 chance of inher  iting their mother s mut  ant alle  le
in medicine hyper ig  m syndrome type 2 is a rare disease unlike other hyper ig  m syndro  mes the type 2 patients identified thus far did not present with a history of opportunistic infections one would expect opportunistic infections in any immun  o  deficiency syndrome the pu  tative genetic le  sion is in the a  ic  da gene found at 12 p 13 the patients have three common findings the absence of immun  o  glob  ulin class switch re  combination the lack of immun  o  glob  ulin som  atic hyper  mutations and lymp  h no  de hyper  pl  asia caused by the presence of giant germin  al centers
hyper ig  m syndrome type 3 is a form of hyper ig  m syndrome characterized by mutations of the cd 40 gene in this type immature b cells cannot receive signal 2 from hel  per t cells which is necessary to mature into mature b cells
hyper ig  m syndrome type 4 is a form of hyper ig  m syndrome which is a defect in class switch re  combination downstream of the a  ic  da gene that does not impair som  atic hyper  mutation
hyper ig  m syndro  mes is a group of primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by defective cd 40 sign  aling by b cells affecting class switch re  combination and som  atic hyper  mutation immun  o  glob  ulin ig class switch re  combination deficiencies csr ds which were previously named dys  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia and then hyper ig  m syndro  mes are characterized by elevated or sometimes normal serum immun  o  glob  ulin m ig  m levels and a considerable decrease in or the absence of immun  o  glob  ulin g ig  g immun  o  glob  ulin a ig  a and immun  o  glob  ulin e i  ge – suggesting defective csr as a consequence patients with hi  gm have decreased concentrations of serum ig  g and ig  a and normal or elevated ig  m leading to increased suscep  tibility to infections the most common hi  gm syndrome is x linked and due to mutations of cd 40 lig  and cd 40 l expressed by activated cd 4 t lymp  ho  cy  tes
hyper  ac  us  is also spelled hyper  acous  is is a health condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to certain frequency and volume ranges of sound a collapsed tolerance to usual environmental sound a person with severe hyper  ac  us  is has difficulty tolerating everyday sounds some of which may seem un  pleas  antly or painfully loud to that person but not to others it can be acquired as a result of damage sustained to the hearing apparatus or inner ear there is speculation that the eff  er  ent portion of the aud  itory nerve oli  vo  co  ch  lear bundle has been affected eff  er  ent meaning fi  bers that originate in the brain which serve to regulate hearing this theory suggests that the eff  er  ent fi  bers of the aud  itory nerve are selectively damaged while the hair cells that allow the hearing of pure tones in an audi  ome  tric evaluation remain intact in cases not involving a  ural trauma to the inner ear hyper  ac  us  is can also be acquired as a result of damage to the brain or the neuro  logical system in these cases hyper  ac  us  is can be defined as a cere  br  al processing problem specific to how the brain percei  ves sound in rare cases hyper  ac  us  is may be caused by a vesti  bul  ar disorder this type of hyper  ac  us  is called vesti  bul  ar hyper  ac  us  is is caused by the brain percei  ving certain sounds as motion input as well as aud  itory input although severe hyper  ac  us  is is rare a lesser form of hyper  ac  us  is affects musicians making it difficult for them to play in the very loud environment of a rock band or orchestra which previously gave them no problems it also makes attendance at loud dis  cos or live events difficult for a portion of the population given that sound levels at such events usually exceed recommended safe levels of exposure this is a problem which may be caused by genetic differences stress or ill health or by abnormal responses in the t  ens  or ty  mp  ani and sta  pedi  us muscles which function in the normal acous  tic reflex response that protects the inner ear from loud sounds 25 of people with tin  nit  us report mild hyper  ac  us  is
hyper  aemia or hyper  emia is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body it can have medical implications but is also a regulatory response allowing change in blood supply to different tissues through vas  o  dil  ation clin  ically hyper  aemia in tissues manifest as er  y  them  a because of the eng  org  ement of vessels with oxy  genated blood hyper  aemia can also occur due to a fall in atmospheric pressure outside the body
hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism also al  do  ster  on  ism is a medical condition where  in too much al  do  ster  one is produced by the adren  al g  lands which can lead to lowered levels of potassium in the blood hypo  kal  emia and increased hydrogen ion ex  cre  tion al  k  alo  sis most common cause of miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id excess is primary hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism reflecting excess production of al  do  ster  one by adren  al zona glo  mer  ul  osa bilateral micro  no  d  ular hyper  pl  asia is more common than unilateral adren  al aden  oma
hyper  al  ge  sia ˌ  ha  ɪ  p  ə  r  æ  l  ˈ  d  ʒ  iz  i  ə or si  ə hyper from greek ὑ  π  έρ h  up  er “ over ” al  ge  sia from greek al  gos ἄ  λ  γ  ος pain is an increased sensitivity to pain which may be caused by damage to no  cic  ep  tors or peripheral nerves temporary increased sensitivity to pain also occurs as part of sickness behavior the evolved response to infection
hyper  ammon  emia or hyper  ammon  aemia is a metabol  ic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood it is a dangerous condition that may lead to encephalopathy and death it may be primary or secondary ammonia is a substance that contains nitrogen it is a product of the cat  abol  ism of protein it is converted to the less toxic substance urea prior to ex  cre  tion in urine by the kidneys the metabol  ic pathways that synthe  size urea involve reactions that start in the mit  och  on  dri  a and then move into the cy  to  sol the process is known as the urea cycle which comprises several enzymes acting in sequence
hyper  and  ro  gen  ism or and  ro  gen excess is a medical condition characterized by excessive levels of and  rog  ens in the body and the associated effects of these excessive levels of and  rog  ens hyper  and  ro  gen  ism is one of the primary symptoms of poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome p  cos in such cases it presents with symptoms such as ac  ne and se  bor  rhe  a is frequent in adoles  cent girls and is often associated with irregular men  str  ual cycles in most instances these symptoms are transi  ent and reflect only the im  maturity of the hypo  thal  am  ic pit  u  itary o  vari  an axis during the first years following men  arch  e approximately three quarters of patients with p  cos by the diagnostic criteria of nih nic  hd 1990 have evidence of hyper  and  ro  gen  ism with free te  sto  ster  one being the single most predic  tive marker with 60 of patients demonstrating supran  orm  al levels hyper  and  ro  gen  ism can also be the result of excessive production of adren  al or gon  ad  al and  rog  ens by adren  al aden  om  as carcin  om  as or hyper  pl  asia ley  dig cell tumors in men and arr  hen  obl  ast  om  as in women in women signs and symptoms of hyper  and  ro  gen  ism frequently include ac  ne scal  p hair loss and  ro  genic al  op  ec  ia excessive facial and body hair hir  su  tism aty  p  ically high li  bi  do breast atro  phy and others collectively these symptoms are described as vi  ri  li  zation management of hyper  and  ro  gen  ism symptoms like and  ro  genic al  op  ec  ia include the use of anti  and  rog  ens such as cy  pro  ter  one acetate spi  ro  no  lac  tone and fl  ut  amide
hyper  cal  ca  emia also spelled hyper  cal  cem  ia is a high calcium ca 2 level in the blood serum the normal range is 2 1 – 2 6 m  mol l 8 8 – 10 7 mg dl 4 3 – 5 2 me  q l with levels greater than 2 6 m  mol l defined as hyper  cal  cem  ia those with a mild increase that has developed slowly typically have no symptoms in those with greater levels or rapid onset symptoms may include ab  domin  al pain bone pain confusion depression weakness kidney stones or an abnormal heart rhythm including cardiac arrest most cases are due to primary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m or cancer other causes include sar  co  ido  sis tuberculosis pag  et disease multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia men vitamin d toxicity famili  al hypo  calci  ur  ic hyper  cal  ca  emia and certain medications such as lith  ium and hydro  chloro  thi  az  ide diagnosis should generally include either a corrected calcium or ion  ized calcium level and be confirmed after a week specific changes may be seen on an electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g treatment may include intra  ven  ous fluids fu  ro  sem  ide cal  cit  on  in or pam  id  ron  ate in addition to treating the underlying cause the evidence for fu  ro  sem  ide however is poor in those with very high levels hosp  itali  zation may be required h  emo  dial  ysis may be used in those who do not respond to other treatments in those with vitamin d toxicity ster  oids may be useful hyper  cal  cem  ia is relatively common primary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m occurs in between one and seven per thousand people and hyper  cal  cem  ia occurs in about 2 7 of those with cancer
hyper  calci  ur  ia or hyper  cal  cin  ur  ia is the condition of elevated calcium in the urine chronic hyper  cal  cin  ur  ia may lead to impairment of ren  al function ne  ph  ro  cal  cin  osis and ren  al in  sufficiency patients with hyper  calci  ur  ia have kidneys that put out higher levels of calcium than normal calcium may come from one of two paths through the gut where higher than normal levels of calcium are absorbed by the body or from the bones a bone density scan ds  x may be performed to determine if calcium is obtained from the bones hyper  calci  ur  ia in patients can be due to genetic causes it is managed by increasing fluid intake reducing sodium intake and adding cit  rate cit  rate can be added by drinking orange juice or by taking a potassium cit  rate supplement reducing dietary intake of calcium may be beneficial but severe restriction has not proved beneficial and may even be harmful
hyper  cap  nia also known as hyper  car  bia and co 2 retention is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide co 2 levels in the blood carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body s metabol  ism and is normally expelled through the lungs hyper  cap  nia normally triggers a reflex which increases breathing and access to oxygen o such as ar  ous  al and turning the head during sleep a failure of this reflex can be fatal for example as a contributory factor in sudden infant death syndrome hyper  cap  nia is the opposite of hypo  cap  nia the state of having abnormally reduced levels of carbon dioxide in the blood the word is from the greek hyper above or too much and kap  nos smoke
hyper  cem  ent  osis is an idi  opathic non ne  op  l  astic condition characterized by the excessive buil  dup of normal cem  ent  um calci  fied tissue on the roots of one or more teeth a thick  er layer of cem  ent  um can give the tooth an enlarged appearance which mainly occurs at the ap  ex or ap  ices of the tooth
hyper  chlo  re  mia is an electro  ly  te disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of the chloride ion in the blood the normal serum range for chloride is 97 to 107 me  q l hyper  chlo  re  mia is defined as a chloride concentration exceeding this level hyper  chlo  re  mia can affect oxygen transport
hyper  chlo  rem  ic aci  do  sis is a form of metabol  ic aci  do  sis associated with a normal an  ion gap a decrease in plasma bic  ar  bon  ate concentration and an increase in plasma chloride concentration see an  ion gap for a fuller explanation although plasma an  ion gap is normal this condition is often associated with an increased urine an  ion gap due to the kidney s inability to secre  te ammonia
hyper  chlor  hy  dri  a sometimes called chlor  hy  dri  a refers to the state in the stomach where ga  str  ic acid levels are higher than the reference range the combining forms of the name chl  or hy  dr referring to chlorine and hydrogen are the same as those in the name of hydro  chlor  ic acid which is the active constituent of ga  str  ic acid in humans the normal ph is around 1 to 3 which varies throughout the day the highest bas  al secre  tion levels are in the late evening around 12 a m to 3 a m hyper  chlor  hy  dri  a is usually defined as having a ph less than 2 it has no negative consequences unless other conditions are also present such as gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease ger  d
hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia also called dys  li  pi  dem  ia is the presence of high levels of cho  le  sterol in the blood it is a form of high blood li  pi  ds and hyper  li  po  prote  in  emia elevated levels of li  po  proteins in the blood elevated levels of non h  dl cho  le  sterol and ld  l in the blood may be a consequence of diet obesity inherited genetic diseases such as ld  l recep  tor mutations in famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia or the presence of other diseases such as diabetes and an under  active thyro  id cho  le  sterol is one of three major classes of li  pi  ds which all animal cells use to construct their memb  ran  es and is thus manufactured by all animal cells plant cells do not manufacture cho  le  sterol it is also the precursor of the ster  o  id hormones and bile acids since cho  le  sterol is in  soluble in water it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles li  po  proteins li  po  proteins are classified by their density very low density li  po  protein v  ld  l low density li  po  protein ld  l intermediate density li  po  protein id  l and high density li  po  protein h  dl all the li  po  proteins carry cho  le  sterol but elevated levels of the li  po  proteins other than h  dl termed non h  dl cho  le  sterol particularly ld  l cho  le  sterol are associated with an increased risk of a  ther  os  clerosis and coron  ary heart disease in contrast higher levels of h  dl cho  le  sterol are protective avoiding trans fats and replacing saturated fats in adult di  ets with poly  un  saturated fats are recommended dietary measures to reduce total blood cho  le  sterol and ld  l in adults in people with very high cho  le  sterol e g famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia diet is often not sufficient to achieve the desired lowering of ld  l and lip  id lowering medications are usually required if necessary other treatments such as ld  l ap  her  esis or even surgery for particularly severe sub  types of famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia are performed about 34 million adults in the united states have high blood cho  le  sterol
hyper  chro  mic  ity is the increase of absor  b  ance optical density of a material the most famous example is the hyper  chro  mic  ity of dna that occurs when the dna du  pl  ex is denatured the u  v absorption is increased when the two single dna strands are being separated either by heat or by addition of den  atur  ant or by increasing the ph level the opposite a decrease of absor  b  ance is called hypo  chro  mic  ity heat den  atur  ation of dna also called melting causes the double heli  x structure to un  wind to form single stranded dna when dna in solution is heated above its melting temperature usually more than 80 ° c the double stranded dna un  winds to form single stranded dna the bases become un  stac  ked and can thus absorb more light in their native state the bases of dna absorb light in the 260 nm wa  vel  eng  th region when the bases become un  stac  ked the wa  vel  eng  th of maximum absor  b  ance does not change but the amount absorbed increases by 37 a double strand dna dissoci  ating to single strands produces a sharp cooperative transition hyper  chro  mic  ity can be used to track the condition of dna as temperature changes the transition melting temperature t  m is the temperature where the absor  b  ance of u  v light is 50 between the maximum and minimum i e where 50 of the dna is denatured the hyper  ch  rom  ic effect is the striking increase in absor  b  ance of dna upon den  atur  ation the two strands of dna are bound together mainly by the stac  king interactions hydrogen bonds and hydro  pho  bic effect between the complementary bases the hydrogen bond limits the resonance of the aromatic ring so the absor  b  ance of the sample is limited as well when the dna double heli  x is treated with denatured agents the interaction force holding the double hel  ical structure is disrupted the double heli  x then separates into two single strands which are in the random co  iled conform  ation at this time the base base interaction will be reduced increasing the u  v absor  b  ance of dna solution because many bases are in free form and do not form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases as a result the absor  b  ance for single stranded dna will be 37 higher than that for double stranded dna at the same concentration
hyper  co  ag  ul  ability in pregnancy is the propensity of pregnant women to develop thro  m  bo  sis blood clo  ts pregnancy itself is a factor of hyper  co  ag  ul  ability pregnancy induced hyper  co  ag  ul  ability as a physi  o  logically adap  tive mechanism to prevent post par  tum bleeding however when combined with an additional underlying hyper  co  ag  ul  able states the risk of thro  m  bo  sis or embol  ism may become substantial
hyper  don  tia is the condition of having super  numer  ary teeth or teeth that appear in addition to the regular number of teeth they can appear in any area of the dental arch and can affect any dental organ one of the most well know cases is john  cr  is carl qu  ir  ante of bar  ang  ay loo  c du  man  ju  g ce  bu who has 300 teeth
hyper  dynamic pre  cor  dium is a condition where the pre  cor  dium the area of the chest over the heart moves too much is hyper dynamic due to some path  ology of the heart this problem can be hyper  tro  phy of the ven  tric  les t  ach  y  car  dia or some other heart problem hyper  dynamic pre  cor  dium can also be due to hyper  thyro  i  dis  m and thus indicates an increased cardiac contr  acti  lity with syst  ol  ic hyper  tension it may also be due to a  or  tic co  arc  tation and most other con  genital heart mal  formations pal  p  ation of the chest wall can be done to assess volume changes within the heart a hyper  dynamic pre  cor  dium reflects a large volume change
hyper  ek  plex  ia exaggerated surprise is a neuro  logic disorder class  ically characterised by pronounced star  tle responses to t  acti  le or acous  tic stimul  i and hyper  ton  ia the hyper  ton  ia may be predominantly trun  cal attenu  ated during sleep and less prominent after a year of age classic hyper  ek  plex  ia is caused by genetic mutations in a number of different genes all of which play an important role in gly  cine neuro  transmission gly  cine is used by the central nervous system as an inhi  bit  ory neuro  transmitter hyper  ek  plex  ia is generally classified as a genetic disease but some disorders can mim  ic the exaggerated star  tle of hyper  ek  plex  ia
hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um h  g is a complic  ation of pregnancy that is characterized by severe naus  ea and v  om  iting such that weight loss and dehydr  ation occur signs and symptoms may include v  om  iting several times a day and feeling faint it is more severe than morning sickness often symptoms get better after the 20 th week of pregnancy but may last the entire pregnancy the exact cause of hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um is not known risk factors include the first pregnancy multiple pregnancy obesity prior or family history of hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um tro  pho  bl  astic disorder and a history of an eating disorder the diagnosis is usually made based on the signs and symptoms it has been technically defined as more than three episodes of v  om  iting per day such that weight loss of 5 or three kilograms has occurred and ke  tones are present in the urine other potential causes of the symptoms should be excluded including ur  inary tract infection and high thyro  id levels treatment includes drinking fluids and a bl  and diet recommendations may include electro  ly  te replacement drinks thi  amine and a higher protein diet some women require intra  ven  ous fluids with respect to medications py  ri  do  x  ine or me  to  cl  op  ram  ide are preferred pro  chlor  per  az  ine dimen  hy  drin  ate or on  dan  se  tr  on may be used if these are not effective hosp  itali  zation may be required psycho  therapy may improve outcomes evidence for acu  pressure is poor while v  om  iting in pregnancy has been described as early as 2 000 bc the first clear medic  ally description of hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um was in 18  52 by an  to  ine du  bo  is hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um is estimated to affect 0 3 – 2 0 of pregnant women while previously a common cause of death in pregnancy with proper treatment this is now very rare those affected have a low risk of mis  carriage but a higher risk of premature birth some women opt to have an abortion because of the symptoms
hyper  e  o  sin  ophi  lia or hyper  e  o  sin  oph  il  ic syndrome is a disease characterised by a marked increase in the e  o  sin  ophi  l count in the blood  stream the e  o  sin  ophi  l count in human blood is normally 0 4 × 109 l 0 1 0 6 and results from a balance between production of e  o  sin  oph  ils and emigration through post cap  ill  ary ven  ules yam  agu  chi et al 1991 e  o  sin  oph  ils are only a small minority of peripheral blood leu  co  cy  tes and in normal subjects most are found in the tissues of the lung and ga  stro intest  inal tract be  eken et al 1987 blood e  o  sin  ophi  l counts are arbitrarily classified as mild between 0 6 to 1 5 × 109 l moderate between 1 5 to 5 × 109 l and severe when greater than 5 × 109 l an elevated blood e  o  sin  ophi  l count may be associated with a number of reactive conditions and with cl  onal disorders of the bone marrow however when the blood e  o  sin  ophi  l count is persistently greater than 1 5 × 109 l for a period of more than six months damage to end organs such as the heart lungs skin joints and nervous system can be demonstrated and in the absence of any cl  onal or reactive cause the term idi  opathic hyper  e  o  sin  oph  il  ic syndrome hes is used the three defining criteria of hes are therefore 1 e  o  sin  ophi  l count persistently greater than 1 5 × 109 l 2 damage to end organs 3 no ascertain  able cause for the e  o  sin  ophi  lia and no evidence of cl  on  ality there are three categories of blood e  o  sin  ophi  lia reactive non cl  onal e  o  sin  ophi  lia infections par  asi  tic inf  est  ations asthma and allergies respiratory diseases cy  to  k  ine in  fu  sions vas  cu  liti  des non ha  em  at  ological m  align  ant diseases drug reactions and connec  tive tissue diseases ho  dg  kin s and non ho  dg  kin s lymp  hom  as are included here as the e  o  sin  oph  ils have not been shown to be cl  onal cl  onal disorders of the bone marrow associated with e  o  sin  ophi  lia acute and chronic e  o  sin  oph  il  ic leuk  aemia chronic my  elo  id leuk  aemia poly  cy  th  aemia ru  bra vera essential thro  m  bo  cy  th  aemia acute my  elo  id leuk  aemia chro  mo  some 16 variants the 8 p 11 my  elo  prolifer  ative syndrome ems and t lymp  ho  bl  astic lymp  homa with e  o  sin  ophi  lia acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  aemia my  el  odys  plastic disorders m  ds with e  o  sin  ophi  lia systemic ma  stoc  y  to  sis and acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  aemia b  ain 1996 hes after exclusion of the above two categories cases of persistent un  explained e  o  sin  ophi  lia fall into the category of hes
the hyper  e  o  sin  oph  il  ic syndrome hes is a disease characterized by a persistently elevated e  o  sin  ophi  l count ≥ 1500 e  o  sin  oph  ils mm ³ in the blood for at least six months without any recogniz  able cause with involvement of either the heart nervous system or bone marrow hes is a diagnosis of exclusion after cl  onal e  o  sin  ophi  lia such as leuk  emia and reactive e  o  sin  ophi  lia in response to infection auto  immune disease at  op  y hypo  adren  alism tropical e  o  sin  ophi  lia or cancer have been ruled out there are some associations with chronic e  o  sin  oph  il  ic leuk  emia as it shows similar characteristics and genetic defects if left untreated hes is progressively fatal it is treated with glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids such as pred  nis  one the addition of the mono  cl  onal anti  body me  poli  z  um  ab may reduce the dose of glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids
hyper  esthesia or hyper  a  esthesia is a condition that involves an abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimul  i of the sense when a non noxious stimulus causes the sensation of pain the area will be termed hyper  aesthetic stimul  i of the senses can include sound that one hears foods that one tastes tex  tures that one feels and so forth increased touch sensitivity is referred to as t  acti  le hyper  esthesia and increased sound sensitivity is called aud  itory hyper  esthesia t  acti  le hyper  esthesia may be a common symptom of many neuro  logic disorders such as her  pes zo  ster peripheral neuro  pa  thy and radic  ul  opath  ies in 1979 and then in 1994 mer  s  key bo  g  du  k no  ord  en  bos dev  or and others a subcommittee of international association for the study of pain proposed instead of hyper  a  esthe  ia the concept of allo  dy  nia meaning other pain defined as a pain resulting from a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain in psychology je  anne si  aud fac  chin uses the term by defining it as an exacerb  ation des sens that characterizes gifted children and adults for them the sensory information reaches the brain much faster than the average and the information is processed in a significantly shorter time
hyper  estro  gen  ism hyper  estro  genic state or estro  gen excess is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of estro  genic activity in the body
hyper  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia is a medical condition with elevated levels of gam  ma glob  ulin it is a type of immun  o  prolifer  ative disorder
in mathematics the ga  us  sian or ordinary hyper  geome  tric function 2 f 1 a b c z is a special function represented by the hyper  geome  tric series that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases it is a solution of a second order linear ordinary differential equation ode every second order linear ode with three regular singular points can be transformed into this equation for systematic lists of some of the many thousands of published identities involving the hyper  geome  tric function see the reference works by and there is no known system for organizing all of the identities indeed there is no known algori  thm that can generate all identities a number of different algori  th  ms are known that generate different series of identities the theory of the algori  th  mic discovery of identities remains an active research topic
hyper  g  eu  sia is a taste disorder where the sense is abnormally heightened it can be associated with a le  sion of the poster  ior fo  ssa and ad  dison s disease where a patient will cr  ave for sal  ty and sour taste due to the abnormal loss of ions with urine
hyper  gly  cem  ia or high blood sugar also spelled hyper  gly  ca  emia or hyper  gly  c  æ  mia is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circul  ates in the blood plasma this is generally a blood sugar level higher than 11 1 m  mol l 200 mg dl but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 15 – 20 m  mol l 250 – 300 mg dl a subject with a consistent range between 5 6 and 7 m  mol l 100 – 126 mg dl american diabetes association guidelines is considered hyper  gly  c  emic while above 7 m  mol l 126 mg dl is generally held to have diabetes chronic levels exceeding 7 m  mol l 125 mg dl can produce organ damage
hyper  gly  cer  ol  emia also known as gly  cer  ol kin  ase deficiency g  k  d is a genetic disorder where the enzyme gly  cer  ol kin  ase is deficient resulting in a build up of gly  cer  ol in the body gly  cer  ol kin  ase is responsible for synthe  sizing tri  gly  cer  ides and gly  cer  op  hosp  holi  pi  ds in the body excess amounts of gly  cer  ol can be found in the blood and or urine hyper  gly  cer  ol  mia occurs more frequently in males hyper  gly  cer  ol  emia is listed as a “ rare disease ” by the office of rare diseases ord of the national institutes of health nih which means it affects less than 200 000 people in the us population u s department of health human services
hyper  gon  ad  ism is a condition where there is a hyper  function of the gon  ads it can manifest as pre  co  cious pu  ber  ty and is caused by abnormally high levels of te  sto  ster  one or estro  gen crucial hormones for sexual development in some cases it may be caused by a tumor which can be m  align  ant but mostly benign an  abol  ic ster  oids may also be a major cause of high and  ro  gen and or estro  gen functional activity symptoms of the condition may include pre  co  cious pu  ber  ty rapid growth in adolescents high li  bi  do ac  ne excessive hair  iness and others
hyper  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism hh also known as primary or peripheral gon  ad  al hypo  gon  ad  ism is a condition which is characterized by hypo  gon  ad  ism due to an impaired response of the gon  ads to the gon  ad  o  tro  pins fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh and lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h and in turn a lack of sex ster  o  id production and elevated gon  ad  o  tro  pin levels as an attempt of compensation by the body hh may present as either con  genital or acquired but the majority of cases are of the former nature
hyper  grap  hia is a behavioral condition characterized by the intense desire to write forms of hyper  grap  hia can vary in writing style and content it is a symptom associated with temporal lo  be changes in epi  le  psy which is the cause of the ges  ch  wind syndrome a mental disorder structures that may have an effect on hyper  grap  hia when damaged due to temporal lo  be epi  le  psy are the hippo  campus and wer  nic  ke s area aside from temporal lo  be epi  le  psy chemical causes may be responsible for inducing hyper  grap  hia
an  ore  x  ia athle  tica is used to refer to a disorder for athletes who engage in at least one unhealthy method of weight control unlike an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa an  ore  x  ia athle  tica does not have as much to do with body image as it does with performance athletes usually begin by eating more healthy foods as well as increasing their training but when people feel like that is not enough and start working out excessively and cutting back their cal  or  ic intake until it becomes a psychological disorder hyper  g  ym  na  sia and an  ore  x  ia athle  tica are not recognized as mental disorders in any of the medical manu  als such as the ic  d 10 or the dsm iv nor is it part of the proposed revision of this manual the dsm 5 if this was the case there would be a 10 15 increase in mental disorders in sports a study at the an  ore  x  ia centre at hu  dd  inge hospital in stockholm sweden showed that sports an  ore  x  ia can result in mental disorders the anxiety stress and pressure people with sports an  ore  x  ia put on themselves as well as the pressure parents and coaches can put on the athlete can cause mental disorders
hyper  hi  dro  sis is a condition characterized by abnormally increased swe  ating in excess of that required for regulation of body temperature hyper  hi  dro  sis can be associated with a quality of life burden from a psychological emotional and social perspective it has been called by some the silent handicap both the words di  ap  ho  res  is and hi  dro  sis can mean either per  spir  ation in which sense they are synonymous with swe  ating or excessive per  spir  ation in which case they refer to a specific narrowly defined clinical disorder
hyper  hom  oc  y  stein  emia or hyper  hom  oc  y  stein  aemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of hom  oc  y  ste  ine in the blood conventi  onally described as above 15 µ  mol l as a consequence of the bio  chemical reactions in which hom  oc  y  ste  ine is involved deficiencies of vitamin b 6 fol  ic acid vitamin b 9 and vitamin b 12 can lead to high hom  oc  y  ste  ine levels hyper  hom  oc  y  stein  emia is typically managed with vitamin b 6 vitamin b 9 and vitamin b 12 supplem  entation in individuals with genetic m  th  fr deficiencies the meth  yl  ated version of those 3 vitamins must be used or supplem  entation can make the condition worse ta  urine supplem  entation also has been found to reduce hom  oc  y  ste  ine levels
hyper  hy  d  ric  ity previously known as vit  ri  fication is a physiological mal  formation that results in excessive hydr  ation low lign  ification impaired stom  atal function and reduced mechanical strength of tissue culture generated plants the consequence is poor regeneration of such plants without intensive greenhouse acc  lim  ation for outdoor growth additionally it may also lead to leaf tip and bud necro  sis in some cases which often leads to loss of ap  ical dominance in the shoots in general the main symptom of hyper  hy  d  ric  ity is trans  luc  ent characteristics sign  ified by a shortage of chlor  op  hy  ll and high water content specifically the presence of a thin or absent cu  tic  ular layer reduced number of p  alis  ade cells irregular stom  ata less developed cell wall and large in  trac  ell  ular spaces in the mes  op  hy  ll cell layer have been described as some of the an  atomic changes associated with hyper  hy  d  ric  ity
hyper  immun  o  glob  ul  in  emia e syndrome h  ies of which the auto  som  al dominant form is called job s syndrome or buck  ley syndrome is a heterogeneous group of immune disorders
hyper  insul  in  emia or hyper  insul  in  aemia is a condition in which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose while it is often mistaken for diabetes or hyper  gly  ca  emia hyper  insul  in  emia can result from a variety of metabol  ic diseases and conditions while hyper  insul  in  emia is often seen in people with early stage type 2 diabetes mell  it  us it is not the cause of the condition and is only one symptom of the disease type 1 diabetes only occurs when pan  cre  atic beta cell function is impaired hyper  insul  in  emia can be seen in a variety of conditions including diabetes mell  it  us type 2 in ne  on  ates and in drug induced hyper  insul  in  emia it can also occur in con  genital hyper  insul  ism including ne  si  dio  bl  ast  osis hyper  insul  in  emia is associated with hyper  tension obesity dys  li  pi  dem  ia and glucose intolerance these conditions are collectively known as metabol  ic syndrome this close association between hyper  insul  in  emia and conditions of metabol  ic syndrome suggest related or common mechanisms of patho  gen  icity hyper  insul  in  emia has been shown to play a role in ob  ese hyper  tension by increasing ren  al sodium retention in type 2 diabetes the cells of the body become resistant to the effects of insulin as the recep  tors which bind to the hormone become less sensitive to insulin concentrations resulting in hyper  insul  in  emia and disturbances in insulin release with a reduced response to insulin the beta cells of the pan  cre  as secre  te increasing amounts of insulin in response to the continued high blood glucose levels resulting in hyper  insul  in  emia in insulin resistant tissues a threshold concentration of insulin is reached causing the cells to uptake glucose and therefore decreases blood glucose levels studies have shown that the high levels of insulin resulting from insulin resistance might enhance insulin resistance studies on mice with genetically reduced circulating insulin suggest that hyper  insul  in  emia plays a causal role in high fat diet induced obesity in this study mice with reduced insulin levels exp  ended more energy and had fat cells that were re  programmed to burn some energy as heat hyper  insul  in  emia in ne  on  ates can be the result of a variety of environmental and genetic factors if the mother of the infant is a diabe  tic and does not properly control her blood glucose levels the hyper  gly  c  emic maternal blood can create a hyper  gly  c  emic environment in the fe  tus to compensate for the increased blood glucose levels fe  tal pan  cre  atic beta cells can undergo hyper  pl  asia the rapid division of beta cells results in increased levels of insulin being secre  ted to compensate for the high blood glucose levels following birth the hyper  gly  c  emic maternal blood is no longer accessible to the ne  on  ate resulting in a rapid drop in the new  born ’ s blood glucose levels as insulin levels are still elevated this results in hyper  insul  in  emia to treat the condition high concentration doses of glucose are given to the ne  on  ate as required maintaining normal blood glucose levels the hyper  insul  in  emia condition sub  sides after one to two days
hyper  insul  in  ism refers to an above normal level of insulin in the blood of a person or animal normal insulin secre  tion and blood levels are closely related to the level of glucose in the blood so that a given level of insulin can be normal for one blood glucose level but low or high for another hyper  insul  in  ism can be associated with several types of medical problems which can be roughly divided into two broad and largely non overlapping categories those tending toward reduced sensitivity to insulin and high blood glucose levels hyper  gly  cem  ia and those tending toward excessive insulin secre  tion and low glucose levels hypo  gly  cem  ia
hyper  kal  emia also spelled hyper  kal  aemia is an elevated level of potassium k in the blood serum normal potassium levels are between 3 5 and 5 0 m  mol l 3 5 and 5 0 me  q l with levels above 5 5 m  mol l defined as hyper  kal  emia typically this results in no symptoms occasionally when severe it results in pal  p  itations muscle pain muscle weakness or num  b  ness an abnormal heart rate can occur which can result in cardiac arrest and death common causes include ren  al failure hypo  al  do  ster  on  ism and r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis a number of medications can also cause high blood potassium including spi  ro  no  lac  tone n  s  aids and an  gi  ot  ens  in converting enzyme inhi  bit  ors the severity is divided into mild 5 5 5 9 m  mol l moderate 6 0 6 4 m  mol l and severe 6 5 m  mol l high levels can also be detected on an electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g pseu  do  hyper  kal  emia due to breakdown of cells during or after taking the blood sample should be ruled out initial treatment in those with ec  g changes is calcium glu  con  ate medications that might worsen the condition should be stopped and a low potassium diet should be recommended other medications used include d  ext  rose with insulin sal  but  am  ol and sodium bic  ar  bon  ate measures to remove potassium from the body include fu  ro  sem  ide poly  sty  rene sul  fon  ate and h  emo  dial  ysis h  emo  dial  ysis is the most effective method the use of poly  sty  rene sul  fon  ate while common is poorly supported by evidence hyper  kal  emia is rare among those who are otherwise healthy among those who are in hospital rates are between 1 and 2 5 it increases the overall risk of death by at least ten times the word hyper  kal  emia is from hyper meaning high k  ali  um meaning potassium and emia meaning in the blood
hyper  kal  emic periodic paralysis hy  pp hyper  k  pp is a genetic disorder it occurs in humans horses where it is also known as impressive syndrome after an index case in a horse named impressive or possibly one of his ancestors and perhaps other animals it is an inherited auto  som  al dominant disorder that affects sodium channels in muscle cells and the ability to regulate potassium levels in the blood it is most commonly associated with horses but occurs in humans where it may be called gam  stor  p ep  is  od  ic ad  y  nam  y it is characterized by muscle hyper  exc  itability or weakness which exacerbated by potassium heat or cold can lead to uncontrolled shaking followed by paralysis onset in humans usually occurs in early childhood but still occurs with adults the mutation which causes this disorder is dominant on s  cn 4 a with linkage to the sodium channel expressed in muscle the mutation causes single amino acid changes in parts of the channel which are important for in  activation in the presence of high potassium levels including those induced by diet sodium channels fail to in  activate properly equine hyper  kal  emic periodic paralysis occurs in 1 in 50 quarter horses and can be traced to a single anc  est  or a stal  lion named impressive
hyper  ker  at  ini  zation american english or hyper  ker  at  in  isation in english language is a disorder of the cells lining the inside of a hair fol  lic  le it is the normal function of these cells to det  ach or sl  ough off des  qu  am  ate from the skin lining at normal intervals the dead cells are then forced out of the fol  lic  le primarily by the growing hair however in hyper  ker  at  ini  zation this process is interrupted and a number of these dead skin cells do not leave the fol  lic  le because of an excess of ker  atin a natural protein found in the skin this excess of ker  atin which is influenced by genetics results in an increased adherence bon  ding of dead skin cells together this cohesion of cells will block or cap the hair fol  lic  le leading to ker  at  osis pil  aris or clo  g the se  bac  eous oil duc  t leading to ac  ne pathogens may also play a role in causing perpetuating or simply taking advantage of this phenomenon such as virulent sub strains of pro  pi  oni  bacter  ium ac  nes and irregular migration of stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us ep  id  er  mid  is from the outer surface of the skin into the fol  lic  le where commens  al strains of p ac  nes exclusively habit  ate it it  ches mildly at times and strongly at others very often it cannot be felt at all
hyper  ker  at  osis is thick  ening of the strat  um cor  neu  m the outermost layer of the ep  id  er  mis often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of ker  atin and also usually accompanied by an increase in the gran  ular layer as the cor  neu  m layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyper  ker  at  osis it can be caused by vitamin a deficiency or chronic exposure to arsenic hyper  ker  at  osis can also be caused by b raf inhi  bit  or drugs such as vem  ur  af  eni  b and d  ab  raf  eni  b it can be treated with urea containing cre  ams which dissolve the inter  cellular matrix of the cells of the strat  um cor  neu  m promoting des  qu  am  ation of scal  y skin eventually resulting in sof  tening of hyper  ker  ato  tic areas
hyper  ker  ato  tic cu  taneous cap  ill  ary ven  ous mal  formation is a cu  taneous condition characterized also by inherited cere  br  al cap  ill  ary mal  formations
hyper  ker  ato  tic hand der  mati  tis presents with hyper  ker  ato  tic fis  sure prone er  y  them  at  ous areas of the middle or proxim  al palm and the vol  ar surfaces of the fingers may also be involved
hyper  k  ine  tic disorder is a psychiatric syndrome emerging in early childhood that features an enduring pattern of severe develop  mentally inappropriate in  attention hyper  activity and impul  sivity across different settings e g home and school that significantly impair academic social and work performance hyper  k  ine  tic children display dis  organized poorly controlled and excessive activity they lack perseverance in tasks involving thought and attention and tend to move from one activity to the next without completing any they are frequently accident prone reckless and impul  sive and may thought  lessly rather than defi  antly break rules while they are commonly inc  au  tious and unreserved with adults they may be isolated and unpopular with other children cognitive impairment and delayed language and motor development are more common in this group than in the general population and they may experience low self esteem and engage in dis  social behavior as a consequence of the disorder
hyper  l  ex  ia is a syndrome characterized by a child s pre  co  cious ability to read combined with difficulty in understanding and using verbal language and problems with social interactions it was initially identified by norman e sil  ber  berg and margaret c sil  ber  berg 1967 who defined it as the pre  co  cious ability to read words without prior training in learning to read typically before the age of 5 they indicated that children with hyper  l  ex  ia have a significantly higher word de  coding ability than their reading comprehension levels hyper  l  ex  ic children are characterized by having average or above average i  q  s and word reading ability well above what would be expected given their age first named and scientifically described in 1967 sil  ver  berg and sil  ver  berg it can be viewed as a super  ability in which word recognition ability goes far above expected levels of skill some hyper  l  ex  ics however have trouble understanding speech some experts believe that most or perhaps all children with hyper  l  ex  ia lie on the au  tism spectrum however one expert dar  old tre  ffer  t proposes that hyper  l  ex  ia has sub  types only some of which overlap with au  tism between 5 and 10 percent of children with au  tism have been estimated to be hyper  l  ex  ic hyper  l  ex  ic children are often fascinated by letters or numbers they are extremely good at de  coding language and thus often become very early readers some hyper  l  ex  ic children learn to spell long words such as elephant before they are two years old and learn to read whole sentences before they turn three an f  m  ri study of a single child showed that hyper  l  ex  ia may be the neuro  logical opposite of dys  l  ex  ia
hyper  li  pi  dem  ia is abnormally elevated levels of any or all li  pi  ds and or li  po  proteins in the blood it is the most common form of dys  li  pi  dem  ia which includes any abnormal lip  id levels li  pi  ds water in  soluble molecules are transported in a protein cap  su  le the size of that cap  su  le or li  po  protein determines its density the li  po  protein density and type of a  poli  po  proteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabol  ism hyper  li  pi  dem  ias are divided into primary and secondary sub  types primary hyper  li  pi  dem  ia is usually due to genetic causes such as a mutation in a recep  tor protein while secondary hyper  li  pi  dem  ia arises due to other underlying causes such as diabetes lip  id and li  po  protein ab  norm  alities are common in the general population and are regarded as a modi  fiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease due to their influence on a  ther  os  clerosis in addition some forms may pre  dispose to acute pan  cre  ati  tis
hyper  ly  sin  emia is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder characterized by an abnormal increase of lys  ine in the blood but appears to be benign it is caused by mutations in a  ass which en  codes α am  ino  ad  ip  ic semi  alde  hyde syn  th  ase hyper  ly  sin  emia is associated with ec  top  ia l  enti  s a displacement or mal  position of the eye s cryst  alline lens in humans
hyper  mag  nes  emia is an electro  ly  te disturbance in which there is a high level of magnesium in the blood it is defined as a level greater than 1 1 m  mol l symptoms include weakness confusion decreased breathing rate and cardiac arrest hyper  mag  nes  emia can occur in kidney failure and those who are given magnesium salts or who take drugs that contain magnesium e g some an  tac  ids and lax  atives it is usually con  current with other electro  ly  te disturbances such as a low blood calcium and or high blood potassium level specific electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g changes may be present treatment when levels are very high include calcium chloride intra  ven  ous normal sal  ine with fu  ro  sem  ide and h  emo  dial  ysis hyper  mag  nes  emia occurs rarely because the kidney is very effective in ex  cre  ting excess magnesium
hyper  mobility describes joints that stretch further than normal for example some hyper  mobile people can bend their thum  bs backwards to their w  rists bend their knee joints backwards put their leg behind the head or perform other cont  or  tionist tricks it can affect one or more joints throughout the body when present in the hands it is col  lo  qu  ially referred to as double jo  inte  dness
hyper  mor  pho  sis is a biological phenomenon related to the development time and rate of an organism hyper  mor  pho  sis is a hetero  chronic process i e a change in the timing or rate of development in an organism in hyper  mor  pho  sis the rate of development of an organism is not altered but the time of offset of the change in question is extended for example it is common knowledge that major physical changes in the human body are completed by the time someone is 18 years of age in cases of hyper  mor  pho  sis however the changes continue to take place after the normal time frame hyper  mor  pho  sis may serve to explain evolution in certain cases for instance the occurrence of this phenomenon with respect to cognitive functions in apes may have resulted in a gradual increase in intelligence the end result being intelligent human beings
hyper  nas  al speech also hyper  rhin  ol  alia or open nas  ality medic  ally known as rhin  ol  alia aper  ta from latin rhin  ol  alia nas  al speech and aper  ta open is a disorder that causes abnormal resonance in a human s voice due to increased air  flow through the nose during speech it is caused by an open nas  al cav  ity resulting from an incomplete closure of the soft pal  ate and or velop  har  yn  ge  al sp  h  inc  ter in normal speech nas  ality is referred to as nas  alization and is a linguistic category that can apply to vo  wels or cons  on  ants in a specific language the primary underlying physical variable determining the degree of nas  ality in normal speech is the opening and closing of a velop  har  yn  ge  al pass  age  way between the oral vocal tract and the nas  al vocal tract in the normal vocal tract anatomy this opening is controlled by lowering and raising the vel  um or soft pal  ate to open or close respectively the velop  har  yn  ge  al pass  age  way
hyper  nat  re  mia also spelled hyper  nat  ra  emia is a high sodium level in the blood early symptoms may include a strong feeling of thirst weakness naus  ea and loss of appetite severe symptoms include confusion muscle tw  it  ching and bleeding in or around the brain normal serum sodium levels are 135 145 m  mol l 135 145 me  q l hyper  nat  re  mia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 m  mol l severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 m  mol l the cause of hyper  nat  re  mia is typically classified by a person s fluid status into low volume normal volume and high volume low volume hyper  nat  re  mia can occur from swe  ating v  om  iting diarr  hea di  u  re  tic medication or kidney disease normal volume hyper  nat  re  mia can be due to fever in  appropriately decreased thirst a prolonged increased breath rate and diabetes insi  pi  dus from lith  ium among other causes high volume hyper  nat  re  mia can be due to hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism be health care caused such as when too much intra  ven  ous 3 normal sal  ine or sodium bic  ar  b is given or rarely be from eating too much salt low blood protein levels can result in a fal  sely high sodium measurement the cause can usually be determined by the history of events testing the urine can help if the cause is unclear if the onset of hyper  nat  re  mia was over a few hours than it can be corrected relatively quickly using intra  ven  ous normal sal  ine and 5 d  ext  rose otherwise correction should occur slowly with for those unable to drink water half normal sal  ine hyper  nat  re  mia due to diabetes insi  pi  dus as a result of a brain disorder may be treated with the medication des  mop  res  sin if the diabetes insi  pi  dus is due to kidney problems the medication which is causing it may need to be stopped hyper  nat  re  mia affects 0 3 1 of people in hospital it most often occurs in babies those with impaired mental status and those who are old hyper  nat  re  mia is associated with an increases the risk of death but it is unclear if it is the cause
hyper  os  mia is an increased ol  factory acu  ity heightened sense of smell usually caused by a lower threshold for od  or this percep  tual disorder arises when there is an abnormally increased signal at any point between the ol  factory recep  tors and the ol  factory cor  tex the causes of hyper  os  mia may be genetic environmental or the result of benzo  di  az  ep  ine withdrawal syndrome when od  or  ants enter the nas  al cav  ity they bind to od  or  ant recep  tors at the base of the ol  factory epi  the  lium these recep  tors are bipolar neurons that connect to the glo  mer  ular layer of the ol  factory bul  b traveling through the cri  bri  form plate at the glo  mer  ular layer ax  ons from the ol  factory recep  tor neurons inter  min  gle with d  end  rit  es from intrinsic ol  factory bul  b neurons mit  ri  al tu  f  ted cells and dop  am  iner  gic peri  glo  mer  ular cells from the ol  factory bul  b mit  ral tu  f  ted cells send ax  ons via the lateral ol  factory tract the cran  ial nerve i to the ol  factory cor  tex which includes the pi  ri  form cor  tex ent  or  h  inal cor  tex and parts of the amy  gd  ala from the ent  or  h  inal cor  tex ax  ons extend to the medi  al dor  sal nucleus of the thal  am  us which then proceed to the or  bit  o  frontal cor  tex
hyper  o  sm  ol  ar hyper  gly  c  emic state h  hs is a complic  ation of diabetes mell  it  us predominantly type 2 in which high blood sugars cause severe dehydr  ation increases in o  sm  ol  arity relative concentration of solu  te and a high risk of complications coma and death it is diagnosed with blood tests it is related to diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis d  ka another complic  ation of diabetes more often but not exclusively encountered in people with type 1 diabetes they are differentiated with measurement of ke  tone bodies organic molecules that are the underlying driver for d  ka but are usually not detec  table in h  hs the treatment of h  hs consists of correction of the dehydr  ation with intra  ven  ous fluids reduction of the blood sugar levels with insulin and management of any underlying conditions that might have precipit  ated the illness such as an acute infection older names for h  hs are hyper  o  sm  ol  ar hyper  gly  c  emic non  ke  to  tic coma h  hn  c hyper  o  sm  ol  ar non ke  to  tic coma hon  k non  ke  to  tic hyper  o  sm  ol  ar coma hyper  o  sm  ol  ar hyper  gly  c  emic non  ke  to  tic syndrome h  h  ns favoured by the american diabetes association
hyper  o  sm  ol  ar syndrome or diabe  tic hyper  o  sm  ol  ar syndrome is a medical emergency caused by a very high blood glucose level the pre  fix hyper means high and o  sm  ol  arity is a measure of the concentration of active particles in a solution so the name of the syndrome simply refers to the high concentration of glucose in the blood
hyper  o  sto  sis is an excessive growth of bone it may lead to exo  sto  sis it occurs in many mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorders
hyper  o  sto  sis fron  tal  is inter  na is a common benign thick  ening of the inner side of the frontal bone of the skull it is found predominantly in women after men  op  ause and is usually as  ymp  tomatic mostly frequently it is found as an incidental finding discovered during an x ray or ct scan of the skull
in the context of machine learning hyper  parameter optimi  zation or model selection is the problem of choosing a set of hyper  parameters for a learning algori  thm usually with the goal of optimi  zing a measure of the algori  thm s performance on an independent data set often cross validation is used to estimate this gener  alization performance hyper  parameter optimi  zation contrasts with actual learning problems which are also often cast as optimi  zation problems but optimi  ze a loss function on the training set alone in effect learning algori  th  ms learn parameters that model reconstruct their inputs well while hyper  parameter optimi  zation is to ensure the model does not over  fit its data by tuning e g regul  arization
hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m is an increased par  ath  yro  id hormone p  th levels in the blood this occurs either from the par  ath  yro  id g  lands in  appropriately making too much p  th primarily hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m or other events triggering increased production by the par  ath  yro  id g  lands secondary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m most people with primary disease have no symptoms at the time of diagnosis in those with symptoms the most common is kidney stones with other potential symptoms including weakness depression bone pains confusion and increased ur  ination both types increase the risk of weak bones primary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m in 80 of cases is due to a single benign tumor known as a par  ath  yro  id aden  oma with most of the rest of the cases due to a multiple benign tumors rarely it may be due to par  ath  yro  id cancer secondary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m typically occurs due to vitamin d deficiency chronic kidney disease or other causes of low blood calcium diagnosis of primary disease is by finding a high blood calcium and high p  th levels primary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m may be cured by removing the aden  oma or over  active par  ath  yro  id g  lands in those without symptoms mildly increased blood calcium levels normal kidneys and normal bone density monitoring may be all that is required the medication cin  ac  al  cet may also be used to decrease p  th levels in those with very high blood calcium levels treatment may include large amounts of intra  ven  ous normal sal  ine low vitamin d levels should be corrected primary hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m is the most common form in the developed world between one and four per thousand people are affected it occurs three times more often in women than men and is typically diagnosed between the ages of 50 and 60 the disease was first described in the 1700 s and in the late 1800 s was determined to be related to the par  ath  yro  id surgery as a treatment was first carried out in 19  25
hyper  path  ia is a clinical symptom of certain neuro  logical disorders where  in no  cic  eptive stimul  i ev  oke exaggerated levels of pain this should not be confused with allo  dy  nia where normally non painful stimul  i ev  oke pain
hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia is a medical condition characterized by mildly or strongly elevated concentrations of the amino acid phen  yl  alan  ine in the blood phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia p  ku can result in severe hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia phen  yl  alan  ine concentrations phe are routinely scre  ened in new  bor  ns by the ne  on  atal heel prick gu  thri  e test which takes a few drops of blood from the heel of the infant standard phe concentrations in unaffected persons are about 60 µ  m phe concentrations in persons with untreated phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia may be many times that 600 µ  m to 2400 µ  m which indicate that the child is at risk for severe intellectual disability phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia is classed as an auto  som  al rec  essive condition in hetero  zy  g  ous form phe shows a moderate elev  ation perhaps two fold over that of unaffected homo  zy  go  tes which is classified as hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia hyper phen  yl  alan  ine emia high phe in blood persons with the geno  type for p  ku are unaffected in uter  o because maternal circulation prevents buil  dup of phe after birth p  ku in new  bor  ns is treated by a special diet with highly restricted phen  yl  alan  ine content persons with genetic pre  disposition to p  ku have normal mental development on this diet previously it was thought safe to withdraw from the diet in the late teens or early tw  en  ties after the central nervous system was fully developed recent studies suggest some degree of relap  se and a continued phen  yl  alan  ine restricted diet is now recommended p  ku or hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia may also occur in persons without the p  ku geno  type if the mother has the p  ku geno  type but has been treated so as to be as  ymp  tomatic high levels of phe in the maternal blood circulation may affect the non p  ku fe  tus during gest  ation mothers successfully treated for p  ku are advised to return to the phe restricted diet during pregnancy a small sub  set of patients with hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia shows an appropriate reduction in plasma phen  yl  alan  ine levels with dietary restriction of this amino acid however these patients still develop progressive neuro  logic symptoms and seizures and usually die within the first 2 years of life m  align  ant hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia these infants exhibit normal phen  yl  alan  ine hydrox  yl  ase p  ah enz  ym  atic activity but have a deficiency in di  hydro  p  ter  id  ine reduc  t  ase d  h  pr an enzyme required for the regeneration of te  tra  hydro  biop  ter  in thb a co  factor of p  ah less frequently d  h  pr activity is normal but a defect in the bio  synthesis of thb exists in either case dietary therapy correc  ts the hyper  phen  yl  alan  in  emia however thb is also a co  factor for two other hydrox  yl  ation reactions required in the syn  theses of neuro  transmitters in the brain the hydrox  yl  ation of try  pt  oph  an to 5 hydroxy  try  pt  oph  an and of ty  ros  ine to l dop  a it has been suggested that the resulting deficit in the cns neuro  transmitter activity is at least in part responsible for the neuro  logic manifestations and eventual death of these patients
hyper  phosp  hat  asia with mental retar  dation syndrome h  p  mrs also known as m  ab  ry syndrome has been described in patients recruited on four continents world wide m  ab  ry syndrome was confirmed to represent an auto  som  al rec  essive syndrome characterized by severe mental retar  dation considerably elevated serum levels of al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase hypo  plastic terminal p  hal  anges and distinct facial features that include hyper  tel  or  ism a broad nas  al bridge and a rec  tang  ular face
hyper  phosp  hat  emia is an electro  ly  te disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of phosphate in the blood often calcium levels are lowered hypo  cal  cem  ia due to precip  itation of phosphate with the calcium in tissues average phosphorus levels should be between 0 81 m  mol l and 1 45 m  mol l
hyper  pit  uit  arism is a condition due to the primary hyper  secre  tion of pit  u  itary hormones it typically results from a pit  u  itary aden  oma children with hyper  pit  uit  arism is rare disruption of growth regulation either because of hormone hyper  secre  tion or because of manifestations caused by local compression of the aden  oma can occur
hyper  pl  asia from ancient greek ὑ  π  έρ h  up  er over π  λ  ά  σ  ις plas  is formation or hyper  genesis is an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation it may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ and the term is sometimes confused with benign ne  op  la  sia or benign tumor hyper  pl  asia is a common pre  ne  op  l  astic response to stimulus micro  sco  p  ically cells resemble normal cells but are increased in numbers sometimes cells may also be increased in size hyper  tro  phy hyper  pl  asia is different from hyper  tro  phy in that the adap  tive cell change in hyper  tro  phy is an increase in the size of cells whereas hyper  pl  asia involves an increase in the number of cells
hyper  pro  insul  in  emia is a disease where insulin is not sufficiently processed before secre  tion and immature forms of insulin make up the majority of circulating insulin immun  ore  activity in both fast  ing and glucose stimulated conditions insulin immun  ore  activity refers to all molecules detec  table by an insulin anti  body i e insulin pro  insulin and pro  insulin like material the term is composed of hyper high pro  insulin immature insulin mol  ecu  le and emia blood condition hyper  pro  insul  in  emia is more frequent in type 2 diabetes it has been attributed to either a direct β cells defect or an indirect effect of cell dys  regulation under sustained elevated blood glucose hyper  gly  cem  ia some all  el  es of insulin can cause hyper  pro  insul  in  emia see table 2 mono  genic forms of type 1 diabetes ins insulin for a more detailed descriptions of the insulin gene variations leading to hyper  pro  insul  in  emia see nc  bi s om  im 17  67  30
hyper  pro  lac  tin  aemia or hyper  pro  lac  tin  emia is the presence of abnormally high levels of pro  l  acti  n in the blood normal levels are less than 500 mi  u l 20 ng ml or µ  g l for women and less than 450 mi  u l for men pro  l  acti  n is a pep  tide hormone produced by the an  terior pit  u  itary g  land that is primarily associated with lac  tation and plays a vital role in breast development during pregnancy hyper  pro  lac  tin  aemia may cause galac  tor  rhe  a production and spontaneous flow of breast milk and disruptions in the normal men  str  ual period in women and hypo  gon  ad  ism in  fertility and er  ec  tile dysfunction in men hyper  pro  lac  tin  aemia can be a part of normal body changes during pregnancy and breastfeeding it can also be caused by diseases affecting the hypo  thal  am  us and pit  u  itary g  land it can also be caused by disruption of the normal regulation of pro  l  acti  n levels by drugs medicinal herbs and heavy metals hyper  pro  lac  tin  aemia may also be the result of disease of other organs such as the liver kidneys ov  aries and thyro  id
hyper  pro  lac  tin  emic sa  ha syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by lateral hair  iness olig  omen  or  rhe  a and sometimes ac  ne se  bor  rhe  a f  aga i and even galac  tor  rhe  a
hyper  pro  lin  emia also referred to as pro  lin  emia or pro  lin  ur  ia is a condition which occurs when the amino acid pro  line is not broken down properly by the enzymes pro  line oxid  ase or py  r  ro  line 5 car  box  y  late de  hydro  gen  ase causing a buil  dup of pro  line in the body
hyper  prote  in  emia is the state of having overly high levels of protein in the blood this can occur due to mono  cl  onal gam  m  opath  ies such as multiple my  el  oma and after intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin has been given it can result in a fal  sely low appearing sodium level hy  pon  at  re  mia
hy  pers  ali  vation also called p  ty  alism or si  al  or  rhe  a is excessive production of sali  va it has also been defined as increased amount of sali  va in the mouth which may also be caused by decreased clearance of sali  va hy  pers  ali  vation can contribute to dro  oling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or in difficulty in sw  allowing the excess sali  va dy  sp  ha  gia hy  pers  ali  vation also often prece  des em  esis v  om  iting where it accompanies naus  ea a feeling of needing to v  omit
in computing hy  pers  cal  e is the ability of an architecture to scale appropriately as increased demand is added to the system this typically involves the ability to seam  lessly provision and add compu  te memory networking and storage resources to a given no  de or set of no  des that make up a larger computing distributed computing or grid computing environment hy  pers  cal  e computing is necessary in order to build a robust and scal  able cloud big data map reduce or distributed storage system and is often associated with the infrastructure required to run large distributed sites such as facebook google microsoft or amazon companies like er  ic  sson and intel provide hy  pers  cal  e infrastructure kits to any it service provider wanting to modernise their infrastructure and adopt hy  pers  cal  e
a hyper  segm  ented neu  tro  phil is a clinical laboratory finding it is vis  u  alized by drawing blood from a patient and viewing the blood sme  ared on a slide under a micro  scope normally the number of segments in the nucleus of a neu  tro  phil increases as it mat  ures and ages after the neu  tro  phil is released into the blood from the bone marrow although normal neu  troph  ils only contain three or four nuclear lob  es the segments hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils contain six or more lob  es hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils have class  ically been thought to be path  og  no  mon  ic of the class of an  emi  as called meg  alo  bl  astic an  emi  as an  emi  as caused by failure of bone marrow blood forming cells to make dna often caused by vitamin b 12 or fol  ate deficiencies or dna replic  ation pois  ons however in seeming contradiction to this several studies have strongly associated neu  tro  phil hyper  segm  entation with iron deficiency an  emia in one study 81 of children with iron deficiency had hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils vs 9 of controls the mechanism for hyper  segm  entation in iron deficiency is not yet clear but has been suggested to be con  current iron and vitamin deficiency one of the earliest notable changes in the peripheral blood in meg  alo  bl  astic processes is the appearance of hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils because of the short life span of neu  troph  ils these abnormal hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils characteris  tically appear even before the onset of an  emia in meg  alo  bl  astic processes such neu  troph  ils are less often seen in the other classes of an  emia which together are far more common than meg  alo  bl  astic types of an  emia however as noted the use of hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils to diagnose type of an  emia is limited by the fact that different types of nutrient deficiency an  emia may coexist note that pernicious an  emia is a type of meg  alo  bl  astic an  emia and as such is expected to show hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils
hy  pers  ensi  tivity also called hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction or intolerance is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system including allergies and auto  immunity they are usually referred to as an over reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging uncomfortable or occasionally fatal hy  pers  ensi  tivity reactions require a pre sensi  tized immune state of the host they are classified in four groups after the proposal of p g h g  ell and robin co  om  bs in 1963
hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis h  p also called allergic al  ve  oli  tis or extr  ins  ic allergic al  ve  oli  tis e  aa is an infl  amm  ation of the al  ve  oli within the lung caused by hy  pers  ensi  tivity to inhal  ed organic du  sts sufferers are commonly exposed to the dust by their occupation or hob  bies
hy  pers  ex  uality is a clinical diagnosis used by mental healthcare researchers and providers to describe extremely frequent or suddenly increased sexual urges or sexual activity the terms n  ymp  hom  ania and sat  y  ri  asis were once used to describe the condition in women and men respectively but are no longer in general medical use although the former is still used col  lo  qu  ially
in the 5 th edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders published in may 2013 hyper  som  nia appears under sleep wake disorders as hyper  som  no  l  ence of which there are several sub  types
hy  pers  th  en  ur  ia is a condition where the o  sm  ol  ality of the urine is elevated it can be associated with diabetes mell  it  us and is determined by a urine specific gravity of greater than 1 010
hyper  tel  or  ism is an abnormally increased distance between two organs or bodily parts usually referring to an increased distance between the or  bits eyes or orb  ital hyper  tel  or  ism in this condition the distance between the inner eye corners as well as the distance between the pupils is greater than normal hyper  tel  or  ism should not be confused with t  elec  an  thus in which the distance between the inner eye corners is increased but that of the outer eye corners remains unchanged therefore the distance between the pupils is normal hyper  tel  or  ism is a symptom in a variety of syndro  mes including ed  wards syndrome tr  is  omy 18 1 q 21 1 duplication syndrome bas  al cell nev  us syndrome di  george syndrome and lo  e  ys di  etz syndrome hyper  tel  or  ism can also be seen in ap  ert syndrome cran  io  fron  ton  as  al dys  pl  asia no  on  an syndrome neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis le  op  ard syndrome c  rou  z  on syndrome wolf hir  sch  horn syndrome ander  sen – ta  wi  l syndrome waar  denburg syndrome and cr  i du chat syndrome along with pie  bal  dis  m prominent inner third of the eyebro  ws ir  ises of different color spon  dy  lo  ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de metabol  ism disorders mor  qui  o syndrome hur  ler s syndrome deaf  ness and also in hypo  thyro  i  dis  m some links have been found between hyper  tel  or  ism and attention deficit hyper  activity disorder
hyper  tension ht  n or ht also known as high blood pressure h  bp is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arter  ies is persistently elevated high blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms long term high blood pressure however is a major risk factor for coron  ary artery disease stroke heart failure peripheral vascular disease vision loss and chronic kidney disease high blood pressure is classified as either primary essential high blood pressure or secondary high blood pressure about 90 – 95 of cases are primary defined as high blood pressure due to non  specific lifestyle and genetic factors lifestyle factors that increase the risk include excess salt excess body weight smoking and alcohol the remaining 5 – 10 of cases are categ  orized as secondary high blood pressure defined as high blood pressure due to an identifiable cause such as chronic kidney disease narrowing of the kidney arter  ies an endocrine disorder or the use of birth control pills blood pressure is expressed by two measurements the syst  ol  ic and di  ast  ol  ic pressures which are the maximum and minimum pressures respectively normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100 – 140 milli  meters mercury m  mh  g syst  ol  ic and 60 – 90 m  mh  g di  ast  ol  ic high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 140 90 m  mh  g for most adults different numbers apply to children ambul  atory blood pressure monitoring over a 24 hour period appears more accurate than office best blood pressure measurement lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of health complications lifestyle changes include weight loss decreased salt intake physical exercise and a healthy diet if lifestyle changes are not sufficient then blood pressure medications are used up to three medications can control blood pressure in 90 of people the treatment of moderately high arter  ial blood pressure defined as 160 100 m  mh  g with medications is associated with an improved life expectancy the effect of treatment of blood pressure between 140 90 m  mh  g and 160 100 m  mh  g is less clear with some reviews finding benefit and others not finding benefit high blood pressure affects between 16 and 37 of the population globally in 2010 hyper  tension was believed to have been a factor in 18 9 4 million deaths
a hyper  ten  sive emergency syst  ol  ic over 180 or di  ast  ol  ic over 120 formerly called m  align  ant hyper  tension is hyper  tension high blood pressure with acute impairment of one or more organ systems especially the central nervous system cardiovascular system and or the ren  al system that can result in irreversible organ damage in a hyper  ten  sive emergency the blood pressure should be slowly lowered over a period of minutes to hours with an anti  hyper  ten  sive agent
hyper  ten  sive encephalopathy is a neuro  logical dysfunction induced by m  align  ant hyper  tension the term hyper  ten  sive encephalopathy was introduced to describe this type of encephalopathy by op  pen  he  imer and fish  berg in 19  28 it describes cere  br  al conditions typically reversible caused by sudden and sustained severe elev  ation of blood pressure hyper  ten  sive encephalopathy occurs in ec  lam  p  sia acute ne  ph  ri  tis and crises in essential hyper  tension symptoms of hyper  ten  sive encephalopathy include headache rest  lessness naus  ea disturbances of consciousness seizures bleeding in the re  tina and pap  il  le  dem  a focal brain le  sions may be associated with specific neuro  logical symptoms these neuro  logical impair  ments may culminate in a coma the condition is treated by drugs that decrease blood pressure
hyper  ten  sive heart disease includes a number of complications of high blood pressure that affect the heart while there are several definitions of hyper  ten  sive heart disease in the medical literature the term is most widely used in the context of the international classification of diseases ic  d coding categories the definition includes heart failure and other cardiac complications of hyper  tension when a causal relationship between the heart disease and hyper  tension is stated or implied on the death certificate in 2013 hyper  ten  sive heart disease resulted in 1 07 million deaths as compared with 630 000 deaths in 1990 according to ic  d 10 hyper  ten  sive heart disease i 11 and its sub  categories hyper  ten  sive heart disease with heart failure i 11 0 and hyper  ten  sive heart disease without heart failure i 11 9 are distinguished from chronic r  heu  matic heart diseases i 05 i 09 other forms of heart disease i 30 i 52 and is  chem  ic heart diseases i 20 i 25 however since high blood pressure is a risk factor for a  ther  os  clerosis and is  chem  ic heart disease death rates from hyper  ten  sive heart disease provide an incomplete measure of the burden of disease due to high blood pressure
hyper  ten  sive leuko  encephalopathy refers to a de  generation of the white matter of the brain following a sudden increase in blood pressure
hyper  ten  sive ne  ph  ro  pa  thy or hyper  ten  sive ne  ph  ros  clerosis or hyper  ten  sive kidney disease is a medical condition referring to damage to the kidney due to chronic high blood pressure it should be distinguished from renov  ascular hyper  tension i 15 0 which is a form of secondary hyper  tension in the kidneys as a result of benign arter  ial hyper  tension hy  al  ine pink am  orph  ous homogeneous material accumul  ates in the wall of small arter  ies and arter  i  oles producing the thick  ening of their walls and the narrowing of the lumin  a — arter  io  los  clerosis consequent is  chem  ia will produce tu  bul  ar atro  phy inter  sti  tial fi  bro  sis glo  mer  ular alterations smaller glo  mer  uli with different degrees of hy  al  ini  zation from mild to sclerosis of glo  mer  uli and peri  glo  mer  ular fi  bro  sis in advanced stages kidney failure will occur functional ne  ph  ron  s have dil  ated tu  bul  es often with hy  al  ine casts in the lum  ens additional complications often associated with hyper  ten  sive ne  ph  ro  pa  thy include glo  mer  ular damage resulting in protein and blood in the urine
hyper  ten  sive re  tin  opathy is damage to the re  tina and re  tin  al circulation due to high blood pressure i e hyper  tension
hyper  the  co  sis is hyper  pl  asia of the th  eca inter  na of the o  vary it is when an area of lu  te  ini  zation occurs along with st  rom  al hyper  pl  asia the lu  te  ini  zed cells produce and  rog  ens which may lead to hir  su  tism and vi  ri  li  zation or mascul  ini  zation
hyper  thy  me  sia is the condition of possessing an extremely detailed auto  bio  graphical memory people with hyper  thy  me  sia remember an abnormally vast number of their life experiences american neuro  biologists elizabeth parker larry ca  hill and james mc  gau  gh 2006 identified two defining characteristics of hyper  thy  me  sia spending an excessive amount of time thinking about one s past and displaying an extraordinary ability to recall specific events from one s past the word hyper  thy  me  sia derives from ancient greek hyper excessive and th  ym  esis remembering
hyper  thyro  i  dis  m is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyro  id hormone by the thyro  id g  land thyro  toxico  sis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyro  id hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyper  thyro  i  dis  m some however use the terms inter  change  ably signs and symptoms vary between people and may include irrit  ability muscle weakness sleeping problems a fast heartbeat heat intolerance diarr  hea enlargement of the thyro  id and weight loss symptoms are typically less in the old and during pregnancy an un  common complic  ation is thyro  id storm in which an event such as an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high temperature and often results in death the opposite is hypo  thyro  i  dis  m when the thyro  id g  land does not make enough thyro  id hormone graves disease is the cause of about 50 to 80 of the cases of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m in the united states other causes include multin  od  ular go  iter toxic aden  oma infl  amm  ation of the thyro  id eating too much i  od  ine and too much synthetic thyro  id hormone a less common cause is a pit  u  itary aden  oma the diagnosis may be suspected based on signs and symptoms and then confirmed with blood tests typically blood tests show a low thyro  id stimulating hormone ts  h and raised t 3 or t 4 radio  i  od  ine uptake by the thyro  id thyro  id scan and tsi antibodies may help determine the cause treatment depends partly on the cause and severity of disease there are three main treatment options radio  i  od  ine therapy medications and thyro  id surgery radio  i  od  ine therapy involves taking i  od  ine 131 by mouth which is then concentrated in and destroys the thyro  id over weeks to months the resulting hypo  thyro  i  dis  m is treated with synthetic thyro  id hormone medications such as beta bloc  kers may control the symptoms and anti thyro  id medications such as meth  im  azole may temporarily help people while other treatments are having effect surgery to remove the thyro  id is another option this may be used in those with very large thyro  ids or when cancer is a concern in the united states hyper  thyro  i  dis  m affects about 1 2 of the population it occurs between two and ten times more often in women onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age overall the disease is more common in those over the age of 60 years
hyper  thyro  x  in  emia or hyper  thyro  x  in  aemia is a thyro  id disease where the serum levels of thyro  x  ine are higher than expected the term is sometimes used to refer to hyper  thyro  i  dis  m but hyper  thyro  i  dis  m is a more general term types include famili  al dy  sal  bu  min  emic hyper  thyro  x  in  emia famili  al eu  thyro  id hyper  thyro  x  in  emia thyro  id hormone resistance syndrome
hyper  ton  ia is a term sometimes used synonym  ously with sp  as  tic  ity in the literature surrounding damage to the central nervous system namely upper motor ne  uron le  sions impaired ability of damaged motor neurons to regulate descending pathways gives rise to dis  ordered spinal refl  exes increased exc  itability of muscle sp  ind  les and decreased syn  ap  tic inhi  bi  tion these consequences result in abnormally increased muscle tone of symptomatic muscles some authors suggest that the current definition for sp  as  tic  ity the velocity dependent over activity of the stretch reflex is not sufficient as it fails to take into account patients exhi  biting increased muscle tone in the absence of stretch reflex over activity they instead suggest that “ reversible hyper  ton  ia ” is more appropriate and represents a treat  able condition that is responsive to various therapy modalities like drug and or physical therapy symptoms associated with central nervous systems disorders are classified into positive and negative categories positive symptoms include those that increase muscle activity through hyper exc  itability of the stretch reflex i e rigidity and sp  as  tic  ity where negative symptoms include those of insufficient muscle activity i e weakness and reduced motor function often the two classifications are thought to be separate entities of a disorder however some authors propose that they may be closely related
a hyper  transc  end  ental function or transc  end  entally transc  end  ental function is an analy  tic function which is not the solution of an al  ge  bra  ic differential equation with coefficients in z the inte  gers and with al  ge  bra  ic initial conditions all hyper  transc  end  ental functions are transc  end  ental functions
hyper  tric  ho  sis also called am  br  as syndrome is an abnormal amount of hair growth over the body extensive cases of hyper  tric  ho  sis have informally been called were  wolf syndrome because the appearance is similar to the myth  ical were  wolf the two distinct types of hyper  tric  ho  sis are generalized hyper  tric  ho  sis which occurs over the entire body and loc  alized hyper  tric  ho  sis which is restricted to a certain area hyper  tric  ho  sis can be either con  genital present at birth or acquired later in life the excess growth of hair occurs in areas of the skin with the exception of and  ro  gen dependent hair of the pu  bic area face and ax  ill  ary regions several circus sid  es  how performers in the 19 th and early 20 th centuries such as julia pastr  ana had hyper  tric  ho  sis many of them worked as freaks and were promoted as having distinct human and animal traits
hyper  tric  ho  sis cu  bi  ti also known as ha  iry el  bow syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple terminal ha  irs on both el  bows in children
hyper  tric  ho  sis simpl  ex of the scal  p is a cu  taneous condition caused by defects in the cor  neo  des  mo  sin protein
hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia den  o  tes high hyper blood levels emia of tri  gly  cer  ides the most abundant fatty mol  ecu  le in most organisms elevated levels of tri  gly  cer  ides are associated with a  ther  os  clerosis even in the absence of hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia high cho  le  sterol levels and pre  dispose to cardiovascular disease very high tri  gly  cer  ide levels also increase the risk of acute pan  cre  ati  tis hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia itself is usually symp  tom  less although high levels may be associated with skin le  sions known as x  an  thomas the diagnosis is made on blood tests often performed as part of screening once diagnosed other blood tests are usually required to determine whether the raised tri  gly  cer  ide level is caused by other underlying disorders secondary hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia or whether no such underlying cause exists primary hyper  tri  gly  cer  id  aemia there is a hereditary pre  disposition to both primary and secondary hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia weight loss and dietary modification may improve hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia the decision to treat hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia with medication depends on the levels and on the presence of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease very high levels that would increase the risk of pan  cre  ati  tis is treated with a drug from the fi  br  ate class ni  ac  in and om  ega 3 fatty acids as well as drugs from the stati  n class may be used in conjunction with stat  ins being the main drug treatment for moderate hyper  tri  gly  cer  i  dem  ia where reduction of cardiovascular risk is required
hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy h  cm is a disease in which a portion of the my  o  cardi  um heart muscle is enlarged without any obvious cause creating functional impairment of the heart it is the leading cause of sudden death in young athletes the occurrence of hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy is a significant cause of sudden cardiac death in any age group and a cause of disab  ling cardiac symptoms h  cm is frequently as  ymp  tomatic until sudden cardiac death and for this reason some suggest routinely screening certain populations for this disease a cardi  om  y  opathy is a disease that affects the muscle of the heart with h  cm the my  oc  y  tes cardiac contr  acti  le cells in the heart increase in size which results in the thick  ening of the heart muscle in addition the normal alignment of muscle cells is disrupted a phenomenon known as my  o  cardi  al disarray h  cm also causes disruptions of the electrical functions of the heart h  cm is most commonly due to a mutation in one of nine sar  com  eric genes that results in a mut  ated protein in the sar  com  ere the primary component of the my  oc  y  te the muscle cell of the heart these are predominantly single point mis  sense mutations in the genes for beta my  os  in heavy chain mh  c my  os  in binding protein c cardiac tro  pon  int or tro  po  my  os  in these mutations cause my  o  fi  bri  l and my  oc  y  te structural ab  norm  alities and possible deficiencies in force generation while most literature so far focuses on european american and japanese populations h  cm appears in all ethnic groups the prevalence of h  cm is about 0 2 to 0 5 of the general population
hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy or h  cm is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death sc  d in young athletes h  cm is frequently as  ymp  tomatic until sc  d and thus its prevention requires screening screening by medical history and physical exam are ineffective indicating heart ab  norm  alities in only 3 of patients who subsequently suffered sc  d however h  cm can be detected with 80 accuracy by echo  cardi  o  grams which may be combined with pre screening by electro  cardi  o  grams ec  gs routine cardiac screening of athletes has been implemented in italy since the 1970 s and has resulted in an 89 drop in cases of sc  d among scre  ened athletes in the united states citing cost concerns the american heart association has consistently opposed such routine screening for rare conditions like h  cm the rate of false positive testing is also a significant concern however certain chapters of the american college of cardi  ology are backing screening models provided by private entities and non  profit organizations
hyper  troph  ic o  ste  o  ar  thro  pa  thy also known as hyper  troph  ic pul  mon  ary o  ste  o  ar  thro  pa  thy bam  berger marie syndrome or o  ste  o  ar  thro  path  ia hyper  troph  ic  ans is a medical condition combining clu  bbing and perio  sti  tis of the small hand joints especially the dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joints dis  tal expansion of the long bones as well as painful sw  oll  en joints and sy  no  vi  al vill  ous proliferation are often seen the condition may occur alone primary or it may be secondary to diseases like lung cancer it is especially associated with non small cell lung carcin  oma these patients often get clu  bbing and increased bone de  position on long bones their presenting symptoms are sometimes only clu  bbing and painful an  kles hyper  troph  ic o  ste  o  ar  thro  pa  thy is one of many distant effect disorders due to cancer with lung cancer being the most common cause but also occurring with o  vari  an or adren  al m  align  ancies a distant effect disorder or a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome affects distant areas and thus is not related to local compression or obstruction effects from the tumor other par  ane  op  l  astic syndro  mes include hyper  cal  cem  ia si  adh cu  shing s syndrome and a variety of neuro  logical disorders
hyper  troph  ic o  ste  od  y  stro  phy ho  d is a bone disease that occurs in fast growing large and giant breed dogs the disorder is sometimes referred to as met  ap  hy  seal o  ste  opathy and typically first presents between the ages of 2 and 7 months ho  d is characterized by decreased blood flow to the metaph  ysis the part of the bone adjacent to the joint leading to a failure of os  sification bone formation and necro  sis and infl  amm  ation of cancell  ous bone the disease is usually bilateral in the limb bones especially the dis  tal radius ul  na and ti  bia the we  im  ar  an  er irish set  ter box  er german shepherd and great dane breeds are heavily represented in case reports of ho  d in the veterinary literature but the severity of symptoms and possible eti  ology may be different across the breeds for example famili  al clu  stering of the disease has been documented in the we  im  ar  an  er but not in other breeds the disease in the we  im  ar  an  er and irish set  ter can be particularly severe with significant mortality observed in untreated dogs the classical age of onset is typically 8 to 16 weeks of age with males and females equally affected
hyper  troph  ic o  ste  opathy is a bone disease secondary to cancer in the lungs
a hyper  troph  ic scar is a cu  taneous condition characterized by deposits of excessive amounts of coll  agen which gives rise to a raised scar but not to the degree observed with kel  oids like kel  oids they form most often at the sites of p  impl  es body pier  c  ings cuts and burns they often contain nerves and blood vessels they generally develop after thermal or traumatic injury that involves the deep layers of the der  mis and express high levels of tg  f β also mechanical tension on a wound has been identified as a leading cause for hyper  troph  ic scar formation when a normal wound he  als the body produces new coll  agen fi  bers at a rate which balances the breakdown of old coll  agen hyper  troph  ic scars are red and thick and may be it  chy or painful they do not extend beyond the boundary of the original wound but may continue to thick  en for up to six months they usually improve over one or two years but may cause distress due to their appearance or the intensity of the it  ching they can also restrict movement if they are located close to a joint some people have an inherited tendency to this type of scar  ring for example those with eh  lers dan  los syndrome classic type it is not possible to completely prevent hyper  troph  ic scars so those with a history them should inform their doctor or surgeon if they need surgery scar therapies may speed up the process of change from a hyper  troph  ic scar to a flat  ter pal  er one
hyper  tro  phy ip  a ha  ɪ  ˈ  p  ɝ  ː  tr  ə  fi from greek ὑ  π  έρ excess τρο  φ  ή nour  ishment is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells it is distinguished from hyper  pl  asia in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number although hyper  tro  phy and hyper  pl  asia are two distinct processes they frequently occur together such as in the case of the hormon  ally induced proliferation and enlargement of the cells of the uter  us during pregnancy ec  centric hyper  tro  phy is a type of hyper  tro  phy where the walls and chamber of a hollow organ undergo growth in which the overall size and volume are enlarged it is applied especially to the left ven  tric  le of heart sar  comer  es are added in series as for example in dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy in contrast to hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy a type of concentr  ic hyper  tro  phy where sar  comer  es are added in parallel
hyper  tro  p  ia is a condition of mis  alignment of the eyes str  ab  is  mus whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fix  ating eye hy  pot  ro  p  ia is the similar condition focus being on the eye with the visual axis lower than the fellow fix  ating eye dissoci  ated vertical deviation is a special type of hyper  tro  p  ia leading to slow upward drift of one or rarely both eyes usually when the patient is in  attentive
hyper  try  pt  op  han  emia also called famili  al hyper  try  pt  op  han  emia is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that results in a massive buil  dup of the amino acid try  pt  oph  an in the blood with associated symptoms and try  pt  op  han  ur  ia ur  ia den  o  tes in the urine elevated levels of try  pt  oph  an are also seen in har  tn  up disease a disorder of amino acid transport however the increase of try  pt  oph  an in that disorder is negligible when compared to that of hyper  try  pt  op  han  emia
hyper  ur  ic  emia is an abnormally high level of ur  ic acid in the blood in the ph conditions of body fluid ur  ic acid exists largely as urate the ion form the amount of urate in the body depends on the balance between the amount of pur  ines eaten in food the amount of urate syn  thes  ised within the body e g through cell turnover and the amount of urate that is ex  cre  ted in urine or through the gastro  intest  inal tract in humans the upper end of the normal range is 360 µ  mol l 6 mg dl for women and 400 µ  mol l 6 8 mg dl for men
hyper  uri  co  sur  ia is a medical term referring to the presence of excessive amounts of ur  ic acid in the urine for men this is at a rate greater than 800 mg day and for women 750 mg day notable direct causes of hyper  uri  co  sur  ia are dissolution of ur  ic acid cryst  als in the kidneys or ur  inary blad  der and hyper  ur  ic  emia notable indirect causes include uri  co  sur  ic drugs rapid breakdown of bodily tissues containing large quantities of dna and r  na and a diet high in pur  ine drugs that may contribute to the cure or amelior  ation  of hyper  uri  co  sur  ia include all  op  ur  in  ol and ur  ic  ase hyper  uri  co  sur  ia may be a medical sign of g  out very common kidney stones of ur  ic acid ur  ic acid ne  ph  ro  li  thi  asis acute ur  ic acid ne  ph  ro  pa  thy acute ren  al failure tumor lysis syndrome fan  coni syndrome dent s disease very rare
hyper  val  in  emia also called val  in  emia or val  ine trans  amin  ase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder in which ur  inary and serum levels of the bran  ched chain amino acid val  ine are elevated without related elev  ation of the bran  ched chain amino acids le  uc  ine and iso  le  uc  ine it is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme val  ine trans  amin  ase
hyper  ventilation syndrome h  vs also chronic hyper  ventilation syndrome ch  vs and dysfunctional breathing hyper  ventilation syndrome is a respiratory disorder psychologically or physi  o  logically based involving breathing too deeply or too rapidly hyper  ventilation h  vs may present with chest pain and a ting  ling sensation in the finger  tips and around the mouth pa  res  the  sia and may accompany a panic attack people with h  vs may feel that they cannot get enough air in reality they have about the same oxy  gen  ation in the arter  ial blood normal values are about 98 for h  emo  glob  in satur  ation and too little carbon dioxide hypo  cap  nia in their blood and other tissues while oxygen is abundant in the blood  stream h  vs reduces effective delivery of that oxygen to vital organs due to low co 2 induced vas  o  con  stric  tion and the suppressed bo  hr effect the hyper  ventilation is self promul  gating as rapid breathing causes carbon dioxide levels to fall below healthy levels and respiratory al  k  alo  sis high blood ph develops this makes the symptoms worse which causes the person to try breathing even faster which further exacerbates the problem the respiratory al  k  alo  sis leads to changes in the way the nervous system fires and leads to the pa  res  the  sia di  zz  iness and percep  tual changes that often accompany this condition other mechanisms may also be at work and some people are physi  o  logically more susceptible to this phenomenon than others
hyper  vis  cos  ity syndrome is a group of symptoms triggered by increase in the vis  cos  ity of the blood symptoms of high blood vis  cos  ity include spontaneous bleeding from mu  co  us memb  ran  es visual disturbances due to re  tin  opathy and neuro  logic symptoms ranging from headache and ver  ti  go to seizures and coma hyper  vis  cos  ity occurs from patho  logic changes of either cellular or protein fractions of the blood such as is found in poly  cy  them  ias multiple my  el  oma particularly ig  a and ig  g 3 leuk  emia mono  cl  onal gam  m  opath  ies such as wal  den  ström macro  glob  ul  in  emia sick  le cell an  emia and sep  sis types of hyper  vis  cos  ity syndro  mes vary by path  ology including serum hyper  vis  cos  ity which may cause neuro  logic or oc  ular disorders poly  cy  them  ic hyper  vis  cos  ity which results in reduced blood flow or cap  ill  ary per  fusion and increased organ congestion and syndro  mes of hyper  vis  cos  ity caused by reduced de  form  ability of red blood cells often evident in sick  le cell an  emia
hyper  vitam  in  osis refers to a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins which can lead to toxic symptoms the medical names of the different conditions are derived from the vitamin involved an excess of vitamin a for example is called hyper  vitam  in  osis a hyper  vitam  in  osis primarily affects the fat soluble vitamins as these are stored by the body for longer period than the water soluble vitamins however avoiding excesses of both classes of vitamins can make the condition hard to get generally toxic levels of vitamins stem from high supplement intake and not from dietary sources tox  ic  ities of fat soluble vitamins can also be caused by a large intake of highly fortified foods but foods rarely deliver dangerous levels of fat soluble vitamins the dietary reference intake recommendations from the united states department of agriculture define a tolerable upper intake level for most vitamins high do  sage vitamin a high do  sage slow release vitamin b 3 and very high do  sage vitamin b 6 alone i e without vitamin b complex are sometimes associated with vitamin side effects that usually rapidly cease with supplement reduction or cessation
hyper  vitam  in  osis a refers to the toxic effects of ing  est  ing too much pre  formed vitamin a symptoms arise as a result of altered bone metabol  ism and altered metabol  ism of other fat soluble vitamins hyper  vitam  in  osis a is believed to have occurred in early humans and the problem has persisted throughout human history toxicity results from ing  est  ing too much pre  formed vitamin a from foods such as fish or animal liver supplements or prescription medications and can be prevented by ing  est  ing no more than the recommended daily amount diagnosis can be difficult as serum re  tin  ol is not sensitive to toxic levels of vitamin a but there are effective tests available hyper  vitam  in  osis a is usually treated by stopping intake of the offending food s supplement s or medication most people make a full recovery high intake of pro  vitamin caro  ten  oids such as beta caro  ten  e from vegetables and fruits does not cause hyper  vitam  in  osis a as conversion from caro  ten  oids to the active form of vitamin a is regulated by the body to maintain an optimum level of the vitamin caro  ten  oids themselves cannot produce toxicity
hyper  vitam  in  osis d is a state of vitamin d toxicity the normal range for blood concentration is 30 0 to 74 0 nano  grams per milli  lit  er ng ml
hyper  vitam  in  osis e is a state of vitamin e toxicity since vitamin e can act as an anti  co  ag  ul  ant and may increase the risk of bleeding problems many agencies have set a tolerable upper intake levels ul for vitamin e at 1 000 mg 1 500 i  u per day this ul was established due to an increased incidence of hemorrha  ging with higher doses of supplem  ental vitamin e doses of vitamin e above the ul can also magni  fy the anti  plat  elet effects of certain drugs such as anti co  ag  ul  ant medications and aspir  in which can cause life threatening symptoms in ill patients hyper  vitam  in  osis e may also counteract vitamin k leading to a vitamin k deficiency
hyper  vol  emia or fluid overload is the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood the opposite condition is hypo  vol  emia which is too little fluid volume in the blood fluid volume excess in the intr  av  ascular compartment occurs due to an increase in total body sodium content and a consequent increase in ex  trac  ell  ular body water the mechanism usually stems from compromised regulatory mechanisms for sodium handling as seen in cong  estive heart failure chf kidney failure and liver failure it may also be caused by excessive intake of sodium from foods intra  ven  ous iv solutions and blood trans  fu  sions medications or diagnostic contrast d  yes treatment typically includes administration of di  u  re  tics and restriction of the intake of water fluids sodium and salt
hy  ph  ema or hyp  ha  ema see spelling differences is blood in the front an  terior chamber of the eye it may appear as a red  dish t  inge or it may appear as a small pool of blood at the bottom of the iris or in the cor  ne  a
hyp  nic headaches are benign primary headaches that affect the elderly with the average age of onset being 63 ± 11 years they are moderate th  robbing bilateral or unilateral headaches that wake the suffer  er from sleep once or multiple times a night they typically begin a few hours after sleep begins and can last from 15 – 180 min there is normally no naus  ea pho  top  ho  bia ph  on  opho  bia or autonom  ic symptoms associated with the headache they commonly occur at the same time every night possibly linking the headaches with cir  c  adi  an rhythm but poly  som  no  graphy has recently revealed that the onset of hyp  nic headaches may be associated with rem sleep lith  ium carbon  ate 200 – 600 mg at bed  time is an effective treatment for most patients but for those that can not tolerate lith  ium ver  ap  am  il in  dom  eth  ac  in or meth  yl  ser  gi  li  de may be tried two patients have also responded to fl  un  ari  zine 5 mg it has also been shown that 1 – 2 cups of coffee or 100 – 200 mg of caff  eine before bed can prevent hyp  nic headaches for diagnosis of hyp  nic headache syndrome headaches should occur at least 15 times per month for at least one month included in the differential diagnosis of a new onset night  time headaches in the elderly is drug withdrawal temporal arter  i  tis sleep ap  ne  a oxygen des  atur  ated p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a in  trac  ran  ial causes primary and secondary ne  op  las  ms communicating hydro  cephal  us sub  d  ural hem  atom  a vascular le  sions migr  ain  es cluster headaches chronic par  oxy  sm  al hemic  ran  ia and hyp  nic headache all other causes must be ruled out before the diagnosis of hyp  nic headache can be made
a hypno  zy  go  te is a resting cyst resulting from sexual fusion it is commonly thick w  alled a synon  ym of zy  go  tic cyst
hypo  active sexual desire disorder h  s  dd or inhi  bited sexual desire is  d is considered a sexual dysfunction and is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity as judged by a clin  ician for this to be regarded as a disorder it must cause marked distress or inter  personal difficulties and not be better accounted for by another mental disorder a drug legal or illegal or some other medical condition a person with is  d will not start or respond to their partner s desire for sexual activity other terms used to describe the phenomenon include sexual aversion and sexual apathy h  s  dd was listed under the sexual and gender identity disorders of the dsm iv in the dsm 5 it was split into male hypo  active sexual desire disorder and female sexual interest ar  ous  al disorder it was first included in the dsm iii under the name inhi  bited sexual desire disorder but the name was changed in the dsm iii r there are various sub  types h  s  dd can be general general lack of sexual desire or situ  ational still has sexual desire but lacks sexual desire for current partner and it can be acquired h  s  dd started after a period of normal sexual functioning or lifelong the person has always had no low sexual desire h  s  dd has gar  n  ered much criticism primarily by as  ex  ual activists they point out that h  s  dd puts as  ex  uality in the same position homosexuality was from 1974 1987 back then the dsm recognised ego dy  st  onic homosexuality as a disorder defined as having sexual interest in the same sex and it causing distress despite the dsm itself officially recognizing this as unnecessarily patho  logi  zing homosexuality and removing it as a disorder in 1987
hypo  albu  min  emia or hypo  albu  min  aemia is a medical sign in which the level of albumin in the blood is abnormally low it is a type of hypo  prote  in  emia albumin is a major protein in the human body making up about 55 60 of total human plasma protein by mass many hormones drugs and other molecules are mostly bound to albumin in the blood  stream and must be released before becoming bio  logically active for example calcium binds to albumin and hypo  albu  min  emia leads to an increase in free ion  ized calcium albumin is synthe  sized in the liver and low serum albumin may be indicative of liver failure or diseases such as cir  rho  sis or chronic hepatitis hypo  albu  min  emia can also present as part of the ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome in which protein is lost in the urine due to kidney damage low albumin levels can be an indicator of chronic malnutrition or protein losing enter  opathy hypo  albu  min  emia may cause generalized e  dem  a sw  elling via a decrease in on  co  tic pressure the serum albumin level is part of a standard panel of liver function tests levels below 3 5 grams per dec  il  iter are generally considered low a low serum an  ion gap is frequently caused by hypo  albu  min  emia
in medicine endocr  in  ology hypo  al  do  ster  on  ism refers to decreased levels of the hormone al  do  ster  one isolated hypo  al  do  ster  on  ism is the condition of having lowered al  do  ster  one without corresponding changes in cor  ti  sol the two hormones are both produced by the adren  als
hypo  alph  ali  po  prote  in  emia is a high density li  po  protein deficiency inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner it can be associated with ld  l recep  tor associated regions and genes include ni  ac  in is sometimes prescribed to raise h  dl levels
hypo  bet  ali  po  prote  in  emia is a disorder consisting of low levels of ld  l cho  le  sterol or a  poli  po  protein b below the 5 th per  centi  le the patient can have hypo  bet  ali  po  prote  in  emia and simultaneously have high levels of h  dl cho  le  sterol notably in people who do not have the genetic disorder hypo  bet  ali  po  prote  in  emia a low cho  le  sterol level may be a marker for poor nutrition wasting disease cancer hyper  thyro  i  dis  m and liver disease
hypo  cal  ca  emia also spelled hypo  cal  cem  ia is low calcium levels in the blood serum the normal range is 2 1 – 2 6 m  mol l 8 8 – 10 7 mg dl 4 3 – 5 2 me  q l with levels less than 2 1 m  mol l defined as hypo  cal  cem  ia mildly low levels that develop slowly often have no symptoms otherwise symptoms may include num  b  ness muscle sp  as  ms seizures confusion or cardiac arrest common causes include hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m and vitamin d deficiency others causes include kidney failure pan  cre  ati  tis calcium channel bloc  ker over  dose r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis tumor lysis syndrome and medications such as bis  phosp  hon  ates diagnosis should generally be confirmed with a corrected calcium or ion  ized calcium level specific changes may be seen on an electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g initial treatment for severe disease is with intra  ven  ous calcium chloride and possibly magnesium sul  fate other treatments may include vitamin d magnesium and calcium supplements if due to hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m hydro  chloro  thi  az  ide phosphate bin  ders and a low salt diet may also be recommended about 18 of people who are in hospital have hypo  cal  cem  ia
hypo  cap  nia or hypo  cap  ne  a also known as hypo  car  bia sometimes incorrectly called ac  ap  nia is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood hypo  cap  nia usually results from deep or rapid breathing known as hyper  ventilation hypo  cap  nia is the opposite of hyper  cap  nia
hypo  cem  ent  osis is a reduction in the amount of cem  ent  um on a tooth root it is a feature of conditions such as cle  ido  cran  ial dys  pl  asia and hypo  phosp  hat  asia
hypo  chlo  re  mia or hypo  chlor  aemia is an electro  ly  te disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of the chloride ion in the blood the normal serum range for chloride is 97 to 107 me  q l it rarely occurs in the absence of other ab  norm  alities its sometimes associated with hypo  ventilation it can be associated with chronic respiratory aci  do  sis if it occurs together with metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis decreased blood acidity it is often due to v  om  iting it is usually the result of hy  pon  at  re  mia or elevated bic  ar  bon  ate concentration it occurs in c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis
hypo  cho  le  ster  ol  emia is the presence of abnormally low hy  po levels of cho  le  sterol in the blood emia although the presence of high total cho  le  sterol hyper cho  le  ster  ol  emia cor  relates with cardiovascular disease a defect in the body s production of cho  le  sterol can lead to adverse consequences as well cho  le  sterol is an essential component of mammalian cell memb  ran  es and is required to establish proper memb  rane perme  ability and flu  idity it is not clear if a lower than average cho  le  sterol level is directly harmful it is often encountered in particular illnesses
hypo  ch  on  dri  asis also known as hypo  ch  on  dri  a health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder refers to worry about having a serious illness this deb  il  itating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition an individual suffering from hypo  ch  on  dri  asis is known as a hypo  ch  on  dri  ac hypo  ch  on  dri  acs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect no matter how minor the symptom may be and are convinced that they have or are about to be diagnosed with a serious illness often hypo  ch  on  dri  a persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or if there is a medical illness their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease many hypo  ch  on  dri  acs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying such as ga  stro intest  inal problems pal  p  itations or muscle fatigue to qualify for the diagnosis of hypo  ch  on  dri  a the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months the dsm iv tr defines this disorder hypo  ch  on  dri  asis as a som  ato  form disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 of the visitors to primary care settings the newly published dsm 5 replaces the diagnosis of hypo  ch  on  dri  asis with the diagnoses of som  atic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder hypo  ch  on  dri  a is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness constant self examination and self diagnosis and a preoccupation with one s body many individuals with hypo  ch  on  dri  asis express doubt and dis  belief in the doctors diagnosis and report that doctors ’ reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is un  convincing or short lasting additionally many hypo  ch  on  dri  acs experience elevated blood pressure stress and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility a condition known as white coat syndrome many hypo  ch  on  dri  acs require constant reassurance either from doctors family or friends and the disorder can become a disab  ling tor  ment for the individual with hypo  ch  on  dri  asis as well as his or her family and friends some hypo  ch  on  dri  ac  al individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness whereas others frequently visit medical facilities sometimes obs  essively other victims of this disease will never speak about it
hypo  ch  on  dro  genesis is a severe genetic disorder causing mal  formations of bone growth the condition is characterized by a short body and limbs and abnormal bone formation in the sp  ine and pel  vis hypo  ch  on  dro  genesis is a subtype of coll  agen  opathy types ii and xi and is similar to another sk  el  etal disorder ach  on  dro  genesis type 2 although the spinal changes seen in hypo  ch  on  dro  genesis tend to be somewhat mil  der
hypo  ch  on  dro  pl  asia is a developmental disorder caused by an auto  som  al dominant genetic defect in the fi  bro  blast growth factor recep  tor 3 gene f  g  fr 3 that results in a disproportionately short stature micro  me  lia and a head that appears large when compared with the underdeveloped portions of the body it is classified as short lim  bed dwar  f  ism
in mathematics a hypo  continuous is a condition on bil  ine  ar maps of topo  logical vector spaces that is weaker than continuity but stronger than separate continuity
hypo  correction is a linguistic phenomenon which involves the purposeful addition of s  lang in an attempt to appear less intelligible or soften the description it contrasts with hesitation and modulation because rather than not having the right words to say or choosing to avoid them the speaker uses hypo  correction as a strategy
hypo  d  ac  ty  lia is the absence or partial absence of the fingers and or toes from birth onward
hypo  der  my  asis is a par  asi  tic infection by the lar  v  ae of war  ble flies most notably hypo  der  ma line  at  um and hypo  der  ma bo  vis these flies mostly infect cattle in the warmer areas of the northern hemisphere humans become hosts when they inadvertently swallow the eggs of those flies
in dentistry hypo  don  tia is the condition at which the patient has missing teeth as a result of the failure of those teeth to develop also called tooth agen  esis hypo  don  tia describes a situation where the patient is missing up to five permanent teeth excluding the 3 rd mol  ars missing third mol  ars occur in 9 30 of studied populations in primary denti  tion the max  illa is more affected with the condition usually involving the max  ill  ary lateral incis  or the condition of missing over five six or more permanent teeth excluding 3 rd mol  ars or wisdom teeth has been called oligo  don  tia the condition for missing all teeth either primary and or permanent is called an  od  on  tia a similar condition is hyper  don  tia in which there are more than the usual number of teeth more commonly called super  numer  ary teeth many other terms to describe a reduction in number of teeth appear in the literature ap  la  sia of teeth con  gen  it  ally missing teeth absence of teeth agen  esis of teeth and lack of teeth
hypo  estro  gen  ism or estro  gen deficiency refers to a lower than normal level of estro  gen the primary sex hormone in women in general lower levels of estro  gen may cause differences in the breasts gen  itals ur  inary tract and skin hypo  estro  gen  ism is most commonly found in women who are post  men  opa  usal have premature o  vari  an failure or are suffering from amen  or  rhe  a however it is also associated with hyper  pro  lac  tin  emia and the use of gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone gn  r  h analo  gues in treatment of end  ome  tri  osis it has also been linked to sco  li  osis and young women with type 1 diabetes mell  it  us
hypo  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia is a characteristic of common variable immun  o  deficiency
hypo  g  eu  sia is a reduced ability to taste things to taste sweet sour bitter or sal  ty substances the complete lack of taste is referred to as ag  eu  sia causes of hypo  g  eu  sia include the chem  otherapy drug ble  om  y  cin an anti  tumor antibiotic as well as zinc deficiency
hypo  glos  sia is a short in  completely developed tongue it can occur either as an isolated mal  formation or in association with other de  form  ities particularly limb defects in a syndrome known as or  om  andi  bul  ar limb hypo  genesis syndrome
hypo  gly  cem  ia also known as low blood sugar is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels this may result in a variety of symptoms including clum  sin  ess trouble talking confusion loss of consciousness seizures or death a feeling of hunger swe  ating shak  iness and weakness may also be present symptoms typically come on quickly the most common cause of hypo  gly  cem  ia is medications used to treat diabetes mell  it  us such as insulin and sul  fon  y  lu  re  as risk is greater in diabe  tics who have eaten less than usual exercised more than usual or have drunk alcohol other causes of hypo  gly  cem  ia include kidney failure certain tumors such as insul  in  oma liver disease hypo  thyro  i  dis  m starvation in  born error of metabol  ism severe infections reactive hypo  gly  cem  ia and a number of drugs including alcohol low blood sugar may occur in babies who are otherwise healthy who have not eaten for a few hours the glucose level that defines hypo  gly  cem  ia is variable in people with diabetes levels below 3 9 m  mol l 70 mg dl is diagnostic in adults without diabetes symptoms related to low blood sugar low blood sugar at the time of symptoms and improvement when blood sugar is restored to normal confirm the diagnosis otherwise a level below 2 8 m  mol l 50 mg dl after not eating or following exercise may be used in new  bor  ns a level below 2 2 m  mol l 40 mg dl or less than 3 3 m  mol l 60 mg dl if symptoms are present indicates hypo  gly  cem  ia other tests that may be useful in determining the cause include insulin and c pep  tide levels in the blood hyper  gly  cem  ia high blood sugar is the opposite condition among people with diabetes prevention is by matching the foods eaten with the amount of exercise and the medications used when people feel their blood sugar is low testing with a glucose monitor is recommended some people have few initial symptoms of low blood sugar and frequent routine testing in this group is recommended treatment of hypo  gly  cem  ia is by eating foods high in simple sugars or taking d  ext  rose if a person is not able to take food by mouth an injection of gl  uc  agon may help the treatment of hypo  gly  cem  ia unrelated to diabetes include treating the underlying problem as well and a healthy diet the term hypo  gly  cem  ia is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to idi  opathic post  pr  an  dial syndrome a controversial condition with similar symptoms that occur following eating but with normal blood sugar levels
hypo  gon  ad  ism means diminished functional activity of the gon  ads — the test  es in males or the ov  aries in females — that may result in diminished sex hormone bio  synthesis in lay  man s terms it is sometimes called interrupted stage 1 pu  ber  ty low and  ro  gen e g te  sto  ster  one levels are referred to as hypo  and  ro  gen  ism and low estro  gen e g estr  adi  ol as hypo  estro  gen  ism and may occur as symptoms of hypo  gon  ad  ism in both sexes but are generally only diagnosed in males and females respectively other hormones produced by the gon  ads that hypo  gon  ad  ism can decrease include prog  est  er  one d  hea anti mü  ll  er  ian hormone activ  in and inhi  bin sper  mato  genesis in males and ov  ulation in females may be impaired by hypo  gon  ad  ism which depending on the degree of severity may result in partial or complete in  fertility
hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism hh also known as secondary or central hypo  gon  ad  ism as well as gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone deficiency or gon  ad  o  tro  pin deficiency g  d is a condition which is characterized by hypo  gon  ad  ism due to an impaired secre  tion of gon  ad  o  tro  pins including fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh and lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h by the pit  u  itary g  land in the brain and in turn decreased gon  ad  o  tro  pin levels and a resultant lack of sex ster  o  id production
hypo  hi  dro  sis is diminished swe  ating in response to appropriate stimul  i while hyper  hi  dro  sis is a socially troubling but benign condition hypo  hi  dro  sis can lead to hyper  ther  mia heat exhaustion heat stroke and potentially death an extreme case of hypo  hydro  sis in which there is a complete absence of swe  ating and the skin is dry is termed an  hi  dro  sis
hypo  hi  dro  tic ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia also known as an  hi  dro  tic ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia and christ siemens tou  raine syndrome is one of about 150 types of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia in humans before birth these disorders result in the abnormal development of structures including the skin hair nails teeth and sweat g  lands
hypo  kal  emia also spelled hypo  kal  aemia is a low level of potassium k in the blood serum normal potassium levels are between 3 5 and 5 0 m  mol l 3 5 and 5 0 me  q l with levels below 3 5 m  mol l defined as hypo  kal  emia mildly low levels do not typically cause symptoms symptoms may include feeling tired leg cram  ps weakness and con  sti  p  ation it increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm such as brad  y  car  dia and cardiac arrest causes of hypo  kal  emia include diarr  hea medications like fu  ro  sem  ide and ster  oids dial  ysis diabetes insi  pi  dus hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism hypo  mag  nes  emia and not enough intake in the diet it is classified as severe when levels are less than 2 5 m  mol l low levels can also be detected on an electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g hyper  kal  emia refers to a high level of potassium in the blood serum the speed at which potassium should be replaced depends on whether or not there are symptoms or ec  g changes mildly low levels can be managed with changes in the diet potassium supplements can be either taken by mouth or intra  ven  ously if given by intra  ven  ous generally less than 20 m  mol are given over an hour high concentration solutions 40 m  mol l should be given in a central line if possible magnesium replacement may also require replacement hypo  kal  emia is one of the most common water – electro  ly  te imbalances it affects about 20 of people admitted to hospital the word hypo  kal  emia is from hy  po means under k  ali  um meaning potassium and emia means condition of the blood
hypo  kal  emic aci  do  sis is a normal an  ion gap metabol  ic aci  do  sis that has various direct and associated symptoms symptoms are associated with hypo  kal  emia instead of hyper  kal  emia
hypo  kal  emic periodic paralysis hypo  k  pp is a rare auto  som  al dominant chann  el  opathy characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis with a matching fall in potassium levels in the blood primarily due to defect in a voltage gated calcium channel in individuals with this mutation attacks often begin in adoles  cence and most commonly occur on awakening or after sleep or rest following stren  uous exercise attacks during exercise are rare high carbo  hydrate meals meals with high sodium content sudden changes in temperature and even excitement noise fl  ashing lights and induced by cold temperatures weakness may be mild and limited to certain muscle groups or more severe full body paralysis attacks may last for a few hours or persist for several days recovery is usually sudden when it occurs due to release of potassium from sw  oll  en muscles as they recover some patients may fall into an abor  tive attack or develop chronic muscle weakness later in life to differentiate it from guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome deep tend  on refl  exes are normal and 7 th cran  ial nerve is spared during an attack refl  exes may be decreased or absent some people only develop symptoms of periodic paralysis due to hyper  thyro  i  dis  m over  active thyro  id this entity is distinguished with thyro  id function tests and the diagnosis is instead called thyro  toxic periodic paralysis
hypo  k  ine  sia refers to decreased bodily movement one of the two categories of movement disorders hypo  k  ine  sia is characterized by a partial or complete loss of muscle movement due to a disruption in the bas  al gang  lia patients with hypo  k  ine  tic disorders like par  kinson s disease experience muscle rigidity and an inability to produce movement it is also associated with mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness amongst other diseases the other category of movement disorder resulting from damage to the bas  al gang  lia hyper  k  ine  sia features an exaggeration of unwanted motion like tw  it  ching or w  ri  thing in hun  t  ington s disease or tou  ret  te syndrome
hy  poli  po  prote  in  emia hy  poli  pi  dem  ia or hy  poli  pid  aemia british english is a form of dys  li  pi  dem  ia that is defined by abnormally lowered levels of any or all li  pi  ds and or li  po  proteins in the blood it occurs through genetic disease namely hypo  alph  ali  po  prote  in  emia and hypo  bet  ali  po  prote  in  emia malnutrition mal  absorption wasting disease cancer hyper  thyro  i  dis  m and liver disease
hypo  mag  nes  emia also spelled hypo  mag  nes  aemia is an electro  ly  te disturbance in which there is a low level of magnesium in the blood normal magnesium levels are between 1 7 – 2 2 mg dl with levels less than 1 7 mg dl 0 7 m  mol l defining hypo  mag  nes  emia symptoms include trem  or ny  stag  mus seizures and cardiac arrest including tor  s  ade de point  es causes include alcoholism starvation diarr  hea increased ur  inary loss and poor absorption from the intest  ines hypo  mag  nes  emia is not necessarily magnesium deficiency hypo  mag  nes  emia can be present without magnesium deficiency and vice versa specific electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g changes may be seen for those with severe disease intra  ven  ous magnesium sul  fate may be used the pre  fix hy  po means under contrast with hyper meaning over the root mag  nes refers to magnesium the suff  ix of the word emia means in the blood
hypo  mag  nes  emia with secondary hypo  cal  cem  ia h  sh is an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder affecting intest  inal magnesium absorption decreased intest  inal magnesium re  absorption and the resulting decrease in serum magnesium levels is believed to cause lowered par  ath  yro  id hormone p  th output by the par  ath  yro  id g  land this results in decreased p  th and decreased serum calcium levels hypo  cal  cem  ia this manifests in con  vul  sions and sp  as  ms in early infancy which if left untreated can lead to mental retar  dation or death h  sh is caused by mutations in the tr  pm 6 gene
hypo  mania literally under mania or less than mania is a mood state characterized by persistent dis  inhi  bi  tion and pervasive elevated euph  or  ic with or without irrit  able mood but generally less severe than full mania characteristic behaviors are extremely energetic tal  k  ative and confident commonly exhi  bited with a flight of creative ideas while hypo  man  ic behavior often generates productivity and excitement it can become troublesome if the subject engages in risky or otherwise in  advisable behaviors when man  ic episodes are staged according to symptomatic severity and associated features hypo  mania constitutes the first stage or stage i of the syndrome where  in the cardinal features euphoria or heightened irrit  ability pressure of speech and activity increased energy and decreased need for sleep and flight of ideas are most plainly evident
hy  pon  at  re  mia also spelled hy  pon  at  ra  emia is a low sodium level in the blood symptoms can vary from none to severe mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think headaches naus  ea and poor balance severe symptoms include confusion seizures and coma normal serum sodium levels are 135 145 m  mol l 135 145 me  q l hy  pon  at  re  mia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of less than 135 m  mol l and is considered severe when the level is below 120 m  mol l the cause of hy  pon  at  re  mia is typically classified by a person s fluid status into low volume normal volume and high volume low volume hy  pon  at  re  mia can occur from diarr  hea v  om  iting di  u  re  tics and swe  ating normal volume hy  pon  at  re  mia is divided into cases with dilute urine and concentrated urine cases in which the urine is dilute include adren  al in  sufficiency hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and drinking too much water or too much beer cases in which the urine is concentrated include syndrome of inappropriate anti  di  u  re  tic hormone secre  tion si  adh high volume hy  pon  at  re  mia can occur from heart failure liver failure and kidney failure conditions that can lead to fal  sely low sodium measurements include high protein levels such as in multiple my  el  oma high blood fat levels and high blood sugar treatment is based on the underlying cause correcting hy  pon  at  re  mia too quickly can lead to complications rapid partial correction with 3 normal sal  ine is only recommended in those with significant symptoms and occasionally those in whom the condition was of rapid onset low volume hy  pon  at  re  mia is typically treated with intra  ven  ous normal sal  ine si  adh is typically treated with fluid restriction while high volume hy  pon  at  re  mia is typically treated with both fluid restriction and a diet low in salt correction in those in whom the low levels have been present for more than two days should generally be gradual hy  pon  at  re  mia is one of the most commonly seen water – electro  ly  te imbalances it occurs in about 20 of those admitted to hospital and 10 of people during or after an end  ur  ance sporting event among those in hospital hy  pon  at  re  mia is associated with an increased risk of death the economic costs of hy  pon  at  re  mia are estimated at 2 6 billion in the united states
hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m is decreased function of the par  ath  yro  id g  lands with under  production of par  ath  yro  id hormone this can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood often causing cram  ping and tw  it  ching of muscles or tet  any involuntary muscle contraction and several other symptoms the condition can be inherited but it is also encountered after thyro  id or par  ath  yro  id g  land surgery and it can be caused by immune system related damage as well as a number of r  arer causes the diagnosis is made with blood tests and other investigations such as genetic testing depending on the results the treatment of hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m is limited by the fact that there is no artificial form of the hormone that can be administered as replacement calcium replacement or vitamin d can amelior  ate the symptoms but can increase the risk of kidney stones and chronic kidney disease
hypo  p  hal  ang  ism is a con  genital absence of one or more p  hal  anges bones of the fingers and toes
hypo  phar  yn  ge  al cancer is a disease in which m  align  ant cells grow in the hypo  phar  yn  x the area where the lar  yn  x and es  op  ha  gus meet it first forms in the outer layer epi  the  lium of the hypo  phar  yn  x last part of the phar  yn  x which is split into three areas progression of the disease is defined by the spread of cancer into one or more areas and into deeper tissues this type of cancer is rare only about 2 500 cases are seen in the us each year because of this hypo  phar  yn  ge  al cancer is difficult to catch in its earliest stages and has one of the highest mortality rates of any head and neck cancer
hypo  phosp  hat  asia is a rare and sometimes fatal metabol  ic bone disease clinical symptoms are heterogeneous ranging from the rapidly fatal per  in  atal variant with profound sk  el  etal hypo  miner  alization and respiratory compromise to a mil  der progressive o  ste  om  al  ac  ia later in life tissue non specific al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase tn  sal  p deficiency in o  ste  obl  asts and ch  on  dro  cy  tes imp  airs bone miner  alization leading to ric  kets or o  ste  om  al  ac  ia the path  og  no  mon  ic finding is sub  normal serum activity of the tn  sal  p enzyme which is caused by one of 200 genetic mutations identified to date in the gene en  coding tn  sal  p genetic inheritance is auto  som  al rec  essive for the per  in  atal and inf  anti  le forms but either auto  som  al rec  essive or auto  som  al dominant in the mil  der forms the prevalence of hypo  phosp  hat  asia is not known one study estimated the live birth incidence of severe forms to be 1 100 000
hypo  phosp  hat  emia is an electro  ly  te disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of phosphate in the blood the condition has many causes but is most commonly seen when mal  nourished patients especially chronic alcohol  ics are given large amounts of carbo  hydr  ates which creates a high phosphorus demand by cells removing phosphate from the blood ref  ee  ding syndrome because a decrease in phosphate in the blood is sometimes associated with an increase in phosphate in the urine the terms hypo  phosp  hat  emia and phosp  hat  ur  ia are occasionally used inter  change  ably however this is improper since there exist many causes of hypo  phosp  hat  emia besides over  ex  cre  tion and phosp  hat  ur  ia and in fact the most common causes of hypo  phosp  hat  emia are not associated with phosp  hat  ur  ia
hypo  pi  gm  entation is the loss of skin color it is caused by mel  an  oc  y  te or mel  an  in depletion or a decrease in the amino acid ty  ros  ine which is used by mel  an  oc  y  tes to make mel  an  in
hypo  pit  uit  arism is the decreased hy  po secre  tion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pit  u  itary g  land at the base of the brain if there is decreased secre  tion of most pit  u  itary hormones the term pan  hypo  pit  uit  arism pan meaning all is used the signs and symptoms of hypo  pit  uit  arism vary depending on which hormones are under  secre  ted and on the underlying cause of the ab  normality the diagnosis of hypo  pit  uit  arism is made by blood tests but often specific sc  ans and other investigations are needed to find the underlying cause such as tumors of the pit  u  itary and the ideal treatment most hormones controlled by the secre  tions of the pit  u  itary can be replaced by tablets or injections hypo  pit  uit  arism is a rare disease but may be significantly under  diagnosed in people with previous traumatic brain injury the first description of the condition was made in 1914 by the german physician dr morris sim  mon  ds
hypo  pl  asia from ancient greek ὑ  π  o hy  po under π  λ  ά  σ  ις plas  is formation ad  jec  tive form hypo  plastic is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ although the term is not always used precisely it properly refers to an inadequate or below normal number of cells hypo  pl  asia is similar to ap  la  sia but less severe it is technically not the opposite of hyper  pl  asia too many cells hypo  pl  asia is a con  genital condition while hyper  pl  asia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life atro  phy the wasting away of already existing cells is technically the direct opposite of both hyper  pl  asia and hyper  tro  phy hypo  pl  asia can be present in any tissue or organ it is descriptive of many medical conditions including underdevelopment of organs such as breasts during pu  ber  ty test  es in k  lin  ef  el  ter s syndrome ov  aries in fan  coni an  emia gon  ad  al dys  genesis tr  is  omy x th  ym  us in di  george syndrome lab  ia maj  ora in po  pl  ite  al p  ter  y  gi  um syndrome corpus cal  lo  sum connecting the two sides of the brain in agen  esis of the corpus cal  lo  sum cere  bell  um caused by mutation in the re  elin gene tooth caused by oral path  ology such as turner s hypo  pl  asia chambers of the heart in hypo  plastic left heart syndrome and hypo  plastic right heart syndrome op  tic nerve in op  tic nerve hypo  pl  asia sac  rum in sac  ral agen  esis facial muscle in asymmetric crying fac  ies thumb from birth lungs often as a result of oligo  hy  dram  ni  os during gest  ation or the existence of con  genital di  aphr  agm  atic her  nia small bo  wel in co  eli  ac disease fingers and ears in har  le  quin type ich  thy  osis man  di  ble in con  genital hypo  thyro  i  dis  m
hypo  pl  asia of dens is a con  genital non formation of the pivo  t point of the second cer  vic  al verte  bra which leads to spinal cord damage onset of the condition may occur at any age producing signs ranging from neck pain to quad  ri  ple  gia hypo  pl  asia of dens affects dogs it is more commonly seen in certain breeds including the chi  hu  a  hua the pap  illon the poin  ter and the yorkshire terri  er
hypo  plastic left heart syndrome hl  hs is a rare con  genital heart defect in which the left heart is severely underdeveloped the international working group for mapping and coding of nomencl  atures for paediatric and con  genital heart disease defined hl  hs as a spectrum of cardiac mal  formations with normally aligned great arter  ies without a common atri  o  ven  tric  ular junction characterized by underdevelopment of the left heart with significant hypo  pl  asia of the left ven  tric  le including at  re  sia sten  osis or hypo  pl  asia of the a  or  tic or mit  ral valve or both valves and hypo  pl  asia of the asc  ending a  or  ta and a  or  tic arch — t  cher  ven  kov et al p 344
hypo  plastic max  illa is the name given to the dysfunctional structural condition around which the oral disruption literally pi  voted it is associated with c  rou  z  on syndrome
hypo  plastic right heart syndrome is a con  genital heart defect in which the right atri  um and right ven  tric  le are underdeveloped this defect causes inadequate blood flow to the lungs and thus a blue or cyan  otic infant 3
hypo  pro  lac  tin  emia is a medical condition characterized by a deficiency in the serum levels of the hypo  thal  am  ic pit  u  itary hormone pro  l  acti  n
hypo  prote  in  emia or hypo  prote  in  aemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood there are several causes and all result in e  dem  a once serum protein levels fall below a certain threshold
hypo  pro  thro  m  bin  emia is a blood disorder in which a deficiency of pro  thro  m  bin factor ii results in impaired blood clo  tting leading to an increased physiological risk for bleeding especially in the gastro  intest  inal system cran  ial vault and superficial inte  g  um  entary system
hypo  refl  ex  ia is the condition of below normal or absent refl  exes a  refl  ex  ia it can be tested for by using a reflex hammer it is the opposite of a condition called hyper  refl  ex  ia hypo  refl  ex  ia is generally associated with a lower motor ne  uron deficit at the alpha motor neurons from the spinal cord to muscle whereas hyper  refl  ex  ia is often attributed to upper motor ne  uron le  sions along the long motor tracts from the brain the upper motor neurons are thought to be inhi  bit  ory of the reflex arc which is formed by sensory neurons from intr  af  usal fi  bers of muscles lower motor neurons including alpha and gam  ma motor fi  bers and app  ur  tenant inter  neurons therefore damage to lower motor neurons will subsequently lead to hypo  refl  ex  ia and or a  refl  ex  ia note that in spinal shock which is commonly seen in tran  section of the spinal cord spinal cord injury a  refl  ex  ia can occur transi  ently below the level of the le  sion and after a period of time become hyper  refl  ex  ic hypo  refl  ex  ia may have other causes including hypo  thyro  i  dis  m electro  ly  te imbalance including excess magnesium drug induced e g the symptoms of benzo  di  az  ep  ine in  tox  ication include confusion sl  ur  red speech at  ax  ia drow  sin  ess dy  sp  ne  a and hypo  refl  ex  ia
hy  pos  mia is a reduced ability to smell and to detect od  ors a related condition is an  os  mia in which no od  ors can be detected some of the causes of ol  faction problems are allergies nas  al poly  ps viral infections and head trauma it is estimated that up to 4 million people in the united states have hy  pos  mia or the related an  os  mia hy  pos  mia might be a very early sign of par  kinson s disease hy  pos  mia is also an early and almost universal finding in alzheimer s disease and dementia with lew  y bodies lifelong hy  pos  mia could be caused by k  all  mann syndrome
hypo  sp  adi  as ha  ɪ  po  ʊ  ˈ  spe  ɪ  d  ɪ  ə  s is a birth defect of the u  re  th  ra where the ur  inary opening is not at the usual location on the head of the penis it is the second most common birth ab  normality of the male reproductive system affecting approximately 1 of every 250 in approximately 90 of cases the opening me  atus is on or near the head of the penis gl  ans referred to as dis  tal hypo  sp  adi  as while the remainder have proxim  al hypo  sp  adi  as with a me  atus near or within the scro  tum shiny tissue seen extending from the me  atus to the tip of the gl  ans which would have made the ur  inary channel is referred to as the u  re  th  ral plate in most cases the fores  kin is also underdeveloped and does not wrap completely around the penis leaving the under  side of the gl  ans penis uncovered there may also be downward b  ending of the penis commonly referred to as chor  dee this is found in 10 of dis  tal hypo  sp  adi  as and 50 of proxim  al hypo  sp  adi  as at the time of surgery the scro  tum may be higher than usual to either side of the penis called pen  os  cro  tal transposition adding to the abnormal overall appearance hypo  sp  adi  as is thought to result from failure of the ur  inary channel to completely tu  bul  arize to the end of the penis the cause of hypo  sp  adi  as is not known most often it is the only abnormal finding although in about 10 of cases hypo  sp  adi  as may be part of a syndrome with multiple ab  norm  alities the most common associated defect is an und  es  c  ended tes  tic  le which has been reported in approximately 3 of infants with dis  tal hypo  sp  adi  as and 10 of those having proxim  al hypo  sp  adi  as the combination of hypo  sp  adi  as and an und  es  c  ended tes  tic  le sometimes indicates a disorder of sexual differentiation and so additional testing may be recommended otherwise no blood tests or x rays are routinely needed in new  bor  ns with hypo  sp  adi  as
normal e  jac  ulate when a man is not drained from prior sex and is suitably aroused is around 1 5 6 ml although this varies greatly with mood physical condition and sexual activity of this around 1 by volume is sperm cells hy  pos  per  mia would only usually be a factor in in  fertility if the two conditions hy  pos  per  mia and oligo  sper  mia are combined the u s based national institutes of health defines hy  pos  per  mia as a semen volume lower than 2 ml on at least two semen analyses the presence of high levels of fructose a sugar is normal in the semen and this comes almost entirely from the sem  inal ves  ic  le the sem  inal ves  ic  les major contributors to e  jac  ulate volume render semen ph basic thus low fructose may indicate problems in the pro  static path  way while low semen ph may indicate problems related to the sem  inal ves  ic  les obstruction of the sem  inal ves  ic  les result in low semen volumes since they normally produce 70 of the sem  inal plasma
hypo  t is a mathematical function defined to calculate the length of the hypo  ten  use of a right angle triangle it was designed to avoid errors arising due to limited precision calculations performed on computers
hy  pot  el  or  ism is a medical condition pertaining to eyes that have an abnormally small distance between them
hypo  tension is low blood pressure especially in the arter  ies of the systemic circulation blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arter  ies as the heart pumps out blood hypo  tension is generally considered if syst  ol  ic blood pressure less than 90 milli  meters of mercury mm h  g or di  ast  ol  ic less than 60 mm h  g however in practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present hypo  tension is the opposite of hyper  tension which is high blood pressure it is best understood as a physiological state rather than a disease severely low blood pressure can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients leading to a life threatening condition called shock though often associated with shock hypo  tension is not necessarily indicative of it for some people who exercise and are in top physical condition low blood pressure is a sign of good health and fitness for many people excessively low blood pressure can cause di  zz  iness and fain  ting or indicate serious heart endocrine or neuro  logical disorders
a hypo  ten  sive transfusion reaction or h  tr is a rare condition that presents with low blood pressure associated with administration of blood products the low blood pressure quickly resol  ves when the transfusion is stopped h  tr  s are caused by the production of brad  y  kin  in produced through factor xii activation by negatively charged surfaces such as filters when mechanisms for the degradation of brad  y  kin  in are impaired the pep  tide builds up and causes hypo  tension an  gi  ot  ens  in converting enzyme ace is primarily responsible for its degradation 75 but can be inhi  bited by administration of blood pressure medications called ace inhi  bit  ors poly  morph  isms in ace or am  ino  pep  ti  d  ase p ap  p another enzyme responsible for brad  y  kin  in degradation 20 may also contribute to h  tr  s
hypo  thal  am  ic disease is a disorder presenting primarily in the hypo  thal  am  us which may be caused by damage resulting from malnutrition including an  ore  x  ia and bu  li  mia eating disorders genetic disorders radiation surgery head trauma le  sion tum  our or other physical injury to the hypo  thal  am  us the hypo  thal  am  us is the control center for several endocrine functions endocrine systems controlled by the hypo  thal  am  us are regulated by anti di  u  re  tic hormone adh cor  ti  co  tro  pin releasing hormone gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone growth hormone releasing hormone oxy  to  cin all of which are secre  ted by the hypo  thal  am  us damage to the hypo  thal  am  us may impact any of these hormones and the related endocrine systems many of these hypo  thal  am  ic hormones act on the pit  u  itary g  land hypo  thal  am  ic disease therefore affects the functioning of the pit  u  itary and the target organs controlled by the pit  u  itary including the adren  al g  lands ov  aries and test  es and the thyro  id g  land numerous dys  functions manifest as a result of hypo  thal  am  ic disease damage to the hypo  thal  am  us may cause disruptions in body temperature regulation growth weight sodium and water balance milk production emotions and sleep cycles hypo  pit  uit  arism neuro  genic diabetes insi  pi  dus tertiary hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and developmental disorders are examples of precipit  ating conditions caused by hypo  thal  am  ic disease
hypo  ther  mia is defined as a body core temperature below 35 0 ° c 95 0 ° f symptoms depend on the temperature in mild hypo  ther  mia there is shi  vering and mental confusion in moderate hypo  ther  mia shi  vering stops and confusion increases in severe hypo  ther  mia there may be in which a person removes his or her clothing as well as an increased risk of the heart stopping hypo  ther  mia has two main types of causes it class  ically occurs from exposure to extreme cold it may also occur from any condition that decreases heat production or increases heat loss commonly this includes alcohol in  tox  ication but may also include low blood sugar an  ore  x  ia and advanced age among others body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36 5 – 37 5 ° c 97 7 – 99 5 ° f through thermo  regulation efforts to increase body temperature involve shi  vering increased voluntary activity and putting on warmer clothing hypo  ther  mia may be diagnosed based on either a person s symptoms in the presence of risk factors or by measuring a person s core temperature the treatment of mild hypo  ther  mia involves warm drinks warm clothing and physical activity in those with moderate hypo  ther  mia heating blankets and warm  ed intra  ven  ous fluids are recommended people with moderate or severe hypo  ther  mia should be moved gently in severe hypo  ther  mia ex  trac  or  po  real memb  rane oxy  gen  ation ec  mo or cardi  op  ul  mon  ary bypass may be useful in those without a pulse cardi  op  ul  mon  ary resusc  itation c  pr is indicated along with the above measures re  warming is typically continued until a person s temperature is greater than 32 ° c 90 ° f if there is no improvement at this point or the blood potassium level is greater than 12 m  mol lit  er at any time resusc  itation may be discontinued hypo  ther  mia is the cause of at least 1500 deaths a year in the united states it is more common in older people and males one of the lowest documented body temperatures from which someone with accidental hypo  ther  mia has survived is 13 0 ° c 55 4 ° f in a near drowning of a 7 year old girl in sweden survival after more than six hours of c  pr has been described in those in whom ec  mo or bypass is used survival is around 50 deaths due to hypo  ther  mia have played an important role in many wars hyper  ther  mia is the opposite of hypo  ther  mia being an increased body temperature due to failed thermo  regulation the term is from greek ὑ  π  ο meaning under and θ  ερ  μ  ία meaning heat
hypo  thyro  i  dis  m also called under  active thyro  id or low thyro  id is a common disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyro  id g  land does not produce enough thyro  id hormone it can cause a number of symptoms such as poor ability to tolerate cold a feeling of ti  red  ness con  sti  p  ation depression and weight gain occasionally there may be sw  elling of the front part of the neck due to go  itre untreated hypo  thyro  i  dis  m during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby which is called cre  tin  ism worldwide too little i  od  ine in the diet is the most common cause of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m in countries with enough i  od  ine in the diet the most common cause of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m is the auto  immune condition hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis less common causes include previous treatment with radioactive i  od  ine injury to the hypo  thal  am  us or the an  terior pit  u  itary g  land certain medications a lack of a functioning thyro  id at birth or previous thyro  id surgery the diagnosis of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m when suspected can be confirmed with blood tests measuring thyro  id stimulating hormone ts  h and thyro  x  ine levels prevention at the population level has been with the universal salt io  di  zation hypo  thyro  i  dis  m can be treated with le  vo  thyro  x  ine the dose is adjusted according to symptoms and normalization of the thyro  x  ine and ts  h levels thyro  id medication is safe in pregnancy while a certain amount of dietary i  od  ine is important excessive amounts can worsen certain types of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be i  od  ine deficient however it is unknown how often this results in hypo  thyro  i  dis  m in the united states hypo  thyro  i  dis  m occurs in 0 3 – 0 4 of people sub  clinical hypo  thyro  i  dis  m a mil  der form of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m characterized by normal thyro  x  ine levels and an elevated ts  h level is thought to occur in 4 3 – 8 5 of people in the united states hypo  thyro  i  dis  m is more common in women than men people over the age of 60 are more commonly affected dogs are also known to develop hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and in rare cases cats and horses can also have the disorder the word hypo  thyro  i  dis  m is from greek hy  po meaning reduced thy  re  os for shield and ei  dos for form
hy  poo  sm  ol  ar hy  pon  at  re  mia is a condition where hy  pon  at  re  mia associated with a low plasma o  sm  ol  ality the term hy  pot  onic hy  pon  at  re  mia is also sometimes used when the plasma o  sm  ol  arity is low the ex  trac  ell  ular fluid volume status may be in one of three states low volume normal volume or high volume
hypo  tric  ho  sis hy  po tric  ho osis is a condition of abnormal hair patterns predominantly loss or reduction it occurs most frequently by the growth of vel  lus hair in areas of the body that normally produce terminal hair typically the individual s hair growth is normal after birth but shortly thereafter the hair is shed and replaced with spar  se abnormal hair growth the new hair is typically fine short and brit  tle and may lack pi  gm  entation bal  dness may be present by the time the subject is 25 years old hypo  tric  ho  sis is a common feature of hall  er  mann – stre  i  ff syndrome as well as others it can also be used to describe the lack of hair growth due to chem  otherapy the opposite of hypo  tric  ho  sis is hyper  tric  ho  sis where terminal hair thick grows in areas that would otherwise normally have vel  lus hair thin for example abnormally thick facial hair growth in women
hypo  tric  ho  sis with juvenile mac  ular dy  stro  phy h  j  md or cd  h 3 is an extremely rare con  genital disease characterized by spar  se hair growth hypo  tric  ho  sis from birth and progressive mac  ular cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy
hypo  tric  ho  sis – ac  ro o  ste  ol  ysis – ony  cho  gry  pho  sis – pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma – period  on  ti  tis syndrome also known as hop  p syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a prominent pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma
hypo  tric  ho  sis – lymp  he  dem  a – tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia syndrome is a con  genital syndrome characterized by lymp  he  dem  a sw  elling of tissue due to mal  formation or mal  function of lymp  h  atics the presence of tele  gi  ec  ta  si  as small dil  ated vessels near the surface of the skin and hypo  tric  ho  sis or al  op  ec  ia hair loss lymp  he  dem  a usually develops in the lower extre  mi  ties during pu  ber  ty hair is normal at birth but usually lost during infancy tel  an  gi  ec  ta  si  as may present on the pal  ms and sol  es more commonly than on the scal  p legs and gen  italia the syndrome has been reported in association with both auto  som  al dominant and auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance patterns it is associated with a rare mutation of the trans  cription factor gene so  x 18
hyp  our  ic  emia is a level of ur  ic acid in blood serum that is below normal in humans the normal range of this blood component has a lower threshold set vari  ously in the range of 2 mg dl to 4 mg dl while the upper threshold is 530 micro  mol l 6 mg dl for women and 619 micro  mol l 7 mg dl for men hyp  our  ic  emia usually is benign and sometimes is a sign of a medical condition
hypo  vol  emia also hypo  vol  aemia or olig  emia is a state of decreased blood volume more specifically decrease in volume of blood plasma it is thus the intr  av  ascular component of volume contraction or loss of blood volume due to things such as bleeding or dehydr  ation but as it also is the most essential one hypo  vol  emia and volume contraction are sometimes used synonym  ously hypo  vol  emia is characterized by sodium salt depletion and thus differs from dehydr  ation which is defined as excessive loss of body water
hypo  x  emia or hypo  x  aemia in british english is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood more specifically it is oxygen deficiency in arter  ial blood hypo  x  emia has many causes often respiratory disorders and can cause tissue hypo  x  ia as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the body
hypo  x  ia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level hypo  x  ia may be classified as either generalized affecting the whole body or local affecting a region of the body although hypo  x  ia is often a pathological condition variations in arter  ial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physi  ology for example during hypo  ventilation training or stren  uous physical exercise hypo  x  ia differs from hypo  x  emia and an  ox  emia in that hypo  x  ia refers to a state in which oxygen supply is insufficient whereas hypo  x  emia and an  ox  emia refer specifically to states that have low or zero arter  ial oxygen supply hypo  x  ia in which there is complete deprivation of oxygen supply is referred to as an  ox  ia generalized hypo  x  ia occurs in healthy people when they asc  end to high altitude where it causes altitude sickness leading to potentially fatal complications high altitude pul  mon  ary e  dem  a ha  pe and high altitude cere  br  al e  dem  a h  ace hypo  x  ia also occurs in healthy individuals when breathing mixtures of gases with a low oxygen content e g while diving underwater especially when using closed circuit re  brea  ther systems that control the amount of oxygen in the supplied air a mild and non damaging inter  mit  tent hypo  x  ia is used intentionally during altitude train  ings to develop an athle  tic performance adaptation at both the systemic and cellular level hypo  x  ia is also a serious consequence of pre  term birth in the ne  on  ate the main cause for this is that the lungs of the human fe  tus are among the last organs to develop during pregnancy to assist the lungs to distribute oxy  genated blood throughout the body infants at risk of hypo  x  ia are often placed inside an incub  ator capable of providing continuous positive air  way pressure also known as a hum  i  dic  ri  b
hypo  x  ic pul  mon  ary vas  o  con  stric  tion is a physiological phenomenon in which pul  mon  ary arter  ies con  strict in the presence of hypo  x  ia low oxygen levels without hyper  cap  nia high carbon dioxide levels re  directing blood flow to al  ve  oli with a higher oxygen content the process might at first seem illogical as low oxygen levels should theoretically lead to increased blood flow to the lungs to receive increased gaseous exchange however it is explained by the fact that con  stric  tion leads to redistribution of blood  flow to better ventil  ated areas of the lung which increases the total area involved in gaseous exchange this improves ventilation per  fusion ratio and arter  ial oxy  gen  ation but is less helpful in the case of long term whole body hypo  x  ia this is seen in cop  d at altitude and in heart failure several factors inhibit this process including increased cardiac output hypo  cap  nia hypo  ther  mia aci  do  sis al  k  alo  sis increased pul  mon  ary vascular resistance inhal  ed an  esthe  tics calcium channel bloc  kers positive end expir  atory pressure pe  ep high frequency ventilation h  f  v iso  pro  ter  en  ol nit  ric oxide and vas  o  di  lators
hypo  x  ic venti  lat  ory response h  v  r is the increase in ventilation induced by hypo  x  ia it is initially elevated in low  land people who go to high altitude although it reduces significantly over time as people acc  lim  ati  ze hypo  x  ic venti  lat  ory response h  v  r is a term used in the study of anthropo  logy pertaining to human adaptation and stresses of high altitude
hy  ps  arr  hy  th  mia is an abnormal inter  ic  tal pattern consisting of high am  pl  itude and irregular waves and spi  kes in a background of chaotic and dis  organized activity seen on electro  encephal  o  gram eeg and frequently encountered in an infant diagnosed with inf  anti  le sp  as  ms although it can be found in other conditions in simpler terms it is very chaotic and dis  organized brain electrical activity with no recogniz  able pattern whereas a normal eeg shows clear separation between each signal and visible pattern gibbs and gibbs described hyp  sar  hy  th  mia originally spelled with one r in 1952 as random high voltage waves and spi  kes these spi  kes vary from moment to moment both in time and in location at time they appear to be focal and a few seconds later they seem to originate from multiple foc  i occasionally the spike discharge becomes generalized but it never appears as a rhy  th  m  ically repeti  tive and highly organized pattern that could be confused with a discharge of the peti  t mal or peti  t mal variant type in most cases of inf  anti  le sp  as  ms hy  ps  arr  hy  th  mia either disappears or improves during a cluster of sp  as  ms and or rem sleep hy  ps  arr  hy  th  mia rarely persists beyond the age of 24 months
hyp  so  dont is a pattern of denti  tion with high crowned teeth and en  am  el extending past the gum line providing extra material for wear and tear some examples of animals with hyp  so  dont denti  tion are cows and horses all animals that feed on gr  it  ty fi  bro  us material the opposite condition is called br  ach  y  dont
a hyp  some  tric curve is a his  to  gram or cumulative distribution function of elev  ations in a geographical area differences in hyp  some  tric cur  ves between landscap  es arise because the ge  om  orph  ic processes that shape the landscape may be different when drawn as a 2 dimensional his  to  gram a hyp  some  tric curve displays the elev  ation on the vertical y axis and area above the corresponding elev  ation on the horizontal or x axis the curve can also be shown in non dimensional or standardized form by scaling elev  ation and area by the maximum values the non dimensional hyp  some  tric curve provides an hydro  logist or a ge  om  or  pho  logist with a way to assess the similarity of water  sheds — and is one of several characteristics used for doing so
hy  stri  x like ich  thy  osis – deaf  ness syndrome also known as hid syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a ker  ato  der  ma
h  ür  th  le cell aden  oma is a rare condition often seen in women between the ages of seventy and eighty years old this aden  oma is often characterized by a mass of h  ür  th  le cells this mass is mostly benign but may be m  align  ant if the mass is m  align  ant the mass is referred as a fol  lic  ular thyro  id cancer or a h  ür  th  le cell carcin  oma
the i 40 bridge disaster was a bridge collapse that occurred southeast of web  bers falls ok  la  homa at 7 45 a m on may 26 2002 joe de  d  mon captain of the tow  boat robert y love experienced a fain  ting spell and lost control of the tow this in turn caused the bar  ges he was controlling to colli  de with a bridge pier the result was a 580 foot 176 78 m section of the interstate 40 bridge plunging into robert s ker  r reservoir on the ar  kansas river fourteen people died and eleven others were injured when several automobiles and tractor trailers fell from the bridge
inclusion cell i cell disease also referred to as mu  co  li  pi  do  sis ii ml ii is part of the ly  so  som  al storage disease family and results from a defective phosp  ho  transfer  ase an enzyme of the gol  gi apparatus this enzyme transfers phosphate to man  nose residues on specific proteins and serves as a marker for them to be targeted to ly  so  som  es within the cell without this marker the proteins are instead ex  cre  ted outside the cell — the default path  way for proteins moving through the gol  gi apparatus ly  so  som  es cannot function without these proteins which function as cat  abol  ic enzymes for the normal breakdown of substances e g oligo  sac  ch  ari  des li  pi  ds and gly  co  sam  ino  gly  cans in various tissues throughout the body i e fi  bro  bl  asts as a result a buil  dup of these substances occurs within ly  so  som  es because they cannot be degraded resulting in the characteristic i cells or inclusion cells these cells can be identified under the micro  scope in addition the defective ly  so  som  al enzymes normally found only within ly  so  som  es are instead found in high concentrations in the blood
in the mathematical sub  field of numerical analysis an i spl  ine is a mon  ot  one spl  ine function
the inter  pol  ated spread or i spread or is  pr  d of a bond is the difference between its yield to maturity and the lin  early inter  pol  ated yield for the same maturity on an appropriate reference yield curve if the bond is expected to repay some principal before its final maturity then the inter  pol  ation may be based on the weighted average life rather than the maturity
in computing i  if an abbreviation for immediate if is a function in several edi  tions of the visual basic programming language and col  d  fusion mark  up language cf  ml and on spre  ad  sheets that returns the second or third parameter based on the evaluation of the first parameter it is an example of a conditional expression which is similar to a conditional statement
the l  bm file extension is an image file in interchange file format i  ff structure to store image or pal  ette data most commonly you can find these files in inter  lea  ved bit  map il  bm format but some games are using a similar but simpler to use plan  ar bit  map p  bm format both formats commonly exist under the l  bm file extension occasionally appearing also as b  bm extension il  bm and p  bm formats are used by games from late 80 s and early 90 s that either originated from am  ig  a platform or had their assets such as graphics done on am  ig  a
ip  ex immun  odys  regulation poly  endocr  in  opathy enter  opathy x linked syndrome is a rare disease linked to the dysfunction of the trans  cription factor fo  x  p 3 widely considered to be the master regulator of the regulatory t cell line  age it leads to the dysfunction of regulatory t cells and the subsequent auto  immunity the disorder manifests with auto  immune enter  opathy ps  ori  asi  form or ec  zem  at  ous der  mati  tis nail dy  stro  phy auto  immune endocr  in  opath  ies overlapping with those seen in ap  ec  ed syndrome and auto  immune skin conditions such as al  op  ec  ia univer  sal  is and bull  ous p  emp  hi  go  id this auto  immunity is called ip  ex and it is the attack from the body s own immune system against the body s own tissues and organs early age onset of this disease in males causes severe enlargement of the secondary lymp  ho  id organs insulin dependent diabetes ecz  ema food allergies and infections there has been limited success in treating the syndrome by bone marrow transplantation
ip  o under  pricing is the increase in stock value from the initial offering price to the first day closing price many believe that under  priced i  pos leave money on the table for corporations but some believe that under  pricing is inevitable investors state that under  pricing signals high interest to the market which increases the demand on the other hand over  priced stocks will drop long term as the price stabili  zes so under  pricing may keep the issuers safe from investor litigation
in compu  tational complexity theory the class ip which stands for interactive poly  no  mi  al time is the class of problems sol  vable by an interactive proof system the concept of an interactive proof system was first introduced by sh  afi gold  w  asser silvio mic  ali and charles r  ack  off in 1985 an interactive proof system consists of two machines a pro  ver p which presents a proof that a given string n is a member of some language and a veri  fier v that checks that the presented proof is correct the pro  ver is assumed to be infinite in compu  tation and storage while the veri  fier is a prob  abil  istic poly  no  mi  al time machine with access to a random bit string whose length is poly  no  mi  al on the size of n these two machines exchange a poly  no  mi  al number p n of messages and once the interaction is completed the veri  fier must decide whether or not n is in the language with only a 1 3 chance of error so any language in b  pp is in ip since then the veri  fier could simply ignore the pro  ver and make the decision on its own
ip shuff  ling is the ability to set up a call path between two ip end  points by r  er  ou  ting the voice channel away from the usual t  dm bus connection and creating a direct ip to ip connection ip shuff  ling saves resources like t  dm bus time slots and media channels and improve voice quality by eliminating unnecessary co  dec conversions to enable ip shuff  ling there must be at least one common co  dec between the two point to point ip end  points ip shuff  ling can take place not only inside of a system but also between multiple systems this ability is particularly useful in a multi site call center environment where customer calls can be transferred from one person to another multiple times within the same transaction ip shuff  ling will tear down each call leg and re establish a point to point connection with the new calling party each time the call gets transferred saving valuable system resources
i  q classification is the practice by i  q test publishers of lab  eling i  q score ranges with category names such as superior or average there are several publishers of tests of cognitive abilities no two publishers use exactly the same classification labels which have changed from time to time since the beginning of intelligence testing in the early twentieth century i  q scores have been derived by two different methods since the advent of cognitive ability tests the first method historically was the ratio i  q based on estimating a mental age of the test taker rounded to a specified number of years and months which was then divided by the test taker s chronological age rounded to a specified number of years and months for example a mental age score of thirteen years and zero months for a test taker with the chronological age ten years and zero months results in a quo  ti  ent of 1 3 after doing the division the division result was then multiplied by 100 so that scores could be reported without decimal points thus the score in the example would be reported as i  q 130 the current scoring method for all i  q tests is the deviation i  q in this method an i  q score of 100 means that the test taker s performance on the test is at the median level of performance in the sample of test takers of about the same age used to norm the test an i  q score of 115 means performance one standard deviation above the median a score of 85 performance one standard deviation below the median and so on lewis ter  man and other early developers of i  q tests noticed that most child i  q scores come out to approximately the same number by either procedure deviation i  q  s are now used for standard scoring of all i  q tests in large part because they allow a consistent definition of i  q for both children and adults by the current deviation i  q definition of i  q test standard scores about two thirds of all test takers obtain scores from 85 to 115 and about 5 percent of the population scores above 125 historically even before i  q tests were invented there were attempts to classify people into intelligence categories by observing their behavior in daily life those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for vali  dating classifications based primarily on i  q test scores both intelligence classification by observation of behavior outside the testing room and classification by i  q testing depend on the definition of intelligence used in a particular case and on the reliability and error of estimation in the classification procedure all i  q tests show variation in scores even when the same person takes the same test over and over again i  q scores also differ for a test taker taking tests from more than one publish  er at the same age the various test publishers do not use uniform names or definitions for i  q score classifications all these issues must be kept in mind when interpreting an individual s i  q scores because they all can result in different i  q classifications for the same person at different times
i  atro  genic cal  cin  osis cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by calci  fication of the skin resulting from the de  position of calcium and phosphorus introduced by a medical procedure either inadvertently or as a specific therapy
ice ice is a disease condition of sea  weed ice ice is caused when changes in sal  inity ocean temperature and light intensity cause stress to sea  weeds making them produce a mo  ist organic substance that attracts bacteria in the water and induc  es the characteristic whit  ening and hard  ening of the sea  weed s tissues bacteria involved include those in the vi  bri  o aer  om  onas and cy  top  ha  ga flav  ob  ac  ter  ia complex  es the bacteria ly  se ep  id  er  mal cells and chlor  op  lasts turning the sea  weed tissue white the disease is known from sea  weeds including k  app  ap  hy  cus al  v  are  z  ii and eu  ch  eu  ma den  ticul  at  um economically important sources of carr  age  en  an in countries where sea  weed is harvested as a crop ice ice can wre  ak havoc on yields zam  bo  ang  a philippines had an outbreak of ice ice in 2004 and bali indonesia experienced an outbreak in 2009 a rise in surface sea temperatures of 2 3 degrees celsius can trigger ice ice outbreaks
an ice dis  c ice circle or ice pan is a natural phenomenon that occurs in slow moving water in cold clim  ates ice circles are thin and circular s  labs of ice that rot  ate slowly in the water it is believed that they form in ed  dy currents ice dis  cs have most frequently been observed in scandinavia and north america but they are occasionally recorded as far south as england and wales an ice dis  c was observed in wales in december 2008 and another was reported in england in january 2009 an ice dis  c was observed on the she  y  enne river in north dak  ota in december 2013 an ice circle of approximately 50 ft in diameter was observed and photograph  ed in lake kat  rine new york on the es  op  us creek around january 23 2014 in id  ah  o extreme weather led to a rare sigh  ting of an ice disk on the snake river on january 22 2014 an unusual natural phenomenon ice disks occur in slow moving water in cold clim  ates and can vary in size with circles more than 15 metres 49 ft in diameter observed
a brain freeze also known as ice cream headache cold stimulus headache tri  gem  inal headache or its given scientific name sp  hen  op  al  at  ine gang  lion  eur  al  gia meaning nerve pain of the sp  hen  op  al  at  ine gang  lion is a form of brief pain or headache commonly associated with consumption particularly quick consumption of cold beverages or foods such as ice cream and ice pops it is caused by having something cold touch the roof of the mouth pal  ate and is believed to result from a nerve response causing rapid con  stric  tion and sw  elling of blood vessels or a referring of pain from the roof of the mouth to the head the rate of intake for cold foods has been studied as a contributing factor ice cream headache is distinct from denti  n hy  pers  ensi  tivity a type of pain that can occur under similar circumstances the term ice cream headache has been in use since at least 31 january 19  37 contained in a journal entry by rebecca tim  b  res published in the 1939 book we didn t ask utopia a qu  aker family in soviet russia
ice diving is a type of penetration diving where the dive takes place under ice because diving under ice places the di  ver in an overhead environment typically with only a single entry exit point it is considered an advanced type of diving requiring special training although whether it constitutes technical diving is part of a wider debate within the diving community ice di  vers are generally te  thered for safety this means that the di  ver wears a special harness under the s  cuba unit a line is secured to this harness and the other end of the line is secured above the surface by one of a number of methods the di  ver also can use a weight harness integrated weight buo  yan  cy control device or a weight belt with two buck  les on it so the weights can not be accidentally released which would cause a run away as  cent into the ice sheet ice diving is a team diving activity because the di  vers line requires a line tender this person is responsible for paying out and taking in line so that the di  ver does not get tang  led communication to the di  ver or to the surface is accomplished by pulling on the line each series of tu  gs means a different thing there is a di  ver suited up and ready to enter the water at a moment s notice this di  ver is a safety di  ver and has his own tender his purpose is to assist the primary di  ver in the event of a problem di  vers who do not use a te  ther require extra training and full redundant s  cuba systems polar diving experience has shown that buo  yan  cy control is the critical skill affecting safety
ice segregation is the geological phenomenon produced by the formation of ice l  enses which induce erosion when moisture diff  used within soil or rock accumul  ates in a loc  alized zone the ice initially accumul  ates within small col  located po  res or pre existing cracks and as long as the conditions remain favorable continues to collect in the ice layer or ice lens wed  ging the soil or rock apart ice l  enses grow parallel to the surface and several centi  meters to several decim  eters inches to feet deep in the soil or rock studies between 1990 and present have demonstrated that rock frac  ture by ice segregation i e the frac  ture of intact rock by ice l  enses that grow by drawing water from their surroundings during periods of sustained sub  freezing temperatures is a more effective wea  thering process than the freeze th  aw process which older texts proposed ice l  enses play the key role in frac  ture of bedrock and frost induced he  aving of soils which are fundamental to wea  thering in cold regions frost he  aving creates debris and dramatically shapes landscap  es into complex patterns rock frac  ture in peri  gl  ac  ial regions alpine sub  polar and polar has often been attributed to the freezing and volu  metric expansion of water trapped within po  res and cracks however the majority of frost he  aving and of bedrock frac  ture results instead from ice segregation in ice l  enses in the near surface frozen regions ice segregation results in rock frac  ture and frost he  ave
ic  ep  hob  icity from ice and greek φ  ό  β  ος pho  bos fear is the ability of a solid surface to repe  l ice or prevent ice formation due to a certain topo  graphical structure of the surface the word “ ic  ep  ho  bic ” was used for the first time at least in 1950 however the progress in micro  patter  ned surfaces resulted in growing interest towards the ic  ep  ho  bic  ty since the 2000 s as a key  word the term “ ic  ep  ho  bic ” was used for the first time in scientific literature by kul  in  ich far  zan  eh in 2004 as well as in some industrial reports and by nasa
ich  thy  oph  thi  ri  us multi  fili  is commonly known as freshwater white spot disease freshwater ich or freshwater ick is a common disease of freshwater fish it is caused by the proto  zo  an ich  thy  op  thi  ri  us ich is one of the most common and persistent diseases in fish the proto  zo  an is an ec  top  ar  as  ite white no  d  ules that look like white grains of salt or sugar of up to 1 mm appear on the body fins and g  ills each white spot is an en  cy  sted parasite it is easily introduced into a fish pond or home aqu  arium by new fish or equipment which has been moved from one fish holding unit to another when the organism gets into a large fish culture facility it is difficult to control due to its fast reproductive cycle and its unique life stages if not controlled there is a 100 mortality rate of fish with careful treatment the disease can be controlled but the cost is high in terms of lost fish labor and cost of chemicals whit  es  pot is very damaging to the g  ills and skin in heavily infected fish it can cause a rapid deterioration of condition considerable distress and death infected fish have small white spots on the skin and g  ills fig 2 and fig 3 and produce excess m  uc  us due to irritation whit  es  pot causes most damage when entering and leaving the tissues of the fish this can lead to the loss of skin and ul  cers these wounds can harm the ability of a fish to control the movement of water into its body damage caused to the gill tissue of an infected fish can also reduce respiratory efficiency this means it is more difficult for the fish to obtain oxygen from the water and becomes less tolerant to low levels of dissolved oxygen
ich  thy  osis plural ich  th  yo  ses is a heterogeneous family of at least 28 generalized mostly genetic skin disorders all types of ich  thy  osis have dry thick  ened scal  y or fla  ky skin in many types there is cracked skin which is said to resemble the scales on a fish the word ich  thy  osis comes from the ancient greek ἰ  χ  θ  ύ  ς ich  th  ys meaning fish the severity of symptoms can vary enormously from the mil  dest most common type such as ich  thy  osis vul  gar  is which may be mistaken for normal dry skin up to life threatening conditions such as har  le  quin type ich  thy  osis ich  thy  osis vul  gar  is accounts for more than 95 of cases
ich  thy  osis acquis  ita or acquired ich  thy  osis is a disorder clin  ically and his  to  logically similar to ich  thy  osis vul  gar  is
ich  thy  osis bul  los  a of siemens is a type of famili  al auto  som  al dominant ich  thy  osis a rare skin disorder it is also known as bull  ous con  genital ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma of siemens or ich  thy  osis ex  foli  ativa it is a genetic disorder with no known cure which is estimated to affect about 1 in 500 000 people
ich  thy  osis hy  stri  x is a group of rare skin disorders in the ich  thy  osis family of skin disorders characterized by massive hyper  ker  at  osis with an appearance like spin  y scales this term is also used to refer to a type of ep  id  er  mal ne  vi with extensive bilateral distribution
ich  thy  osis lin  ear  is circum  fl  ex  a is a distinctive skin condition of generalized hyper  ker  at  osis and polycyclic and ser  pi  gin  ous er  y  them  at  ous pl  aqu  es with a characteristic migratory double ed  ged scale at the margins and is the typical cu  taneous manifestation of nether  ton s syndrome
ich  thy  osis pre  maturity syndrome ip  s is a der  mat  ological disease with known genetic causes this syndrome is a rare sub  category of auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital ich  thy  osis ar  ci it is associated with complications in the mid trim  ester of a pregnancy leading to premature births although most prevalent in individuals of scandinavian origin there have also been scattered cases in people of japanese italian and indian ethnicity this disorder is also referred to as ich  thy  osis con  genital type iv
ich  thy  osis vul  gar  is also known as auto  som  al dominant ich  thy  osis and ich  thy  osis simpl  ex is a skin disorder causing dry scal  y skin it is the most common form of ich  thy  osis affecting around 1 in 250 people for this reason it is known as common ich  thy  osis it is usually an auto  som  al dominant inherited disease often associated with fil  ag  gr  in although a rare non her  itable version called acquired ich  thy  osis exists
ich  thy  osis en con  fe  tti also known as ich  thy  osis with con  fe  tti con  genital retic  ular ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma cri  e and ich  thy  osis vari  eg  ata is a very rare form of con  genital ich  thy  osis in which healthy pat  ches of normal skin co exist within the abnormal skin areas the condition is caused by a fr  am  es  hi  ft mutation in the ker  atin 10 gene kr  t 10 mut  ant ker  atin 10 accumul  ates in the nucle  ol  us a sub nuclear structure rather than within cellular inter  med  ite fil  aments like the wild type protein children with the condition exhibit red fla  ky skin however for reasons not yet totally clear wild type cl  onal pat  ches of skin start to appear in place of the red fla  ky skin due to the cl  onal nature of the growth of the normal skin cells it appears the patient is covered with con  fe  tti hence the name of the condition it has been hypothe  sized that this is the result of a combination of mit  otic re  combination and natural selection within the skin
ic  tal brad  y  car  dia is a diagnosis in which people that have temporal lo  be epi  le  psy experience brad  y  car  dia and is also accompanied by seizures epi  le  ptic discharges brad  y  car  dia is defined by a slower than normal heart rate less than 60 b  pm normal range is 60 100 b  pm ic  tal epi  le  ptic discharges can effect changes in cardiac rhythm an increase in heart rhythm is common during seizures this type of epi  le  ptic seizure is known as ic  tal t  ach  y  car  dia in which the subject s heart rate increase of more than 10 beats per minute of above the baseline in comparison ic  tal brad  y  car  dia causes epi  le  ptic discharges that disrupt the normal cardiac rhythm in a negative fashion slowing the heart beat down by more than 10 beats per minute below the average baseline ic  tal brad  y  car  dia is a potential cause or reason for ic  tal as  y  stole to occur and is believed to help explain the phenomenon of sudden unexpected death in epi  le  psy su  de  p through the simultaneous use of electro  encephal  o  graph eeg and electro  cardi  o  grams ec  g researchers can monitor and record a patient going through ic  tal brad  y  car  dia seizures and most importantly provide treatment with both anti  epi  le  ptic drugs and cardiac pace as deemed necessary for the patient although there is limited amount of information about ic  tal brad  y  car  dia as it is a relatively new discovery and is considered to be rare condition researchers suggest that early diagnosis and treatment of ic  tal brad  y  car  dia can eliminate the chances of sudden unexpected death in epi  le  psy
ic  tal headaches are headaches associated with seizure activity they may occur either before pre ic  tal or after post ic  tal a seizure and in rare circumstances during a seizure many cases of ic  tal headache may be mis  diagnosed as migr  aine with a  ura or even cluster headache however while these conditions usually involve just one side of the head are unilateral an ic  tal headache may be centrally situated or cover the entirety of the head
id reactions also known as disseminated ecz  ema and generalized ecz  ema present with a variety of infectious disorders often occurring in response to an infl  am  matory tin  ea of the feet resulting in an ec  zem  at  ous der  mati  tis the infl  amm  ation is in the absence of a locally visible cause
ide  ational ap  ra  x  ia ia is a neuro  logical disorder which explains the loss of ability to concep  tu  alize plan and execute the complex sequences of motor actions involved in the use of tools or otherwise inter  acting with objects in everyday life ide  ational ap  ra  x  ia is a condition in which an individual is unable to plan movements related to interaction with objects because he has lost the perception of the object s purpose characteristics of this disorder include a disturbance in the concept of the sequ  ential organization of voluntary actions the patient appears to have lost the knowledge or thought of what an object represents this disorder was first seen 100 years ago by doctor arnold pick who described a patient who appeared to have lost their ability to use objects the patient would make errors such as comb  ing their hair with the wrong side of the comb or placing a pistol in his mouth from that point on several other researchers and doctors have stum  bled upon this unique disorder ia has been described under several names such as agno  sia of utilization conceptual ap  ra  x  ia or loss of knowledge about the use of tools or sem  an  tic amnesia of tool usage the term ap  ra  x  ia was first created by stein  th  al in 18  71 and was then applied by go  go  l k  us  ma  ul star and pick to patients who failed to pan  tom  im  e the use of tools it was not until the 1900 s when li  ep  mann refined the definition that it specifically described disorders that involved motor planning rather than disturbances in the patient ’ s visual perception language or symbolism
identity assurance in the context of feder  ated identity management is the ability for a party to determine with some level of certainty that an electronic cred  ential representing an entity human or a machine with which it inter  acts to effect a transaction can be trusted to actually belong to the entity in the case where the entity is a person identity assurance is the level at which the cred  ential being presented can be trusted to be a proxy for the individual to whom it was issued and not someone else assurance levels als or lo  as are the levels of trust associated with a cred  ential as measured by the associated technology processes and policy and practice statements
in mathematics an identity function also called an identity relation or identity map or identity transformation is a function that always returns the same value that was used as its argument in equations the function is given by f x x
in the design of database management systems the identity map pattern is a database access design pattern used to improve performance by providing a context specific in memory c  ache to prevent duplicate retri  eval of the same object data from the database if the requested data has already been loaded from the database the identity map returns the same instance of the already instan  ti  ated object but if it has not been loaded yet it loads it and stores the new object in the map in this way it follows a similar principle to lazy loading there are four types of identity map explicit generic session class
ide  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia often ima is a neuro  logical disorder characterized by the inability to correctly imitate hand gestures and voluntarily mim  e tool use e g pretend to brush one s hair the ability to spontaneously use tools such as bru  shing one s hair in the morning without being instructed to do so may remain intact but is often lost the general concept of ap  ra  x  ia and the classification of ide  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia were developed in germany in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries by the work of hugo li  ep  mann adol  ph k  us  s  ma  ul arnold pick paul fl  ech  si  g her  mann mun  k carl no  th  nag  el theod  or me  y  ner  t and lingu  ist he  y  mann stein  th  al among others ide  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia was classified as ide  o k  ine  tic ap  ra  x  ia by li  ep  mann due to the apparent dissoci  ation of the idea of the action with its execution the classifications of the various sub  types are not well defined at present however owing to issues of diagnosis and path  op  hy  si  ology ide  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia is hypothe  sized to result from a disruption of the system that relates stored tool use and gesture information with the state of the body to produce the proper motor output this system is thought to be related to the areas of the brain most often seen to be damaged when ide  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia is present the left par  ie  tal lo  be and the pre  motor cor  tex little can be done at present to reverse the motor deficit seen in ide  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia although the extent of dysfunction it induc  es is not entirely clear
ide  om  o  tor phenomenon is a psychological phenomenon where  in a subject makes motions un  consciously the ide  om  o  tor response or ide  om  o  tor reflex often abbreviated to im  r is a concept in hypno  sis and psychological research it is derived from the terms ide  o idea or mental representation and motor muscular action the phrase is most commonly used in reference to the process whereby a thought or mental image brings about a seemingly refl  exi  ve or automatic muscular reaction often of min  us  cule degree and potentially outside of the awareness of the subject as in refl  exi  ve responses to pain the body sometimes reacts refl  exi  vely with an ide  om  o  tor effect to ideas alone without the person consciously deciding to take action the effects of automatic writing dow  sing facilitated communication and ou  ija boards have been attributed to the phenomenon mys  tics have often attributed these effects to par  an  orm  al or super  natural force many subjects are un  convinced that their actions are originating solely from within themselves the associated term ide  o dynamic response or reflex applies to a wider domain and extends to the description of all bodily reactions including ide  o motor and ide  o sensory responses caused in a similar manner by certain ideas e g the sali  vation often caused by imagining sucking a lemon which is a secre  tory response the notion of an ide  o dynamic response contributed to james br  aid s first ne  uro psychological explanation of the principle through which suggestion operated in hyp  noti  sm
idi  opathic cd 4 lymp  ho  cy  top  enia ic  l is a very rare medical syndrome in which the body has too few cd 4 t lymp  ho  cy  tes which are a kind of white blood cell ic  l is sometimes characterized as hiv negative aids by aids deni  alists though in fact its clinical presentation differs from that seen with hiv aids people with ic  l have a weakened immune system and are susceptible to opportunistic infections although the rate of infections is lower than in people with aids
idi  opathic cran  io  facial er  y  them  a is a medical condition characterised by severe uncontrollable and frequently un  provoked facial blu  shing blu  shing can occur at any time and is frequently triggered by even mund  ane events such as talking to friends paying for goods in a shop asking for directions or even simply making eye contact with another person for many years the cause of the condition was thought to be an anxiety problem caused by a mental health disorder however in recent years experts in the field of the disorder believe it to be caused by an over  active sympathetic nervous system an automatic response which sufferers have no mental control over it is related to focal hyper  hi  dro  sis more commonly known as excessive swe  ating as it is caused by the same over  active nerves which cause excessive swe  ating sufferers of severe facial blu  shing commonly experience focal hyper  hi  dro  sis studies have also shown that patients with severe facial blu  shing or focal hyper  hi  dro  sis commonly have family members with one or both of the related disorders
idi  opathic erup  tive mac  ular pi  gm  entation is a skin condition developing in young persons with an average age of 11 characterized by as  ymp  tomatic widespread brown to gray mac  ules of up to several centi  meters in diameter on the neck trunk and proxim  al extre  mi  ties
idi  opathic facial as  ep  tic gran  ul  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a chronic pain  less solitary no  dule reminiscent of an ac  ne no  dule appearing on the cheeks of young children it has a prolonged course but spontaneously he  als
idi  opathic giant cell my  o  cardi  tis ig  cm is a cardiovascular disease the condition is rare however it is often fatal and there is no proven cure because of the unknown nature of the disorder ig  cm frequently leads to death with a high rate of about 70 in first year a patient with ig  cm typically presents with symptoms of heart failure although some may present initially with ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mia or heart block median age from the time the disease is diagnosed to the time of death is approximately 6 months 90 of patients are either deceased by the end of 1 year or have received a heart transplant diagnosis is made by end  om  yo  cardi  al biopsy during heart cathe  ter  ization biopsy shows multin  uc  le  ated giant cells and thus the name there is no treatment except for heart transplantation the trans  planted heart has a high chance of disease recurrence compared to lymp  ho  cy  tic presumed viral my  o  cardi  tis giant cell my  o  cardi  tis is much more severe with much more rapid progression it is suggested to be caused by t lymp  ho  cy  tes
idi  opathic gran  ul  om  at  ous hepatitis is a rare medical condition characterised by gran  ul  om  as in the liver recurrent fever my  al  gia and fatigue the condition is not a true hepatitis and some experts believe it is a variant of sar  co  ido  sis
idi  opathic gu  tt  ate hypo  mel  an  osis also known as leuk  opath  ia sym  me  tric  a progres  si  va is a very common acquired disorder that affects women more frequently than men presenting with skin le  sions that occur chiefly on sun exposed regions of the skin suggesting sun exposure may play a role
idi  opathic hyper  som  nia is a condition thought to be a neuro  logical disorder which is characterized primarily by excessive day  time sleep  iness eds it has historically been rarely diagnosed and is often very difficult to diagnose at an early stage it is usually a lifelong chronic disease which is often deb  il  itating there is a very low level of public awareness of idi  opathic hyper  som  nia which often leads to stigma for those who suffer from it there is currently no cure but there are several off label treatments which are primarily f  da approved narco  le  psy medications research funding for its study is scarce in the medical literature idi  opathic hyper  som  nia may also be referred to as i  h i  hs primary hyper  som  nia central hyper  som  nia or hyper  som  nia of brain origin the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth edition dsm iv defines idi  opathic hyper  som  nia as eds without narco  le  psy or the associated features of other sleep disorders it occurs in the absence of medical problems that can cause secondary hyper  som  nia and it occurs despite normal quality and quantity of night time sleep and sometimes despite exceptionally long periods of night time sleep primary hyper  som  nia is thought to arise from problems with the brain ’ s systems that regulate sleep and wake
idi  opathic inter  sti  tial pneumonia i  ip or non  infectious pneumonia are a class of diffuse lung diseases these diseases typically affect the pul  mon  ary inter  sti  tium although some also have a component affecting the airways for instance cry  pto  genic organizing pneu  mon  i  tis there are seven recognized distinct sub  types of i  ip
idi  opathic in  trac  ran  ial hyper  tension ii  h sometimes called by the older names benign in  trac  ran  ial hyper  tension bih or pseu  do  tumor cere  br  i pt  c is a neuro  logical disorder that is characterized by increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure pressure around the brain in the absence of a tumor or other diseases the main symptoms are stroke like headache naus  ea and v  om  iting as well as pul  sati  le tin  nit  us sounds perceived in the ears with the sound occurring in the same rhythm as the pulse double vision and other visual symptoms if untreated it may lead to sw  elling of the op  tic dis  c in the eye which can progress to vision loss ii  h is diagnosed with a brain scan to rule out other causes and a lum  bar punc  ture lum  bar punc  ture may also provide temporary and sometimes permanent relief from the symptoms some respond to medication with the drug ace  ta  z  ol  amide top  ir  am  ate fu  ro  sem  ide others or a combination but others require surgery to relieve the pressure the condition may occur in all age groups but is most common in women aged 20 – 40
idi  opathic o  ste  os  clerosis is a condition which may be found around the roots of a tooth it is usually pain  less and found during routine radio  graphs it appears as a radi  opaque light area around a tooth usually a pre  mol  ar or mol  ar there is no sign of infl  amm  ation of the tooth
idi  opathic pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis ip  f is a chronic and ultimately fatal disease characterized by a progressive decline in lung function the term pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis means scar  ring of lung tissue and is the cause of worsening dy  sp  ne  a short  ness of breath fi  bro  sis is usually associated with a poor prog  no  sis ip  f belongs to a large group of more than 200 lung diseases known as inter  sti  tial lung diseases il  ds characterized by the involvement of lung inter  sti  tium the inter  sti  tium the tissue between the air sac  s in the lung is the primary site of injury in il  ds however these disorders frequently affect not only the inter  sti  tium but also the air  spaces peripheral airways and vessels lung tissue from people with ip  f shows a characteristic hist  opath  o  logic pattern known as usual inter  sti  tial pneumonia u  ip u  ip is therefore the patho  logic counterpart of ip  f the term idi  opathic is used because the cause of pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis is still unknown ip  f usually occurs in adult individuals of between 50 and 70 years of age particularly those with a history of cigarette smoking and affects more men than women the diagnosis of ip  f requires exclusion of other known causes of il  ds and the presence of a typical radiological pattern identified through high resolution compu  ted tom  o  graphy hr  ct in the right clinical setting it is possible to make the diagnosis of ip  f by hr  ct alone obvi  ating the need for surgical lung biopsy treatment may include n  inte  dani  b or pir  fen  id  one
idi  opathic pul  mon  ary ha  emo  sid  er  osis or idi  opathic pul  mon  ary h  emo  sid  er  osis ip  h is a lung disease of unknown cause that is characterized by al  ve  ol  ar cap  ill  ary bleeding and accumulation of ha  emo  sid  erin in the lungs it is rare with an incidence between 0 24 and 1 23 cases per million people
idi  opathic s  cl  ero  sing mes  enter  i  tis ism or mes  enter  ic pann  icul  it  us is a rare disease of the small intest  ine characterized by chronic infl  amm  ation and eventual fi  bro  sis of the mes  enter  y it has also been called mes  enter  ic li  po  dy  stro  phy or re  tr  acti  le mes  enter  i  tis
idi  opathic scro  tal cal  cin  osis also known as idi  opathic calci  fied no  d  ules of the scro  tum is a cu  taneous condition characterized by calci  fication of the skin resulting from the de  position of calcium and phosphorus occurring on the scro  tum however the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood are normal idi  opathic scro  tal cal  cin  osis typically affects young males with an onset between adoles  cence and early adul  thood the scro  tal cal  cin  osis appears without any symptoms as yel  low  ish no  d  ules that range in size from 1 mm to several centi  meters
idi  opathic short stature iss refers to extreme short stature that does not have a diagnostic explanation idi  opathic design  ates a condition that is un  explained or not understood after an ordinary growth evaluation the term has been in use since at least 1975 without a precise per  centi  le or statistical definition of extreme
idio  syn  cratic drug reactions also known as type b reactions are drug reactions that occur rarely and un  predictably amongst the population this is not to be mistaken with idi  opathic which implies that the cause is not known they frequently occur with exposure to new drugs as they have not been fully tested and the full range of possible side effects have not been discovered they may also be listed as an adverse drug reaction with a drug but are extremely rare some patients have multiple drug intolerance patients who have multiple idi  opathic effects that are non  specific are more likely to have anxiety and depression idio  syn  cratic drug reactions appear to not be concentration dependent a minimal amount of drug will cause an immune response but it is suspected that at a low enough concentration a drug will be less likely to initiate an immune response
ig  a ne  ph  ro  pa  thy i  gan also known as ig  a ne  ph  ri  tis berger disease b  ɛ  ə  r  ˈ  ʒ  e  ɪ and variations or syn  phar  yn  gi  tic glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is a disease of the kidney or ne  ph  ro  pa  thy specifically it is a form of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis or an infl  amm  ation of the glo  mer  uli of the kidney ig  a ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is the most common glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis worldwide primary ig  a ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is characterized by de  position of the ig  a anti  body in the glo  mer  ul  us there are other diseases associated with glo  mer  ular ig  a deposits the most common being ig  a vas  cu  li  tis formerly known as hen  och – sch  ön  le  in pur  pur  a h  sp which is considered by many to be a systemic form of ig  a ne  ph  ro  pa  thy h  sp presents with a characteristic pur  pur  ic skin rash ar  thri  tis and ab  domin  al pain and occurs more commonly in young adults 16 – 35 years old h  sp is associated with a more benign prog  no  sis than ig  a ne  ph  ro  pa  thy in ig  a ne  ph  ro  pa  thy there is a slow progression to chronic kidney failure in 25 – 30 of cases during a period of 20 years
ig  a p  emp  hi  gus is a subtype of p  emp  hi  gus with two distinct forms sub  cor  ne  al pu  st  ular der  mat  osis also known as sne  d  don – wil  kinson disease distinct from and not to be confused with sub  cor  ne  al pu  st  ular der  mat  osis type of ig  a p  emp  hi  gus is skin condition that is a rare chronic recurrent pu  st  ular eruption characterized hist  opath  o  logically by sub  cor  ne  al pu  st  ules that contain abundant neu  troph  ils intra  ep  id  er  mal neu  tro  phil  ic ig  a der  mat  osis is characterized his  to  logically by intra  ep  id  er  mal bul  la  e with neu  troph  ils some e  o  sin  oph  ils and ac  anth  ol  ysis
ig  a vas  cu  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by infl  am  matory reti  form pur  pur  a
ig  g 4 related disease ig  g 4 rd is a chronic infl  am  matory condition characterised by tissue infiltr  ation with lymp  ho  cy  tes and ig  g 4 secre  ting plasma cells various degrees of fi  bro  sis scar  ring and a prompt response usually to oral ster  oids it is a relap  sing – re  mitting disease associated with a tendency to mass forming tissue destructive le  sions in multiple sites with a characteristic hist  opath  ological appearance in whichever site is involved the disease which was formerly also known as ig  g 4 related systemic disease is so named because plasma cells producing the anti  body subtype ig  g 4 are present in large amounts on tissue samples from involved organs and because serum ig  g 4 concentrations are elevated in approximately 60 – 70 of people during an acute phase infl  amm  ation resulting in fi  bro  sis the de  position of connec  tive tissue in affected anatom  ical sites can lead to organ dysfunction or even organ failure if not treated early detection is important to avoid organ damage and potentially serious complications treatment is recommended in all symptomatic cases of ig  g 4 rd and also in as  ymp  tomatic ig  g 4 rd involving certain anatom  ical sites
ig  g 4 related oph  thal  mic disease ig  g 4 rod is the recommended term to describe orb  ital eye socket manifestations of the systemic condition ig  g 4 related disease which is characterised by infiltr  ation of lymp  ho  cy  tes and plasma cells and subsequent fi  bro  sis in involved structures it can involve one or more of the orb  ital structures frequently involved structures include the lac  ri  mal g  lands extra  oc  ular muscles infra  orb  ital nerve su  pra  orb  ital nerve and eye  li  ds it has also been spec  ulated that lig  ne  ous con  junc  ti  vi  tis may be a manifestation of ig  g 4 related disease ig  g 4 rd as is the case with other manifestations of ig  g 4 related disease a prompt response to ster  o  id therapy is a characteristic feature of ig  g 4 rod in most cases unless significant fi  bro  sis has already occurred
ig  g 4 related pro  stati  tis is the term used to describe pro  state involvement in men with ig  g 4 related disease ig  g 4 rd which is an emerging fi  bro  infl  am  matory disease entity which is characterised i by a tendency to tu  me  fac  tive or mass forming le  sions in multiple sites of the body and ii by usually a prompt response to ster  o  id therapy men with ig  g 4 related pro  stati  tis may present synchron  ously or met  achron  ously with manifestations of ig  g 4 rd at other sites anywhere in the body
ig  g 4 related skin disease is the recommended name for skin manifestations in ig  g 4 related disease ig  g 4 rd multiple different skin manifestations have been described
ig  g deficiency selective deficiency of immun  o  glob  ulin g is a form of dys  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia where the proportional levels of the ig  g iso  type are reduced relative to other immun  o  glob  ulin iso  types ig  g deficiency is often found in children as transi  ent hypo  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia of infancy th  i which may occur with or without additional decreases in ig  a or ig  m ig  g has four sub  classes ig  g 1 ig  g 2 ig  g 3 and ig  g 4 it is possible to have either a global ig  g deficiency or a deficiency of one or more specific sub  classes of ig  g the main clin  ically relevant form of ig  g deficiency is ig  g 2 ig  g 3 deficiency is not usually encountered without other concomitant immun  o  glob  ulin deficiencies and ig  g 4 deficiency is very common but usually as  ymp  tomatic ig  g 1 is present in the blood  stream at a percentage of about 60 70 ig  g 2 20 30 ig  g 3 about 5 8 and ig  g 4 1 3 ig  g sub  class deficiencies affect only ig  g sub  classes usually ig  g 2 or ig  g 3 with normal total ig  g and ig  m immun  o  glob  ul  ins and other components of the immune system being at normal levels these deficiencies can affect only one sub  class or involve an association of two sub  classes such as ig  g 2 and ig  g 4 ig  g deficiencies are usually not diagnosed until the age of 10 some of the ig  g levels in the blood are un  detec  table and have a low percentage such as ig  g 4 which makes it hard to der  termin  e if a deficiency is actually present ig  g sub  class deficiencies are sometimes correlated with bad responses to pneu  moc  cal pol  ys  cac  ch  ari  des especially ig  g 2 and or ig  g 4 deficiency some of these deficiencies are also involved with pan  cre  ati  tis and have been linked to ig  g 4 levels
in mathematics an ig  usa ze  ta function is a type of generating function counting the number of solutions of an equation mod  ul  o p p 2 p 3 and so on
in mathematics the i  hara ze  ta function is a ze  ta function associated with a finite graph it closely resembles the sel  berg ze  ta function and is used to relate closed paths to the spectrum of the adjac  ency matrix the i  hara ze  ta function was first defined by yas  u  tak  a i  hara in the 1960 s in the context of dis  crete sub  groups of the two by two p adic special linear group jean pierre ser  re suggested in his book trees that i  hara s original definition can be re  interpreted graph theoretically it was to  shi  kaz  u sun  ada who put this suggestion into practice 1985 as observed by sun  ada a regular graph is a ram  anu  jan graph if and only if its i  hara ze  ta function satisfies an analogue of the ri  emann hypothesis
i  ich aa nav  a  jo i  ich  ʼ  ą  h is a culture specific syndrome in the nav  a  jo culture it causes behavior similar to am  ok a syndrome found in other cultures
ila pr e la is a birth  mark found amongst sam  o  an infants up until the last seventy years it was initially described in richard par  kinson s classic text thirty years in the south seas the mark is circular in shape about 10 cm across and lies just above the but  toc  ks of infants up to the age of six months it has a faint dark blue color the birth  mark is apparently homo  zy  g  ous rec  essive nearly all sam  o  an infants were born with this mark but any ance  stry outside of samoa however slight results in the infant not showing the mark the birth  mark is now very rare in samoa and can only be found occasionally on remote islands to the west
i  lei  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the i  leum a portion of the small intest  ine cro  hn s i  lei  tis is a type of cro  hn s disease affecting the i  leum i  lei  tis is caused by the bacter  ium law  s  onia in  trac  ell  ul  aris infl  am  matory bo  wel disease does not associate with law  s  onia in  trac  ell  ul  aris infection
an i  le  o  sig  mo  id knot is a form of vol  vul  us in which i  leum wrap  s around the base of the sig  mo  id and passes beneath itself forming a knot the exact cause of this condition is not known patients usually present with clinical features of colon  ic obstruction v  om  oting ab  domin  al dis  tension ab  domin  al pain blood stained sto  ols are frequent symptoms it is difficult to diagnose this condition before surgery ra  ve  en  thir  an described a tri  ad which may be useful in pre  operative diagnosis the tri  ad includes 1 clinical features sugges  tive of small bo  wel obstruction 2 radiological features sugges  tive of large bo  wel obstruction 3 inability to negotiate sig  mo  ido  scope or a fl  atus tube this is a surgical emergency that requires urgent res  ection of gang  ren  ous bo  wel and un  tw  isting of the vol  vul  us
i  le  us is a disruption of the normal pro  pul  sive ability of the gastro  intest  inal tract although i  le  us originally referred to any lack of dig  estive propulsion including bo  wel obstruction up to date medical usage restricts its meaning to those disruptions caused by the failure of per  ist  al  sis rather than by mechanical obstruction although certain older terms such as gall  stone i  le  us and me  con  ium i  le  us persist in usage they are now mis  no  mers which does not mean that they are incorrect or obsolete but rather that they are known to not sound like what they really are the word i  le  us is from greek ε  ἰ  λ  ε  ός ei  le  ós intest  inal obstruction
ili  op  so  as bur  si  tis is infl  amm  ation of a bur  sa sy  no  vi  al s  ac lying between ili  op  so  as muscle and hip joint lateral to fem  oral vessels pain is experienced over the same area and made worse by extension of hip joint
ili  o  ti  bial band syndrome it  bs or it  b  fs for ili  o  ti  bial band friction syndrome is a common injury to the knee generally associated with running cycling hi  king or weight lifting especially squ  ats
illegal immigration in chile is a growing phenomenon as many illegal immigrants from peru this illegal immigration phenomenon is due to chile growing economy
illegal immigration in china is a major problem particularly with north korean refugees and defec  tors fleeing their country the chinese government actively discourages this type of behavior out of fears that it may cause instability in the region and encourage more illegal immigration the government has been criticized for its aggressive approach to illegal immigration china is building a security barrier along its border with north korea to prevent the defec  tors or refugees from north korea also many immigrants from mongolia have tried to make it to china there might be as many as 100 000 africans and arabs in guang  zhou mostly illegal over  st  ay  ers to encourage people to report foreigners living illegally in china the police are giving a 100 yuan reward to whist  le  blow  ers whose information successfully leads to an expulsion
illegal immigration in nigeria is a serious problem and the border has become quite por  ous according to the government there are 1 497 illegal migration points to enter the country the government is investing millions to secure the border people from niger are biggest group of illegal immigrants
the illumin  ation problem is a resolved mathematical problem first posed by ern  st str  aus in the 1950 s str  aus asked if a room with mir  ro  red walls can always be illumin  ated by a single point light source allowing for repeated reflection of light off the mir  ro  red walls alternatively the question can be stated as asking that if a bil  li  ard table can be constructed in any required shape is there a shape possible such that there is a point where it is impossible to pot the bil  li  ard ball in a pocket at another point assuming the ball is point like and continues infinitely rather than stopping due to friction the problem was first solved in 1958 by roger pen  rose using el  lip  ses to form the pen  rose un  illumin  able room he showed there exists a room with cur  ved walls that must always have dark regions if lit only by a single point source this problem was also solved for poly  g  onal rooms by george to  kar  sky in 1995 for 2 dimensions which showed there exists an un  illumin  able poly  g  onal 26 sided room with a dark spot which is not illumin  ated from another point in the room even allowing for repeated reflections this was a borderline case however since a finite number of dark points rather than regions are un  illumin  able from any given position of the point source an improved solution was put forward by d castro in 1997 with a 24 sided room with the same properties
illusory correlation is the phenomenon of percei  ving a relationship between variables typically people events or behaviors even when no such relationship exists a common example of this phenomenon is the formation of a false association between membership in a statistical minority group e g african americans and a rare typically negative behavior e g drug abuse this false association is formed because rare or novel occurrences are more salient and therefore tend to capture one s attention this is one way stereotypes form and endure found that stereotypes can lead people to expect certain groups and traits to fit together and then to overestimate the frequency with which these cor  relations actually occur
illusory pal  in  op  sia greek palin for again and op  sia for seeing is a subtype of pal  in  op  sia a visual disturbance defined as the persistent or recurrence of a visual image after the stimulus has been removed pal  in  op  sia is a broad term describing a heterogeneous group of symptoms which is divided into halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia and illusory pal  in  op  sia illusory pal  in  op  sia is likely due to sustained awareness of a stimulus and is similar to a visual illusion the distorted perception of a real external stimulus illusory pal  in  op  sia is caused by migr  ain  es halluc  ino  gen persisting perception disorder h  pp  d prescription drugs and head trauma but is also sometimes idi  opathic illusory pal  in  op  sia consists of after  images that are short lived or un  formed occur at the same location in the visual field as the original stimulus and are often exposed or exacerbated based on environmental parameters such as stimulus intensity background contrast fixation and movement illusory pal  in  op  sia symptoms occur continuously or predictably based on environmental conditions
imaginary friends also known as pretend friends or invisible friends are a psychological and social phenomenon where a friendship or other inter  personal relationship takes place in the imagination rather than external physical reality although they may seem very real to their creators children usually understand that their imaginary friends are not real the first studies focusing on imaginary friends are believed to have been conducted during the 1890 s there is little information about the development and the appearance of imaginary friends in children however kla  usen pass  man 2007 report that imaginary compan  ions were originally described as being super  natural creatures and spirits that were thought to connect people with their past lives adults in early historic times had entities such as household gods and guardian angels and m  uses that func  tioned as imaginary compan  ions to provide comfort guidance and inspiration for creative work eventually the phenomenon of imaginary compan  ions passed on to children the era when children began having imaginary friends is unknown but it is possible the phenomenon appeared in the mid – 20 th century when childhood was emphasized as an important time to play and imagine
imagination also called the faculty of imagining is the creative ability to form images ideas and sens  ations in the mind without direct input from the senses such as seeing or hearing imagination helps make knowledge applicable in solving problems and is fundamental to integrating experience and the learning process a basic training for imagination is listening to stor  y  telling narrative in which the exac  tness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to ev  oke worlds it is accepted as the in  nate ability and process of inventing partial or complete personal real  ms within the mind from elements derived from sense perceptions of the shared world the term is technically used in psychology for the process of reviving in the mind percep  ts of objects formerly given in sense perception since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as imaging or imag  ery or to speak of it as reproductive as opposed to productive or constructive imagination imagined images are seen with the mind s eye imagination can also be expressed through stories such as fairy tales or fantasies children often use such narratives and pretend play in order to exercise their imag  inations when children develop fantasy they play at two levels first they use role playing to act out what they have developed with their imagination and at the second level they play again with their make believe situation by acting as if what they have developed is an actual reality
the im  bert – fi  od  ar  a  ŭ effect named after fi  od  ar ivan  avi  č fi  od  ar  a  ŭ 19  11 – 1994 and christian im  bert 19  37 – 1998 is an optical phenomenon in which circul  arly or el  lip  tically pol  arized light under  goes a small phase shift when totally internally reflected the phase shift is per  pend  icular to the plane containing the incident and reflected be  ams this effect is the circular polarization analo  g of the go  os – hän  chen effect
im  bric  ation is a phenomenon occurring in many ban  tu languages in which morph  em  es inter  we  ave in certain mor  p  hop  hon  ological conditions for example consider the set  sw  ana ver  b root rek a buy the passive voice is formed by adding the extension w to produce rek w a the perfect is formed by adding the morph  em  e ile to produce rek ile but when these are combined to produce the perfect form of the passive voice the ver  b becomes rek il w e with the perfect morph  em  e split into two pieces rather than the expected rek w ile
im  ino  gly  cin  ur  ia sometimes called famili  al im  ino  gly  cin  ur  ia is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder of ren  al tu  bul  ar transport affecting re  absorption of the amino acid gly  cine and the im  ino acids pro  line and hydroxy  pro  line this results in excess ur  inary ex  cre  tion of all three acids ur  ia den  o  tes in the urine im  ino  gly  cin  ur  ia is a rare and complex disorder associated with a number of genetic mutations that cause defects in both ren  al and intest  inal transport systems of gly  cine and im  ino acids im  ino acids typically contain an im  ine functional group instead of the amino group found in amino acids pro  line is considered and usually referred to as an amino acid but unlike others it has a secondary amine this feature unique to pro  line identifies pro  line also as an im  ino acid hydroxy  pro  line is another im  ino acid made from the naturally occurring hydrox  yl  ation of pro  line
an immature ter  atom  a is a rare type of m  align  ant can  cer  ous germ cell tumor type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs like a mature ter  atom  a it contains several different types of tissue such as hair muscle and bone unlike a mature ter  atom  a it contains primitive neuro  epi  the  lium
an immediately invoked function expression or iife pronounced i  ffy is a jav  as  cript programming language idi  om which produces a l  ex  ical scope using jav  as  cript s function sco  ping immediately invoked function expressions can be used to avoid variable ho  isting from within blocks protect against polluting the global environment and simultaneously allow public access to methods while retaining privacy for variables defined within the function this concept has been referred to as a self executing anonymous function but ben al  man introduced the term iife as a more sem  an  tically accurate term for the idi  om shortly after its discussion arose on comp lang jav  as  cript
immer  sion into virtual reality is a perception of being physically present in a non physical world the perception is created by surrounding the user of the v  r system in images sound or other stimul  i that provide an en  gros  sing total environment the name is a met  aphor  ic use of the experience of sub  mer  sion applied to representation fiction or simulation immer  sion can also be defined as the state of consciousness where a visitor maurice ben  a  you  n or immer  sant ch  ar davies s awareness of physical self is transformed by being surrounded in an artificial environment used for describing partial or complete suspension of dis  belief enabling action or reaction to stimul  ations encountered in a virtual or artistic environment the degree to which the virtual or artistic environment faithfully re  produces reality determines the degree of suspension of dis  belief the greater the suspension of dis  belief the greater the degree of presence achieved
immer  sion foot syndro  mes include tren  ch foot tropical immer  sion foot and warm water immer  sion foot
immigration to the united states is a complex demographic phenomenon that has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the united states the economic social and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity economic benefits jobs for non immigrants settlement patterns impact on upward social mobility crime and voting behavior in 2005 the united states per capita ranked 34 th out of 179 world nations in the number of immigrants allowed into the country prior to 1965 policies such as the national origins formula limited immigration and natur  alization opportunities for people from areas outside western europe exclusion laws enacted as early as the 18  80 s generally prohibited or severely restricted immigration from asia and quota laws enacted in the 1920 s curtailed eastern european immigration the civil rights movement of the 1960 s led to the replacement of these ethnic quotas with per country limits since then the number of first generation immigrants living in the united states has quadru  pled from 9 6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007 nearly 14 million immigrants entered the united states from 2000 to 2010 and over one million persons were natur  alized as u s citizens in 2008 the per country limit applies the same maximum on the number of visas to all countries regardless of their population and has therefore had the effect of significantly restricting immigration of persons born in populous nations such as mexico china india and the philippines – the leading countries of origin for legally admitted immigrants to the united states in 2013 nevertheless china india and mexico were the leading countries of origin for immigrants overall to the united states in 2013 regardless of legal status according to a u s census bureau study as of 2009 66 of legal immigrants were admitted on the basis of family ties along with 13 admitted for their employment skills and 17 for humanitarian reasons for those who enter the us illegally across the mexico – united states border and elsewhere migration is difficult expensive and dangerous virtually all undocumented immigrants have no avenues for legal entry to the united states due the restrictive legal limits on green cards and lack of immigrant visas for low skilled workers participants in debates on immigration in the early twenty first century called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the united states building a barrier along some or all of the 2 000 mile 3 200 km mexico u s border or creating a new guest worker program through much of 2006 the country and congress was immer  sed in a debate about these proposals as of april 2010 few of these proposals had become law though a partial border fence had been approved and subsequently canceled
im  mortality is eternal life the ability to live forever natural selection has developed potential biological im  mortality in at least one species tur  rit  op  sis do  hr  n  ii certain scientists fu  tur  ists and philosophers have the  orized about the im  mortality of the human body either through an immortal cell line researched or else deeper contex  tual understanding in advanced fields that have certain scope in the proposed long term reality that can be attained such as per mentioned in the reading of an article or scientific documentation of such a proposed idea would lead to and advocate that human im  mortality is achievable in the first few decades of the 21 st century whereas other advocates believe that life extension is a more achievable goal in the short term with im  mortality awaiting further research breakthroughs into an indefinite future the absence of aging would provide humans with biological im  mortality but not inv  ul  ner  ability to death by physical trauma although mind up  loading could solve that issue if it proved possible whether the process of internal endo  im  mortality would be delivered within the upcoming years depends chiefly on research and in ne  uron research in the case of endo  im  mortality through an im  mort  alized cell line in the former view and perhaps is an awaited goal in the latter case in religious contexts im  mortality is often stated to be one of the promises of god or other de  ities to human beings who show goodness or else follow divine law what form an un  ending human life would take or whether an im  material soul exists and possesses im  mortality has been a major point of focus of religion as well as the subject of speculation fantasy and debate
an immune disorder is a dysfunction of the immune system these disorders can be characterized in several different ways by the component s of the immune system affected by whether the immune system is over  active or under  active by whether the condition is con  genital or acquired according to the international union of immun  ological societies more than 150 primary immun  o  deficiency diseases pi  ds have been characterized however the number of acquired immun  o  deficiencies exceeds the number of pi  ds it has been suggested that most people have at least one primary immun  o  deficiency due to redundancies in the immune system though many of these are never detected
immune re  constitution infl  am  matory syndrome iris also known as immune recovery syndrome is a condition seen in some cases of aids or immun  o  suppression in which the immune system begins to recover but then responds to a previously acquired opportunistic infection with an overwhelming infl  am  matory response that paradoxically makes the symptoms of infection worse
immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia it  p is a type of thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a defined as isolated low plat  elet count thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia with normal bone marrow and the absence of other causes of thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia it causes a characteristic pur  pur  ic rash and an increased tendency to bleed two distinct clinical syndro  mes manifest as an acute condition in children and a chronic condition in adults the acute form often follows an infection and has a spontaneous resolution within two months chronic immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia persists longer than six months with a specific cause being unknown it  p is an auto  immune disease with antibodies detec  table against several plat  elet surface antigens it  p is diagnosed by a low plat  elet count in a complete blood count a common blood test however since the diagnosis depends on the exclusion of other causes of a low plat  elet count additional investigations such as a bone marrow biopsy may be necessary in some cases in mild cases only careful observation may be required but very low counts or significant bleeding may prompt treatment with cor  ti  co  ster  oids intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin anti d immun  o  glob  ulin or immun  o  sup  pres  sive drugs refrac  tory it  p not responsive to conventional treatment may require splen  ec  tomy the surgical removal of the sp  leen plat  elet trans  fu  sions may be used in severe bleeding together with a very low count sometimes the body may compensate by making abnormally large plat  el  ets
immune tolerance in pregnancy or gest  ational maternal immune tolerance is the absence of a maternal immune response against in other words immune tolerance towards the fe  tus and plac  enta during pregnancy which thus may be viewed as unusually successful allo  graf  ts since they genetically differ from the mother in the same way many cases of spontaneous abortion may be described in the same way as maternal transplant rejection it is studied within the field of reproductive immun  ology
immun  o  competence is the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen immun  o  competence is the opposite of immun  o  deficiency or immun  o incompetent or immun  o compromised examples include a new  born who does not yet have a fully functioning immune system but may have mater  nally transmitted antibodies immun  o  deficient a late stage aids patient with a failed or failing immune system immun  o incompetent or a transplant recipient taking medication so their body will not reject the donated organ immun  o  compromised there may be cases of overlap but these terms all describe immune system not fully functioning the us centers for disease control and prevention c  dc recommends that household and other close contacts of persons with altered immun  o  competence receive the m  mr var  ic  ella and ro  ta  virus vaccines according to the standard schedule of vaccines as well as receiving an annual flu shot all other vaccines may be administered to contacts without alteration to the vaccine schedule with the exception of the small  pox vaccine persons with altered immun  o  competence should not receive live attenu  ated vaccines viral or bacterial and may not receive the full benefit of in  activated vaccines in reference to lymp  ho  cy  tes immun  o  competence means that a b cell or t cell is mature and can recognize antigens and allow a person to mount an immune response
immun  o  deficiency or immune deficiency is a state in which the immune system s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent most cases of immun  o  deficiency are acquired secondary due to extr  ins  ic factors that affect the patient s immune system examples of these extr  ins  ic factors include infections such as by human immun  o  deficiency virus hiv extremes of age and environmental factors such as nutrition in the clinical setting the immun  o suppression quality of some drugs such as ster  oids can be utilised examples of such use is in transplant surgery as an anti rejection measure and in patients suffering from an over active immune system some people are born with defects in their immune system or primary immun  o  deficiency a person who has an immun  o  deficiency of any kind is said to be immun  o  compromised an immun  o  compromised person may be particularly vulnerable to opportunistic infections in addition to normal infections that could affect everyone immun  o  deficiency may also decrease cancer immun  o  surveillance
immun  o  deficiency with hyper  immun  o  glob  ulin m is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent infections low or absent ig  g i  ge and ig  a levels and normal or elevated levels of ig  m and ig  d
ic  f syndrome or immun  o  deficiency cent  ro  mere instability and facial anomalies syndrome is a very rare auto  som  al rec  essive immune disorder
immun  o  dominance is the immun  ological phenomenon in which immune responses are mounted against only a few of the anti  genic pep  ti  des out of the many produced that is despite multiple all  el  ic variations of mh  c molecules and multiple pep  ti  des presented on antigen presenting cells the immune response is skewed to only specific combinations of the two immun  o  dominance is evident for both anti  body medi  ated immunity and cell medi  ated immunity epit  op  es that are not targeted or targeted to a lower degree during an immune response are known as sub  dominant epit  op  es the impact of immun  o  dominance is immun  o  domination where immun  o  dominant epit  op  es will curtail immune responses against non dominant epit  op  es antigen presenting cells such as d  end  ri  tic cells can have up to six different types of mh  c molecules for antigen presentation there is a potential for generation of hundreds to thousands of different pep  ti  des from the proteins of pathogens yet the effec  tor cell population that is reactive against the pathogen is dominated by cells that recognize only a certain class of mh  c bound to only certain pathogen derived pep  ti  des presented by that mh  c class antigens from a particular pathogen can be of variable immun  o  gen  icity with the antigen that stimulates the strongest response being the immun  o  dominant one the different levels of immun  o  gen  icity amongst antigens forms what is known as dominance hierarchy
immun  o  gen  icity is the ability of a particular substance such as an antigen or epit  ope to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or animal in other words immun  o  gen  icity is the ability to induce a hu  moral and or cell medi  ated immune responses differentiation has to be made between wanted and unwanted immun  o  gen  icity wanted immun  o  gen  icity is typically related with vaccines where the injection of an antigen the vaccine provo  kes an immune response against the pathogen virus bacteria aiming at protecting the organism vaccine development is a complex multi  step process immun  o  gen  icity being at the center of the vaccine efficiency unwanted immun  o  gen  icity is an immune response by an organism against a therapeutic antigen ex re  combin  ant protein or mono  cl  onal anti  body this reaction leads to production of anti drug antibodies adas in  activating the therapeutic effects of the treatment and in rare cases inducing adverse effects the prediction of the immun  ogenic potential of novel protein therapeu  tics is thus a challenge in bio  therapy
immun  o  glob  ulin y abbreviated as i  gy is a type of immun  o  glob  ulin which is the major anti  body in bird rep  tile and lun  g  fish blood it is also found in high concentrations in chicken egg y  ol  k as with the other immun  o  glob  ul  ins i  gy is a class of proteins which are formed by the immune system in reaction to certain foreign substances and specifically recognize them i  gy is often mis  labelled as immun  o  glob  ulin g ig  g in older literature and sometimes even in commercial product catalogues due to its functional similarity to mammalian ig  g and immun  o  glob  ulin e i  ge however this older nomenclature is obsolete since i  gy differs both structurally and func  tionally from mammalian ig  g and does not cross react with antibodies raised against mammalian ig  g since chickens can lay eggs almost every day and the y  ol  k of an immun  ised hen s egg contains a high concentration of i  gy chickens are gradually becoming popular as a source of custom  ised antibodies for research usually mammals such as rabbits or goats are injected with the antigen of interest by the researcher or a contract laboratory ducks produce a tr  unc  ated form of i  gy which is missing part of the fc region as a result it cannot bind complement or be picked up by macro  p  ha  ges this may be one reason ducks are less easily killed by avian influenza compared to chickens but can still become infected and spread the virus easily i  gy has also been analyzed in the chinese soft sh  elled turtle pel  o  dis  cus sin  ensis
immun  o  prolifer  ative disorders also known as immun  o  prolifer  ative diseases or immun  o  prolifer  ative ne  op  las  ms are disorders of the immune system that are characterized by the abnormal proliferation of the primary cells of the immune system which includes b cells t cells and natural killer nk cells or by the excessive production of immun  o  glob  ul  ins also known as antibodies
in object oriented programming im  mu  table interface is a pattern for designing an im  mu  table object the im  mu  table interface pattern involves defining a type which does not provide any methods which mut  ate state objects which are referenced by that type are not seen to have any mu  table state and appear im  mu  table
imp  acted wisdom teeth or imp  acted third mol  ars are wisdom teeth which do not fully erup  t into the mouth because of block  age from other teeth imp  action if the wisdom teeth do not have an open connection to the mouth pain can develop with the onset of infl  amm  ation or infection or damage to the adjacent teeth wisdom teeth likely become imp  acted because of a mis  match between the size of the teeth and the size of the jaw imp  acted wisdom teeth are classified by their direction of imp  action their depth compared to the biting surface of adjacent teeth and the amount of the tooth s crown that extends through gum tissue or bone imp  acted wisdom teeth can also be classified by the presence or absence of symptoms and disease screening for the presence of wisdom teeth often begins in late adoles  cence when a partially developed tooth may become imp  acted screening commonly includes clinical examination as well as x rays such as pan  or  am  ic radio  graphs infection resulting from imp  acted wisdom teeth can be initially treated with antibiotics local debri  d  ement or soft tissue surgery of the gum tissue over  lying the tooth over time most of these treatments tend to fail and patients develop recurrent symptoms the most common treatment is wisdom tooth removal the risks of wisdom tooth removal are roughly proportional to the difficulty of the extraction sometimes when there is a high risk to the inferior al  ve  ol  ar nerve only the crown of the tooth will be removed intentionally leaving the roots in a procedure called a coron  ec  tomy the long term risk of coron  ec  tomy is that chronic infection can persist from the tooth remnants the prog  no  sis for the second mol  ar is good following the wisdom teeth removal with the likelihood of bone loss after surgery increased when the extr  actions are completed in people who are 25 years of age or older a treatment controversy exists about the need for and timing of the removal of disease free imp  acted wisdom teeth that are not causing problems supporters of early removal cite the increasing risks for extraction over time and the costs of monitoring the wisdom teeth that are not removed supporters for retaining wisdom teeth cite the risk and cost of unnecessary surgery this condition affects up to 72 of the swedish population wisdom teeth have been described in the ancient texts of plato and hippo  crates the works of darwin and in the earliest manu  als of operative dentistry it was the meeting of sterile technique radi  ology and ana  esthesia in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries that allowed the more routine management of imp  acted wisdom teeth
imp  action is bo  wel obstruction that can occur in various kinds of animals when they consume something that they cannot dig  est for example in repti  les common causes of imp  action are rocks and sand which might be accidentally consumed when the rep  tile attacks its prey in livestock rough fodder such as straw can risk imp  action once the substance is ing  ested it will block the dig  estive tract and if untreated cause death
impaired fast  ing glucose if  g is a type of pre  diabetes in which the blood sugar level during fast  ing is consistently higher than what are considered normal levels however the level is not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes mell  it  us this pre diabe  tic state is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular path  ology although of lesser risk than impaired glucose tolerance ig  t if  g can progress to type 2 diabetes mell  it  us if lifestyle changes are not made there is a 50 risk over 10 years of progressing to over  t diabetes a recent study cited the average time for progression as less than three years fast  ing blood glucose levels are in a continu  um within a given population with higher fast  ing glucose levels corresponding to a higher risk for complications caused by the high glucose levels impaired fast  ing glucose is defined as a fast  ing glucose that is higher than the upper limit of normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes mell  it  us some patients with impaired fast  ing glucose can also be diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance but many have normal responses to a glucose tolerance test
impaired glucose tolerance ig  t is a pre diabe  tic state of hyper  gly  cem  ia that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular path  ology ig  t may precede type 2 diabetes mell  it  us by many years ig  t is also a risk factor for mortality
the imp  ak  t festival is a yearly manifestation on media art founded in 1988 in the city of u  tre  cht netherlands it show  cases films video art performances music conferences and other special events with works from international artists dealing with questions about society digital culture and media the festival aims to tackle pressing questions from an inter  disciplinary perspective
imp  al  ement as a method of execution is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake pole spe  ar or hook often by complete or partial per  for  ation of the tor  so it was used particularly in response to crimes against the state and regarded across a number of cultures as a very harsh form of capital punishment and recorded in myth and art imp  al  ement was also used during wartime to suppress rebellion punish tra  itors or collaborators and as a punishment for breaches of military discipline off  enses where imp  al  ement was occasionally employed include contempt for the state s responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery violating state policies or monopolies or subver  ting standards for trade offenders have also been imp  aled for a variety of cultural sexual and religious reasons references to imp  al  ement in baby  lon  ia and the neo assy  rian empire are found as early as the 18 th century bc within the ottoman empire this form of execution continued into the 20 th century
impec  c  ability is the absence of sin christianity teaches this to be an attribute of god logically god cannot sin it would mean that he would act against his own will and nature and therefore it is also commonly but not un  controversi  ally attributed to christ
an imper  for  ate an  us or ano  rec  tal mal  formations arms are birth defects in which the rec  tum is mal  formed arms are a spectrum of different con  genital anomalies in males and females that varies from fairly minor le  sions to complex anomalies the cause of arms is unknown the genetic basis of these anomalies is very complex because of their anatom  ical vari  ability in 8 of patients genetic factors are clearly associated with arms ano  rec  tal mal  formation in cur  r  ar  ino syndrome represents the only association for which the gene hl  xb 9 has been identified
an imper  for  ate hy  men is a con  genital disorder where a hy  men without an opening completely obstruc  ts the vag  ina it is caused by a failure of the hy  men to per  for  ate during fe  tal development it is most often diagnosed in adoles  cent girls when men  str  ual blood accumul  ates in the vag  ina and sometimes also in the uter  us it is treated by surgical inc  ision of the hy  men
an imper  for  ate lac  ri  mal punc  tum is a con  genital disorder of dogs involving the lack of an opening to the nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t tear duc  t in the con  junc  tiva dogs normally have two lac  ri  mal punc  ta the superior and inferior this condition can affect either or both symptoms include excessive tearing and tear stain  ing of the hair around the eye affected breeds include the american coc  ker spani  el bed  l  ington terri  er golden retri  ever po  odle and sam  o  yed imper  for  ate lac  ri  mal punc  ta can be corrected by surgical opening of the punc  tum
impe  ti  go is a bacterial infection that involves the superficial skin the most common presentation is yel  low  ish cr  ust on the face arms or legs less commonly there may be large bl  is  ters which affect the gro  in or ar  mp  its the le  sions may be painful or it  chy fever is un  common it is typically due to either stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us or st  rep  to  co  cc  us py  o  genes risk factors include attending day  care crowding poor nutrition diabetes contact sports and breaks in the skin such as from mosquito bites ecz  ema or s  cab  ies with contact it can spread around or between people diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms prevention is by hand  washing avoiding people who are infected and cleaning injuries treatment is typically with antibiotic cre  ams such as mu  pi  roc  in or fu  sid  ic acid antibiotics by mouth such as cephal  ex  in may be used if large areas are affected antibiotic resistant forms have been found impe  ti  go affected about 140 million people 2 of the population in 2010 it is most common in young children but can occur at any age without treatment people typically get better within three weeks complications may include cell  u  li  tis or post  st  rep  to  coc  cal glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis the name is from the latin impe  ter  e meaning attack
impe  ti  go her  peti  form  is is a form of severe pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis occurring in pregnancy which may occur during any trim  ester it is the only well known pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis which is treated with ster  oids
im  pi  ety is a perceived lack of proper respect for something considered sacred im  pi  ety is often closely associated with sac  ri  lege though it is not necessarily a physical action im  pi  ety cannot be associated with a cult as it implies a larger belief system was dis  respected one of the p  agan objections to christianity was that unlike other mystery religions early christians refused to cast a pinch of inc  ense before the images of the gods an im  pious act in their eyes im  pi  ety in ancient civilizations was a civic concern rather than religious it was believed that im  pious actions such as disrespect towards sacred objects or priests could bring down the wrath of the gods im  pi  ety was often used to prosecute athe  ists
shoulder imp  ing  ement syndrome also called sub  acro  mi  al imp  ing  ement painful arc syndrome supr  asp  in  atus syndrome swim  mer s shoulder and thro  wer s shoulder is a clinical syndrome which occurs when the tend  ons of the rot  ator cuff muscles become irritated and infl  amed as they pass through the sub  acro  mi  al space the passage beneath the acro  m  ion this can result in pain weakness and loss of movement at the shoulder
in financial markets implementation shortfall is the difference between the decision price and the final execution price including commissions taxes etc for a trade this is also known as the sli  pp  age agency trading is largely concerned with minim  izing implementation shortfall and finding liquidity
implicit di  vesti  ture is the ability of the supreme court of the united states to solely determine the extent of an indian nation s sovereignty an approach of recent decades to federal indian policy which is contradictory to u s constitutional protections of native american sovereignty the issue of indigenous sovereignty rights and their protections under federal trust in the united states was asserted in the 19 th century through supreme court cases called the marshall tri  logy of johnson v mc  in  to  sh ch  ero  kee nation v georgia and wor  c  ester v georgia as indian law writer andrew fletcher terms it the “ colonial tri  logy ” of oli  ph  ant v su  qu  am  ish indian tribe montana v united states and nevada v hic  ks undermined tribal sovereignty through their introduction of “ implicit di  vesti  ture ” its application in respect to the united nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples is yet to be tested
an importation right is the legal ability to import a product into a certain country importation means sending goods from one country to another right means in accord with law
im  pos  ex is a disorder in sea sn  ails caused by the toxic effects of certain marine pollutants these pollutants cause female sea sn  ails marine gastro  pod molluscs to develop male sex organs such as a penis and a vas defer  ens
improvis  ed sit  coms are a recent television phenomenon in which there is no definite script for the actors and ac  tresses rather the actors ac  tresses use the process of retro  s  crip  ting in which there are rough outlines of themes and stories but the dialogue is up for the actors ac  tresses to improvis  e because of the improvis  ed fashion these sit  coms are usually shot by hand  held camera in a documentary type style usually these shows have no laugh tracks predetermined entran  ces or pun  ch  lines such improvis  ed sit  coms include curb your enthusiasm home movies and re  no 911 in addition to these there are many s  crip  ted shows that will after getting principal photo  graphy let the actors do a couple of impro  v takes and often some of the best jokes that make it on the show will come from these takes notable examples of this would be the us version the office or parks and recreation and the british show the thick of it this method of television production has largely been welcomed by the established academ  ies of the medium examples would include em  my and golden globe nominations for a show and the actors involved as well as strong support from publications and critics due to the amount of improvis  ation involved with fil  ming many of the actors or ac  tresses have experience in or were trained for stand up comedy and or impro  v comedy trou  pes
impulse control disorder ic  d is a class of psychiatric disorders characterized by impul  sivity – failure to resist a temptation urge or impulse that may harm oneself or others many psychiatric disorders feature impul  sivity including substance related disorders attention deficit hyper  activity disorder anti  social personality disorder borderline personality disorder conduct disorder and mood disorders the fifth edition of the american psychiatric association s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 that was published in 2013 includes a new chapter not in dsm iv tr on disruptive impulse control and conduct disorders covering disorders characterized by problems in emotional and behavioral self control it also includes impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified which encompasses inter  mit  tent explosive disorder py  romania and kle  p  tom  ania five behavi  our  al stages characterize impul  sivity an impulse growing tension pleasure on acting relief from the urge and finally guilt which may or may not arise
in group fav  ori  tism sometimes known as in group – out group bias in group bias or intergroup bias is a pattern of favoring members of one s in group over out group members this can be expressed in evaluation of others in allocation of resources and in many other ways this interaction has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group conflict and prejudice the phenomenon is primarily viewed from a social psychology standpoint two prominent theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of in group fav  ori  tism are realistic conflict theory and social identity theory realistic conflict theory proposes that intergroup competition and sometimes intergroup conflict arises when two groups have opposing claims to scarce resources in contrast social identity theory pos  its a psychological drive for positively distinct social identities as the general root cause of in group favoring behavior
in place matrix transposition also called in situ matrix transposition is the problem of transposing an n × m matrix in place in computer memory ideally with o 1 bounded additional storage or at most with additional storage much less than nm typically the matrix is assumed to be stored in row major order or column major order i e con  ti  gu  ous rows or columns respectively arranged consecu  tively performing an in place transpose in situ transpose is most difficult when n ≠ m i e for a non square rec  tang  ular matrix where it involves a complicated per  mutation of the data elements with many cycles of length greater than 2 in contrast for a square matrix n m all of the cycles are of length 1 or 2 and the transpose can be achieved by a simple loop to swap the upper triangle of the matrix with the lower triangle further complications arise if one wishes to maximize memory loc  ality in order to improve c  ache line utilization or to operate out of core where the matrix does not fit into main memory since trans  poses inherently involve non consecutive memory acc  esses the problem of non square in place transposition has been studied since at least the late 1950 s and several algori  th  ms are known including several which attempt to optimi  ze loc  ality for c  ache out of core or similar memory related contexts
in system programming is  p also called in circuit serial programming ic  sp is the ability of some programmable logic devices micro  controllers and other embedded devices to be programmed while installed in a complete system rather than requiring the chip to be programmed prior to installing it into the system there are several incompatible in system programming protocols for programming micro  controller devices such as pic micro  controllers av  rs and the paral  lax prop  eller ic  sp has been primarily implemented by micro  chip technology for programming pic and d  sp  ic devices the primary advantage of this feature is that it allows manufacturers of electronic devices to integrate programming and testing into a single production phase and save money rather than requiring a separate programming stage prior to assemb  ling the system this may allow manufacturers to program the chips in their own system s production line instead of buying pre  programmed chips from a manufacturer or distributor making it feasible to apply code or design changes in the middle of a production run micro  controllers are typically sol  dered directly to a printed circuit board and usually do not have the circu  it  ry or space for a large external programming cable to another computer typically chips supporting is  p have internal circu  it  ry to generate any necessary programming voltage from the system s normal supply voltage and communicate with the program  mer via a serial protocol most programmable logic devices use a variant of the j  tag protocol for is  p in order to facilitate easier integration with automated testing procedures other devices usually use proprietary protocols or protocols defined by older standards in systems complex enough to require moderately large glue logic designers may implement a j  tag controlled programming subsystem for non j  tag devices such as flash memory and micro  controllers allowing the entire programming and test procedure to be accomplished under the control of a single protocol an example of devices using is  p is the av  r line of micro controllers by at  mel such as the at  mega series
in  attenti  onal blindness also known as percep  tual blindness is a psychological lack of attention that is not associated with any vision defects or deficits it may be further defined as the event in which an individual fails to recognize an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight when it simply becomes impossible for one to attend to all the stimul  i in a given situation a temporary blindness effect can take place as a result that is individuals fail to see objects or stimul  i that are unexpected and quite often salient the term was coined by ari  en m  ack and ir  vin rock in 1992 and was used as the title of their book of the same name published by mit press in 1998 in which they describe the discovery of the phenomenon and include a collection of procedures used in describing it a famous study that demonstrated in  attenti  onal blindness asked participants whether or not they noticed a gor  illa walking through the scene of a visual task they had been given research on in  attenti  onal blindness suggests that the phenomenon can occur in any individual independent of cognitive deficits however recent evidence shows that patients with ad  hd performed better attenti  onally when engaging in in  attenti  onal blindness tasks than control patients did suggesting that some mental deficits may decrease the effects of this phenomenon recent studies have also looked at age differences and in  attenti  onal blindness scores and results show that the effect increases as humans age research also reveals an evolutionary component to in  attenti  onal blindness in that we can detect threatening unexpected stimul  i more easily than non  threatening ones numerous experiments have demonstrated that in  attenti  onal blindness also has an effect on people s perception
numerous genetic disorders are caused by errors in fatty acid metabol  ism these disorders may be described as fatty oxid  ation disorders or as a lip  id storage disorders and are any one of several in  born errors of metabol  ism that result from enzyme defects affecting the ability of the body to ox  idi  ze fatty acids in order to produce energy within muscles liver and other cell types some of the more common fatty acid metabol  ism disorders are
in  born errors of metabol  ism form a large class of genetic diseases involving con  genital disorders of metabol  ism the majority are due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes that facilitate conversion of various substances sub  str  ates into others products in most of the disorders problems arise due to accumulation of substances which are toxic or interfere with normal function or to the effects of reduced ability to synthe  size essential compounds in  born errors of metabol  ism are now often referred to as con  genital metabol  ic diseases or inherited metabol  ic diseases the term in  born error of metabol  ism was coined by a british physician archi  bald gar  rod 18  57 – 1936 in 19  08 he is known for work that pre  figured the one gene one enzyme hypothesis based on his studies on the nature and inheritance of al  kap  ton  ur  ia his sem  inal text in  born errors of metabol  ism was published in 19  23
in  born errors of carbo  hydrate metabol  ism are in  born error of metabol  ism that affect the cat  abol  ism and an  abol  ism of carbo  hydr  ates an example is lac  tose intolerance carbo  hydr  ates account for a major portion of the human diet and are met  abo  lized into three principal mon  os  ac  ch  ari  des galac  tose fructose and glucose the failure to effectively use these molecules accounts for the majority of the in  born errors of human carbo  hydr  ates metabol  ism
in  born errors of pur  ine – py  ri  mid  ine metabol  ism are a class of in  born error of metabol  ism disorders specifically affecting pur  ine metabol  ism and py  ri  mid  ine metabol  ism an example is les  ch – ny  han syndrome urine tests may be of use in identifying some of these disorders
in  born errors of ren  al tu  bul  ar transport are metabol  ic disorders which lead to impairment in the ability of solu  tes such as salts or amino acids to be transported across the brush border of the ren  al tu  bu  le this results in disruptions of ren  al re  absorption examples of these disorders include im  ino  gly  cin  ur  ia ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis and git  el  man syndrome
an in  born error of ster  o  id metabol  ism is an in  born error of metabol  ism due to defects in ster  o  id metabol  ism a variety of conditions of abnormal ster  o  ido  genesis exist due to genetic mutations in the enzymes involved in the process of which include 18 20 des  mol  ase p 450 sc  c deficiency blocks production of all ster  o  id hormones from cho  le  sterol 3 β hydroxy  ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase type 2 deficiency imp  airs prog  est  o  gen and and  ro  gen metabol  ism prevents the synthesis of est  rog  ens glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids and miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  ids causes and  ro  gen deficiency in males and and  ro  gen excess in females combined 17 α hydrox  yl  ase 17 20 ly  ase deficiency imp  airs prog  est  o  gen metabol  ism prevents and  ro  gen estro  gen and glu  co  cor  ti  co  id synthesis causes miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id excess isolated 17 20 ly  ase deficiency prevents and  ro  gen and estro  gen synthesis 21 hydrox  yl  ase deficiency prevents glu  co  cor  ti  co  id and miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id synthesis causes and  ro  gen excess in females 11 β hydrox  yl  ase type 1 deficiency imp  airs glu  co  cor  ti  co  id and miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id metabol  ism causes glu  co  cor  ti  co  id deficiency and miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id excess as well as and  ro  gen excess in females 11 β hydrox  yl  ase type 2 deficiency imp  airs cor  ti  co  ster  o  id metabol  ism results in excessive miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id activity 18 hydrox  yl  ase deficiency imp  airs miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id metabol  ism results in miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id deficiency 18 hydrox  yl  ase over  activity imp  airs miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id metabol  ism results in miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id excess 17 β hydroxy  ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency imp  airs and  ro  gen and estro  gen metabol  ism results in and  ro  gen deficiency in males and and  ro  gen excess and estro  gen deficiency in females 5 α reduc  t  ase type 2 deficiency prevents the conversion of te  sto  ster  one to di  hydro  te  sto  ster  one causes and  ro  gen deficiency in males arom  at  ase deficiency prevents estro  gen synthesis causes and  ro  gen excess in females arom  at  ase excess causes excessive conversion of and  rog  ens to est  rog  ens results in estro  gen excess in both sexes and and  ro  gen deficiency in males in addition several conditions of abnormal ster  o  ido  genesis due to genetic mutations in recep  tors as opposed to enzymes also exist including gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone gn  r  h in  sensitivity prevents synthesis of sex ster  oids by the gon  ads in both sexes fol  lic  le stimulating f  sh hormone in  sensitivity prevents synthesis of sex ster  oids by the gon  ads in females merely causes problems with fertility in males lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h in  sensitivity prevents synthesis of sex ster  oids by the gon  ads in males merely causes problems with fertility in females lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h over  sensitivity causes and  ro  gen excess in males resulting in pre  co  cious pu  ber  ty females are as  ymp  tomatic no activating mutations of the gn  r  h recep  tor in humans have been described in the medical literature and only one of the f  sh recep  tor has been described which presented as as  ymp  tomatic
incapac  itation in the context of sentencing philosophy is the effect of a sentence in positively preventing rather than merely de  terr  ing future offending
incident stress is a condition caused by acute stress which overwhel  ms a staff person trained to deal with critical incidents such as within the line of duty for first respon  ders em  ts and other similar personnel if not recognized and treated at onset incident stress can lead to more serious effects of post  traumatic stress disorder
in medicine an incid  ent  al  oma is a tumor oma found by coincidence incidentally without clinical symptoms or suspicion like other types of incidental findings it is found during the course of examination and imaging for other reasons it is a common occurrence up to 7 of all patients over 60 may harbor a benign growth often of the adren  al g  land which is detected when diagnostic imaging is used for the analysis of unrelated symptoms with the increase of whole body ct scanning as part of health screening programs the chance of finding incid  ent  al  om  as is expected to increase 37 of patients receiving whole body ct sc  ans have abnormal findings that may need further evaluation since many incidentally found le  sions may never cause disease there is a risk of over  diagnosis when faced with an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging the clin  ician faces the challenge to prove that the le  sion is indeed harmless often some other tests are required to determine the exact nature of an incid  ent  al  oma
an incis  ional her  nia is a type of her  nia caused by an in  completely healed surgical wound since median incis  ions in the ab  dom  en are frequent for ab  domin  al exploratory surgery ven  tr  al incis  ional her  ni  as are often also classified as ven  tr  al her  ni  as due to their location not all ven  tr  al her  ni  as are from incis  ions as some may be caused by other trauma or con  genital problems
inclusion body my  osi  tis ibm is an infl  am  matory muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of both dis  tal and proxim  al muscles most apparent in the muscles of the arms and legs there are two types spor  adic inclusion body my  osi  tis si  bm which is more common and hereditary inclusion body my  opathy hi  bm in spor  adic inclusion body my  osi  tis my oh si  gh tis two processes one auto  immune and the other degenerative appear to occur in the muscle cells in parallel the infl  amm  ation aspect is characterized by the cloning of t cells that appear to be driven by specific antigens to invade muscle fi  bers the de  generation aspect is characterized by the appearance of holes in the muscle cell vacu  oles deposits of abnormal proteins within the cells and in fil  am  ent  ous inclu  sions hence the name inclusion body my  osi  tis weakness comes on slowly over months or years and progres  ses steadily and usually leads to severe weakness and wasting of arm and leg muscles it is more common in men than women patients may become unable to perform activities of daily living and most require ass  is  tive devices within 5 to 10 years of symptom onset si  bm is not considered a fatal disorder but the risk of serious injury due to falls is increased one common and potentially fatal complic  ation is dy  sp  ha  gia there is no effective treatment for the disease si  bm is a rare yet increasingly prevalent disease and is the most common cause of infl  am  matory my  opathy in people over age 50 recent research from australia indicates that the incidence of ibm varies in different populations and ethnic groups the authors found that the current prevalence was 14 9 per million in the overall population with a prevalence of 51 3 per million population in people over 50 years of age as seen in these numbers si  bm is an age related disease – its incidence increases with age and symptoms usually begin after 50 years of age it is the most common acquired muscle disorder seen in people over 50 although about 20 of cases display symptoms before the age of 50
inclusion body rh  initi  s also known as i  br or cy  tom  eg  al  ic inclusion disease is a pig disease caused by porcine cy  tom  eg  alo  virus which is a member of the her  pes  virus family it is a notifiable disease that is found worldwide it is spread both vertically and horizon  tally and prevalence is high it is not a zoon  osis but the risk to humans that receive pig organ transplants is currently under investigation
inclusive management is a pattern of practices by public managers that facilitate the inclusion of public employees experts the public and politicians in collabor  atively addressing public problems or concerns of public interest
incoherent scat  tering is a type of scat  tering phenomenon in physics the term is most commonly used when referring to the scat  tering of an electromagnetic wave usually light or radio frequency by random fluctuations in a gas of particles most often electron  s the most well known practical application is known as incoherent scat  ter radar theory a ground based technique for studying the earth s ion  o  sphere first proposed by professor bill gordon in 1958 a radar beam scat  tering off electron  s in the ion  o  spheric plasma creates an incoherent scat  ter return the distribution function of the ion  o  spheric electron  s is modified by the much slower and more massive positive ions — electr  on density fluctuations relate to ion temperature mass distribution and motion the incoherent scat  ter signal allows measurement of electr  on density ion temperature and electr  on temperatures ion composition and plasma velocity
in u s business and financial accounting the income is generally defined by ga  ap and the financial accounting standards board as revenues expenses however many people use it as shor  th  and for net income which is the amount of money that a company earns after covering all of its costs as well as taxes net income is also called net profit it is calculated as follows 1 the gross income or revenue is tab  ulated 2 where applicable the cost of goods sold or cost of operations figure is sub  tracted from the gross income to yield the gross profit 3 all expenses other than the co  gs or co  o are subsequently sub  tracted from the gross profit to yield the profit or income or if a negative number the net loss usually written in paren  theses more commonly this is reported on the income statement as income or loss before taxes 4 taxes are then sub  tracted from the pre tax income to give a final net income or net profit or net loss figure 5 the patented bl  att double check is then fac  tored in net income or net profit which is not exp  ended to shareholders in the form of dividends becomes part of retained earnings all public companies are required to provide financial statements on a quarterly basis and the income statement of income is one of the most important of these some companies also provide a more rosy financial report of their income with pro forma reporting or e  bit  da reporting pro forma income is an estimate of how much the company would have earned without including the negative effect of exceptional one time events supposedly in order to show investors how much money the company would have made under normal circumstances if these exceptional one time events had not occurred critics charge that in most cases the one time events are normal business events such as an acquisition of another company or a write off of a cancelled project or division and that pro forma reporting is an attempt to mislead investors by painting a rosy financial picture besides that when discussing results with analysts and shareholders ceos and c  fos have a tendency to do even more hypothetical accounting e  bit  da stands for earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amor  tisation and is also criticised for being an attempt to mislead investors warren buff  ett has criticised e  bit  da reporting famously asking does management think the tooth fairy pays for capital expenditures it is common for some other companies such as real estate investment trusts to present reports using a standard called ff  o or funds from operations like e  bit  da reporting ff  o ignores depreciation and amor  tization this is widely accepted in the industry as real estate values tend to increase rather than decrease over time and many data sites report earnings per share data using ff  o
income deficit is the difference between a single person or family s income and its poverty threshold or poverty line when the former is exceeded by the latter data on the income deficits of various members of a population allow for the construction of one type of measurement of income inequality in that population individuals or families that fall below the line are considered to be in poverty whereas families that fall above are not the income deficit is one of two measures that are used to determine a person or family s income distance from the poverty threshold the other being a ratio rather than a difference
cri  ti  ques of income inequality often refer to a casual chain linking unequal growth to a less  ened economy unequal growth concentrates wealth in a small amount on consumers who can only buy so many things as a result the vast majority of people are left with little extra cash for goods and services thus less things are bought and the economy generates less capital than it otherwise might proponents of income inequality often reject the idea of increased government intervention in the markets which is inevitable if income inequality is to be fixed among the most notable arguments for income inequality are those concerning the natural effects of capitalism and the free markets these arguments point out the fact that unequal rewards are natural in a system that is structured for inequality furthermore an opinion that the amount of money earned in a free market system are to be kept by the ear  ner
income inequality is the extent at which household income is un  evenly distributed amongst a population in other words it also refers to the gap in income between who can be considered the rich of the population as opposed to the income of those who can be considered the poor of a population income inequality in the philippines is the extent to which income most commonly measured by household or individual is distributed in an uneven manner in the philippines the difference of income between the rich and the poor could cause tension in society and political instability
in  contin  entia pi  gm  enti ip also known as bloch – siemens syndrome bloch – sul  z  berger disease bloch – sul  z  berger syndrome mel  ano  bl  ast  osis cu  tis and nev  us pi  gm  ent  o  sus system  atic  us is a genetic disorder that affects the skin hair teeth nails and central nervous system it is named due to its micro  scopic appearance
in  contin  entia pi  gm  enti ach  ro  mi  ans also known as hypo  mel  an  osis of ito is a cu  taneous condition characterized by various patterns of bilateral or unilateral hypo  pi  gm  entation following the lines of blas  ch  ko though the consistency of the skin findings have led to the term hypo  mel  an  osis of ito it actually refers to a group of disorders with various genetic causes including poly  plo  i  dies and an  eu  plo  i  dies based upon the specifics of the genetic defect the skin findings can be accompanied by a great range of systemic findings these include central nervous system oc  ular and mus  cul  osk  el  etal defects nonetheless the vast majority of cases are limited to the skin as opposed to in  contin  entia pi  gm  enti hypo  mel  an  osis of ito affects both g  enders equally
incorporation is a phenomenon by which a gr  amm  atical category such as a ver  b forms a compound with its direct object object incorporation or adver  bial modi  fier while retaining its original syn  tactic function incorporation is central to many poly  synthetic languages such as those found in north america siberia and northern australia however poly  synthesis does not necessarily imply incorporation mi  th  un 2009 neither does the presence of incorporation in a language imply that that language is poly  synthetic
incremental operating margin is the increase or decrease of income from continuing operations before stock based compensation interest expense and income tax expense between two periods divided by the increase or decrease in revenue between the same two periods
in insurance incurred but not reported i  b  nr claims is the amount owed by an insurer to all valid claim  ants who have had a covered loss but have not yet reported it since the insurer knows neither how many of these losses have occurred nor the severity of each loss i  b  nr is necessarily an estimate the sum of i  b  nr losses plus reported losses yields an estimate of the total eventual liabilities the insurer will cover known as ultimate losses
independence is a condition of a nation country or state in which its residents and population or some portion thereof exercise self government and usually sovereignty over the territory the opposite of independence is a dependent territory independence does not necessarily mean freedom
inde  terminate cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is a cu  taneous condition felt to be caused by der  mal precursors of lang  er  hans cells
a farmers s cries for help have been ignored as the damaging effects from the absence of credit loans tic  kles down the population apart from the healthcare of a farmer the lack of access to credit also highly important as almost 80 the farmers own less than a hectare of land the availability of credit allows farmers to be protected from the inflated costs faced in agriculture and also improve the quality of fertilizers and hence the output should the distribution of credit loans improve the indian government would also find it easy to meet production targets and have a better control over prices of grains due to the critical shortage of agricultural output india has to resort to banning grain exports and instead drive up its import bills from wheat coming into the country there has been so much attention focused on the industrial and services sector that the agricultural side has been largely neglected the lack of credit loans coupled with improper government intervention had resulted in the livelihood of the farmers to go down  hill as commercial banks are not present in remote locations of india where agriculture is supposed to thrive it becomes an important limitation as the rural population has a strong dependence on it co operative banks which have been set up previously were also doomed to fail as a result of bad loans and a lack of funds these commercial banks have their own set of worries as defaults and crop failures are common in the sector as such they prefer lending out to areas where each farmer owns a much larger proportion of land and also have better irrigation systems however that does not solve the problem as the smaller farmers ’ which forms a majority issues remains un  addressed there should be better banking systems established that is accessible and affordable to every person it is obvious that the benefits of economic growth have not been equally shared among all as the access to credit is not granted to all economic opportunities ought to be created for the marginalized groups to help in poverty reduction and inequality problems further attempts made by the government to expand credit loans have ironically resulted in more cases of poverty than ever the lack of access to formal credit thus places many constraints on agricultural output and also the standards of living for the rural population thereby hindering their path to further economic and social development
indian childhood cir  rho  sis is a chronic liver disease of childhood characterised by cir  rho  sis of liver due to de  position of copper in the liver it primarily affects children of 1 – 3 years of age and has a genetic pre  disposition it had a very high case fat  ality in the past but has eventually become preventable treat  able and is now rare
paid news is a phenomenon in indian media that refers to the systematic engagement of mainstream media outlets in publishing favorable articles in exchange for payment this type of news is typically sponsored by politicians businessmen and cel  e  bri  ties in order to improve their public image or accomplish political goals
although italy and india have maintained important relations since ancient times significant indian migration to italy is a recent phenomenon many indians began immigr  ating to italy in the early 1990 s when the italian government offered amnesty to illegal migrants following a worker shortage and the numbers have been growing progressively since most came from the pun  jab and tend to work on dairy farms and in agriculture others have become entrepreneurs and are active in the restaurant and retail fields associated with italy s large tourism industry about half of the total indian migrant population in italy live in the agricultural areas of the central and northern regions of the country especially in the areas around rome and milan most indians have integrated successfully into italian life and local authorities and people are impressed with their contributions to the local economy they have been found to be generally very industri  ous hard working and law abiding most indians have retained their religious practices namely hindu  ism and si  kh  ism there are numerous tem  ples and gur  dwar  as as well as is  k  con centres
in mathematics an indicator function or a characteristic function is a function defined on a set x that indicates membership of an element in a sub  set a of x having the value 1 for all elements of a and the value 0 for all elements of x not in a it is usually den  oted by a symbol 1 or i sometimes in bol  d  face or black  board bol  d  face with a subscri  pt describing the set
indi  ges  tion also known as dy  spe  p  sia is a condition of impaired dig  estion symptoms may include upper ab  domin  al ful  l  ness heart  burn naus  ea bel  ching or upper ab  domin  al pain people may also experience feeling full earlier than expected when eating dy  spe  p  sia is a common problem and is frequently caused by gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease ger  d or gast  ri  tis in a small minority it may be the first symptom of pe  ptic ul  cer disease an ul  cer of the stomach or du  o  den  um and occasionally cancer hence un  explained newly onset dy  spe  p  sia in people over 55 or the presence of other alarming symptoms may require further investigations functional indi  ges  tion previously called non  ul  cer dy  spe  p  sia is indi  ges  tion without evidence of an organic disease that is likely to explain the symptoms functional indi  ges  tion is estimated to affect about 15 of the general population in western countries
indi  um medi  ated all  yl  ations im  as are important chemical reactions for the formation of carbon – carbon bonds this reaction has two steps first indi  um inser  ts itself between the carbon – halo  gen bond of an all  yl hali  de becoming the organ  o  indi  um intermediate second this all  yl indi  de intermediate reacts with an electro  phi  le to synthe  size one of a wide range of compounds such as carbo  hydr  ates and anti  hel  min  th  ic drugs this reaction is depicted in the scheme below two steps of the ima reaction mechanism although this reaction occurs in two steps it is commonly done as a bar  bi  er reaction where the indi  um all  yl hali  de and electro  phi  le are all mixed together in a one pot process ima illustrated as a bar  bi  er reaction indi  um reacts more readily than other metals such as mg pb bi or z  n and does not require a promoter or flammable organic solvent to drive the reaction im  as have advantages over other carbon bond forming reactions because of their ability to be carried out in water which is cheap and environmentally friendly therefore these reactions represent green chemistry providing a safer alternative to the very common gri  gn  ard reaction performed with mg reactions yield high stere  o and regio selectivity with few by products making it easy to pur  i  fy the desired product
indi  um lung is a rare occupational lung disease caused by exposure to respir  able indi  um in the form of indi  um tin oxide it is classified as an inter  sti  tial lung disease diffuse paren  ch  ym  al lung disease
individual communication services and tariffs is the regulatory protected ability for an identified user to obtain from a communication service provider by a bilateral specific contract a combination of the service and related content at a specific price called a tariff chosen by the user corresponding to a user request specified with a service demand profile and some duration individual service is then the communication service supplied in the way stated above with a request and specification by the user individual tariff is then the price paid by the user for such an individual service
a feature common to all in  do european languages is the presence of a ver  b corresponding to the english ver  b to be though in some languages it is vesti  gi  al it is present nonetheless in atro  phi  ed forms or derivatives
induced demand or latent demand is the phenomenon that after supply increases more of a good is consumed this is entirely consistent with the economic theory of supply and demand however this idea has become important in the debate over the expansion of transportation systems and is often used as an argument against widening roads such as major commu  ter roads this phenomenon called induced traffic is considered by some to be a contributing factor to urban spra  w  l
in complexity theory and graph theory induced sub  graph isom  orph  ism is an n  p complete decision problem that involves finding a given graph as an induced sub  graph of a larger graph
induc  tive logic programming il  p is a sub  field of machine learning which uses logic programming as a uniform representation for examples background knowledge and hypo  theses given an en  coding of the known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts an il  p system will derive a hypo  thes  ised logic program which entails all the positive and none of the negative examples schem  a positive examples negative examples background knowledge ⇒ hypothesis induc  tive logic programming is particularly useful in bio  inform  atics and natural language processing gordon plo  t  kin and ehud shap  iro laid the initial theoretical foundation for induc  tive machine learning in a logical setting shap  iro built its first implementation model infer  ence system in 1981 a pro  log program that induc  tively infer  red logic programs from positive and negative examples the term induc  tive logic programming was first introduced in a paper by stephen mu  gg  leton in 1991 mu  gg  leton also founded the annual international conference on induc  tive logic programming introduced the theoretical ideas of predic  ate invention in  verse resolution and in  verse enta  il  ment mu  gg  leton implemented in  verse enta  il  ment first in the pro  go  l system the term induc  tive here refers to philosophical i e suggesting a theory to explain observed facts rather than mathematical i e proving a property for all members of a well ordered set induc  tion
induc  tive transfer or transfer learning is a research problem in machine learning that focuses on storing knowledge gained while solving one problem and applying it to a different but related problem for example the abilities acquired while learning to walk presumably apply when one learns to run and knowledge gained while learning to recognize cars could apply when recognizing trucks this area of research bears some relation to the long history of psychological literature on transfer of learning although formal ties between the two fields are limited the earliest cited work on transfer in machine learning is attributed to l  ori  en pr  att who formulated the discrimin  ability based transfer d  bt algori  thm in 1993 in 1997 the journal machine learning published a special issue devoted to induc  tive transfer and by 1998 the field had advanced to include multi task learning along with a more formal analysis of its theoretical foundations learning to learn ed  ited by sebastian th  run and pr  att is a comprehensive overview of the state of the art of induc  tive transfer at the time of its publication induc  tive transfer has also been applied in cognitive science with the journal connection sci  en  ce  publishing a special issue on reuse of ne  ural networks through transfer in 1996 notably scientists have developed algori  th  ms for induc  tive transfer in markov logic networks and ba  ye  sian networks furthermore researchers have applied techniques for transfer to problems in text classification and spam filtering
industrie und gl  ü  ck german for industry and luck is a pattern of french suited playing cards used to play tar  ock the name originates from an ins  cription found on the second trump card this deck was developed during the nineteenth century in the austr  o hungarian empire after the collapse of the empire in world war i it remained the most widely used tar  ot deck in central europe and can be found throughout the former parts of the empire though not designed for car  tom  ancy these cards were used in argentine fortune telling dec  ks in the mid 20 th century
inertia is a problem associated with anxiety and au  tism people who experience inertia often experience feeling paralyzed when they are faced with stressful tasks
iner  tial response is a function of large synchron  ous generators which are large synchron  ous rotating masses and which acts to balance supply and demand for electric power systems typically the electrical grid if there is a power imbalance between electricity supply and demand the rot  ational frequency of the sy  ch  ron  ous generators either speeds up low supply or slows down low demand to instantly rebalance the system this speed up or slow down in sy  ch  ron  ous generator speed results in a change in ac frequency ideally within the allowable frequency range of that system i e a 50 h  z system may allow a ± 0 5 h  z deviation in ac power
in ancient roman culture in  fam  ia in not and fam  a reputation was a loss of legal or social standing as a technical term of roman law in  fam  ia was an official exclusion from the legal protections enjoyed by a roman citizen as imposed by a cens  or or pra  e  tor more generally especially during the republic and princip  ate in  fam  ia was informal damage to one s esteem or reputation a person who suffered in  fam  ia was an in  fam  is plural in  fam  es in  fam  ia was an inescapable consequence for certain professionals including prostitutes and p  imp  s enter  tain  ers such as actors and dan  cers and glad  i  ators in  fam  es could not for instance provide testimony in a court of law they were liable to corporal punishment which was usually reserved for slaves the in  fam  ia of enter  tain  ers did not exclude them from soci  alizing among the roman elite and enter  tain  ers who were stars both men and women sometimes became the lovers of such high profile figures as the dictator sul  la and mark an  tony a passive homosexual who was ou  ted might also be subject to social in  fam  ia though if he was a citizen he might retain his legal standing the modern roman catholic church has a similar concept of in  fam  y
infant respiratory distress syndrome ir  ds also called ne  on  atal respiratory distress syndrome respiratory distress syndrome of new  born or increasingly sur  fac  tant deficiency disorder s  dd and previously called hy  al  ine memb  rane disease h  md is a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental in  sufficiency of pul  mon  ary sur  fac  tant production and structural im  maturity in the lungs it can also be a consequence of ne  on  atal infection it can also result from a genetic problem with the production of sur  fac  tant associated proteins ir  ds affects about 1 of new  born infants and is the leading cause of death in pre  term infants the incidence decreases with advancing gest  ational age from about 50 in babies born at 26 – 28 weeks to about 25 at 30 – 31 weeks the syndrome is more frequent in infants of diabe  tic mothers and in the second born of premature twins ir  ds is distinct from pul  mon  ary hypo  pl  asia another leading cause of ne  on  atal death that involves respiratory distress
infant swimming is the phenomenon of human babies and to  dd  lers controlling their breath and moving themselves through water this is called the brad  y  card  ic response it is not true that babies are born with the ability to swim though they have refl  exes that make it look like they are babies aren t old enough to hold their breath intentionally or strong enough to keep their head above water most infants though not all will refl  exi  vely hold their breath when sub  merged to protect their air  way and are able to survive immer  sion in water for short periods of time infants can also be taken to swimming lessons although this may be done to reduce their risk of drowning the effects on drowning risk are not reliable it is extremely important to note that while babies can imitate swimming motions and refl  exes they are not yet physically capable of swimming
inf  anti  le ref  sum disease ir  d also called inf  anti  le phy  tan  ic acid storage disease is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital per  ox  isom  al bio  genesis disorder within the z  ell  we  ger spectrum these are disorders of the per  ox  isom  es that are clin  ically similar to z  ell  we  ger syndrome and associated with mutations in the p  ex family of genes ir  d is associated with deficient phy  tan  ic acid cat  abol  ism as is adult ref  sum disease but they are different disorders that should not be confused
inf  anti  le ac  ne is a cu  taneous condition that presents at 3 to 6 months of age
inf  anti  le acro  pu  st  ul  osis also known as acro  pu  st  ul  osis of infancy is an intensely it  chy ve  si  co  pu  st  ular eruption of the hands and feet involvement of s  cab  ies has been suggested inf  anti  le acro  pu  st  ul  osis is characterized by it  chy pap  ules and ves  ic  les that are similar to those found in s  cab  ies mosquito like bites but there is absence of the typical bur  rowing with s like bur  rows on the skin and can occur in small babies as opposed to s  cab  ies mostly found on children and young adults
inf  anti  le ap  ne  a is a rare disease that is characterized by cessation of breathing in an infant it may be related to some cases of sudden infant death syndrome si  ds and can cause cyan  osis and brad  y  car  dia inf  anti  le ap  ne  a can be caused by neuro  logical problems or a physical problem in the air  way in premature infants it may be treated with caff  eine
inf  anti  le con  vul  sions and cho  re  o  athe  to  sis ic  ca syndrome is a neuro  logical genetic disorder with an auto  som  al dominant mode of inheritance it is characterized by the association of benign famili  al inf  anti  le epi  le  psy bi  fe at age 3 – 12 months and later in life with par  oxy  sm  al k  ine  si  genic cho  re  o  athe  to  sis the ic  ca syndrome was first reported in 1997 in four french families from north western france and provided the first genetic evidence for common mechanisms shared by benign inf  anti  le seizures and par  oxy  sm  al dy  sk  ine  sia the epi  le  ptic origin of p  k  c has long been a matter of debates and pd have been classified as reflex epi  le  p  sies indeed attacks of p  k  c and epi  le  ptic seizures have several characteristics in common they both are par  oxy  sm  al in presentation with a tendency to spontaneous remission and a sub  set of p  k  c responds well to anti  con  vul  s  ants this genetic disease has been mapped to chro  mo  some 16 p q 12 more than 30 families with the clinical characteristics of ic  ca syndrome have been described worldwide so far
inf  anti  le cor  tical hyper  o  sto  sis is a self limited infl  am  matory disorder of infants that causes bone changes soft tissue sw  elling and irrit  ability the disease may be present at birth or occur shortly thereafter the cause is unknown both famili  al and spor  adic forms occur it is also known as caff  ey disease or caff  ey s disease
inf  anti  le es  o  tro  p  ia is an oc  ular condition of early onset in which one or either eye turns inward it is a specific sub type of es  o  tro  p  ia and has been a subject of much debate amongst oph  thal  mo  logists with regard to its naming diagnostic features and treatment
inf  anti  le free si  al  ic acid storage disease iss  d is a ly  so  som  al storage disease caused when si  al  ic acid a kind of charged sugar is unable to be transported out of the ly  so  som  al memb  rane and instead accumul  ates in the tissue and free si  al  ic acid is ex  cre  ted in the urine mutations in the sl  c 17 a 5 solu  te carrier family 17 an  ion sugar transporter member 50 gene cause all forms of si  al  ic acid storage disease the sl  c 17 a 5 gene is located on the long q arm of chro  mo  some 6 between positions 14 and 15 this gene provides instructions for producing a protein called si  al  in that is located mainly on the memb  ran  es of ly  so  som  es compart  ments in the cell that dig  est and recycle materials iss  d is the most severe form of the si  al  ic acid storage diseases babies with this condition have severe developmental delay weak muscle tone hy  pot  onia and failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate failure to thrive they may have unusual facial features that are often described as co  arse seizures bone mal  formations enlarged liver and sp  leen he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y and an enlarged heart cardi  om  eg  al  y iss  d is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder and affects 1 in 528 000 live births worldwide
inf  anti  le hem  an  gi  oper  ic  y  tom  a also known as con  genital hem  an  gi  oper  ic  y  tom  a is a cu  taneous condition characterized by single or multiple der  mal and sub  cu  taneous no  d  ules that may be alarmingly large at birth or grow rapidly
inf  anti  le neuro  ax  onal dy  stro  phy is a rare pervasive developmental disorder that primarily affects the nervous system individuals with inf  anti  le neuro  ax  onal dy  stro  phy typically do not have any symptoms at birth but between the ages of about 6 and 18 months they begin to experience delays in acquiring new motor and intellectual skills such as crawling or beginning to speak eventually they lose previously acquired skills
inf  anti  le neuro  nal cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin  o  ses inc  l or san  ta  vu  ori disease is a form of nc  l and inherited as a rec  essive auto  som  al genetic trait the disorder is progressive degenerative and fatal extremely rare worldwide – with approximately 60 official cases reported by 1982 perhaps 100 sufferers in total today – but relatively common in finland due to the local founder effect
inf  anti  le speech pe  dol  alia baby talk inf  anti  le per  sever  ation or inf  anti  lis  m is a speech disorder persistence of early speech development stage beyond the age when it is normally expected it is characterized by the omission of some sounds and the substitution of standard speech sounds observed in children in early developmental stages despite that people who don t have con  genital inf  anti  le speech can learn to sing or talk in such manner
inf  anti  le systemic hy  al  in  osis or juvenile systemic hy  al  in  osis is an all  el  ic auto  som  al rec  essive condition characterized by multiple skin no  d  ules hy  al  ine de  position g  ing  i  val hyper  tro  phy o  ste  ol  y  tic bone le  sions and joint contr  actu  res
inf  arc  tion is tissue death necro  sis caused by a reduction stop  page in blood flow due to artery block  ages mechanical compression rupture or vas  o  con  stric  tion there may be is  chem  ia a slowing of blood flow or hemorrha  ge a rupture of an artery causing bleeding the resulting le  sion is referred to as an inf  arc  t from the latin inf  arc  tus stuffed into my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion is the partial death of heart tissue commonly known as heart attack
infection is the invasion of an organism s body tissues by disease causing agents their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce infectious disease also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease is illness resulting from an infection infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses viro  ids pri  ons bacteria nemato  des such as par  asi  tic round  worms and pin  worms ar  thro  pods such as tic  ks mit  es fle  as and lic  e fun  gi such as ring  worm and other macro  parasites such as ta  pe  worms and other hel  min  ths hosts can fight infections using their immune system mammalian hosts react to infections with an in  nate response often involving infl  amm  ation followed by an adap  tive response specific medications used to treat infections include antibiotics anti  vir  als anti  fun  g  als anti  proto  zo  als and anti  hel  min  th  ics infectious diseases resulted in 9 2 million deaths in 2013 about 17 of all deaths the branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious disease
an infectious bone disease is a bone disease primarily associated with an infection an example is o  ste  om  ye  li  tis
infectious bovine ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis or i  b  k is a veterinary infection of cattle caused by mor  ax  ella bo  vis a gram negative β ha  emol  y  tic aer  ob  ic rod shaped bacter  ium it is spread by direct contact or by flies serving as vectors it is the most common oc  ular disease of cattle mostly beef i  b  k is similar to human pink eye and causes severe infection of the con  junc  tiva e  dem  a cor  ne  al op  acity and ul  cer  ation this disease is highly contagious and occurs worldwide younger animals are more susceptible but recovery with minimal damage is usual if they are treated early the disease is also known as pin  ke  ye new forest eye or b  light
infectious can  ine hepatitis is an acute liver infection in dogs caused by can  ine aden  o  virus type 1 c  av 1 c  av 1 also causes disease in wolves co  yo  tes and bears and en  ce  ph  ali  tis in fo  xes the virus is spread in the fa  ec  es urine blood sali  va and nas  al discharge of infected dogs it is contracted through the mouth or nose where it replic  ates in the ton  si  ls the virus then inf  ects the liver and kidneys the incub  ation period is 4 to 7 days symptoms include fever depression loss of appetite cou  gh  ing and a tender ab  dom  en cor  ne  al e  dem  a and signs of liver disease such as ja  und  ice v  om  iting and he  p  atic encephalopathy may also occur severe cases will develop bleeding disorders which can cause hem  atom  as to form in the mouth death can occur secondary to this or the liver disease however most dogs recover after a brief illness although chronic cor  ne  al e  dem  a and kidney le  sions may persist diagnosis is made by recognizing the combination of symptoms and abnormal blood tests that occur in infectious can  ine hepatitis a rising anti  body ti  ter to c  av 1 is also seen the disease can be confused with can  ine par  vo  virus because both will cause a low white blood cell count and bloody diarr  hea in young un  vaccinated dogs treatment is symptomatic most dogs recover spontaneously without treatment prevention is through vaccination at  c  vet code q  i 07 aa 05 who and various combination vaccines most combination vaccines for dogs contain a modified can  ine aden  o  virus type 2 c  av 2 is one of the causes of respiratory infections in dogs but it is similar enough to c  av 1 that vaccine for one creates immunity for both c  av 2 vaccine is much less likely to cause side effects than c  av 1 vaccine one study has shown the vaccine to have a duration of immunity of at least four years c  av 1 is destroyed in the environment by steam cleaning and qu  ater  n  ary ammonium compounds otherwise the virus can survive in the environment for months in the right conditions it can also be released in the urine of a recovered dog for up to a year
infectious dose id is the amount of pathogen measured in number of micro  organisms required to cause an infection in the host usually it varies according to the pathogenic agent and the consumer s age and overall health
infectious hypo  der  mal and hem  ato  po  ie  tic necro  sis ih  hn is a viral disease of pen  a  eid shrimp that causes mass mortality up to 90 among the western blue shrimp pen  a  eus sty  li  ro  str  is and severe de  formations in the pacific white shrimp p v  ann  ame  i it occurs in pacific farmed and wild shrimp but not in wild shrimp on the atlantic coast of the americas the shrimp farming industry has developed several bro  od  stocks of both p sty  li  ro  str  is and p v  ann  ame  i that are resistant against ih  hn infection the disease is caused by a single stranded dna virus simply called ih  hn virus the smallest of the known pen  a  eid shrimp viruses 22 nm
an infectious in  trac  ran  ial an  eur  ys  m iia also called my  co  tic an  eur  ys  m is a cere  br  al an  eur  ys  m that is caused by infection of the cere  br  al arter  ial wall
infectious mon  on  uc  le  osis im also known as mon  o or g  land  ular fever is an infection commonly caused by the ep  stein – bar  r virus eb  v most people are infected by the virus as children when the disease produces little or no symptoms in young adults the disease often results in fever sore throat enlarged lymp  h no  des in the neck and feeling tired most people get better in two to four weeks however feeling tired may last for months the liver or sp  leen may also become sw  oll  en in less than one percent of cases splen  ic rupture may occur infectious mon  on  uc  le  osis is usually caused by ep  stein – bar  r virus eb  v also known as human her  pes  virus 4 which is a member of the her  pes virus family a few other viruses may also cause the disease it is primarily spread through sali  va but can rarely be spread through semen or blood spread may occur by objects such as drinking glasses or tooth  bru  shes those who are infected can spread the disease weeks before symptoms develop mon  o is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms and can be confirmed with blood tests for specific antibodies another typical finding is increased blood lymp  ho  cy  tes of which more than 10 are atypical the mono  spot test is not very useful there is no vaccine for eb  v prevention is by not sharing personal items or kissing those infected mon  o generally gets better on its own recommendations include drinking enough fluids getting sufficient rest and taking pain medications such as par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en and i  bu  prof  en mon  o most commonly affects those between the ages of 15 to 24 years in the developed world in the developing world people are more often infected in early childhood when the symptoms are less in those between 16 and 20 it is the cause of about 8 of sore throats about 45 out of 100 000 people develop mon  o each year in the united states nearly 95 of people have been infected by the time they are adults the disease occurs equally at all times of the year mon  on  uc  le  osis was first described in the 1920 s and is col  lo  qu  ially known as the kissing disease
infectious necro  tic hepatitis is a disease of large animals especially sheep caused by clo  stri  dium nov  yi infection the primary infection is intest  inal and transferred by the fa  ec  al oral route spo  res of c nov  yi escape from the gut and lodge in the liver where they remain dormant until some injury creates an  aer  ob  ic conditions for them to germin  ate causing local necro  sis and widespread damage to the micro  vascular system resulting in sub  cu  taneous bleeding and black  ening of the skin hence the common name black disease
infectious pan  cre  atic necro  sis ip  n is a severe viral disease of salmon  id fish it is caused by infectious pan  cre  atic necro  sis virus which is a member of the bir  navi  ri  da  e family this disease mainly affects young salmon  ids such as trou  t or salmon of less than six months although adult fish may carry the virus without showing symptoms resistance to infection develops more rapidly in warmer water it is highly contagious and found worldwide but some regions have managed to eradicate or greatly reduce the incidence of disease the disease is normally spread horizon  tally via infected water but spread also occurs vertically it is not a zoon  osis
infectious salmon an  emia or ana  emia isa is a viral disease of atlantic salmon sal  mo sal  ar that affects fish farms in canada norway scotland and chile causing severe losses to infected farms the disease is listed as a non exotic disease of the eu and is therefore watched closely by the european community reference laboratory for fish diseases
infec  tive endo  cardi  tis is a form of endo  cardi  tis it is an infl  amm  ation of the inner tissues of the heart the endo  cardi  um usually of the valves it is caused by infectious agents or pathogens which are largely bacterial but a few other organisms can also be responsible before the age of modern antibiotics it was almost universally fatal the valves of the heart do not receive any dedicated blood supply as a result defensive immune system mechanisms such as white blood cells cannot directly reach the valves via the blood  stream if an organism such as bacteria attaches to a valve surface and forms a vegetation the host s immune response is bl  unted the lack of blood supply to the valves also has implications for treatment since drugs also have difficulty reaching the infected area normally blood flows smoothly through these valves if they have been damaged — from r  heu  matic fever for example — the risk of bacterial attachment is increased
in epidemiology infec  tivity is the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection more specifically infec  tivity is a pathogen s capacity for horizontal transmission that is how frequently it spreads among hosts that are not in a parent child relationship the measure of infec  tivity in a population is called incidence infec  tivity has been shown to positively cor  relate with virul  ence this means that as a pathogen s ability to infect a greater number of hosts increases so does the level of harm it brings to the host a pathogen s infec  tivity is sub  tly but importantly different from its trans  missibility which refers to a pathogen s capacity to pass from parent to child
inferior ven  a cav  a syndrome iv  cs is a result of obstruction of the inferior ven  a cav  a it can be caused by invasion or compression by a pathological process or by thro  m  bo  sis in the vein itself it can also occur during pregnancy pregnancy can lead to problems with blood return due to high ven  ous pressure in the lower limbs failure of blood return to the heart decreased cardiac output due to obstruc  tions in inferior ven  a cav  a sudden rise in ven  ous pressure which can lead to plac  ental separation and a decrease in ren  al function all of these issues can arise from lying in the sup  ine position during late pregnancy which can cause compression of the inferior ven  a cav  a symptoms of late pregnancy inferior ven  a cav  a syndrome consist of intense pain in the right hand side muscle tw  it  ching drop of blood pressure and fluid retention
an infer  iority complex is a lack of self worth a doubt and uncertainty and feelings of not measuring up to standards it is often sub  conscious and is thought to drive afflicted individuals to over  compensate resulting either in spectacular achievement or extreme as  o  cial behavior in modern literature the preferred terminology is lack of covert self esteem for many it is developed through a combination of genetic personality characteristics and personal experiences
in  fertility is the inability of a person animal or plant to reproduce by natural means it is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult organism except notably among certain eus  o  cial species mostly hap  lo  diplo  id insects in humans in  fertility may describe a woman who is unable to conceive as well as being unable to carry a pregnancy to full term there are many biological and other causes of in  fertility including some that medical intervention can treat estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide between three and seven per cent of all couples or women have an unresolved problem of in  fertility many more couples however experience involuntary child  lessness for at least one year estimates range from 12 to 28 20 30 of in  fertility cases are due to male in  fertility 20 35 are due to female in  fertility and 25 40 are due to combined problems in both parts in 10 20 of cases no cause is found the most common cause of female in  fertility is o  vul  atory problems which generally manifest themselves by spar  se or absent men  str  ual periods male in  fertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the semen and semen quality is used as a sur  rogate measure of male f  ec  und  ity women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ov  ulation and they are naturally in  fertile during the rest of the men  str  ual cycle fertility awareness methods are used to discern when these changes occur by tracking changes in cer  vic  al m  uc  us or bas  al body temperature
inf  est  ation is the state of being invaded or overrun by pests or parasites it can also refer to the actual organisms living on or within a host
infiltr  ation anal  ge  sia is de  position of an anal  ges  ic drug close to the ap  ex of a tooth so that it can diffuse to reach the nerve entering the ap  ical for  am  ina
the infinite bo  bs is an effect used in demo  s that show a lot of simple sp  rit  es moving on the screen at the same time usually on computers like am  ig  a at  ari st or commod  ore 64 which featured a limited number of sp  rit  es the effect is achieved thanks to multiple bu  ffers actually only one spr  ite is used and it is rendered only once per frame but unlike most of software spr  ite engine nothing is done to preserve the background or to erase the spr  ite from the old position so moving a spr  ite leaves a trail behind it video bu  ffers are rot  ated and each frame use a different buffer from previous so the spr  ite will be drawn in a slightly different position in all bu  ffers when all bu  ffers have been used the first one is used a second time without cleaning it so the spr  ite is rendered on a buffer that already contain the spr  ite image but since some other frames have been rendered in the meantime the two pictures don t overlap by fli  pping all the bu  ffers all instances of the sp  rit  es appear like they are moving with that trick there is no limit to the number of sp  rit  es that can be rendered since only one spr  ite needs to be moved animated and rendered the speed does not change when the screen is empty or when thousands of sp  rit  es are already moving of course all the sp  rit  es need to follow the same path mim  ic  king the first one the only one that is actually moved by the program so that trick cannot be used in particle systems or in shoot em ups where each spr  ite needs its own vector
infl  am  matory a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m ia  a also known as infl  am  matory ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m ia  aa is a type of ab  domin  al a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m aaa where the walls of the an  eur  ys  m become thick and infl  amed similar to aaa ia  a occurs in the ab  domin  al region ia  a is closely associated and believed to be a response to and extensive peri anu  er  y  sm  al fi  bro  sis which is the formation of excess fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue in an organ or tissue in a repar  ative or reactive process ia  a accounts for 5 10 of a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms ia  a is occurs mainly in a population that is on average younger by 10 years than most aaa patients some common symptoms of ia  a may include back pain ab  domin  al tender  ness fe  vers weight loss or elevated er  y  thro  cy  te se  di  mentation rate es  r levels cor  ti  co  ster  oids and other immun  o  sup  pres  sive drugs have been found to decrease symptoms and the degree of peri a  or  tic infl  amm  ation and fi  bro  sis
infl  am  matory bo  wel disease i  b  d is a group of infl  am  matory conditions of the col  on and small intest  ine cro  hn s disease and ul  cer  ative co  li  tis are the principal types of infl  am  matory bo  wel disease it is important to note that not only does cro  hn s disease affect the small intest  ine and large intest  ine it can also affect the mouth es  op  ha  gus stomach and the an  us whereas ul  cer  ative co  li  tis primarily affects the col  on and the rec  tum
infl  am  matory breast cancer is one of the most aggressive types of breast cancer that can occur in women of any age and extremely rarely in men it is called infl  am  matory because it frequently presents with symptoms resembling an infl  amm  ation despite the name whether infl  amm  ation contributes to the development of infl  am  matory breast cancer remains an area of ongoing research however it can present with very variable signs and symptoms frequently without detec  table tumors and therefore is often not detected by mammo  graphy or ul  tras  ound typical presentation is rapid sw  elling sometimes associated by skin changes pe  au d orange and nip  ple re  traction other symptoms include rapid increase in breast size red  ness persistent it  ching skin hot to touch i  bc often initially resembles mas  ti  tis only about 50 75 cases have the typical presentation symptoms can be completely atypical such as acute central ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis as the sole presenting symptom i  bc makes up only a small percentage of breast cancer cases 1 6 in the usa i  bc is often diagnosed in younger women although average age of presentation does not differ much from other kinds of breast cancer average age 57 years african americans are usually diagnosed at younger ages than caucasian women and also have a higher risk of getting i  bc recent advances in therapy have improved the prog  no  sis considerably and at least one third of women will survive the diagnosis by 10 years or longer
infl  am  matory fi  bro  id poly  p abbreviated if  p is a benign abnormal growth of tissue projec  ting into the lum  en of the gastro  intest  inal tract
infl  am  matory linear ver  ru  co  us ep  id  er  mal nev  us il  ven is a rare disease of the skin that presents as multiple dis  crete red pap  ules that tend to coal  es  ce into linear pl  aqu  es that follow the lines of blas  ch  ko the pl  aqu  es can be slightly war  ty ps  ori  a  form or scal  y ecz  ema like il  ven is caused by som  atic mutations that result in genetic mo  sa  ic  ism there is no cure but different medical treatments can alleviate the symptoms
infl  am  matory my  elo  bl  astic tumor imt also known as an infl  am  matory pseu  do  tumor is a rare benign tumor occurring in the liver and or bile duc  ts
infl  am  matory my  o  fi  bro  bl  astic tum  our is a le  sional pattern of infl  am  matory pseu  do  tum  our as plasma cell gran  ul  oma it is abbreviated imt
infl  am  matory my  opathy infl  am  matory muscle disease or my  osi  tis is disease featuring weakness and infl  amm  ation of muscles and in some types muscle pain the cause of much infl  am  matory my  opathy is unknown idi  opathic and such cases are classified according to their symptoms and signs and electro  my  o  graphy m  ri and laboratory findings it can also be associated with underlying cancer the main classes of idi  opathic infl  am  matory my  opathy are poly  my  osi  tis pm der  mat  om  yo  si  tis dm and inclusion body my  osi  tis ibm
infl  am  matory pap  ill  ary hyper  pl  asia also termed pal  atal pap  il  lo  mat  osis pal  atal epi  the  li  al hyper  pl  asia and d  ent  ure pap  il  lo  mat  osis is a hyper  pl  asia over  growth of soft tissue usually beneath a d  ent  ure it is associated with poor d  ent  ure hygiene d  ent  ure over  use and ill fitting d  ent  ures it is a closely related condition to infl  am  matory fi  bro  us hyper  pl  asia ep  ul  is fis  sur  at  um but the appearance and location differs
in economics inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time when the price level rises each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services consequently inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy a chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate the annu  alized percentage change in a general price index usually the consumer price index over time the opposite of inflation is deflation inflation affects economies in various positive and negative ways the negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings and if inflation were rapid enough shortages of goods as consumers begin ho  ar  ding out of concern that prices will increase in the future positive effects include reducing the real burden of public and private debt keeping nominal interest rates above zero so that central banks can adjust interest rates to stabilize the economy and reducing unemployment due to nominal wage rigidity economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyper  inflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply however money supply growth does not necessarily cause inflation some economists maintain that under the conditions of a liquidity trap large monetary injections are like pushing on a string views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services or changes in available supplies such as during scar  cities however the consensus view is that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic growth today most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation low as opposed to zero or negative inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy the task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities generally these monetary authorities are the central banks that control monetary policy through the setting of interest rates through open market operations and through the setting of banking reserve requirements
an inflationary gap in economics is the amount by which the actual gross domestic product exceeds potential full employment gdp it is one type of output gap the other being a recessionary gap
inflicted insight is a possible consequence for subjects participating in certain kinds of research it occurs when the subject is given insight into his flaws through his or her participation in an experiment often unexpectedly or causing emotional pain it is especially likely in social and psychological research and especially when that research involves deception of the subject by the researcher the mil  gram experiment is a well known example of an experiment with a very high potential for inflicted insight through their participation in the experiment many subjects realized that they were capable of committing acts of extreme violence on other human beings after having this realization many subjects experienced prolonged symptoms of anxiety however 84 percent of former participants surveyed later said they were glad or very glad to have participated deceptive debri  ef  ing is one method for avoiding inflicted insight in psychological experiments although it is considered ethically questionable in and of itself the american psychological association s guidelines for ethical experimentation strongly discourage experiments where deceptive debri  ef  ing is the only alternative to inflicted insight however such experiments may be deemed ethically acceptable if they are counter  balanced by other ethical concerns
flu and gri  ppe redirect here for other uses see flu dis  ambigu  ation and gri  ppe dis  ambigu  ation influenza commonly known as the flu is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus symptoms can be mild to severe the most common symptoms include a high fever run  ny nose sore throat muscle pains headache cou  gh  ing and feeling tired these symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week the cough however may last for more than two weeks in children there may be naus  ea and v  om  iting but these are not common in adults naus  ea and v  om  iting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastro  enter  i  tis which is sometimes in  accurately referred to as stomach flu or 24 hour flu complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia secondary bacterial pneumonia sin  us infections and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure three types of influenza viruses affect people called type a type b and type c usually the virus is spread through the air from cou  ghs or snee  zes this is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances it can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes a person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms the infection may be confirmed by testing the throat sp  u  tum or nose for the virus a number of rapid tests are available however people may still have the infection if the results are negative a type of poly  mer  ase chain reaction that detec  ts the virus s r  na is more accurate frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection because the virus is in  activated by soap wearing a surgical mask is also useful yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the world health organization for those at high risk the vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza it is usually well tolerated a vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year since the virus evol  ves rapidly anti  viral drugs such as the ne  ur  amin  id  ase inhi  bit  or o  sel  tam  i  vi  r among others have been used to treat influenza their benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks no benefit has been found in those with other health problems influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250 000 to 500 000 deaths in the northern and southern parts of the world outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equ  ator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year death occurs mostly in the young the old and those with other health problems larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent in the 20 th century three influenza pandemics occurred spanish influenza in 1918 asian influenza in 1958 and hong kong influenza in 1968 each resulting in more than a million deaths the world health organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza a h 1 n 1 to be a pandemic in june 2009 influenza may also affect other animals including pigs horses and birds
influenza like illness il  i also known as acute respiratory infection ari and flu like syndrome symptoms is a medical diagnosis of possible influenza or other illness causing a set of common symptoms symptoms commonly include fever shi  vering ch  ills malaise dry cough loss of appetite body aches and naus  ea typically in connection with a sudden onset of illness in most cases the symptoms are caused by cy  to  k  ines released by immune system activation and are thus relatively non specific common causes of il  i include the common cold and influenza which tends to be less common but more severe than the common cold less common causes include side effects of many drugs and manifestations of many other diseases
h 10 n 7 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus in 2004 in egypt h 10 n 7 was reported for the first time in humans it caused illness in two one year old infants residents of is  mail  lia egypt one child ’ s father a poultry merchant the first reported h 10 n 7 outbreak in the us occurred in min  nes  ota on two turkey farms in 1979 and on a third in 1980 the clinical signs rang  ed from severe with a mortality rate as high as 31 to sub  clinical anti  gen  ically in  distingu  ishable viruses were isolated from healthy mall  ards on a pond adjacent to the turkey farms
influenza a h 1 n 1 virus is the subtype of influenza a virus that was the most common cause of human influenza flu in 2009 and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the spanish flu it is an or  thom  y  x  o  virus that contains the gly  co  proteins ha  em  agg  lu  tin  in and ne  ur  amin  id  ase for this reason they are described as h 1 n 1 h 1 n 2 etc depending on the type of h or n antigens they express with metabol  ic synergy ha  em  agg  lu  tin  in causes red blood cells to cl  ump together and binds the virus to the infected cell ne  ur  amin  id  ase are a type of gly  co  side hydro  l  ase enzyme which help to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in bud  ding from the host cells some strains of h 1 n 1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza h 1 n 1 strains caused a small percentage of all human flu infections in 2004 – 2005 other strains of h 1 n 1 are endemic in pigs swine influenza and in birds avian influenza in june 2009 the world health organization who declared the new strain of swine origin h 1 n 1 as a pandemic this strain is often called swine flu by the public media this novel virus spread worldwide and had caused about 17 000 deaths by the start of 2010 on august 10 2010 the world health organization declared the h 1 n 1 influenza pandemic over saying worldwide flu activity had returned to typical seasonal patterns
h 1 n 2 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus it is currently endemic in both human and pig populations h 1 n 1 h 1 n 2 and h 3 n 2 are the only known influenza a virus sub  types currently circulating among humans the virus does not cause more severe illness than other influenza viruses and no unusual increases in influenza activity have been associated with it
h 2 n 2 is a subtype of the influenza a virus h 2 n 2 has mut  ated into various strains including the asian flu strain now extinct in the wild h 3 n 2 and various strains found in birds it is also suspected of causing a human pandemic in 18  89 the geographic spreading of the 18  89 russian flu have been studied and published
h 2 n 3 is a subtype of the influenza a virus its name derives from the forms of the two kinds of proteins on the surface of its coat hem  agg  lu  tin  in h and ne  ur  amin  id  ase n h 2 n 3 viruses can infect birds and mam  mal  sit is also known as the common cold
h 3 n 1 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus mostly affecting pigs the known sub  types of influenza a virus that create influenza in pigs and are endemic in pigs are h 1 n 1 h 1 n 2 h 3 n 1 and h 3 n 2
influenza a virus subtype h 3 n 2 a h 3 n 2 is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza flu h 3 n 2 viruses can infect birds and mammals in birds humans and pigs the virus has mut  ated into many strains h 3 n 2 is increasingly abundant in seasonal influenza which kills an estimated 36 000 people in the united states each year
h 3 n 8 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus that is endemic in birds horses and dogs in 2011 it was reported to have been found in seals cats have been experim  entally infected with the virus leading to clinical signs shedding of the virus and infection of other cats
influenza a virus subtype h 5 n 1 also known as a h 5 n 1 or simply h 5 n 1 is a subtype of the influenza a virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species a bird adapted strain of h 5 n 1 called hpai a h 5 n 1 for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type a of subtype h 5 n 1 is the highly pathogenic caus  ative agent of h 5 n 1 flu commonly known as avian influenza bird flu it is enzootic maintained in the population in many bird populations especially in southeast asia one strain of hpai a h 5 n 1 is spreading globally after first appearing in asia it is epizootic an epidemic in non  humans and pan  zo  otic affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area killing tens of millions of birds and spur  ring the culling of hundreds of millions of others to stem its spread many references to bird flu and h 5 n 1 in the popular media refer to this strain according to the world health organization and united nations food and agriculture organization h 5 n 1 patho  gen  icity is gradually continuing to rise in endemic areas but the avian influenza disease situation in farmed birds is being held in check by vaccination and so far there is no evidence of sustained human to human transmission of the virus eleven outbreaks of h 5 n 1 were reported worldwide in june 2008 in five countries china egypt indonesia pakistan and vietnam compared to 65 outbreaks in june 2006 and 55 in june 2007 the global hpai situation significantly improved in the first half of 2008 but the fao reports that imperfect disease surveillance systems mean that occurrence of the virus remains underestimated and under  reported in july 2013 the who announced a total of 630 confirmed human cases which resulted in the deaths of 375 people since 2003 several h 5 n 1 vaccines have been developed and approved and stockp  iled by a number of countries including the united states in its national stockpile britain france canada and australia for use in an emergency research has shown that a highly contagious strain of h 5 n 1 one that might allow airborne transmission between mammals can be reached in only a few mutations raising concerns about a pandemic and bio  terrorism
h 5 n 2 is a subtype of the species influ  enz  avi  rus a avian influenza virus or bird flu virus the subtype inf  ects a wide variety of birds including chickens ducks turkeys fal  cons and o  stric  hes affected birds usually do not appear ill and the disease is often mild as avian influenza viral sub  types go some variants of the subtype are much more pathogenic than others and outbreaks of high path h 5 n 2 result in the culling of thousands of birds in poultry farms from time to time it appears that people who work with birds can be infected by the virus but suffer hardly any noticeable health effects even people exposed to the highly pathogenic h 5 n 2 variety that killed ostr  ich chicks in south africa only seem to have developed con  junc  ti  vi  tis or a perhaps a mild respiratory illness there is no evidence of human to human spread of h 5 n 2
h 5 n 3 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus h 5 n 3 was identified in qu  eb  ec in august 2005 and in sweden in october 2005 2009 h 5 n 3 virus was identified at a la gar  n  ache farm in france in late january 90 birds were found dead between 29 january 2009 and 31 january 2009 the remaining stock of 4 9  32 birds was cul  led on 1 february 2009 germany 102 o  stric  hes and 28 chickens in a farm bl  um  berg must be slaughtered suspicion of avian influenza the samples have shown that it is an h 5 n 3 virus an influenza a virus
h 5 n 6 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus four known cases three fatal have occurred in humans as of july 12 2015
h 5 n 8 is a subtype of the influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus although h 5 n 8 is considered one of the lower pathogenic sub  types it is beginning to become more so many times h 5 n 8 is used as an incub  ator for the highly pathogenic h 1 n 1
h 5 n 9 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus a highly pathogenic strain of h 5 n 9 caused a minor flu outbreak in 1966 in on  tari  o and man  it  ob  a canada in turkeys
influenza a virus subtype h 6 n 1 also known as h 6 n 1 is a subtype of the influenza a virus it has only infected one person a woman in taiwan who recovered known to infect eurasian teal it is closely related to subtype h 5 n 1
h 7 n 1 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus a highly pathogenic strain of it caused a flu outbreak with significant spread to numerous farms resulting in great economic losses in 1999 in italy in turkeys
h 7 n 2 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus this subtype is one of several sometimes called bird flu virus a c  dc study following outbreaks of h 7 n 2 in commercial poultry farms in western virginia in 2002 concluded an important factor contributing to rapid early spread of ai virus infection among commercial poultry farms during this outbreak was disposal of dead birds via rendering off farm because of the highly infectious nature of ai virus and the devastating economic impact of outbreaks poultry farmers should consider carcass disposal techniques that do not require off farm movement such as burial com  posting or incineration one person in virginia united states in 2002 and one person in new york united states in 2003 were found to have sero  logic evidence of infection from h 7 n 2 both fully recovered an analysis of the new york 2003 case concluded that the h 7 n 2 virus responsible could be evolving toward the same strong sugar binding properties of the three worldwide viral pandemics in 1918 1957 and 1968 human fl  us and bird fl  us differ in the molecules they are good at binding with because mammals and birds differ in the molecules on the cell surface to be bound with humans have very few cells with the bird sugar on its cell surface a study with ferre  ts showed that this h 7 n 2 strain could be passed from mamm  al to mamm  al in february 2004 an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza lpai a h 7 n 2 was reported on 2 chicken farms in del  aware and in four live bird markets in new jersey supplied by the same farms in march 2004 surveillance samples from a flock of chickens in mary  land tested positive for lpai h 7 n 2 it is likely that this was the same strain on 24 may 2007 an outbreak of h 7 n 2 was confirmed at a poultry farm near cor  wen in wales from tests on chickens that died from h 7 n 2 the owners of the con  wy farm bought 15 rho  de island red chickens two weeks prior but all died from h 7 n 2 the 32 other poultry at the site were slaughtered a one kilo  meter exclusion zone was put in force around the property in which birds and bird products cannot be moved and bird gathering can only take place under licence nine people who were associated with the infected or dead poultry and reported flu like symptoms were tested four tested positive for evidence of infection from h 7 n 2 and were successfully treated for mild flu in early june it was discovered that the virus had spread to a poultry farm 70 miles 113 km away near st hel  ens in north west england all the poultry at the farm were slaughtered and a 1 km exclusion zone imposed
h 7 n 3 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus in north america the presence of h 7 n 3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in british columbia in february 2004 flocks were cul  led to halt the spread of the virus two humans both poultry workers were infected and had symptoms including con  junc  ti  vi  tis and mild influenza like illness both fully recovered and were treated with o  sel  tam  i  vi  r in 1963 h 7 n 3 was first found in britain in turkeys for the first time since 1979 h 7 n 3 was found in the uk in april 2006 it infected birds and one poultry worker whose only symptom was con  junc  ti  vi  tis in a nor  folk england wit  ford lodge farm o  sel  tam  i  vi  r was used for prevention and 35 000 chickens were cul  led in 2005 h 7 n 3 was detected in migratory bird dro  pp  ings in taiwan on september 27 2007 another outbreak of h 7 n 3 was detected in a poultry operation in sas  kat  che  wan canada the canadian food inspection agency has announced the euthan  ization of the flock and the disinfection of all building materials and equipment in contact with the birds or their dro  pp  ings in june 2012 an outbreak was found on about 10 farms in j  alis  co mexico of the over 6 million birds checked 1 7 million were found to be sick the area primarily produces layers and supplies eggs the virus is not transmitted from hens to their eggs
h 7 n 4 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus sometimes called bird flu virus a highly pathogenic strain of it caused a minor flu outbreak in 1997 in new south wales australia in chicken
h 7 n 7 is a subtype of influenza a virus a genus of or  thom  y  x  o  virus the viruses responsible for influenza highly pathogenic strains hpai and low pathogenic strains lpai exist h 7 n 7 can infect humans birds pigs seals and horses in the wild and has infected mice in laboratory studies this unusual zoonotic potential represents a pandemic threat in 2003 89 people in the netherlands were confirmed to have been infected by h 7 n 7 following an outbreak in poultry on approximately 255 farms one death was recorded a veterinarian who had been testing chickens for the virus and all infected flocks were cul  led most affected people had mild symptoms including con  junc  ti  vi  tis antibodies were found in over half of 500 people tested according to the final official report by the dutch government as at least 50 of the people exposed to infected poultry had h 7 antibodies detec  table with the modified ass  ay it was estimated that avian influenza a h 7 n 7 virus infection occurred in at least 1000 and perhaps as many as 2000 people the ser  op  re  val  ence of h 7 antibodies in people without contact with infected poultry but with close household contact to an infected poultry worker was 59 this suggests that the population at risk for avian influenza was not limited to those with direct contact to infected poultry and that person to person transmission may have occurred on a large scale final analysis of dutch avian influenza outbreaks reveals much higher levels of transmission to humans than previously thought in august 2006 low pathogenic l  p h 7 n 7 was found during routine testing at a poultry farm in voor  thu  iz  en in the central netherlands as a precautionary measure 25 000 chickens were cul  led from voor  thu  iz  en and surrounding farms in june 2008 high pathogenic h  p h 7 n 7 was confirmed on a 25 000 bird laying unit at shen  ington england probably derived from a pre existing low pathogenic variety farmers guardian reported a 2 5 per cent increased mortality in one shed and a reduction in egg production recorded two weeks before a large number of deaths on 2 june that led to the diagnosis of h  p h 7 n 7 on 4 june in october 2009 high pathogenic h  p h 7 n 7 was confirmed on a farm in al  mo  gu  era gu  ad  al  aj  ara spain hong kong announced that it would suspend the import of poultry from spain in august 2013 high pathogenic h  p h 7 n 7 was found in markets in wen  zhou zhejiang province in china when testing for h 7 n 9 in july 2015 high pathogenic h  p h 7 n 7 was confirmed on a poultry farm in lan  cash  ire england
h 9 n 2 is a subtype of the species influenza a virus bird flu virus over the years the h 9 n 2 influenza strain caused illness in several children aged nine months to 5 years in hong kong with the latest occurring in december 2009
information excellence is the ability of an organization to use information in an optimal way to achieve their own competitive advantages looking at the supply of information as a customer oriented process in terms of business performance excellence means the ability of an information provider broadcaster the interests of its customer information to know best and their related requirements to satisfy optim  ally from the perspective of the customer information information excellence pursued the objective of enabling the customer to develop its information needs specifically and consistently under selection to satisfy any information provider
the information explosion is the rapid increase in the amount of published information or data and the effects of this abundance as the amount of available data grows the problem of managing the information becomes more difficult which can lead to information overload the online oxford english dic  tionary indicates use of the phrase in a march 1964 new statesman article the new york times first used the phrase in its editorial content in an article by walter sullivan on june 7 1964 in which he described the phrase as much discussed pe 11 the earliest use of the phrase seems to have been in an ibm advertising supplement to the new york times published on april 30 1961 and by frank fre  mont smith director of the american institute of biological sciences inter  disciplinary conference program in an april 1961 article in the ai  bs bulletin p 18 techniques to gather knowledge from an over  abundance of electronic information e g data fusion may help in data mining have existed since the 1970 s
information hypothesis of conditioned reinforcement ber  ly  ne 1960 blo  om  field 1972 r  ach  lin 1976 states that the conditioned reinforcing strength of a stimulus is a function of its inform  ativeness about the availability of primary reinforcement in other words the more uncertainty about the reinforcement the stimulus reduces the more effective a conditioned reinfor  cer it will be hence this hypothesis has also been called the uncertainty reduction hypothesis
an important factor to be considered with old age is cognitive decline thus information processing technologies need to be centered on factors that define cogn  ition this article highlights some of the important conceptual models and theories that govern design of such systems the main focus is to look at the different information processing technologies that are presently used for enabling better functional performance as the nation ’ s baby boom  ers grow older there exists a growing demand for a good support system that can ease their burden technology is ubiquitous in most social contexts in the united states and other industrialized countries and has become an important part of everyday life as an integral component of most activities the advent of technology has shown promising results in various fields such as the delivery of care and in vehicle driving technology by focusing on the needs of older adults and placing them at the center of this transformation such systems would work in favor of improving and empowering not just the elderly but also their families while reducing some of the burden on them and increasing independence yet there continues to exist a digital divide amongst the elderly population with less use of technology causing them to become disenfranch  ised and disadvantaged
inf  rap  at  ell  ar bur  si  tis is the infl  amm  ation of one or both of the inf  rap  at  ell  ar bur  sa which are located just below the kne  ec  ap symptoms of bur  si  tis commonly include sw  elling and knee pain bur  si  tis often develops gradually over a period of days to even months but may develop more rapidly especially in the event of trauma or infection bur  si  tis affecting the superficial inf  rap  at  ell  ar bur  sa is an occupational hazard of persons whose work involves kne  eling on hard surfaces depending on the occupation affected it is known by a variety nick  names most commonly floor layers knee but also plum  bers knee cler  gy  man s knee or house  wife s knee pre  pat  ell  ar bur  si  tis the deep inf  rap  at  ell  ar bur  sa occasionally also become infl  amed sw  oll  en and painful bur  si  tis in the deep inf  rap  at  ell  ar bur  sa usually develops from chronic over  use of the knee ext  ens  or tend  on pat  ell  ar tend  on as can occur with repeti  tive fl  ex  ing of the knee under pressure in work duties or exercise examples might include climbing stairs jumping or deep knee ben  ds
ing  ro  wn hair is a condition where hair cur  ls back or grows side  ways into the skin the condition is most prevalent among people who have co  arse or cur  ly hair it may or may not be accompanied by an infection of the hair fol  lic  le fol  lic  u  li  tis or razor bu  mps pseu  do  fol  lic  u  li  tis bar  ba  e which vary in size while ing  ro  wn hair most commonly appears in areas where the skin is sha  ved or wa  xed beard legs pu  bic region it can appear anywhere anything which causes the hair to be broken off un  evenly with a sharp tip can cause ing  ro  wn ha  irs sha  ving is the leading cause followed by wa  xing and tight clothing
ony  cho  cry  pto  sis from greek ὄ  ν  υ  ξ ony  x nail κρ  υπ  τ  ός kry  p  tos hidden also known as an ing  ro  wn to  en  ail or un  gu  is incar  n  ates is a common form of nail disease it is an often painful condition in which the nail grows so that it cuts into one or both sides of the par  ony  chi  um or nail bed the common opinion is that the nail enters inside the par  ony  chi  um but an ing  ro  wn to  en  ail can simply be over  grown toe skin the condition starts from a micro  bial infl  amm  ation of the par  ony  chi  um then a gran  ul  oma which results in a nail buried inside of the gran  ul  oma while ing  ro  wn nails can occur in the nails of both the hands and the feet they occur most commonly with the to  en  ails a true ing  ro  wn to  en  ail or ony  cho  cry  pto  sis is caused by the actual penetration of flesh by a sli  ver of nail
an ingu  inal her  nia is a pro  tru  sion of ab  domin  al cav  ity contents through the ingu  inal canal symptoms are present in about 66 of affected people this may include pain or discomfort especially with cou  gh  ing exercise or bo  wel movements often it gets worse throughout the day and improves when lying down a bul  ging area may occur that becomes larger when bearing down ingu  inal her  ni  as occur more often on the right than left side the main concern is strang  ulation where the blood supply to part of the intest  ine is blocked this usually produces severe pain and tender  ness of the area risk factors for the development of a her  nia include smoking chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease obesity pregnancy per  it  one  al dial  ysis coll  agen vascular disease and previous open append  ec  tomy among others her  ni  as are partly genetic and occur more often in certain families it is unclear if ingu  inal her  ni  as are associated with heavy lifting her  ni  as can often be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms occasionally medical imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible causes gro  in her  ni  as that do not cause symptoms in males do not need to be repaired repair however is generally recommended in females due to the higher rate of fem  oral her  ni  as which have more complications if strang  ulation occurs immediate surgery is required repair may be done by open surgery or by l  apar  o  scopic surgery open surgery has the benefit of possibly being done under local an  esthesia rather than general an  esthesia l  apar  o  scopic surgery generally has less pain following the procedure about 27 of males and 3 of females develop a gro  in her  nia at some time in their life gro  in her  ni  as occur most often before the age of one and after the age of fifty ingu  inal fem  oral and ab  domin  al her  ni  as resulted in 51 000 deaths in 2013 and 55 000 in 1990
inhal  ants are a broad range of in  tox  ic  ative drugs whose gases or volatile vap  ors are breath  ed in via the nose or mouth they are taken by room temperature volati  li  zation or from a pressur  ized container e g nit  rous oxide and do not include drugs that are sni  ffed after burning or heating for example am  yl nit  r  ite and t  olu  ene – the solvent used in contact cement and model airplane glue – are considered inhal  ants but tobacco cannabis and crack are not even though the latter are also inhal  ed as smoke while some inhal  ant drugs are prescribed by medical professionals and used for medical purposes as in the case of nit  rous oxide a dental anxi  ol  y  tic and pain relief agent this article focuses on inhal  ant use of household and industrial chemicals in a manner not intended by the manufacturer to produce in  tox  ication or other psychoactive effects these products are used as recreational drugs for their in  tox  ic  ating effect according to a 1995 report by the national institute on drug abuse the most serious inhal  ant abuse occurs among homeless children and teens who live on the streets completely without family ties inhal  ant users inhal  e vap  or or aerosol propell  ant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent so  aked rag or an open container the practices are known col  lo  qu  ially as sni  ffing hu  ffing or bag  ging the effects of inhal  ants range from an alcohol like in  tox  ication and intense euphoria to vivid halluc  inations depending on the substance and the dose some inhal  ant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases or due to other chemicals used in the products that they are inhal  ing as with any recreational drug users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are in  tox  ic  ated such as driving under the influence in some cases users have died from hypo  x  ia lack of oxygen pneumonia cardiac failure or arrest or aspiration of v  omit brain damage is typically seen with chronic long term use as opposed to short term exposure even though many inhal  ants are legal there have been legal actions taken in some jurisdictions to limit access by minors while solvent glue is normally a legal product a scottish court has ruled that supplying glue to children is illegal if the store knows the children intend to abuse the glue in the us thirty eight of 50 states have enacted laws making various inhal  ants unavailable to those under the age of 18 or making inhal  ant use illegal
in genetic algori  th  ms inheritance is the ability of model  ed objects to mate mut  ate similar to biological mutation and propag  ate their problem solving genes to the next generation in order to produce an evolved solution to a particular problem the selection of objects that will be inherited from in each successive generation is determined by a fitness function which varies depending upon the problem being addressed the traits of these objects are passed on through chro  mo  som  es by a means similar to biological reproduction these chro  mo  som  es are generally represented by a series of genes which in turn are usually represented using b  inary numbers this propagation of traits between generations is similar to the inheritance of traits between generations of biological organisms this process can also be viewed as a form of reinforcement learning because the evolution of the objects is driven by the passing of traits from successful objects which can be viewed as a reward for their success thereby promoting beneficial traits
inherited disorders of trafficking id  t are a family of disorders that involve vesicular delivery of proteins they were characterized in 1975
inherited patter  ned l  enti  gin  osis in black people is a cu  taneous condition inherited in an auto  som  al dominant fashion presenting in infancy or early childhood
ini  encephal  y a term derived from the greek word in  ion for n  ape of the neck is a rare type of cephal  ic disorder that was first described by é  ti  enne ge  off  roy saint hil  aire in 18  36 those afflicted with the disorder all share 3 common characteristics a defect to the oc  ci  p  ital bone sp  ina bi  fi  da of the cer  vic  al verte  bra  e and retro  fl  ex  ion backward b  ending of the head on the cer  vic  al sp  ine still  birth is the most common outcome with a few rare examples of live birth after which death almost invariably occurs within a short time
in astro  no  my the initial mass function imf is an empirical function that describes the distribution of initial masses for a population of stars the imf is often given as a probability distribution function pdf for the mass at which a star enters the main sequence begins hydrogen fusion the distribution function can then be used to construct the mass distribution the his  to  gram of stell  ar masses of a population of stars the properties and evolution of a star are closely related to its mass so the imf is an important diagnostic tool for astro  no  mers studying large quantities of stars for example the initial mass of a star is the primary factor determining its colour lumin  osity and lifetime the imf is relatively invari  ant from one group of stars to another though some observations suggest that the imf is different in different environments
injection fi  bro  sis is a complic  ation of intr  amus  cular injection occurring especially often in infants and children injections are often delivered to the quad  ric  eps tric  eps and glu  teal muscles and thus the complic  ation often manifests itself in those muscles patients are unable to fully flex the affected muscle the condition is pain  less but progressively wor  sens over time orth  o  ped  ic surgery is the typical treatment
injection site reactions are allergic reactions that result in cu  taneous necro  sis that may occur at sites of medication injection typically presenting in one of two forms 1 those associated with intra  ven  ous in  fusion or 2 those related to intr  amus  cular injection intra muscular injections may produce a syndrome called live  do der  mati  tis
in mathematics an injec  tive function or injection or one to one function is a function that preserves distinc  tness it never maps distinct elements of its domain to the same element of its co  domain in other words every element of the function s co  domain is the image of at most one element of its domain the term one to one function must not be confused with one to one correspondence aka bi  jec  tive function which uniquely maps all elements in both domain and co  domain to each other see figures occasionally an injec  tive function from x to y is den  oted f x ↣ y using an arrow with a bar  bed tail u 21 a 3 ↣ righ  tw  ards arrow with tail the set of injec  tive functions from x to y may be den  oted y  x using a no  tation derived from that used for falling fac  torial powers since if x and y are finite sets with respectively m and n elements the number of injections from x to y is nm see the twel  ve  fold way a function f that is not injec  tive is sometimes called many to one however the injec  tive terminology is also sometimes used to mean single valued i e each argument is mapped to at most one value a mon  om  orph  ism is a gener  alization of an injec  tive function in category theory
for the legal sense of the term see legal injury injury is damage to the body this may be caused by accidents falls hits weapons and other causes major trauma is injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death in 2013 4 8 million people died from injuries up from 4 3 million in 1990 more than 30 of these deaths were transport related injuries in 2013 367 000 children less than five died from injuries down from 766 000 in 1990 injuries are the cause of 9 of all death and are the sixth leading cause of death in the world
injury of ax  ill  ary nerve ax  ill  ary neuro  pa  thy is a condition that can be associated with a surgical neck of the hum  er  us frac  ture it can also be associated with a dis  located shoulder or with traction injury to the nerve which may be caused by over aggressive stretching or blunt trauma that does not result in frac  ture or dis  location one form of this injury is referred to as ax  ill  ary nerve pal  sy injury most commonly occurs proxim  al to the quad  ri  lateral space injury in this nerve causes paralysis as always to the muscles in  nerv  ated by it most importantly del  to  id muscle this muscle is the main abduc  tor of the shoulder joint from 18 to 90 degrees from 0 to 18 by supr  asp  in  atus injury can result in a reduction in shoulder abduction so a test can be applied to a patient with injury of ax  ill  ary nerve by trying to abduc  t the injured shoulder against resistance the pain from ax  ill  ary neuro  pa  thy is usually dull and aching rather than sharp and increases with increasing range of motion many people notice only mild pain but considerable weakness when they try to use the affected shoulder
ink spot l  enti  go also known as sun  burn l  enti  go is a cu  taneous condition characterized by skin le  sions commonly occurring on the shoulders
in abstract al  ge  bra an inner au  tomor  ph  ism is a certain type of au  tomor  ph  ism of a group defined in terms of a fixed element of the group called the con  ju  gating element formally if g is a group and a is an element of g then the inner au  tomor  ph  ism defined by a is the map f from g to itself defined for all x in g by the formula f x a − 1 xa here we use the convention that group elements act on the right the operation x a − 1 xa is called con  ju  gation see also con  ju  g  acy class and it is often of interest to distinguish the cases where con  ju  gation by one element leaves another element unchanged from cases where con  ju  gation generates a new element in fact saying that con  ju  gation of x by a leaves x unchanged is equivalent to saying that a and x comm  ute a − 1 xa x ⇔ ax xa therefore the existence and number of inner au  tomor  ph  isms that are not the identity mapping is a kind of measure of the failure of the comm  ut  ative law in the group an au  tomor  ph  ism of a group g is inner if and only if it extends to every group containing g
in mathematics in particular in measure theory an inner measure is a function on the set of all sub  sets of a given set with values in the extended real numbers satisfying some technical conditions intu  i  tively the inner measure of a set is a lower bound of the size of that set
inner sphere or bon  ded electr  on transfer is a re  do  x chemical reaction that proceeds via a co  val  ent linkage — a strong electronic interaction — between the oxid  ant and the reduc  tant re  ac  tants in inner sphere is electr  on transfer et a lig  and bridges the two metal re  do  x centers during the electr  on transfer event inner sphere reactions are inhi  bited by large lig  ands which prevent the formation of the crucial bri  dged intermediate thus is et is rare in biological systems where re  do  x sites are often shiel  ded by bul  ky proteins inner sphere et is usually used to describe reactions involving transition metal complex  es and most of this article is written from this perspective however re  do  x centers can consist of organic groups rather than metal centers the bridging lig  and could be virtually any entity that can convey electron  s typically such a lig  and has more than one lone electr  on pair such that it can serve as an electr  on donor to both the reduc  tant and the oxid  ant common bridging lig  ands include the hali  des and the pseu  do  hali  des such as hydrox  ide and thi  oc  yan  ate more complex bridging lig  ands are also well known including ox  al  ate mal  on  ate and py  raz  ine prior to et the bri  dged complex must form and such processes are often highly reversible electr  on transfer occurs through the bridge once it is established in some cases the stable bri  dged structure may exist in the ground state in other cases the bri  dged structure may be a transi  ently formed intermediate or else as a transition state during the reaction the alternative to inner sphere electr  on transfer is outer sphere electr  on transfer in any transition metal re  do  x process the mechanism can be assumed to be outer sphere unless the conditions of the inner sphere are met inner sphere electr  on transfer is generally en  th  alp  ically more favorable than outer sphere electr  on transfer due to a larger degree of interaction between the metal centers involved however inner sphere electr  on transfer is usually ent  ro  p  ically less favorable since the two sites involved must become more ordered come together via a bridge than in outer sphere electr  on transfer
in  ner  most station is cause effect s third release contains nine intro  spec  tive tracks including the single world is ours soon after the recording of in  ner  most station was completed drum  mer richard shepherd am  ic  ably left the band to pursue personal interests released in 1997 under the lique  faction label the album was re released in 1999
the innocent prisoner s dilemma or parole deal is a detrimental effect of a legal system in which admission of guilt can result in reduced sentences or early parole when an innocent person is wrongly convicted of a crime legal systems which need the individual to admit guilt for example as a prerequisite step leading to parole punish an innocent person for his integrity and reward a person lacking in integrity there have been many cases where innocent prisoners were given the choice between freedom in exchange for claiming guilt and remaining imprisoned and telling the truth individuals have died in prison rather than admit to crimes which they did not commit it has been demonstrated in britain that prisoners who freely admit their guilt are more likely to re offend than prisoners who maintain their innocence yet parole officers perceive prisoners claiming innocence to be more likely to re offend other research however has found no clear link between denial of guilt and reci  divis  m united states law professor daniel med  wed says convic  ts who go before a parole board maintaining their innocence are caught in a catch 22 which he calls the innocent prisoner ’ s dilemma a false admission of guilt and re  morse by an innocent person at a parole hearing may prevent a later investigation proving their innocence
in time series analysis or forecasting — as conducted in statistics signal processing and many other fields — the innovation is the difference between the observed value of a variable at time t and the optimal forecast of that value based on information available prior to time t if the forecasting method is working correctly successive innovations are un  correlated with each other i e constitute a white noise time series thus it can be said that the innovation time series is obtained from the measurement time series by a process of whit  ening or removing the predictable component the use of the term innovation in the sense described here is due to hend  rik bode and claude shannon 1950 in their discussion of the wi  ener filter problem although the notion was already implicit in the work of kol  mo  gor  ov
the innovations vector or residual vector is the difference between the measurement vector and the predicted measurement vector each difference represents the deviation of the observed random variable from the predicted response the innovation vector is often used to check the validity of a model
in  os  cul  ation is a natural phenomenon in which trun  ks branches or roots of two trees grow together it is bio  logically very similar to graf  ting it is most common for branches of two trees of the same species to grow together though in  os  cul  ation may be noted across related species the branches first grow separately in proximity to each other until they touch at this point the bark on the touching surfaces is gradually ab  rad  ed away as the trees move in the wind once the cam  bi  um of two trees touches they sometimes self graft and grow together as they expand in diameter in  os  cul  ation custom  arily results when tree limbs are br  aided or ple  ached the term in  os  cul  ation is also used in the context of plastic surgery as one of the three mechanisms by which skin graf  ts take at the host site blood vessels from the recipient site are believed to connect with those of the graft in order to restore vas  cul  arity
insan  ity craz  iness or madness is a spectrum of behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns insan  ity may manifest as violations of societal norms including a person becoming a danger to themselves or others though not all such acts are considered insan  ity likewise not all acts showing indifference toward societal norms are acts of insan  ity in modern usage insan  ity is most commonly encountered as an informal un  scientific term den  oting mental instability or in the narrow legal context of the insan  ity defense in the medical profession the term is now avoided in favor of diagnoses of specific psychiatric diseases the presence of delu  sions or halluc  inations is broadly referred to as psycho  sis when discussing psychiatric illness in general terms psychop  ath  ology is considered a preferred descri  p  tor in english the word san  e derives from the latin ad  jec  tive san  us meaning healthy juven  al s phrase m  ens san  a in corpor  e san  o is often translated to mean a healthy mind in a healthy body from this perspective insan  ity can be considered as poor health of the mind not necessarily of the brain as an organ although that can affect mental health but rather refers to defective function of mental processes such as reasoning another latin phrase related to our current concept of san  ity is com  pos menti  s lit sound of mind and a euph  emis  tic term for insan  ity is non com  pos menti  s in law m  ens rea means having had criminal intent or a guilty mind when the act ac  tus re  us was committed a more informal use of the term insan  ity is to den  ote something considered highly unique passionate or extreme including in a positive sense the term may also be used as an attempt to discredit or criticise particular ideas beliefs principles desires personal feelings attitudes or their proponents such as in politics and religion
insect bites and st  ings occur when an insect is ag  itated and seeks to defend itself through its natural defense mechanisms or when an insect seeks to feed off the bit  ten person some insects inject form  ic acid which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in red  ness and sw  elling in the injured area st  ings from fire ants bees was  ps and hor  nets are usually painful and may stimulate a dangerous allergic reaction called an  ap  hy  lax  is for at risk patients and some was  ps can also have a powerful bite along with a sting bites from mosquitoes and fle  as are more likely to cause it  ching than pain the skin reaction to insect bites and st  ings usually lasts for up to a few days however in some cases the local reaction can last for up to two years these bites are sometimes mis  diagnosed as other types of benign or can  cer  ous le  sions
an insertion reaction is a chemical reaction where one chemical entity a mol  ecu  le or molecular frag  ment inter  poses itself into an existing bond of typically a second chemical entity e g a b – c → b – a – c the term only refers to the result of the reaction and does not suggest a mechanism insertion reactions are observed in organic in  organic and organ  om  et  all  ic chemistry in cases where a metal lig  and bond in a coordination complex is involved these reactions are typically organ  om  et  all  ic in nature and involve a bond between a transition metal and a carbon or hydrogen it is usually reserved for the case where the coordination number and oxid  ation state of the metal remain unchanged when these reactions are reversible the removal of the small mol  ecu  le from the metal lig  and bond is called ex  tru  sion or elimination there are two common insertion geome  tries — 1 1 and 1 2 pic  tured above additionally the inserting mol  ecu  le can act either as a nucle  ophi  le or as an electro  phi  le to the metal complex these behaviors will be discussed in more detail for co nucle  oph  il  ic behavior and so 2 electro  phil  ic behavior
in economics the inside lag or inside recognition and decision lag is the amount of time it takes for a government or a central bank to respond to a shock in the economy it is the delay in implementation of a fiscal policy or monetary policy its conver  se is the outside lag the amount of time before an action by a government or a central bank affects an economy the inside lag comprises the recognition lag the time taken to recognize the shock and the decision lag the time taken to decide on and pursue a response the inside lag is generally a more severe problem for fiscal policy government spending and taxation policy than for monetary policy monetary policy is conducted by a central bank that is devoted substantially to monitoring and responding to economic shocks whereas fiscal policy is conducted by a law making body that has many other issues to confront as well as a highly deliber  ative process with which to confront them nevertheless a central bank may often experience a substantial recognition lag prior to its becoming clear just what the latest economic figures imply for policy needs indeed even after a central bank implements a policy response its critics may still argue that it recognized the situation incorrectly
in  som  nia also known as sle  epl  essness is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping they may have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep as long as desired in  som  nia is typically followed by day  time sleep  iness low energy irrit  ability and a depressed mood it may result in an increased risk of motor vehicle collis  ions as well as problems focusing and learning in  som  nia can be short term lasting for days or weeks or long term lasting more than a month in  som  nia can occur independently or as a result of another problem conditions that can result in in  som  nia include psychological stress chronic pain heart failure hyper  thyro  i  dis  m heart  burn rest  less leg syndrome men  op  ause certain medications and drugs such as caff  eine nicotine and alcohol other risk factors include working night shifts and sleep ap  ne  a diagnosis is based on sleep habits and an examination to look for underlying causes a sleep study may be done to look for underlying sleep disorders screening may be done with two questions do you experience difficulty sleeping and do you have difficulty falling or staying asleep sleep hygiene and lifestyle changes are typically the first treatment for in  som  nia sleep hygiene includes a consistent bed  time exposure to sunlight a quiet and dark room and regular exercise cognitive behavioral therapy may be added to this while sleeping pills may help they are associated with injuries dementia and addiction medications are not recommended for more than four or five weeks the effectiveness and safety of alternative medicine is unclear between 10 and 30 of adults have in  som  nia at any given point in time and up to half of people have in  som  nia in a given year about 6 of people have in  som  nia that is not due to another problem and lasts for more than a month people over the age of 65 are affected more often than younger people females are more often affected than males descriptions of in  som  nia occur at least as far back as ancient greece
in computers instant on is the ability to boot nearly instantly thus allowing to go online or to use a specific application without waiting for a pc s traditional operating system to launch instant on technology is today mostly used on lap  tops net  books and net  tops because the user can boot up one program instead of waiting for the pc s entire operating system to boot for instance a user may want to just launch a movie playing program or launch an internet brow  ser without needing the whole operating system there are and were true instant on machines such as the at  ari st as described in the boo  ting article these machines had complete operating systems resident in rom similar to the way in which the bi  os function is conventi  onally provided on current computer architec  tures the instant on concept as used here results from loading an os such as a legacy system dos with a small hard drive footprint lat  ency inherent to mechanical drive performance can also be eliminated by using live us  b or live s  d flash memory to load systems at electronic speeds which are orders of magnitude faster
insufficient justification insufficient punishment is a phenomenon under the realm of social psychology it synthe  sizes theories of cognitive dis  son  ance and internal vs external justification essentially insufficient justification is when an individual utili  zes internal motivation to justify a behavior it is most commonly seen in insufficient punishment which is the dis  son  ance experienced when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object usually resulting in individuals ’ de  valuing the forbidden activity or object that is when an individual can ’ t come up with an external reason as to why they resisted doing something they wanted to he or she decides to derogate the activity mild punishment will cause a more lasting behavioral change than severe punishment because internal justification is stronger than external justification
insulin resistance ir is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin the body produces insulin when glucose starts to be released into the blood  stream from the dig  estion of carbo  hydr  ates in the diet normally this insulin response triggers glucose being taken into body cells to be used for energy and inhi  bits the body from using fat for energy the level of glucose in the blood decreases as a result staying within the normal range even when a large amount of carbo  hydr  ates is consumed this reflects the healthy amount of insulin sensitivity in contrast when the body produces insulin under conditions of insulin resistance the cells are resistant to the insulin and are unable to use it as effectively leading to high blood sugar beta cells in the pan  cre  as subsequently increase their production of insulin further contributing to a high blood insulin level this often remains un  detected and can contribute to a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes or latent auto  immune diabetes of adults although this type of chronic insulin resistance is harmful during acute illness it is actually a well evolved protective mechanism recent investigations have revealed that insulin resistance helps to conserve the brain s glucose supply by preventing muscles from taking up excessive glucose insulin resistance should even be strengthened under harsh metabol  ic conditions such as pregnancy during which the expanding fe  tal brain demands more glucose people who develop type 2 diabetes usually pass through earlier stages of insulin resistance and pre  diabetes although those often go un  diagnosed insulin resistance syndrome is a syndrome a set of signs and symptoms resulting from insulin resistance it is also called metabol  ic syndrome
an insul  in  oma is a tumor of the pan  cre  as that is derived from beta cells and secre  tes insulin it is a rare form of a neuro  endocrine tumor most insul  in  om  as are benign in that they grow exclusively at their origin within the pan  cre  as but a minority me  tast  asi  ze insul  in  om  as are one of the functional pan  net group functional because it increases production of insulin pan  net as an abbreviation of pan  cre  atic neuro  endocrine tumor in the medical subject headings classification insul  in  oma is the only sub type of is  let cell aden  oma beta cells secre  te insulin in response to increases in blood glucose the resulting increase in insulin acts to lower blood glucose back to normal levels at which point further secre  tion of insulin is stopped in contrast the secre  tion of insulin by insul  in  om  as is not properly regulated by glucose and the tumors will continue to secre  te insulin causing glucose levels to fall further than normal as a result patients present symptoms of low blood glucose hypo  gly  cem  ia which are improved by eating the diagnosis of an insul  in  oma is usually made bio  chemically with low blood glucose elevated insulin pro  insulin and c pep  tide levels and confirmed by loc  alizing the tumor with medical imaging or an  gi  o  graphy the definitive treatment is surgery
in  su  li  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the is  lets of lang  er  hans a collection of endocrine tissue located in the pan  cre  as the is  lets containing the pan  cre  atic β cells and in some cases the exo  cr  ine tissues become infiltr  ated by t and b lymp  ho  cy  tes macro  p  ha  ges and d  end  ri  tic cells this in  nate immune cell and lymp  ho  cy  te infiltr  ation can result in destruction of the insulin producing beta cells of the is  lets and clinical diabetes in  su  li  tis is often studied in the multiple low dose st  rep  to  zo  to  cin m  lds mouse model or the nod mouse model of type 1 diabetes the chem  ok  ine family of proteins may play a key role in promoting leuk  oc  y  tic infiltr  ation into the pan  cre  as prior to pan  cre  atic beta cell destruction
in medical terms an insult is the cause of some kind of physical or mental injury for example a burn on the skin the injury may be the result of a thermal chemical radioactive or electrical event the insult likewise sep  sis and trauma are examples of foreign insults and en  ce  ph  ali  tis multiple sclerosis and brain tumors are examples of insults to the brain insults may also be categ  orized as either genetic or environmental
in mathematics an inte  ger valued function is a function whose values are inte  gers in other words it is a function that as  signs an inte  ger to each member of its domain floor and ceiling functions are examples of an inte  ger valued function of a real variable but on real numbers and generally on non disconnected topo  logical spaces inte  ger valued functions are not especially useful any such function on a connected space either has dis  continu  ities or is constant on the other hand on dis  crete and other totally disconnected spaces inte  ger valued functions have roughly the same importance as real valued functions have on non dis  crete spaces any function with natural or non negative inte  ger values is a partial case of inte  ger valued function
in computer science inte  ger sorting is the algori  th  mic problem of sorting a collection of data values by num  eric keys each of which is an inte  ger algori  th  ms designed for inte  ger sorting may also often be applied to sorting problems in which the keys are floating point numbers rational numbers or text strings the ability to perform inte  ger arithmetic on the keys allows inte  ger sorting algori  th  ms to be faster than comparison sorting algori  th  ms in many cases depending on the details of which operations are allowed in the model of computing and how large the inte  gers to be sorted are inte  ger sorting algori  th  ms including pi  ge  on  hole sort counting sort and radi  x sort are widely used and practical other inte  ger sorting algori  th  ms with smaller worst case time bounds are not believed to be practical for computer architec  tures with 64 or fewer bits per word many such algori  th  ms are known with performance depending on a combination of the number of items to be sorted number of bits per key and number of bits per word of the computer performing the sorting algori  thm
in mathematics an integrating factor is a function that is chosen to facilitate the solving of a given equation involving differentials it is commonly used to solve ordinary differential equations but is also used within multi  variable calcul  us when multiplying through by an integrating factor allows an in  exact differential to be made into an exact differential which can then be integrated to give a scal  ar field this is especially useful in thermo  dynamics where temperature becomes the integrating factor that makes ent  ro  py an exact differential
the integration competency center icc sometimes referred to as an integration center of excellence co  e is a shared service function within an organization particularly large corporate enterprises as well as public sector institutions for performing meth  od  ical data integration system integration or enterprise application integration data integration allows companies to access their enterprise data and functions fragmented across disparate systems in order to create a combined accurate and consistent view of their core information as well as process assets and leverage them across the enterprise to drive business decisions and operations system integration is the bringing together of component subsystems into one system and ensuring that they function together effectively enterprise application integration enables efficient information exchanges and business process autom  ation across separate computer applications in a cohesive fashion
intellectual disability id also known as general learning disability and mental retar  dation mr is a generalized neuro  developmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adap  tive functioning it is defined by an i  q score under 70 in addition to deficits in two or more adap  tive behaviors that affect everyday general living once focused almost entirely on cogn  ition the definition now includes both a component relating to mental functioning and one relating to individuals functional skills in their environments as a result of this focus on the person s abilities in practice a person with an unusually low i  q may not be considered intellectually disabled intellectual disability is subdivided into syndro  mic intellectual disability in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms are present and non syndro  mic intellectual disability in which intellectual deficits appear without other ab  norm  alities down syndrome and fragile x syndrome are examples of syndro  mic intellectual disabilities intellectual disability affects about 2 – 3 of the general population seventy five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability non syndro  mic or idi  opathic cases account for 30 – 50 of cases about a quarter of cases are caused by a genetic disorder and about 5 of cases are inherited from a person s parents cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013 the terms used for this condition are subject to a process called the euph  em  ism tre  ad  mill this means that whatever term is chosen for this condition it eventually becomes perceived as an insult the terms mental retar  dation and mentally retar  ded were invented in the middle of the 20 th century to replace the previous set of terms which were deemed to have become offensive by the end of the 20 th century these terms themselves have come to be widely seen as dis  parag  ing politically incorrect and in need of replacement the term intellectual disability is now preferred by most advocates and researchers in most english speaking countries as of 2015 the term mental retar  dation is still used by the world health organization in the ic  d 10 codes which have a section tit  led mental retar  dation codes f 70 – f 79 in the next revision the ic  d 11 is expected to replace the term mental retar  dation with either intellectual disability or intellectual developmental disorder which the dsm 5 already uses because of its specificity and lack of confusion with other conditions the term mental retar  dation is still sometimes used in professional medical settings around the world such as formal scientific research and health insurance paperwork
intellectual gif  tedness is an intellectual ability significantly higher than average it is a characteristic of children vari  ously defined that motiv  ates differences in school programming it is thought to persist as a trait into adult life with various consequences studied in longit  ud  inal studies of gif  tedness over the last century there is no generally agreed definition of gif  tedness for either children or adults but most school placement decisions and most longit  ud  inal studies over the course of individual lives have been based on i  q in the top 2 percent of the population that is above i  q 130 the various definitions of intellectual gif  tedness include either general high ability or specific abilities for example by some definitions an intellectually gifted person may have a striking talent for mathematics without equally strong language skills in particular the relationship between artistic ability or musical ability and the high academic ability usually associated with high i  q scores is still being explored with some authors referring to all of those forms of high ability as gif  tedness while other authors distinguish gif  tedness from talent there is still much controversy and much research on the topic of how adult performance unfol  ds from trait differences in childhood and what educational and other supports best help the development of adult gif  tedness
in data mining intention mining or intent mining is the problem of determining a user s intention from logs of their behavior in interaction with a computer system such as a search engine this notion is introduced for the first time in the paper of dr g  haz  al  eh kho  d  aban  del  ou some authors model the intentions as an intentional process model in order to have a better understanding of the human way of thinking
intention trem  or also known as cere  bell  ar trem  or is a dy  sk  ine  tic disorder characterized by a broad co  arse and low frequency below 5 h  z trem  or the am  pl  itude of an intention trem  or increases as an extre  mity approaches the end  point of deliberate and vis  ually guided movement hence the name intention trem  or an intention trem  or is usually per  pend  icular to the direction of movement when experiencing an intention trem  or one often over  shoots or under  shoots their target a condition known as dys  me  tri  a intention trem  or is the result of dysfunction of the cere  bell  um particularly on the same side as the trem  or in the lateral zone which controls vis  ually guided movements depending on the location of cere  bell  ar damage these tre  mors can be either unilateral or bilateral a variety of causes have been discovered to date including damage or degradation of the cere  bell  um due to neuro  degenerative diseases trauma tumor stroke or toxicity there is currently no established pharmaco  logical treatment however some success has been seen using treatments designed for essential tre  mors
the inter  a  ural time difference or it  d when concerning humans or animals is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears it is important in the loc  alization of sounds as it provides a cue to the direction or angle of the sound source from the head if a signal arrives at the head from one side the signal has further to travel to reach the far ear than the near ear this path  length difference results in a time difference between the sound s arrivals at the ears which is detected and aids the process of identifying the direction of sound source when a signal is produced in the horizontal plane its angle in relation to the head is referred to as its az  im  u  th with 0 degrees 0 ° az  im  u  th being directly in front of the lis  tener 90 ° to the right and 180 ° being directly behind
an inter  cal  ated seizure is an epi  le  ptic seizure that occurs during the a  ura stage of a migr  aine it has been found in some cases that this type of seizure is instigated by the migr  aine preceding it co  ining the term migr  aine triggered seizure in order to be considered such the victim must have already had certified migr  ain  es with a  ura and a seizure must occur within one hour after the beginning of the a  ura the neuro  logical condition that combines migr  ain  es with epi  le  ptic seizures is known as migr  al  ep  sy
intercep  ting filter is a jav  a  ee pattern which creates plu  gg  able filters to process common services in a standard manner without requiring changes to core request processing code the filters intercept incoming requests and outgoing responses allowing pre  processing and post processing and these filters can be added or removed un  ob  stru  sively without changing existing code this pattern applies re  usable processing transparently before and after the actual request execution by the front and page controllers
in the field of software development an intercep  tor pattern is a software design pattern that is used when software systems or frameworks want to offer a way to change or aug  ment their usual processing cycle for example a simplified typical processing sequence for a web server is to receive a uri from the brow  ser map it to a file on disk open the file and send its contents to the brow  ser any of these steps could be replaced or changed e g by replacing the way ur  is are mapped to fil  en  ames or by inserting a new step which processes the files contents key aspects of the pattern are that the change is transparent and used automatically in essence the rest of the system does not have to know something has been added or changed and can keep working as before to facilitate this a pre  defined interface for extension has to be implemented some kind of dispatching mechanism is required where intercep  tors are registered this may be dynamic at run  time or static e g through configuration files and context objects are provided which allow access to the framework s internal state
the ch  alco  gens react with each other to form inter  ch  alco  gen compounds although no ch  alco  gen is extremely electro  positive nor quite as electro  negative as the halo  gen fluor  ine the most electro  negative element there is a large difference in electro  neg  ativity between the top oxygen 3 44 and bottom po  lon  ium 2 0 of the group combined with the fact that there is a significant trend towards increasing metallic behaviour while descending the group oxygen is a gaseous non  metal while po  lon  ium is a sil  very post transition metal this causes the inter  ch  alco  gens to display many different kinds of bon  ding co  val  ent ion  ic metallic and sem  im  et  all  ic
in computer science inter  change  ability is an ability that an object can be replaced by another object without affecting code using the object that chance usually requires two objects share an interface that is either same strictly or compatible in particular case see en  cap  s  ulation article for detail
the inter  cond  yl  ar area is the separation between the medi  al and lateral con  dy  le on the upper extre  mity of the ti  bia the an  terior and poster  ior cruci  ate lig  aments and the men  is  ci attach to the inter  cond  yl  ar area the inter  con  dy  loid eminence is composed of the medi  al and lateral inter  cond  yl  ar tuber  cles and divides the inter  cond  yl  ar area into an an  terior and a poster  ior area
intercultural competence is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people of other cultures appropriately valued rules norms and expectations of the relationship are not violated significantly effectively valued goals or rewards relative to costs and alternatives are accomplished in interactions with people from foreign cultures a person who is inter  culturally competent understands the culture specific concepts of perception thinking feeling and acting intercultural competence is also called cross cultural competence 3 c
an inter  current or con  current concomitant or in most cases pre existing disease in pregnancy is a disease that is not directly caused by the pregnancy in contrast to a complic  ation of pregnancy but which may become worse or be a potential risk to the pregnancy such as causing pregnancy complications a major component of this risk can result from necessary use of drugs in pregnancy to manage the disease in such circumstances women who wish to continue with a pregnancy require extra medical care often from an inter  disciplinary team such a team might include besides an ob  ste  tric  ian a specialist in the disorder and other practitioners for example maternal fe  tal specialists or ob  ste  tric physicians die  tic  ians etc
in statistics the inter  dec  ile range is the difference between the first and the ninth dec  iles 10 and 90 the inter  dec  ile range is a measure of statistical dispersion of the values in a set of data similar to the range and the inter  quar  tile range and can be compu  ted from the non parame  tric seven number summary despite its simplicity for estimating the standard deviation of a normal distribution the scaled inter  dec  ile range gives a reasonably efficient esti  mat  or more precisely a more efficient esti  mat  or is given by instead taking the 7 trim  med range the difference between the 7 th and 93 rd per  centi  les and dividing by 3 corresponding to 86 of the data of a normal distribution falling within 1 5 standard deviations of the mean yields an estimate of about 65 efficiency analogous measures of location are given by the median mid  h  inge and trim  ean or statistics based on nearby points
the study of interdependent networks is a sub  field of network science dealing with phenomena caused by the interactions between complex networks though there may be a wide variety of interactions between networks dependency focuses on the scenario in which the no  des in one network require support from no  des in another network
inter  digital web  bing is the presence of memb  ran  es of skin between the digits normally in mammals web  bing is present in the embryo but resor  bed later in development but in various mamm  al species it occasionally persists in adul  thood in humans it can be found in those suffering from le  op  ard syndrome and from aar  s  ko  g scott syndrome web  bing between the digits of the hind  foot is also present in several mammals that spend part of their time in the water web  bing accommod  ates movement in the water inter  digital web  bing is not to be confused with syn  d  ac  ty  ly which is a f  using of digits and occurs rarely in humans syn  d  ac  ty  ly specifically affecting feet occurs in birds such as ducks am  phi  bians such as fro  gs and mammals such as the kang  ar  oo
inter  dig  itating d  end  ri  tic cell sar  coma is a form of m  align  ant his  ti  oc  y  to  sis affecting d  end  ri  tic cells it can present in the sp  leen it can also present in the du  o  den  um
interest rate parity is a no arbitr  age condition representing an equilibrium state under which investors will be indifferent to interest rates available on bank deposits in two countries the fact that this condition does not always hold allows for potential opportunities to earn ris  k  less profits from covered interest arbitr  age two assumptions central to interest rate parity are capital mobility and perfect substitu  tability of domestic and foreign assets given foreign exchange market equilibrium the interest rate parity condition implies that the expected return on domestic assets will equal the exchange rate adjusted expected return on foreign currency assets investors then cannot earn arbitr  age profits by borrowing in a country with a lower interest rate exchanging for foreign currency and investing in a foreign country with a higher interest rate due to gains or losses from exchanging back to their domestic currency at maturity interest rate parity takes on two distinctive forms uncovered interest rate parity refers to the parity condition in which exposure to foreign exchange risk un  anticipated changes in exchange rates is un  inhi  bited whereas covered interest rate parity refers to the condition in which a forward contract has been used to cover eliminate exposure to exchange rate risk each form of the parity condition demonstrates a unique relationship with implications for the forecasting of future exchange rates the forward exchange rate and the future spot exchange rate economists have found empirical evidence that covered interest rate parity generally holds though not with precision due to the effects of various risks costs taxation and ultimate differences in liquidity when both covered and uncovered interest rate parity hold they expose a relationship suggesting that the forward rate is an un  biased predic  tor of the future spot rate this relationship can be employed to test whether uncovered interest rate parity holds for which economists have found mixed results when uncovered interest rate parity and purchasing power parity hold together they illumin  ate a relationship named real interest rate parity which suggests that expected real interest rates represent expected adjustments in the real exchange rate this relationship generally holds strongly over longer terms and among emerging market countries
interface based programming also known as interface based architecture is an architectural pattern for implementing mod  ular programming at the component level in an object oriented programming language which does not have a module system an example of such a language is j  ava which as of 2015 does not have a module system at the level of components j  ava has a package system but j  ava software components typically consist of multiple j  ava packages – and in any case interface programming can provide advantages over merely using j  ava packages even if a component only consists of a single j  ava package interface based programming defines the application as a collection of components in which application programming interface api calls between components may only be made through abstract interfaces not concrete classes instances of classes will generally be obtained through other interfaces using techniques such as the factory pattern this is claimed to increase the mod  ul  arity of the application and hence its main  tain  ability however some caution is warranted – merely splitting an application into arbitrary components communicating via interfaces does not in itself guarantee low coupling or high cohesion two other attributes that are commonly regarded as key for main  tain  ability an interface based architecture can be used when third parties – or indeed separate teams within the same organisation – develop additional components or plu  gins for an established system the co  deb  ase of the ec  li  pse ide is an example of interface based programming ec  li  pse plu  gin vendors just have to develop components that satisfy the interface specified by the parent application vendor the ec  li  pse foundation indeed in ec  li  pse even the original components such as the j  ava development tools are themselves plu  gins this is somewhat like a mobile phone manufacturer specifying a mobile char  ger interface pin arrangement expected direct current voltage etc and both the manufacturer and third parties making their own mobile phone char  gers that comply with this standard interface specification
for interference in radio communications see interference communication interference pattern re  directs here for mo  ir  é patterns see mo  ir  é pattern in physics interference is a phenomenon in which two waves super  pose to form a resultant wave of greater lower or the same am  pl  itude interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency interference effects can be observed with all types of waves for example light radio acous  tic surface water waves or matter waves
the interference of the fo  o  tings is a phenomenon that is observed when two fo  o  tings are closely spac  ed the buildings when are to be constructed nearby to each other the architectural requirements or the less availability of space for the construction forces the engineers to place the foundation fo  o  tings close to each other and when foundations are placed close to each other with similar soil conditions the ultimate bearing capacity of each foundation may change due to the interference effect of the failure surface in the soil
an inter  gran  ular frac  ture is a frac  ture that follows the grains of the material where cracks that take place along the grain boundary in a wall of bricks it would correspond to a frac  ture that takes place in the mortar that keep together bricks in metals with multiple lat  tice organizations when one lat  tice ends and another begins the frac  ture changes direction to follow the new grain this results in a fairly j  ag  ged looking frac  ture with straight edges of the grain and shiny surface may be seen in ceram  ics inter  gan  ular fractu  res propag  ate through grain boundaries producing smooth bumpy surfaces where grains can be easily identified there are several processes that can lead to inter  gran  ular frac  ture micro  void nucle  ation and coal  es  cence at inclu  sions or second phase particles located along grain boundaries grain boundary crack and cav  ity formation associated with elevated temperature stress rupture condition de  cohesion between con  ti  gu  ous grain due to presence of im  purity at grain boundaries and in the presence of hydrogen and liquid metals stress corro  sion cracking associated with chemical dissolution along grain boundaries cyclic loading when the material insufficient number of independent slip systems to accommodate plastic de  formation between con  ti  gu  ous grain leading to grain boundaries think of several wooden jig  saw puzzle pieces with the grains showing but with each piece having grains running in a different direction an inter  gran  ular frac  ture follows the edges of the puzzle pieces ignoring the grains in the wood this is opposed to a trans  gran  ular frac  ture
intergroup anxiety is the social phenomenon identified by walter and cookie step  han in 1985 that describes the ambiguous feelings of discomfort or anxiety when inter  acting with members of other groups such emotions also constitute intergroup anxiety when one is merely anticipating interaction with members of an out  group expectations that interactions with foreign members of out  groups will result in an aver  sive experience is believed to be the cause of intergroup anxiety with an affected individual being anxious or unsure about a number of issues methods of reducing intergroup anxiety stress facilitating positive intergroup contact
inter  ic  tal dy  sp  hor  ic disorder id  d is a mood disorder sometimes found in patients with epi  le  psy at a prevalence rate of approximately 17 the most common symptom of id  d is inter  mit  tent dy  sp  hor  ic mood in between seizures inter  ic  tal dy  sp  hor  ic disorder can often be treated with a combination of anti  depres  sant and anti  con  vul  sant medication
inter  language fossi  li  zation is a phenomenon of second language acquisition sla in which second language lear  ners develop and retain a linguistic system or inter  language that is self contained and different from both the lear  ner ’ s first language and the target language this linguistic system has been vari  ously called inter  language approxim  ative system idio  syn  cratic dial  ects or transitional dial  ects
intermediate tro  pho  blast is a distinct subtype of tro  pho  bl  astic tissue that arises from the cy  to  tro  pho  blast it is sub categ  orized by location vill  ous intermediate tro  pho  blast at anch  oring vill  i of tro  pho  bl  astic column implan  tation site intermediate tro  pho  blast at implan  tation site or bas  al plate differentiated from vill  ous intermediate tro  pho  blast ch  ori  onic type intermediate tro  pho  blast at ch  ori  onic la  eve of fe  tal memb  rane differentiated from vill  ous intermediate tro  pho  blast
inter  met  amor  pho  sis is a delu  sional mis  identification syndrome related to agno  sia the main symptoms consist of patients believing that they can see others change into someone else in both external appearance and internal personality the disorder is usually com  or  bid with neuro  logical disorders or mental disorders an example from medical literature is a man who was diagnosed with alzheimer s disease after some time he mis  took his wife for his deceased mother and later for his sister as an explanation he stated that he had never been married or that his wife had left him later he mis  took his son for his brother and his daughter for another sister visual agno  sia or pro  sop  agno  sia were not diagnosed as the mis  identification also took place during phone calls on several occasions he mis  took the hospital for the church he used to go to the disorder was first described in 19  32 by p cour  bon and j tus  ques illusions d inter  m  ét  amor  pho  se et de la char  me in the journal ann  ales medic  o psycho  logi  ques issue 14 page 401 406
inter  mit  tent clau  dic  ation latin clau  dic  ati  o inter  mit  tens is a symptom that describes muscle pain ache cr  amp num  b  ness or sense of fatigue class  ically in the calf muscle which occurs during exercise such as walking and is relieved by a short period of rest it is class  ically associated with early stage peripheral artery disease and can progress to critical limb is  chem  ia unless treated or risk factors are modified clau  dic  ation derives from the latin ver  b clau  dic  are to lim  p
inter  mit  tent explosive disorder sometimes abbreviated as ied is a behavioral disorder characterized by explosive out  bursts of anger and violence often to the point of rage that are disproportionate to the situation at hand e g impul  sive screaming triggered by relatively in  consequential events impul  sive aggression is un  pre  med  itated and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation real or perceived some individuals have reported aff  ective changes prior to an out  burst e g tension mood changes energy changes etc the disorder is currently categ  orized in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 under the disruptive impulse control and conduct disorders category the disorder itself is not easily characterized and often exhi  bits com  or  bi  dity with other mood disorders particularly bipolar disorder individuals diagnosed with ied report their out  bursts as being brief lasting less than an hour with a variety of bodily symptoms swe  ating stu  t  tering chest ti  ght  ness tw  it  ching pal  p  itations reported by a third of one sample aggressive acts are frequently reported accompanied by a sensation of relief and in some cases pleasure but often followed by later re  morse
an inter  mit  tent fault often called simply an inter  mit  tent is a mal  function of a device or system that occurs at intervals usually irregular in a device or system that functions normally at other times inter  mit  tent faults are common to all branches of technology including computer software an inter  mit  tent fault is caused by several contributing factors some of which may be effectively random which occur simultaneously the more complex the system or mechanism involved the greater the likelihood of an inter  mit  tent fault a simple example of an effectively random cause in a physical system is a borderline electrical connection in the wiring or a component of a circuit where cause 1 the cause that must be identified and rectified two conductors may touch subject to cause 2 which need not be identified a minor change in temperature vibration orientation voltage etc sometimes this is described as an inter  mit  tent connection rather than fault in computer software a program may cause 1 fail to initi  alise a variable which is required to be initially zero if the program is run in circumstances such that memory is almost always clear before it starts it will mal  function on the rare occasions that cause 2 the memory where the variable is stored happens to be non zero beforehand inter  mit  tent faults are notoriously difficult to identify and repair troubl  es  ho  ot because each individual factor does not create the problem alone so the factors can only be identified while the mal  function is actually occurring the person capable of identifying and solving the problem is seldom the usual operator because the timing of the mal  function is unpredictable and both device or system down  time and engineers time incur cost the fault is often simply tolerated if not too frequent unless it causes unacceptable problems or dangers for example some inter  mit  tent faults in critical equipment such as medical life support equipment could result in killing a patient or in aeronautics causes a flight to be abor  ted or in some cases crash if an inter  mit  tent fault occurs for long enough during troubl  es  ho  oting it can be identified and resolved in the usual way some techniques to resolve inter  mit  tent faults are automatic logging of relevant parameters over a long enough time for the fault to manifest can help parameter values at the time of the fault may identify the cause so that appropriate remedial action can be taken changing operating circumstances while the fault is present to see if the fault temporarily clears or changes for example tapping components cooling them with freezer spray heating them striking the cabinet may temporarily clear the fault a database of similar faults which have been resolved in identical or similar equipment precautionary changes without attempting to pin  point the fault for example electro  ly  tic capacitors subject to high rip  ple currents can be changed as a routine measure without bothering to troubl  es  ho  ot the fault at all connectors can be disconnected and rese  ated this is sometimes a measure of desperation things are changed until the fault stops happening and it is hoped that it is actually resolved rather than dormant in electrical systems and cable systems time domain refl  ec  tom  e  try techniques can be used pul  ses are sent down electric wiring and the pul  ses reflected back are examined for anomalies for example inter  mit  tent leakage during the stresses of aircraft operation this can only be done for one test channel at time and is generally limited to inter  mit  tent faults 100 mil  lis  econ  ds in complex multiple channel systems where the fault s might be in an interconnection the ideal method of finding an inter  mit  tent fault is to be able to monitor detect and isolate all channels or electrical paths continuously and simultaneously this methodology allows the system under test to benefit from continuous and complete test coverage while any environmental stressing of the system is performed this type cannot be performed by scanning testing technology but needs to have some form of electronic ne  ural network which can perform these test without the need for any scanning and or digital averaging this testing regime is covered by the do  d s mi  l pr  f 325  16 published in march 2015 and it calls for testing technology to operate in the class 1 category in order to combat inter  mit  tent faults effectively
inter  mit  tent hair – fol  lic  le dy  stro  phy is a disorder of the hair fol  lic  le leading to increased fragility of the shaft with no identifiable bio  chemical disturbance also with an unknown prevalence
inter  mit  tent hydr  ar  thro  sis i  h also known as periodic sy  no  vi  osis periodic benign sy  no  vi  tis or periodic hydr  ar  thri  tis is a chronic condition of unknown cause characterized by recurring temporary episodes of fluid accumulation in the knee while the knee is mainly involved occasionally other joints such as the el  bow or an  kle can additionally be affected fluid accumulation in the joint can be extensive causing discomfort and imp  airing movement although affected joints are not usually very painful while the condition is chronic it does not appear to progress to more destructive damage of the joint it seems to affect slightly more women than men episodes of sw  elling last several days or longer can occur with regular or semi regular frequency typically one or two episodes per month between periods of eff  usion knee sw  elling reduces dramatically providing largely symp  tom  less intervals unlike some other r  heu  mat  ological conditions such as r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis laboratory findings are usually within normal ranges or limits clear treatment options have yet to be established n  s  aids and cox 2 inhi  bit  ors are generally not effective where this condition has been correctly diagnosed various anti r  heu  matic drugs as well as col  chic  ine may be tri  alled to find the most effective option more aggressive intra artic  ular treatment such chemical or radio active sy  nov  ec  tomy can also be helpful although benefits beyond 1 year have not been reported in literature
inter  mit  tent rhy  th  mic delta activity ir  da is a type of brain wave ab  normality found in electro  encephal  o  grams eeg it is found in the frontal fir  da or oc  ci  p  ital o  ir  da areas of the brain and can be caused by a number of different reasons some benign unknown reasons but also are commonly associated with le  sions tumors and encephalopathies
intermodal mapping is the ability in  born according to research to recognize stimul  i using a sense different from the one it was originally presented to this implies that stimul  i are represented universally in the brain and available to all senses and need not be learned by p  airing classical conditioning
inter  molecular metal cataly  zed car  ben  o  id cyclo  pro  pan  ations are organic reactions that result in the formation of a cyclo  pro  pan  e ring from a metal car  ben  o  id species and an al  k  ene in the sim  mons – smith reaction the metal involved is zinc
internal bleeding also called internal hemorrha  ge is a loss of blood that occurs from the vascular system into a body cav  ity or space it is a serious medical emergency and the extent of severity depends on bleeding rate and location of the bleeding e g heart brain stomach lungs it can cause death and cardiac arrest if proper medical treatment is not received quickly
internal communications ic is the function responsible for effective communications among participants within an organization the scope of the function varies by organization and practitioner from producing and delivering messages and campaigns on behalf of management to facilitating two way dialogue and developing the communication skills of the organization s participants modern understanding of internal communications is a field of its own and draws on the theory and practice of related professions not least journalism knowledge management public relations e g media relations marketing and human resources as well as wider organizational studies communication theory social psychology soci  ology and political science
internal her  ni  as occur when there is pro  tru  sion of an internal organ into a retro  per  it  one  al fo  ssa or a for  amen con  genital or acquired in the ab  domin  al cav  ity if a loop of bo  wel passes through the mes  enter  ic defect that loop is at risk for incarceration strang  ulation or for becoming the lead point of a small bo  wel obstruction internal her  ni  as can also trap adi  pose tissue fat and nerves unlike more common forms of her  ni  as the trapped tissue pro  tru  des inward rather than outward mes  enter  ic defects commonly occur in trauma such as gunshot wounds to the ab  dom  en in trauma victims the defect is usually closed sometimes with res  ection of the associated bo  wel which may have lost its blood supply also mes  enter  ic defects are intentionally created in the rou  x en y ga  str  ic bypass procedure being class  ically known as a petersen s her  nia the mes  enter  ic defect in such cases called petersen s defect is located between the trans  verse col  on and the mes  enter  y of the alim  entary limb the segment of the je  jun  um from the je  jun  o  je  jun  o  stom  y until the connection with the proxim  al segment of the stomach at the level of the je  jun  o  je  jun  o  stom  y internal her  ni  as are difficult to identify in women and mis  diagnosis with end  ome  tri  osis or idi  opathic chronic pel  vic pain is very common one cause of mis  diagnosis that when the woman lies down flat on an examination table all of the medical signs of the her  nia disappear the her  nia can typically only be detected when symptoms are present so diagnosis requires positioning the woman s body in a way that provo  kes symptoms both internal her  ni  as and um  bil  ical her  ni  as are more common in women than men
the international classification of sleep disorders ic  s  d is a primary diagnostic epidemiological and coding resource for clin  icians and researchers in the field of sleep and sleep medicine the international classification of sleep disorders ic  s  d was produced by the american academy of sleep medicine a  asm in association with the european sleep research society the japanese society of sleep research and the latin american sleep society the classification was developed as a revision and update of the diagnostic classification of sleep and ar  ous  al disorders d  c  sad that was produced by both the association of sleep disorders centers as  dc and the association for the psychop  hy  si  ological study of sleep and was published in the journal sleep in 1979 a second edition called ic  s  d 2 was published in 2005 the third edition ic  s  d 3 was released in 2014
the ic  eid or international conference on emerging infectious diseases is a conference for public health professionals on the subject of emerging infectious diseases from c  dc page for ic  eid the international conference on emerging infectious diseases was first convened in 1998 ic  eid 2006 marks its fifth occurrence the conference brings together public health professional to encourage the exchange of scientific and public health information on global emerging infectious disease issues the program will include plenary and panel sessions with invited speakers as well as oral and poster presentations on emerging infections major topics include current work on surveillance epidemiology research communication and training bio  terrorism and preven  tions and control of emerging infectious diseases both in the united states and abroad
the international policy forum ip  f is a fully student run think tank based at car  leton university in ottawa canada emerging from the realization that there was an absence of student perspective in pressing policy issues participants in the ip  f strive to add their voice to public debate each year approximately sixteen students are chosen to develop policy recommendations for a global issue pertinent to canada through involvement with the ip  f members gain practical political experience and contribute to the understanding of public affairs from a new and often innovative perspective since its inception the ip  f has addressed a diverse range of topics these have included subjects such as canada us relations humanitarian intervention and arctic transformation the ip  f also operates the car  leton review of international affairs cri  a an annual publication highlighting the work of under  graduate students relating to any topic of global interest currently the directors of the ip  f are say  an bas  u ray and patrick sal  oni  us the ip  f is funded by the un society a student organization at car  leton university
the following are international reactions to the south sudanese civil war
below are the foreign reactions to the euro  ma  idan euro  ma  idan was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in ukraine that began on the night of 21 november 2013 after the ukrainian government suspended preparations for signing an association agreement and deep and comprehensive free trade agreement with the european union
internet based self services iss are a subtype of services driven by self service technologies which provide technological interfaces allowing customers to use services independently of the involvement of direct service employee self ticket purchas  ing  and self check in for a flight using the internet are exam  pl  es  of internet based self services
internet censorship circumvention describes various processes used by internet users to bypass the technical aspects of internet filtering and gain access to otherwise censored material circumvention is an inherent problem for those wishing to cens  or the internet because filtering and blocking do not remove content from the internet and as long as there is at least one publicly accessible un  censored system it will often be possible to gain access to otherwise censored material however circumvention may not be very useful to non tech sav  vy users and so blocking and filtering remain effective means of cens  oring the internet for many users different techniques and resources are used to bypass internet censorship including c  ached web pages web mirrors and archive sites alternate d  ns ser  vers proxy websites virtual private networks sne  ak  er  nets and circumvention software tools solutions have differing ease of use speed security and risks most however rely on gaining access to an internet connection that is not subject to filtering often in a different jurisdiction not subject to the same censorship laws according to glob  al  web  index over 400 million people use virtual private networks to circumvent censorship or for increased level of privacy there are risks to using circumvention software or other methods to bypass internet censorship in some countries individuals that gain access to otherwise restricted content may be violating the law and if caught can be expelled from school fired from jobs jailed or subject to other punishments and loss of access
internet vigil  anti  sm is the phenomenon of vigil  ante acts taken through the internet the communication network or its service providers or carried out using applications world wide web e mail that depend on the internet the term encompasses vigil  anti  sm against scam  s crimes and non internet related behavior it was termed ne  til  anti  sm or dig  il  anti  sm in the wake of the boston marathon bombing some have suggested that the internet s lack of central control has prompted a tendency towards vigil  ante reactions against certain behaviors in the same way that they have prompted those behaviors to occur in the first place
inter  nuclear oph  thal  mop  legi  a ino is a disorder of con  ju  gate lateral gaze in which the affected eye shows impairment of ad  duc  tion when an attempt is made to gaze contr  al  ater  ally relative to the affected eye the affected eye ad  duc  ts minim  ally if at all the contr  al  ateral eye abduc  ts however with ny  stag  mus additionally the divergence of the eyes leads to horizontal di  pl  op  ia that is if the right eye is affected the patient will see double when looking to the left seeing two images side by side convergence is generally preserved
an inter  object is a phenomenon of dreams in which there is a perception of something that is between two objects the term was coined by bl  ech  ner in his book the dream frontier inter  objects differ from typical dream condens  ations in which two objects are f  used into one instead the condens  ation is incomplete some examples from the literature on dreams include a piece of hardware something like the lock of a door or perhaps a pair of paint frozen hinges and something between a record player and a balance scale inter  objects are new cre  ations derived from partially f  used bl  ends of other objects inter  objects like dis  junc  tive cogn  itions would sound bizarre or psychotic as perceptions in waking life but are accepted by most people as commonplace in dreams they have implications for both the theory of dreaming and the theory of categ  ori  zation inter  objects show the dreaming mind grouping items together whose connection may not be apparent to the waking mind something between an aqu  educ  t or a swimming pool reveals the category of large man made architectural objects that contain water something between a cell  phone and a baby reveals a category combining a relatively new piece of technology and a live infant both make noise when you don t expect it both are held close to your body and both can give you a feeling of connec  tedness scientists do not know if inter  objects occur only in dream  life or may occur as unconscious categ  oriz  ations during waking life fre  ud called inter  objects intermediate and composite structures he thought they were inferior mental construc  tions and were scrupulously avoided in waking life most adults tend to regul  arize inter  objects when discussing them in waking life children are better able to sustain inter  objects in their original form a child told his father a dream in which he was in trouble at sea and a seal sw  am up to them they thought it was just a seal but then they looked and under the water it was a whole boat it was huge so they climbed onto the seal boat and it brought them to the shore of the mainland when the boy told his father the dream in the morning the father speaking like an adult who cannot tolerate contradictions said to him so really it was a boat a big safe boat the child holding fast to the integrity of his dream said it was a boat but it was still a big friendly seal this child had not yet learned to regul  arize his perceptions to fit the way the world works adults may learn to reject inter  objects in waking life but still retain them in their dreams inter  objects may have an elementary function in human thought by transgres  sing the normal mental categories described by ele  anor ro  sch inter  objects may be the origin of new ideas that would be harder to come by using only fully formed secondary process formations they may be one example of one  ir  ic dar  win  ism in which new thought mutations are created during dream life and rejected or retained in waking life depending on their usefulness jung held that if the dream  er walked about and acted like a person awake we would have the clinical picture of schizophrenia hob  son concluded that dreams are more like deli  ri  um than schizophrenia both jung and hob  son focus on how dreams are defective forms of normal waking life but in dreams our minds are in some ways able to function better than in waking life inter  objects show the ability of the dreaming mind to notice how things that are very different nevertheless have features in common the mind then creates a new category which we might never have noticed in our waking life the woman who dreamed of a cell  phone baby was creating a new category small objects that are held close to the body and that make noise at surprising and embarrassing times inter  objects have been used cre  atively in advertising a set of rules known as a replacement tem  plate enabled a computer to create inter  objects given a product p with a trait t the subject is asked to come up with a creative idea for an ad that conveys the message that p has t in a visual format an object s symbol which is universally identified with t is replaced with p the effect is enhanced if s is placed in a situation in which t is essential moreover the replacement operation can be iter  ated rather than p one can use parts of it or aspects of it or objects associated with it to replace the corresponding elements associated with s when asked to produce an ad for the world tennis cup tournament in jerusalem the computer generated a mosque with a dom  e that had a tennis ball tex  ture in advertising on time performance for an airline the computer generated a cuc  ko  o clock in which a jum  bo jet pops out of the clock instead of a cuc  ko  o both of these cre  ations – the mosque tennis ball and the jum  bo jet cuc  ko  o clock – are inter  objects
an interpre  tant in sem  io  tics is the effect of a sign on someone who reads or compreh  ends it the concept of interpre  tant is part of charles sanders pe  ir  ce s tri  adic theory of the sign for pe  ir  ce the interpre  tant is an element that allows taking a represent  amen for the sign of an object and is also the effect of the process of sem  ei  osis or sign  ification pe  ir  ce deline  ates three types of interpre  tants the immediate the dynam  ical and the final or normal
in computer programming the interpreter pattern is a design pattern that specifies how to evaluate sentences in a language the basic idea is to have a class for each symbol terminal or non  terminal in a specialized computer language the syn  tax tree of a sentence in the language is an instance of the composite pattern and is used to evaluate interpret the sentence for a client see also composite pattern
in computer systems programming an interrupt hand  ler also known as an interrupt service routine or is  r is a call  back function in micro  controller firm  ware an operating system or a device driver whose execution is triggered by the reception of an interrupt in general interrup  ts and their hand  lers are used to handle high priority conditions that require the interruption of the current code the processor is executing interrupt hand  lers have a multitude of functions which vary based on what triggered the interrupt and the speed at which the interrupt hand  ler comple  tes its task for example pressing a key on a computer key  board or moving the mouse triggers interrup  ts that call interrupt hand  lers which read the key or the mouse s position and copy the associated information into the computer s memory an interrupt hand  ler is a low level counterpart of event hand  lers interrupt hand  lers are initiated by either hardware interrup  ts or software interrupt instructions and are used for servicing hardware devices and transitions between protected modes of operation such as system calls
interrupted a  or  tic arch is a very rare heart defect affecting 3 per million live births in which the a  or  ta is not completely developed there is a gap between the asc  ending and descending thor  ac  ic a  or  ta in a sense it is the complete form of a co  arc  tation of the a  or  ta almost all patients also have other cardiac anomalies including a ven  tric  ular sep  tal defect v  s  d a  or  to pul  mon  ary window and trun  cus arter  io  sus interrupted a  or  tic arch is often associated with di  george syndrome
inter  section syndrome is a painful condition that affects the thumb side of the fore  arm when infl  amm  ation occurs at the inter  section of the muscle bel  lies of the abduc  tor pol  lic  is long  us and ext  ens  or pol  lic  is bre  vis cross over the ext  ens  or car  pi radi  alis long  us and the ext  ens  or car  pi radi  alis bre  vis these 1 st and 2 nd dor  sal muscle compart  ments inter  sect at this location hence the name the mechanism of injury is usually repeti  tive resisted extension as with rowing weight lifting or pulling inter  section syndrome is often confused with another condition called de  quer  vain s syndrome which is an irritation of the thumb sided set of tend  ons at the wrist called the first dor  sal compartment
inter  session is a short break or mini term between the traditional standard academic terms an inter  session may be a period of a few weeks between sem  esters or quarters during which students can take short accelerated classes or complete other academic work
inter  specific pregnancy literally pregnancy between species also called inter  species pregnancy or xen  op  reg  nancy is the pregnancy involving an embryo or fe  tus belonging to another species than the carrier strictly it excludes the situation where the fe  tus is a hybrid of the carrier and another species thereby excluding the possibility that the carrier is the biological mother of the offspring strictly inter  specific pregnancy is also distinguished from end  op  ar  asi  tism where parasite offspring grow inside the organism of another species not necessarily in the wom  b it has no known natural occurrence but can be achieved artificially by transfer of embryos of one species into the wom  b of the female of another
inter  sti  tial cy  sti  tis ic also known as blad  der pain syndrome b  ps is a type of chronic pain that affects the blad  der symptoms include feeling the need to ur  inate right away needing to ur  inate often and pain with sex ic b  ps is associated with depression and lower quality of life many of those affected also have irrit  able bo  wel syndrome and fi  bro  my  al  gia the cause of ic b  ps is unknown while it can it does not typically run in a family the diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms after ruling out other conditions typically the urine culture is negative ul  cer  ation or infl  amm  ation maybe seen on cy  sto  sco  py other conditions which can produce similar symptoms include ur  inary tract infection u  ti over  active blad  der sexually transmitted infections end  ome  tri  osis blad  der cancer and pro  stati  tis there is no cure for inter  sti  tial cy  sti  tis treatments that may improve symptoms include lifestyle changes medications or procedures lifestyle changes may include stopping smoking and reducing stress medications may include i  bu  prof  en pent  os  an pol  ys  ul  fate or am  it  rip  ty  line procedures may include blad  der dist  ention nerve stimulation or surgery pel  vic floor exercises and long term antibiotics are not recommended in the united states and europe it is estimated that around 0 5 of people are affected women are affected about five times as often as men onset is typically in middle age the term inter  sti  tial cy  sti  tis first came into use in 18  87
inter  sti  tial gran  ul  om  at  ous der  mati  tis with ar  thri  tis is a condition that most commonly presents with symmetr  ical round to o  val er  y  them  at  ous or viol  ac  eous pl  aqu  es on the flan  ks ax  il  la  e inner thi  ghs and lower ab  dom  en
inter  sti  tial gran  ul  om  at  ous drug reaction is an un  common yet under recognized pattern of adverse reactions to medication
inter  sti  tial lung disease ild or diffuse paren  ch  ym  al lung disease dp  ld is a group of lung diseases affecting the inter  sti  tium the tissue and space around the air sac  s of the lungs it concerns al  ve  ol  ar epi  the  lium pul  mon  ary cap  ill  ary endo  the  lium basement memb  rane peri  vascular and peril  ymp  h  atic tissues it may occur when an injury to the lungs triggers an abnormal healing response ordinarily the body generates just the right amount of tissue to repair damage but in inter  sti  tial lung disease the repair process goes aw  ry and the tissue around the air sac  s al  ve  oli becomes scar  red and thick  ened this makes it more difficult for oxygen to pass into the blood  stream the term ild is used to distinguish these diseases from obstruc  tive airways diseases prolonged ild may result in pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis but this is not always the case idi  opathic pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis is inter  sti  tial lung disease for which no obvious cause can be identified idi  opathic and is associated with typical radio  graphic bas  al and ple  ural based fi  bro  sis with honey  comb  ing and patho  logic tempor  ally and spati  ally heterogeneous fi  bro  sis hist  opath  o  logic honey  comb  ing and fi  bro  bl  astic foc  i findings in 2013 inter  sti  tial lung disease affected 595 000 people globally this resulted in 471 000 deaths
inter  sti  tial ne  ph  ri  tis or tu  bul  o inter  sti  tial ne  ph  ri  tis is a form of ne  ph  ri  tis affecting the inter  sti  tium of the kidneys surrounding the tu  bul  es this disease can be either acute meaning it occurs suddenly or chronic meaning it is ongoing and eventually ends in kidney failure
an inter  sti  tial pregnancy is a uter  ine but ec  topic pregnancy the pregnancy is located outside of the uter  ine cav  ity in that part of the fall  op  ian tube that penetr  ates the muscular layer of the uter  us the term corn  ual pregnancy is sometimes used as a synon  ym but remains ambiguous as it is also applied to indicate the presence of a pregnancy located within the cav  ity in one of the two upper horns of a bic  or  nu  ate uter  us inter  sti  tial pregnancies have a higher mortality than ec  topics in general
in cognitive psychology inter  trial pri  ming is an accumulation of the pri  ming effect over multiple trials where pri  ming is the effect of the exposure to one stimulus on subsequently presented stimul  i inter  trial pri  ming occurs when a target feature the characteristic that distinguishes targets from non targets is repeated from one trial to the next and typically results in speeded response times to the target a target is the stimulus participants are required to search for for example inter  trial pri  ming occurs when the task is to respond to either a red or a green target and the response time to a red target is faster if the preceding trial also has a red target
an inter  tri  go is an infl  amm  ation rash of the body fol  ds adjacent areas of skin the term inter  tri  go commonly refers to a bacterial fun  gal or viral infection that has developed at the site of broken skin due to such infl  amm  ation a frequent manifestation is candi  dal inter  tri  go an inter  tri  go usually develops from the chaf  ing of warm mo  ist skin in the areas of the inner thi  ghs and gen  italia the ar  mp  its under the breasts the under  side of the belly behind the ears and the web spaces between the toes and fingers an inter  tri  go usually appears red and raw looking and may also itch oo  ze and be sore inter  tri  gos occur more often among overweight individuals those with diabetes those restricted to bed rest or di  aper use and those who use medical devices like artificial limbs that trap moisture against the skin also there are several skin diseases that can cause an inter  tri  go to develop such as der  mati  tis or in  verse ps  ori  asis
in music theory an interval is the difference between two pit  ches an interval may be described as horizontal linear or mel  od  ic if it refers to successively sounding tones such as two adjacent pit  ches in a melody and vertical or harmon  ic if it per  tains to simultaneously sounding tones such as in a ch  ord in western music intervals are most commonly differences between notes of a di  at  onic scale the smallest of these intervals is a sem  it  one intervals smaller than a sem  it  one are called micro  tones they can be formed using the notes of various kinds of non di  at  onic scales some of the very smallest ones are called comm  as and describe small discrepancies observed in some tuning systems between en  harmon  ically equivalent notes such as c ♯ and d ♭ intervals can be arbitrarily small and even imper  cep  tible to the human ear in physical terms an interval is the ratio between two son  ic frequencies for example any two notes an octa  ve apart have a frequency ratio of 2 1 this means that successive incre  ments of pitch by the same interval result in an exponential increase of frequency even though the human ear percei  ves this as a linear increase in pitch for this reason intervals are often measured in cents a unit derived from the log  arith  m of the frequency ratio in western music theory the most common naming scheme for intervals describes two properties of the interval the quality perfect major minor aug  mented diminished and number unison second third etc examples include the minor third or perfect fifth these names describe not only the difference in sem  it  ones between the upper and lower notes but also how the interval is spelled the importance of spelling stems from the historical practice of differentiating the frequency ratios of en  harmon  ic intervals such as g – g ♯ and g – a ♭
in numerical mathematics interval propagation or interval constraint propagation is the problem of contracting interval domains associated to variables of r without removing any value that is consistent with a set of constraints i e equations or inequalities it can be used to propag  ate uncertainties in the situation where errors are represented by intervals interval propagation considers an estimation problem as a constraint satisfaction problem
interval scheduling is a class of problems in computer science particularly in the area of algori  thm design the problems consider a set of tasks each task is represented by an interval describing the time in which it needs to be executed for instance task a might run from 2 00 to 5 00 task b might run from 4 00 to 10 00 and task c might run from 9 00 to 11 00 a sub  set of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap for example the sub  set a c is compatible as is the sub  set b but neither a b nor b c are compatible sub  sets because the corresponding intervals within each sub  set overlap the interval scheduling maxim  ization problem is  mp is to find a largest compatible set a set of non overlapping intervals of maximum size the goal here is to execute as many tasks as possible in an upgraded version of the problem the intervals are parti  tioned into groups a sub  set of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap and moreover no two intervals belong to the same group i e the sub  set contains at most a single representative interval of each group the group interval scheduling decision problem gis  dp is to decide whether there exists a compatible set in which all groups are represented the goal here is to execute a single representative task from each group gis  dp  k is a restricted version of gis  dp in which the number of intervals in each group is at most k the group interval scheduling maxim  ization problem gis  mp is to find a largest compatible set a set of non overlapping representatives of maximum size the goal here is to execute a representative task from as many groups as possible gis  mp  k is a restricted version of gis  mp in which the number of intervals in each group is at most k this problem is often called j  is  p  k where j stands for job gis  mp is the most general problem the other two problems can be seen as special cases of it is  mp is the special case in which each task belongs to its own group i e it is equal to gis  mp 1 gis  dp is the problem of deciding whether the maximum is exactly equal to the number of groups
a inter  vertebr  al dis  c disorder is a condition that involves deterioration her  ni  ation or other dysfunction of an inter  vertebr  al dis  c as people age the nucleus pul  po  sus begins to dehydr  ate which limits its ability to transfer and distribute loads between the verte  bra  e these loads are instead transferred non uniformly through the an  ul  us fi  bro  sus which under  goes progressive structural deterioration while this may not cause pain in some people in others one or both of these may cause chronic pain pain due to the inability of the dehydr  ating nucleus pul  po  sus to absorb shock is called ax  ial pain or dis  c space pain one generally refers to the gradual dehydr  ation of the nucleus pul  po  sus as degenerative dis  c disease when the an  ul  us fi  bro  sus tears due to an injury or the aging process the nucleus pul  po  sus can begin to ex  tru  de through the tear this is called dis  c her  ni  ation near the poster  ior side of each dis  c all along the sp  ine major spinal nerves extend out to different organs tissues extre  mi  ties etc it is very common for the her  ni  ated dis  c to press against these nerves pin  ched nerve causing radi  ating pain num  b  ness ting  ling and diminished strength and or range of motion in addition the contact of the inner nuclear gel with a nerve can also cause significant pain nerve related pain is called radic  ular pain her  ni  ated dis  cs go by many names and these can mean different things to different medical professionals a slipped dis  c rup  tured dis  c or a bul  ging dis  c can all refer to the same medical condition pro  tru  sions of the dis  c into the adjacent verte  bra are known as sch  mor  l s no  des
intest  acy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies without having made a valid will or other binding declaration alternatively this may also apply where a will or declaration has been made but only applies to part of the estate the remaining estate forms the inte  state estate intest  acy law also referred to as the law of descent and distribution refers to the body of law statutory and case law that determines who is entitled to the property from the estate under the rules of inheritance
intest  inal at  re  sia is a mal  formation where there is a narrowing or absence of a portion of the intest  ine this defect can either occur in the small or large intest  ine
cap  ill  ari  asis is a disease in the group of hel  min  thi  asis diseases caused by the nemato  de cap  ill  aria philipp  in  ensis
intest  inal mal  rotation is a con  genital anomaly of rotation of the mid  gut embry  o  logically the gut under  goes a complex rotation outside the ab  dom  en as a result the small bo  wel is found predominantly on the right side of the ab  dom  en the cec  um is displaced from its usual position in the right lower quad  rant into the ep  ig  ast  ri  um right hypo  ch  on  dri  um the lig  ament of tre  itz is displaced infer  ior  ly and righ  tw  ard fi  bro  us bands of lad  d course over the vertical portion of the du  o  den  um di  i causing intest  inal obstruction the small intest  ine has an unusually narrow base and therefore the mid  gut is prone to vol  vul  us a tw  isting that can obstruct the mes  enter  ic blood vessels and cause intest  inal is  chem  ia
intest  inal neuro  nal dys  pl  asia or neuro  nal intest  inal dys  pl  asia or ni  d is an inherited disease of the intest  ine that affects one in 3000 children and adults the intest  ine uses per  ist  al  sis to push its contents toward the an  us ind sufferers have a problem with the motor neurons that lead to the intest  ine inhi  biting this process and thus preventing dig  estion it can often be confused for hir  sch  sp  rung s disease as both have similar symptoms it can be grouped into ni  d a and ni  d b with the a form affecting the sympathetic in  ner  vation and the b version affecting the paras  ymp  athetic in  ner  vation in 2002 mar  tuc  ci  ello g et al published the first analysis of associated anomalies in ind population is an important clinical approach to investigate possible patho  genetic cor  relations two rec  essive syndro  mes were identified 3 families the first was characterized by ni  d b intest  inal mal  rotation and con  genital short bo  wel the second by ni  d b short stature mental retar  dation and facial dys  morph  ism in this study gastro  intest  inal anomalies accounted for 67 4 of all associated disorders these data suggest a strong correlation between ind and intest  inal development
intest  inal parasites are parasites that can infect the ga  stro intest  inal tract of humans and other animals they can live throughout the body but most prefer the intest  inal wall means of exposure include ing  estion of under  cooked meat drinking infected water and skin absorption the two main types of intest  inal parasites are those hel  min  ths and proto  zo  a that reside in the intest  ines not all hel  min  ths and proto  zo  a are intest  inal parasites an intest  inal parasite can damage or sick  en its host via an infection which is called hel  min  thi  asis in the case of hel  min  ths
intest  inal perme  ability is a term describing the control of material passing from inside the gastro  intest  inal tract through the cells lining the gut wall into the rest of the body the intest  ine normally exhi  bits some perme  ability which allows nutrients to pass through the gut while also maintaining a barrier function to keep potentially harmful substances such as antigens from leaving the intest  ine and migr  ating to the body more widely in a healthy human intest  ine small particles 4 å in radius can migrate through tight junction cl  aud  in por  e pathways and particles up to 10 15 å 3 5 k  da can transit through the par  ac  ell  ular space uptake route
intest  inal pseudo obstruction is a clinical syndrome caused by severe impairment in the ability of the intest  ines to push food through it is characterized by the signs and symptoms of intest  inal obstruction without any le  sion in the intest  inal lum  en clinical features can include ab  domin  al pain naus  ea severe dis  tension v  om  iting dy  sp  ha  gia diarr  hea and con  sti  p  ation depending upon the part of the gastro  intest  inal tract involved the condition can begin at any age and it can be a primary condition idi  opathic or inherited or caused by another disease secondary it can be chronic or acute
intest  inal spi  ro  che  to  sis also intest  inal spi  ro  che  tes colon  ic spi  ro  che  to  sis and colon  ic spi  ro  che  tes is an infection of the colon  ic type mu  co  sa with spi  ro  che  te micro  organisms
intim  al hyper  pl  asia is the thick  ening of the tun  ica intim  a of a blood vessel as a complic  ation of a reconstruction procedure or end  arter  ec  tomy intim  al hyper  pl  asia is the universal response of a vessel to injury and is an important reason of late bypass graft failure particularly in vein and synthetic vascular graf  ts
an intra  artic  ular frac  ture is a bone frac  ture in which the break crosses into the surface of a joint this always result in some damage to the car  til  age
an in  trac  ap  s  ular frac  ture is a bone frac  ture located within the joint cap  su  le examples of in  trac  ap  s  ular fractu  res includes in the hip fractu  res of the fem  oral head and fem  oral neck
in  trac  ere  br  al hemorrha  ge ich also known as cere  br  al bleed is a type of in  trac  ran  ial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ven  tric  les symptoms can include headache one sided weakness v  om  iting seizures decreased level of consciousness and neck sti  ff  ness often symptoms get worse over time fever is also common in many cases bleeding is present in both the brain tissue and the ven  tric  les causes include brain trauma an  eur  ys  ms arter  io  ven  ous mal  formations and brain tumors the largest risk factors for spontaneous bleeding are high blood pressure and amy  lo  ido  sis other risk factors include alcoholism low cho  le  sterol blood thin  ners and cocaine diagnosis is typically by ct scan other conditions that may present similarly include is  chem  ic stroke treatment should typically be carried out in an intensive care unit guidelines recommended decreasing the blood pressure to a syst  ol  ic of less than 140 m  mh  g blood thin  ners should be reversed if possible and blood sugar kept in the normal range surgery to place a ven  tric  ular drain may be used to treat hydro  cephal  us but cor  ti  co  ster  oids should not be used surgery to remove the blood is useful in certain cases cere  br  al bleeding affects about 2 5 per 10 000 people each year it occurs more often in males and older people about 44 of those affected die within a month a good outcome occurs in about 20 of those affected stro  kes were first divided into their two major types bleeding and insufficient blood flow in 18  23
an in  trac  ran  ial an  eur  ys  m also called cere  br  al or brain an  eur  ys  m is a cere  bro  vascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cere  br  al artery or vein causes a loc  alized dil  ation or ballo  oning of the blood vessel an  eur  ys  ms in the poster  ior circulation basi  l  ar artery vertebr  al arter  ies and poster  ior communicating artery have a higher risk of rupture basi  l  ar artery an  eur  ys  ms represent only 3 5 of all in  trac  ran  ial an  eur  ys  ms but are the most common an  eur  ys  ms in the poster  ior circulation
in  trac  ran  ial hemorrha  ge ich also known as in  trac  ran  ial bleed is bleeding within the skull it includes in  trac  ere  br  al ble  eds intra  ven  tric  ular ble  eds and intr  ap  aren  ch  ym  al ble  eds sub  ar  ach  no  id ble  eds ep  id  ural ble  eds and sub  d  ural ble  eds in  trac  ere  br  al bleeding affects 2 5 per 10 000 people each year
in  trac  ran  ial pressure ic  p is the pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf ic  p is measured in milli  meters of mercury m  mh  g and at rest is normally 7 – 15 m  mh  g for a sup  ine adult the body has various mechanisms by which it keeps the ic  p stable with c  sf pressures varying by about 1 m  mh  g in normal adults through shifts in production and absorption of c  sf changes in ic  p are attributed to volume changes in one or more of the constituents contained in the cran  ium c  sf pressure has been shown to be influenced by abrupt changes in intra  thor  ac  ic pressure during cou  gh  ing intra  ab  domin  al pressure val  sal  va maneuver and communication with the vas  cul  ature ven  ous and arter  ial systems in  trac  ran  ial hyper  tension commonly abbreviated i  h i  ic  p or raised ic  p is elev  ation of the pressure in the cran  ium ic  p is normally 7 – 15 mm h  g at 20 – 25 mm h  g the upper limit of normal treatment to reduce ic  p may be needed
intractable pain also known as intractable pain disease or ip is a severe constant pain that is not cur  able by any known means and which causes a bed or house bound state and early death if not adequately treated usually with op  io  ids and or interventi  onal procedures it is not relieved by ordinary medical surgical nursing or pharmaceutical measures unlike the more common chronic pain it causes adverse bio  logic effects on the body s cardiovascular hormone and neuro  logic systems patients experience changes in te  sto  ster  one estro  gen cor  ti  sol thyro  id hormones and or pit  u  itary hormones both men and women require te  sto  ster  one however many doctors neglect to test women for low te  sto  ster  one untreated intractable pain can cause death
an in  trac  ule is a quantum mechanical mathematical function for the two electr  on density which depends not upon the absolute values of position or momentum but rather upon their relative values its use is leading to new methods in physics and compu  tational chemistry to investigate the electronic structure of molecules and soli  ds these methods are a development of density functional theory d  ft but with the two electr  on density replacing the one electr  on density
in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary m  uc  inous ne  op  las  m ip  mn is a type of tumor ne  op  las  m that grows within the pan  cre  atic duc  ts in  trad  uc  tal and is characterized by the production of thick fluid by the tumor cells m  uc  inous in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary m  uc  inous ne  op  las  ms are important because if they are left untreated some of them progress to invasive cancer transform from a benign tumor to a m  align  ant tumor just as col  on poly  ps can develop into col  on cancer if left untreated so too do some in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary m  uc  inous ne  op  las  ms progress into an invasive pan  cre  atic cancer in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary m  uc  inous ne  op  las  ms can present an opportunity to treat a pan  cre  atic tumor before it develops into an aggressive hard to treat cancer
in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary ne  op  las  m of the bile duc  t also known as in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary bi  li  ary ne  op  las  m is a rare type of liver cancer
in  trad  uc  tal pap  il  lom  as of the breast are benign le  sions with an incidence of approximately 2 3 in humans two types of in  trad  uc  tal pap  il  lom  as are generally distinguished the central type develops near the nip  ple they are usually solitary and often arise in the period nearing men  op  ause on the other hand the peripheral type are often multiple pap  il  lom  as arising at the peripheral breasts and are usually found in younger women the peripheral type are associated with a higher risk of m  align  ancy they are the most common cause of bloody nip  ple discharge in women age 20 40 and generally do not show up on mammo  graphy due to their small size so the next step in treatment would be a galac  to  gram to guide the subsequent biopsy the masses are often too small to be pal  p  ated or felt a galac  to  gram is therefore necessary to rule out the le  sion exc  ision is sometimes performed micro  do  chec  tomy micro  do  cho  tomy removal of a breast duc  t is the treatment of choice
intra  he  p  atic cho  le  st  asis of pregnancy ic  p also known as ob  ste  tric cho  le  st  asis cho  le  st  asis of pregnancy ja  und  ice of pregnancy and pr  uri  go gr  avi  dar  um is a medical condition in which cho  le  st  asis occurs during pregnancy it typically presents with troublesome it  ching and can lead to complications for both mother and fe  tus pr  uri  tis it  ching has long been considered to be a common symptom of pregnancy the vast majority of times it  ching is a minor anno  yance caused by changes to the skin especially that of the ab  dom  en however there are instances when it  ching is a symptom of ic  p this is usually most intense on the pal  ms of the hands and the sol  es of the feet but can be widespread ic  p occurs most commonly in the third trim  ester but can begin at any time during the pregnancy
in organic chemistry an intr  am  ol  ec  ular di  els al  der cyclo  addition is a di  els – al  der reaction in which the di  ene and a dien  ophi  le are both part of the same mol  ecu  le the reaction leads to the formation of the same cyclo  hex  ene like structure as usual for a di  els – al  der reaction but as part of a more complex f  used or bri  dged cyclic ring system
an in  tran  eur  al per  in  eur  i  oma is a rare benign tumor within the she  ath of a single nerve that grows but typically does not recur or me  tast  asi  ze these le  sions are only composed of per  in  eur  ial cells cloned from a single cell they are distinct from sch  wan  no  ma and neuro  fi  bro  ma in  tran  eur  al per  in  eur  i  oma is a ne  op  l  astic proliferation of per  in  eur  ial cells with unique immun  o  his  to  chemistry and ultra  structural features and it is distinct from other on  ion bul  b schw  ann cell derived entities despite harb  oring molecular ab  norm  alities of the long arm of chro  mo  some 22 in  tran  eur  al per  in  eur  i  oma has not been associated with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis
in  tran  od  al p  alis  aded my  o  fi  bro  bl  ast  oma abbreviated ip  m is a rare primary tum  our of lymp  h no  des that class  ically presents as an ingu  inal mass it afflic  ts predominantly males of middle age
intra  oc  ular hemorrha  ge sometimes hem  oph  thal  mos or hem  oph  thal  mia is bleeding hemorrha  ge into the eye  ball oc  ul  us in latin it may be the result of physical trauma direct injury to the eye or medical illness severe hemorrha  ge particularly when leading to rising pressure inside the eye may lead to blindness
intra  oc  ular pressure i  op is the fluid pressure inside the eye ton  ome  try is the method eye care professionals use to determine this i  op is an important aspect in the evaluation of patients at risk from gl  au  coma most ton  ome  ters are calibr  ated to measure pressure in milli  meters of mercury m  mh  g
intra  operative fl  op  py iris syndrome ifis is a complic  ation that may occur during cat  ar  act extraction in certain patients this syndrome is characterized by a fl  acci  d iris which bil  lows in response to ordinary intra  oc  ular fluid currents a propensity for this fl  op  py iris to pro  lapse towards the area of cat  ar  act extraction during surgery and progressive intra  operative pupil con  stric  tion despite standard procedures to prevent this ifis has been associated with flo  max tam  sul  os  in a medication widely prescribed for ur  inary symptoms associated with benign pro  static hyper  pl  asia tam  sul  os  in is a selective alpha bloc  ker that works by relaxing the blad  der and pro  static smooth muscle as such it also relax  es the iris di  lat  or muscle by binding to its post  syn  ap  tic nerve end  ings even if a patient has only taken tam  sul  os  in once in their life that dose is enough to cause ifis during cat  ar  act extraction indefinitely ifis is also associated with fin  aster  ide a medication typically used as first line therapy for benign pro  static hyper  pl  asia and and  ro  genic al  op  ec  ia the medication is also associated with cat  ar  act formation ifis may also be associated with other causes of small pupil like sy  nec  hi  ae pseu  do  ex  foli  ation and other medications used for conditions such as gl  au  coma diabetes and high blood pressure ifis does not usually cause significant changes in post  operative outcomes patients may experience more pain a longer recovery period and less improvement in visual acu  ity than a patient with an un  complicated cat  ar  act removal the severity of the condition is not linked to the duration of tam  sul  os  in intake
intra  oral dental sin  us also termed a par  ul  is and commonly a g  um  boil is an oral le  sion characterized by a soft er  y  them  at  ous pap  ule red spot that develops on the al  ve  ol  ar process in association with a non vital tooth and accompanying dental abs  c  ess a par  ul  is is made up of infl  amed gran  ulation tissue less commonly dental infections drain onto the surface of the skin forming a cu  taneous sin  us of dental origin
intr  ap  aren  ch  ym  al hemorrha  ge ip  h is one form of in  trac  ere  br  al bleeding in which there is bleeding within brain paren  ch  y  ma the other form is intra  ven  tric  ular hemorrha  ge iv  h intr  ap  aren  ch  ym  al hemorrha  ge accounts for appro  x 8 13 of all stro  kes and results from a wide spectrum of disorders it is more likely to result in death or major disability than is  chem  ic stroke or sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ge and therefore constitutes an immediate medical emergency in  trac  ere  br  al hemorrha  ges and accompanying e  dem  a may disrupt or com  press adjacent brain tissue leading to neuro  logical dysfunction substantial displacement of brain paren  ch  y  ma may cause elev  ation of in  trac  ran  ial pressure ic  p and potentially fatal her  ni  ation syndro  mes
intr  are  tin  al micro  vascular ab  norm  alities ir  ma are ab  norm  alities of the blood vessels that supply the re  tina of the eye a sign of diabe  tic re  tin  opathy ir  ma can be difficult to distinguish from and is likely a precursor to re  tin  al ne  ov  as  cul  arization one way to distinguish ir  ma from re  tin  al ne  ov  as  cul  arization is to perform fluores  ce  in an  gi  o  graphy since ir  ma blood vessels are patent unlike ne  ov  ascular vessels they do not leak and therefore exhibit hypo  fluores  cence on fluores  ce  in an  gi  o  graphy ir  ma is deeper in the re  tina than ne  ov  as  cul  arization has blur  rier edges is more of a bur  gan  dy color as opposed to a red color does not appear on the op  tic dis  c and is usually seen after a shorter period of poorly controlled diabetes than ne  ov  as  cul  arization
intr  at  u  bul  ar germ cell ne  op  la  sia abbreviated it  g  cn or ig  cn and also known as tes  tic  ular intr  at  u  bul  ar germ cell ne  op  la  sia and intr  at  u  bul  ar germ cell ne  op  la  sia of the testi  s is considered a precursor le  sion for many types of tes  tic  ular germ cell tumors the common unspecified variant of the entity was once considered to be a carcin  oma in situ although the term carcin  oma in situ is no longer preferred for it  g  cn unspecified type it  g  cn  u le  sions because they are not epi  the  li  al le  sions the entity will be known as germ cell ne  op  la  sia in situ g  c  nis in the next who classification which is likely to be published in 2016
in  trau  ter  ine ep  id  er  mal necro  sis is a cu  taneous condition that is rapidly fatal characterized by skin ero  sions and ul  cer  ations only
in  trau  ter  ine growth retar  dation also known as in  trau  ter  ine growth restriction i  ug  r refers to poor growth of a fe  tus while in the mother s wom  b during pregnancy the causes can be many but most often involve poor maternal nutrition or lack of adequate oxygen supply to the fe  tus at least 60 of the 4 million ne  on  atal deaths that occur worldwide every year are associated with low birth weight l  b  w caused by in  trau  ter  ine growth restriction i  ug  r pre  term delivery and genetic chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities demonstrating that under nutrition is already a leading health problem at birth in  trau  ter  ine growth restriction can result in a baby being small for gest  ational age s  ga which is most commonly defined as a weight below the 10 th per  centi  le for the gest  ational age at the end of pregnancy it can result in a low birth weight
in  trau  ter  ine hypo  x  ia occurs when the fe  tus is deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen it may be due to a variety of reasons such as pro  lapse or oc  clu  sion of the um  bil  ical cord plac  ental inf  arc  tion and maternal smoking in  trau  ter  ine growth restriction i  ug  r may cause or be the result of hypo  x  ia in  trau  ter  ine hypo  x  ia can cause cellular damage that occurs within the central nervous system the brain and spinal cord this results in an increased mortality rate including an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome si  ds oxygen deprivation in the fe  tus and ne  on  ate have been implicated as either a primary or as a contributing risk factor in numerous neuro  logical and neuro  psychiatric disorders such as epi  le  psy ad  hd eating disorders and cere  br  al pal  sy
intr  av  ascular large b cell lymp  homa il  b  cl also referred to as an  gi  o  tropic large cell lymp  homa an  gi  o  tropic large cell lymp  homa intr  al  ymp  h  atic lymp  hom  at  osis intr  av  ascular lymp  hom  at  osis and less specifically intr  av  ascular lymp  homa and m  align  ant an  gi  o  endo  the  li  om  at  osis is a rare form of lymp  homa
intr  av  ascular pap  ill  ary endo  the  li  al hyper  pl  asia also known as mass  on s hem  an  gio endo  the  li  ome vege  tant intr  av  as  cul  aire mass  on s le  sion mass  on s pseu  do  an  gi  os  ar  coma mass  on s tumor and pap  ill  ary endo  the  li  al hyper  pl  asia may mim  ic an  gi  os  ar  coma with le  sions that are red or pur  pl  ish 5 mm to 5 cm pap  ules and deep no  d  ules on the head neck or upper extre  mi  ties
intra  ven  ous lei  om  y  om  at  osis is a rare condition seen exclusively in women in which lei  om  y  om  ata benign smooth muscle tumors are found in ve  ins the masses are benign appearing but can spread throughout the ven  ous system leaving the uter  us and even cause death when growing into the heart from the iv  c while the possibility that these arose de novo from the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall was considered chro  mo  som  al analysis suggests a uter  ine origin intra  ven  ous lei  om  y  om  ata are usually but not always associated with uter  ine fi  bro  ids and tend to recur this condition is related to benign me  tast  asi  zing lei  om  y  oma in which the masses appear in more distant locations such as the lung and lymp  h no  des
intra  ven  ous marijuana syndrome is a distinct short term clinical syndrome related to the intra  ven  ous injection of boiled cannabis bro  th which had been filtered through a cotton cloth the syndrome has at least 25 known cases in the english language literature but all of them prior to 1983 it is post  ulated that contamination perhaps from the cotton used to strain the liquid of the bro  th or from particulate plant matter getting through the str  aining method could be cause for the cases of illnesses
intra  ven  tric  ular hemorrha  ge iv  h also known as intra  ven  tric  ular bleeding is a bleeding into the brain s ven  tric  ular system where the cere  bro  spinal fluid is produced and circul  ates through towards the sub  ar  ach  no  id space it can result from physical trauma or from hemorrha  ging in stroke 30 of intra  ven  tric  ular hemorrha  ge iv  h are primary confined to the ven  tric  ular system and typically caused by intra  ven  tric  ular trauma an  eur  ys  m vascular mal  formations or tumors particularly of the chor  o  id plex  us however 70 of iv  h are secondary in nature resulting from an expansion of an existing intr  ap  aren  ch  ym  al or sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ges intra  ven  tric  ular hemorrha  ge has been found to occur in 35 of moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries thus the hemorrha  ge usually does not occur without extensive associated damage and so the outcome is rarely good
in comp  iler theory an intrinsic function is a function available for use in a given programming language whose implementation is handled specially by the comp  iler typically it substitutes a sequence of automatically generated instructions for the original function call similar to an in  line function unlike an in  line function though the comp  iler has an intimate knowledge of the intrinsic function and can therefore better integrate it and optimi  ze it for the situation this is also called buil  tin function in many languages compil  ers that implement intrinsic functions generally enable them only when the user has requested optimi  zation falling back to a default implementation provided by the language run  time environment otherwise intrinsic functions are often used to explicitly implement vec  tori  zation and par  alle  li  zation in languages which do not address such construc  ts al  tiv  ec and open  mp are examples of ap  is which use intrinsic functions to declare respectively vec  t  oriz  able and multi  processor aware operations during compilation the comp  iler par  ses the intrinsic functions and conver  ts them into vector math or multi  processing object code appropriate for the target platform
intr  on medi  ated enhancement im  e is the ability of an intr  on sequence to enhance the expression of a gene containing that intr  on in particular the intr  on must be present in the trans  cri  bed region of the gene for enhancement to occur differentiating im  e from the action of typical trans  crip  tional enhan  cers descriptions of this phenomenon were first published in cul  tured maize cells in 1987 and the term intr  on medi  ated enhancement was subsequently coined in 1990 a number of publications have demonstrated that this phenomenon is con  served across eu  kar  yo  tes including humans mice arab  id  op  sis rice and c eleg  ans however the mechanism s by which im  e works are still not completely understood when testing to see whether any given intr  on enhances the expression of a gene it is typical to compare the expression of two construc  ts one containing the intr  on and one without it and to express the difference between the two results as a fold increase in enhancement further experiments can specifically point to im  e as the cause of expression enhancement one of the most common is to move the intr  on upstream of the trans  cription start site removing it from the transcript if the intr  on can no longer enhance expression then inclusion of the intr  on in the transcript is important and the intr  on probably causes im  e not all int  ron  s enhance gene expression but those that do can enhance expression between 2 – and 1 000 – fold relative to an int  ron  less control in arab  id  op  sis and other plant species the im  eter has been developed to calculate the likelihood that an intr  on sequence will enhance gene expression it does this by calculating a score based on the patterns of nucle  o  tide sequences within the target sequence the position of an intr  on within the transcript is also important the closer an intr  on is to the start 5 end of a transcript the greater its enhancement of gene expression
an int  us  suscep  tion is a medical condition in which a part of the intest  ine inv  ag  in  ates fol  ds into into another section of intest  ine similar to the way the parts of a collap  sible teles  cope re  tract into one another this can often result in an obstruction the part that pro  lapses into the other is called the int  us  suscep  tum and the part that receives it is called the int  us  suscep  i  ens int  us  suscep  tion is a medical emergency and a patient should be seen immediately to reduce risk
in computer science an invari  ant is a condition that can be relied upon to be true during execution of a program or during some portion of it it is a logical assertion that is held to always be true during a certain phase of execution for example a loop invari  ant is a condition that is true at the beginning and end of every execution of a loop
invasive carcin  oma of no special type n  st also known as invasive duc  tal carcin  oma or duc  tal nos and previously known as invasive duc  tal carcin  oma not otherwise specified nos is a group of breast cancers that do not have the specific differentiating features those that have these features belong to other types in this group are ple  om  orph  ic carcin  oma carcin  oma with o  ste  o  cl  ast like st  rom  al giant cells carcin  oma with ch  ori  o  carcin  om  at  ous features and carcin  oma with mel  an  otic features it is a diagnosis of exclusion which means that for the diagnosis to be made all the other specific types must be ruled out
invasive lob  ular carcin  oma accounts for 5 10 of invasive breast cancer the his  to  logic patterns include overall the five year survival rate of invasive lob  ular carcin  oma was approximately 85 in 2003 loss of e cad  her  in is common in lob  ular carcin  oma but is also seen in other breast cancers treatment includes surgery and adju  v  ant therapy
invasive u  ro  the  li  al carcin  oma is a type of transitional cell carcin  oma t  cc also u  ro  the  li  al cell carcin  oma or uc  c and is a type of cancer that develops in the ur  inary system the kidney ur  inary blad  der and accessory organs it is the most common type of blad  der cancer and cancer of the u  re  ter u  re  th  ra and ur  ach  us invasive u  ro  the  li  al carcin  oma originates from tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs transitional epi  the  lium it can extend from the kidney collecting system to the blad  der generally speaking invasive u  ro  ther  li  al carcin  oma is a cancer of the u  ro  the  lium that develops from epi  the  li  al cells lining the lum  ens of ur  inary system organs the term carcin  oma from the greek kar  kin  os or crab and oma growth is a type of cancer a carcin  oma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body and that generally arises from cells originating in the endo  der  mal or ec  to  der  mal germ layer during embry  o  genesis is a form of cancer of one type of u  ro  the  li  al le  sion and a form of pap  ill  ary u  ro  the  li  al le  sions u  ro  the  lium or u  ro  epi  the  lium is an example of transitional epi  the  lium it is the type of epi  the  lium that lines much of the ur  inary tract including the ren  al pel  vis the u  re  ters the blad  der and parts of the u  re  th  ra
the invent  or s paradox is a phenomenon that occurs in seeking a solution to a given problem instead of solving a specific type of problem which would seem intu  i  tively easier it can be easier to solve a more general problem which covers the specifics of the sought after solution the invent  or s paradox has been used to describe phenomena in mathematics programming and logic as well as other areas that involve critical thinking
in economics an in  verse demand function p f − 1 q is a function that maps the quantity of output demanded to the market price dependent variable for that output quantity demanded q is a function of price the in  verse demand function treats price as a function of quantity demanded and is also called the price function note that the in  verse demand function is not the reciprocal of the demand function — the word in  verse refers to the mathematical concept of an in  verse function
in  verse dynamics is an in  verse problem it commonly refers to either in  verse rigid body dynamics or in  verse structural dynamics in  verse rigid body dynamics is a method for computing forces and or moments of force tor  ques based on the kin  em  atics motion of a body and the body s iner  tial properties mass and moment of inertia typically it uses link segment models to represent the mechanical behaviour of interconnected segments such as the limbs of humans animals or robots where given the kin  em  atics of the various parts in  verse dynamics derives the minimum forces and moments responsible for the individual movements in practice in  verse dynamics compu  tes these internal moments and forces from measurements of the motion of limbs and external forces such as ground reaction forces under a special set of assumptions
the in  verse electr  on demand di  els – al  der reaction or d  ain  v or i  ed  da is an organic chemical reaction in which two new chemical bonds and a six memb  ered ring are formed it is related to the di  els – al  der reaction but unlike the di  els – al  der or da reaction the d  ain  v is a cyclo  addition between an electr  on rich dien  ophi  le and an electr  on poor di  ene during a d  ain  v reaction three pi bonds are broken and two sig  ma bonds and one new pi bond are formed a proto  typical d  ain  v reaction is shown on the right d  ain  v reactions often involve hetero  atoms and can be used to form heter  oc  ycl  ic compounds this makes the d  ain  v reaction particularly useful in natural product syn  theses where the target compounds often contain heter  oc  ycles recently the d  ain  v reaction has been used to synthe  size a drug transport system which targets pro  state cancer
in mathematics an in  verse function is a function that rever  ses another function if the function f applied to an input x gives a result of y then applying its in  verse function g to y gives the result x and vice versa i e f x y if and only if g y x as a simple example consider the real valued function of a real variable given by f x 5 x − 7 thinking of this as a step by step procedure namely take a number x multiply it by 5 then sub  tract 7 from the result to reverse this and get x back from some output value say y we should undo each step in reverse order in this case that means that we should add 7 to y and then divide the result by 5 in functional no  tation this in  verse function would be given by with y 5 x − 7 we have that f x y and g y x not all functions have in  verse functions in order for a function f x → y to have an in  verse it must have the property that for every y in y there must be one and only one x in x so that f x y this property ensures that a function g y → x will exist having the necessary relationship with f
in mathematics the in  verse problem for lag  ran  gian mechanics is the problem of determining whether a given system of ordinary differential equations can arise as the eul  er – lag  range equations for some lag  ran  gian function there has been a great deal of activity in the study of this problem since the early 20 th century a notable advance in this field was a 1941 paper by the american mathem  ati  cian jesse douglas in which he provided necessary and sufficient conditions for the problem to have a solution these conditions are now known as the hel  m  hol  tz conditions after the german physic  ist her  mann von hel  m  hol  tz
in  verse ps  ori  asis or fl  ex  ural ps  ori  asis is a form of ps  ori  asis that selectively and often exclusively involves the fol  ds rec  esses and fl  ex  or surfaces such as the ears ax  il  la  e gro  ins infr  am  am  mary fol  ds na  vel inter  glu  teal cre  ase penis lips and web  spaces
in mathematics and physics the in  verse scat  tering problem is the problem of determining characteristics of an object based on data of how it scat  ters incoming radiation or particles it is the in  verse problem to the direct scat  tering problem which is to determine how radiation or particles are scattered based on the properties of the scat  ter  er sol  it  on equations are a class of partial differential equations which can be studied and solved by a method called the in  verse scat  tering transform which reduces the non  linear p  des to a linear in  verse scat  tering problem the non  linear schrö  d  inger equation the kor  te  weg – de vries equation and the k  p equation are examples of sol  it  on equations in one space dimension the in  verse scat  tering problem is equivalent to a ri  emann hil  bert problem since its early statement for radio  location many applications have been found for in  verse scat  tering techniques including echo  location ge  oph  ys  ical survey non  destructive testing medical imaging quantum field theory
inver  ted fol  lic  ular ker  at  osis is a skin condition characterized by as  ymp  tomatic firm white – tan to pink pap  ules and considered as a subtype of se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis
the inver  ted hammer is a type of can  d  les  tick pattern found after a down  trend and is usually taken to be a trend reversal signal the inver  ted hammer looks like an upside down version of the hammer can  d  les  tick pattern and when it appears in an up  trend is called a shooting star the pattern is made up of a candle with a small lower body and a long upper wick which is at least two times as large as the short lower body the body of the candle should be at the low end of the trading range and there should be little or no lower wick in the candle the long upper wick of the can  d  les  tick pattern indicates that the buyers drove prices up at some point during the period in which the candle was formed but encountered selling pressure which drove prices back down to close near to where they opened when encountering an inver  ted hammer traders often check for a higher open and close on the next period to validate it as a bul  lish signal
an inver  ted nip  ple occasionally inv  ag  inated nip  ple is a condition where the nip  ple instead of pointing outward is re  tracted into the breast in some cases the nip  ple will be temporarily pro  tru  ded if stimulated women and men can have inver  ted nip  ples
an inver  ted pap  il  lo  ma is a type of tumor in which surface epi  the  li  al cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue it may occur in the nose and or sin  uses or in the ur  inary tract blad  der ren  al pel  vis u  re  ter u  re  th  ra when it occurs in the nose or sin  uses it may cause symptoms similar to those caused by sin  u  si  tis such as nas  al congestion when it occurs in the ur  inary tract it may cause blood in the urine
in macro  economics investment is the amount purchased per unit time of goods which are not consumed at the present time types of investment include residential investment in housing that will provide a flow of housing services over an extended time non residential fixed investment in things such as new machinery or factories human capital investment in workforce education and inventory investment the accumulation intentional or un  intentional of goods inventories in measures of national income and output gross investment represented by the variable i is a component of gross domestic product gdp given in the formula gdp c i g n  x where c is consumption g is government spending and n  x is net exports given by the difference between the exports and imports x − m thus investment is everything that remains of total expenditure after consumption government spending and net exports are sub  tracted i e i gdp − c − g − n  x net investment deduc  ts depreciation from gross investment net fixed investment is the value of the net increase in the capital stock per year fixed investment as expenditure over a period of time e g per year is not capital but rather leads to changes in the amount of capital the time dimension of investment makes it a flow by contrast capital is a stock — that is accumulated net investment up to a point in time investment is often model  ed as a function of income and interest rates given by the relation i f y r an increase in income encourages higher investment whereas a higher interest rate may discourage investment as it becomes more costly to borrow money even if a firm chooses to use its own funds in an investment the interest rate represents an opportunity cost of investing those funds rather than lending out that amount of money for interest
investment control or investment controlling is a monitoring function within the asset management portfolio management or investment management it is concerned with independently supervising and monitoring the quality of asset management accounts with the aim of ensuring performance and quality in order to provide the required benefit for the asset management client dependent on setup investment controlling not only encompasses controlling activities but also can include areas from compliance to performance review investment controlling aspects can also be taken into consideration by asset management clients or investment advisers consultants and consequently it is likely that these stakeholders also run certain investment controlling activities
invisible lost time il  t related to routine rig drilling operations is the difference between actual operational duration and a best practice target it is invisible as it does not appear on any conventional morning reports the measurement of invisible lost time starts by analy  zing each individual key performance indicator k  pi that can be produced by a particular crew drilling crew cas  ing crew etc or by a machine automated operation or a combination of both the measurement of invisible lost time was first developed and used by stat  oil and t  de bo  bt the time needed when drilling and producing the hole flat time the necessary time needed for constructing a well besides the bo  bt b  ha handling tri  pping running cas  ing b  op work drilling connections etc lt – the deviation from plan problem time due to unexpected un  planned events like hole problems tool failures rig repair etc
inv  olu  tional li  po  atro  phy is a cu  taneous condition and is an idi  opathic li  po  atro  phy characterized clin  ically by non infl  am  matory focal loss of fat idi  opathic loc  alized inv  olu  tional li  po  atro  phy ili  l is a rare and no  so  logically imprecise condition characterized by a focal loss of sub  cu  taneous tissue on one or several sites occurring without any significant triggering factor or auto immune background and regres  sing spontaneously within a few months
i  od  ine deficiency is a lack of the trace element i  od  ine an essential nutrient in the diet it may result in a go  iter sometimes as an endemic go  iter as well as cre  tin  ism due to untreated con  genital hypo  thyro  i  dis  m which results in developmental delays and other health problems i  od  ine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a preventable cause of intellectual disability i  od  ine is an essential dietary mineral the thyro  id hormones thyro  x  ine and tri  i  odo  thy  ron  ine contain i  od  ine in areas where there is little i  od  ine in the diet typically remote in  land  areas where no marine foods are eaten i  od  ine deficiency is common it is also common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in i  od  ine poor soil prevention includes adding small amounts of i  od  ine to table salt a product known as io  di  zed salt i  od  ine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs such as flour water and milk in areas of deficiency seaf  ood is also a well known source of i  od  ine i  od  ine deficiency resulting in go  iter occurs in 187 million people globally as of 2010 2 7 of the population it resulted in 2700 deaths in 2013 up from 2100 deaths in 1990
i  od  ine deficiency is a widespread problem in western southern and eastern parts of china as their io  di  zed salt intake level is much lower than the average national level i  od  ine deficiency is a range of disorders that affect many different populations it is estimated that id  ds affect between 800 million and 2 billion people worldwide countries have spent millions of dollars in implementing io  di  zed salt as a means to counteract the i  od  ine deficiencies prevalent today with china accounting for 40 of the total population it bears a large portion of those who are i  od  ine deficient i  od  ine is a mic  ron  u  tri  ent the body needs to properly produce thyro  id hormones the human body is not able to produce it and i  od  ine is an essential nutrient i  od  ine is not readily available in many foods thus making it difficult for many people to obtain it one particular source found in great supply is ocean water although it is not an effective dietary source i  od  ine deficiency diseases id  ds are able to develop before birth so it is crucial for all populations to have sufficient levels of the mic  ron  u  tri  ent and prevent such diseases from developing early on
i  odo  der  mas are caused by io  di  des with the most common sources of exposure being oral and intra  ven  ous contrast materials used to treat thyro  id disease the most common type of eruption is an ac  nei  form eruption with numerous acutely infl  amed fol  lic  ular pu  st  ules each surrounded by a ring of hyper  emia
i  od  ol  ac  ton  ization or more generally hal  ol  ac  ton  ization is an organic reaction that forms a ring the lac  tone by the addition of an oxygen and i  od  ine across a carbon carbon double bond the reaction was first reported by m j bou  gal  t in 19  04 and has since become one of the most effective ways to synthe  size lac  tones strengths of the reaction include the mild conditions and incorporation of the vers  ati  le i  od  ine atom into the product i  od  ol  ac  ton  iz  ation  introduction i  od  ol  ac  ton  ization has been used in the synthesis of many natural products including those with medicinal applications such as ver  no  ple  pin and ver  nomen  in two compounds used in tumor growth inhi  bi  tion and vibr  al  ac  tone a pan  cre  atic lip  ase inhi  bit  or that has been used in the treatment of obesity i  od  ol  ac  ton  ization has also been used by e j co  rey to synthe  size numerous pro  stag  land  ins
in chemistry ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electrical charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity ion associates are classified according to the number of ions that associate with each other as ion pairs ion tri  ple  ts etc ion pairs are also classified according to the nature of the interaction as contact solvent shared or solvent separated the most important factor to determine the extent of ion association is the di  electric constant of the solvent ion associates have been characterized by means of vibr  ational spec  tro  sco  py
ion cyclo  tr  on resonance is a phenomenon related to the movement of ions in a magnetic field it is used for accelerating ions in a cyclo  tr  on and for measuring the masses of an ion  ized analy  te in mass spec  tro  metry particularly with fou  rier transform ion cyclo  tr  on resonance mass spec  tro  meters it can also be used to follow the k  ine  tics of chemical reactions in a dilute gas mixture provided these involve charged species
the ireland – cla  is  en re  arrangement is a chemical reaction of an all  yl  ic ester with strong base to give an γ δ un  saturated car  box  yl  ic acid the ireland cla  is  en re  arrangement several reviews have been published
i  ri  do  cor  ne  al endo  the  li  al syndro  mes i  ri  do  cor  ne  al endo  the  li  al ice syndro  mes are a spectrum of diseases character  ie  zed by slowly progressive ab  norm  alities of the cor  ne  al endo  the  lium and features including cor  ne  al e  dem  a iris distortion and secondary angle closure gl  au  coma 1 2 4 ice syndro  mes are predominantly unilateral and non  hereditary 1 2 4 the condition occurs in predominantly middle aged women 1 3 4 mechanism the exact mechanism is unknown however there appears to be a component of abnormal cor  ne  al endo  the  lium that prolifer  ates onto the iris forming a memb  rane that then obstruc  ts the tr  ab  ec  ular mes  h  work leading to iris distortion 1 2 no  dule formation can also occur when the abnormal cor  ne  al endo  the  lium causes contr  actions around the iris st  roma 1 her  pes  virus dna has been identified in some patients following ker  at  op  la  sty suggesting the possibility that her  pes simpl  ex virus may induce the abnormal endo  the  li  az  ation in the an  terior chamber angle and on the surface of the iris 2 3 5 signs and symptoms many cases are as  ymp  tomatic however patients many have decreased vision gl  are mon  oc  ular di  pl  op  ia or poly  op  ia and notic  able iris changes 2 6 on exam patients have normal to decreased visual acu  ity and a “ beaten metal appearance ” of the cor  ne  al endo  the  lium cor  ne  al e  dem  a increased intra  oc  ular pressure peripheral an  terior sy  nec  hi  ae and iris changes 1 2 6 variations the chandler variant of ice is characterized by path  ology on the inner surface of the cor  ne  a leading to abnormal endo  the  li  al pump function 2 6 other features include possible mild iris changes cor  ne  al e  dem  a and normal to slight elev  ations in intra  oc  ular pressure 1 6 co  gan re  ese variant is characterized by multiple pi  gm  ented iris no  d  ules 2 6 this variant is most commonly unilateral and seen in middle aged females 2 treatment penetr  ating kar  at  op  la  sty and endo  the  li  al ker  at  op  la  sty can be used as treatments for severe cases of ice 2 8 because gl  au  coma and elevated intra  oc  ular pressure are often present in ice patients long term follow up may be needed to ensure adequate intra  oc  ular pressures are maintained 2 7 prog  no  sis the disease is chronic and often progres  ses slowly prog  no  sis is generally poor when associated with gl  au  coma 1 2
i  ri  do  dial  ysis sometimes known as a co  redi  al  ysis is a loc  alized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ci  li  ary body
i  ri  dog  oni  odys  genesis dominant type type 1 i  rid 1 refers to a spectrum of diseases characterized by mal  formations of the i  ri  do cor  ne  al angle of the an  terior chamber of the eye i  ri  dog  oni  odys  genesis is the result of abnormal migration or terminal induc  tion of ne  ural c  rest cells these cells lead to formation of most of the an  terior segment structures of the eye cor  ne  al st  roma endo  the  lium iris st  roma tr  ab  ec  ul  um symptoms iris hypo  plas  is g  oni  odys  genesis and juvenile gl  au  coma gl  au  coma phen  o  type that maps to 6 p 25 results from mutations in the for  k  head trans  cription factor gene fo  x  c 1 transmission auto  som  al dominant pattern with complete penetr  ance and variable expres  sivity first reported by berg 19  32 treatment of gl  au  coma in i  ri  dog  oni  odys  genesis is primarily surgical it is listed as a rare disease by the office of rare diseases ord this means that i  ri  dog  oni  odys  genesis dominant type or a subtype of i  ri  dog  oni  odys  genesis dominant type affects less than 200 000 people in the us population
i  ri  dop  legi  a is the paralysis of the sp  h  inc  ter of the iris it can occur in due to direct orb  ital injury which may result in short lived blurred vision
ir  len syndrome occasionally referred to as sco  topic sensitivity syndrome s  ss or me  ares ir  len syndrome very rarely as as  fe  dia and recently also as visual stress is a proposed disorder of vision it is not recognised by any scientific or medical body
iron deficiency an  emia also spelled iron deficiency ana  emia is an  emia caused by a lack of iron an  emia is defined as a decrease in the amount of red blood cells r  b  cs or h  emo  glob  in in the blood when an  emia comes on slowly the symptoms are often vague and may include feeling tired weakness short  ness of breath or poor ability to exercise an  emia that comes on quickly often has greater symptoms which may include confusion feeling like one is going to pass out and increased thirst there needs to be significant an  emia before a person becomes notic  e  ably pale there may be additional symptoms depending on the underlying cause it is caused by insufficient dietary intake and absorption of iron or iron loss from bleeding bleeding can be from a range of sources such as the intest  inal uter  ine or ur  inary tract the most common cause of iron deficiency an  emia in children in developing countries is par  asi  tic worms worms cause intest  inal bleeding which is not always noticeable in f  ec  es and is especially damaging to children malaria hook  worms and vitamin a deficiency contribute to an  emia during pregnancy in most underdeveloped countries in women over 50 years old the most common cause of iron deficiency an  emia is chronic gastro  intest  inal bleeding from non  par  asi  tic causes such as ga  str  ic ul  cers du  o  den  al ul  cers or gastro  intest  inal cancer iron deficiency causes approximately half of all an  emia cases worldwide and affects women more often than men iron deficiency an  emia affected 1 2 billion people in 2013 in 2013 an  emia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183 000 deaths – down from 213 000 deaths in 1990
iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world iron is present in all cells in the human body and has several vital functions such as carrying oxygen to the tissues from the lungs as a key component of the h  emo  glob  in protein acting as a transport medium for electron  s within the cells in the form of cy  to  chro  mes facilitating oxygen use and storage in the muscles as a component of my  o  glob  in and as an integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues too little iron can interfere with these vital functions and lead to morbi  dity and death total body iron averages approximately 3 8 g in men and 2 3 g in women in blood plasma iron is carried tightly bound to the protein transfer  rin there are several mechanisms that control human iron metabol  ism and safeguard against iron deficiency the main regulatory mechanism is situated in the gastro  intest  inal tract when loss of iron is not sufficiently compensated by adequate intake of iron from the diet a state of iron deficiency develops over time when this state is un  corrected it leads to iron deficiency an  emia before an  emia occurs the medical condition of iron deficiency without an  emia is called latent iron deficiency lid or iron deficient er  y  thro  po  ies  is ide untreated iron deficiency can lead to iron deficiency an  emia — a common type of an  emia an  emia is a condition characterized by inadequate red blood cells er  y  thro  cy  tes or h  emo  glob  in iron deficiency an  emia occurs when the body lacks sufficient amounts of iron resulting in reduced production of the protein h  emo  glob  in h  emo  glob  in binds to oxygen thus enabling red blood cells to supply oxy  genated blood throughout the body children pre men  opa  usal women women of child bearing age and people with poor diet are most susceptible to the disease most cases of iron deficiency an  emia are mild but if not treated can cause problems like fast or irregular heartbeat complications during pregnancy and delayed growth in infants and children
iron fe deficiency is a plant disorder also known as lime induced chlor  osis it can be confused with man  g  anese deficiency a deficiency in the soil is rare but iron can be unavailable for absorption if soil ph is not between about 5 and 6 5 a common problem is excessive al  kal  inity of the soil the ph is above 6 5 also iron deficiency can develop if the soil is too water  logged or has been over  fertilis  ed elements like calcium zinc man  g  anese phosphorus or copper can tie up iron if they are present in high amounts iron is needed to produce chlor  op  hy  ll hence its deficiency causes chlor  osis for example iron is used in the active site of glu  tam  yl tr  na reduc  t  ase an enzyme needed for the formation of 5 amin  ole  vul  in  ic acid which is a precursor of hem  e and chlor  op  hy  ll
genes involved in iron metabol  ism disorders include h  fe and t  fr 2 he  p  ci  din is the master regulator of iron metabol  ism and therefore most genetic forms of iron overload can be thought of as relative he  p  ci  din deficiency in one way or another for instance a severe form of iron overload juvenile h  emo  chro  mat  osis is a result of severe he  p  ci  din deficiency the majority of cases are caused by mutations in the h  emo  ju  vel  in gene h  jv or r  gm  c repul  sive guidance mol  ecu  le c the exceptions people who have mutations in the gene for fer  ro  por  tin prove the rule these people have plenty of he  p  ci  din but their cells lack the proper response to it so in people with fer  ro  por  tin proteins that transport iron out of cells without responding to he  p  ci  din s signals to stop they have a deficiency in the action of he  p  ci  din if not in he  p  ci  din itself but the exact mechanisms of most of the various forms of adult h  emo  chro  mat  osis which make up most of the genetic iron overload disorders remain unsolved so while researchers have been able to identify genetic mutations causing several adult variants of h  emo  chro  mat  osis they now must turn their attention to the normal function of these mut  ated genes these genes represent multiple steps along the path  way of iron regulation from the body s ability to sense iron to the body s ability to regulate uptake and storage working out the functions of each gene in this path  way will be an important tool for finding new methods of treating genetic disorders as well as for understanding the basic workings of the path  way so though many mysteries of iron metabol  ism remain the discovery of he  p  ci  din already allows a much better understanding of the nature of iron regulation and makes researchers optimistic that many more breakthroughs in this field are soon to come
iron metallic dis  color  ation occurred more frequently in the past when soluble iron compounds were used in the treatment of allergic contact and other der  mati  tis and in eroded areas iron was sometimes deposited in the skin like a tattoo
iron rings are heavy metal rings used in martial arts for various training purposes metal rings have a long history of being used in y  au kung mu  n hung gar and other styles for weight training to har  den the muscle skin or bone or strengthen the arms and f  ists
iron supplements are dietary supplements containing iron that can be prescribed by a doctor for a medical reason or purchased from a vitamin shop drug store etc they are primarily used to treat an  emia or other iron deficiencies there are three ways that it can be delivered orally intra  ven  ously or intr  amus  cul  arly the first iron pills were commonly known as bl  aud s pills which were named after p bl  aud of beau  c  aire the french physician who introduced and started the use of these medications as a treatment for patients with an  emia
irregular men  str  uation is a men  str  ual disorder whose manifestations include irregular cycle lengths as well as metr  or  rha  gia vag  inal bleeding between expected periods
irregular sleep – wake rhythm is a rare form of cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorder it is characterized by numerous n  aps throughout the 24 hour period no main night  time sleep episode and irregularity from day to day sufferers have no pattern of when they are awake or asleep may have poor quality sleep and often may be very sleepy while they are awake the total time asleep per 24 hours is normal for the person s age the disorder is serious — an invisible disability it can create social famili  al and work problems making it hard for a person to maintain relationships and responsibilities and may make a person home bound and isolated
ir  religion ad  jec  tive form non religious or ir  religious is the absence indifference rejection of or hostility towards religion when characterized as the rejection of religious belief it encompasses athe  ism agno  stic  ism de  ism religious dissid  ence and secular hum  anism when characterized as the absence of religious belief it may also include spiritual but not religious pan  de  ism igno  stic  ism non  the  ism pan  the  ism pan  en  the  ism and free  thought when characterized as indifference to religion it is known as ap  athe  ism when characterized as hostility towards religion it encompasses anti  the  ism anti  religion and mis  o  the  ism ir  religion may include some forms of the  ism depending on the religious context it is defined against for example in 18 th century europe the epit  ome of ir  religion was de  ism according to pe  w research center projections the non  religious though temporarily increasing will ultimately decline significantly by 2050 because of lower reproductive rates and ageing
ir  religion in brazil is a new but increasing phenomenon the official brazilian census gives since 1970 sem religi  ão portuguese no religion as an option of self description for people who do not consider themselves members of any specific religion including non affiliated the  ists and de  ists according to the 2000 census there were 12 5 million ir  religious people in the country 7 3 of the total population as of 2010 there were 15 3 million ir  religious people 8 of the population the constitution of brazil as  signs secularism as the default position of the law and government in relation to religious matters art 19 i and grants freedom of religion and thought to its citizens art 5 vi non profit organization brazilian association of athe  ists and agno  s  tics actively tries to promote secularism and help ir  religious people victims of prejudice
irrit  able bo  wel syndrome i  bs is a group of symptoms — including ab  domin  al pain and changes in the pattern of bo  wel movements without any evidence of underlying damage these symptoms occur over a long time often years it has been classified into four main types depending on if diarr  hea is common con  sti  p  ation is common both are common or neither occurs very often i  bs d i  bs c i  bs m or i  bs u respectively i  bs negatively affects quality of life and may result in missed school or work disorders such as anxiety major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome are common among people with i  bs the causes of i  bs are not clear theories include gut – brain axis problems small intest  inal bacterial over  growth genetic factors food sensitivity and gut mo  ti  lity problems onset may be triggered by an intest  inal infection or stressful life event i  bs is a functional gastro  intest  inal disorder diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in the absence of worrisome features worrisome features include onset at greater than 50 years of age weight loss blood in the sto  ol or a family history of infl  am  matory bo  wel disease other conditions that may present similarly include ce  li  ac disease micro  scopic co  li  tis infl  am  matory bo  wel disease bile acid mal  absorption and col  on cancer there is no cure for i  bs treatment is carried out to improve symptoms this may including dietary changes medication pro  bio  tics and counselling dietary measures include increasing soluble fiber intake a glu  ten free diet or a diet low in fer  ment  able oligo  sac  ch  ari  des dis  ac  ch  ari  des mon  os  ac  ch  ari  des and poly  ols fo  d  map the medication l  oper  amide may be used to help with diarr  hea while lax  atives may be used to help with con  sti  p  ation anti  depres  s  ants may improve overall symptoms and pain patient education and a good doctor – patient relationship are an important part of care about 10 to 15 of people in the developed world are believed to be affected by i  bs it is more common in south america and less common in southeast asia it is twice as common in women as men and typically occurs before age 45 the condition appears to become less common with age i  bs does not affect life expectancy or lead to other serious diseases the first description of the condition was in 18  20 while the current term irrit  able bo  wel syndrome came into use in 1944
irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis is a form of contact der  mati  tis that can be divided into forms caused by chemical irrit  ants and those caused by physical irrit  ants
irrit  ant di  aper der  mati  tis is a generic term applied to skin r  ashes in the di  aper area that are caused by various skin disorders and or irrit  ants generic rash or irrit  ant di  aper der  mati  tis id  d is characterized by joined pat  ches of er  y  them  a and scaling mainly seen on the conv  ex surfaces with the skin fol  ds spared di  aper der  mati  tis with secondary bacterial or fun  gal involvement tends to spread to con  cave surfaces i e skin fol  ds as well as conv  ex surfaces and often exhi  bits a central red be  ef  y er  y  them  a with satellite pu  st  ules around the border it is usually considered a form of irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis despite the word di  aper in the name the der  mati  tis is not due to the di  aper itself but to the materials trapped by the di  aper usually f  ec  es allergic contact der  mati  tis has also been suggested but there is little evidence for this eti  ology the term di  aper candi  di  asis is used when a fun  gal origin is identified the distinction is critical because the treatment anti  fun  g  als is completely different
irrit  ant fol  lic  u  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition and usually occurs following the application of topical medications
irritated se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis also known as bas  os  qu  am  ous cell ac  an  thom  a and infl  amed se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis is a common benign cu  taneous condition characterized by a skin le  sion with a dull or l  ack  lu  ster surface
ir  rup  tive growth sometimes called mal  thu  sian growth is a growth pattern over time defined by population explosions and subsequent sharp population cr  ashes or die  backs it is an extension of the mal  thu  sian growth model specifically the growth pattern that causes a mal  thu  sian catastrophe and can occur when populations over  shoot their carrying capacity a phenomenon typically associated with r strateg  ists populations which exhibit ir  rup  tive growth do not stabilize around their carrying capacity a feature of logistic growth ir  rup  tive growth occurs when a species re  produces more rapidly than the environment is capable of supporting with the available resources ir  rup  tive growth is studied in population ecology an ir  ruption is any sudden change in the population density of an organism
ir  uk  and  ji syndrome is a condition induced by ven  om  ization by the sting of car  uk  ia bar  ne  si a species of ir  uk  and  ji jell  y  fish and certain other box jell  y  fish unless immediate medical action is taken victims can go into cardiac arrest and die the syndrome was given its name in 1952 by hugo fl  ec  ker after the ab  original ir  uk  and  ji people who live in palm co  ve north of cair  ns que  ens  land australia where st  ings are common
ir  vine g  ass syndrome pseu  dop  ha  k  ic cy  sto  id mac  ular e  dem  a or post  cat  ar  act c  me is one of the most common causes of visual loss after cat  ar  act surgery the syndrome is named in honor of s rod  man ir  vine and j donald m g  ass the incidence is more common in older types of cat  ar  act surgery where post  cat  ar  act c  me could occur in 20 60 of patients but with modern cat  ar  act surgery incidence of ir  vine g  ass syndrome have reduced significantly
the is  ay reaction is an organic reaction in which certain diam  in  op  y  ri  mid  ines are transformed into p  ter  ins by condens  ation with a 1 2 dic  ar  bon  yl compound such as 2 3 bu  tane  di  one the reaction is named after otto is  ay
is  chem  ia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabol  ism to keep tissue alive is  chem  ia is generally caused by problems with blood vessels with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue it also means local an  emia in a given part of a body sometimes resulting from congestion such as vas  o  con  stric  tion thro  m  bo  sis or embol  ism is  chem  ia comprises not only in  sufficiency of oxygen but also reduced availability of nutrients and inadequate removal of metabol  ites the word is from greek ἴ  σχ  α  ι  μο  ς is  k  ha  im  os staun  ching blood from ἴ  σχ  ω is  kh  ο keep back restrain and α  ἷ  μα ha  ima blood
is  chem  ic cardi  om  y  opathy is a type of cardi  om  y  opathy caused by a narrowing of the coron  ary arter  ies which supply blood to the heart typically patients with is  chem  ic cardi  om  y  opathy have a history of acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion however it may occur in patients with coron  ary artery disease but without a past history of acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion this cardi  om  y  opathy is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death
is  chem  ic co  li  tis also spelled is  cha  emic co  li  tis is a medical condition in which infl  amm  ation and injury of the large intest  ine result from inadequate blood supply although un  common in the general population is  chem  ic co  li  tis occurs with greater frequency in the elderly and is the most common form of bo  wel is  chem  ia causes of the reduced blood flow can include changes in the systemic circulation e g low blood pressure or local factors such as con  stric  tion of blood vessels or a blood clo  t in most cases no specific cause can be identified is  chem  ic co  li  tis is usually suspected on the basis of the clinical setting physical examination and laboratory test results the diagnosis can be confirmed via endo  sco  py or by using sig  mo  id or endo  scopic placement of a visible light spec  tro  scopic cathe  ter see is  chem  ic co  li  tis can span a wide spectrum of severity most patients are treated suppor  tively and recover fully while a minority with very severe is  chem  ia may develop sep  sis and become critically sometimes fat  ally ill patients with mild to moderate is  chem  ic co  li  tis are usually treated with iv fluids anal  ge  sia and bo  wel rest that is no food or water by mouth until the symptoms resolve those with severe is  chem  ia who develop complications such as sep  sis intest  inal gang  rene or bo  wel per  for  ation may require more aggressive interventions such as surgery and intensive care most patients make a full recovery occasionally after severe is  chem  ia patients may develop long term complications such as a stric  ture or chronic co  li  tis
is  chem  ic hepatitis also known as shock liver is a condition defined as an acute liver injury caused by insufficient blood flow and consequently insufficient oxygen delivery to the liver the decreased blood flow per  fusion to the liver is usually due to shock or low blood pressure however local causes involving the he  p  atic artery that supplies oxygen to the liver such as a blood clo  t in the he  p  atic artery can also cause is  chem  ic hepatitis
is  chem  ic op  tic neuro  pa  thy ion is the loss of structure and function of a portion of the op  tic nerve due to obstruction of blood flow to the nerve i e is  chem  ia ion is typically classified as either an  terior is  chem  ic op  tic neuro  pa  thy or poster  ior is  chem  ic op  tic neuro  pa  thy according to the part of the op  tic nerve that is affected people affected will often complain of a loss of visual acu  ity and a visual field the latter of which is usually in the superior or inferior field when ion occurs in patients below the age of 50 years old other eti  o  logies should be considered such as juvenile diabetes mell  it  us anti  phosp  holi  pid anti  body associated clo  tting disorders coll  agen vascular disease and migr  ain  es rarely complications of intra  oc  ular surgery or acute blood loss may cause an is  chem  ic event in the op  tic nerve an  terior ion presents with sudden pain  less visual loss developing over hours to days examination findings usually include decreased visual acu  ity a visual field defect color vision loss a relative a  ffer  ent pu  pill  ary defect and a sw  oll  en op  tic nerve head poster  ior ion occurs arter  i  tic non  arter  i  tic and surgical settings it is characterized by acute vision loss without initial dis  c e  dem  a but with subsequent op  tic dis  c atro  phy although there is no recognized treatment that can reverse the visual loss upon recent reports op  tic nerve health de  compression may be beneficial for a select group of patients with a gradual decline in vision due to ion
is  ch  ial bur  si  tis also known as wea  ver s bottom is infl  amm  ation of the sy  no  vi  al bur  sa located between glu  t  eus maximus muscle and is  ch  ial tuber  osity it is usually caused by prolonged sitting on a hard surface
ish  in  agen  jo japanese 石  投  げ  ん  じ  ょ stone throwing gen  jo is a fol  k  lor  ic phenomenon which is documented to occur in the n  ish  is  on  og  i district of the n  agas  aki pref  ecture the waters of en  o  shima and the city of to  su in the saga pref  ecture in the month of may the rainy season a group of fishermen are working at night in the midst of a thick fog suddenly comes the sound of a huge rock crashing into the ocean a tremendous spl  ash and crack that sends the boat roc  king and the sailors panic  king however there is no rock to be seen even by the break of day in the japanese fol  kl  ore institute s book comprehensive l  exic  on of japanese fol  kl  ore the phenomenon is explained as being the doing of a sea monster or y  ō  kai japanese 妖  怪 vari  ously translated as spectr  e monster go  blin known as the iso woman or some other related sea witch this explanation is echoed in k  uni  o yan  ag  ita s book y  ō  kai lectures in which yan  ag  ita concur  s that the phenomenon is best explained by some oce  anic y  ō  kai because of this association many experts have hypo  thes  ised that the jo written in hir  ag  ana as じ  ょ actually means woman represented by the kan  ji 女 which is the rendering used by fol  k  lor  ist sak  ur  ada kat  sun  ori in her paper ghost ships and drowning people written thus ish  in  agen  jo 石  投  女 translates literally to stone throwing woman the ko  ji  en on the other hand renders じ  ょ as 尉 meaning captain or old man the stone throwing old man 石  投  尉 is lik  ened in the text of the ko  ji  en to an old man idly throwing stones into the sea however y  ō  kai expert mur  ak  ami ken  ji has expressed doubts regarding the existence of any documentary evidence to vis  ually identify the creature responsible for the phenomenon described indeed the ko  ji  en notes that it is assumed that fishermen only imagine seeing a monster but that ultimately the experience as a whole is merely an illusion
anal sex or so  dom  y in islam is anal inter  course between individuals of the opposite or same sex
island gig  anti  sm or ins  ular gig  anti  sm is a biological phenomenon in which the size of animals isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to their mainland relatives island gig  anti  sm is one aspect of the more general island rule which pos  its that when mainland animals colon  ize islands small species tend to evolve larger bodies and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies with the arrival of humans and associated predators dogs cats rats pigs many giant as well as other island end  em  ics have become extinct
in stock trading and technical analysis an island reversal is a can  d  les  tick pattern with compact trading activity within a range of prices separated from the move preceding it this separation is said to be caused by an exhaustion gap and the subsequent move in the opposite direction occurs as a result of a breakaway gap
an island wake is a ge  oph  ys  ical phenomenon which results from the interaction between the island topo  graphy and the incoming atmospheric and oce  anic flows
in physi  ology is  ob  ar  ic counter  diffusion ic  d is the diffusion of different gases into and out of tissues while under a constant ambient pressure and the physiological effects of this phenomenon the term inert gas counter  diffusion is sometimes used as a synon  ym but can also be applied to situations where the ambient pressure changes it has relevance in mixed gas diving and an  esthe  si  ology
iso  bu  ty  ry  l co  enzyme a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency commonly known as i  b  d deficiency is a rare metabol  ic disorder in which the body is unable to process certain amino acids properly people with this disorder have inadequate levels of an enzyme that helps break down the amino acid val  ine resulting in a build up of val  ine in the urine a symptom called val  in  ur  ia
an iso  chro  mo  some is an unbalanced structural ab  normality in which the arms of the chro  mo  some are mirror images of each other the chro  mo  some consists of two copies of either the long q arm or the short p arm because iso  chro  mo  some formation is equivalent to a simultaneous duplication and deletion of genetic material consequently there is partial tr  is  omy of the genes present in the iso  chro  mo  some and partial mono  som  y of the genes in the lost arm
an iso  des  mic reaction is a chemical reaction in which the type of chemical bonds broken in the re  ac  tant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product this type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermo  chemistry an example of an iso  des  mic reaction is ch 3 − ch 3 x → ch 4 ch 2 x − 1 x f cl br i equation 1 describes the de  pro  ton  ation of a methyl hali  de by a methyl an  ion the energy change associated with this ex  other  mic reaction which can be calculated in silic  o increases going from fluor  ine to chlorine to bro  mine and i  od  ine making the ch 2 i − an  ion the most stable and least basic of all the hali  des although this reaction is iso  des  mic the energy change in this example also depends on the difference in bond energy of the c x bond in the base and con  ju  gate acid in other cases the difference may be due to ster  ic strain this difference is small in fluor  ine but large in i  od  ine in favor of the an  ion and therefore the energy trend is as described despite the fact that c f bonds are stronger than c i bonds the related term homo  des  mo  tic reaction also takes into account orb  ital hybri  di  zation and in addition there is no change in the number of carbon to hydrogen bonds
in nuclear physics and radioactivity iso  di  aph  ers refers to nuc  li  des which have different atomic numbers and mass numbers but the same neutr  on excess which is the difference between numbers of neu  tron  s and prot  ons in the nucleus for example for both 23  490 th and 23  8  92 u the difference between the neutr  on number n and prot  on number z is n − z 54 one large family of iso  di  aph  ers has zero neutr  on excess n z it contains many pri  mor  dial isotop  es of elements up to calcium it includes ubiquitous 126 c 168 o and 147 n the daughter nuc  li  de of an alpha decay is an iso  di  ap  her of the original nucleus similarly beta dec  ays and other weak force involving dec  ays produce is  ob  ars
iso  dic  entr  ic 15 also called id  ic 15 partial te  tras  omy 15 q or inver  ted duplication 15 inv dup 15 is a chro  mo  some ab  normality in which a child is born with extra genetic material from chro  mo  some 15 people with id  ic 15 are typically born with 47 chro  mo  som  es in their body cells instead of the normal 46 the extra chro  mo  some is made up of a piece of chro  mo  some 15 that has been duplic  ated end to end like a mirror image it is the presence of this extra genetic material that is thought to account for the symptoms seen in some people with id  ic 15 individuals with id  ic 15 have a total of four copies of this chro  mo  some 15 region instead of the usual two copies 1 copy each on the maternal and pater  nal chro  mo  som  es the syndrome is also often referred to as chro  mo  some 15 q 11 2 13 1 duplication syndrome shortened to dup 15 q a name that is supported and actively promoted by the us based support organization dup 15 q alliance the extra chro  mo  some is occasionally found in the mo  saic state i e some of the cells carry the marker chro  mo  some however mostly because of the marker s instability and tendency to be lost during cell division mit  osis some cells are completely normal with 46 chro  mo  som  es occasionally cells may have more than one id  ic 15 resulting in 48 or 49 chro  mo  som  es in all or some of their cells a similar clinical picture albeit to a mil  der degree could be expected in individuals that have the extra chro  mo  some 15 material as an inter  sti  tial duplication when the extra piece of chro  mo  some 15 is included within the long arm of one of the two copies of chro  mo  some 15 rather than as a small extra marker chro  mo  some often abbreviated to int dup 15 the individual thus having 46 chro  mo  som  es
the iso  hydr  ic principle is the phenomenon whereby multiple acid base pairs in solution will be in equilibrium with one another tied together by their common re  agent the hydrogen ion and hence the ph of solution that is when several bu  ffers are present together in the same solution they are all exposed to the same hydrogen ion activity hence the p  k of each buffer will dictate the ratio of the concentrations of its base and weak acid forms at the given ph in accordance with the henderson hass  el  bal  ch equation any condition that changes the balance of one of the buffer systems also changes the balance of all the others because the buffer systems actually buffer one another by shifting hydrogen ions back and forth from one to the other the iso  hydr  ic principle has special relevance to in vi  vo bio  chemistry where multiple acid base pairs are in solution
isolated con  genital as  plen  ia ic  as is a rare disease in humans that can cause life threatening bacterial infections in children due to primary immun  o  deficiency the infections can include pneu  mo  co  cal sep  sis and men  ing  i  tis ic  as is a ri  bo  som  opathy due to auto  som  al dominant mutation of the r  p  sa gene on chro  mo  some 3 p 21 unlike hetero  tax  y syndrome the absent sp  leen is not associated with other structural developmental defects
isolated hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism i  hh also called idi  opathic or con  genital hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism ch  h as well as isolated or con  genital gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone deficiency ig  d is a condition that results in a small sub  set of cases of hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism hh due to deficiency in or in  sensitivity to gon  ad  o  tro  pin releasing hormone gn  r  h where the function and anatomy of the an  terior pit  u  itary is otherwise normal and secondary causes of hh are not present it presents as hypo  gon  ad  ism e g reduced or absent pu  ber  ty re  f 1 low li  bi  do in  fertility etc due to an impaired release of the gon  ad  o  tro  pins fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh and lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h and a resultant lack of sex ster  o  id and pep  ti  des production by the gon  ads re  f 2 and re  f 3 in addition an  os  mia loss of the sense of smell occurs in instances of i  hh that are the result of k  all  mann syndrome which is responsible for approximately 50 of all cases of the condition other causes of i  hh include gn  r  h in  sensitivity which is the second most common cause of i  hh and is thought to be responsible for up to 20 of cases and a minority less than 5 10 due to in  activating mutations in a variety of other genes which positively regulate gn  r  h secre  tion such as ch  d 7 kiss 1 r and tac  r 3 the causes of approximately 25 of all cases of i  hh are still unknown
isolated primary immun  o  glob  ulin m deficiency or selective ig  m immun  o  deficiency sigm  d is a poorly defined dys  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia characterized by decreased levels of ig  m while levels of other immun  o  glob  ul  ins are normal the immun  o  deficiency has been associated with some clinical disorders including recurrent infections at  op  y bloom s syndrome ce  li  ac disease systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus and m  align  ancy but surprisingly sigm  d seems to also occur in as  ymp  tomatic individuals high incid  ences of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections 77 asthma 47 and allergic rh  initi  s 36 have also been reported sigm  d seems to be a particularly rare anti  body deficiency with a reported prevalence between 0 03 general population and 0 1 hosp  itali  zed patients the eti  ology of selective ig  m deficiency remains unclear although various mechanisms have been proposed such as an increase in regulatory t cell functions defective t hel  per cell functions and impaired terminal differentiation of b lymp  ho  cy  tes into ig  m secre  ting cells among others it is however puzzling that class switching seems to happen normally serum levels of other antibodies are normal while dys  functioning of ig  m synthesis is expected to occur together with ab  norm  alities in other immun  o  glob  ul  ins notwithstanding a clear patho  genesis and commonly accepted definition a cu  to  ff for sigm  d could be the lower limit of the serum ig  m reference range such as 43 mg dl in adults or even 20 mg dl
in differential geometry an is  op  ar  ame  tric function is a function on a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold whose level surfaces are parallel and of constant mean cur  v  atures they were introduced by car  tan
is  os  por  i  asis is a human intest  inal disease caused by the parasite is  os  pora b  elli it is found worldwide especially in tropical and sub  tropical areas infection often occurs in immun  o compromised individuals notably aids patients and outbreaks have been reported in institutionalized groups in the united states the first documented case was in 1915 it is usually spread indirectly normally through contaminated food or water c  dc gov
iso  tonic hy  pon  at  re  mia is a form of hy  pon  at  re  mia with mo  sm measured between 280 and 295 it can be associated with pseu  do  hy  pon  at  re  mia or with iso  tonic in  fusion of glucose or mann  it  ol
iso  val  eric aci  dem  ia also called iso  val  eric ac  id  ur  ia or iso  val  eric acid co  a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder which disrup  ts or prevents normal metabol  ism of the bran  ched chain amino acid le  uc  ine it is a classical type of organic aci  dem  ia
is  th  mi  coma also known as in  fun  di  bul  oma and tumor of the fol  lic  ular in  fun  di  bul  um are a cu  taneous condition characterized by flat ker  ato  tic pap  ules of the head and neck skin le  sions that are usually solitary
the italian renaissance italian rin  as  ci  men  to rin  a  ʃ  ʃ  i  ˈ  men  to was the earliest manifestation of the general european renaissance a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in italy during the 14 th century and lasted until the 16 th century marking the transition between medieval and early modern europe the term renaissance is in essence a modern one that came into currency in the 19 th century in the work of historians such as jules michel  et and jacob bur  ck  hardt although the origins of a movement that was confined largely to the liter  ate culture of intellectual endeav  or and patronage can be traced to the earlier part of the 14 th century many aspects of italian culture and society remained largely medieval the renaissance did not come into full swing until the end of the century the french word renaissance rin  as  ci  men  to in italian means re  birth and the era is best known for the renewed interest in the culture of classical antiqu  ity after the period that renaissance humanis  ts labeled the dark ages though today perhaps best known for italian renaissance art and architecture the period saw major achievements in literature music philosophy and other arts as well as science italy became the recognized european leader in all these areas by the late 15 th century and to varying degrees retained this lead until about 1600 this was despite a turbulent and generally disastrous period in italian politics in the course of which most of italy was carved up by the major european powers the european renaissance began in tuscany central italy and centred in the city of florence it later spread to venice where the remains of ancient greek culture were brought together providing humanist scholars with new texts the renaissance later had a significant effect on rome which was ornam  ented with some structures in the new all antic  o mode then was largely rebuilt by humanist sixteenth century po  pes the italian renaissance peaked in the mid 16 th century as foreign inv  asions plunged the region into the turmoil of the italian wars however the ideas and ideals of the renaissance endured and spread into the rest of europe setting off the northern renaissance and the english renaissance the italian renaissance is best known for its cultural achievements accounts of renaissance literature usually begin with pe  tr  arch best known for the eleg  antly polis  hed vern  ac  ular son  net sequence of the can  z  oni  ere and for the cr  a  ze for book collecting that he initiated and his friend and contemporary bo  cc  acci  o author of the dec  amer  on famous vern  ac  ular po  ets of the 15 th century include the renaissance epic authors lu  igi pul  ci author of mor  g  ante mat  te  o maria bo  i  ardo orlando in  nam  or  ato and lu  do  vic  o ari  os  to orlando fur  io  so 15 th century writers such as the poet poli  zi  ano and the plat  on  ist philosopher mar  si  lio fic  ino made extensive translations from both latin and greek in the early 16 th century cas  tiglione the book of the cour  tier laid out his vision of the ideal gentleman and lady while m  achi  avel  li cast a ja  und  iced eye on la ver  ità eff  et  tu  ale della co  sa — the actual truth of things — in the prince composed in humanis  tic style chiefly of parallel ancient and modern examples of vir  t  ù italian renaissance painting exercised a dominant influence on subsequent european painting see western painting for centuries afterwards with artists such as gi  otto di bon  done mas  acci  o fra angel  ico pi  ero della franc  es  ca dom  en  ico gh  ir  land  ai  o peru  gin  o michel  angel  o rap  hael bot  tic  elli leonardo da vinci and ti  tian the same is true for architecture as practiced by brun  ell  es  chi leon bat  ti  sta alber  ti andrea p  all  adi  o and br  am  ante their works include florence cathedral st peter s basi  lic  a in rome and the temp  io mal  at  esti  ano in ri  mini to name only a few not to mention many splendid private resid  ences see renaissance architecture finally the al  dine press founded by the printer aldo manu  zio active in venice developed ital  ic type and the small relatively portable and inexpensive printed book that could be carried in one s pocket as well as being the first to publish edi  tions of books in ancient greek yet cultural contributions notwithstanding some present day historians also see the era as one of the beginning of economic regression for italy there were some economic downturns due to the opening up of the atlantic trade routes and repeated foreign inv  asions and interference by both france and the spanish empire
the italian city states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern italian peninsula between the 9 th and 15 th centuries after the fall of the western roman empire urban settlements in italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western europe many of these towns were survivors of earlier etr  us  can um  brian and roman towns which had existed within the roman empire the republican institutions of rome had also survived some feu  dal lords existed with a servi  le labour force and huge tracts of land but by the 11 th century many cities including venice milan florence genoa pisa luc  ca cre  mona si  ena peru  gia spo  le  to to  di terni and many others had become large trading metro  poles able to obtain independence from their formal sovereigns
itch also known as pr  ur  it  us is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch itch has resisted many attempts to classify it as any one type of sensory experience modern science has shown that itch has many similarities to pain and while both are unpleasant sensory experiences their behavioral response patterns are different pain creates a withdrawal reflex whereas itch leads to a scratch reflex un  my  el  inated nerve fi  bers for itch and pain both originate in the skin however information for them is conveyed centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle and spin  o  thal  am  ic tract
it  chy red bump disease also known as pap  ular der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a red rash that may be treated with pu  va therapy
in object oriented programming the iter  ator pattern is a design pattern in which an iter  ator is used to tra  verse a container and access the container s elements the iter  ator pattern de  couples algori  th  ms from containers in some cases algori  th  ms are necessarily container specific and thus cannot be decoupled for example the hypothetical algori  thm se  arch  fo  rel  ement can be implemented generally using a specified type of iter  ator rather than implementing it as a container specific algori  thm this allows se  arch  fo  rel  ement to be used on any container that supports the required type of iter  ator
the ivan  ov reaction is the chemical reaction of the di  an  ions endi  ol  ates of ar  yl acetic acids ivan  ov reagents with electro  ph  iles primarily carbon  yl compounds or is  oc  yan  ates the reaction was named after the bulgarian organic chem  ist academ  ician dimit  ar ivan  ov who discovered it the ivan  ov reaction ivan  ov reagents di  an  ions of ar  yl acetic acids react with many electro  ph  iles including alde  hy  des ke  tones is  oc  yan  ates and al  ky  l hali  des the product does not usually spontaneously dec  ar  box  y  late but it is possible with some reagents the ivan  ov reaction is known to proceed through the zim  mer  man tra  x  ler model transition state toul  ec et al have investigated the reaction rates and k  ine  tics
j  h is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function submitted to the n  ist has  h function competition by hon  g  jun wu though chosen as one of the five fin  alists of the competition j  h ultimately lost to n  ist has  h candidate k  ec  ca  k j  h has a 10  24 bit state and works on 512 bit input blocks processing an input block consists of three steps 1 x  or the input block into the left half of the state 2 apply a 42 round un  ke  yed per  mutation encryption function to the state this consists of 42 repeti  tions of 3 1 break the input into 256 4 bit blocks and map each through one of two 4 bit s boxes the choice being made by a 256 bit round dependent key schedule equival  ently combine each input block with a key bit and map the result through a 5 → 4 bit s box 4 2 mix adjacent 4 bit blocks using a maximum distance separ  able code over g  f 24 5 3 per  mu  te 4 bit blocks so that they will be adjacent to different blocks in following rounds 6 x  or the input block into the right half of the state the resulting dig  est is the first 224 256 384 or 512 bits from the 10  24 bit final value it is well suited to a bit slic  ing implementation using the s  se 2 instruction set giving speeds of 16 8 cycles per by  te
j  sp model 2 is a complex design pattern used in the design of j  ava web applications which separates the display of content from the logic used to obtain and manipulate the content since model 2 drives a separation between logic and display it is usually associated with the model – view – controller m  v  c paradigm while the exact form of the m  v  c model was never specified by the model 2 design a number of publications recommend a form  alized layer to contain m  v  c model code the j  ava blue  prints for example originally recommended using ej  bs to en  capsul  ate the m  v  c model in a model 2 application requests from the client brow  ser are passed to the controller the controller performs any logic necessary to obtain the correct content for display it then places the content in the request commonly in the form of a jav  ab  ean or po  jo and decides which view it will pass the request to the view then renders the content passed by the controller model 2 is recommended for medium and large sized applications
ja  ag  si  ek  te is a chronic and contagious disease of the lungs in sheep and goats first described in 18  65 its name derives from af  ri  ka  ans and means chasing sickness such that animals afflicted with the disease are in respiratory distress as if they are out of breath from being chased it is also referred to as ovine pul  mon  ary aden  o  carcin  oma op  a during end stage disease animals ex  ude a fo  amy white fluid from the nose which is thought to be the mode of transmission between animals dis  sec  ted lungs from afflicted sheep are inter  s  pers  ed with multi  focal tumors some of these are small dis  crete no  d  ules and others will involve the entire half of a lung lo  bu  le the disease is caused by a retro  virus called the ja  ag  si  ek  te sheep retro  virus j  sr  v that acutely trans  forms the lung epi  the  lia into can  cer  ous cells specifically type 2 pneu  mo  cy  tes and club cells of the lung are the likely target for j  sr  v transformation the tumors formed there exhibit the over  active secre  tory functions which are a hallmark of op  a op  a is an infectious disease of sheep and recently has been used as an animal model for human lung cancer it is common in the uk and in south africa the disease has a long incub  ation period and is not seen until sheep reach at least 2 years of age clinical symptoms include weight loss loss of appetite and respiratory difficulty which is associated with obvious movement of the ab  dom  en and high pitched noises fluid accumul  ates in the respiratory tract and the disease ultimately causes death the retro  viral antigen levels of j  sr  v are very high in op  a tumors and can be detected in the lung secre  tions of infected sheep a common field assessment for ja  ag  si  ek  te is the wheel  bar  row test where one lifts the h  ind legs of the animal above the head to observe lung exu  date flow out the nose and mouth this fluid contains infectious j  sr  v it is thought that infected animals secre  te the virus before showing clinical symptoms and the virus is therefore easily spread within flocks the disease is his  to  logically similar to human bron  chi  o  al  ve  ol  ar carcin  oma which accounts for approximately 25 of all diagnosed human lung cancers dol  ly the sheep the first mamm  al successfully cloned from an adult som  atic cell was euthan  ized after it was confirmed that she had ja  ag  si  ek  te
jac  cou  d ar  thro  pa  thy ja jac  cou  d de  form  ity or jac  cou  d s arth  opathy is a chronic non ero  sive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated b  outs of ar  thri  tis it is caused by infl  amm  ation of the joint cap  su  le and subsequent fi  bro  tic re  traction causing ul  nar deviation of the fingers through me  tac  ar  pop  hal  age  al joint mc  p su  blu  x  ation primarily of the ring and little finger joints in the feet knees and shoulders may also get affected it is commonly associated with systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le and occurs in roughly 5 of all cases when associated with r  heu  matic fever it is also called chronic post – r  f ar  thro  pa  thy originally thought to be associated only with r  heu  matic fever it has since been shown to occur also in s  le sjö  gre  n syndrome s  cl  ero  der  ma der  mat  om  yo  si  tis ps  ori  atic ar  thri  tis vas  cu  li  tis an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis mixed connec  tive tissue disease and pyro  phosphate de  position disease it is distinct from bone erosion which is commonly associated with r  heu  matic ar  thri  tis and also distinct from mild de  forming ar  thro  pa  thy which is associated with s  le there have also been cases of non r  heu  matic ja associated with ly  me disease hiv infection and a number of other conditions treatment focuses toward alleviating pain and in maintaining functionality of the affected joints through use of non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs cor  ti  co  ster  oids anti  mal  arial drugs and physi  otherapy surgery is also a possibility with o  ste  o  tomy or stabilization with kir  sch  ner intr  ame  dul  l  ary wire tend  on relocation however has been shown to only work in 30 of cases the condition is named after the french 19 th century physician sig  is  mond jac  cou  d
jackson – we  iss syndrome j  ws is a genetic disorder characterized by foot ab  norm  alities and the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis which prevents further growth of the skull and affects the shape of the head and face it can also sometimes cause intellectual disability and crossed eyes as well it was characterized in 1976
in mathematics the jaco  bian con  jec  ture is a celebrated problem on poly  no  mi  als in several variables it was first posed in 1939 by ott hein  rich keller it was widely publicized by shre  er  am ab  hy  an  kar as an example of a question in the area of al  ge  bra  ic geometry that requires little beyond a knowledge of calcul  us to state the jaco  bian con  jec  ture is notorious for the large number of attempted proofs that turned out to contain subtle errors as of 2016 there are no plausible claims to have proved it even the two variable case has resisted all efforts there are no known compelling reasons for believing it to be true and according to there are some suspicions that the con  jec  ture is in fact false for large numbers of variables the jaco  bian con  jec  ture is number 16 in stephen sm  ale s 1998 list of mathematical problems for the next century
the jaco  b  sen epo  x  id  ation sometimes also referred to as jaco  b  sen kat  su  ki epo  x  id  ation is a chemical reaction which allows en  anti  o  selective epo  x  id  ation of un  func  tion  alized al  ky  l and ar  yl substituted ole  fins it is complementary to the shar  pl  ess epo  x  id  ation used to form epo  x  ides from the double bond in all  yl  ic alcohol  s the jaco  b  sen epo  x  id  ation gains its stereo  selectivity from a c 2 sym  metric man  g  anese iii sal  en like lig  and which is used in catalytic amounts the man  g  anese atom transfers an oxygen atom from chlorine ble  ach or similar oxid  ant the reaction is named after its invent  or eric jaco  b  sen and sometimes also including tsu  tom  u kat  su  ki chir  al directing cataly  sts are useful to organic chem  ists trying to control the stere  och  emis  try of bio  logically active compounds and develop en  anti  op  ure drugs several improved procedures have been developed a general reaction scheme follows
the jaco  b  sen re  arrangement is a chemical reaction commonly described as the migration of an al  ky  l group in a sul  fon  ic acid derived from a poly  al  ky  l or poly  hal  ob  enz  ene jaco  b  sen re  arrangement the exact reaction mechanism is not completely clear but evidence indicates that the re  arrangement occurs inter  molec  ularly and that the migr  ating group is transferred to a poly  al  k  yl  benzene not to the sul  fon  ic acid sul  fon  ation only takes place after migration the inter  molecular mechanism is partially illustrated by the side products found in the following example jaco  b  sen re  arrangement furthermore the reaction is limited to benzene rings with at least four substitu  ents al  ky  l and or halo  gen groups the sul  fo group is easily removed so the jaco  b  sen re  arrangement can also be considered as a re  arrangement of poly  al  k  yl  ben  zen  es it was her  zi  g who described this type of re  arrangement for the first time in 18  81 using poly  halogenated ben  zen  es  ul  fon  ic acids but the reaction took the name of the german chem  ist oscar jaco  b  sen who described the re  arrangement of poly  al  k  yl  benzene derivatives in 18  86
jaco  b  sen syndrome also known as 11 q deletion disorder is a rare con  genital disorder resulting from deletion of a terminal region of chro  mo  some 11 that includes band 11 q 24 1 it can cause intellectual disabilities a distinctive facial appearance and a variety of physical problems including heart defects and a bleeding disorder the syndrome was first identified by danish physician pe  tra jaco  b  sen and is believed to occur in approximately 1 out of every 100 000 births
in abstract al  ge  bra jaco  b  son s con  jec  ture is an open problem in ring theory concerning the inter  section of powers of the jaco  b  son radical of a no  e  ther  ian ring it has only been proven for special types of no  e  ther  ian rings so far examples exist to show that the con  jec  ture can fail when the ring is not no  e  ther  ian on a side so it is absolutely necessary for the ring to be two sided no  e  ther  ian the con  jec  ture is named for the al  ge  bra  ist nathan jaco  b  son who posed the first version of the con  jec  ture
jaff  e – camp  an  acc  i syndrome is one of the disorders associated with café au la  it mac  ules cal  ms presentations may include intellectual disability disseminated non os  si  fying fi  bro  mas of the long bones and jaw hypo  gon  ad  ism or cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m or giant cell gran  ul  om  as of the jaw it was characterized in 1958 and 1983
jal  il  i syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the combination of cone rod dy  stro  phy of the re  tina and am  elo  genesis im  perfec  ta it was characterized in 1988 by dr i k jal  il  i and dr n j d smith following the examination of 29 members of an in  bred arab family living within the gaza strip
jama  ican v  om  iting sickness is an acute illness caused by the toxin hypo  gly  cin a which is present in un  ripen  ed fruit of the ac  kee tree hypo  gly  cin a is present in the un  ripe ar  ill  i at levels of over 1000 ppm which falls to less than 0 1 ppm in the fully ripen  ed ar  ill  i hypo  gly  cin b found only in the ine  di  ble seed is believed to be a derivative of hypo  gly  cin a its concentration rises from 0 4 mg g to 3 3 mg g as the fruit rip  ens
in psychology jam  ais vu ˈ  ʒ  æ  me  ɪ ˈ  vu  ː french pron  unciation ​ ʒ  a m  ɛ vy from french meaning never seen is the phenomenon of experiencing a situation that one recognizes in some fashion but that nonetheless seems very unfamiliar often described as the opposite of déjà vu jam  ais vu involves a sense of eer  iness and the observer s impression of seeing the situation for the first time despite rationally knowing that he or she has been in the situation before jam  ais vu is sometimes associated with certain types of ap  ha  sia amnesia and epi  le  psy jam  ais vu is most commonly experienced when a person moment  arily does not recognise a word or less commonly a person or place that she or he knows this can be achieved by anyone by repeatedly writing or saying a specific word out loud after a few seconds one will often despite knowing that it is a real word feel as if there s no way it is an actual word the phenomenon is often grouped with déjà vu and pres  que vu or tip of the tongue theoretically as seen below a jam  ais vu feeling in a suffer  er of a deli  ri  ous disorder or in  tox  ication could result in a deli  ri  ous explanation of it such as in cap  gr  as delusion in which the patient takes a person known by him or her for a false double or im  post  or if the im  post  or is himself the clinical setting would be the same as the one described as de  person  alisation hence jam  ais v  us of oneself or of the very reality of reality are termed de  person  alization and dere  alization respectively a study by chris moul  in of le  eds university asked 92 volunteers to write out door 30 times in 60 seconds in july 2006 at the 4 th international conference on memory in sydney he reported that 68 percent of volunteers showed symptoms of jam  ais vu such as beginning to doubt that door was a real word dr moul  in believes that a similar brain fatigue underlies a phenomenon observed in some schizophrenia patients that a familiar person has been replaced by an im  post  or dr moul  in suggests they could be suffering from chronic jam  ais vu jam  ais vu can be caused by epi  le  ptic seizures
the term jammed finger refers to finger joint pain and sw  elling from an impact injury this injury tends to be very painful and immediate treatment will usually help heal the joint faster most jammed fingers heal relatively quickly if no frac  ture occurs if there is a frac  ture however the healing process will take longer anywhere from one or two weeks to several months and the methods of healing will become more in depth toes can become jammed as well but not as often as fingers
the jam  mu kashmir liberation front yas  in mali  k is a break away faction of the jam  mu kashmir liberation front led by yas  in mali  k it is a separatist movement demanding a united kashmir independent from both pakistan and india although previously a militant organization since 1995 it has renounced all violence and called for strictly peaceful methods to achieve its aims however it has questionable support even in kashmir valley and has never contested any democratic elections it has on several occasions been accused of stirring up anti india and anti indian army ag  itations including several violent stone pel  ting incidents
jan  e  way le  sions are non tender small er  y  them  at  ous or haemorrha  gic mac  ular or no  d  ular le  sions on the pal  ms or sol  es only a few milli  meters in diameter that are indicative of infec  tive endo  cardi  tis patho  logically the le  sion is described to be a micro  abs  c  ess of the der  mis with marked necro  sis and infl  am  matory infiltr  ate not involving the ep  id  er  mis they are caused by se  ptic emb  oli which deposit bacteria forming micro  abs  c  esses jan  e  way le  sions are dis  tal flat ec  ch  y  mo  tic and pain  less o  sl  er s no  des and jan  e  way le  sions are similar but o  sl  er s no  des present with tender  ness and are of immun  o  logic origin
jan  sen s met  ap  hy  seal ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia or j  mc is a disease that results from lig  and independent activation of the type 1 of the par  ath  yro  id hormone recep  tor p  th  r 1 due to one of three reported mutations activating mutation j  mc is extremely rare and as of 2007 there are fewer than 20 reported cases worldwide
jan  sky – bi  el  scho  w  sky disease is an extremely rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder that is part of the neuro  nal cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin  osis nc  l family of neuro  degenerative disorders it is caused by the accumulation of li  po  pig  ments in the body due to a deficiency in tri  pep  ti  dy  l pep  ti  d  ase i as a result of a mutation in the t  pp 1 gene symptoms appear between ages 2 and 4 and consist of typical neuro  degenerative complications loss of muscle function at  ax  ia drug resistant seizures epi  le  psy ap  ra  x  ia development of muscle tw  it  ches my  o  cl  onus and vision impairment this late inf  anti  le form of the disease progres  ses rapidly once symptoms are onset and ends in death between age 8 and teens the prevalence of jan  sky – bi  el  scho  w  sky disease is unknown however nc  l collectively affects an estimated 1 in 100 00 individuals worldwide jan  sky – bi  el  scho  w  sky disease is also known as late inf  anti  le b  atten disease lin  cl or neuro  nal cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin  osis
jan  us kin  ase 3 deficiency or jak 3 deficiency is a defect in the body s cy  to  k  ine recep  tors and their sign  aling jak 3 en  codes jan  us kin  ase 3 a ty  ros  ine kin  ase that belongs to the jan  us family jak 3 functions in signal trans  duc  tion and inter  acts with members of the stat signal trans  duc  tion and activ  ators of trans  cription family the cause of jak 3 deficiency the deficiency causes the near absence of t lymp  ho  cy  tes and natural killer cells and normal or elevated b lymp  ho  cy  tes due to an auto  som  al rec  essive variant of severe combined immun  o  deficiency sci  d
japan foreign marriage is a phenomenon occurring in rural japan in recent years rural japanese men have begun taking foreign bri  des as a way of countering the reduced number of women who are of marri  age  able child  bearing age that are willing to marry rural japanese men the phenomenon has created a new industry of foreign marriage brokering that uses both local governments and private organizations to facilitate the immigration of foreign bri  des this is largely a result of an aging population in japan where approximately 20 of the population is over the age of 65 which is exceptionally high a fertility rate of only 1 3 and increased opportunities for women and increased costs in child care
in japanese mah  jong yak  u japanese 役 is a condition that determines the value of the player s hand it is essential to know the yak  u for game strategy although the knowledge is not mandatory a player must have a minimum of one yak  u in their hand in order to legally win a hand each yak  u has a specific han value yak  u conditions may be combined to produce hands of greater value the game also features dora that allow a hand to add han value but that cannot count as yak  u altogether a hand s points value increases exponentially with every han a hand contains
japanese en  ce  ph  ali  tis je formerly known as japanese b en  ce  ph  ali  tis to distinguish it from econom  o s a en  ce  ph  ali  tis — is a disease caused by the mosquito borne japanese en  ce  ph  ali  tis virus j  ev the japanese en  ce  ph  ali  tis virus j  ev itself is a virus from the family fla  vivi  ri  da  e part of the japanese en  ce  ph  ali  tis sero  complex of 9 genetically and anti  gen  ically related viruses some which are particularly severe in horses and four known to infect humans including west nile virus domestic pigs and wild birds especially her  ons are reservoirs of the virus transmission to humans may cause severe symptoms amongst the most important vectors of this disease are the mosquitoes cul  ex tr  it  a  en  ior  hy  n  ch  us and cul  ex vis  h  nu  i this disease is most prevalent in southeast asia and east asia
japanese oak wil  t also called mortality of oak trees in japan is a fun  gal disease caused by raff  ael  ea quer  ci  vor  a fun  gus affecting by oak trees in 1998 japanese plant patho  logists group was isolation in  oc  ulation and re  isolation the dead tree it s the first disease known that raff  a  ela fun  gus cause plant disease
japanese spotted fever or ori  ental spotted fever is a condition characterized by a rash that has early mac  ules and later in some patients pe  tec  hi  ae it is caused by ric  ke  tt  sia jap  onica
the jap  p – kl  ing  emann reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthe  size hydra  zones from β ke  to acids or β ke  to esters and ar  yl di  az  on  ium salts the reaction is named after the chem  ists francis robert jap  p and felix kl  ing  emann the jap  p kl  ing  emann reaction the hydra  zone products of the jap  p – kl  ing  emann reaction are most often used as intermedi  ates in syn  theses of more complex organic molecules for example a phen  yl  hydra  zone product can be heated in the presence of strong acid to produce an in  do  le via the fischer in  do  le synthesis the jap  p kl  ing  emann reaction used to synthe  size ind  oles
the jap  p – ma  it  land condens  ation is an organic reaction and a type of al  do  l reaction and a tandem reaction in a reaction between the ke  tone 2 pent  an  one and the alde  hyde benz  alde  hyde cataly  zed by base the bis al  do  l ad  duc  t is formed first the second step is a ring closing reaction when one hydrox  yl group dis  places the other in a nucle  oph  il  ic substitution forming an ox  o te  tra  hydro  py  ran jap  p ma  it  land condens  ation the reaction was first described by francis robert jap  p and william ma  it  land in 19  04 the jap  p – ma  it  land reaction is of some importance to synthetic organic chemistry for example as part of the synthesis of biom  ol  ecu  le cent  ro  lob  ine jap  p – ma  it  land condens  ation in cent  ro  lob  ine synthesis
jargon ap  ha  sia is a type of flu  ent ap  ha  sia in which an individual s speech is incomprehensible but appears to make sense to the individual persons experiencing this condition will either replace a desired word with another that sounds or looks like the original one or has some other connection to it or they will replace it with random sounds accordingly persons with jargon ap  ha  sia often use neo  logis  ms and may per  sever  ate if they try to replace the words they can t find with sounds
the j  aris  ch – her  x  he  imer reaction is a reaction to endo  toxin like products released by the death of harmful micro  organisms within the body during antibiotic treatment
ja  und  ice also known as ic  ter  us is a yel  low  ish or green  ish pi  gm  entation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bi  li  rubin levels it is commonly associated with it  chin  ess the f  ec  es may be pale and the urine dark ja  und  ice in babies occurs in over half in the first week following birth and in most is not a problem if bi  li  rubin levels in babies are very high for too long a type of brain damage known as ker  nic  ter  us may occur causes of ja  und  ice vary from non serious to potentially fatal levels of bi  li  rubin in blood are normally below 1 0 mg dl 17 µ  mol l and levels over 2 3 mg dl 34 51 µ  mol l typically results in ja  und  ice high bi  li  rubin is divided into two types un  con  ju  gated indirect and con  ju  gated direct con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin can be confirmed by finding bi  li  rubin in the urine other conditions that can cause yel  low  ish skin but are not ja  und  ice include caro  ten  emia from eating large amounts of certain foods and medications like ri  fam  pin high un  con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown large bru  ises genetic conditions such as gil  bert s syndrome no eating for a prolonged period of time new  born ja  und  ice or thyro  id problems high con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin may be due to liver diseases such as cir  rho  sis or hepatitis infections medications or block  age of the bile duc  t in the developed world the cause is more often block  age of the bile duc  t or medications while in the developing world it is more often infections such as viral hepatitis le  pto  spi  ro  sis sch  is  to  som  i  asis or malaria block  age of the bile duc  t may occur due to gall  stones cancer or pan  cre  ati  tis medical imaging such as ul  tras  ound is useful for detecting bile duc  t block  age treatment of ja  und  ice is typically determined by the underlying cause if a bile duc  t block  age is present surgery is typically required otherwise management is medical medical management may involve treating infectious causes and stopping medication that could be contributing among new  bor  ns depending on age and pre  maturity a bi  li  rubin greater than 4 21 mg dl 68 360 µ  mol l may be treated with photo  therapy or exchanged transfusion the it  chin  ess may be helped by draining the gall  blad  der or ur  so  de  oxy  chol  ic acid the word ja  und  ice is from the french ja  un  isse meaning yellow disease
a jaw ab  normality is disorder in the formation or shape of the jaw it can involve mal  oc  clu  sion types include micro  gn  ath  ism pro  gn  ath  ism retro  gn  ath  ism pierre robin syndrome
jaw clau  dic  ation is pain in the jaw associated with chewing it is a classic symptom of giant cell arter  i  tis but can be confused with symptoms of tempor  om  andi  bul  ar joint disease r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis of the tempor  om  andi  bul  ar joint my  asth  enia grav  is tumors of the par  o  ti  d g  land or oc  clu  sion or sten  osis of the external caro  ti  d artery the term is derived by analogy from clau  dic  ation of the leg where pain is caused by arter  ial in  sufficiency
je  av  ons syndrome is a type of epi  le  psy it is one of the most distinctive reflex syndro  mes of idi  opathic generalized epi  le  psy characterized by the tri  ad of eye  lid my  o  cl  onia with and without abs  ences eye closure induced seizures eeg par  ox  ys  ms or both and photo  sensitivity eye  lid my  o  cl  onia with or without abs  ences is a form of epi  le  ptic seizure manifest  ing with my  o  cl  onic jer  ks of the eye  li  ds with or without a brief absence these are mainly precipit  ated by closing of the eyes and lights eye  lid my  o  cl  onia is the defining seizure type of je  av  ons syndrome
the je  ep problem desert crossing problem or exploration problem is a mathematics problem in which a je  ep must maximise the distance it can travel into a desert with a given quantity of fuel the je  ep can only carry a fixed and limited amount of fuel but it can leave fuel and collect fuel at fuel dumps anywhere in the desert the problem was solved by n j fine in 1947
a jefferson frac  ture is a bone frac  ture of the an  terior and poster  ior ar  ches of the c 1 verte  bra though it may also appear as a three or two part frac  ture the frac  ture may result from an ax  ial load on the back of the head or hyper  extension of the neck e g caused by diving causing a poster  ior break and may be accompanied by a break in other parts of the cer  vic  al sp  ine it is named after the british neuro  logist and neuro  surgeon sir ge  off  rey jefferson who reported four cases of the frac  ture in 1920 in addition to reviewing cases that had been reported previously
jeffrey p nad  ler born 27 february 1950 in brooklyn new york is a jewish american infectious diseases and hiv aids expert his most recent position has been as acting director and assistant director of the therapeu  tics research program division of aids d  aids national institute of allergy and infectious diseases ni  aid where he over  saw nih ni  aid sponsored national and international hiv aids research he is well known for his service as an expert hiv consultant to the association of physicians of india api as a facilit  ator to the creation of the first guidelines for use of anti  retro  viral therapy in india and for training countless indian physicians in the treatment of hiv aids through the ngo chart india his reputation as physician advent  ur  er is also of note he treated clim  bers while asc  ending mount ever  est sailors while racing around the world and indigenous peoples while back  packing along the amazon river in brazil and while h  acking his way through the jun  g  les of peru on a map  making expedi  tion a master hiv clin  ician of international repute he has treated patients with hiv and aids in brazil the czech republic hungary india russia and the united states
je  j  em  on tag  alo  g pron  unciation ˈ  d  ʒ  ɛ  d  ʒ  ɛ  mon is a pop culture phenomenon in the philippines according to urban dic  tionary a je  j  em  on is a person who has managed to sub  vert the english language to the point of in  comprehen  sibility the philippine daily inqu  ir  er describes je  j  em  ons as a new breed of hip  ster who have sic developed not only their own language and written text but also their own sub  culture and fashion
jell  y  fish der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition caused by st  ings from a jell  y  fish
j  emb  ran  a disease is an acute viral disease of cattle while it produces relatively mild symptoms in ta  urine cattle the j  emb  ran  a virus is particularly severe in bali cattle where it has a fat  ality rate of approximately seventeen percent its first documented outbreak occurred in 1964 in the j  emb  ran  a district of bali indonesia within two years of its appearance the disease had killed an estimated 26 000 of the approximately 300 000 cattle on bali island the virus belongs to the l  enti  virus genus which include immun  o  deficiency viruses such as hiv instead of the chronic disease produced by most l  enti  v  ruses j  emb  ran  a disease produces acute effects after an incub  ation period of 5 – 12 days the disease produces symptoms including in  appe  t  ence fever leth  ar  gy enlargement of the lymp  h no  des and diarr  ho  ea there is at least one strain that has been sequ  enced
the jersey finger is a finger related tend  on injury that is common in athle  tics and can result in permanent loss of fl  ex  ion of the end of the finger if not sur  g  ically repaired this injury often occurs in american football when a player grab  s another player s jersey with the tips of one or more fingers while that player is pulling or running away
jer  vel  l and lange ni  el  sen syndrome j  l  ns is a type of long q  t syndrome associated with severe bilateral sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss long q  t syndrome causes the cardiac muscle to take longer than usual to re  charge between beats if untreated the irregular heart  beats called arr  hy  th  mi  as can lead to fain  ting seizures or sudden death it was first described by anton jer  vel  l and fred lange ni  el  sen in 1957
jesse roth md born august 5 19  34 is a diabetes and diabetes related researcher at the fe  instein institute for medical research he received his ba in 1955 from columbia university and his md in 1959 from albert einstein college of medicine he was a recipient of the 1980 g  air  dner foundation international award and in 1982 he received the american diabetes association s ban  ting medal for scientific achievement
j  ester s privilege is the ability and right of a j  ester to talk and mock freely without being punished for nothing he says seems to matter martin luther used jest in many of his criticisms against the catholic church in the introduction to to the christian no  bility of the german nation he calls himself a court j  ester and later in text he explicitly inv  okes the j  ester s privilege when saying that monks should break their chas  ti  ty vo  ws
jet blast is the phenomenon of rapid air movement produced by the jet engines of aircraft particularly on or before take  off a large jet eng  ined aircraft can produce winds of up to 100 kno  ts 190 km h 120 mp  h as far away as 60 metres 200 ft behind it at 40 maximum rated power jet blast can be a hazard to people or other un  secured objects behind the aircraft and is capable of fl  att  ening buildings and destroying vehicles despite the power and potentially destructive nature of jet blast there are relatively few jet blast incidents due to the invisible nature of jet blast and the aerod  y  nam  ic properties of light aircraft light aircraft moving about airports are particularly vulnerable pilots of light aircraft frequently stay off to the side of the run  way rather than follow in the centre to neg  ate the effect of the blast prop  eller planes are also capable of generating significant re  ar  wards winds known as prop wash some airports have installed jet blast defl  ec  tors in areas where roads or people may be in the path of the jet blast on take off
jet lag medic  ally referred to as des  yn  chrono  sis and rarely as cir  c  adi  an dys  rhy  th  mia is a physiological condition which results from alterations to the body s cir  c  adi  an rhy  th  ms resulting from rapid long distance trans mer  idi  an east – west or west – east travel on high speed aircraft for example someone travelling from new york to london feels as if the time were five hours earlier than local time jet lag was previously classified as one of the cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorders the condition of jet lag may last several days before the traveller is fully adjusted to the new time zone a recovery period of one day per time zone crossed is a suggested guideline jet lag is especially an issue for airline pilots crew and frequent travellers airlines have regulations aimed at combating pilot fatigue caused by jet lag the term jet lag is used because before the arrival of passenger jet aircraft it was un  common to travel far and fast enough to cause jet lag travel by prop  eller driven aircraft by ship or by train were slower and of more limited distance than jet flights and thus did not contribute widely to the problem
in high energy physics jet qu  en  ching is a phenomenon that can occur in the collision of ultra high energy particles in general the collision of high energy particles can produce jets of elementary particles that emerge from these collis  ions collis  ions of ultra relati  vis  tic heavy ion particle be  ams create a hot and dense medium comparable to the conditions in the early universe and then these jets interact strongly with the medium leading to a marked reduction of their energy this energy reduction is called jet qu  en  ching
job control is a person s ability to influence what happens in his or her work environment in particular to influence matters that are relevant to his or her personal goals job control may include control over work tasks control over the work pace and physical movement control over the social and technical environment and freedom from supervision workplace autonomy has been seen as a specialized form of the more general concept of control workplace autonomy is the freedom of a person to determine what he or she does at work and how
job creep is a phenomenon in which employers continually require increasing amounts of work relative to the normal requirements of their operations
job shop scheduling or job shop problem is an optimi  zation problem in computer science and operations research in which ideal jobs are assigned to resources at particular times the most basic version is as follows we are given n jobs j 1 j 2 jn of varying processing times which need to be scheduled on m machines with varying processing power while trying to minimize the ma  kes  pan the ma  kes  pan is the total length of the schedule that is when all the jobs have finished processing in most practical settings the problem is presented as an online problem dynamic scheduling that is the decision of scheduling a job can only be made online when the job is presented to the algori  thm this problem is one of the best known combin  atorial optimi  zation problems and was the first problem for which competitive analysis was presented by graham in 1966 best problem instances for basic model with ma  kes  pan objective are due to ta  ill  ard
a jobless recovery or jobless growth is an economic phenomenon in which a macro  economy experiences growth while maintaining or decreasing its level of employment the term has been coined by the economist nick per  na in the early 1990 s
in psycho  analy  tic analysis the joc  asta complex is the inc  est  uous sexual desire of a mother towards her son raymond de saus  sure introduced the term in 1920 by way of analogy to its logical conver  se in psycho  analysis the o  edi  p  us complex and it may be used to cover different degrees of attachment including dom  ine  ering but as  ex  ual mother love – something perhaps particularly prevalent with an intelligent son and an absent weak father figure
jo  han  son – bli  zz  ard syndrome j  bs is a rare sometimes fatal auto  som  al rec  essive multi  system con  genital disorder featuring abnormal development of the pan  cre  as nose and scal  p with mental retar  dation hearing loss and growth failure it is sometimes described as a form of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia the disorder is especially noted for causing profound developmental errors and exo  cr  ine dysfunction of the pan  cre  as and it is considered to be an inherited pan  cre  atic disease
john temp  leton bow  en 18  57 – 1940 was an american der  mato  logist bow  en s disease and bow  en  o  id pap  ul  osis are named for him
the johnson – co  rey – cha  y  kovsky reaction sometimes referred to as the co  rey – cha  y  kovsky reaction or cc  r is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of epo  x  ides azi  rid  ines and cyclo  pro  pan  es it was discovered in 1961 by a william johnson and developed significantly by e j co  rey and michael cha  y  kovsky the reaction involves addition of a sul  fur y  li  de to a ke  tone alde  hyde im  ine or en  one to produce the corresponding 3 memb  ered ring the reaction is di  ast  ere  o  selective favoring trans substitution in the product regardless of the initial stere  och  emis  try the synthesis of epo  x  ides via this method serves as an important retro  synthetic alternative to the traditional epo  x  id  ation reactions of ole  fins johnson – co  rey – cha  y  kovsky reaction the reaction is most often employed for epo  x  id  ation via meth  ylene transfer and to this end has been used in several notable total syn  theses see below additionally detailed below are the history mechanism scope and en  anti  o  selective variants of the reaction several reviews have been published
johnson – mc  mil  lin syndrome is a neuro  ec  to  der  mal syndrome that consist of conduc  tive hearing loss and micro  tia
ap  hal  an  gy hem  i  verte  bra  e and u  ro  genital intest  inal dys  genesis is an extremely rare syndrome described only in three si  bl  ings it associates hypo  pl  asia or ap  la  sia of p  hal  anges of hands and feet hem  i  verte  bra  e and various u  ro  genital and or intest  inal ab  norm  alities intr  af  am  ili  al vari  ability is important as one sister had lethal ab  norm  alities pot  ter sequence and pul  mon  ary hypo  pl  asia while her affected brother was in good health with normal psy  ch  om  o  tor development at 6 months of age prog  no  sis seems to depend mainly on the severity of vis  cer  al mal  formations eti  ology and inheritance remain unknown
a joint is a break frac  ture of natural origin in the continuity of either a layer or body of rock that lacks any visible or measurable movement parallel to the surface plane of the frac  ture although they can occur sing  ly they most frequently occur as joint sets and systems a joint set is a family of parallel evenly spac  ed joints that can be identified through mapping and analysis of the orientations spac  ing and physical properties a joint system consists of two or more inter  sec  ting joint sets the distinction between joints and faults hinges on the terms visible or measurable which depends on the scale of observation faults differ from joints in that they exhibit visible or measurable lateral movement between the opposite surfaces of the frac  ture as a result a joint may have been created by either strict movement of a rock layer or body per  pend  icular to the frac  ture or by varying degrees of lateral displacement parallel to the surface plane of the frac  ture that remains “ invisible ” at the scale of observation joints are among the most universal geo  logic structures as they are found in most every exposure of rock they vary greatly in appearance dimensions and arrangement and occur in quite different tec  tonic environments often the specific origin of the stresses that created certain joints and associated joint sets can be quite ambiguous unclear and sometimes controversial the most prominent joints occur in the most well consolidated li  thi  fied and highly competent rocks such as sand  stone lime  stone quar  tz  ite and gran  ite joints may be open fractu  res or filled by various materials joints which are inf  il  led by precipit  ated minerals are called ve  ins and joints filled by soli  di  fied mag  ma are called di  kes
a joint dis  location also called lux  ation occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint where two or more bones meet a partial dis  location is referred to as a su  blu  x  ation dis  locations are often caused by sudden trauma on the joint like an impact or fall a joint dis  location can cause damage to the surrounding lig  aments tend  ons muscles and nerves dis  locations can occur in any joint major shoulder knees etc or minor toes fingers etc the most common joint dis  location is a shoulder dis  location treatment for joint dis  location is usually by closed reduction that is skilled manipulation to return the bones to their normal position reduction should be done only by trained people because it can cause injury
a joint eff  usion is the presence of increased intra artic  ular fluid it may affect any joint commonly it involves the knee
joint locking or locked joint is the term used to describe the pain that is caused when the joint is extended beyond a certain angle as a result the patient may be forced to restrict the joint extension from movement limited to just 10 to 30 degrees any further extension beyond the restricted angle can cause severe intractable joint pain limitation in achieving a normal extension can create many challenges for a normal movement joint locking is most commonly caused due to men  is  cus tear or similar injuries o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis and con  genital defects in a few cases
in micro  economics joint product pricing is the firm s problem of choosing prices for joint products which are two or more products produced from the same process or operation each considered to be of value pricing for joint products is more complex than pricing for a single product to begin with there are two demand cur  ves the characteristics of each could be different demand for one product could be greater than for the other consumers of one product could be more price elastic than consumers of the other and therefore more sensitive to changes in the product s price to complicate things further both products because they are produced jointly share a common marginal cost curve there are also complexities in the production function their production could be linked in the sense that they are bi products referred to as complements in production or in the sense that they can be produced by the same inputs referred to as substitutes in production further production of the joint product could be in fixed proportions or in variable proportions when setting prices in such a complex situation micro  economic marginal analysis is helpful in a simple case of a single product the price is set at that quantity demanded where the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue this is what is done when joint products are produced in variable proportions each product is treated separately it might even be possible to construct separate cost functions in the diag  ram below to determine optimal pricing for joint products produced in variable proportions one finds the inter  section point of marginal revenue product a with the joint marginal cost curve that quantity is then extended up to the demand curve for product a which yields the profit maximizing price for product a point pa in the diag  ram the same is done for product b yielding price point pb 1 alt text  pricing of joint products if the products are produced in fixed proportions e g cow hides and cow ste  aks then one of the products will likely be produced in quantities different from the profit maximizing amount considered separately in fact the profit maximizing quantity and price of the second half of the joint product will be different from the profit maximizing amount considered separately in the diag  ram product b is produced in greater amounts than the profit maximizing amount considered separately and sold at a lower price point pb 2 than the profit maximizing price considered separately point pb 1 although the price is lower and the output is higher the marginal cost is also higher yet this is a profit maximizing solution to this situation the quantity of product b supplied is increased to the point where marginal revenue becomes zero i e where the marginal revenue curve inter  sec  ts the horizontal axis
joint sti  ff  ness may be either the symptom of pain on moving a joint the symptom of loss of range of motion or the physical sign of reduced range of motion pain on movement is commonly caused by o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis often in quite minor degrees and other forms of ar  thri  tis it may also be caused by injury or over  use and rarely by more complex causes of pain such as infection or ne  op  las  m the range of motion may be normal or limited by pain morning sti  ff  ness pain which e  ases up after the joint has been used is characteristic of r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis loss of motion symptom the patient notices that the joint or many joints do not move as far as they used to or need to loss of motion is a feature of more advanced stages of ar  thri  tis including o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis and an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis loss of range of motion sign the examining medical professional notes that the range of motion of the joint is less than normal routine examination by an orth  opa  ed  ic surgeon or r  heu  mato  logist will often pay particular attention to this the range of motion may be measured and compared to the other side and to normal ranges this sign is associated with the same causes as the symptom in extreme cases when the joint does not move at all it is said to be an  ky  lo  sed
a jones frac  ture is a frac  ture in the me  ta di  ap  hy  seal junction of the fifth met  at  ar  sal of the foot the proxim  al end of the met  at  ar  sal where the jones frac  ture occurs is near the mid  portion of the foot on the fifth ray of which the 5 th toe belongs those who sustain a jones frac  ture have pain over this area sw  elling and difficulty walking the frac  ture was first described by orth  o  ped  ic surgeon sir robert jones who sustained this injury himself while dancing and reported it in the ann  als of surgery in 19  02
the jones oxid  ation is an organic reaction for the oxid  ation of primary and secondary alcohol  s to car  box  yl  ic acids and ke  tones respectively it is named after its discover  er sir ew  art jones the jones oxid  ation jones re  agent is a solution of chromium tri  oxide in dilute sul  fur  ic acid and acet  one a mixture of potassium dic  h  rom  ate and dilute sul  fur  ic acid can also be used the solvent acet  one markedly affects the properties of the ch  rom  ic acid the oxid  ation is very rapid quite ex  other  mic and the yields are typically high the re  agent rarely ox  idi  zes un  saturated bonds
the jose  ph  son effect is the phenomenon of super  current — i e a current that flows indefinitely long without any voltage applied — across a device known as a jose  ph  son junction j  j which consists of two super  conductors coupled by a weak link the weak link can consist of a thin insulating barrier known as a super  conductor – insul  ator – super  conductor junction or s i s a short section of non super  conducting metal s n s or a physical con  stric  tion that weakens the super  conduc  tivity at the point of contact s s s the jose  ph  son effect is an example of a macro  scopic quantum phenomenon it is named after the british physic  ist brian david jose  ph  son who predicted in 1962 the mathematical relationships for the current and voltage across the weak link the dc jose  ph  son effect had been seen in experiments prior to 1962 but had been attributed to super shorts or breaches in the insulating barrier leading to the direct conduc  tion of electron  s between the super  conductors the first paper to claim the discovery of jose  ph  son s effect and to make the requisite experimental checks was that of philip anderson and john ro  well these authors were awarded patents on the effects that were never enforced but never challenged before jose  ph  son s prediction it was only known that normal i e non super  conducting electron  s can flow through an insulating barrier by means of quantum tunn  eling jose  ph  son was the first to predict the tunn  eling of super  conducting cooper pairs for this work jose  ph  son received the nobel prize in physics in 1973 jose  ph  son junc  tions have important applications in quantum mechanical circuits such as squ  ids super  conducting qu  bits and r  s  f  q digital electronics the n  ist standard for one vol  t is achieved by an array of 19 000 jose  ph  son junc  tions in series
in computer science and mathematics the jose  ph  us problem or jose  ph  us per  mutation is a theoretical problem related to a certain counting out game people are standing in a circle waiting to be executed counting begins at a specified point in the circle and proceeds around the circle in a specified direction after a specified number of people are skip  ped the next person is executed the procedure is repeated with the remaining people starting with the next person going in the same direction and skip  ping the same number of people until only one person remains and is freed the problem — given the number of people starting point direction and number to be skip  ped — is to choose the position in the initial circle to avoid execution
jou  bert syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the cere  bell  um an area of the brain that controls balance and coordination
the jo  vian – pluton  ian grav  it  ational effect is a ho  ax phenomenon stated to cause a noticeable short term reduction in gravity on earth that was invented for april fools day by the english astro  no  mer patrick moore and broadcast on bbc radio 2 on 1 april 1976
juan j dom  ingu  ez march 11 1957 is a personal injury and consumer rights attorney based in los angeles california
in the united states judicial review is the ability of a court to examine and decide if a statute treaty or administrative regulation contradicts or violates the provisions of existing law a state constitution or ultimately the united states constitution while the u s constitution does not explicitly define a power of judicial review the authority for judicial review in the united states has been infer  red from the structure provisions and history of the constitution two landmark decisions by the u s supreme court served to confirm the infer  red constitutional authority for judicial review in the united states in 17  96 hy  l  ton v united states was the first case decided by the supreme court involving a direct challenge to the constitu  tionality of an act of congress the carriage act of 17  94 which imposed a carriage tax the court engaged in the process of judicial review by examining the plainti  ff s claim that the carriage tax was unconstitutional after review the supreme court decided the carriage act was constitutional in 18  03 mar  bury v madison was the first supreme court case where the court asserted its authority for judicial review to strike down a law as unconstitutional at the end of his opinion in this decision chief justice john marshall maintained that the supreme court s responsibility to overturn unconstitutional legislation was a necessary consequence of their sworn oath of office to uphold the constitution as instructed in article six of the constitution as of 2014 the united states supreme court has held 176 acts of the u s congress unconstitutional
ju  g  ular vein ec  ta  sia is a ven  ous anomaly that commonly presents itself as a unilateral neck sw  elling in children and adults it is rare to have bilateral neck sw  elling due to internal ju  g  ular vein ec  ta  sia
the julia ole  fin  ation also known as the julia – ly  th  go  e ole  fin  ation is the chemical reaction used in organic chemistry of phen  yl sul  f  ones 1 with alde  hy  des or ke  tones to give al  ken  es 3 after alcohol func  tion  alization and reduc  tive elimination using sodium am  alg  am or sm  i 2 the reaction is named after the french chem  ist marc julia julia ole  fin  ation revised scheme the utility of this connec  tive ole  fin  ation reaction arises from its vers  ati  lity its wide functional group tolerance and the mild reaction conditions under which the reaction proceeds all four steps can be carried out in a single reaction vessel and use of r 3 x is optional however purification of the sul  f  one intermediate 2 leads to higher yield and purity most often r 3 is ace  ty  l or benzo  yl with acetic an  hy  dri  de or benzo  yl chloride used in the preparation of 2
the july effect sometimes referred to as the july phenomenon is a perceived increase in the risk of medical errors and surgical complications that occurs in association with the time of year in which united states medical school graduates begin resid  encies a similar period in the united kingdom is known as the killing season
jum  ble ice is a phenomenon that occurs when ice at  op a river or other flowing body of water fractu  res due to the different flow rates beneath the ice on a lake pond or other stationary body of water ice forms undis  tur  bed and generally does not move as long as the entire surface of the body of water is frozen when a river free  zes water flow typically continues beneath the ice exerting pressure on it if the ice fractu  res pieces of ice torn free by the river s current will colli  de with stationary or slower moving pieces after becoming stuck in place the loosen  ed pieces of ice refre  e  ze ir  regularly causing a rough or jum  bled surface in general the faster a body of water flows beneath ice the more likely it is to develop jum  ble ice temperatures near the freezing point also tend to cause jum  ble ice as the higher temperatures weaken the ice structure allowing for more pieces to be torn free before refre  e  zing the y  uk  on river in alaska often exhi  bits jum  ble ice during the winter jum  ble ice is a hazard for winter travel  ers as the broken ground formed by the jum  ble ice can cause snow  machine accidents or injuries to s  led dogs
jump rings are usually metal rings used to make chains jewelry and cha  in  ma  ille they are made by wrapping wire round a man  dre  l to make a co  il and then cutting the co  il with wire cut  ters to make individual rings the rings can be assembled one by one into chains ear  rings objects such as bow  ls or ornam  ents and chain mail clothing the making of items from jump rings is called chain ma  ille ma  ille is french for mesh jump rings can be described by the following qualities
the jumping fren  chmen of ma  ine were a group of 19 th century lum  ber  j  acks who exhi  bited a rare disorder of unknown origin the syndrome entails an exaggerated star  tle reflex which may be described as an uncontrollable jump individuals with this condition can exhibit sudden movements in all parts of the body jumping fren  chmen syndrome shares symptoms with other star  tle disorders individuals with this condition were first found in the northern regions of ma  ine and were first described by george miller beard in 18  78
junc  tional ec  topic t  ach  y  car  dia jet is a rare syndrome of the heart that manifests in patients recovering from heart surgery it is characterized by cardiac arr  hy  th  mia or irregular beating of the heart caused by abnormal conduc  tion from or through the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de av no  de in new  bor  ns and infants up to 6 weeks old the disease may also be referred to as his bundle t  ach  y  car  dia
junc  tional ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a is a skin condition characterized by bl  ister formation within the lam  ina luci  da of the basement memb  rane zone
junc  tional ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a je  b is an inherited disorder that is also known as red foot disease or hair  less fo  al syndrome je  b is the result of a genetic mutation that inhi  bits protein production that is essential for skin adhe  sion therefore tissues such as skin and mouth epi  the  lia are affected as a result bl  is  ters form over the entire body causing pain and discomfort also the open so  res leave the new  born fo  al highly susceptible to secondary infection the condition can be categ  orized into two types of mutations je  b 1 and je  b 2 je  b 1 is found in belgian draft horses as well as other related draft breeds in contrast je  b 2 is found in american sadd  le  bred horses
junc  tional t  ach  y  car  dia is a form of su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia characterized by involvement of the av no  de it can be contr  asted to atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia it is a t  ach  y  car  dia associated with the generation of impul  ses in a focus in the region of the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de due to an a v dis  association in general the av junction s intrinsic rate is 40 60 b  pm so junc  tional t  ach  y  car  dia implies a rate 60 b  pm
ju  ro  som  atic illness is a som  atic illness brought on by a pending lawsuit a segment of john sto  s  sel s show on lawsuit abuse aired june 14 2012 was devoted to reporting on this illness senator john bar  ras  so r wy  o an orth  o  ped  ic surgeon by education who was interviewed by sto  s  sel for the episode stated that this is an illness that he had studied in medical school he described it as a syndrome arising from a legitimate injury and legitimate pain and suffering which dr  ags out for the duration of the lawsuit brought on by the stress and anxiety of the continuing lawsuit as well as anger and fixation on the injury associated with it sto  s  sel had also quoted a british psychiatrist theod  ore dal  ry  m  ple as saying if you pay people to suffer they will suffer injuries that would be self limiting become permanently crippling the liti  g  ant for  mely healthy rapidly succum  bs to every kind of un  pro  vable ail  ment headache loss of concentration di  zz  iness depression when a man says his whole life has been ruined by some accident i know without having to ask i am in the presence of litigation it turns hypo  ch  on  dri  asis into a way of life
a juvenile active os  si  fying fi  bro  ma is a benign fi  bro osse  ous ne  op  las  m composed of mixture of st  roma and bone characterized by rapid and destructive growth
juvenile cell  u  li  tis also known as puppy head g  land disease puppy strang  les and juvenile py  o  der  ma is a disease of dogs symptoms include der  mati  tis leth  ar  gy depression and lam  eness when pu  ppies are first presented with what appears to be stap  hy  lo  coc  cal py  o  der  ma juvenile cell  u  li  tis a relatively rare condition may not be considered
juvenile der  mat  om  yo  si  tis j  dm is an idi  opathic infl  am  matory my  opathy im  m of presumed auto  immune dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness among other complications it manifests itself in children it is the pedi  atric counterpart of der  mat  om  yo  si  tis in j  dm the body s immune system attacks blood vessels throughout the body causing infl  amm  ation called vas  cu  li  tis in the united states the incidence rate of jd  ms is approximately 2 3 cases per million children per year the uk incidence is believed to be between 2 3 per million children per year with some difference between ethnic groups the sex ratio female male is approximately 2 1 other idi  opathic infl  am  matory my  opath  ies include juvenile poly  my  osi  tis pm which is rare and not as common in children as in adults
juvenile h  emo  chro  mat  osis or h  emo  chro  mat  osis type 2 is as its name indicates a form of h  emo  chro  mat  osis which emerges during youth there are two forms h  fe 2 a is associated with h  emo  ju  vel  in h  fe 2 b is associated with he  p  ci  din antimicro  bial pep  tide some sources only specifically include h  emo  ju  vel  in as a cause of juvenile h  emo  chro  mat  osis
juvenile idi  opathic ar  thri  tis j  ia also known as juvenile r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis j  ra is the most common form of ar  thri  tis in children and adolescents juvenile in this context refers to an onset before age 16 idi  opathic refers to a condition with no defined cause and ar  thri  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the sy  no  vi  um of a joint j  ia is an auto  immune non infec  tive infl  am  matory joint disease of more than 6 weeks duration in children less than 16 years of age the disease commonly occurs in children from the ages of 7 to 12 but it may occur in adolescents as old as 15 years of age as well as in infants it is a sub  set of ar  thri  tis seen in childhood which may be transi  ent and self limited or chronic it differs significantly from ar  thri  tis commonly seen in adults o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis and other types of ar  thri  tis that can present in childhood which are chronic conditions e g ps  ori  atic ar  thri  tis and an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis ae  ti  opath  ology is similar to r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis but with less marked car  til  age erosion and joint instability and absent r  heu  mato  id factor j  ia affects approximately 1 in 1 000 children in any given year with about 1 in 10 000 having a more severe form
juvenile meg  alo  bl  astic ana  emia 1 im  er  sl  und gras  beck syndrome is a disease caused by selective co  bal  am  in mal  absorption and in  constant prote  in  ur  ia it is caused by mutations in the cu  bil  in cub  n or am  ni  on  less am  n genes
juvenile my  el  om  on  oc  y  tic leuk  emia j  m  ml is a serious chronic leuk  emia cancer of the blood that affects children mostly aged 4 and younger the name j  m  ml now encompasses all diagnoses formerly referred to as juvenile chronic my  elo  id leuk  emia j  c  ml chronic my  el  om  on  oc  y  tic leuk  emia of infancy and inf  anti  le mono  som  y 7 syndrome the average age of patients at diagnosis is 2 years old the world health organization has included j  m  ml in the category of my  el  odys  plastic and my  elo  prolifer  ative disorders
juvenile my  o  cl  onic epi  le  psy j  me also known as jan  z syndrome is a fairly common form of idi  opathic generalized epi  le  psy representing 5 10 of all epi  le  psy cases this disorder typically first manifests itself between the ages of 12 and 18 with brief episodes of involuntary muscle tw  it  ching occurring early in the morning most patients also have generalized seizures that affect the entire brain and many also have absence seizures genetic studies have demonstrated at least 6 loc  i for j  me 4 with known caus  ative genes most of these genes are ion channels with the one non ion channel gene having been shown to affect ion channel currents
juvenile plan  tar der  mat  osis also known as at  op  ic winter feet der  mati  tis plan  tar  is sic  ca fo  ref  oot der  mati  tis moon boot foot syndrome and sweat  y so  ck der  mati  tis is a condition usually seen in children between the ages of 3 and 14 and involves the cracking and pe  eling of weight bearing areas of the sol  es of the feet
juvenile poly  pos  is syndrome is a syndrome characterized by the appearance of multiple juvenile poly  ps in the gastro  intest  inal tract poly  ps are abnormal grow  ths arising from a mu  co  us memb  rane these usually begin appearing before age 20 but the term juvenile refers to the type of poly  p not to the age of the affected person while the majority of the poly  ps found in juvenile poly  pos  is syndrome are non ne  op  l  astic ham  ar  tom  at  ous self limiting and benign there is an increased risk of aden  o  carcin  oma solitary juvenile poly  ps most commonly occur in the rec  tum and present with rec  tal bleeding the world health organization criteria for diagnosis of juvenile poly  pos  is syndrome are one of either 1 more than five juvenile poly  ps in the col  on or rec  tum or 2 juvenile poly  ps throughout the gastro  intest  inal tract or 3 any number of juvenile poly  ps in a person with a family history of juvenile poly  pos  is
juvenile primary lateral sclerosis j  pl  s also known as primary lateral s  cl  ero  is pl  s  j is a rare genetic disorder with a small number of reported cases characterized by progressive weakness and sti  ff  ness of muscles in the arms legs and face the disorder damages motor neurons which are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control muscle movement
juvenile x  anth  o  gran  ul  oma is a form of his  ti  oc  y  to  sis classified as non lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis or more specifically type 2 juvenile x  anth  o  gran  ul  oma j  x  g is a rare der  mat  ological disorder that primarily affects infants under one year of age but can also be found in older children and adults it was first described in 1905 by adam  son in 5 to 17 of patients the disorder is present at birth but the median age of onset is two years j  x  g is a benign idi  opathic cu  taneous gran  ul  om  at  ous tumor and the most common form of non lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis non l  hc the le  sions appear as orange red mac  ules or pap  ules and are usually located on the face neck and upper trunk they may also appear at the gro  in scro  tum penis cl  it  or  is to  en  ail pal  ms sol  es lips lungs bone heart and gastro  intest  inal tract more rarely j  x  g usually manifests with multiple le  sions on the head and neck in cases with children under six months of age the condition usually resol  ves spontaneously over one to five years a biopsy of the le  sion is critical to confirm the diagnosis oc  ular j  x  g manifests in up to 10 of people with j  x  g and may affect their vision the presence of j  x  g in the eye can cause spontaneous hy  ph  ema secondary gl  au  coma or even blindness it is most often seen in the iris but may be found on the eye  lid cor  ne  os  cl  eral lim  bus con  junc  tiva orbit re  tina chor  o  id dis  c or op  tic nerve of patients with oc  ular j  x  g 92 are younger than the age of two although cu  taneous j  x  g usually disappear spontaneously oc  ular le  sions rarely improve spontaneously and require treatment treatments that have been used include surgical exc  ision intr  ale  sional ster  o  id injection cry  otherapy and low dose radi  otherapy in the case of a resistant or re  occurring le  sion chem  otherapy has been used as a treatment oc  ular j  x  g is usually unilateral and presents with a tumor a red eye with signs of u  ve  i  tis unilateral gl  au  coma spontaneous hy  ph  ema or heter  och  ro  mia i  ri  dis diagno  sing and treating the patient as early as possible contributes to the most positive visual outcome his  ti  oc  y  tic disorders like j  x  g are identified by the cells that make them up immun  o  his  to  chemical analysis is used to discern the immun  ore  activity to certain antibodies in these analyses j  x  g is a non l  hc disorder which is a varied group of disorders defined by the accumulation of his  ti  oc  y  tes that do not meet criteria to be diagnosed as lang  er  hans cells j  x  g is not me  ta  static and may be present with lip  id deposits j  x  g is often accompanied with other disorders such as neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type one and juvenile chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia juvenile variety x  an  to  gran  ul  oma can be distinguished from x  an  thom  a by the spread of the le  sion and the lack of lip  id ab  norm  alities other similar diagnoses include mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum hem  an  gi  oma and neuro  fi  bro  ma
the k server problem is a problem of theoretical computer science in the category of online algori  th  ms one of two abstract problems on metric spaces that are central to the theory of competitive analysis the other being metr  ical task systems in this problem an online algori  thm must control the movement of a set of k ser  vers represented as points in a metric space and handle requests that are also in the form of points in the space as each request arrives the algori  thm must determine which server to move to the requested point the goal of the algori  thm is to keep the total distance all ser  vers move small relative to the total distance the ser  vers could have moved by an optimal adversary who knows in advance the entire sequence of requests the problem was first posed by mark man  asse l  yle a mc  geo  ch and daniel sle  ator 1990 the most prominent open question concerning the k server problem is the so called k server con  jec  ture also posed by man  asse et al this con  jec  ture states that there is an algori  thm for solving the k server problem in an arbitrary metric space and for any number k of ser  vers that has competitive ratio at least k man  asse et al were able to prove their con  jec  ture when k 2 and for more general values of k when the metric space is restricted to have exactly k 1 points ch  rob  ak and lar  more 1991 proved the con  jec  ture for tree metr  ics the special case of metr  ics in which all distances are equal is called the p  aging problem because it models the problem of page replacement algori  th  ms in memory c  aches and was also already known to have a k competitive algori  thm sle  ator and tar  jan 1985 fi  at et al 1990 first proved that there exists an algori  thm with finite competitive ratio for any constant k and any metric space and finally k  out  sou  pi  as and pap  adim  it  ri  ou 1995 proved that work function algori  thm w  fa has competitive ratio 2 k 1 however despite the efforts of many other researchers reducing the competitive ratio to k or providing an improved lower bound remains open as of 2014 the most common believed scenario is that the work function algori  thm is k competitive to this direction in 2000 bar  tal and k  out  sou  pi  as showed that this is true for some special cases if the metric space is a line a weighted star or any metric of k 2 points in 2011 a random  ized algori  thm with competitive bound õ log 2 k log 3 n was found
the α ke  to  acid hydrox  yl  amine ka  ha amide forming lig  ation is a chemical reaction that is used to join two unprotected fragments in pep  tide synthesis it is an alternative to the native chemical lig  ation nc  l
kn  m er 18  13 is a skull of the species homo ha  bil  is it was discovered in ko  ob  i fora kenya by kam  o  ya kim  eu in 1973 and is estimated to be 1 9 million years old its characteristics include an overall smaller size than other homo ha  bil  is finds but with a fully adult and typical h ha  bil  is mor  pho  logy it is an adult the third mol  ars were completely erupted and showed signs of wear with an estimated cran  ial capacity of only 510 cc the designation indicates specimen 18  13 collected from the east shore of lake ru  dol  f now lake turk  ana for the kenya national museums
kn  m w  t 17000 aka the black skull is a fossi  lized skull of the species par  anthro  p  us a  ethiop  ic  us it was discovered in west turk  ana kenya by alan walker in 1985 it is estimated to be 2 5 million years old it is an adult with an estimated cran  ial capacity of 410 cc its characteristics include a robust build with a prominent sag  it  tal c  rest its color  ation is due to the high man  g  anese content of the material it was embedded in
the kab  ach  nik – fields reaction is an organic reaction forming an α amino phosp  hon  ate from an amine a carbon  yl compound and a dial  ky  l phosp  hon  ate amin  op  hosp  hon  ates are synthetic targets of some importance as phosphorus analo  gues of α amino acids a bio  iso  ster  ic this multi  component reaction was independently discovered by martin iz  rai  lev  ich kab  ach  nik and ellis k fields in 1952 kab  ach  nik fields reaction the first step in this reaction is the formation of an im  ine followed by an addition reaction of the phosp  hon  ate p h bond into the c n double bond a pu  do  vi  k reaction a related reaction is the mann  ich reaction the reaction is accelerated with a combination of dehydr  ating re  agent and lewis acid the carbon  yl component in the reaction is usually an alde  hyde and sometimes a ke  tone
kab  uki syndrome also previously known as kab  uki makeup syndrome k  ms or ni  ik  awa – ku  ro  ki syndrome is a pedi  atric con  genital disorder of suspected genetic origin with multiple con  genital anomalies and intellectual disabilities it is quite rare affecting roughly one in 32 000 births it was identified and described in 1981 by two japanese groups led by the scientists n  ori  o ni  ik  awa and yo  shi  kaz  u ku  ro  ki it is named kab  uki syndrome because of the facial resemblance of affected individuals to stage makeup used in kab  uki a japanese traditional theat  r  ical form
the kad  en  acy effect is an effect of pressure waves in gases it is named after michel kad  en  acy who obtained a french patent for an engine utili  zing the effect in 1933 there are also european and us patents in simple terms the momentum of the exhaust gas leaving the cylinder of an internal combustion engine creates a pressure drop in the cylinder which assists the flow of a fresh charge of air or fuel air mixture into the cylinder the effect can be maxim  ized by careful design of the in  let and exhaust passages
in mathematics the kad  ison – singer problem posed in 1959 was a problem in functional analysis about whether certain extensions of certain linear func  tion  als on certain c al  ge  br  as were unique the statement was proven in 2013 the statement arose from work on the foundations of quantum mechanics done by paul di  rac in the 1940 s and was form  alized in 1959 by richard kad  ison and is  ad  ore singer the problem was subsequently shown to be equivalent to numerous open problems in pure mathematics applied mathematics engineering and computer science kad  ison singer and most later authors believed the statement to be false but in 2013 it was proven true by adam marcus daniel sp  iel  man and nik  hi  l s  ri  vast  ava who received the 2014 p  ól  ya prize for the achievement the solution was made possible by a reform  ulation provided by jo  el anderson who showed in 1979 that his paving con  jec  ture which only involves operators on finite dimensional hil  bert spaces is equivalent to the kad  ison – singer problem nik wea  ver provided another reform  ulation in a finite dimensional setting and this version was proved true using random poly  no  mi  als
k  air  o cancer is a cu  taneous condition that may develop due to hydrocarbon fueled heat exposure from coal fired clothing warm  ers
k  ai  ro  sis is the literary effect of ful  fill  ment in time this effect is normally associated with the epic novel gen  re of literature and can be understood by the analogy as cath  ar  sis is to the dramatic so ken  osis is to the ly  ric so k  ai  ro  sis is to the epic novel it is derived from ker  mode s usage of k  ai  ros in literary a  esthe  tics and is part of an ongoing debate within literary a  esthe  tics about the limitations of the rhetorical use of the term k  ai  ros k  ai  ro  sis is the feeling of integration experienced by the reader of the novel or epic form it is experienced by the reader as the central protagon  ist s character and characterisation faces crisis and resol  ves itself into an explored and integrated personality this typically occurs by challenging unique and interesting characters with typical and stereo  ty  ped actions that are generally applicable to all people in the novel emma k  ai  ro  sis is developed when an individu  alistic young woman attempts to play mat  ch  maker to the world as her personality is challenged by the stereo  typical activity of cour  t  ship and mat  ch  making in a young woman s life she experiences a crisis in her character as contradictions within her personality become increasingly antagon  istic when emma integrates these conflicts by performing the stereo  ty  ped action of completing a successful match the reader experiences k  ai  ro  sis as emma s character reaches a moment of synthesis that embodies the previous dial  ec  tical contradictions emma s problem was not to gain a social status of marriage we are always aware that she will be married by the end of the novel and there is no cath  ar  sis experienced as an unexpected clim  actic action rather we do not know if emma is worth marrying this kind of moral psychological question is at the heart of au  sten s work and the modern novel k  ai  ro  sis is experienced by the reader of the modern novel when the character reaches a moment of psychological integration in time k  ai  ro  sis has been used as part of an attempt in role playing game r  pg theory to grapple with the issue of immer  sion
ka  iser effect is an absence of acous  tic emission at loads not exceeding the previous maximum load level when material under  goes repeti  tive loading patterns the ka  iser effect results from dis  continu  ities created in material during previous steps do not moving or expanding until the former stress is exceeded
kak  ute are rings made of iron or steel that were sometimes worn by the n  inj  a and favored by the kun  o  ichi having one to four metal spi  kes pro  tru  ding from it the spi  kes were sometimes di  pped in poison kak  ute were usually worn on the middle finger with the spi  kes hidden inside the hand and then used to attack when the enemy least expected the spi  kes were also excellent for holding onto an opponent striking across the face choking and sometimes climbing as well some kak  ute had a tab with a hole that was used for ho  jo  ju  t  su techniques in this sense the ho  jo rope could not be easily pulled away from the hands of the n  inj  a or kun  o  ichi since it was tied to the kak  ute ring on their finger
the kal  la  k iron deposit is one of the largest un  exploited iron ore deposits in sweden it is located between the villages of b  jör  k  hol  men and ran  di  ja  ur in the municipality of jo  k  k  mo  kk in the province of nor  r  bot  ten in northern sweden the site is on the ance  str  al lands of the indigenous sam  i people and forms part of the re  inde  er winter grazing lands of the sam  i village of sir  ges the name kal  la  k is the swedish form of gá  l  lo  k which is the original name of the place in the sa  ami language the kal  la  k north and kal  la  k south prospects were identified by the geological survey of sweden in the 1940 s in the late 1960 s the s  gu identified kal  la  k north as containing 92 million tonnes of ore and kal  la  k south as containing 29 million tonnes of ore at a grade of roughly 35 be  ow  ul  f mining acquired the kal  la  k north licence in 2006 and a drill program conducted in 2010 has found at least 175 mt of iron at an average grade of 30 be  ow  ul  f acquired the kal  la  k south licence from tas  man metals limited in mid 2010 an ongoing drill program has shown kal  la  k south to contain at least 400 million tonnes of iron at an average grade of 30 the combined kal  la  k deposit contains at least 600 million tonnes of iron and it is believed that the north and south deposits are connected at depth to give a single iron deposit with a strike length of over 4 kilometers in mid 2010 an independent conceptual study performed by the raw materials group showed that the kal  la  k north deposit which at the time was thought to contain 150 million tonnes of iron at 30 grading was commercially viable given the significant increase in tonnage at kal  la  k an updated conceptual study is anticipated in 2011 the plans to establish a mine at the site has met resistance from the indigenous sa  ami people as well as other local inhabitants on july 1 2013 protesters set up a road blockade in order to prevent test drilling on july 30 the blockade was dismantled by the police but on the next day the blockade was set up again in 2014 nor  r  bot  ten county said no to further mining in kal  la  k the case would be closed if the swedish governmental geo  logy decision making body ber  gs  stat  en had agreed with nor  r  bot  ten county however ber  gs  stat  en over  ruled the county and it is now up to the government of sweden to give a final answer to the question
k  all  mann syndrome is a rare genetic condition that is characterized by a failure to start or a failure to complete pu  ber  ty it is also accompanied by a lack of sense of smell an  os  mia or a highly reduced sense of smell hy  pos  mia the condition can occur in both males and females but is more commonly diagnosed in males left untreated patients with k  all  mann syndrome will almost invariably be in  fertile k  all  mann syndrome occurs due to a failure of the hypo  thal  am  us to release gn  r  h at the appropriate time as a result of the gn  r  h releasing neuro  nes not migr  ating into the correct location during embryonic development k  all  mann syndrome is a form of hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism hh approximately 50 of hh cases occur with no sense of smell and are classified as k  all  mann syndrome apart from the sense of smell there is no difference in the diagnosis or treatment between a case of hh or a case of k  all  mann syndrome the terminology used when describing cases of hh can vary the term con  genital hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism ch  h is now often used other terms used include idi  opathic isolated hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism i  hh nor  mo  sm  ic hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism n  hh or hypo  thal  am  ic hypo  gon  ad  ism the term hh can be used to cover all cases including k  all  mann syndrome the term isolated gn  r  h deficiency ig  d has increasingly been used to describe this group of conditions as it highlights the primary cause of these conditions and distinguishes them from other conditions such as k  lin  ef  el  ter syndrome or turner syndrome which share some similar symptoms but have a totally different eti  ology the term hypo  gon  ad  ism describes a low level of circulating sex hormones te  sto  ster  one in males and estro  gen and prog  est  er  one in females hypo  gon  ad  ism can occur through a number of different methods the use of the term hypo  gon  ad  o  tropic relates to the fact that the hypo  gon  ad  ism found in hh is caused by a disruption in the production of the gon  ad  o  tro  pin hormones normally released by the an  terior pit  u  itary g  land known as lu  te  in  ising hormone l  h and fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh l  h and f  sh have a direct action on the ov  aries in women and test  es in men the absence of l  h and f  sh means that initially pu  ber  ty will not commence at the correct time and subsequently the ov  aries and test  es will not perform their normal fertility function with the matur  ation and release of eggs in women and the production of sperm in men alongside their role in producing the sex hormones the underlying cause of the failure in production of l  h and f  sh is the impairment of the hypo  thal  am  us to release the hormone gn  r  h which in normal circumstances induc  es the production of l  h and f  sh without the correct release of gn  r  h the pit  u  itary g  land is unable to release l  h and f  sh which in turn prevents the ov  aries and test  es from functioning correctly this failure in gn  r  h production can either be due to the absence of the gn  r  h releasing neuro  nes inside the hypo  thal  am  us or the inability of the hypo  thal  am  us to release gn  r  h in the correct pul  sati  le manner to ensure l  h and f  sh release from the pit  u  itary hh can occur as an isolated condition with just the l  h and f  sh production being affected or it can occur in combined pit  u  itary deficiency conditions such as charge syndrome to date at least twenty five different genes have so far been implicated in causing k  all  mann syndrome or other forms of hh through a disruption in the production or activity of gn  r  h the genes involved cover all forms of inheritance and no one gene defect has been shown to be common to all cases which makes genetic testing and inheritance prediction very problematic k  all  mann syndrome was described in a paper published in 1944 by franz jose  f k  all  mann a german american gene  tic  ist the link between an  os  mia and hypo  gon  ad  ism had already been noted however in particular by the spanish doctor au  reli  ano ma  estr  e de san juan in 18  56 the condition is sometimes known by his name in spanish speaking countries the condition has a low prevalence estimated as being between 1 in 4 000 and 1 in 10 000 for male hh cases overall and 1 in 50 000 for k  all  mann syndrome it is three to five times more common in males than females though whether this is a true sex imbalance or a reflection on how difficult ks hh is to diagnose correctly especially in females has yet to be fully established a more recent paper published in 2011 gave the incidence in the finnish population at 1 in 48 000 with a sex distinction of 1 in 30 000 for males and 1 in 125 000 for females
k  ang cancer is a cu  taneous condition that may develop due to hydrocarbon fueled heat exposure from sleeping on coal fire heated bricks
a kang  ar  oo pocket is a type of pocket usually featured on hoo  dies and sweat  shirts that is large enough to fit both hands into the pocket is open on either side other names for it include mu  ff pocket and hoo  die pocket the pocket sits on the lower front section of the shirt it is usually large enough to contain some personal bel  ong  ings the kang  ar  oo pocket is most associated with casual clothing such as the hoo  die or sweat  shirt
kan  gr  i cancer is a type of squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma of the skin it is found only in kashmir in the northwest of the indian sub  continent it occurs on the lower ab  dom  en and inner thi  ghs and is due to the use of a kan  gr  i a baked clay pot covered in wick  er work used as a source for warmth by people in kashmir during cold weather the condition was described in 18  81 by surgeons at the kashmir mission hospital and its cause was recognized in the early 20 th century as described by arthur ne  ve despite current knowledge of the cause of this condition cases are still being reported other conditions associated with prolonged use of the kan  gr  i in this fashion include er  y  them  a ab ign  e a retic  ulate hyper  mel  an  osis with er  y  them  a
kan  gr  i ul  cers are a cu  taneous condition prevalent among the poorer classes of kashmir and a consequence of wearing warm emb  ers it is unique to this area and may progress to kan  gr  i cancer
the kapit  za – di  rac effect is a quantum mechanical effect consisting of the diff  r  action of matter by a standing wave of light the effect was first predicted as the diff  r  action of electron  s from a standing wave of light by paul adri  en maurice di  rac and py  o  tr kapit  sa or peter kapit  za in 1933 the effect relies on the wave – particle du  ality of matter as stated by the de bro  g  lie hypothesis in 19  24
ka  posi sar  coma ˈ  k  æ  p  ə  ʃ  i s  ɑ  ː  r  ˈ  ko  ʊ  m  ə ks is a tumor caused by infection with human her  pes  virus 8 h  h  v 8 also known as ka  posi sar  coma associated her  pes  virus k  sh  v or ks agent it was originally described by mor  itz ka  posi a hungarian der  mato  logist practicing at the university of vienna in 18  72 it became more widely known as one of the aids defining illnesses in the 1980 s the viral cause for this cancer was discovered in 1994 although ks is now well established to be caused by a viral infection there is widespread lack of awareness of this even among persons at risk for k  sh  v h  h  v 8 infection ka  posi sar  coma ks is a systemic disease that can present with cu  taneous le  sions with or without internal involvement four sub  types have been described classic ks affecting middle aged men of mediterranean descent african endemic ks ks in i  atro  gen  ically immun  o  suppressed patients and aids related ks the er  y  them  at  ous to viol  ac  eous cu  taneous le  sions seen in ks have several mor  pho  logies mac  ular patch pla  que no  d  ular and ex  op  hy  tic the cu  taneous le  sions can be solitary loc  alized or disseminated ks can involve the oral cav  ity lymp  h no  des and vis  cer  a classic ks tends to be ind  ol  ent presenting with er  y  them  at  ous or viol  ac  eous pat  ches on the lower extre  mi  ties african endemic ks and aids related ks tend to be more aggressive the aids related ks le  sions often rapidly progress to pl  aqu  es and no  d  ules affecting the upper trunk face and oral mu  co  sa the diagnosis can be made with a tissue biopsy and if clin  ically indicated internal imaging should be done once the diagnosis of ks has been made treatment is based on the subtype and the presence of loc  alized versus systemic disease loc  alized cu  taneous disease can be treated with cry  otherapy intr  ale  sional injections of vin  bl  ast  ine alit  re  tin  o  in gel radi  otherapy topical immun  otherapy im  i  qu  im  od or surgical exc  ision extensive cu  taneous disease and or internal disease may require intra  ven  ous chem  otherapy and immun  otherapy dis  continuation or reduction of immun  o  sup  pres  sive therapy is recommended when ks arises in the setting of i  atro  genic immun  o  suppression however with aids related ks highly active anti  retro  viral therapy ha  art has been shown to prevent or induce regression of ks some aids patients have complete resolution of the le  sions and prolonged remission while continuing the therapy therefore ha  art should be considered first line treatment for these patients though they may require other treatments at the same time
kap  ur – tori  ello syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder the defining feature of kap  ur – tori  ello syndrome is abnormal mor  pho  logy of the colum  ella which extends below the margin of the na  res
kar  ak syndrome is a novel degenerative disorder it is a neuro  logical disease involving excess cere  br  al iron accumulation the family who the disease was discovered in their si  bl  ings lived in kar  ak a town in southern jordan it is characterized by at  ax  ia inver  ted feet cal  can  e  o  var  us dys  arth  ric scanning speech with dy  st  onic features dy  st  onic movement of the tongue and facial muscles and cho  rei  form movement was present in both upper and lower limbs being more marked in the lower limbs along with dy  st  onic posture of the dis  tal feet brad  y  k  ine  si  ap  resent in both upper and lower limbs dys  me  tri  a dys  di  ad  o  cho  k  ine  sia and intentional trem  or were bilateral and symmetr  ical
in islamic mys  ticism kar  am  at arabic ک  ر  ا  م  ت ‎ ‎ kar  ā  m  at also ک  ر  ا  م  ا  ت kar  ā  m  ā  t is the ability to perform super  natural wonders by muslim s  aints it is a th  au  mat  urg  ic gift akin to miracles su  f  is and al  ev  is believe that whereas miracles can only be performed by prophe  ts when allah creates the miracle in support to his prophe  ts and are a testament to their prophe  thood kar  am  at are extraordinary things performed by aw  li  ya who are not prophe  ts but are friends of allah i e muslims who have reached a high rank of pi  ety through proper knowledge of and practice of islam and most important through the constant zi  k  r that is remembrance of allah allah creates kar  am  aat to support the w  ali  y  y it is also believed that attribute of kar  am  at is not only for muslim s  aints and is not parameter of sain  thood holy personalities in all religions can perform kar  am  at with some differences stories of compan  ions of muhammad performing miraculous acts are already there in the h  adi  th and miracles performed by various s  aints are ingrained throughout the entire history of islamic mys  ticism specifically in the su  fi mys  ticism
kare  li  anism was a late 19 th century cultural phenomenon in the grand duchy of finland and involved writers pa  inters po  ets and sculp  tors since the publishing of the finnish national epic kal  eval  a in 18  35 compiled from kare  lian folk l  ore culture spheres in finland became increasingly curious about kare  lian heritage and landscape by the end of the 19 th century kare  li  anism had become a major trend for many works of art and literature in finland in the movement kare  lia was seen as a sort of refuge for the essence of fin  n  ishness that had maintained its authenticity across centuries the phenomenon can be interpreted as a finnish version of european national roman  ticism the pa  inters ak  sel  i gall  en k  all  ela and louis spar  re are usually mentioned as the founders of the movement they were soon joined by the sculp  tor em  il wi  k  ström the writers ju  han  i ah  o e  ino le  ino and il  mari ki  an  to the compos  ers jean si  beli  us and p j h  anni  k  ainen the architects y  r  j  ö blo  m  stedt and victor suc  ks  dor  ff and many others later towards the second world war some of the ideas of kare  li  anism were taken over by an ir  red  enti  st movement aspiring to create a larger finland thus some of the ideas put forward by kare  li  anism were used as a motivation to the proposal of a greater finland a single state encompassing many fin  nic peoples
the kar  gil war order of battle k  wor  bat is a de  position and systematic combat  ant structure of the indian army troops and the unified pakistan armed forces combat commands active in the region in 1999 the indian army or  bat is based on the publications provided by the indian military authors news media and official sources the pakistan or  bat is based on the intelligence information provided by the pakistani media both electronic and print media military authors and pakistani docum  ent  aries made after the conflict the pakistan or  bat does not include the separatist fighters who claimed by india to be also involved in fighting at  op the peaks of kar  gil however this claim has been strongly dismissed by the senior military commanders of pakistan armed forces command quoting that all soldiers were the active duty personnel of the pakistan armed forces
the kar  l  qvist gap or kar  l  qvist field is an electromagnetic phenomenon discovered in 1953 by the swedish engineer ol  le kar  l  qvist 19  22 1976 which is important in magnetic storage for computers kar  l  qvist discovered the phenomenon while designing a fer  ro  magnetic surface layer to the magnetic drum memory for the bes  k computer when designing a magnetic memory store the fer  ro  magnetic layer must be studied to determine the variation of the magnetic field with perme  ability air gap layer thickness and other influencing factors the problem is non linear and extremely difficult to solve kar  l  qvist s gap discovery shows that the non linear problem could be approxim  ated by a linear boundary value for the two dimensional static field and the one dimensional transi  ent field this linear calculation gives a first approximation kar  l  qvist published his discovery in the 1954 paper calculation of the magnetic field in fer  ro  magnetic layer of a magnetic drum at royal institute of technology k  th
the barbara ann kar  man  os cancer institute is one of 45 national cancer institute designated comprehensive cancer treatment and research centers in the united states located in detroit michigan affiliated to wayne state university school of medicine the institute has 1 200 staff members including 300 doctors and 100 researchers the staff treats approximately 12 000 patients each year and operates with a budget of 260 million it conducts 800 cancer specific scientific investigations programs and clinical trials each year the institute has a phase 1 program one of 14 national cancer institute n  ci funded phase 1 programs in the united states ger  old be  pl  er is president and chief executive officer
kar  nal bun  t also known as partial bun  t is a fun  gal disease of wheat durum wheat and tritic  ale the smu  t fun  gus til  le  tia indic  a a basi  di  om  y  ce  te inv  ades the ker  n  els and obtains nutrients from the endo  sperm leaving behind waste products with a dis  agreeable od  or that makes bun  ted ker  n  els too un  palatable for use in flour or pasta while kar  nal bun  t generally does not lead to devastating crop losses it has the potential to dramatically decrease yield and poses additional economic concerns through quar  ant  ines which limit the export of suspected infectious wheat products from certain areas including the u s several chemical control methods exist for kar  nal bun  t of wheat but much work remains to be done in identifying resistant host varieties
in mathematical optimi  zation the kar  ush – ku  hn – tucker k  kt conditions also known as the ku  hn – tucker conditions are first order necessary conditions for a solution in non  linear programming to be optimal provided that some are satisfied allowing inequality constraints the k  kt approach to non  linear programming gener  alizes the method of lag  range multip  liers which allows only equality constraints the system of equations corresponding to the k  kt conditions is usually not solved directly except in the few special cases where a closed form solution can be derived analy  tically in general many optimi  zation algori  th  ms can be interpreted as methods for numer  ically solving the k  kt system of equations the k  kt conditions were originally named after harold w ku  hn and albert w tucker who first published the conditions in 1951 later scholars discovered that the necessary conditions for this problem had been stated by william kar  ush in his master s thesis in 1939
kas  ab  ach – mer  rit  t syndrome k  ms also known as hem  an  gi  oma with thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia is a rare disease usually of infants in which a vascular tumor leads to decreased plat  elet counts and sometimes other bleeding problems which can be life threatening it is also known as hem  an  gi  oma thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia syndrome it is named after hai  g ha  ig  oun  i kas  ab  ach and kath  ar  ine kro  m mer  rit  t the two pedi  at  ric  ians who first described the condition in 1940
kash  in – beck disease k  b  d is a chronic endemic type of o  ste  och  on  dro  pa  thy disease of the bone that is mainly distributed from nor  the  astern to south  western china involving 15 provinces tibet currently has the highest incidence rate of k  b  d in china southeast siberia and north korea are other affected areas k  b  d usually involves children ages 5 – 15 to date more than a million individuals have suffered from k  b  d the symptoms of k  b  d include joint pain morning sti  ff  ness in the joints disturbances of fl  ex  ion and extension in the el  bows enlarged inter p  hal  ange  al joints and limited motion in many joints of the body death of car  til  age cells in the growth plate and artic  ular surface is the basic patho  logic feature this can result in growth retar  dation and secondary o  ste  o  ar  thro  sis his  to  logical diagnosis of k  b  d is particularly difficult clinical and radiological examinations have proved to be the best means for identifying k  b  d little is known about the early stages of k  b  d before the visible appearance of the disease becomes evident in the destruction of the joints this disease has been recognized for over 150 years but its eti  ology has not yet been completely defined currently the accepted potential causes of k  b  d include my  co  toxins present in grain trace mineral deficiency in nutrition and high levels of ful  vic acid in drinking water sel  en  ium and i  od  ine have been considered the most important deficiencies associated with k  b  d my  co  toxins produced by fun  gi can contam  inate grain which may cause k  b  d because my  co  toxins cause the production of free radicals t 2 is the my  co  toxin implicated with k  b  d produced by members of several fun  gal genera t 2 toxin can cause le  sions in hem  ato  po  ie  tic lymp  ho  id gastro  intest  inal and car  til  age tissues especially in phy  seal car  til  age ful  vic acid present in drinking water damages car  til  age cells sel  en  ium supplem  entation in sel  en  ium deficient areas has been shown to prevent this disease however sel  en  ium supplem  entation in some areas showed no significant effect proving that deficiency of sel  en  ium may not be the dominant cause in k  b  d recently a significant association between sn  p rs 69  10  140 of col 9 a 1 and kash  in – beck disease was discovered genetically suggesting a role of col 9 a 1 in the development of kash  in – beck disease
k  ata 型 or 形 literally form a japanese word are detailed cho  re  o  graph  ed patterns of movements practised either solo or in pairs the term form is used for the corresponding concept in non japanese martial arts in general k  ata are used in many traditional japanese arts such as theatre forms like kab  uki and schools of tea ceremony ch  ado but are most commonly known for the presence in the martial arts k  ata are used by most japanese and okin  aw  an martial arts such as ai  ki  do ju  do kend  o and kar  ate
the kate mid  d  leton effect also the kate effect the du  chess of cambridge effect or the du  chess effect is the trend effect that catherine du  chess of cambridge is reported to have had on others for example in sales of coral coloured jeans although mid  d  leton was in the public eye for many years as the girlfriend of prince william the effect began after the announcement of the couple s engagement in november 2010 which spawned a media frenzy according to new  swe  ek the kate effect may be worth £ 1 billion to the uk fashion industry while tony di  mas  so l k ben  nett ’ s us president stated in 2012 when she does wear something it always seems to go on a waiting list her wedding dress was put on display at buc  kin  gham palace in the summer of 2011 the display helped to raise approximately £ 8 million for the royal collection as well as the charitable fund of the duke and du  chess and was reported to have drawn a record number of visitors this charitable contribution was enhanced in 2012 when the du  chess gave her first public speech for her patronage each east ang  lia s children s hosp  ices and was seen wearing one of their charity brac  el  ets the brac  elet then went on to sell out rapidly although the number of available units beforehand was not known in august 2013 the kate effect was pur  portedly felt by the maternity brand ser  aph  ine maternity when the du  chess wore one of the brand s dresses in their first official por  traits with prince george reportedly increasing turnover by 50 however the kate effect may be exaggerated because of her pen  chant for wearing styles that have long sold out and that habit of choosing last season s designs meant that those wishing to emulate her look had already missed out a designer who worked with kate was reported to say that business was more likely to be boosted by us reality television stars the ceo of whist  les agreed re  marking we do short runs by the time you see pictures of kate we ve probably sold out anyway the ceo also described the du  chess as a great adver  t but no more than that
k  ato s con  jec  ture is a mathematical problem named after mathem  ati  cian to  si  o k  ato of the university of california berkeley k  ato initially posed the problem in 1953 k  ato asked whether the square root of certain elli  ptic operators defined via functional calcul  us are analy  tic the problem remained unresolved for nearly a half century until it was jointly solved in 2001 by pascal aus  cher steve ho  f  mann michael lac  ey alan mc  in  to  sh and philippe t  cham  it  chi  an
katrina cough is a pu  tative respiratory illness thought to be linked to exposure to mold and dust after the 2005 hurricane katrina in the united states first described by doctors treating patients in the metro new orleans area symptoms include cough sin  us headache congestion run  ny nose and sore throat and pink eye this condition may make immun  o  compromised individuals more susceptible to bacterial bron  chi  tis and sin  u  si  tis most patients are treated with anti  hist  am  ines nas  al spr  ays and or antibiotics the louisiana office of public health conducted a case control study of emergency room visits in new orleans in the aftermath of hurricane katrina the op  h distributed a questionnaire to patients seeking treatment for cough sin  us drip snee  zing whe  e  zing chest congestion sw  oll  en red and pu  ffy eye s and sore throat according to the study state epidem  io  logists found no increase in the rate of new orleans area respiratory illnesses although rates were found to be no different in comparison to state and country rates the study showed that people with chronic sin  us or respiratory symptoms were more affected by the hurricane state epidem  io  logist dr ra  oul  t rat  ard disputed the existence of any disease cluster associated with the hurricane in 2006 there is no such thing as a single condition such as ‘ katrina cough ’ that would be different from the bacterial and viral respiratory conditions we would expect to see at that time of year no such outbreak occurred because of hurricane katrina starting in 2008 henry g  lind  me  yer researcher and professor of pul  mon  ary critical care and environmental medicine at the tul  ane university school of medicine is conducting a five year study to determine if workers in new orleans face risks from inhal  ant exposure to minute particles such as mold fun  gi or bacteria the study is funded by the national institute for occupational safety and health an agency of the centers for disease control and prevention which is providing 1 86 million
kat  z syndrome is a rare con  genital disorder presenting as a poly  mal  form  ative syndrome characterized by enlarged vis  cer  a he  pat  om  eg  al  y diabetes and sk  el  etal anomalies that result in a short stature cran  ial hyper  o  sto  sis and typical facial features it is probably a variant of the auto  som  al rec  essive type of cr  ani  om  et  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia
the kau  ff  mann ole  fin  ation is a chemical reaction to convert alde  hy  des and ke  tones to ole  fins with a terminal meth  ylene group this reaction was discovered by the german chem  ist thomas kau  ff  mann and is related to the better known te  b  be ole  fin  ation or wit  ti  g reaction
kauf  man oc  ul  oc  ere  bro  facial syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder characterized by mental retar  dation micro  br  ach  y  cephal  y long narrow face up  s  lan  ting pal  pe  br  al f  issu  res eye ab  norm  alities highly ar  ched pal  ate pre  aur  icular skin tags and small man  di  ble it was characterized in 1971 eight cases had been identified as of 1995
k  aut  sky effect also named fluores  cence transi  ent fluores  cence induc  tion or fluores  cence decay is a phenomenon consisting on a typical variation on the behavior of a plant fluores  cence when is exposed to light it was discovered in 1931 by h k  aut  sky and a hir  sch when dark adapted photo  syn  thes  ising cells are illumin  ated with continuous light chlor  op  hy  ll fluores  cence displays characteristic changes in intensity accompanying the induc  tion of photo  synthetic activity
k  aw  as  aki disease is a disease in which blood vessels throughout the body become infl  amed the most common symptoms include a fever that lasts for more than five days and is not controlled by usual medications large lymp  h no  des in the neck a rash in the genital area and red eyes lips pal  ms or bott  oms of the feet other symptoms include sore throat and diarr  hea within three weeks of the onset of symptoms the skin from the hands and feet may peel recovery then typically occurs in some children coron  ary artery an  eur  ys  ms may form in the heart the cause is unknown it may be due to an infection triggering an auto  immune response in those who are genetically pre  disposed it is not spread between people diagnosis is usually based on a person s signs and symptoms other tests such as an ul  tras  ound of the heart and blood tests may support the diagnosis other conditions that may present similarly include scar  let fever and juvenile r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis initially treatment is typically with high doses of aspir  in and immun  o  glob  ulin usually with treatment fever resol  ves within 24 hours and there is a full recovery if the coron  ary arter  ies are involved ongoing treatment or surgery may occasionally be required without treatment coron  ary artery problems occur in up to 25 and about 1 die with treatment the risk of death is 0 17 k  aw  as  aki disease is rare it affects between 8 and 67 per 100 000 people under the age of five except in japan where it affects 124 per 100 000 it is much less common after the age of five boys are more commonly affected than girls the disorder was first described in 1967 by tom  is  ak  u k  aw  as  aki in japan
kay  ser – fle  is  cher rings k  f rings are dark rings that appear to en  circle the iris of the eye they are due to copper de  position in part of the cor  ne  a desc  em  et s memb  rane as a result of particular liver diseases they are named after dr bern  hard kay  ser and dr bruno fle  is  cher the german doctors who first described them in 19  02 and 19  03 initially thought to be due to the accumulation of silver they were first demonstrated to contain copper in 19  34
ke  ar  ns – say  re syndrome abbreviated k  ss also known as oc  ul  o  cran  io  som  atic disorder or oc  ul  o  cran  io  som  atic neuro  muscular disorder with rag  ged red fi  bers is a mit  och  on  dri  al my  opathy with a typical onset before 20 years of age k  ss is a more severe syndro  mic variant of chronic progressive external oph  thal  mop  legi  a abbreviated c  pe  o a syndrome that is characterized by isolated involvement of the muscles controlling movement of the eye  lid lev  ator pal  pe  bra  e or  bic  ul  aris oc  uli and eye extra oc  ular muscles this results in pto  sis and oph  thal  mop  legi  a respectively k  ss involves a combination of the already described c  pe  o as well as bilateral pi  gm  entary re  tin  opathy and cardiac conduc  tion ab  norm  alities other symptoms may include cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia proxim  al muscle weakness deaf  ness diabetes mell  it  us growth hormone deficiency hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m and other endocr  in  opath  ies in both of these diseases muscle involvement may begin unilaterally but always develops into a bilateral deficit and the course is progressive this discussion is limited specifically to the more severe and systemically involved variant
ked itch is a cu  taneous condition caused by sheep ked mel  op  ha  gus o  vin  us which feed by thru  sting its sharp mouth parts into the skin and sucking blood
the ke  ide  l vacuum tube was a type of blood collecting device first manufactured by hy  n  son wes  cott and dun  ning in around 19  22 this vacuum was one of the first evacuated systems pre  dating the more well known vacu  tain  er its primary use was to test for sy  phil  is and typ  ho  id fever
kel  o  id also kel  o  idal scar is the formation of a type of scar which depending on its maturity is composed mainly of either type iii early or type i late coll  agen it is a result of an over  growth of gran  ulation tissue coll  agen type 3 at the site of a healed skin injury which is then slowly replaced by coll  agen type 1 kel  oids are firm rub  bery le  sions or shiny fi  bro  us no  d  ules and can vary from pink to the colour of the patient s flesh or red to dark brown in color a kel  o  id scar is benign and not contagious but sometimes accompanied by severe it  chin  ess pain and changes in tex  ture in severe cases it can affect movement of skin kel  o  id scars are seen 15 times more frequently in people of african descent than in people of european descent kel  oids should not be confused with hyper  troph  ic scars which are raised scars that do not grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound
kel  o  id disorder results in very hard to treat fi  bro prolifer  ative cu  taneous connec  tive tissue secondary to dys  regulation in various skin repair and healing processes in individuals who are genetically pre  disposed to this disorder although reported in individuals from almost all ethnic backgrounds the disorder is more common among two distinct and genetically distant populations africans african americans and asians the only groups of individuals who may be spared from developing kel  oids are al  bin  os making the case for a relationship between mel  an  in production and suscep  tibility to kel  o  id formation at least among dark skin  ned individuals kel  o  id disorder has a very diverse phen  o  type and can present itself either as a single small spot on the skin of the affected individual or often involving several areas of the skin in some patients kel  o  id le  sions can grow and form a large size skin tumor from the onset of development each kel  o  id le  sion follows its own particular clinical course some patients develop only one kel  o  id le  sion which only grows to a particular size and it stops growing thereafter some patients can develop multiple le  sions on multiple sites of the body lack of understanding of the disorder even reflects itself in terminology used to describe this illness terms such as kel  o  id scar  ring or kel  o  id scars that are commonly used even by those who treat kel  o  id patients these terms do not properly describe this disorder and errone  ously apply a lesser importance to this genetic skin disorder a genetic condition that results in formation of large skin tumors or it  ching pain and burning sensation a condition that disab  les certain patients and covers 20 30 of their skin a condition that some treat it with radiation therapy is not a condition of “ skin scar  ring ” it is indeed a true skin disorder the national institute of health web  page on kel  o  id states that “ kel  oids often do not need treatment ”
k  emer  o  vo tic  k  borne viral fever is an apar  aly  tic fe  bri  le illness accompanied by men  ing  ism following tick bite the caus  ative agent is a zoonotic or  bi  virus first described in 1963 in western siberia by mikhail chu  ma  kov and co  workers the virus has some 23 sero  types and can occur in co  infections with other or  bi  viruses and tick transmitted en  ce  ph  ali  tis viruses complicating the course of illness ro  dents and birds are the primary vertebr  ate hosts of the virus i  x  o  des pers  ul  cat  us tic  ks are a vector of the virus k  emer  o  vo and related viruses may be trans  located distances in the environment by migratory birds
in telecommunications the kend  all effect is a sp  urious pattern or other distortion in a fac  si  mile it is caused by unwanted modulation products which arise from the transmission of the carrier signal and appear in the form of a rectified base  band that interferes with the lower si  deb  and of the carrier the kend  all effect occurs principally when the single si  deb  and width is greater than half of the fac  si  mile carrier frequency
kend  o k  ata are fixed patterns that teach ken  do  ka kend  o practitioners the basic elements of swor  ds  manship there are two roles uch  id  achi 打  太  刀 the teacher and sh  id  achi 仕  太  刀 the student
ken  nel cough also known as can  ine infectious trac  he  ob  ron  chi  tis is an upper respiratory infection affecting dogs there are multiple caus  ative agents the most common being the bacter  ium bor  det  ella bron  chis  ep  tica found in 78 7 of cases in southern germany followed by can  ine par  ain  flu  enza virus 37 7 of cases and to a lesser extent can  ine coron  avi  rus 9 8 of cases it is highly contagious however adult dogs may display immunity to re  infection even under constant exposure ken  nel cough is so named because the infection can spread quickly among dogs in the close quarters of a ken  nel or animal shelter viral and bacterial causes of can  ine cough are spread through airborne dro  ple  ts produced by snee  zing and cou  gh  ing these agents also spread through contact with contaminated surfaces symptoms begin after a several day incub  ation period post exposure and in most cases will clear up on their own however in young pu  ppies or immun  o  compromised animals mixed or secondary infections can progress to lower respiratory infections such as pneumonia
ke  pp  en – lu  bin  sky syndrome is an extremely rare con  genital disorder the minimal clinical criteria for the ke  pp  en – lu  bin  sky syndrome are as follows normal growth parameters at birth post  natal growth failure peculiar facial appearance with skin tightly adher  ent to facial bones generalized li  po  dy  stro  phy and development delay
a ker  atin disease or ker  at  in  opathy is a genetic disorder of one of the ker  atin genes an example is mon  i  le  thri  x the first to be identified was ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a simpl  ex examples include
ker  atin implan  tation cy  sts are cy  sts lined by an ep  id  er  mal s  ac and filled with a form of ker  atin they are a primarily cu  taneous condition but they are occasionally observed under the nail anatomy of a finger or toe
ker  at  ini  zing met  ap  la  sia is a condition affecting the epi  the  li  al surfaces of the body it is caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamin a a fat soluble vitamin that is most often found in fats milk and some leaf  y vegetables
ker  ati  tis is a condition in which the eye s cor  ne  a the front part of the eye becomes infl  amed the condition is often marked by moderate to intense pain and usually involves any of the following symptoms pain impaired eye  sight pho  top  ho  bia red eye and a gr  it  ty sensation
ker  ati  tis – ich  thy  osis – deaf  ness syndrome also known as er  y  thro  ker  ato  der  mia progres  si  va burns ich  th  yo  si  form er  y  thro  der  ma cor  ne  al involvement and deaf  ness and kid syndrome presents at birth infancy and is characterized by preg  res  sive cor  ne  al op  aci  fication either mild generalized hyper  ker  at  osis or dis  crete er  y  them  at  ous pl  aqu  es and neuro  sensory deaf  ness it is caused by a mutation in conn  ex  in 26
ker  ato  ac  an  thom  a ka is a common low grade unlikely to me  tast  asi  ze or invade skin tum  our that is believed to originate from the neck of the hair fol  lic  le the defining characteristic of ka is that it is dom  e shaped symmetr  ical surrounded by a smooth wall of infl  amed skin and capped with ker  atin scales and debris it grows rapidly reaching a large size within days or weeks and if untreated for months will almost always starve itself of nour  ishment nec  rose die sl  ough and heal with scar  ring ka is commonly found on sun exposed skin often face fore  arms and hands under the micro  scope ker  ato  ac  an  thom  a very closely resembles squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma in order to differentiate between the two almost the entire structure needs to be removed and examined while some patho  logists classify ka as a distinct entity and not a m  align  ancy about 6 of clinical and his  to  logical ker  ato  ac  an  thomas do progress to invasive and aggressive squ  am  ous cell cancers some patho  logists may label ka as well differentiated squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma ker  ato  ac  an  thom  a variant and prompt definitive surgery may be recommended
ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis is infl  amm  ation i  tis of the cor  ne  a and con  junc  tiva when only the cor  ne  a is infl  amed it is called ker  ati  tis when only the con  junc  tiva is infl  amed it is called con  junc  ti  vi  tis there are several potential causes of the infl  amm  ation ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis sic  ca is used when the infl  amm  ation is due to dr  y  ness sic  ca means dr  y  ness in medical contexts it occurs with 20 of r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis patients the term vern  al ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis v  k  c is used to refer to ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis occurring in spring and is usually considered to be due to aller  gens at  op  ic ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis is one manifestation of at  op  y epidemic ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis is caused by an aden  o  virus infection infectious bovine ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis i  b  k is a disease affecting cattle caused by the bacteria mor  ax  ella bo  vis pink eye in sheep and goat is another infectious ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis of veterinary concern mostly caused by ch  lam  y  d  oph  ila pec  orum superior lim  bic ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis is thought to be caused by mechanical trauma ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis photo  electr  ica arc eye means infl  amm  ation caused by photo  electric u  v light it is a type of ultra  violet ker  ati  tis such u  v exposure can be caused by arc welding without wearing protective eye glass or by high altitude exposure from sunlight reflected from snow snow blindness the infl  amm  ation will only appear after about 6 to 12 hours it can be treated by rest as the infl  amm  ation usually he  als after 24 – 48 hours proper eye protection should be worn to prevent ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis photo  electr  ica
ker  ato  con  us k  c k  cn kt  cn is a degenerative disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cor  ne  a cause it to thin and change to a more con  ical shape than the more normal gradual curve ker  ato  con  us can cause substantial distortion of vision with multiple images stre  aking and sensitivity to light all often reported by the person it is typically diagnosed in the person s adoles  cent years if both eyes are significantly affected the deterioration in vision can affect the person s ability to drive a car or read normal print in most cases corrective l  enses fitted by a specialist are effective enough to allow the person to continue to drive legally and likewise function normally further progression of the disease may require surgery for which several options are available including intr  astro  mal cor  ne  al ring segments cor  ne  al coll  agen cross linking mini asymmetric rad  ial ker  ato  tomy cor  ne  al intr  astro  mal implan  tation system cis  is topo  graphy guided photo  ref  r  active ker  at  ec  tomy pr  k topo  graphy guided conduc  tive ker  at  op  la  sty p  ha  k  ic intra  oc  ular l  enses and in 25 of cases cor  ne  al transplantation estimates of the rates for ker  ato  con  us range from 1 in 500 to 1 in 2000 people but difficulties with differential diagnosis cause uncertainty it seems to occur in populations throughout the world although it is observed more frequently in certain ethnic groups such as south asians environmental and genetic factors are considered possible causes but the exact cause is uncertain it has been associated with detrimental enzyme activity within the cor  ne  a the word is from greek k  ér  as horn cor  ne  a and latin c  ō  nus cone
a ker  at  oc  y  st is a type of cu  taneous cyst they appear similar to ep  id  er  mo  id cy  sts however are not limited to a specified location on the body ker  at  oc  y  st are most often reported in persons with ne  void bas  al cell carcin  oma syndrome
a ker  at  oc  ys  tic od  on  to  genic tum  our also ker  at  oc  ys  tic od  on  to  genic tumor k  cot is a rare and benign but locally aggressive developmental c  ys  tic ne  op  las  m it most often affects the poster  ior man  di  ble it used to be called od  on  to  genic ker  at  oc  y  st ok  c
ker  ato  der  ma is a hor  n  like skin condition
ker  ato  der  ma bl  en  nor  rha  g  ic  um e  ty  mo  logically meaning ker  at  ini  zed ker  ato skin der  ma mu  cous  y bl  en  no discharge r  rha  gia also called ker  ato  der  ma bl  en  nor  rha  g  ica are skin le  sions commonly found on the pal  ms and sol  es but which may spread to the scro  tum scal  p and trunk the le  sions may resemble ps  ori  asis ker  ato  der  ma bl  en  nor  rha  g  ic  um is commonly seen as an additional feature of reactive ar  thri  tis in almost 15 of male patients the appearance is usually of a ves  ico pu  st  ular wa  xy le  sion with a yellow brown colour these le  sions may join together to form larger cru  sty pl  aqu  es with des  qu  am  ating edges
ker  ato  der  ma clim  ac  ter  ic  um also known as clim  ac  ter  ic ker  ato  der  ma ha  x  th  aus  en s disease and acquired plan  tar ker  ato  der  ma is a skin condition characterized by hyper  ker  at  osis of the pal  ms and sol  es beginning at about the time of men  op  ause
ker  at  og  lo  bus from greek ker  ato horn cor  ne  a and latin glo  bus round is a degenerative non infl  am  matory disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cor  ne  a cause it to become extremely thin and change to a more glob  ular shape than its normal gradual curve it causes cor  ne  al thin  ning primarily at the margins resulting in a spher  ical slightly enlarged eye it is sometimes equ  ated with me  gal  oc  or  ne  a
ker  atol  y  tic winter er  y  them  a k  we also known as er  y  thro  ker  atol  ysis hi  em  alis ou  d  t  sho  orn disease and ou  d  t  sho  orn skin is a rare auto  som  al dominant skin disease of unknown eti  ology which causes er  y  them  a red  ness and ker  atol  ysis pe  eling of the skin on the pal  ms and sol  es onset increased prominence and severity usually occurs during winter it is a type of geno  der  mat  osis the name ou  d  t  sho  orn skin derives from the town of ou  d  t  sho  orn in the western cape province of south africa where the disorder was first described it is one of several genetic disorders known to be highly prevalent among the af  ri  kan  er population
ker  atom  al  ac  ia is an eye disorder that results from vitamin a deficiency vitamin a is required to maintain specialized epi  the  lia such as in the cor  ne  a and con  junc  tiva the precise mechanism is still not known but vitamin a is necessary for the maintenance of the specialized epi  the  li  al surfaces of the body a lack of vitamin a leads to atro  ph  ic changes in the normal mu  cos  al surface with loss of gob  let cells and replacement of the normal epi  the  lium by an inappropriate ker  at  ini  zed str  ati  fied squ  am  ous epi  the  lium in addition the substan  tia propri  a of the cor  ne  a breaks down and liqu  ef  ies resulting in ker  atom  al  ac  ia the resulting cor  ne  a becomes totally opaque which is one of the most common reasons for blindness around the world particularly in developing countries
ker  at  osis from ker  at  in  oc  y  te the prominent cell type in the ep  id  er  mis and osis abnormal is a growth of ker  atin on the skin or on mu  co  us memb  ran  es more specifically it can refer to ac  tin  ic ker  at  osis also known as solar ker  at  osis hydrocarbon ker  at  osis ker  at  osis pil  aris k  p also known as fol  lic  ular ker  at  osis se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis ac  tin  ic ker  ato  ses are pre m  align  ant grow  ths se  bor  rhe  ic ker  ato  ses are not pre m  align  ant
ker  at  osis fol  lic  ul  aris spin  ul  osa dec  al  vans also known as siemens 1 syndrome is a rare x linked disorder described by siemens in 19  26 a disease that begins in infancy with ker  at  osis pil  aris loc  alized on the face then evol  ves to more diffuse involvement an association with sat 1 has been suggested
ker  at  osis lin  ear  is with ich  thy  osis con  genital and s  cl  ero  sing ker  ato  der  ma syndrome also known as k  lick syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by ich  thy  osis and ker  ato  der  ma it is associated with po  mp
ker  at  osis phar  yn  gis is a medical condition where ker  atin grows on the surface of the phar  yn  x that is the part of the throat at the back of the mouth ker  atin is a protein that normally occurs as the main constituent of hair and nails it is characterized by the presence of whi  tish yellow do  ts on the phar  yn  ge  al wall ton  si  ls or lingual ton  si  ls they are firmly adher  ent and cannot be wiped off the surrounding region does not show any sign or infl  amm  ation or any other constitutional signs the disease usually shows spontaneous regression one patient who was diagnosed with ker  at  osis phar  yn  gis had white spots on the base of the tongue and on the phar  yn  x and hurt a little when sw  allowing no treatment was found to help but the condition went away by itself eventually
ker  at  osis pil  aris k  p also fol  lic  ular ker  at  osis lichen pil  aris or col  lo  qu  ially chicken skin is a common auto  som  al dominant genetic fol  lic  ular condition characterized by the appearance of rough slightly red bu  mps on light skin and brown bu  mps on darker skin it most often appears on the back outer sides of the upper arm though the fore  arm can also be affected face thi  ghs and but  toc  ks k  p can also occur on the hands and tops of legs sides or any body part except g  lab  rous skin like the pal  ms or sol  es of feet often the le  sions will appear on the face which may be mistaken for ac  ne
ker  at  osis pil  aris atro  ph  ic  ans fac  ie  i also known as fol  lic  u  li  tis ru  bra ker  at  osis pil  aris ru  bra atro  ph  ic  ans fac  ie  i lichen pil  are lichen pil  aire ou x  ero  der  mie pil  aire sy  me  tri  que de la face ul  er  y  them  a oph  ry  o  genes and x  ero  der  mie pil  aire sy  me  tri  que de la face begins in infancy as fol  lic  ular pap  ules with peri  fol  lic  ular er  y  them  a initially the le  sions are restricted to the lateral eyebro  ws but with time spread to involve the cheeks and fore  head and may also be associated with ker  at  osis pil  aris on the extre  mi  ties and but  toc  ks
ker  at  osis pun  ct  ata of the pal  mar cre  ases also known as hyper  ker  at  osis pen  e  trans hyper  ker  at  osis pun  ct  ata ker  ato  der  mia pun  ct  ata ker  at  osis pun  ct  ata ker  ato  tic pits of the pal  mar cre  ases len  tic  ular atro  phia of the pal  mar cre  ases and pun  ct  ate ker  at  osis of the pal  mar cre  ases is a common skin disorder that occurs most often in black patients with skin le  sions that are 1 to 5 mm depres  sions filled with a com  edo like ker  at  inous plug treatment with e  tre  tin  ate has been described
ker  ion is the result of the host s response to a fun  gal ring  worm infection of the hair fol  lic  les of the scal  p occasionally the beard that can be accompanied by secondary bacterial infection s it usually appears as raised spon  gy le  sions and typically occurs in children this honey  comb is a painful infl  am  matory reaction with deep sup  pur  ative le  sions on the scal  p fol  lic  les may be seen discharging p  us there may be sin  us formation and rarely my  ce  tom  a like grains are produced it is usually caused by der  mat  op  hy  tes fun  gal infections of the skin affecting humans and animals such as tric  hop  hy  ton ver  ru  co  sum t ment  agro  phy  tes and micro  spor  um can  is treatment with oral gr  ise  o  ful  vin common
ker  nic  ter  us is a bi  li  rubin induced brain dysfunction bi  li  rubin is a highly neuro  toxic substance that may become elevated in the serum a condition known as hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia may cause bi  li  rubin to accumulate in the gray matter of the central nervous system potentially causing irreversible neuro  logical damage depending on the level of exposure the effects range from clin  ically un  noticeable to severe brain damage and even death new  bor  ns are especially vulnerable to hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia induced neuro  logical damage and therefore must be carefully monitored for alterations in their serum bi  li  rubin levels
kes  han disease is a cong  estive cardi  om  y  opathy caused by a combination of dietary deficiency of sel  en  ium and the presence of a mut  ated strain of co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus named after kes  han county of he  il  ong  jiang province northeast china where symptoms were first noted these symptoms were later found prevalent in a wide belt extending from northeast to southwest china all due to sel  en  ium deficient soil the disease peaked in 1960 – 1970 claiming thousands of lives often fatal the disease afflic  ts children and women of child bearing age characterized by heart failure and pul  mon  ary e  dem  a over decades supplem  entation with sel  en  ium reduced this afflic  tion it had been linked to the co  x  s  ack  ie b virus current research suggests that the lack of sel  en  ium results in a more virulent strain of the co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus becoming the dominant viral species present in the population of virus but the mechanism of this selection event is unclear the disease got its name from the province in which it was discovered kes  han china since its discovery it can also be found in new zealand and finland kes  han disease results from a sel  en  ium deficiency which is a nutrient we receive in our diet from eating foods that were grown in sel  en  ium enriched soils because of that factor kes  han deficiency can be found anywhere that the level of sel  en  ium present in the soil is low an individual with kes  han disease will have an abnormally large heart kes  han disease can also lead to higher rates of cancer cardiovascular disease hyper  tension and stro  kes in addition an individual can experience ecz  ema ps  ori  asis ar  thri  tis cat  ar  acts alcoholism and infections
ke  ten  e cyclo  additions are the reactions of the pi system of ke  ten  es with un  saturated compounds to provide four memb  ered or larger rings 2 2 3 2 and 4 2 variants of the reaction are known
ke  to  aci  do  sis is a metabol  ic state associated with high concentrations of ke  tone bodies formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the de  am  ination of amino acids the two common ke  tones produced in humans are ace  to  acetic acid and β hydroxy  bu  ty  rate ke  to  aci  do  sis is a pathological metabol  ic state marked by extreme and uncontrolled ke  to  sis in ke  to  aci  do  sis the body fails to adequately regulate ke  tone production causing such a severe accumulation of ke  to acids that the ph of the blood is substantially decreased in extreme cases ke  to  aci  do  sis can be fatal ke  to  aci  do  sis is most common in untreated type 1 diabetes mell  it  us when the liver breaks down fat and proteins in response to a perceived need for respiratory sub  str  ate prolonged alcoholism may lead to alcoholic ke  to  aci  do  sis ke  to  aci  do  sis can be sm  elled on a person s breath this is due to acet  one a direct by product of the spontaneous de  composition of ace  to  acetic acid it is often described as sm  elling like fruit or nail polish remo  ver ke  to  sis may also smell but the od  or is usually more subtle due to lower concentrations of acet  one treatment consists most simply of correcting blood sugar and insulin levels which will halt ke  tone production if the severity of the case warrants more aggressive measures intra  ven  ous sodium bic  ar  bon  ate in  fusion can be given to raise blood ph back to an acceptable range however serious caution must be exercised with iv sodium bic  ar  bon  ate to avoid the risk of equally life threatening hyper  nat  re  mia
ke  tonic dec  ar  box  yl  ation also known as ke  ton  ization is a type of organic reaction and a dec  ar  box  yl  ation converting two equivalents of a car  box  yl  ic acid to a sym  metric ke  tone by the application of heat with expulsion of one equivalent of water and one equivalent of carbon dioxide bases promote this reaction the reaction mechanism likely involves nucle  oph  il  ic attack of the alpha carbon of one acid group on the other acid group s carbon  yl possibly as a concerted reaction with the dec  ar  box  yl  ation the initial formation of an intermediate car  ban  ion with dec  ar  box  yl  ation from one acid group prior to the nucle  oph  il  ic attack has been proposed but is unlikely since the by  product resulting from the car  ban  ion s pro  ton  ation by the acid has never been reported this reaction is different from oxid  ative dec  ar  box  yl  ation which proceeds through a radical mechanism and is characterised by a different product distribution in isotop  ic lab  eling experiments with two different car  box  yl  ic acids with two different car  box  yl  ic acids the reaction behaves poorly because of poor selectivity except when one of the acids for example a small volatile one is used in large excess
ke  ton  ur  ia is a medical condition in which ke  tone bodies are present in the urine it is seen in conditions in which the body produces excess ke  tones as an indication that it is using an alternative source of energy it is seen during starvation or more commonly in type i diabetes mell  it  us production of ke  tone bodies is a normal response to a shortage of glucose meant to provide an alternate source of fuel from fatty acids
ke  to  sis is a metabol  ic state in which some of the body s energy supply comes from ke  tone bodies in the blood in contrast to a state of gly  col  ysis in which blood glucose provides most of the energy ke  to  sis is a nutritional process characterised by serum concentrations of ke  tone bodies over 0 5 mm with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose it is almost always generalized with hyper  ke  ton  emia that is an elevated level of ke  tone bodies in the blood throughout the body ke  tone bodies are formed by ke  to  genesis when liver gly  co  gen stores are depleted or from metabol  ising medium chain tri  gly  cer  ides the main ke  tone bodies used for energy are ace  to  acetate and β hydroxy  bu  ty  rate and the levels of ke  tone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and gl  uc  agon most cells in the body can use both glucose and ke  tone bodies for fuel and during ke  to  sis free fatty acids and glucose synthesis glu  con  e  o  genesis fuel the remainder longer term ke  to  sis may result from fast  ing or staying on a low carbo  hydrate diet and deliberately induced ke  to  sis serves as a medical intervention for various conditions such as intractable epi  le  psy and the various types of diabetes in gly  col  ysis higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adi  pose tissues while in ke  to  sis fat reserves are readily released and consumed for this reason ke  to  sis is sometimes referred to as the body s fat burning mode
k  eu  tel syndrome ks is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder characterized by abnormal diffuse car  til  age calci  fication hypo  pl  asia of the mid face peripheral pul  mon  ary sten  osis hearing loss short dis  tal p  hal  anges tips of the fingers and mild mental retar  dation individuals with ks often present with peripheral pul  mon  ary sten  osis br  ach  y  telep  hal  ang  ism slop  ing fore  head mid  face hypo  pl  asia and rec  eding chin it is associated with ab  norm  alities in the gene coding for matrix gl  a protein m  g  p being an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder it may be inherited from two unaffected abnormal m  g  p carrying parents thus people who inherit two affected m  g  p genes will likely inherit ks it was first identified in 1972 as a novel rare genetic disorder sharing similar symptoms with ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata multiple forms of ch  on  dro  dys  pl  asia pun  ct  ata share symptoms consistent with ks including abnormal car  til  age calci  fication forceful respir  ation br  ach  y  telep  hal  ang  ism hy  pot  onia psy  ch  om  o  tor delay and conduc  tive deaf  ness yet peripheral pul  mon  ary sten  osis remains unique to ks no chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities are reported in affected individuals suggesting that famili  al cons  angu  inity relates to the auto  som  al rec  essive mode of inheritance also despite largely abnormal calci  fication of regions including the lar  yn  x trac  he  ob  ron  ch  ial tree nose pin  na anatomy and ep  ig  lot  tis patients exhibit normal serum calcium and phosphate levels
in evolutionary biology a key innovation also known as an adap  tive breakthrough or key adaptation is a novel phen  o  typ  ic trait that allows subsequent radiation and success of a tax  on  om  ic group typically they bring new abilities that allows the tax  a to rapidly diversify and invade nic  hes that were not previously available the phenomenon helps to explain how some tax  a are much more diverse and have many more species than their sister tax  a the term was first used in 1949 by al  den h miller who defined it as key adjustments in the mor  pho  logical and physiological mechanism which are essential to the origin of new major groups although a broader contemporary definition holds that a key innovation is an evolutionary change in individual traits that is caus  ally linked to an increased diversification rate in the resulting cl  ade the theory of key innovations has come under attack because it is hard to test in a scientific manner but there is evidence to support the idea
no two copies of keys are exactly the same even if they were both made from key blan  ks that are struck from the same m  ould or cut from the same duplic  ating mil  ling machine with no changes to the bit  ting settings in between even under these favorable circumstances there will be minute differences between the two key shapes though their key relevance is extremely high in all mach  ining work there are measurable amounts of difference between the design specification of an object and its actual manufactured size in lock  smi  thing the allowable tolerance is decided by the range of minute differences between a key s size and shape in comparison to the size and shape required to turn the tum  bl  ers within the lock key relevance is the measure of similarity between the key and the optimal size needed to fit the lock or it is the similarity between a duplicate key and the original it is seeking to replic  ate key relevance cannot be deduc  ed from a key code since the key code merely refers to a central authoritative source for designed shapes and sizes of keys typical modern keys require a key relevance of approximately 0 03 millimetres 0 00  12 in to 0 07 millimetres 0 00  28 in accuracy within 0 75 to 1 75 in order to operate
key  board ma  e  stro is a closed source commercial mac os x based application that allows autom  ation of routine functions such as navi  gating running applications opening documents typing text expanding abbrevi  ations and controlling web applications by means of a visual programming language with support for variables sty  led cli  p  boards functions and text to  k  ens if then else logic lo  ops and other functions features include recording and designing macro  s cli  p  board history saved cli  p  boards and navigation through applications and windows macro  s are organised into groups which can be limited to operate within certain applications key  board ma  e  stro was created and first released in 2002 by michael kam  pr  ath and purchased by st  airways software in 2004 and has been in continuous development since then
the keynes effect is the effect that changes in the price level have upon goods market spending via changes in interest rates as prices fall a given nominal money supply will be associated with a larger real money supply causing interest rates to fall and in turn causing investment spending on physical capital to increase this implies that insufficient demand in the product market cannot exist forever because insufficient demand will cause a lower price level resulting in increased demand there are two cases in which the keynes effect does not occur in the liquidity trap when the l  m curve is horizontal and thus changes in the real money supply do not affect interest rates and when expenditure is in  elastic with respect to un  responsive to interest rates when the is curve is vertical the pat  in  kin pig  ou real balance effect suggests that due to wealth effects of changes in the price level upon spending itself insufficient demand cannot persist even in the two cases in which the keynes effect does not operate
key  word spo  tting is a sub  field of speech recognition that deals with the identification of key  words in ut  ter  ances there are several types of key  word spo  tting key  word spo  tting in un  constrained speech key  word spo  tting in isolated word recognition key  word spo  tting in un  constrained speech appears when key  words may not be separated from other words and no gr  ammar is enforced on the sentence containing them some algori  th  ms used for this task are sliding window and garbage model k best hypothesis iter  ative v  iter  bi de  coding key  word spo  tting in isolated word recognition appears when the key  words are separated from other texts by sil  ences the main technique that applied in such problems is dynamic time war  ping
the khar  as  ch addition is an organic reaction and a metal cataly  sed free radical addition of c  x  cl 3 compounds x cl br h to al  ken  es the reaction was discovered by morris s khar  as  ch in the 1940 s the basic reaction scheme runs as follows r 2 c ch 2 r x → r 2 c  x ch 2 r and proceeds through the c  x  cl 2 free radical examples of organ  o  hali  des are carbon tetr  ach  l  oride and chloro  form the addition is an anti mark  ov  ni  kov addition early work linked the addition to ole  fin poly  mer  ization and is therefore considered a first step into what was to become atom transfer radical poly  mer  ization an example of kar  as  ch addition is the synthesis of 1 1 3 trichlor  o n non  ane from 1 oc  ten  e chloro  form and fer  ric chloride
in chemical synthesis the khar  as  ch – so  s  nov  sky reaction is a catalytic reaction in which asymmetric all  yl  ic oxid  ation and benz  yl  ic oxid  ation strategies are used for constructing chir  al c – o bonds via c – h bond activation
a kho  d  ad  ou  st line or chronic focal transplant reaction is a medical sign that indicates a complic  ation of cor  ne  al graft surgery on the eye this method is called kho  d  ad  ou  st line because of many years research about this by professor ali as  gh  ar kho  d  ad  ou  st this medical condition is similar to organ rejection after an organ transplant except that it involves immun  ological rejection of a trans  planted cor  ne  a rather than an internal organ a kho  d  ad  ou  st line is made up of mon  on  uc  lear cells white blood cells these cells appear at the vas  cul  arized edge of the recently trans  planted cor  ne  a if untreated the line of white blood cells will move across and damage the endo  the  li  al cells of the cor  ne  a over the space of several days
the ki  bi  bit is a multiple of the bit a unit of digital information storage pre  fixed by the standards based multiplier ki  bi symbol ki a b  inary pre  fix meaning 210 the unit symbol of the ki  bi  bit is ki  bit 1 ki  bi  bit 210 bits 1 0  24 bits the ki  bi  bit has existed since 1998 and is closely related to the ki  lob  it which is equal to 103 bits 1 000 bits however a ki  lob  y  te is 1 0  24 by  tes the b  inary pre  fixes form part of the international system of quantities is  q
the ki  bi  by  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for quantities of digital information the b  inary pre  fix ki  bi means 210 or 10  24 therefore 1 ki  bi  by  te is 10  24 by  tes the unit symbol for the ki  bi  by  te is ki  b the unit was established by the international electro  technical commission iec in 1998 has been accepted for use by all major standards organizations and is part of the international system of quantities the ki  bi  by  te was designed to replace the ki  lob  y  te in those computer science contexts in which the term ki  lob  y  te is used to mean 10  24 by  tes the interpretation of the older term ki  lob  y  te to den  ote 10  24 by  tes conflicting with the si definition of the pre  fix kilo 1000 is still common mostly in informal computer science contexts
the attempted kidnapping of kal  ani  ʻ  ō  pu  ʻ  u by captain james cook and the decision to hold the ruling chief of the island of hawaii in exchange for their stolen long boat life  boat was a fatal error on the part of the british navig  ator and the main cause of his death his arrival in hawaii was followed by mass migr  ations of europeans and americans to the islands that ended with the overthrow of the kingdom of hawaii the original native monarchy of the islands
kidney cancer also known as ren  al cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells in the kidney the two most common types of kidney cancer are ren  al cell carcin  oma r  cc and transitional cell carcin  oma t  cc also known as u  ro  the  li  al cell carcin  oma of the ren  al pel  vis these names reflect the type of cell from which the cancer developed the different types of kidney cancer such as r  cc and uc  c develop in different ways meaning that the diseases have different long term outcomes and need to be staged and treated in different ways r  cc is responsible for approximately 80 of primary ren  al cancers and uc  c accounts the majority of the remainder overall five year survival rate in the united states is 73 for cancers that are confined to the kidney the five year survival rate is 92 if it has spread to the surrounding lymp  h no  des it is 65 and if has me  tast  asi  zed it is 12
kidney disease also known as ne  ph  ro  pa  thy or ren  al disease is damage to or disease of a kidney ne  ph  ri  tis is infl  am  matory kidney disease ne  ph  ro  sis is non  infl  am  matory ne  ph  ro  pa  thy kidney disease usually causes kidney failure ren  al failure to more or less degree with the amount depending on the type of disease in precise usage disease den  o  tes the structural and eti  o  logic disease entity whereas failure den  o  tes the dysfunction lack of working well that is impaired ren  al function but in common usage these meanings overlap for example the terms chronic kidney disease and chronic ren  al failure are usually considered synonymous acute kidney disease has often been called acute ren  al failure although ne  ph  ro  logists now often tend to call it acute kidney injury about 1 in 8 americans suffer from chronic kidney disease
kidney failure also known as ren  al failure or ren  al in  sufficiency is a medical condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabol  ic wastes from the blood the two main forms are acute kidney injury which is often reversible with adequate treatment and chronic kidney disease which is often not reversible in both cases there is usually an underlying cause kidney failure is mainly determined by a decrease in glo  mer  ular fil  tration rate which is the rate at which blood is filtered in the glo  mer  uli of the kidney the condition is detected by a decrease in or absence of urine production or determination of waste products cre  at  in  ine or urea in the blood depending on the cause hem  atur  ia blood loss in the urine and prote  in  ur  ia protein loss in the urine may be noted in kidney failure there may be problems with increased fluid in the body leading to sw  elling increased acid levels raised levels of potassium decreased levels of calcium increased levels of phosphate and in later stages an  emia bone health may also be affected long term kidney problems are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
kidney stone disease also known as u  ro  li  thi  asis is when a solid piece of material kidney stone occurs in the ur  inary tract kidney stones typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream a small stone may pass without causing symptoms if a stone grows to more than 5 milli  meters 0 2 in it can cause block  age of the u  re  ter resulting in severe pain in the lower back or ab  dom  en a stone may also result in blood in the urine v  om  iting or painful ur  ination about half of people will have another stone within ten years most stones form due to a combination of genetics and environmental factors risk factors include high urine calcium levels obesity certain foods some medications calcium supplements hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m g  out and not drinking enough fluids stones form in the kidney when minerals in urine are at high concentration the diagnosis is usually based on symptoms urine testing and medical imaging blood tests may also be useful stones are typically classified by their location ne  ph  ro  li  thi  asis in the kidney u  re  ter  oli  thi  asis in the u  re  ter cy  sto  li  thi  asis in the blad  der or by what they are made of calcium ur  ic acid stru  v  ite cy  st  ine in those who have had stones prevention is by drinking fluids such that more than two lit  ers of urine is produced per day if this is not effective enough thi  az  ide di  u  re  tic cit  rate or all  op  ur  in  ol may be taken it is recommended that soft drinks containing phosphor  ic acid typically col  as be avoided when a stone causes no symptoms no treatment is needed otherwise pain control is usually the first measure using medications such as non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs or op  io  ids larger stones may require procedures such as ex  trac  or  po  real shock wave lith  o  tri  psy u  re  ter  o  sco  py or per  cu  taneous ne  ph  ro  lith  o  tomy between 1 and 15 of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point in their life in 2013 49 million cases occurred resulting in about 15 000 deaths they have become more common in the western world since the 1970 s generally more men are affected than women kidney stones have affected humans throughout history with descriptions of surgery to remove them dating from as early as 600 bc
kidney transplantation or ren  al transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end stage ren  al disease kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased donor formerly known as cad  aver  ic or living donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ living donor ren  al transplants are further characterized as genetically related living related or non related living unrelated transplants depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient exchanges and chains are a novel approach to expand the living donor pool in february 2012 this novel approach to expand the living donor pool was featured on the front page of the new york times in a story covering the largest chain in the world involving 60 participants organized by the national kidney registry in 2014 the record for the largest chain was broken again by a swap involving 70 participants covered by abc news
kidney tum  ours or kidney tumors also known as ren  al tum  ours are tum  ours or grow  ths on or in the kidney these grow  ths can be benign or m  align  ant can  cer  ous they may be discovered on medical imaging incidentally i e an incid  ent  al  oma or may be present in patients as an ab  domin  al mass hem  atur  ia ab  domin  al pain or manifest first in a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome that seems unrelated to the kidney
ki  en  bö  ck s disease is a disorder of the wrist it is named for dr robert ki  en  bö  ck a radio  logist in vienna austria who described o  ste  om  al  ac  ia of the lun  ate in 19  10 it is breakdown of the lun  ate bone a car  pal bone in the wrist that artic  ul  ates with the radius in the fore  arm specifically ki  en  bö  ck s disease is another name for av  ascular necro  sis death and frac  ture of bone tissue due to interruption of blood supply with fragmentation and collapse of the lun  ate this has class  ically been attributed to arter  ial disruption but may also occur after events that produce ven  ous congestion with elevated inter  osse  ous pressure
ki  ku  chi disease or ki  ku  chi fujim  oto disease was described in 1972 in japan it is also known as his  ti  oc  y  tic necro  tizing lymp  had  eni  tis ki  ku  chi necro  tizing lymp  had  eni  tis p  ha  go  cy  tic necro  tizing lymp  had  eni  tis sub  acute necro  tizing lymp  had  eni  tis and necro  tizing lymp  had  eni  tis it was first described by dr mas  ah  iro ki  ku  chi 19  35 – 2012 in 1972 and independently by y fujim  oto
kil  la  for  nia is first blood s first full length release it was released in 2006 by trust  kill records
a kil  lian – jam  ies  on diver  ticul  um is an out  pou  ching of the es  op  ha  gus just below the upper es  op  ha  ge  al sp  h  inc  ter the physicians that first discovered the diver  ticul  um were gust  av kil  lian and james jam  ies  on diver  tic  ula are seldom larger than 1 5 cm and are less frequent than the similar zen  ker s diver  tic  ula as opposed to a zen  ker s which is typically a poster  ior and inferior out  pou  ching from the es  op  ha  gus a kil  lian – jam  ies  on diver  ticul  um is typically an an  ter  ol  ateral out  pou  ching at the level of the c 5 c 6 vertebr  al bodies due to a con  genital weakness in the cer  vic  al es  op  ha  gus just below the cri  cop  har  yn  ge  al muscle it is usually smaller in size than a zen  ker s diver  ticul  um and typically as  ymp  tomatic although con  genital it is more commonly seen in elderly patients
the ki  lob  it is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage the pre  fix kilo symbol k is defined in the international system of units si as a multiplier of 103 1 thousand and therefore 1 ki  lob  it 103 bits 1000 bits the ki  lob  it has the unit symbol k  bit or k  b using the common by  te size of 8 bits 1 k  bit is equal to 125 by  tes the ki  lob  it is most commonly used in the expression of data rates of digital communication circuits as ki  lob  its per second k  bit s or k  b s or abbreviated as k  b  ps as in for example a 56 k  b  ps p  st  n circuit or a 512 k  bit s broadband internet connection the unit symbol k  b is ty  po  graphically similar to unit symbols of the ki  lob  y  te i e k  b with an upper case b the international electro  technical commission iec therefore recommends the symbol bit instead of b the pre  fix kilo is often used in fields of computer science and information technology with a meaning of multiplication by 10  24 instead of 1000 contrary to international standards in conjunction with the base unit by  te and bit in which case it is to be written as ki with a capital letter k e g 1 ki  bit 10  24 bits the decimal si definition 1 k  bit s 1000 bit s is used uniformly in the context of telecommunication transmission speeds the ki  lob  it is closely related to the much less used ki  bi  bit a unit multiple derived from the b  inary pre  fix ki  bi symbol ki of the same order of magnitude which is equal to 210 bits 10  24 bits or approximately 2 larger than the ki  lob  it despite the definitions of these new pre  fixes meant for b  inary based quantities of storage only not data rates by international standards organizations memory semiconductor chips are still marketed using the metric pre  fix names to designate b  inary multi  ples
the ki  lob  y  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information the international system of units si defines the pre  fix kilo as 1000 103 therefore one ki  lob  y  te is 1000 by  tes the unit symbol for the ki  lob  y  te is k  b in information technology particularly in reference to main memory capacity ki  lob  y  te is traditionally used to den  ote 10  24 210 by  tes this arises from the powers of two sizing common to such memory in digital circu  it  ry in this context the symbols k and k  b are often used when 10  24 by  tes is meant
kim  ura s disease is a benign rare chronic infl  am  matory disorder its primary symptoms are sub  der  mal le  sions in the head or neck or pain  less unilateral infl  amm  ation of cer  vic  al lymp  h no  des
kind  ler syndrome also known as bull  ous acro  ker  ato  tic po  i  kilo  der  ma of kind  ler and weary con  genital po  i  kilo  der  ma with bl  is  ters and ker  ato  ses con  genital po  i  kilo  der  ma with bul  la  e and progressive cu  taneous atro  phy hereditary acro  ker  ato  tic po  i  kilo  der  ma hyper  ker  at  osis – hyper  pi  gm  entation syndrome acro  ker  ato  tic po  i  kilo  der  ma and weary – kind  ler syndrome is a rare con  genital disease of the skin caused by a mutation in the kind 1 gene
kindness pri  ming is an affect dependent cognitive effect in which subjects will display a positive affect following exposure to kindness
k  ine  sia paradox  a is a phenomenon most often seen in people with par  kinson s disease where individuals who typically experience severe difficulties with the simple movements may perform complex movements easily specifically k  ine  sia paradox  a focuses on walking referring to the sudden ability to demonstrate smooth fluid movements in people that previously had problems with walking easily this new discovery does not just happen to an individual randomly but must be stimulated using various types of visual or aud  itory cu  es this phenomenon is generally stimulated to help improve the mobility of people with ak  ine  sia ak  ine  sia consists of changes in walking pattern freezing of ga  it fog and losses of balance lob  s fog occurs in the middle of stri  de cutting off walking and making it fairly difficult for a person to re initiate a movement k  ine  sia paradox  a can be used as a management strategy to overcome this lob  s are when a person has difficulty maintaining an u  pri  ght position and lose their balance eventually leading to them falling since par  kinson ’ s disease is a progressive disease patient ’ s symptoms continue to worsen with time and they often develop visible differences in their walking that greatly affects their quality of life these differences include shuff  ling of steps decreased stri  de length and decrease in overall movement k  ine  sia paradox  a is not able to be stimulated in everyone with movement disorders persons who can stimulate this phenomenon demonstrate visible improvements in mobility including increased stri  de length more flu  idity in strides less fo  gs incidents less lob  s and those that appeared to be completely frozen previously can regain their movement more recently k  ine  sia paradox  a is also being used to treat children with asper  ger s syndrome children with asper  ger s demonstrate excellent skills in drawing model  ing building and computer games but often struggle with everyday motor tasks such as walking or catching a ball k  ine  sia paradox  a is currently being explored to help aid these individuals in focusing their attention and improving their efficiency in these simple motor tasks
k  ine  tic induc  tance is the manifestation of the iner  tial mass of mobile charge carriers in altern  ating electric fields as an equivalent series induc  tance k  ine  tic induc  tance is observed in high carrier mobility conductors e g super  conductors and at very high frequencies
kin  king hair also known as acquired progressive kin  king is a condition primarily re  posted in post  pu  bes  cent males with and  ro  genetic al  op  ec  ia presenting with gradual cur  ling and dark  ening of the frontal temporal aur  icular and ver  tex ha  irs which under the micro  scope show kin  ks and tw  ists with or without longit  ud  inal gro  o  ving
in robo  tics and motion planning kin  od  y  nam  ic planning is a class of problems for which velocity acceleration and force tor  que bounds must be satisfied together with kin  ematic constraints such as avoiding obstacles the term was coined by bruce donald pat x  avi  er john c  anny and john re  if donald et al developed the first poly  no  mi  al time approximation schemes pt  as for the problem by providing a prov  ably poly  no  mi  al time ε approximation algori  thm they resolved a long standing open problem in optimal control their first paper considered time optimal control fastest path of a point mass under new  ton  ian dynamics amidst poly  g  onal 2 d or poly  he  dr  al 3 d obstacles subject to state bounds on position velocity and acceleration later they extended the technique to many other cases for example to 3 d open chain kin  ematic robots under full lag  ran  gian dynamics more recently many practical he  ur  istic algori  th  ms based on sto  ch  astic optimi  zation and iter  ative sampling were developed by a wide range of authors to address the kin  od  y  nam  ic planning problem these techniques for kin  od  y  nam  ic planning have been shown to work well in practice however none of these he  ur  istic techniques can guarantee the optim  ality of the compu  ted solution i e they have no performance guarantees and none can be mathem  atically proven to be faster than the original pt  as algori  th  ms i e none have a prov  ably lower compu  tational complexity
kir  kman s school  girl problem is a problem in combin  at  or  ics proposed by rev thomas pen  yn  g  ton kir  kman in 18  50 as qu  ery vi in the lady s and gentleman s diary pg 48 the problem states fifteen young ladies in a school walk out three abre  ast for seven days in succession it is required to arrange them daily so that no two shall walk twice abre  ast
ki  wi  ana are certain items and i  cons from new zealand s heritage especially from around the middle of the 20 th century that are seen as representing icon  ic ki  wi elements these qu  ir  ky things that contribute to a sense of nation  hood include both genuine cultural i  cons and kit  sch
dominant op  tic atro  phy or dominant op  tic atro  phy kj  er s type is an auto  som  ally inherited disease that affects the op  tic nerves causing reduced visual acu  ity and blindness beginning in childhood this condition is due to mit  och  on  dri  al dysfunction mediating the death of op  tic nerve fi  bers dominant op  tic atro  phy was first described clin  ically by b  atten in 18  96 and named kj  er ’ s op  tic neuro  pa  thy in 1959 after danish oph  thal  mo  logist p  oul kj  er who studied 19 families with the disease although dominant op  tic atro  phy is the most common auto  som  ally inherited op  tic neuro  pa  thy i e disease of the op  tic nerves aside from gl  au  coma it is often mis  diagnosed
a k  lat  skin tumor or hil  ar chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma is a chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma cancer of the bi  li  ary tree occurring at the con  flu  ence of the right and left he  p  atic bile duc  ts it is named after dr gerald k  lat  skin
kle  b  si  ella pneumonia is a form of bacterial pneumonia associated with kle  b  si  ella pneu  mon  i  ae it is typically due to aspiration by alcohol  ics though it is more commonly implicated in hospital acquired ur  inary tract and wound infections particularly in immun  o  compromised individuals and diabe  tics
in compu  tational geometry k  lee s measure problem is the problem of determining how efficiently the measure of a union of multi  dimensional rec  tang  ular ranges can be compu  ted here a d dimensional rec  tang  ular range is defined to be a car  te  sian product of d intervals of real numbers which is a sub  set of rd the problem is named after victor k  lee who gave an algori  thm for computing the length of a union of intervals the case d 1 which was later shown to be optim  ally efficient in the sense of compu  tational complexity theory the compu  tational complexity of computing the area of a union of 2 dimensional rec  tang  ular ranges is now also known but the case d ≥ 3 remains an open problem
kle  ine – le  vin syndrome k  ls also known as sleeping beauty syndrome is a rare sleep disorder characterized by persistent ep  is  od  ic hyper  som  nia and cognitive or mood changes many patients also experience hyper  p  ha  gia hy  pers  ex  uality and other symptoms patients generally experience recurrent episodes of the condition for more than a decade individual episodes generally last more than a week but less than a month the condition greatly affects the personal professional and social lives of sufferers but symptoms spontaneously resolve and seldom cause permanent issues the severity of symptoms and the course of the syndrome vary between sufferers patients commonly have about 20 episodes over about a decade several months generally elapse between episodes the onset of the condition usually follows a viral infection several different viruses have been observed to trigger k  ls it is generally only diagnosed after similar conditions have been excluded m  ri ct sc  ans lum  bar punc  ture and toxico  logy tests are used to rule out other possibilities the syndrome s mechanism is not known but the thal  am  us is thought to possibly play a role tom  o  graphy has shown hypo  per  fusion in the brains of patients during episodes k  ls is very rare occurring at a rate of one in a million which limits research into genetic factors the condition primarily affects adoles  cent males although also patients are female and the age of onset varies there is no known cure and there is little evidence supporting drug treatment lith  ium has been reported to have limited effects in case reports decreasing the length of episodes and duration between them in some patients stimul  ants have been shown to promote wa  ke  fulness during episodes but they do not counteract cognitive symptoms or decrease the duration of episodes the condition is named after will  i kle  ine and max le  vin who described cases of the disease in the early 20 th century it was added to the international classification of sleep disorders in 1990
kle  p  tom  ania or kl  op  em  ania is the inability to refrain from the urge to steal items and is done for reasons other than personal use or financial gain first described in 18  16 kle  p  tom  ania is classified in psychiatry as an impulse control disorder alternatively some of the main characteristics of the disorder which consist of recurring intrusion feelings an inability to resist the urge to steal and a release of pressure following the theft suggest that kle  p  tom  ania could be an obs  essive compul  sive spectrum disorder although this is disputed the disorder is frequently under diagnosed and is regularly associated with other psychiatric disorders particularly anxiety and eating disorders and alcohol and substance abuse patients with kle  p  tom  ania are typically treated with therapies in other areas due to the com  or  bid grievances rather than issues directly related to kle  p  tom  ania over the last 100 years a shift from psycho  therapeutic to psychop  har  maco  logical interventions for kle  p  tom  ania has occurred pharmaco  logical treatments using selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris mood stabilizers and op  io  id recep  tor antagon  ists and other anti  depres  s  ants along with cognitive behavioral therapy have yielded positive results
kle  pt  op  la  sty or kle  pt  op  las  ti  dy is a symbio  tic phenomenon whereby plas  ti  ds notably chlor  op  lasts from al  ga  e are sequ  est  ered by host organisms the word is derived from kle  p  tes κ  λέ  π  της which is greek for thief the al  ga is eaten normally and partially dig  ested leaving the plas  ti  d intact the plas  ti  ds are maintained within the host temporarily continuing photo  synthesis and benefiting the predat  or the term was coined in 1990 to describe chlor  op  last symbio  sis
k  lin  ef  el  ter syndrome ks also known as 47 xx  y or xx  y is the set of symptoms that result from two or more x chro  mo  som  es in males the primary feature is ster  ility often symptoms may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected sometimes symptoms are more prominent and may include weaker muscles greater height poor coordination less body hair smaller gen  itals breast growth and less interest in sex often it is only at pu  ber  ty that these symptoms are noticed intelligence is usually normal however reading difficulties and problems with speech are more common symptoms are typically more severe if three or more x chro  mo  som  es are present k  lin  ef  el  ter syndrome usually occurs randomly an older mother might increase the risk slightly the condition is not inherited from one s parents the underlying mechanisms involves at least one extra x chro  mo  some in addition to a y chro  mo  some such that there is a total of 47 or more chro  mo  som  es rather than usual 46 ks is diagnosed by the genetic test known as a kar  yo  type while there is no cure a number of treatments may help physical therapy speech and language therapy counselling and adjustments of teaching methods may be useful te  sto  ster  one replacement may be used in those who have significantly low levels enlarged breasts may be removed by surgery about half of males affected with the help of assisted reproductive technology have a chance of having children however this is expensive and carries risks males appear to have a higher risk of breast cancer than typical but still lower than that of females the condition has a nearly normal life expectancy k  lin  ef  el  ter syndrome is one of the most common chro  mo  som  al disorders occurring in 1 500 to 1 1000 live male births it is named after harry k  lin  ef  el  ter who identified the condition in the 1940 s 1956 saw the identification of the extra x chro  mo  some mice can also have the xx  y syndrome making them a useful research model
k  lip  pel – fe  il syndrome is a rare disease initially reported in 18  84 by maurice k  lip  pel and andré fe  il from france characterized by the con  genital fusion of any two of the seven cer  vic  al verte  bra  e the syndrome occurs in a heterogeneous group of patients unified only by the presence of a con  genital defect in the formation or segm  entation of the cer  vic  al sp  ine k  lip  pel fe  il results in limited movement of the neck k  lip  pel – fe  il syndrome is sometimes identified by short  ness of the neck but not all people with this disorder have a visibly shortened neck some people with the syndrome have a very low hair  line in 19  19 andré fe  il in his ph  d thesis suggested another classification of the syndrome encompassing not only de  formation of the cer  vic  al sp  ine but also de  formation of the lum  bar and thor  ac  ic sp  ine
k  lip  pel – tr  é  na  un  ay syndrome k  ts or kt formerly k  lip  pel – tr  é  na  un  ay – weber syndrome and sometimes an  gi  oo  ste  o  hyper  tro  phy syndrome and hem  an  gi  ec  t  atic hyper  tro  phy is a rare con  genital medical condition in which blood vessels and or lymp  h vessels fail to form properly the three main features are nev  us flamm  eus port wine stain ven  ous and lymp  h  atic mal  formations and soft tissue hyper  tro  phy of the affected limb it is similar to though distinctly separate from the less common par  kes weber syndrome
kl  ump  ke s paralysis or kl  ump  ke s pal  sy or de  jer  ine – kl  ump  ke pal  sy is a variety of partial pal  sy of the lower roots of the br  achi  al plex  us the br  achi  al plex  us is a network of spinal nerves that originates in the back of the neck extends through the ax  illa ar  mp  it and gives rise to nerves to the upper limb see picture click to enlarge it is named after au  gu  sta dé  jer  ine kl  ump  ke
kl  ü  ver – bu  cy syndrome is a syndrome resulting from bilateral le  sions of the medi  al temporal lo  be including amy  gd  alo  id nucleus kl  ü  ver – bu  cy syndrome may present with hyper  p  ha  gia hy  pers  ex  uality hyper  or  ality visual agno  sia and do  ci  lity
the k  nap  sack problem or r  uc  k  sack problem is a problem in combin  atorial optimi  zation given a set of items each with a weight and a value determine the number of each item to include in a collection so that the total weight is less than or equal to a given limit and the total value is as large as possible it derives its name from the problem faced by someone who is constrained by a fixed size k  nap  sack and must fill it with the most valuable items the problem often arises in resource allocation where there are financial constraints and is studied in fields such as combin  at  or  ics computer science complexity theory cry  pto  graphy applied mathematics and daily fantasy sports the k  nap  sack problem has been studied for more than a century with early works dating as far back as 18  97 the name k  nap  sack problem dates back to the early works of mathem  ati  cian to  bias dan  t  zi  g 18  84 – 1956 and refers to the commonplace problem of packing your most valuable or useful items without over  loading your luggage
ar  thri  tis is infl  amm  ation in the joints or area of the body where two bones come together joints are responsible for the movement of body parts it is a condition that can be experienced all over the body or in a specific area the types range from those related to wear and tear of car  til  age such as o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis to those associated with infl  amm  ation resulting from an over  active immune system such as r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis the one part of the body that is most affected by ar  thri  tis is the knee and it can suffer from both r  heu  mato  id or o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis
knee pain is a common complaint for many people there are several factors that can cause knee pain awareness and knowledge of the causes of knee pain lead to a more accurate diagnosis management of knee pain is in the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment for that diagnosis knee pain can be either referred pain or related to the knee joint itself
kno  bloch syndrome is a rare genetic disorder presenting severe eye  sight problems and often a defect in the skull a usual occurrence is a de  generation of the vit  re  ous humour and the re  tina two components of the eye this breakdown often results in the separation of the re  tina the light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye from the eye called re  tin  al det  achment which can be recurrent extreme myop  ia near sightedness is a common feature kno  bloch syndrome is caused by mutations in an auto  som  al rec  essive inherited gene these mutations have been found in the col 18 a 1 gene that instructs for the formation of a protein that builds coll  agen xviii this type of coll  agen is found in the basement memb  ran  es of various body tissues its deficiency in the eye is thought to be responsible for affecting normal eye development there are three types of kno  bloch syndrome when caused by mutations in the col 18 a 1 gene it is called kno  bloch syndrome type 1 the genes causing types ii and iii have yet to be identified kno  bloch syndrome is also characterised by cat  ar  acts dis  located lens with skull defects such as oc  ci  p  ital encephal  oce  le and oc  ci  p  ital ap  la  sia encephal  oce  le is a ne  ural tube defect where the skull has not completely closed and s  ac like pro  tru  sions of the brain can push through the skull it can also result from other causes in kno  bloch ’ s syndrome this is usually seen in the oc  ci  p  ital region and ap  la  sia is the underdevelopment of tissue again in this reference in the oc  ci  p  ital area it is named after kno  bloch who first described the syndrome in 1971
the kno  ev  en  ag  el condens  ation reaction is an organic reaction named after em  il kno  ev  en  ag  el it is a modification of the al  do  l condens  ation a kno  ev  en  ag  el condens  ation is a nucle  oph  il  ic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbon  yl group followed by a dehydr  ation reaction in which a mol  ecu  le of water is eliminated hence condens  ation the product is often an α  β un  saturated ke  tone a con  ju  gated en  one general kno  ev  en  ag  el layout in this reaction the carbon  yl group is an alde  hyde or a ke  tone the catalyst is usually a weak  ly basic amine the active hydrogen component has the form z – ch 2 z or z – ch  r – z for instance di  ethyl mal  on  ate mel  drum s acid ethyl ace  to  acetate or mal  onic acid or cy  ano  acetic acid z – ch  r 1 r 2 for instance nitro  methane where z is an electr  on withdrawing functional group z must be powerful enough to facilitate de  pro  ton  ation to the en  ol  ate ion even with a mild base using a strong base in this reaction would induce self condens  ation of the alde  hyde or ke  tone the han  tz  sch py  ri  dine synthesis the ge  wald reaction and the fe  ist – ben  ary fur  an synthesis all contain a kno  ev  en  ag  el reaction step the reaction also led to the discovery of cs gas
the k  nor  r quin  oline synthesis is an intr  am  ol  ec  ular organic reaction converting a β ke  to  an  ili  de to a 2 hydroxy  quin  oline using sul  fur  ic acid this reaction was first described by lud  wig k  nor  r 1859 – 19  21 in 18  86 k  nor  r quin  oline synthesis the reaction is a type of electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution accompanied by elimination of water a 1964 study found that with certain reaction conditions formation of a 4 hydroxy  quin  oline is a competing reaction for instance the compound benzo  yl  acet  an  ili  de 1 forms the 2 hydroxy  quin  oline 2 in a large excess of poly  phosphor  ic acid p  pa but 4 hydroxy  quin  oline 3 when the amount of p  pa is small a reaction mechanism identified a n o dic  ation  ic intermediate a with excess acid capable of ring closing and a mon  oc  ation  ic intermediate b which fragments to an  il  ine and ultimately to acet  op  hen  one an  il  ine reacts with another equivalent of benzo  yl  acet  an  ili  de before forming the 4 hydroxy  quin  oline st  as  kun 1964 k  nor  r cy  cli  zation reaction mechanism a 2007 study revised the reaction mechanism and based on n  mr spec  tro  sco  py and theoretical calculations favors an o o dic  ation  ic intermediate a super  electro  phi  le over the n o dic  ation  ic intermediate for prepar  ative purposes tri  fl  ic acid is recommended k  nor  r cy  cli  zation with tri  fl  ic acid sa  i 2007
knowledge of human nature is the ability to correctly assess the behavior or character of people based on a first impression and to gauge how they think and predict how they will act life experience intu  ition intelligence and wisdom are the decisive factors which contribute to this ability knowledge of human nature is not in  nate but is acquired through frequent contact with people and experience with many different people knowledge of human nature can be used to judge people correctly to motivate them to give other people good advice to deepen relationships etc however it can also be used to exploit people to one s own advantage for example if one wants to persuade people to se  duce them or to sell them something there are numerous models for the theoretical acquisition of knowledge of human nature such as the my  ers bri  ggs type indicator or the en  ne  agr  am
in organizational theory knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another like knowledge management knowledge transfer seeks to organize create capture or distribute knowledge and ensure its availability for future users it is considered to be more than just a communication problem if it were merely that then a memorandum an e mail or a meeting would accomplish the knowledge transfer knowledge transfer is more complex because knowledge resides in organizational members tools tasks and their sub  networks and much knowledge in organizations is tacit or hard to articulate the subject has been taken up under the title of knowledge management since the 1990 s
knuc  kle p  ads also known as hel  o  der  ma meaning similar to the skin of the gil  a monster li  z  ard for which it is named are circum  scri  bed ker  ato  tic fi  bro  us grow  ths over the dor  sa of the inter  p  hal  ange  al joints knuc  kle p  ads are well defined round pla  que like fi  bro  us thick  ening that may develop at any age and grow to be 10 to 15 mm in diameter in the course of a few weeks or months then go away over time knuc  kle p  ads are sometimes associated with du  pu  y  tre  n s contrac  ture and camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly and his  to  logically the le  sions are fi  bro  mas knuc  kle p  ads are generally non responsive to treatment including cor  ti  co  ster  oids and tend to recur after surgery however there has been some effectiveness with intr  ale  sional fluor  our  ac  il
the ko  ch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary car  box  yl  ic acids from alcohol  s or al  ken  es the reaction is a strongly acid cataly  zed carbon  yl  ation using carbon monoxide and typically occurs at high pressures ranging from 50 to 5 000 k  pa often requiring temperatures several hundred degrees higher than room temperature generally the reaction is conducted with strong mineral acids such as sul  fur  ic acid hf or b  f 3 large scale operations for the fine chemical industry produce almost 150 000 tonnes of ko  ch acids and their derivatives annually but also generate a great deal of waste motivating ongoing attempts to use metal solid acid and other novel cataly  sts to enable the use of mil  der reaction conditions form  ic acid which readily de  com  poses to carbon monoxide in the presence of acids or relatively low heat is often used instead of carbon monoxide directly this procedure was developed shortly after the ko  ch reaction and is more commonly referred to as the ko  ch ha  af reaction and allows for reactions at nearly standard room temperature and pressure some commonly industri  ally produced ko  ch acids include pi  val  ic acid 2 2 di  meth  yl  bu  ty  ric acid and 2 2 di  meth  yl  pent  ano  ic acid the ko  ch reaction
the ko  chi reaction is an organic reaction for the dec  ar  box  yl  ation of car  box  yl  ic acids to al  ky  l hali  des with lead te  tra  acetate and a lith  ium chloride or other lith  ium salts the reaction is a variation of the hun  s  di  ec  ker reaction
ko  enen s tumor also known as ko  enen s peri  un  gu  al fi  bro  ma and peri  un  gu  al fi  bro  ma is a cu  taneous condition that results in fifty percent of tuber  ous sclerosis cases it can be sub  un  gu  al too
in mathematics the ko  eni  gs function is a function arising in complex analysis and dynam  ical systems introduced in 18  84 by the french mathem  ati  cian gabriel ko  eni  gs it gives a can  on  ical representation as dil  ations of a uni  val  ent holo  morph  ic mapping or a semi  group of m  app  ings of the unit disk in the complex numbers into itself
the ko  eni  gs – k  nor  r reaction in organic chemistry is the substitution reaction of a gly  co  sy  l hali  de with an alcohol to give a gly  co  side it is one of the oldest and simplest gly  co  syl  ation reactions it is named after wil  helm ko  eni  gs 18  51 – 1906 student of von bayer and fellow student with her  mann em  il fischer and edward k  nor  r student of ko  eni  gs ko  eni  gs k  nor  r synthesis in its original form ko  eni  gs and k  nor  r treated ace  to  bromo  glucose with alcohol  s in the presence of silver carbon  ate shortly afterwards fischer and armstrong reported very similar findings in the above example the stereo  chemical outcome is determined by the presence of the neighboring group at c 2 that lends anch  im  eric assistance resulting in the formation of a 1 2 trans stereo  chemical arrangement esters e g ace  ty  l benzo  yl pi  val  yl generally provide good anch  im  eric assistance whereas e  thers e g ben  zy  l methyl etc do not leading to mixtures of stereo  isom  ers generally the ko  eni  gs – k  nor  r reaction refers to the use of gly  co  sy  l chl  ori  des bromi  des and more recently io  di  des as gly  co  sy  l donors the ko  eni  gs – k  nor  r reaction can be performed with alternative promoters such as various heavy metal salts including mercur  ic bromide mercur  ic oxide mercur  ic cyanide and silver tri  fl  ate when mercury salts are used the reaction is normally called the hel  fer  ich method other gly  co  sid  ation methods are fischer gly  co  sid  ation use of gly  co  sy  l acet  ates thi  o  gly  co  sides gly  co  sy  l trichlor  o  ace  ti  mid  ates gly  co  sy  l flu  ori  des or n pent  en  yl gly  co  sides as gly  co  sy  l donors or intr  am  ol  ec  ular ag  ly  con delivery the mechanism for this reaction proceeds through release of a silver hali  de and is displayed on the german page in full detail
ko  hl  sch  ü  tter t  ön  z syndrome k  ts also called am  elo cere  bro hypo  hi  dro  tic syndrome is a rare inherited syndrome characterized by epi  le  psy dementia intellectual disability and yellow teeth caused by am  elo  genesis im  perfec  ta abnormal formation of tooth en  am  el it is a type a ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia it is auto  som  al rec  essive and symptoms appear in early childhood the syndrome was first described in 1974 by al  fried ko  hl  sch  ü  tter and colleagues only 24 affected individuals are known as of 2012 the disease has not been connected to any other known epi  le  ptic syndro  mes some but not all cases are associated with mutations in a gene called rog  di another gene that has been associated with this condition is the sc  l 13 a 5 gene diagnoses of this syndrome have occurred in switzerland sicily the northern israel dru  ze community as well as some other parts of western europe
ko  il  ony  ch  ia from the greek ko  i  los hollow on  ik  h nail also known as spoon nails is a nail disease that can be a sign of hypo  ch  rom  ic an  emia especially iron deficiency an  emia it refers to abnormally thin nails usually of the hand which have lost their con  vex  ity becoming flat or even con  cave in shape in a sense ko  il  ony  ch  ia is the opposite of nail clu  bbing in early stages nails may be brit  tle and chip or brea  ke  asi  ly ko  il  ony  ch  ia is associated with plum  mer vin  son syndrome and iron deficiency an  emia
the kol  be electro  lysis or kol  be reaction is an organic reaction named after her  mann kol  be the kol  be reaction is formally a dec  ar  box  yl  ative di  mer  isation of two car  box  yl  ic acids or car  box  y  late ions the overall general reaction is file electr  ó  lis  is de kol  be p  ng if a mixture of two different car  box  yl  ates are used all combinations of them are generally seen as the organic product structures 3 r 1 co  o − 3 r 2 co  o − → r 1 − r 1 r 1 − r 2 r 2 − r 2 6 co 2 6 e − the reaction mechanism involves a two stage radical process electro  chemical dec  ar  box  yl  ation gives a radical intermediate then two such intermedi  ates combine to form a co  val  ent bond as an example electro  lysis of acetic acid yields ethane and carbon dioxide ch 3 co  oh → ch 3 co  o − → ch 3 co  o · → ch 3 · co 2 2 ch 3 · → ch 3 ch 3 another example is the synthesis of 2 7 di  methyl 2 7 din  it  ro  oc  tane from 4 methyl 4 nitro  val  eric acid kol  be electro  lysis synthesis of 2 7 di  methyl 2 7 din  it  ro  oc  tane
the kol  be – schmitt reaction or kol  be process named after her  mann kol  be and ru  dol  f schmitt is a car  box  yl  ation chemical reaction that proceeds by heating sodium phen  oxide the sodium salt of phen  ol with carbon dioxide under pressure 100 atm 125 ° c then treating the product with sul  fur  ic acid the final product is an aromatic hydro  xy acid which is also known as sal  ic  yl  ic acid the precursor to aspir  in the kol  be – schmitt reaction by using potassium hydrox  ide 4 hydroxy  benzo  ic acid is accessible an important precursor for the vers  ati  le par  ab  en class of bioci  des used e g in personal care products
kon  gh  an  zhen  g simplified chinese 恐  韩  症 traditional chinese 恐  韓  症 pin  yin k  ǒ  ng h  án zh  è  ng korean 공  한  증 or kore  ap  ho  bia a term coined by chinese football fans was a chinese persistent phenomenon where the china pr national football team has played 28 matches against the korea republic national football team since 1978 but never been able to beat them until the stre  ak ended on 10 february 2010 when korea was beaten 3 – 0 in the 2010 east asian football championship final competition
chu  tes k  ong  ou also called the k  oun  g  ou falls is a massive cat  ar  act about 3 2 kilometres wide and up to 56 m tall located in i  vin  do national park in eastern gabon it is located on the i  vin  do river and is one of the strongest flowing water  falls in the world with an average flow of 900 cubic metres per second it is repu  ted to be the most beautiful water  fall in central africa this part of the i  vin  do river is a major centre of fish biodiversity the falls are within i  vin  do national park created in 2002 to protect among other things this beautiful and bio  logically diverse stretch of river on 14 september 2007 president omar bon  go on  dim  ba of gabon confirmed that a dam would be built at the falls to provide electricity to a large iron mining project in bel  ing  a further north the iron mine is essentially for gabon s economic development but the dam will inund  ate a large part of the national park and have a serious impact on local livelihoods old studies indicate that there are other sites on the river where a dam would be easier to build and the environmental and social impacts would be much less than at k  ong  ou but no environmental impact assessment was done before the decision was made the decision put into question the president s strategy of developing eco  tourism in gabon and may well deter investors and tourists alike it is claimed that the construction of the dam with no prior environmental impact study or proper consultation was a sign of the growing power of the minister of mines and petrol at a time when president bon  go s power was declining due to opposition from the gabonese people this project has been stopped
kon  zo is an epidemic paraly  tic disease occurring in outbreaks in remote rural areas of low income african countries the people of these regions have been associated with several weeks of almost exclusive consumption of insufficiently processed bitter high cyanide cass  ava mani  hot es  cul  enta — a per  ennial crop native to amaz  onia in south america but widely cultivated in tropical regions worldwide it is the third most important food source in the tro  p  ics after rice and maize and is the staple food of tropical africa cass  ava yields well in poor soils is drought resistant and the roots give food security during droughts and famine nutri  tionally the star  chy roots are complemented by consumption of cass  ava leaves which are rich in proteins and vitamins kon  zo was first described by giov  anni tro  lli in 1938 who compiled the observations from eight doctors working in the k  wan  go area of the belgian congo now democratic republic of the congo
the kor  n  bl  um oxid  ation named after nathan kor  n  bl  um is a chemical reaction of a primary hali  de with di  methyl sul  fo  x  ide d  m  so to form an alde  hyde the kor  n  bl  um oxid  ation
the kor  n  bl  um – del  am  are re  arrangement is a re  arrangement reaction in organic chemistry in which a primary or secondary organic per  oxide is converted to the corresponding ke  tone and alcohol under base catal  ysis the reaction is relevant as a tool in organic synthesis and is a key step in the bio  synthesis of pro  stag  land  ins kor  n  bl  um – del  am  are re  arrangement overview the base can be a hydrox  ide such as potassium hydrox  ide or an amine such as tri  ethyl  amine
kor  o is a culture specific syndrome delu  sional disorder in which an individual has an over  powering belief that one s gen  italia are re  tracting and will disappear despite the lack of any true longstanding changes to the gen  itals kor  o is also known as shrinking penis and it is listed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders the syndrome occurs worldwide and mass hysteria of genital shr  ink  age anxiety has a history in africa asia and europe in the united states and europe the syndrome is commonly known as genital re  traction syndrome the condition can be diagnosed through psychological assessment along with physical examination to rule out genuine disorders of the gen  italia that could be causing true re  traction
kor  sak  off s syndrome is a manifestation of wer  nic  ke s encephalopathy also called wer  nic  ke s disease it happens in wer  nic  ke s disease in almost all alcohol ab  users it is rare among the other patients but for example some cases have been observed after b  ari  atric sur  ger  ies when deficiency was not prevented by use of nutritional supplements this neuro  logical disorder is caused by a lack of thi  amine vitamin b 1 in the brain and is also often exacerbated by the neuro  toxic effects of alcohol when wer  nic  ke s encephalopathy accompanies kor  sak  off s syndrome the combination is called the wer  nic  ke – kor  sak  off syndrome kor  sak  off s is a continu  um of wer  nic  ke s encephalopathy or disease though a recognized episode of wer  nic  ke s is not always obvious the syndrome is named after sergei kor  sak  off a russian neuro  psychiatrist who discovered the syndrome during the late 19 th century
kost  mann syndrome is a group of diseases that affect my  elo  po  ies  is causing a con  genital form of neu  tro  pen  ia severe con  genital neu  tro  pen  ia s  cn usually without other physical mal  formations s  cn manifests in infancy with life threatening bacterial infections most cases of s  cn responds to treatment with gran  ul  oc  y  te colony stimulating factor fil  gras  tim which increases the neu  tro  phil count and decreases the severity and frequency of infections although this treatment has significantly improved survival people with s  cn are at risk of long term complications such as hem  ato  po  ie  tic cl  onal disorders my  el  odys  plastic syndrome acute my  elo  id leuk  emia kost  mann disease s  cn 3 the initial subtype recognized was clin  ically described in 1956 this type has an auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance pattern whereas the most common subtype of kost  mann syndrome s  cn 1 shows auto  som  al dominant inheritance
the ko  wal  ski ester homo  log  ation is a chemical reaction for the homo  log  ation of esters the ko  wal  ski ester homo  log  ation this reaction was designed as a safer alternative to the ar  n  dt – eis  ter  t synthesis avoiding the need for di  az  omethane the ko  wal  ski reaction is named after its invent  or con  rad j ko  wal  ski
kr  ab  be disease also known as glo  bo  id cell leuko  dy  stro  phy or galac  to  syl  ceram  ide li  pi  do  sis is a rare often fatal degenerative disorder that affects the my  elin she  ath of the nervous system it is a form of sp  hin  go  li  pi  do  sis as it involves dysfunctional metabol  ism of sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds this condition is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern the disease is named after the danish neuro  logist k  nu  d kr  ab  be 18  85 – 1965 illinois k  ent  ucky and pennsylvania have laws to test for kr  ab  be and other diseases at birth there is a movement in ma  ine and other states to adopt such regulations
the k  rap  cho dec  ar  box  yl  ation is the chemical reaction of esters with hali  de an  ions the ester must contain an electr  on withdrawing group in the beta position such as β ke  to  esters mal  onic esters α cy  ano  esters or α sul  fon  y  le  sters it works best with methyl esters since it is an s  n 2 reaction at carbon it is driven by the ent  ro  py of the overall reaction as the by  products chlor  omethane and co 2 are lost as gases the reaction is a useful synthetic procedure to hydro  ly  ze and dec  ar  box  y  late mal  onic esters because it only cle  a  ves one of the ester groups the alternative way e g basic hydro  lysis destroys both of the ester groups and a subsequent reaction is usually used to regener  ate the al  k  yl  ated ester
kr  au  ro  sis vul  v  ae is a cu  taneous condition characterized by atro  phy and shr  ink  age of the skin of the vag  ina and vul  va often accompanied by a chronic infl  am  matory reaction in the deeper tissues
kru  ken  berg s spin  dle is the name given to the pattern formed on the inner surface of the cor  ne  a by pi  gm  ented iris cells which are deposited as a result of the currents of the aqu  eous humor the sign was described in 18  99 by friedrich ern  st kru  ken  berg 18  71 1946 who was a german patho  logist specialising in oph  thal  mo  logy
a kru  ken  berg tumor refers to a m  align  ancy in the o  vary that me  tast  asi  zed from a primary site class  ically the gastro  intest  inal tract although it can arise in other tissues such as the breast ga  str  ic aden  o  carcin  oma especially at the p  yl  or  us is the most common source kru  ken  berg tumors are often over 80 found in both ov  aries consistent with its me  ta  static nature
kr  zy  ze  w  ski  ville or k ville for short is a phenomenon that occurs before major men s basketball games at duke university in simplest terms it is the line for under  graduate students wishing to gain access to the designated t  enting games it is often mistakenly referred to as a ticket line however there are no student tickets students are admitted from the line an hour and a half before each game kr  zy  ze  w  ski  ville is named for mike kr  zy  ze  wski often called coach k the much loved coach who has helped make duke s basketball program one of the best in the nation he has been known to buy pizza for the k ville residents from time to time and has held open forum team meetings with the cameron craz  ies before games against their arch rival the north carol  ina tar heels graduate and professional students do not participate in kr  zy  ze  w  ski  ville as duke s graduate and professional student council operates a separate weekend long camp  out each september followed by a lottery for a small number of graduate and professional student season tickets
the kr  ö  hn  ke py  ri  dine synthesis is reaction in organic synthesis between α py  rid  ini  um methyl ke  tone salts and α β un  saturated carbon  yl compounds used to generate highly func  tion  alized py  rid  ines py  rid  ines occur widely in natural and synthetic products so there is wide interest in routes for their synthesis the method is named after dr fr  itz kr  ö  hn  ke
ku  for – ra  ke  b syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder it can be associated with at  p 13 a 2
ku  fs disease is one of many diseases categ  orized under a disorder known as neuro  nal cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin  osis n  cl  s n  cl  s are broadly described to create problems with vision movement and cognitive function among all n  cl  s diseases ku  fs is the only one that does not affect vision and although this is a distinguishing factor of ku  fs n  cl  s are typically differentiated by the age at which they appear in a patient
in organic chemistry the kum  ada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction useful for generating carbon – carbon bonds by the reaction of a gri  gn  ard re  agent and an organic hali  de the procedure uses transition metal cataly  sts typically nickel or p  all  adi  um to couple a combination of two al  ky  l ar  yl or vinyl groups the groups of robert corri  u and ma  ko  to kum  ada reported the reaction independently in 1972 the reaction is notable for being among the first reported catalytic cross coupling methods despite the subsequent development of alternative reactions suz  uki son  og  ash  ira sti  lle hi  y  ama neg  ish  i the kum  ada coupling continues to be employed in many synthetic applications including the industrial scale production of alis  ki  ren a hyper  tension medication and poly  thi  op  hen  es useful in organic electronic devices
kun  bur  ud  hoo d  hi  ve  hi ކ  ު  ނ  ބ  ު  ރ  ު  ދ  ޫ is a formerly inhabited island of the ha  a d  ha  al  u ato  ll administrative division and geographically part of th  il  ad  hum  math  i ato  ll in the north of the maldives the island is suffering severe land loss to the sea due to coastal erosion during the mon  soon the sand is being eroded at a greater rate than it is acc  re  ted plans are underway to construct a qu  ay  side and artificial re  ef to protect the island preliminary results from the 2014 population and housing census report that the island of kun  bur  ud  hoo is no longer inhabited due in part to the threat of rising sea levels the same publication the revised version of which was released by the national bureau of statistics in march 2015 shows a total of 85 mal  divi  an people living on the island in 2006 since the government s consolidation program launched in 2009 the people of kun  bur  ud  hoo have been relocated to h dh no  l  hi  var  an  far  u with the people of ma  av  aid  hoo and f  ari  d  hoo of the same ato  ll
k  up  y  na is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function defined in the ukrainian national standard d  stu 75  64 2014 it was created to replace an obsolete go  st has  h function defined in the old standard go  st 34 11 95 similar to stre  e  bo  g has  h function standardized in russia in addition to the has  h function the standard also describes message authentication code generation using k  up  y  na with dig  est sizes 256 384 and 512 bits
the kur  i  š  kov  á uranium deposit is one of the largest uranium deposits in slovakia the deposit is located in close neighborhoods 6 km of the city of ko  š  ice in ko  š  ice region in the area known as ja  hod  ná since 2006 the deposit has been explored by european uranium resources formerly known as tour  ni  gan energy through its local daughter company lu  do  vi  ka energy with a prospect of future uranium mining however the activity was greeted with resistance of local people the resistance of local inhabitants against uranium mining near ko  š  ice even led to slovakia s biggest ever environmental petition supported by greenpeace which has been signed by more than 113 000 people and 41 towns and cities all over the country according to lu  do  vi  ka energy kur  i  š  kov  á has an estimated annual production capacity of over 1 8 million pounds of ore reserves amounting to 32 55 million pounds of ore grading 0 38  65 uranium thus resulting 56 98 tonnes of uranium
in mathematics the ku  ro  sh problem is one general problem and several more special questions in ring theory the general problem is known to have a negative solution since one of the special cases has been shown to have counter  examples these matters were brought up by al  ek  sand  r gen  n  adi  evich ku  ro  sh as analo  gues of the bur  n  side problem in group theory ku  ro  sh asked whether there can be a fin  itely generated infinite dimensional al  ge  bra  ic al  ge  bra the problem being to show this cannot happen a special case is whether or not every nil al  ge  bra is locally n  il  potent for pi al  ge  br  as the ku  ro  sh problem has a positive solution go  lo  d showed a counter  example to that case as an application of the go  lo  d – sh  af  are  v  ich theore  m the ku  ro  sh problem on group al  ge  br  as concerns the aug  mentation ideal i if i is a nil ideal is the group al  ge  bra locally n  il  potent
kur  u is an incur  able degenerative neuro  logical disorder endemic to tribal regions of papua new guinea it is a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy caused by a pri  on found in humans the term kur  u derives from the fore word kur  ia or gur  ia to shake a reference to the body tre  mors that are a classic symptom of the disease it is also known among the fore as the laughing sickness due to the patho  logic bursts of laughter people would display when afflicted with the disease it is now widely accepted that kur  u was transmitted among members of the fore tribe of papua new guinea via fun  er  ary canni  b  alism
k  us  s  ma  ul breathing is a deep and lab  ored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabol  ic aci  do  sis particularly diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis d  ka but also kidney failure it is a form of hyper  ventilation which is any breathing pattern that reduces carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased rate or depth of respir  ation in metabol  ic aci  do  sis breathing is first rapid and shallow but as aci  do  sis wor  sens breathing gradually becomes deep lab  ored and gasping it is this latter type of breathing pattern that is referred to as k  us  s  ma  ul breathing
k  was  hi  or  k  or k  w  ɑ  ː  ʃ  i  ˈ  ɔ  ː  r  k  ə  r is a form of severe protein – energy malnutrition characterized by e  dem  a irrit  ability ul  cer  ating der  mato  ses and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltr  ates sufficient cal  orie intake but with insufficient protein consumption distinguishes it from mar  as  mus k  was  hi  or  k  or cases occur in areas of famine or poor food supply cases in the developed world are rare jama  ican pedi  at  ric  ian cic  ely williams introduced the name into the medical community in a 19  35 lan  cet article two years after she published the disease s first formal description in the western medical literature the name is derived from the ga language of coastal ghana translated as the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes or the disease of the de  posed child and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been we  aned from the breast when a younger si  bling comes breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a child s growth in at risk populations k  was  hi  or  k  or may develop after a mother we  ans her child from breast milk replacing it with a diet high in carbo  hydr  ates especially sugar
ky  asan  ur forest disease k  fd is a tick borne viral hemorrha  gic fever endemic to south asia the disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family fla  vivi  ri  da  e which also includes yellow fever and den  gue fever
ky  pho  sco  li  osis describes an abnormal cur  v  ature of the sp  ine in both a cor  onal and sag  it  tal plane it is a combination of ky  pho  sis and sco  li  osis this mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorder often leads to other issues in patients such as under ventilation of lungs pul  mon  ary hyper  tension difficulty in performing day to day activities psychological issues emanating from anxiety about acceptance among peers especially in young patients it can also be seen in syr  ing  om  ye  lia fried  reich s at  ax  ia sp  ina bi  fi  da and du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy due to asymmetric weakening of the par  asp  inal muscles
ky  pho  sis from greek κ  υ  φ  ός ky  pho  s a hum  p refers to the abnormally excessive conv  ex ky  pho  tic cur  v  ature of the sp  ine as it occurs in the cer  vic  al thor  ac  ic and sac  ral regions normal inward con  cave cur  ving of the cer  vic  al and lum  bar regions of the sp  ine is called lor  do  sis ky  pho  sis can be called round  back or kel  so s hun  ch  back it can result from degenerative diseases such as ar  thri  tis developmental problems most commonly sch  eu  er  mann s disease o  ste  op  or  osis with compression fractu  res of the verte  bra multiple my  el  oma or trauma a normal thor  ac  ic sp  ine extends from the 1 st to the 12 th verte  bra and should have a slight ky  pho  tic angle ranging from 20 ° to 45 ° when the round  ness of the upper sp  ine increases past 45 ° it is called ky  pho  sis or hyper  ky  pho  sis sch  eu  er  mann s ky  pho  sis is the most classic form of hyper  ky  pho  sis and is the result of we  dged verte  bra  e that develop during adoles  cence the cause is not currently known and the condition appears to be multi  fac  torial and is seen more frequently in males than females in the sense of a de  form  ity it is the pathological cur  ving of the sp  ine where parts of the spinal column lose some or all of their lor  do  tic profile this causes a bo  wing of the back seen as a sl  ou  ching posture while most cases of ky  pho  sis are mild and only require routine monitoring serious cases can be deb  il  itating high degrees of ky  pho  sis can cause severe pain and discomfort breathing and dig  estion difficulties cardiovascular irregularities neuro  logical compromise and in the more severe cases significantly shortened life sp  ans these types of high end cur  ves typically do not respond well to conservative treatment and almost always warrant spinal fusion surgery which can restore the body s natural degree of cur  v  ature the co  bb angle is the preferred method of measuring ky  pho  sis
kyr  le disease or hyper  ker  at  osis fol  lic  ul  aris et par  af  ol  lic  ul  aris in cut  em pen  e  trans is identified as a form of an acquired per  for  ating disease other major per  for  ating diseases are el  ast  osis per  for  ans ser  pi  gin  osa and reactive per  for  ating coll  agen  osis recently however there is a controversy on categ  ori  zing kyr  le disease with per  for  ating der  mat  osis or a subtype of acquired per  for  ating coll  agen  osis kyr  le disease was first described by jose  f kyr  le in 19  16 when a diabe  tic woman presented generalized hyper  ker  ato  tic no  d  ules the disease is distinguished by large pap  ules with central ker  atin plus on the skin usually on the legs of the patient and is often in conjunction with he  p  atic ren  al or diabe  tic disorders it can affect both females and males with a 6 1 ratio the pap  ules usually show up on the patient with an average age of 30 years kyr  le disease is a rare disease unless there is a high count of patients with chronic ren  al failure the disease seems to be more prevalent in african americans which can be correlated to the high incidence of diabetes mell  it  us and ren  al failure in the population
in fluid dynamics a k  ár  m  án vor  tex street or a von k  ár  m  án vor  tex sheet is a repeating pattern of swi  r  ling vor  tices caused by the un  steady separation of flow of a fluid around blunt bodies it is named after the engineer and fluid dynam  ic  ist theod  ore von k  ár  m  án and is responsible for such phenomena as the singing of suspended telephone or power lines and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds
kö  hler disease also spelled ko  hler and referred to in some texts as ko  hler disease ii is a rare bone disorder of the foot found in children between six and nine years of age the disease typically affects boys but it can also affect girls it was first described in 19  08 by al  ban kö  hler 18  74 – 1947 a german radio  logist it is caused when the na  vic  ular bone temporarily loses its blood supply as a result tissue in the bone dies and the bone collapses when treated it causes no long term problems in most cases although rarely can return in adults as the na  vic  ular bone gets back to normal symptoms typically ab  ate in february 2010 the journal of the american medical association reported that the 19 year old king tu  tan  kham  un may well have died of complications from malaria combined with kö  hler disease ii
kö  ni  g s syndrome synon  ym i  le  oc  a  ec  al valve syndrome is a syndrome of ab  domin  al pain in relation to meals con  sti  p  ation altern  ated with diarr  hea meteor  ism g  urg  ling sounds hyper per  ist  al  sis on aus  cul  tation especially in the right ili  ac fo  ssa and ab  domin  al dis  tension it is caused by an incomplete obstruction of the small intest  ine and especially of the i  le  oc  ec  al valve e g in cro  hn s disease or in rare cases of cancer of the small intest  ine it is named after the german surgeon franz kö  ni  g 18  32 – 19  10 and should not be confused with kö  ni  g s disease also named after him
in mathematics the kö  the con  jec  ture is a problem in ring theory open as of 2010 it is formulated in various ways suppose that r is a ring one way to state the con  jec  ture is that if r has no nil ideal other than 0 then it has no nil one sided ideal other than 0 this question was posed in 1930 by go  tt  fried kö  the 1905 – 1989 the kö  the con  jec  ture has been shown to be true for various classes of rings such as poly  no  mi  al identity rings and right no  e  ther  ian rings but a general solution remains elusive
the k  ü  str  in pu  ts  ch also known as the bu  chr  uc  ker pu  ts  ch was a reaction to the september 26 19  23 qu  elling of resistance by the german government to the occupation of the ru  hr region led by bruno ern  st bu  chr  uc  ker groups of the black re  ich  swe  hr wanted to bring down the reich government of chancellor gust  av stres  emann and replace the parliamentarian democratic republic with a national dictatorship another motive for the pu  ts  ch was the re  ich  swe  hr s decision to dis  band work details causing many of their members to lose their livelihood the attempt to occupy k  ü  str  in a garrison city was prevented by units of the re  ich  swe  hr bu  chr  uc  ker and other officers were arrested and sentenced for high treason to imprisonment in a fortress or prison the bulk of the rebels were soon released and were not punished for a short time the pu  ts  ch controlled the cit  ad  el and fort ha  h  ne  berg but were then forced to surrender to the re  ich  swe  hr
in mathematics an l function is a mer  om  orph  ic function on the complex plane associated to one out of several categories of mathematical objects an l series is a di  rich  let series usually conver  gent on a half plane that may give rise to an l function via analy  tic continuation the theory of l functions has become a very substantial and still largely con  jec  tural part of contemporary analy  tic number theory in it broad gener  alisations of the ri  emann ze  ta function and the l series for a di  rich  let character are constructed and their general properties in most cases still out of reach of proof are set out in a systematic way
l  cd cros  stal  k is a visual defect in an l  cd screen which occurs because of interference between adjacent pi  x  els owing to the way rows and columns in the display are addressed and charge is pushed around the data on one part of the display has the potential to influence what is displayed elsewhere this is generally known as cross talk and in matrix displays typically occurs in the horizontal and vertical directions cross talk used to be a serious problem in the old passive matrix st  n displays but is rarely discer  n  able in modern active matrix t  ft displays a fortunate side effect of in  version see above is that for most display material what little cross talk there is largely cancelled out for most practical purposes the level of cros  stal  k in modern l  cds is negligible certain patterns particularly those involving fine do  ts can interact with the in  version and reveal visible cross talk if you try moving a small window in front of the in  version pattern above which makes your screen f  lic  ker the most you may well see cross talk in the surrounding pattern different patterns are required to reveal cross talk on different displays depending on their in  version scheme the following patterns may show cross talk on your screen
lg  bt cru  ises are a rising phenomenon in lg  bt culture and a growing trend in the lg  bt tourism industry
the establishment of lg  bt rights in the u s state of connec  tic  ut is a recent phenomenon with most advances in lg  bt rights taking place in the 21 st century in regard to very liberal lg  bt rights connec  tic  ut was the second us state to enact two major pieces of pro lg  bt legislation the repeal of the so  dom  y law in 1971 and the leg  alization of same sex marriage in 2008
the establishment of lg  bt rights in the u s state of iowa is a recent phenomenon with most advances in lg  bt rights taking place since 2007 iowa began issuing marriage licenses to same sex couples on april 27 2009 following a ruling by the iowa supreme court making iowa the fourth u s state to leg  alize same sex marriage
the expansion of lg  bt rights in the u s state of mary  land is a recent phenomenon with most advances in lg  bt rights occurring in the 1990 s 2000 s and 2010 s mary  land has state  wide protections against discrimination based on an individual s sexual orientation since 2001 and gender identity since 2014 legislation to leg  alize same sex marriage in mary  land was approved by voters on november 6 2012 and went into effect on january 1 2013
the establishment of lg  bt rights in the u s state of massachusetts is a recent phenomenon with most advances in lg  bt rights taking place since 1992 in 2004 it became the first u s state to grant marriage licenses to same sex couples after the decision in goo  dri  dge v department of public health
lig 4 syndrome also known as lig  ase iv syndrome is an extremely rare condition caused by mutations in the dna lig  ase iv lig 4 gene some mutations in this gene are associated with a resistance against multiple my  el  oma and severe combined immun  o  deficiency severity of symptoms depends on the degree of reduced enz  ym  atic activity of lig  ase iv or gene expression as dna lig  ase iv is essential in v d j re  combination the mechanism by which immun  o  glob  ul  ins b cell and t cell recep  tors are formed patients with lig 4 syndrome may suffer from less effective or defective v d j re  combination some patients have a severe immun  o  deficiency characterized by pan  cy  top  enia causing chronic respiratory infections and sin  u  si  tis clinical features also include sec  kel syndrome like facial ab  norm  alities and micro  cephal  y patients also suffer from growth retar  dation and skin conditions including photo  sensitivity ps  ori  asis and tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia although not present in all patients may also present with hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and type ii diabetes and possibly m  align  ancies such as acute t cell leuk  emia the clinical phen  o  type of lig 4 syndrome closely resembles that of ni  j  me  gen break  age syndrome n  bs
in the study of algori  th  ms an l  p type problem also called a generalized linear program is an optimi  zation problem that shares certain properties with low dimensional linear programs and that may be solved by similar algori  th  ms l  p type problems include many important optimi  zation problems that are not themselves linear programs such as the problem of finding the smallest circle containing a given set of plan  ar points they may be solved by a combination of random  ized algori  th  ms in an amount of time that is linear in the number of elements defining the problem and sub  exponential in the dimension of the problem
l  r  ba deficiency is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system this disorder is caused by a mutation in the gene l  r  ba l  r  ba stands for “ li  po  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de l  ps responsive ves  ic  le trafficking beach and anchor containing ” gene this condition is characterized by auto  immunity lymp  ho  proliferation and immune deficiency it was first described by gabri  ela lo  pez her  r  era from university college london in 2012 investigators in the laboratory of dr michael len  ardo at national institute of allergy and infectious diseases the national institutes of health and dr michael jordan at c  incin  nati children ’ s hospital medical center later described this condition and therapy in 2015
la cros  se en  ce  ph  ali  tis is an en  ce  ph  ali  tis caused by an ar  bo  virus the la cros  se virus which has a mosquito vector och  ler  ot  atus tr  is  eri  atus synon  ym a  edes tr  is  eri  atus la cros  se en  ce  ph  ali  tis virus lac  v is one of a group of mosquito transmitted viruses that can cause en  ce  ph  ali  tis or infl  amm  ation of the brain l  ac en  ce  ph  ali  tis is rare in the united states about 80 – 100 lac  v disease cases are reported each year although it is believed to be under reported due to minimal symptoms experienced by many of those affected
la ni  ña l  ɑ  ː  ˈ  ni  ː  n  j  ə spanish pron  unciation la ˈ  ni  ɲ  a is a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of el ni  ño as part of the broader el ni  ño – southern osci  ll  ation climate pattern the name la ni  ña originates from spanish meaning the girl analogous to el ni  ño meaning the boy it has also in the past been called anti el ni  ño and el vie  jo meaning the old man during a period of la ni  ña the sea surface temperature across the equatorial eastern central pacific ocean will be lower than normal by 3 – 5 ° c in the united states an appearance of la ni  ña happens for at least five months of la ni  ña conditions it has extensive effects on the weather in north america even affecting the atlantic hurricane season a la ni  ña often though not always follows an el ni  ño
lab  ial fusion is a medical condition of the female genital anatomy where the lab  ia min  ora become f  used together it is generally a pedi  atric condition the condition is known by a number of names including lab  ial fusion lab  ial adhe  sion lab  ial sy  nec  hi  ae lab  ial agg  lu  t  ination lab  ial adherence gy  nat  re  sia vul  var fusion and vul  var sy  nec  hi  ae
laboratory animal allergy la  a is an occupational disease of laboratory animal technicians and scientists it manifests as an allergic response to animal urine specifically the major ur  inary proteins mu  ps of ro  dents and can lead to the development of asthma a study of 56  41 workers in japan who were exposed to laboratory animals found 23 1 had one or more allergic symptoms globally the prevalence among at risk workers is estimated between 11 and 30 according to the national institutes of health prevention of animal allergy depends on the control of aller  gens in the work environment this involves a combination of measures to eliminate or control aller  gen exposure including engineering administrative controls and personal protective equipment the protein product of the mouse m  up 17 gene known as mus m 1 ag 1 or ma 1 accounts for much of the aller  genic properties of mouse urine similarly the product of the rat m  up 13 gene rat n 1 is also a potent human aller  gen one study found that two thirds of laboratory workers who had developed asth  matic reactions to animals had antibodies to rat n 1
a labyrin  th  ine f  ist  ula is an abnormal opening in the bon  y cap  su  le of the inner ear resulting in leakage of the peril  ymp  h from the sem  ic  ir  cular can  als into the middle ear this includes specifically a peril  ymp  h f  ist  ula pl  f an abnormal connection between the fluid of the inner ear and the air filled middle ear this connection is caused by a rupture of the o  val window or round window that separate the inner and middle ear another type of l f is a sem  ic  ir  cular canal de  his  cence which allows the inner ear to be influenced by the in  trac  ran  ial pressure directly
labyrin  thi  tis also known as vesti  bul  ar ne  uri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the inner ear it results in ver  ti  go and also possible hearing loss or ringing in the ears it can occur as a single attack a series of attacks or a persistent condition that diminishes over three to six weeks it may be associated with naus  ea v  om  iting vesti  bul  ar neuro  ni  tis may also be associated with eye ny  stag  mus the cause is often not clear it may be due to a virus but it can also arise from bacterial infection head injury extreme stress an allergy or as a reaction to medication 30 of affected people had a common cold prior to developing the disease either bacterial or viral labyrin  thi  tis can cause permanent hearing loss in rare cases this appears to result from an imbalance of neuro  nal input between the left and right inner ears vesti  bul  ar ne  uri  tis affects approximately 3 5 per 100 000 people per year the typical age of onset is between 30 and 60 years and the age distribution pl  ate  au is between 40 and 50 years there is no significant gender difference it derives its name from the labyrin  ths that house the vesti  bul  ar system which senses changes in head position
l  ac is the scar  let res  inous secre  tion of a number of species of l  ac insects of which the most commonly cultivated species is ker  ria l  acc  a cultivation begins when a farmer gets a stick bro  od  l  ac that contains eggs ready to hatch and ties it to the tree to be infested thousands of l  ac insects colon  ize the branches of the host trees and secre  te the res  inous pig  ment the co  ated branches of the host trees are cut and harvested as stic  kl  ac the harvested stic  kl  ac is crushed and si  eved to remove impurities the si  eved material is then repeatedly washed to remove insect parts and other soluble material the resulting product is known as se  ed  l  ac the pre  fix seed refers to its pel  let shape se  ed  l  ac which still contains 3 – 5 impurities is processed into shell  ac by heat treatment or solvent extraction the leading producer of l  ac is j  har  k  hand followed by the ch  hat  tis  gar  h west beng  al and ma  har  ash  tra states of india l  ac production is also found in bangladesh myanmar thailand laos vietnam parts of china and mexico
l  achi  ew  ic  z – si  b  ley syndrome is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder characterized by pre  aur  icular pits and ren  al disease persons with this disease may have hypo  plas  ic kidneys or prote  in  ur  ia this disease was first described in a caucasian family of british and irish descent that emigr  ated to ohio in the 19 th century before settling in ne  br  aska many of the members of this family still live in ne  br  aska although the relatives are now scattered throughout the country unlike bran  chio oto ren  al bor syndrome l  achi  ew  ic  z – si  b  ley syndrome is characterized by only pre  aur  icular pit  ting and ren  al disease persons with bor syndrome also present with hearing loss bran  ch  ial f  ist  ul  as or cy  sts mal  formed ears and lac  ri  mal sten  osis other anomalies in bor syndrome may include a long narrow face a deep over  bite and facial paralysis it was characterized in 1985
l  acqu  er der  mati  tis also known as l  acqu  er sensitivity is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a contact der  mati  tis to various l  acqu  ers
the lac  ri  mal car  uncle or car  un  cul  a lac  ri  mal  is is the small pink glob  ular no  dule at the inner corner the medi  al can  thus of the eye it is made of skin covering se  bac  eous and sweat g  lands with oc  ular allergies the lac  ri  mal car  uncle and the plic  a sem  il  un  aris of the con  junc  tiva may be infl  amed and pr  uri  tic it  chy due to hist  amine release in the tissue and tear film
lac  tation failure or deficiency also known as ag  al  acti  a or ag  al  ac  tor  rhe  a as well as hypo  gal  acti  a or hypo  galac  tor  rhe  a is a medical condition in which lac  tation is insufficient or fails completely due to an inadequacy of breast milk production and or a failure of the milk let down reflex in response to suc  kling following childbirth resulting in an inability to properly breast  feed
lact  ational amen  or  rhe  a is the temporary post  natal in  fertility that occurs when a woman is amen  or  rhe  ic not men  stru  ating and fully breastfeeding
lac  tic aci  do  sis is a medical condition characterized by the buil  dup of lact  ate especially l lact  ate in the body with as a result an excessively low ph it is a subtype of metabol  ic aci  do  sis where there is excessive acid due to a problem with the body s metabol  ism lac  tic aci  do  sis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition medication or poisoning the symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes but may include naus  ea v  om  iting rapid deep breathing and generalised weakness the diagnosis is made on bio  chemical analysis of blood often initially on arter  ial blood gas samples and once confirmed there is generally a need to establish the underlying cause to treat the aci  do  sis in some situations hem  of  iltr  ation purification of the blood is temporarily required in rare chronic forms of lac  tic aci  do  sis caused by mit  och  on  dri  al disease a specific diet or dic  hlor  o  acetate may be used the prog  no  sis of lac  tic aci  do  sis depends largely on the underlying cause in some situations such as severe infections it indicates an increased risk of death
lac  tose intolerance is the inability of adults and children to dig  est lac  tose a sugar found in milk and to a lesser extent dairy products causing side effects it is due to a lact  ase deficiency or hy  pol  ac  ta  sia in extremely rare cases mainly limited to finland individuals have con  genital al  ac  ta  sia a total absence of lact  ase caused by a genetic defect which prevents them from being able to dig  est lac  tose from infancy including breast milk lac  tose intolerant individuals have insufficient levels of lact  ase an enzyme that cataly  zes the hydro  lysis of lac  tose into glucose and galac  tose in their dig  estive system in most cases this causes symptoms which may include ab  domin  al blo  ating and cram  ps flat  ul  ence diarr  hea naus  ea bor  bor  y  gm  i rum  bling stomach or v  om  iting after consuming significant amounts of lac  tose it is common for patients with infl  am  matory bo  wel disease to experience gastro  intest  inal symptoms after lac  tose ing  estion although the prevalence of lact  ase deficiency in this population has not been well studied most mammals normally cease to produce lact  ase lact  ase non  persistence becoming lac  tose intolerant after we  aning but some human populations have developed lact  ase persistence in which lact  ase production continues into adul  thood which likely developed as a response to growing benefits of being able to dig  est the milk of farm animals such as cattle research reveals intolerance to be more common globally than lact  ase persistence and that the variation has been tied to genetics but that the largest source of variation has been shown to be based on exposure e g cultures that consume dairy the frequency of lac  tose intolerance ranges from 5 in northern european to more than 90 in some african and asian countries some have argued that this links intolerance to natural selection favoring lact  ase persistent individuals but it is also consistent with a physiological response to decrease lact  ase production when it is not needed in cultures in which dairy products are not an available food source although populations in europe india arabia and africa were first thought to have high frequencies of lact  ase persistence because of a single mutation lact  ase persistence has been traced to a number of mutations that occurred independently healthy people with lact  ase non  persistence are able to consume at least one cup of milk without developing symptoms and this tolerance is improved by consuming the milk with a meal preferably lac  tose reduced milk adding lact  ase supplements or replacing milk by yog  ur  t or hard cheeses
lac  un  ar amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event it is a type of amnesia that leaves a lac  una a gap in the record of memory
lac  un  ar stroke or lac  un  ar inf  arc  t lac  i is a type of stroke that results from oc  clu  sion of one of the penetr  ating arter  ies that provides blood to the brain s deep structures patients who present with symptoms of a lac  un  ar stroke but who have not yet had diagnostic imaging performed may be described as suffering from lac  un  ar stroke syndrome lac  s much of the current knowledge of lac  un  ar stro  kes comes from c miller fisher s cad  aver dis  sections of post mortem stroke patients he observed lac  un  ae latin for empty space in the deep brain structures after oc  clu  sion of 200 800 μ  m penetr  ating arter  ies and connected them with 5 classic syndro  mes these syndro  mes are still noted today though lac  un  ar inf  arc  ts are diagnosed based on clinical judgment and radio  logic imaging
in analysis a lac  un  ary function also known as a lac  un  ary series is an analy  tic function that cannot be analy  tically continued anywhere outside the radius of convergence within which it is defined by a power series the word lac  un  ary is derived from lac  una pl lac  un  ae meaning gap or vacancy the first known examples of lac  un  ary functions involved taylor series with large gaps or lac  un  ae between the non zero coefficients of their expan  sions more recent investigations have also focused attention on fou  rier series with similar gaps between non zero coefficients there is a slight ambiguity in the modern usage of the term lac  un  ary series which may be used to refer to either taylor series or fou  rier series
the lady mac  beth effect or mac  beth effect is a pri  ming effect that occurs when response to a cleaning cue is increased after having been induced by a feeling of shame the effect is named after the lady mac  beth character in the shakespeare play mac  beth she imagined blood  stain  s on her hands after committing murder in one experiment different groups of participants were asked to recall a good or bad past deed after which they were asked to fill in the letters of three incomplete words w h sh er and s p those who had been asked to recall a bad deed were about 60 more likely to respond with cleansing related words like wash shower and soap instead of alternatives such as wish shak  er or stop in another experiment experim  enters were able to reduce choice supportive bias by having subjects engage in forms of self cleaning the effect is apparently loc  alized enough that those who had been asked to lie verb  ally preferred an oral cleaning product and those asked to lie in writing preferred a hand cleaning product over the other kind of clean  ser and other control items however other researchers have been unable to replic  ate the basic effect using larger samples very concerning replic  ation difficulties have emerged for three out of four of z  hong and li  l  jen  qu  ist s original studies i e study 2 study 3 and study 4
la  en  n  ec s cir  rho  sis also known as portal cir  rho  sis alcoholic cir  rho  sis fatty cir  rho  sis or atro  ph  ic cir  rho  sis is named after ren  é la  en  n  ec a french physician and the invent  or of the st  eth  o  scope it is a disease of the liver in which the normal lob  ular architecture is lost with fi  bro  sis scar  ring and later no  d  ular regeneration la  en  n  ec s cir  rho  sis can be associated with infl  am  matory poly  ar  thri  tis most commonly affecting the shoulders el  bows and knees o  ste  op  or  osis soft tissue sw  elling in peripheral joints and sometimes calci  fic peri  ath  ri  tis are seen in the developed world la  en  n  ec s cir  rho  sis most commonly affects middle aged males typically ages 40 – 60 this is the most common form of cir  rho  sis in the u s chronic alcoholism can cause la  en  n  ec s cir  rho  sis in areas of the world afflicted with chronic starvation africa and asia the children are most commonly afflicted
la  fora disease also called la  fora progressive my  o  cl  onic epi  le  psy or mel  f is a fatal auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies known as la  fora bodies within the cy  top  las  m of the cells of the heart liver muscle and skin in a later study la  fora disease has been and is now viewed as a neuro  degenerative disease since prior to the actual formation of la  fora bodies there has been seen to be an impairment in the development of cere  br  al cor  tical neurons it was further concluded that la  fora disease is a complex neuro  degenerative disease and also a gly  co  gen metabol  ism disorder most patients with this disease do not live past the age of twenty five and death within ten years of symptoms is usually inevitable at present there is no cure or treatment for this disease
a lag deposit is the de  position of material win  no  wed by physical action ae  oli  an processes flu  vi  al processes and tidal processes can remove the fin  er portion of a se  dim  entary deposit leaving the co  ar  ser material behind lag deposits are found in processes such as central island formation in streams and rivers one theory of desert pav  ement formation is that they are an ae  oli  an lag deposit ar  mored beaches and in  lets can be composed in part by lag deposits of shells or cob  bles created when tidal forces strip away the fin  er sand and sil  t
lag  en  idi  osis is a type of infectious disease the best known species of lag  en  idi  um is lag  en  idi  um gig  ant  eu  m a parasite of mosquito lar  v  ae used in biological control of mosquitoes the disease lag  en  idi  osis in dogs is caused by a new species of lag  en  idi  um that has not yet been properly named lag  en  idi  osis is found in the sou  the  astern united states in lakes and pon  ds it causes progressive skin and sub  cu  taneous le  sions in the legs gro  in trunk and near the tail the le  sions are firm no  d  ules or ul  cer  ated regions with draining tracts regional lymp  h no  des are usually sw  oll  en spread of the disease to distant lymp  h no  des large blood vessels and the lungs may occur an an  eur  ys  m of a great vessel can rupture and cause sudden death
lag  oph  thal  mos is defined as the inability to close the eye  li  ds completely blin  king covers the eye with a thin layer of tear fluid thereby promoting a mo  ist environment necessary for the cells of the exter  ior part of the eye the tears also flush out foreign bodies and wash them away this is crucial to maintain lubric  ation and proper eye health if this process is impaired as in lag  oph  thal  mos the eye can suffer abra  sions and infections lag  op  thal  mos leads to cor  ne  al drying and ul  cer  ation
lag  range point colonization is the colonization of the five equilibrium points in the orbit of a planet or its primary moon called lag  ran  gian points the most obvious such points for colonization are those in the earth – moon and in the sun – earth systems although it would generally take days or even weeks to reach the latter with current technology it would be possible to generate energy from sunlight at them nearly continuously since they would due to their considerable distance from earth be shad  ed from the sun only seldom and then only shortly
la  ha  ina noon is a tropical solar phenomenon where the sun passes exactly overhead at solar noon the sub  solar point the term la  ha  ina noon was coined by the bishop museum in hawaii and is only used locally
a lake burst old irish lo  ch  thom  ad  mand is a phenomenon referred to in irish myth  ology in which a previously non existent lake comes into being often when a grave is being dug
lake str  ati  fication is the separation of lakes into three layers 1 epi  lim  n  ion top of the lake 2 metal  im  n  ion or thermo  cl  ine middle layer that may change depth throughout the day 3 hy  poli  m  n  ion the bottom layer the thermal str  ati  fication of lakes refers to a change in the temperature at different depths in the lake and is due to the change in water s density with temperature cold water is d  ens  er than warm water and the epi  lim  n  ion generally consists of water that is not as dense as the water in the hy  poli  m  n  ion however the temperature of maximum density for freshwater is 4 ° c in temper  ate regions where lake water war  ms up and co  ols through the seasons a cyclical pattern of overturn occurs that is repeated from year to year as the cold dense water at the top of the lake sinks for example in di  mic  tic lakes the lake water turns over during the spring and the fall this process occurs more slowly in deeper water and as a result a thermal bar may form if the str  ati  fication of water lasts for extended periods the lake is mer  om  ic  tic conversely for most of the time the relatively sh  allow  er mer  es are un  str  ati  fied that is the mere is considered all epi  lim  n  ion the accumulation of dissolved carbon dioxide in three mer  om  ic  tic lakes in africa lake ny  os and lake mon  oun in cameroon and lake kivu in rwanda is potentially dangerous because if one of these lakes is triggered into lim  nic eruption a very large quantity of carbon dioxide can quickly leave the lake and dis  place the oxygen needed for life by people and animals in the surrounding area natural resource and environmental managers are often challenged by problems caused by lake and pond thermal str  ati  fication fish die offs have been directly associated with thermal gr  adi  ents stagnation and ice cover excessive growth of plan  k  ton may limit the recreational use of lakes and the commercial use of lake water with severe thermal str  ati  fication in a lake the quality of drinking water also can be adversely affected for fisheries managers the spatial distribution of fish within a lake is often adversely affected by thermal str  ati  fication and in some cases may indirectly cause large die offs of recre  ationally important fish one commonly used tool to reduce the severity of these lake management problems is to eliminate or lesson thermal str  ati  fication through a  eration many types of a  eration equipment have been used to ther  m  ally de  str  ati  fy lakes a  eration has met with some success although it has rarely proved to be a panacea
la  k  sh  mi nar  ay  an or la  k  sh  mi nar  ay  ana san  sk  r  it ल  क  ्  ष  ्  म  ी न  ा  र  ा  य  ण iast la  k  ṣ  m  ī  n  ā  r  ā  ya  ṇ  a also sometimes spelled la  k  sh  min  ar  ay  an la  k  sh  min  ar  ay  ana lax  min  ar  ay  ana is a manifestation of vis  hn  u in the hindu religion it is usually referring to vis  hn  u also known as nar  ay  an when he is with his consor  t la  k  sh  mi in his abo  de v  ai  kun  tha la  k  sh  mi is depicted as standing next to a dark skin  ned vis  hn  u who is holding a con  ch m  ace lo  tus and the su  dar  sh  ana cha  k  ra another depic  tion of la  k  sh  min  ar  ay  an portr  ays la  k  sh  mi in the service of nar  ay  an who is rec  lining on the co  sm  ic ser  p  ent ses  ha floating in k  sh  ī  r  sag  ā  r the ocean of milk
in physics the lamb shift named after will  is lamb 19  13 – 2008 is a difference in energy between two energy levels 2 s 1 2 and 2 p 1 2 in term symbol no  tation of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the di  rac equation according to which these states should have the same energy interaction between vacuum energy fluctuations and the hydrogen electr  on in these different or  bit  als is the cause of the lamb shift as was shown subsequent to its discovery the lamb shift has since played a significant role through its validation of vacuum energy fluctuations in the discovery of haw  king radiation from black holes this effect was first measured in 1947 in the lamb – re  ther  ford experiment on the hydrogen microwave spectrum and this measurement provided the stimulus for ren  orm  alization theory to handle the divergences it was the harb  inger of modern quantum electro  dynamics developed by julian schw  inger richard fe  yn  man ern  st stu  ec  kel  berg sin i  ti  ro tom  on  aga and fre  eman dys  on lamb won the nobel prize in physics in 1955 for his discoveries related to the lamb shift
lam  b  d  ac  ism from the greek letter lam  b  da is a medical condition or speech impediment related to the pron  unciation of l or related ph  on  em  es a common form of lam  b  d  ac  ism is l  all  ation the substitution of l for ɹ in pron  unciation it is a common feature of japanese and korean pron  unciation of english it occurs to a lesser extent in mandar  in chinese and other languages substitution of l for n at the beginning of a word or sy  ll  able or the reverse at the end is also a feature in certain east asian languages such as can  ton  ese and thai
lambert – e  aton my  asth  en  ic syndrome l  ems also lambert – e  aton syndrome or e  aton – lambert syndrome is a rare auto  immune disorder that is characterized by muscle weakness of the limbs it is the result of an auto  immune reaction in which antibodies are formed against pres  yn  ap  tic voltage gated calcium channels and likely other nerve terminal proteins in the neuro  muscular junction the connection between nerves and the muscle that they supply the prevalence is 3 4 cases per million around 60 of those with l  ems have an underlying m  align  ancy most commonly small cell lung cancer it is therefore regarded as a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome a condition that arises as a result of cancer elsewhere in the body l  ems usually occurs in people over 40 years of age but it may occur any age the diagnosis is usually confirmed with electro  my  o  graphy and blood tests these also distinguish it from my  asth  enia grav  is mg a related auto  immune neuro  muscular disease if the disease is associated with cancer direct treatment of the cancer often reliev  es the symptoms of l  ems other treatments often used are ster  oids az  ath  iop  rine which suppress the immune system intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin which out  compe  tes auto  reactive anti  body from fc recep  tors and py  ri  do  stig  mine and 3 4 diam  in  op  y  ri  dine which enhance the neuro  muscular transmission occasionally plasma exchange is required to remove the antibodies
in domain name systems a lame delegation also known as a lame response is a type of error that results when a name server is designated as the authoritative server for a domain name for which it does not have authoritative data american registry for internet numbers ar  in has a draft policies and proposals concerning lame delegations policy 2002 1 lame delegations in in add  r ar  pa see
lam  ell  ar ich  thy  osis also known as ich  thy  osis lam  el  lar  is and non  bull  ous con  genital ich  thy  osis is a rare inherited skin disorder affecting around 1 in 600 000 people
lam  initi  s is a disease that affects the feet of hoo  ved animals un  gul  ates and it is found mostly in horses and cattle clinical signs include foot tender  ness progressing to inability to walk increased digital pul  ses and increased temperature in the hoo  ves severe cases with outw  ar  dly visible clinical signs are known by the col  lo  qu  ial term and progression of the disease may lead to per  for  ation of the coffin bone through the sole of the ho  of requiring aggressive treatment or euthanasia
land footprint is the real amount of land wherever it is in the world that is needed to produce a product or used by an organisation or by a nation
in physics land  au dam  ping named after its discover  er the eminent soviet physic  ist lev land  au 19  08 68 is the effect of dam  ping exponential decrease as a function of time of longit  ud  inal space charge waves in plasma or a similar environment this phenomenon prevents an instability from developing and creates a region of stability in the parameter space it was later argued by donald lyn  den bell that a similar phenomenon was occurring in gal  actic dynamics where the gas of electron  s inter  acting by electro  static forces is replaced by a gas of stars inter  acting by grav  itation forces land  au dam  ping can be manipulated exactly in numerical simul  ations such as particle in cell simulation
land  au – kle  ff  ner syndrome l  ks — also called inf  anti  le acquired ap  ha  sia acquired epi  le  ptic ap  ha  sia or ap  ha  sia with con  vul  sive disorder — is a rare childhood neuro  logical syndrome it is named after william land  au and frank kle  ff  ner who characterized it in 1957 with a diagnosis of six children
a landslide also known as a land  slip is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground movements such as roc  k  falls deep failure of slop  es and shallow debris flows land  slides can occur in underwater called a submarine landslide coastal and on  shore environments although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability typically pre conditional factors build up specific sub surface conditions that make the area slope prone to failure whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released land  slides should not be confused with mud flows a form of mass wasting involving very to extremely rapid flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquefied by the addition of significant amounts of water to the source material
lane is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function submitted to the n  ist has  h function competition it was designed by sebas  ti  aan inde  st  ee  ge with contributions by elena andre  eva christophe de canni  ère or  r dun  kel  man emilia kä  sp  er s  ve  t  la niko  va bart pre  ne  el and elmar ti  sch  ha  user it re uses many components from aes in a custom construction the authors claim performance of up to 25 66 cycles per by  te on an intel core 2 du  o
l  anger mes  om  el  ic dys  pl  asia l  md is a rare con  genital disorder characterized by an altered bone formation that causes a severe short and disproportionate stature
lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis l  ch is a rare disease involving cl  onal proliferation of lang  er  hans cells abnormal cells deriving from bone marrow and capable of migr  ating from skin to lymp  h no  des clin  ically its manifestations range from isolated bone le  sions to multi  system disease l  ch is part of a group of clinical syndro  mes called his  ti  oc  y  to  ses which are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of his  ti  oc  y  tes an archaic term for activated d  end  ri  tic cells and macro  p  ha  ges these diseases are related to other forms of abnormal proliferation of white blood cells such as leuk  emi  as and lymp  hom  as the disease has gone by several names including hand – sch  ü  ller – christian disease ab  t let  ter  er si  we disease and his  ti  oc  y  to  sis x until it was ren  amed in 1985 by the his  ti  oc  y  te society
lang  er  hans cell sar  coma is a form of m  align  ant his  ti  oc  y  to  sis it should not be confused with lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis which is cy  to  logically benign lang  er  hans cell sar  coma is known to transform into leuk  emia it can present in the lung but such cases are rare
l  anger gi  edi  on syndrome l  gs also called tric  hor  hin  op  hal  ange  al syndrome type ii tr  ps 2 or lg  cr for l  anger gi  edi  on chro  mo  some region is a very un  common auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chro  mo  som  al material it is named after the two doctors who undertook the main research into the condition in the 1960 s diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood
in mathematics the lang  lands – deli  gne local constant or local ar  tin root number up to an elementary function of s is an elementary function associated with a representation of the weil group of a local field the functional equation l ρ s ε ρ s l ρ ∨ 1 − s of an ar  tin l function has an elementary function ε ρ s appearing in it equal to a constant called the ar  tin root number times an elementary real function of s and lang  lands discovered that ε ρ s can be written in a can  on  ical way as a product ε ρ s π ε ρ  v s ψ  v of local constan  ts ε ρ  v s ψ  v associated to pri  mes v t  ate proved the existence of the local constan  ts in the case that ρ is 1 dimensional in t  ate s thesis proved the existence of the local constant ε ρ  v s ψ  v up to sign the original proof of the existence of the local constan  ts by used local methods and was rather long and complicated and never published later discovered a simpler proof using global methods
lang  ley ’ s adventitious angles is a mathematical problem posed by edward mann lang  ley in the mathematical gazette in 19  22
language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication particularly the human ability to do so and a language is any specific example of such a system the scientific study of language is called lingu  is  tics questions concerning the philosophy of language such as whether words can represent experience have been debated since gor  gi  as and plato in ancient greece thinkers such as rous  seau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought 20 th century philosophers such as wit  t  gen  stein argued that philosophy is really the study of language major figures in lingu  is  tics include fer  din  and de saus  sure and no  am ch  om  sky estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 5 000 and 7 000 however any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary distinction between languages and dial  ects natural languages are spoken or signed but any language can be en  coded into secondary media using aud  itory visual or t  acti  le stimul  i – for example in whist  ling signed or bra  ille this is because human language is modality independent depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning when used as a general concept language may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems or the set of ut  ter  ances that can be produced from those rules all languages rely on the process of semi  osis to relate signs to particular meanings oral and sign languages contain a ph  on  ological system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morph  em  es and a syn  tactic system that governs how words and morph  em  es are combined to form phrases and ut  ter  ances human language has the properties of productivity recur  sivity and displacement and relies entirely on social convention and learning its complex structure affords a much wider range of expressions than any known system of animal communication language is thought to have originated when early hom  in  ins started gradually changing their pri  mate communication systems acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared intenti  on  ality this development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume and many lingu  ists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communic  ative and social functions language is processed in many different locations in the human brain but especially in bro  ca s and wer  nic  ke s areas humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood and children generally speak flu  ently when they are approximately three years old the use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture therefore in addition to its strictly communic  ative uses language also has many social and cultural uses such as signi  fying group identity social str  ati  fication as well as social gro  oming and entertainment languages evolve and diversify over time and the history of their evolution can be re  constructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ance  str  al languages must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur a group of languages that descend from a common anc  est  or is known as a language family the in  do european family is the most widely spoken and includes languages such as english russian and hind  i the sino tibetan family which includes mandar  in and the other chinese languages and tibetan the af  ro asi  atic family which includes arabic somali and hebrew the ban  tu languages which include swa  hil  i and zul  u and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout africa and the malay  o poly  ne  sian languages which include indonesian malay tag  alo  g and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout the pacific the languages of the dra  vi  dian family that are spoken mostly in southern india include tamil and tel  ugu academic consensus holds that between 50 and 90 of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21 st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100
in microsoft terminology a language interface pack lip is a skin for loc  alizing a windows operating system in languages such as lithuanian serbian hind  i mar  ath  i k  ann  ada tamil and thai based on multilingual user interface mu  i technology a lip also requires the software to have a base installed language and provides users with an approximately 80 percent loc  alized user experience by translating a reduced set of user interface elements unlike mu  i packs which are available only to microsoft volume license customers and for specific sk  us of windows vis  ta a language interface pack is available for free and can be installed on a licensed copy of microsoft windows or office and a fixed base language in other words if the desired additional language has incomplete loc  alization users may add it for free while if the language has complete loc  alization the user must pay for it by licensing a premium version of windows in windows vis  ta and windows 7 only the enterprise and ultimate edi  tions are multilingual typically a language interface pack is designed for regional markets that do not have full mu  i packs or fully loc  alized versions of a product it is an intermediate loc  alized solution that enables computer users to adapt their software to display many commonly used features in their native language each new language interface pack is built using the glos  s  ary created by the community glos  s  ary project in cooperation with the local government academia and local linguistic experts
language disorders or language impair  ments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information problems that may be experienced can involve gr  ammar syn  tax and or mor  pho  logy sem  an  tics meaning or other aspects of language these problems may be receptive involving impaired language comprehension expres  sive involving language production or a combination of both examples include specific language impairment and ap  ha  sia among others language disorders can affect both spoken and written language and can also affect sign language typically all forms of language will be impaired current data indicates that 7 of young children display language disorder with boys being diagnosed twice as much as girls preliminary research on potential risk factors have suggested biological components such as low birth weight pre  maturity general birth complications and male gender as well as family history and low parental education can increase the chance of developing language disorders for children with ph  on  ological and expres  sive language difficulties there is evidence supporting speech and language therapy however the same therapy is shown to be much less effective for receptive language difficulties these results are consistent with the poorer prog  no  sis for receptive language impair  ments that are generally accompanied with problems in reading comprehension note that these are distinct from speech disorders which involve difficulty with the act of speech production but not with language
in natural language processing language identification or language guessing is the problem of determining which natural language given content is in compu  tational approaches to this problem view it as a special case of text categ  ori  zation solved with various statistical methods
language proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language as theories among ped  ago  gues as to what constitutes proficiency go there is little consistency as to how different organizations classify it additionally flu  ency and language competence are generally recognized as being related but separate controversial subjects in predominant frameworks in the united states profic  ient speakers demonstrate both accuracy and flu  ency and use a variety of discourse strategies thus native speakers of a language can be flu  ent without being considered profic  ient native level flu  ency is estimated to be between 20 000 – 40 000 words but basic convers  ational flu  ency might only require as little as 3 000 words
large cell ac  an  thomas are a cu  taneous condition characterized by small skin colored hyper or hypo  pi  gm  ented pap  ules or pl  aqu  es
large cell carcin  oma l  cc is a heterogeneous group of un  differentiated m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms that lack the cy  to  logic and architectural features of small cell carcin  oma and g  land  ular or squ  am  ous differentiation l  cc is categ  orized as a type of n  s  cl  c non small cell carcin  oma which originates from epi  the  li  al cells of the lung 1
large cell lung carcin  oma with r  hab  do  id phen  o  type l  cl  c r  p is a rare his  to  logical form of lung cancer currently classified as a variant of large cell lung carcin  oma l  cl  c in order for a l  cl  c to be sub  classified as the r  hab  do  id phen  o  type variant at least 10 of the m  align  ant tumor cells must contain distinctive structures composed of tang  led intermediate fil  aments that dis  place the cell nucleus outward toward the cell memb  rane the wh  or  led e  o  sin  oph  il  ic inclu  sions in l  cl  c r  p cells give it a micro  scopic resemblance to m  align  ant cells found in r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma r  ms a rare ne  op  las  m arising from transformed sk  el  etal muscle despite their micro  scopic similarities l  cl  c r  p is not associated with r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma although r  hab  do  id variants of l  cl  c are sometimes referred to as r  hab  do  id carcin  om  as this particular term should be reserved for examples of pure r  hab  do  id ne  op  las  ms i e those that do not contain cells containing other his  to  logical variants
one classification system for lymp  hom  as divides the diseases according to the size of the white blood cells that has turned can  cer  ous the large cell lymp  hom  as have large cells a large cell in this context has a diameter of 17 to 20 µ  m other groups of lymp  hom  as in this system are the small cell lymp  hom  as and mixed cell lymp  hom  as
large b cell lymp  homa arising in h  h  v 8 associated mul  tic  entr  ic cast  lem  an s disease is a type of large b cell lymp  homa recognized in the who 2008 classification it is sometimes called the plas  m  ab  l  astic form of mul  tic  entr  ic cast  lem  an disease it has sometimes been confused with plas  m  ab  l  astic lymp  homa in the literature although that is a dis  similar specific entity it has variable cd 20 expression and un  mut  ated immun  o  glob  ulin variable region genes
large for gest  ational age l  ga is an indication of high pre  natal growth rate l  ga is often defined as a weight length or head circum  fer  ence that lies above the 90 th per  centi  le for that gest  ational age however it has been suggested that the definition be restricted to infants with birth weights greater than the 97 th per  centi  le 2 standard deviations above the mean as this more accurately describes infants who are at greatest risk for per  in  atal morbi  dity and mortality macro  som  ia which literally means big body is sometimes confused with l  ga some experts consider a baby to be big when it weighs more than 8 pounds 13 oun  ces 4 000 g at birth and others say a baby is big if it weighs more than 9 pounds 15 oun  ces 4 500 g a baby is also called “ large for gest  ational age ” if its weight is greater than the 90 th per  centi  le at birth
large gran  ular lymp  ho  cy  tic lg  l leuk  emia is a chronic lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorder that exhi  bits an un  explained chronic 6 months elev  ation in large gran  ular lymp  ho  cy  tes lg  ls in the peripheral blood it is divided in two main categories t cell lg  l t lg  l leuk  emia and natural killer nk cell lg  l nk lg  l leuk  emia as the name suggests t cell large gran  ular lymp  ho  cy  te leuk  emia is characterized by involvement of cy  to  toxic t cells it is also known by the following terms proliferation of large gran  ular lymp  ho  cy  tes lg  ls lg  l leuk  emia t  γ lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorder and in common with other t cell leuk  emi  as such as t cell pro  lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia t cell chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia
large pla  que par  ap  s  ori  asis also known as par  ap  s  ori  asis en pl  aqu  es are skin le  sions that may be included in the modern scheme of cu  taneous conditions described as par  ap  s  ori  asis these le  sions called pl  aqu  es may be ir  regularly round shaped to o  val and are 10 cm 3 9 in or larger in diameter they can be very thin pl  aqu  es that are symptomatic or mildly pr  uri  tic large pla  que par  ap  s  ori  asis is a common associate of reti  form par  ap  s  ori  asis can be accompanied by po  i  kilo  der  ma vas  cul  are atro  ph  ic  ans and can in rare occasions be a precursor to cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa
in compu  tational geometry the largest empty rec  t  angle problem maxim  al empty rec  t  angle problem or maximum empty rec  t  angle problem is the problem of finding a rec  t  angle of maxim  al size to be placed among obstacles in the plane there are a number of variants of the problem depending on the particularities of this generic formulation in particular depending on the measure of the size domain type of obstacles and the orientation of the rec  t  angle the problems of this kind arise e g in electronic design autom  ation in design and verification of physical layout of integrated circuits a maxim  al empty rec  t  angle mer is a rec  t  angle which is not contained in another empty rec  t  angle each side of a mer ab  uts an obstacle otherwise the side may be shifted outw  ards increasing the empty rec  t  angle an application of this kind is enum  eration of maxim  al white rec  tang  les in image segm  entation r d of image processing and pattern recognition in the contexts of many algori  th  ms for largest empty rec  tang  les maxim  al empty rec  tang  les are candidate solutions to be considered by the algori  thm since it is easily proven that e g a maximum area empty rec  t  angle is a maxim  al empty rec  t  angle
in compu  tational geometry the largest empty sphere problem is the problem of finding a hyper  sphere of largest radius in d dimensional space whose interior does not overlap with any given obstacles
the lar  ock in  do  le synthesis is a hetero  ann  ulation reaction that uses p  all  adi  um as a catalyst to synthe  size ind  oles from an orth  o i  odo  an  il  ine and a dis  u  b  stitu  ted al  ky  ne it is also known as lar  ock hetero  ann  ulation the reaction is extremely vers  ati  le and can be used to produce varying types of ind  oles lar  ock in  do  le synthesis was first proposed by richard c lar  ock in 1991 at iowa state university
lar  on s syndrome or lar  on type dwar  f  ism is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by an in  sensitivity to growth hormone gh usually caused by a mut  ant growth hormone recep  tor it causes short stature and an increased sensitivity to insulin which means that they are less likely to develop diabetes mell  it  us type 2 and possibly cancer as well it can be treated with injections of re  combin  ant ig  f 1
lar  sen syndrome ls is a con  genital disorder discovered in 1950 by lar  sen and associates when they observed dis  location of the large joints and face anomalies in six of their patients patients suffering from lar  sen syndrome normally present with a variety of symptoms including con  genital an  terior dis  location of the knees dis  location of the hips and el  bows fl  att  ened facial appearance prominent fore  heads and depressed nas  al bridges lar  sen syndrome can also cause a variety of cardiovascular and orth  o  ped  ic ab  norm  alities this rare disorder is caused by a genetic defect in the gene en  coding fil  am  in b a cy  top  las  mic protein that is important in regulating the structure and activity of the cy  to  skelet  on the gene that influences the emergence of lar  sen syndrome is found in chro  mo  some region 3 p 21 1 14 1 a region containing human type vii coll  agen gene lar  sen syndrome has recently been described as a mes  en  ch  y  me disorder that affects the connec  tive tissue of an individual auto  som  al dominant and rec  essive forms of the disorder have been reported although most cases are auto  som  al dominant reports have found that in western societies lar  sen syndrome can be found in one in every 100 000 births but this is most likely an underestimate because the disorder is frequently un  recognized or mis  diagnosed
lar  val hem  olymp  h feeding is a behaviour trait found in the queens of some species of ant this is found mainly in the ants of the sub  family am  bl  y  op  on  in  ae and give them the other name of dr  ac  ula ant in colonies of the am  bl  y  op  one sil  vest  ri  i the queens feed on the hem  olymp  h or insect blood also spelt ha  em  olymp  h of their lar  v  ae when food is not available this is said to be a precursor to tro  p  hal  lax  is in other ant families the lar  v  ae themselves are not killed by this process this behaviour is also seen in pro  cer  ati  um and in le  pt  an  illa the lar  v  ae have special organs that ex  ude the ha  em  olymp  h are exclusively dependent on the hem  olymp  h of their own lar  v  ae as a nutrient even when prey feeding is possible on the other hand the found  resses suppress lar  val hem  olymp  h feeding l  hf when prey is available allowing them to rear the first workers more swiftly the non  destructive form of canni  b  alism can be regarded as a nutri  tive adaptation related to 1 the lack of social food transfer in this species and 2 its specialized pre  dation on large spor  adic prey centi  pe  des l  hf similar to that in am  bl  y  op  one was found in pro  cer  ati  um and another type of l  hf with a lar  val specialized exu  datory organ in le  pt  an  illa
lar  vi  form female is biological phenomenon occurring in some species where the females in the adult stage of met  amor  pho  sis resemble the lar  v  ae to various degrees typically the female is wing  less and generally larger than the male lar  vi  form females occur in many insect groups including many bee  tle species
lar  yn  ge  al cancer also known as cancer of the lar  yn  x or lar  yn  ge  al carcin  oma are mostly squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as reflecting their origin from the skin of the lar  yn  x cancer can develop in any part of the lar  yn  x but the cure rate is affected by the location of the tum  our for the purposes of tum  our staging the lar  yn  x is divided into three anatom  ical regions the glo  t  tis true vocal cords an  terior and poster  ior commis  sures the supr  ag  lot  tis ep  ig  lot  tis ar  y  ten  oids and ar  ye  pi  glo  t  tic fol  ds and false cords and the sub  glo  t  tis most lar  yn  ge  al cancers originate in the glo  t  tis supr  ag  lot  tic cancers are less common and sub  glo  t  tic tum  ours are least frequent lar  yn  ge  al cancer may spread by direct extension to adjacent structures by me  tast  asis to regional cer  vic  al lymp  h no  des or more dist  antly through the blood stream distant me  tast  ases to the lung are most common in 2013 it resulted in 88 000 deaths up from 76 000 deaths in 1990 five year survival rates in the united states are 60
a lar  yn  ge  al cle  ft or lar  yn  go  trac  he  o  es  op  ha  ge  al cle  ft is a rare con  genital ab  normality in the poster  ior lar  yn  go trac  heal wall it occurs in approximately 1 in 10 000 to 20 000 births it means there is a gap between the o  es  op  ha  gus and trac  hea which allows food or fluid to pass into the air  way
lar  yn  ge  al cy  sts are cy  sts involving the lar  yn  x or more frequently supr  ag  lot  tic locations such as ep  ig  lot  tis and vall  ec  ula usually they do not extend to the thyro  id car  til  age they may be present con  gen  it  ally or may develop eventually due to degenerative cause they often interfere with ph  on  ation
lar  yn  ge  al pap  il  lo  mat  osis also known as recurrent respiratory pap  il  lo  mat  osis or glo  t  tal pap  il  lo  mat  osis or associated with con  dy  lo  ma acu  min  ata is a rare medical condition 2 per 100 000 adults and 4 5 per 100 000 children caused by an h  p  v infection of the throat lar  yn  ge  al pap  il  lo  mat  osis causes ass  or  ted tumors or pap  il  lom  as to develop over a period of time without treatment it is potentially fatal as uncontrolled grow  ths could obstruct the air  way lar  yn  ge  al pap  il  lo  mat  osis is caused by h  p  v types 6 and 11 in which benign tumors form on the lar  yn  x or other areas of the respiratory tract these tumors can recur frequently may require repeti  tive surgery and may interfere with breathing the disease can be treated with surgery and anti  vir  als in addition anti  an  gi  ogenic therapy shows promising results
lar  yn  ge  al paralysis in animals is a condition in which the nerves and muscles that control the movements of one or both ar  y  ten  o  id car  til  ages of the lar  yn  x cease to function and instead of opening during inspiration and closing during sw  allowing the ar  y  ten  oids remain stationary in a somewhat neutral position specifically the muscle that causes abduction of the ar  y  ten  o  id car  til  age the cri  co  ar  y  ten  o  ide  us dor  sal  is muscle ceases to function this leads to inadequate ventilation during exercise and during thermo  regulatory p  anting as well as incomplete protection of the air  way during sw  allowing one of the common  est forms of lar  yn  ge  al paralysis develops in ger  i  atric medium to large breed dogs in particular the lab  rador retri  ever but also some other breeds this had been traditionally known as idi  opathic larg  yn  ge  al paralysis il  p idi  opathic means of unknown cause and was believed to be a result of a condition affecting the nerves of the lar  yn  x bilateral mon  on  euro  pa  thy of the recurrent lar  yn  ge  al nerves however investigations into il  p by two groups in michigan and ten  nes  see between 2005 2013 showed that the condition was not limited to or specifically a result of dysfunction of the lar  yn  ge  al nerves instead it was the most visible symptom of a slowly progressing pol  yn  euro  pa  thy of old age which also affected other nerves in the body this finding now generally believed correct following further research has led to the proposed ren  aming of this type of lar  yn  ge  al paralysis from idi  opathic lar  yn  ge  al paralysis il  p to ger  i  atric onset lar  yn  ge  al paralysis pol  yn  euro  pa  thy gol  pp animals affected by lar  yn  ge  al paralysis have reduced tolerance for exercise and heat and an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia the condition is not generally regarded as causing pain other than physical distress and anxiety caused by any difficulty in breathing or emotional distress from any difficulty with physical movement where lar  yn  ge  al paralysis is related to a general progressive pol  yn  euro  pa  thy as in gol  pp the nervous system will gradually degenerate causing increasing difficulty in management of the limbs especially rear limbs sw  allowing and breathing and eventually in most cases euthanasia lar  yn  ge  al paralysis is fairly common in large breed and ger  i  atric dogs particularly in the lab  rador retri  ever is rarely found in cats and can also occur in horses where it is referred to as ro  aring ro  arer s syndrome or medic  ally as lar  yn  ge  al hem  ip  legi  a or recurrent lar  yn  ge  al neuro  pa  thy r  ln lar  yn  ge  al paralysis can be unilateral or bilateral depending upon dysfunction of one or both ar  y  ten  o  id car  til  ages
lar  yn  gi  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the lar  yn  x it causes ho  arse voice or temporary loss of the voice due to irritation of the vocal fol  ds vocal cords lar  yn  gi  tis is one possible cause of dy  sp  hon  ia the medical term for a vocal disorder lar  yn  gi  tis is categor  ised as acute if it lasts less than three weeks and chronic if it lasts over three weeks the chronic form occurs mostly in middle age and is much more common in men than women antibiotics do not appear to be very useful in the acute form
lar  yn  gom  al  ac  ia literally soft lar  yn  x is the most common cause of stri  dor in infancy in which the soft immature car  til  age of the upper lar  yn  x collapses inward during inhal  ation causing air  way obstruction it can also be seen in older patients especially those with neuro  muscular conditions resulting in weakness of the muscles of the throat however the inf  anti  le form is much more common lar  yn  gom  al  ac  ia is one of the most common lar  yn  ge  al con  genital disease in infancy and public education about the signs and symptoms of the disease is lacking
sh  ab  b  ir syndrome also known as lar  yn  go – ony  cho – cu  taneous syndrome is a cu  taneous condition inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive fashion it was characterized by sh  ab  b  ir in 1986 it may be associated with lama 3
in medicine lar  yn  go  sp  asm is an uncontrolled involuntary muscular contraction sp  asm of the vocal fol  ds the condition typically lasts less than 60 seconds but in some cases can last 20 30 minutes and causes a partial blocking of breathing in while breathing out remains easier it may be triggered when the vocal cords or the area of the trac  hea below the vocal fol  ds detec  ts the entry of water m  uc  us blood or other substance it is characterized by stri  dor and or re  tr  actions some people suffer from frequent lar  yn  go  sp  as  ms whether awake or asleep in an ear nose and throat practice it is typically seen in people who have silent ref  lux disease it is also a well known inf  requ  ent but serious peri  operative complic  ation
lar  yn  go  trac  heal sten  osis refers to abnormal narrowing of the central air pass  age  ways this can occur at the level of the lar  yn  x trac  hea car  ina or main bron  chi in a small number of patients narrowing may be present in more than one anatom  ical location
the las pal  mas complex is an archae  ological pattern recognized primarily on the basis of mor  tu  ary customs in the cape region of ba  ja california sur mexico the complex is focused on the occurrence in ca  ves or roc  k  shelters of secondary human bur  ials containing bones painted with red och  re the skul  ls in such bur  ials tend to be extremely long headed hyper  dol  ic  ho  cephal  ic leading to suggestions that makers of the las pal  mas complex identified with the historically known peric  ú might represent either a genetically isolated rem  nant of a very early wave of immigrants into the americas or later trans pacific migrants other elements in the material inventory of the las pal  mas complex include stone grinding basins at  lat  ls lar  k s head netting co  iled bas  ke  try and se  wn palm bark containers the distinctive burial pattern was recognized in the late nineteenth century by herman ten kate and lé  on di  gu  et archae  o  logist william c mas  sey investigated and described the las pal  mas complex in detail
l  assa fever or l  assa hemorrha  gic fever l  hf is an acute viral hemorrha  gic fever caused by the l  assa virus and first described in 1969 in the town of l  assa in bor  no state nigeria l  assa virus is a member of the aren  avi  ri  da  e virus family similar to e  bol  a clinical cases of l  assa fever had been known for over a decade but had not been connected with a viral pathogen the primary animal host of the l  assa virus is the natal mul  tim  amm  ate mouse ma  stom  ys nat  al  ensis an animal found in most of sub saharan africa the virus is probably transmitted by contact with the f  ec  es or urine of animals accessing grain stores in resid  ences given its high rate of incidence l  assa fever is a major problem in affected countries l  assa fever occurs commonly in west africa it results in 300 000 to 500 000 cases annually and causes about 5 000 deaths each year outbreaks of the disease have been observed in nigeria liberia sierra leone guinea and the central african republic
lat  ah from southeast asia is a condition in which abnormal behaviors result from a person experiencing a sudden shock when surprised the affected person typically engages in such behaviors as screaming cur  sing dancing type movements and uncontrollable laughter and will typically mim  ic the words or actions of those around them physical symptoms include an increased heart rate and prof  use swe  ating but no clear physiological source has been identified lat  ah is considered a culture specific star  tle disorder that was historically regarded as personal difference rather than an illness similar conditions have been recorded within other cultures and locations for example there are the so called jumping fren  chmen of ma  ine the women of the ain  u people of japan im  u the siber  ian mir  y  ach  it and the fili  pino and thai peoples however the connection among these syndro  mes is controversial
in ger  on  to  logy late life mortality dec  el  eration is the phenomenon of hazard rate increasing at a decreasing rate in late life – rather than increasing exponentially as in the gom  per  tz law – and in some cases pl  ate  au  ing as  ymp  to  ting at a constant rate graphically on a log linear semi log plot linear in the x axis of age log  arith  mic in the y axis of hazard rate an exponential function becomes linear and the gom  per  tz law amounts to the hazard rate increasing lin  early with age late life mortality dec  el  eration corresponds to hazard rate increasing more slowly than lin  early on a log linear graph instead cur  ving and possibly pl  ate  au  ing late life mortality dec  el  eration is a well established phenomenon in insects who often spend much of their life in a constant hazard rate region but it is much more controversial in mammals ro  dent studies have found varying conclusions with some finding short term periods of mortality dec  el  eration in mice others not finding such and b  abo  on studies show no mortality dec  el  eration an analogous dec  el  eration occurs in failure rate of manufactured products this analogy is elaborated in the reliability theory of aging and longevity late life mortality dec  el  eration was first proposed as occurring in human aging in which also introduced the gom  per  tz law and observed as occurring in humans in and has since become one of the pillars of the bio  demography of human longevity – see here late life is typically after 85 years of age however a recent paper concludes that mortality dec  el  eration is negligible up to the age of 106 in the population studied beyond this point reliable data were unavailable and that the gom  per  tz law is a good fit with previous observations of dec  el  eration being sp  urious with various causes including bad data and methodological problems – see the primary reference for this article is which provides a detailed historical overview and discussion together with current criticism
late con  genital sy  phili  tic oc  ul  opathy is a disease of the eye a manifestation of late con  genital sy  phil  is it can appear as inter  sti  tial ker  ati  tis – this commonly appears between ages 6 and 12 symptoms include lac  ri  mation and pho  top  ho  bia pathological vas  cul  arization of the cor  ne  a cause it to turn pink or salmon colored 90 of cases affect both eyes ep  is  cl  eri  tis or s  cl  eri  tis – no  d  ules appear in or over  lying the s  cl  era white of eye i  ri  tis or iris pap  ules – vascular infiltr  ation of the iris causes rosy color change and yellow red no  d  ules ch  ori  ore  t  initi  s pap  il  li  tis re  tin  al vas  cu  li  tis – re  tin  al changes can resemble ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa ex  ud  ative re  tin  al det  achment con  genital sy  phil  is is categ  orized by the age of the child early con  genital sy  phil  is occurs in children under 2 years old and late con  genital sy  phil  is in children at or greater than 2 years old manifestations of late con  genital sy  phil  is are similar to those of secondary sy  phil  is and tertiary sy  phil  is in adults
in medicine a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute phase of an earlier causal condition has run its course a late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition some late effects can occur decades later historically late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes but as surviv  orship and life span has increased and follow up has become standard practice these connections are becoming established a period often very long of health unaffected by both the initial and the late effect conditions distinguishes a late effect from a sequ  ela or a complic  ation
a latent human error is a human error which is likely to be made due to systems or rou  tines that are formed in such a way that humans are disposed to making these errors latent human error is a term used in safety work and accident prevention especially in aviation by gathering data about errors made then coll  ating grouping and analy  zing them it can be determined whether a disproportionate amount of similar errors are being made if this is the case a contributing factor may be dis  harmony between the respective systems rou  tines and human nature or pro  pen  sities the rou  tines or systems can then be analyzed potential problems identified and amendments made if necessary in order to prevent future errors incidents or accidents
latent iron deficiency lid also called iron deficient er  y  thro  po  ies  is is a medical condition in which there is evidence of iron deficiency without an  emia normal h  emo  glob  in level it is important to assess this condition because it is accepted that individuals with latent iron deficiency will develop iron deficiency an  emia in the weeks or months following diagnoses of lid if they are not treated with iron supplem  entation in addition there is some evidence of a decrease in vitality and an increase in fatigue among individuals that have lid the clinical features of lid are in discussion some studies have not shown a clear difference between individuals with lid and control a group of the same age gender and origin without lid but may be it is not wrong to say that the persons with lid have a mild decrease in vitality and increase of fatigue what seems important for preventive healthcare is to detect this medical condition because it will avoid the patient probably developing an iron deficiency an  emia
a diagnosis of latent tuberculosis lt  b also called latent tuberculosis infection lt  bi means a patient is infected with my  co  bacter  ium tuberculosis but the patient does not have active tuberculosis active tuberculosis can be contagious while latent tuberculosis is not and it is therefore not possible to get tb from someone with latent tuberculosis the main risk is that approximately 10 of these patients 5 in the first two years after infection and 0 1 per year thereafter will go on to develop active tuberculosis this is particularly true and there is added risk in particular situations such as medication that sup  presses the immune system or advancing age the identification and treatment of people with latent tb is an important part of controlling this disease various treatment regim  ens are in use to treat latent tuberculosis which generally need to be taken for several months
lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exer  ts in the horizontal direction the lateral earth pressure is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geo  technical engineering structures such as retaining walls bas  ements tunnels deep foundations and brac  ed exc  av  ations the coefficient of lateral earth pressure k is defined as the ratio of the horizontal effective stress σ ’ h to the vertical effective stress σ ’ v the effective stress is the inter  gran  ular stress calculated by sub  tracting the por  e pressure from the total stress as described in soil mechanics k for a particular soil deposit is a function of the soil properties and the stress history the minimum stable value of k is called the active earth pressure coefficient ka the active earth pressure is obtained for example when a retaining wall moves away from the soil the maximum stable value of k is called the passive earth pressure coefficient k  p the passive earth pressure would develop for example against a vertical p  low that is pushing soil horizon  tally for a level ground deposit with zero lateral strain in the soil the at rest coefficient of lateral earth pressure k 0 is obtained there are many theories for predicting lateral earth pressure some are empir  ically based and some are analy  tically derived
a lateral eruption also called a flank eruption or lateral blast if explosive is a volcanic eruption that takes place on the flan  ks of a volcano instead of at the summit lateral erup  tions are typical at rift zones where a volcano is breaking apart since it is easier for mol  ten rock to flow lat  er  ally out the sides of weak flan  ks the flank gives way before mag  ma is pushed up through a conduit that feeds mag  ma to the summit these features are commonly found at shield volcan  oes and produce bas  al  tic lava flows and cin  der con  es lateral bl  asts are understood to be created by immediate de  compression of a mag  ma chamber lying not far below the flan  ks of a volcano similar to what occurred during the 1980 eruption of mount st hel  ens in the u s state of washington or along the base or flan  ks of a lava dom  e similar to what happened during the 19  02 eruption of mount pel  é  e  on the northern tip of the french overseas department of martinique in the lesser antilles island arc of the caribbean
lateral expansion in economics is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of similar companies in the hope of achieving economies of scale or economies of scope unchecked lateral expansion can lead to powerful conglomerates or monopolies related is vertical expansion which is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of companies that produce the intermediate goods needed by the business or help market and distribute its final goods any such value chain activities can be acquired through vertical expansion
lateral mas  king is a problem for the human visual perception of identical or similar entities in close proximity this can be illustrated by the difficulty of counting the vertical bars of a bar  code in lingu  is  tics lateral mas  king refers to the interference a letter has on its neighbor this is a problem readers encounter when reading a word the identity of a letter in the middle of a word is obscured by the presence of its neighboring letters lateral mas  king may also a problem in orth  o  graphy design a readable orth  o  graphy will avoid situations in which a reader is faced with severe lateral mas  king
lateral med  ul  l  ary syndrome also called wall  en  berg syndrome and poster  ior inferior cere  bell  ar artery syndrome is a disorder in which the patient has a con  stell  ation of neuro  logic symptoms due to injury to the lateral part of the med  ul  la in the brain resulting in tissue is  chem  ia and necro  sis
the lateral men  in  go  ce  le syndrome is a very rare sk  el  etal disorder with facial anomalies hy  pot  onia and men  in  go  ce  le related neuro  logic dysfunction
the lateral period  on  tal cyst is a cyst that arises from the epi  the  li  al post functional dental lam  ina which is a rem  nant from od  on  to  genesis it is more common in middle aged adult males usually there is no pain associated with it and it usually appears as a uni  loc  ular radi  ol  uc  ency dark area on the side of a can  ine or pre  mol  ar root commonly seen in man  di  bul  ar bic  us  pid area micro  sco  p  ically the lateral period  on  tal cyst appears the same as the g  ing  i  val cyst of the adult the involved tooth is usually vital and has no indication for root canal treatment unless the signs of non vital or necro  tic pul  pal tissue were confirmed treated by surgical en  uc  le  ation
a lateral pon  tine syndrome is a le  sion which is similar to the lateral med  ul  l  ary syndrome but because it occurs in the p  ons it also involves the cran  ial nerve nucle  i of the p  ons
lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step by step logic the term was coined in 1967 by edward de bono according to de bono lateral thinking deliberately distances itself from standard perceptions of creativity as either vertical logic the classic method for problem solving working out the solution step by step from the given data or horizontal imagination having many ideas but being un  concerned with the detailed implementation of them
in neuro  science the lat  er  alized readiness potential l  r  p is an event related brain potential or increase in electrical activity at the surface of the brain that is thought to reflect the preparation of motor activity on a certain side of the body in other words it is a spike in the electrical activity of the brain that happens when a person gets ready to move one arm leg or foot it is a special form of bere  it  scha  f  ts  potential a general pre motor potential l  r  ps are recorded using electro  encephal  o  graphy eeg and have numerous applications in cognitive neuro  science
lat  ex allergy is a medical term encompassing a range of allergic reactions to the proteins present in natural rubber lat  ex lat  ex allergy generally develops after repeated exposure to products containing natural rubber lat  ex when lat  ex containing medical devices or supplies come in contact with mu  co  us memb  ran  es the memb  ran  es may absorb lat  ex proteins the immune system of some susceptible individuals produces antibodies that react immun  o  logically with these anti  genic proteins as many items contain or are made from natural rubber including shoe sol  es elastic bands rubber gloves condoms baby bottle nip  ples and ballo  ons there are many possible routes of exposure that may trigger a reaction people with lat  ex allergies may also have or develop allergic reactions to some fruits such as bananas
la  th  o  ster  o  losis is a defect in cho  le  sterol bio  synthesis
la  thy  ris  m or neuro  la  thy  ris  m is a neuro  logical disease of humans and domestic animals caused by eating certain leg  umes of the genus la  thy  rus this problem is mainly associated with la  thy  rus sati  v  us also known as grass pea kes  ari dal k  hes  ari dal or al  mor  ta and to a lesser degree with la  thy  rus cic  era la  thy  rus o  chr  us and la  thy  rus cl  y  men  um containing the toxin od  ap the la  thy  ris  m resulting from the ing  estion of la  thy  rus od  or  atus seeds sweet peas is often referred to as od  or  atism or o  ste  ol  ath  y  ris  m which is caused by a different toxin beta am  ino  pro  pion  it  ri  le that affects the linking of coll  agen a protein of connec  tive tissues
lat  ro  dec  tism is the illness caused by the bite of lat  ro  dec  tus sp  id  ers the black widow spider and related species pain muscle rigidity v  om  iting and swe  ating are the hall  marks of lat  ro  dec  tism contrary to popular conception lat  ro  dec  tism is very rarely fatal to people domestic cats have been known to die with con  vul  sion and paralysis there are several spider species all named black widow southern black widow spider l mac  t  ans the european black widow l tre  decim  gu  tt  atus western black widow spider l hes  per  us northern black widow spider l vari  ol  us other lat  ro  dec  tus that cause lat  ro  dec  tism are the australian red  back spider l hass  el  ti and the kati  po spider l kati  po several other members of lat  ro  dec  tus genus are not commonly associated with lat  ro  dec  tism including the cosmopolitan brown widow l geome  tric  us
lat  tice cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy type also known as bi  ber ha  ab dim  mer dy  stro  phy is a rare form of cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy it has no systemic manifestations unlike the other type of the dy  stro  phy lat  tice cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy type ii lat  tice cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy was first described by swiss oph  thal  mo  logist hugo bi  ber in 1890 lat  tice dy  stro  phy gets its name from an accumulation of amy  loid deposits or abnormal protein fi  bers throughout the middle and an  terior st  roma
lat  tice de  generation is a disease of the human eye where  in the peripheral re  tina becomes atro  ph  ic in a lat  tice pattern and may develop tears breaks or holes which may further progress to re  tin  al det  achment it is an important cause of re  tin  al det  achment in young myop  ic individuals the cause is unknown but path  ology reveals inadequate blood flow resulting in is  chem  ia and fi  bro  sis lat  tice de  generation occurs in approximately 6 8 of the general population and in approximately 30 of p  ha  k  ic re  tin  al det  ach  ments similar le  sions are seen in patients with eh  lers dan  los syndrome mar  fan syndrome and stic  kler syndrome all of which are associated with an increased risk of re  tin  al det  achment risk of developing lat  tice de  generation in one eye is also increased if lat  tice de  generation is already present in the other eye
laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of pri  mate consisting typically of rhy  th  m  ical often audible contr  actions of the di  aphr  ag  m and other parts of the respiratory system it is a response to certain external or internal stimul  i laughter can arise from such activities as being tic  k  led or from humor  ous stories or thoughts most commonly it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states such as joy mir  th happiness relief etc on some occasions however it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment apology or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh age gender education language and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group — it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others laughter is sometimes seen as contagious and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback this may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows the study of humor and laughter and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body is called gel  o  to  logy
lau  gi  er – hun  zi  ker syndrome english ˈ  lo  ʊ  ʒ  ie  ɪ ˈ  h  ʊ  n  ts  ᵻ  ɡ  ə  r is a cu  taneous condition characterized by hyper  pi  gm  entation of the oral mu  co  sa longit  ud  inal mel  an  ony  ch  ia and genital mel  an  osis
lau  rel wil  t also called lau  rel wil  t disease is a vascular disease caused by the fun  gus raff  ael  ea la  uri  cola which is transmitted by the invasive red  bay am  bro  sia bee  tle xy  le  bor  us g  lab  r  atus the disease affects and kills members of the lau  rel family the avo  c  ado is perhaps the most commercially valuable plant affected by lau  rel wil  t
lau  rence – moon syndrome l  ms is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder associated with ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa extra digits sp  astic par  ap  legi  a hypo  gon  ad  ism and mental disabilities
in computer programming jargon lava flow is a problem in which computer code written under sub optimal conditions is put into production and added to while still in a developmental state often putting the system into production results in a need to maintain backward compatibility as many additional components now depend on it with the original incomplete design changes in the development team working on a project often exacerbate lava flows as workers cycle in and out of the project knowledge of the purpose of aspects of the system can be lost rather than clean up these pieces subsequent workers work around them increasing the complexity and mess of the system lava flow is considered an anti pattern a commonly encountered phenomenon leading to poor design
in set theory a la  ver function or la  ver diamond named after its invent  or richard la  ver is a function connected with super  compact car  din  als
the law of repetition is a phenomenon that occurs when after having spoken on any theme one hears about this issue again soon after for example a person is talking about the characteristics of a dolphin and the next day another person speaks on the same subject who will not have known it had been discussed the day before
a layer is the de  position of molecules on a sub  str  ate or base glass ceramic semiconductor or plastic biop  l  astic high temperature sub  str  ates includes stainless steel and poly  im  ide film expensive and pet cheap a depth of less than one micro  metre is generally called a thin film while a depth greater than one micro  metre is called a coating a web is a flexible sub  str  ate
in commercial shipping lay  time is the amount of time allowed in hours or days in a voyage charter for the loading and unloading of cargo if the lay  time is exceeded dem  ur  rage is incurred if the whole period of lay  time is not needed des  patch may be payable by the shipow  ner to the charter  er depending on the terms of the charter party des  patch does not apply to tanker char  ters lay  time and lay  days are often confused as referring to the same idea lay  days refers to the time when a ship must present itself to the charter  er if the ship arrives before the lay  days specified the charter  er does not have to take control or start loading depending on the type of charter if the ship arrives after the lay  days then the contract can be cancelled – hence lay  days are often presented as the term lay  days and cancelling and can be shortened to lay  can the point when lay  time commences is determined by a notice of readiness nor which the master or agent of the ship must give to the charter  er when the ship has arrived at the port of loading or discharge the nor informs the charter  er that the ship has arrived at the port and is ready in all respects to load or discharge
a la  zar  us pit is a fic  tional natural phenomenon appearing in american comic books published by dc com  ics la  zar  us pits are primarily found in the batman titles and are commonly used by ra s al gh  ul for their restor  ative powers
la  zar  us syndrome also known as auto  resusc  itation after failed cardi  op  ul  mon  ary resusc  itation is the spontaneous return of circulation after failed attempts at resusc  itation its occurrence has been noted in medical literature at least 38 times since 1982 it takes its name from la  zar  us who in the new testament of the bible was raised from the dead by jesus occurrences of the syndrome are extremely rare and the causes are not well understood one hypothesis for the phenomenon is that a chief factor though not the only one is the buil  dup of pressure in the chest as a result of cardi  op  ul  mon  ary resusc  itation c  pr the relaxation of pressure after resusc  itation efforts have ended is thought to allow the heart to expand triggering the heart s electrical impul  ses and re  starting the heartbeat other possible factors are hyper  kal  emia or high doses of ep  in  eph  rine
lazy inheritance is a design pattern used in jav  as  cript computer programming it design  ates a postponed linking of an object with its prototype class until it is needed if used properly such approach may increase efficiency simplicity and flexibility of o  op based code written using jav  as  cript since lazy inheritance called only once at the moment of first object instance creation it seems logical to combine process of class prototype creation with resolving necessary depend  encies of that class the instances of objects in lazy inheritance are created in mixed mode — on first inv  oc  ation a factory is used to modify class prototype which is later is used for subsequent object instances creation in other words the process of prototype construction also allows loading s  cripts if ones were not loaded before which particular class depends on such approach to inheritance support has the following benefits lazy inheritance has the same benefits as classical jav  as  cript prototype features it is not necessary to maintain proper order of script files declaration in most cases html page which contains jav  as  cript is loaded faster since there are no objects created during page initi  alization and since some s  cripts could be loaded only at the moment in which they are actually necessary they are necessary if the call  er code during its execution really creates instances of corresponding classes depend  encies are declared in more explicit way and class depends only on concrete s  cripts moreover it s not necessary to artificially group particular s  cripts into modules and define depend  encies between such modules if lazy mode of s  cripts loading is used only necessary s  cripts which are actually required for application functionality will be loaded if for example some html page may operate in different modes like read write and read only for every mode required s  cripts will be loaded and this will be performed automatically without manual script loading optimi  zation
lazy loading is a design pattern commonly used in computer programming to defer initi  alization of an object until the point at which it is needed it can contribute to efficiency in the program s operation if properly and appropriately used the opposite of lazy loading is eager loading
french secul  arity french la  ï  cit  é la isite is the absence of religious involvement in government affairs especially the prohibition of religious influence in the determination of state policies it is also the absence of government involvement in religious affairs especially the prohibition of government influence in the determination of religion dic  tion  aries ordinarily translate la  ï  cit  é as secul  arity or secularism the latter being the political system although it is sometimes rendered in english as la  icity or la  ic  ism by its opponents while the term was first used with this meaning in 18  71 in the dispute over the removal of religious teachers and instruction from elementary schools the word la  ï  cit  é dates to 18  42 in its strict and official acceptance it is the principle of separation of church or religion and state e  ty  mo  logically la  ï  cit  é is a nou  n formed by adding the suff  ix ité english ity latin it  ā  s to the latin ad  jec  tive l  ā  ic  us lo  an  word from the greek λ  ᾱ  ϊ  κ  ός l  ā  ï  k  ós of the people lay  man the ad  jec  tive from λ  ᾱ  ός l  ā  ós people french secularism has a long history but the current regime is based on the 1905 french law on the separation of the churches and the state
a le fort frac  ture of the skull is a classic trans  facial frac  ture of the mid  face involving the max  ill  ary bone and surrounding structures in either a horizontal pyram  idal or trans  verse direction the hallmark of le  fort fractu  res is traumatic p  ter  y  gom  ax  ill  ary separation which signifies fractu  res between the p  ter  y  go  id plates hor  ses  ho  e shaped bon  y pro  tuber  ances which extend from the inferior margin of the max  illa and the max  ill  ary sin  uses continuity of this structure is a key  stone for stability of the mid  face involvement of which impacts surgical management of trauma victims as it requires fixation to a horizontal bar of the frontal bone the p  ter  y  go  id plates lie poster  ior to the upper dental row or al  ve  ol  ar ridge when viewing the face from an an  terior view the fractu  res are named after french surgeon ren  é le fort 18  69 – 1951 who discovered the frac  ture patterns by examining crush injuries in cad  avers
in pe  do  logy le  aching is the loss of mineral and organic solu  tes due to very heavy rainfall high temperature and per  col  ation it is a mechanism of soil formation distinct from the soil forming process of elu  vi  ation which is the loss of mineral and organic col  lo  ids le  ached and ell  u  vi  ated materials tend to be lost from top  soil and deposited in sub  soil a soil horizon accumulating le  ached and elu  vi  ated materials is referred to as a zone of illu  vi  ation lat  er  ite soil which develops in regions with high temperature and heavy rainfall is an example of this process in action
a lead ˈ  li  ː  d is a large frac  ture within an expan  se of sea ice defining a linear area of open water that can be used for navigation purposes leads vary in width from meters to hundreds of meters as is the case for pol  yn  y  as another sea ice feature involving open water leads allow the direct interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean and are important for arctic sea ice ecology additionally it has been lately found that ice leads contribute significantly to the amount of mercury deposited onto surface and leaked into the ocean if the air is cold enough typically in the winter the water within a lead quickly refre  e  zes such that in many cases leads are partly or entirely covered by a thin layer of new ice
lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body the brain is the most sensitive symptoms may include ab  domin  al pain con  sti  p  ation headaches irrit  ability memory problems inability to have children and ting  ling in the hands and feet it causes almost 10 of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems some of the effects are permanent in severe cases an  emia seizures coma or death may occur exposure to lead can occur by contaminated air water dust food or consumer products children are at greater risk as they are more likely to put objects in their mouth such as those that contain lead paint and absorb a greater proportion of the lead that they do eat exposure at work is a common cause of lead poisoning in adults with certain occupations at particular risk diagnosis is typically by measurement of the blood lead level the centers for disease control us has set the upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 µ  g dl 10 µ  g 100 g and for children at 5 µ  g dl elevated lead may also be detected by changes in red blood cells or dense lines in the bones of children as seen on x ray lead poisoning is preventable this includes by individual efforts such as removing lead containing items from the home workplace efforts such as improved ventilation and monitoring and nationwide policies such as laws that ban lead in products such as paint and gasoline reduce allowable levels in water or soil and provide for clean  up of contaminated soil the major treatments are removal of the source of lead and the use of medications that bind lead so it can be eliminated from the body known as chel  ation therapy chel  ation therapy in children is recommended when blood levels are greater than 40 45 u  g dl medications used include di  mer  ca  pro  l e  det  ate calcium dis  o  dium and suc  ci  mer in 2013 lead is believed to have resulted in 853 000 deaths it occurs most commonly in the developing world those who are poor are at greater risk lead is believed to result in 0 6 of the world s disease burden people have been mining and using lead for thousands of years descriptions of lead poisoning date to at least 2000 bc while efforts to limit leads use date back to at least the 1500 s concerns for low levels of exposure begin in the 1970 s with there being no safe threshold for lead exposure
leaf cur  l is a plant disease characterized by cur  ling of leaves and caused by a fun  gus genus tap  hr  ina or virus especially genus be  gom  o  virus of the family gem  ini  vi  ri  da  e one of the most notable types is peach leaf cur  l caused by the fun  gus tap  hr  ina de  form  ans which inf  ects peach nec  tar  ine and al  mond trees tap  hr  ina de  form  ans is found in america europe asia africa australia and new zealand it was first introduced in america in 18  52 and has now spread all over the country
leaf r  ust is a fun  gal disease of barley caused by pu  c  cin  ia hor  dei it is also known as brown r  ust and it is the most important r  ust disease on barley
leak  y gut syndrome is a hypothetical medic  ally un  recognized condition while increased intest  inal perme  ability leak  y gut is a phenomenon recognized by mainstream science claims for the existence of leak  y gut syndrome as a distinct medical condition are mostly made by nutri  tion  ists and practitioners of alternative medicine proponents claim that a leak  y gut causes chronic infl  amm  ation throughout the body that results in a wide range of conditions including chronic fatigue syndrome r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis lup  us migr  ain  es multiple sclerosis and au  tism as of 2016 there is little evidence to support the hypothesis that leak  y gut syndrome directly causes this wide array of diseases although research is ongoing stephen bar  rett has described leak  y gut syndrome as a f  ad diagnosis and says that its proponents use the alleged condition as an opportunity to promote a number of alternative health remedies including di  ets herbal preparations and dietary supplements in 2009 seth kal  ich  man wrote that some pseu  do  scientists claim that the passage of proteins through a leak  y gut is the cause of au  tism the belief that a leak  y gut might actually cause au  tism is widespread among the public but the evidence is weak and what evidence there is is conflicting various treatments are touted for leak  y gut syndrome such as dietary supplements pro  bio  tics herbal remedies glu  ten free foods and low fo  d  map low sugar or anti  fun  gal di  ets but there is little evidence that the treatments offered are of benefit none have been adequately tested to determine if they are safe and effective for this purpose the national institute for health and care excellence nice does not recommend the use of special di  ets to manage the main symptoms of au  tism
the leap year bug also known as the leap year problem is a problem for both digital computer related and non digital documentation and data storage situations which results from the wrong calculation of which years are leap years
learned non use of a limb is a learning phenomenon whereby movement is suppressed initially due to adverse reactions and failure of any activity attempted with the affected limb which then results in the suppression of behavior continuation of this response results in persisting tendency and consequently the individual never learns that the limb may have become potentially useful by constr  aining the less affected limb there is a change in motivation which over  comes the learned non  use of the more affected limb the principles of constraint induced movement therapy ci  mt used in stroke patients are based on the idea of the reversal of learned non use ci  mt uses constrained movement of the less affected limb and intensive training of the p  are  tic arm to counter condition the non  use of the more affected arm learned in the acute and early sub acute periods more recently clinical versions of ci  mt called modified constraint induced movement therapy mc  it have been produced that are administered over a longer time period than ci  mt usually 10 weeks while offering the same effectiveness and cor  tical changes as ci  mt these versions are better tolerated and can be integrated into traditional therapy clinics and reimbursement parameters
learning disability is a classification that includes several areas of functioning in which a person has difficulty learning in a typical manner usually caused by an unknown factor or factors given the difficulty learning in a typical manner this does not exclude the ability to learn in a different manner therefore some people can be more accurately described as having a learning difference thus avoiding any misconception of being disabled with a lack of ability to learn and possible negative stereo  typing while learning disability learning disorder and learning difficulty are often used inter  change  ably they differ in many ways disorder refers to significant learning problems in an academic area these problems however are not enough to warrant an official diagnosis learning disability on the other hand is an official clinical diagnosis whereby the individual meets certain criteria as determined by a professional psycho  logist pedi  at  ric  ian etc the difference is in degree frequency and intensity of reported symptoms and problems and thus the two should not be confused when the term learning disorder is used it describes a group of disorders characterized by inadequate development of specific academic language and speech skills types of learning disorders include reading dys  l  ex  ia mathematics dys  cal  cu  lia and writing dys  grap  hia the unknown factor is the disorder that affects the brain s ability to receive and process information this disorder can make it problematic for a person to learn as quickly or in the same way as someone who is not affected by a learning disability people with a learning disability have trouble performing specific types of skills or completing tasks if left to figure things out by themselves or if taught in conventional ways individuals with learning disabilities can face unique challenges that are often pervasive throughout the lifespan depending on the type and severity of the disability interventions and current technologies may be used to help the individual learn strategies that will foster future success some interventions can be quite simplistic while others are intricate and complex current technologies may require student training to be effective classroom supports teachers parents and schools can create plans together that tailor intervention and accommod  ations to aid the individuals in successfully becoming independent lear  ners school psychologists and other qualified professionals quite often help design the intervention and coordinate the execution of the intervention with teachers and parents social support may improve the learning for students with learning disabilities
in pot  tery leather hard is the condition of a clay or clay body when it has been partially dried to the point where all shr  ink  age has been completed and it has a consistency similar to leather of the same thickness as the clay at this stage the clay object has approximately 15 moisture content the clay is still visibly dam  p normally a dark  ish grey if it began white  ish but has dried enough to be able to be handled without de  formation the body is able to be gou  ged or inc  ised without breaking at this stage details such as handles and sp  outs are often attached to the main body and many forms of decor  ation including painting may be applied
le  ber s con  genital am  au  ro  sis l  ca is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life and affects around 1 in 80 000 of the population one form of l  ca became well known in the scientific community following its successful treatment with gene therapy in 2008 l  ca was first described by theod  or le  ber in the 19 th century it should not be confused with le  ber s hereditary op  tic neuro  pa  thy which is a different disease also described by theod  or le  ber
le  ber ’ s hereditary op  tic neuro  pa  thy l  hon or le  ber op  tic atro  phy is a mit  och  on  dri  ally inherited transmitted from mother to offspring de  generation of re  tin  al gang  lion cells r  g  cs and their ax  ons that leads to an acute or sub  acute loss of central vision this affects predominantly young adult males l  hon is only transmitted through the mother as it is primarily due to mutations in the mit  och  on  dri  al not nuclear genome and only the egg contributes mit  och  on  dri  a to the embryo l  hon is usually due to one of three pathogenic mit  och  on  dri  al dna mt  dna point mutations these mutations are at nucle  o  tide positions 117  78 g to a 34  60 g to a and 14  4  84 t to c respectively in the nd 4 nd 1 and nd 6 sub  unit genes of complex i of the oxid  ative phosphor  yl  ation chain in mit  och  on  dri  a men cannot pass on the disease to their offspring
lec  i  thin cho  le  sterol ac  yl  transfer  ase deficiency l  cat deficiency is disorder of li  po  protein metabol  ism lec  i  thin cho  le  sterol ac  yl  transfer  ase cataly  zes the formation of cho  le  sterol esters in li  po  proteins
the lec  tin path  way is a type of cas  c  ade reaction in the complement system similar in structure to the classical complement path  way in that after activation it proceeds through the action of c 4 and c 2 to produce activated complement proteins further down the cas  c  ade in contrast to the classical complement path  way the lec  tin path  way does not recognize an anti  body bound to its target the lec  tin path  way starts with man  nose binding lec  tin m  bl or fi  colin binding to certain sugars in this path  way man  nose binding lec  tin binds to man  nose glucose or other sugars with 3 and 4 oh groups placed in the equatorial plane in terminal positions on carbo  hydrate or gly  co  protein components of micro  organisms including bacteria such as salmonella lis  ter  ia and ne  is  ser  ia strains fun  gal pathogens such as candi  da al  bic  ans and cry  pto  co  cc  us neo  form  ans as well as some viruses such as hiv 1 and respiratory syn  cy  tial virus r  sv are bound by m  bl mann  an binding lec  tin also called man  nose binding protein is a protein belonging to the collec  tin family that is produced by the liver and can initiate the complement cas  c  ade by binding to pathogen surfaces
le  ech bites are caused by le  eches the class hir  ud  ine  a which may be of marine freshwater or terrestrial types hand removing a le  ech is advised since they do not bur  row into the skin nor the head in the wound while other texts advice shaking salt onto the body of the le  ech or scor  ch the le  ech with a cigarette or lighter because of the risk of reg  urg  itation and infection other texts advice against these last techniques
leeway is the amount of drift motion to lee  ward of an object floating in the water caused by the component of the wind vector that is per  pend  icular to the object ’ s forward motion the national search and rescue supplement to the international aeronautical and maritime search and rescue manual defines leeway as the movement of a search object through water caused by winds blowing against exposed surfaces however the resultant total motion of an object is made up of the leeway drift and the movement of the upper layer of the ocean caused by the surface currents tidal currents and ocean currents objects with a greater exposure to each element will experience more leeway drift and overall movement through the water than ones with less exposure a navig  ator or pilot on a vessel must adjust the ordered course to compensate for the leeway drift and more important set and drift an all encompassing term for drift that includes the steering error of the vessel failure to make these adjustments during a voyage will yield poor navig  ational results bow  ditch s american practical navig  ator 1995 offers a comprehensive free guide to navigation principles an object can be classified as either an active object like a ship navi  gating through a waterway or a passive object like a li  fer  aft drifting debris or a person in the water pi  w figure 3 a passive object will experience the greatest leeway drift and it is this drift that is of utmost importance to those involved in search and rescue sar upon inland waterways and open oceans
the lee – boot effect is a phenomenon concerning the suppression or prolongation of o  est  rous cycles of mature female mice and other ro  dents when females are housed in groups and isolated from males it is caused by the effects of an o  estro  gen dependent ph  er  om  one released via the urine that acts on the v  om  er  on  as  al organ of recipients this ph  er  om  one lowers the concentration of lu  te  ini  zing hormone and elev  ates pro  l  acti  n levels synchron  ising or stopping the recipient ’ s cycle this effect goes some way to explain why spontaneous pseu  dop  reg  nancy can occur in mice the same response is invoked from isolated females when brought into contact with urine so  aked bed  ding from other females ’ cages removing the v  om  er  on  as  al organ of recipients causes an ineffective response – indicating that the cu  es are not medi  ated by the v  om  er  on  as  al system
left an  terior fasc  icular block laf  b is an abnormal condition of the left ven  tric  le of the heart related to but distinguished from left bundle branch block l  b  bb it is caused by only the an  terior half of the left bundle branch being defective it is manifested on the ec  g by left axis deviation it is much more common than left poster  ior fasc  icular block
in electro  cardi  o  graphy left axis deviation lad is a condition where  in the mean electrical axis of ven  tric  ular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between − 30 ° and − 90 ° this is reflected by a q  rs complex positive in lead i and negative in leads av  f and ii
left bundle branch block l  b  bb is a cardiac conduc  tion ab  normality seen on the electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g in this condition activation of the left ven  tric  le of the heart is delayed which causes the left ven  tric  le to contract later than the right ven  tric  le
a left poster  ior fasc  icular block l  p  f  b is a condition where the left poster  ior fasc  ic  le which travels to the inferior and poster  ior portion of the left ven  tric  le does not conduct the electrical impul  ses from the atri  o  ven  tric  ular no  de the wave front instead moves more quickly through the left an  terior fasc  ic  le and right bundle branch leading to a right axis deviation seen on the ec  g the american heart association has defined a l  p  f  b as frontal plane axis between 90 ° and 180 ° in adults rs pattern in leads i and av  l q  r pattern in leads iii and av  f q  rs duration less than 120 ms the broad nature of the poster  ior bundle as well as its dual blood supply makes isolated l  p  f  b rare
left shift or blood shift is an increase in the number of immature leuk  oc  y  tes in the peripheral blood particularly neu  tro  phil band cells less commonly left shift may also refer to a similar phenomenon in severe er  y  thro  an  emia when re  ticul  oc  y  tes and immature er  y  thro  cy  te precursors appear in the peripheral circulation
left ven  tric  ular hyper  tro  phy lv  h is thick  ening of the heart muscle of the left ven  tric  le of the heart that is left sided ven  tric  ular hyper  tro  phy
left ven  tric  ular thro  m  bus is a blood clo  t thro  m  bus in the left ven  tric  le of the heart lv  t is a common complic  ation of acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion ami typically the clo  t is a m  ural thro  m  bus meaning it is on the wall of the ven  tric  le the primary risk of lv  t is the occurrence of cardiac embol  ism in which the thro  m  bus det  aches from the ven  tric  ular wall and travels through the circulation and blocks blood vessels block  age can be especially damaging in the heart or brain stroke
in number theory the legend  re symbol is a multiplic  ative function with values 1 − 1 0 that is a quad  r  atic character mod  ul  o a prime number p its value on a non  zero quad  r  atic residue mod p is 1 and on a non quad  r  atic residue non residue is − 1 its value on zero is 0 the legend  re symbol was introduced by adri  en marie legend  re in 17  98 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quad  r  atic reciprocity gener  alizations of the symbol include the jaco  bi symbol and di  rich  let characters of higher order the not  ational convenience of the legend  re symbol inspired introduction of several other symbols used in al  ge  bra  ic number theory such as the hil  bert symbol and the ar  tin symbol
leg  g – cal  vé – per  thes disease l  c  pd is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the ball of the fem  ur called the fem  oral head due to the lack of blood flow the bone dies o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis or av  ascular necro  sis and stops growing over time healing occurs by new blood vessels infiltr  ating the dead bone and removing the necro  tic bone which leads to a loss of bone mass and a weakening of the fem  oral head the bone loss leads to some degree of collapse and de  form  ity of the fem  oral head and sometimes secondary changes to the shape of the hip socket it is also referred to as idi  opathic av  ascular o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the capital fem  oral ep  ip  h  ysis of the fem  oral head since the cause of the interruption of the blood supply of the head of the fem  ur in the hip joint is unknown the condition is most commonly found in children between the ages of 4 and 8 but it can occur in children between the ages of 2 and 15 the main long term problem with this condition is that it can produce a permanent de  form  ity of the fem  oral head which increases the risk of developing o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis in adults it is also commonly known as per  thes disease or leg  g – per  thes disease per  thes is a form of o  ste  och  on  dri  tis which only affects the hip although other forms of o  ste  och  on  dri  tis can affect el  bows knees an  kles and feet bilateral per  thes which means both hips are affected should always be investigated thoroughly to rule out multiple ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia the name originated from arthur leg  g 18  74 1939 an american orth  o  ped  ic surgeon jacques cal  vé 18  75 1954 french orth  o  ped  ic surgeon and georg per  thes german orth  o  ped  ic surgeon the disease name was first described by kare  l may  dl
legi  onn  aires disease is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any type of legi  on  ella bacteria signs and symptoms include cough short  ness of breath high fever muscle pains and headaches naus  ea v  om  iting and diarr  hea may also occur this often begins two to ten days after being exposed the bacter  ium is found naturally in fresh water it can contam  inate hot water tanks hot tu  bs and cooling towers of large air condi  tioners it is usually spread by breathing in mist that contains the bacteria it can also occur when contaminated water is aspir  ated it typically does not spread directly between people and most people who are exposed do not become infected risk factors for infection include older age history of smoking chronic lung disease and poor immune function it is recommended that those with severe pneumonia and those with pneumonia and a recent travel history be tested for the disease diagnosis is by a ur  inary antigen test and sp  u  tum culture there is no vaccine prevention depends on good maintenance of water systems treatment of legi  onn  aires disease is with antibiotics recommended agents include fluoro  quin  ol  ones azi  thro  my  cin or do  xy  cycl  ine hosp  itali  zation is often required about 10 of those who are infected die the number of cases that occur globally is not known it is estimated that legi  onn  aires disease is the cause of between two and nine percent of pneumonia cases that occur in the community there are an estimated 8 000 to 18 000 cases a year in the united states that require hosp  itali  zation outbreaks of disease account for a minority of cases while it can occur any time of the year it is more common in the summer and fall the disease is named after the outbreak where it was first identified the 1976 american leg  ion convention in philadelphia
legi  us syndrome ls is an auto  som  al dominant condition characterized by cafe au la  it spots it was first described in 2007 and is often mistaken for neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type i n  f 1 it is caused by mutations in the spre  d 1 gene it is also known as neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 1 like syndrome n  fl  s the syndrome is named after eric legi  us professor at the ku leu  ven it is a ras  opathy
the leh  mann dis  continuity is an abrupt increase of p wave and s wave vel  o  cities at the depth of 220 ± 30 km discovered by seis  mo  logist inge leh  mann it appears beneath continents but not usually beneath oceans and does not readily appear in globally averaged studies several explanations have been proposed a lower limit to the p  liable asth  en  o  sphere a phase transition and most pl  au  sibly depth variation in the she  ar wave anis  o  tro  py further discussion of the leh  mann dis  continuity can be found in the book de  formation of earth materials by shun ich  ir  ō kar  ato
le  iber  muster is a six color military cam  ou  fl  age pattern developed by the german military in february 1945 it was the last of a family of german world war ii cam  ou  fl  age patterns known in german as bun  t  far  ben  auf  dr  uck 45 multi colour print pattern 45 for its year of introduction le  iber  muster named after the brothers lei  ber the pattern s creators was issued on a very limited basis to combat units before the war ended it was the first pattern issued to both regular army we  hr  mach  t and waff  en ss units the pattern consists of black brown olive pale green white and red reproduction le  iber  muster uniforms created for collectors and re  en  actors have become available on the market through european vendors re  productions are made in china and turkey
the le  iden  frost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than the liquid s boiling point produces an insulating vap  or layer keeping that liquid from boiling rapidly due to this ‘ repul  sive force ’ a dro  p  let ho  vers over the surface rather than making physical contact with it this is most commonly seen when cooking one sprink  les drops of water in a pan to gauge its temperature if the pan s temperature is at or above the le  iden  frost point the water sk  itters across the pan and takes longer to evapor  ate than in a pan below the temperature of the le  iden  frost point but still above boiling temperature the effect is also responsible for the ability of liquid nitrogen to sk  itter across floors it has also been used in some potentially dangerous demonstrations such as di  pping a wet finger in mol  ten lead or blowing out a mou  thful of liquid nitrogen both enacted without injury to the demonstr  ator the latter is potentially lethal particularly should one accidentally swallow the liquid nitrogen it is named after jo  han  n go  tt  lo  b le  iden  frost who discussed it in a tract about some qualities of common water in 17  56 jo  han  n go  tt  lo  b le  iden  frost was born on november 27 17  15 in ro  sper  w  enda in the county of stol  berg stol  berg germany his father jo  han  n hein  rich le  iden  frost was a well known minister little is known of le  iden  frost s life prior to the start of his academic career
le  igh disease is a rare inherited neuro  metabol  ic disorder that affects the central nervous system it is named after archi  bald den  is le  igh a british neuro  psychiatrist who first described the condition in 1951
le  iner s disease is a systemic disease a skin disorder and extends to er  y  thro  der  ma typically diagnosed in early infancy le  iner ’ s disease is characterized by a long lasting se  bor  rhe  a der  mati  tis associated with increased likelihood to infection other character  iz  ations found on new  bor  ns with le  iner ’ s disease are a patch or a large patch of red skin normally on the bottom and spreads to the rest of the body this disease is also listed as a rare disease meaning that a small percent of the population less than 200 000 people in the united states will have this disorder
a lei  om  y  oma also known as fi  bro  ids is a benign smooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomes cancer 0 1 they can occur in any organ but the most common forms occur in the uter  us small bo  wel and the es  op  ha  gus poly  cy  them  ia may occur due to increased er  y  thro  po  ie  tin production as part of a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome the word is from le  io my  o oma smooth muscle tumor
lei  om  y  os  ar  coma gr smooth muscle connec  tive tissue tumor also referred to as l  ms is a m  align  ant can  cer  ous smooth muscle tumor it must not be confused with lei  om  y  oma which is a benign tumor originating from the same tissue it is also important to note that lei  om  y  os  ar  com  as do not arise from lei  om  y  om  as lei  om  y  os  ar  coma is an extremely rare form of cancer and accounts for 5 – 10 of soft tissue sar  com  as which are in themselves relatively rare lei  om  y  os  ar  com  as can be very unpredictable they can remain dormant for long periods of time and recur after years it is a resistant cancer meaning generally not very responsive to chem  otherapy or radiation the best outcomes occur when it can be removed sur  g  ically with wide margins early while small and still in situ
le  ish  mani  asis also spelled le  ish  mani  osis is a disease caused by proto  zo  an parasites of the genus le  ish  mania and spread by the bite of certain types of sand  flies the disease can present in three main ways cu  taneous mu  co  cu  taneous or vis  cer  al le  ish  mani  asis the cu  taneous form presents with skin ul  cers while the mu  co  cu  taneous form presents with ul  cers of the skin mouth and nose and the vis  cer  al form starts with skin ul  cers and then later presents with fever low red blood cells and enlarged sp  leen and liver infections in humans are caused by more than 20 species of le  ish  mania risk factors include poverty malnutrition deforestation and urbanization all three types can be diagnosed by seeing the parasites under the micro  scope additionally vis  cer  al disease can be diagnosed by blood tests le  ish  mani  asis can be partly prevented by sleeping under nets treated with insectic  ide other measures include spraying insectic  ides to kill sand  flies and treating people with the disease early to prevent further spread the treatment needed is determined by where the disease is acquired the species of le  ish  mania and the type of infection some possible medications used for vis  cer  al disease include li  pos  om  al am  pho  ter  ic  in b a combination of pen  ta  val  ent anti  mon  ials and par  om  om  y  cin and mil  te  fo  sine for cu  taneous disease par  om  om  y  cin flu  con  azole or pent  amid  ine may be effective about 12 million people are currently infected in some 98 countries about 2 million new cases and between 20 and 50 thousand deaths occur each year about 200 million people in asia africa south and central america and southern europe live in areas where the disease is common the world health organization has obtained discounts on some medications to treat the disease the disease may occur in a number of other animals including dogs and ro  dents
a le  ky  th  ion or lec  y  th  ion in classical greek and latin poetry is a metric pattern col  on defined by a sequence of seven altern  ating long and short sy  ll  ables at the end of a verse — ∨ — ⊻ — ∨ — in classical gr  amm  atical terminology it can be described as a tro  cha  ic di  meter catal  ec  tic i e a combination of two groups of two tro  che  es each — ∨ — ⊻ with the second of these groups lacking its final sy  ll  able or as a tro  cha  ic he  p  them  imer i e a tro  cha  ic sequence of seven half feet a le  ky  th  ion can appear in several different metric contexts in different types of poetry either alone as a verse or as the second of two cola following a ca  es  ura a frequent type of occurrence in greek drama is in lines of i  amb  ic trim  eter the most frequent metre used in spoken dialogue i e lines of the type ⊻ — ∨ — ⊻ — ∨ — ⊻ — ∨ — these lines may have a metric ca  es  ura after the first five sy  ll  ables with the remaining line thus resulting in a le  ky  th  ion group
l  el  is syndrome it is a genetic disorder a rare condition with der  mat  ological and dental findings characterized by the association of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia hypo  tric  ho  sis and hypo  hi  dro  sis with ac  anth  osis ni  gr  ic  ans other clinical features may include pal  mop  lan  tar hyper  ker  at  osis nail dy  stro  phy intellectual deficit disturbances of skin pi  gm  entation peri  oral and peri  orb  ital hyper  pi  gm  entation viti  li  go and per  inev  ic leuko  der  ma and hypo  don  tia transmission is auto  som  al rec  essive
lem  ier  re s syndrome or lem  ier  re s disease also known as po  stan  gin  al shock including sep  sis and human nec  rob  ac  il  losis refers to thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis of the internal ju  g  ular vein it most often develops as a complic  ation of a bacterial sore throat infection in young otherwise healthy adults the thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis is a serious condition and may lead to further systemic complications such as bacteria in the blood or se  ptic emb  oli lem  ier  re s syndrome occurs most often when a bacterial e g fus  ob  ac  ter  ium necro  ph  orum throat infection progres  ses to the formation of a per  it  on  sill  ar abs  c  ess deep in the abs  c  ess an  aer  ob  ic bacteria can flourish when abs  c  ess wall rup  tures internally the drainage carrying bacteria se  eps through the soft tissue and inf  ects the nearby structures spread of infection to the nearby ju  g  ular vein provides a gateway for the spread of bacteria through the blood  stream the infl  amm  ation surrounding the vein and compression of the vein may lead to clo  t formation pieces of the potentially infected clo  t break off and travel through the right heart onto the lungs as emb  oli blocking branches of the pul  mon  ary artery that carry de  oxy  genated blood from the heart to the lungs sep  sis following from a throat infection was described by scho  tt  mul  ler in 1918 however it was andré lem  ier  re in 1936 who published a series of 20 cases where throat infections were followed by identified an  aer  ob  ic sep  tic  emia of whom 18 patients died
the lem  i  eux – johnson oxid  ation is a chemical reaction in which an ole  fin under  goes oxid  ative cle  av  age to form two alde  hyde or ke  tone units the reaction is named after its inventors r u lem  i  eux and w s johnson who published it in 1956 the reaction proceeds in a two step manner beginning with di  hydrox  yl  ation of the al  k  ene by os  mium te  tro  x  ide followed by oxid  ative cle  av  age by perio  date excess perio  date is used to regener  ate the os  mium te  tro  x  ide allowing it to be used in catalytic amounts the lem  i  eux – johnson reaction ceases at the alde  hyde stage of oxid  ation and therefore produces the same results as oz  on  ol  ysis the classical lem  i  eux – johnson oxid  ation often generates many side products resulting in low reaction yields however the addition of non nucle  oph  il  ic bases such as 2 6 lu  ti  dine can improve on this o  so 4 may be replaced with a number of other os  mium compounds perio  date may also be replaced with other ox  i  dis  ing agents such as ox  one
in mathematics lem  o  ine s problem is a certain construction problem in elementary plane geometry posed by the french mathem  ati  cian é  mile lem  o  ine 18  40 – 19  12 in 1868 the problem was published as question 8  64 in nouvel  les ann  ales de math  é  mati  ques series 2 volume 7 1868 p 191 the chief interest in the problem is that a discussion of the solution of the problem by lud  wig ki  e  pert published in nouvel  les ann  ales de math  é  mati  ques series 2 volume 8 18  69 pp 40 – 42 contained a description of a hyper  bol  a which is now known as the ki  e  pert hyper  bol  a
in mathematical field of geome  tric group theory a length function is a function that as  signs a number to each element of a group
len  ner  t lymp  homa also known as lymp  ho  epi  the  li  o  id lymp  homa is a systemic t cell lymp  homa that presents with cu  taneous skin le  sions roughly 10 of the time it is also known as lymp  ho  epi  the  li  o  id variant of peripheral t cell lymp  homa it was first characterized in 1952
lennox – gast  aut syndrome l  gs is a difficult to treat form of childhood onset epi  le  psy that most often appears between the second and sixth year of life l  gs is characterized by a tri  ad of signs including frequent seizures of multiple types an abnormal eeg pattern of less than 2 5 h  z slow spike wave activity and moderate to severe intellectual impairment
lens sa  g is a problem that sometimes afflic  ts very large ref  r  acting teles  cop  es it is the equivalent of mirror sa  g in reflecting teles  cop  es it occurs when the physical weight of the glass causes a distortion in the shape of the lens because the lens can only be supported by the edges a mirror on the other hand can be effectively supported by the entire opposite face making mirror sa  g much less of a problem one expensive solution to lens sa  g is to place the teles  cope in orbit around the earth the technical limit concerning lens sa  g was reached at the y  er  kes refrac  tor 18  97 with an aper  ture of 40 102 cm where the sag  ging already causes small optical distortions the 1890 s therefore mark the end of the great refrac  tors era
l  enti  con  us len · ti · co · nus len ″ t  ĭ ko ´ nus lens l con  us cone is a rare con  genital anomaly of the eye characterized by a con  ical pro  tru  sion on the cryst  alline lens cap  su  le and the underlying cor  tex it can reach a diameter of 2 to 7 mm the con  us may occur an  ter  ior  ly or poster  ior  ly if the bul  ging is spher  ical instead of con  ical the condition is referred to as l  enti  glo  bus it produces a decrease in visual acu  ity and irregular ref  r  action that cannot be corrected by either spectacle or contact l  enses biom  ic  ro  sco  p  ically l  enti  con  us is characterized by a transparent loc  alized sharply demarc  ated con  ical projection of the lens cap  su  le and cor  tex usually ax  ial in loc  alization in an early stage re  tro illumin  ation shows an « oil dro  p  let » configuration using a narrow sli  t the image of a con  us is observed in a more advanced stage associated sub  cap  s  ular and cor  tical op  ac  ities appear re  tin  o  sco  p  ically the oil dro  p  let produces a path  og  no  mon  ic scissors movement of the light reflex this phenomenon is due to the different ref  r  action in the central and the peripheral area of the lens ul  tras  ono  graphy also can illustrate the existence of a l  enti  con  us a scan ul  tras  ono  graphy may reveal an increased lens thickness and b scan  ul  tras  ono  graphy may show her  ni  ated len  tic  ular material sugges  tive of a l  enti  con  us am  bl  y  op  ia cat  ar  act str  ab  is  mus and loss of central fixation may be observed in association with l  enti  con  us poster  ior cat  ar  act fl  ec  ked re  tin  opathy poster  ior poly  morph  ous dy  stro  phy and cor  ne  al arc  us juven  il  is may be encountered in association with l  enti  con  us an  terior that occurs as a part of the al  port syndrome exist two distinct types of l  enti  con  us based on the face of the lens affected
len  tic  ular bed  ding is a se  dim  entary bed  ding pattern displaying altern  ating layers of mud and sand formed during periods of slack water mud suspended in the water is deposited on top of small formations of sand once the water s velocity has reached zero len  tic  ular bed  ding is classified by its large quantities of mud relative to sand whereas a fl  as  er bed consists mostly of sand the sand formations within the bed  ding display a lens like shape giving the pattern its respected name they are commonly found in high energy environments such as the inter  tidal and supr  ati  dal zones geo  logists use len  tic  ular bed  ding to show evidence of tidal rhythm tidal currents and tidal slack in a particular environment
l  enti  gin  osis refers to the presence of l  enti  gin  es in large numbers or in a distinctive configuration these are spotted areas created by accumulation on the skin due to sun exposure due to a high irregularity any distinction from random  ness defines l  enti  gin  osis although l  enti  gin  es are benign they be the signal of an underlying problem such as progressive cardi  om  y  opathic l  enti  gin  osis which can cause retar  dation in children
a l  enti  go l  ɛ  n  ˈ  ta  ɪ  ɡ  o  ʊ plural l  enti  gin  es l  ɛ  n  ˈ  t  ɪ  d  ʒ  ᵻ  n  iz is a small pi  gm  ented spot on the skin with a clearly defined edge surrounded by normal appearing skin it is a harmless benign hyper  pl  asia of mel  an  oc  y  tes which is linear in its spread this means the hyper  pl  asia of mel  an  oc  y  tes is restricted to the cell layer directly above the basement memb  rane of the ep  id  er  mis where mel  an  oc  y  tes normally reside this is in contrast to the ne  sts of multi layer mel  an  oc  y  tes found in mol  es mel  an  oc  y  tic ne  vi because of this characteristic feature the ad  jec  tive l  enti  gin  ous is used to describe other skin le  sions that similarly prolifer  ate lin  early within the bas  al cell layer l  enti  gin  es are distinguished from f  reck  les ep  hel  is based on the proliferation of mel  an  oc  y  tes f  reck  les have a relatively normal number of mel  an  oc  y  tes but an increased amount of mel  an  in a l  enti  go has an increased number of mel  an  oc  y  tes f  reck  les will increase in number and darkness with sunlight exposure whereas l  enti  gin  es will stay stable in their color regardless of sunlight exposure conditions characterized by l  enti  gin  es include l  enti  go simpl  ex solar l  enti  go liver spots pu  va l  enti  gin  es ink spot l  enti  go le  op  ard syndrome mu  cos  al l  enti  gin  es multiple l  enti  gin  es syndrome mo  y  na  han syndrome generalized l  enti  gin  osis cent  ro  facial l  enti  gin  osis car  ney complex inherited patter  ned l  enti  gin  osis in black persons partial unilateral l  enti  gin  osis pe  ut  z je  gh  ers syndrome l  enti  go m  align  a l  enti  go m  align  a mel  anom  a ac  ral l  enti  gin  ous mel  anom  a
l  enti  go m  align  a also known as l  enti  gin  ous mel  anom  a on sun damaged skin is a mel  anom  a in situ that consists of m  align  ant cells but does not show invasive growth l  enti  go m  align  a is not the same as l  enti  go m  align  a mel  anom  a and should be discussed separately it typically progres  ses very slowly and can remain in a non invasive form for years the transition to true mel  anom  a is marked by the appearance of a bumpy surface itself a marker of vertical growth and invasion at which point it is called l  enti  go m  align  a mel  anom  a it is normally found in the elderly peak incidence in the 9 th decade on skin areas with high levels of sun exposure like the face and fore  arms some authors do not consider l  enti  go m  align  a to be a mel  anom  a it is commonly thought of as a mel  anom  a precursor incidence of evolution to l  enti  go m  align  a mel  anom  a is very low about 2 2 to 5 in elderly patients it is also known as hut  chin  son s mel  an  otic f  reck  le this is named for jonathan hut  chin  son
l  enti  go m  align  a mel  anom  a is a mel  anom  a that has evolved from a l  enti  go m  align  a they are usually found on chronically sun damaged skin such as the face and the fore  arms of the elderly the nomenclature is very confusing to both patients and physicians alike l  enti  go m  align  a is the non invasive skin growth that some patho  logists consider to be a mel  anom  a in situ a few patho  logists do not consider l  enti  go m  align  a to be a mel  anom  a at all but a precursor to mel  anom  as once a l  enti  go m  align  a becomes a l  enti  go m  align  a mel  anom  a it is treated as if it were an invasive mel  anom  a
l  enti  go simpl  ex also known as simple l  enti  go is the most common form of l  enti  go a single le  sion or multiple le  sions l  enti  gin  es may be present at birth or more commonly first develop in early childhood l  enti  go simpl  ex is not induced by sun exposure and it is not associated with any medical diseases or conditions it is also referred to as simple l  enti  go and juvenile l  enti  go this condition also affects cats those with orange color  ation most often and can appear on the nose lips and eyes as the cat ages
len  z – maj  e  wski syndrome is a skin condition characterized by hyper  o  sto  sis cran  io  di  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia dwar  f  ism cu  tis la  xa proxim  al symp  hal  ang  ism syn  d  ac  ty  ly br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly mental retar  dation en  am  el hypo  pl  asia and hyper  tel  or  ism in 2013 whole ex  ome sequ  encing showed that a mis  sense mutation resulting in over  active phosp  h  ati  dyl  ser  ine syn  th  ase 1 was the cause of l  ms making it the first known human disease to be caused by disrupted phosp  h  ati  dyl  ser  ine metabol  ism the researchers suggested a link between the condition and bone metabol  ism
leo so  i  le  au january 19 19  04 – august 2 1980 was one of the most proli  fic ca  jun recording artists of the 1930 s and 1940 s recording over 100 songs which was a substantial amount considering the reluctance to record the music during its early stages he is known as the second person to record a ca  jun record and the first to record this gen  re with a fiddle
leon  ti  asis os  sea also known as leon  ti  asis lion face or lion face syndrome is a rare medical condition characterized by an over  growth of the facial and cran  ial bones it is not a disease in itself but a symptom of other diseases including pag  et s disease fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m and ren  al o  ste  od  y  stro  phy the common form is that in which one or other max  illa is affected its size progressively increasing and thus encro  aching on the ca  vities of the orbit the mouth the nose and its accessory sin  uses ex  oph  thal  mos gradually develops going on later to a complete loss of sight due to compression of the op  tic nerve by the over  growth of bone there may also be interference with the nas  al respir  ation and with the taking of food in the somewhat less common form of this rare disease the over  growth of bone affects all the cran  ial bones as well as those of the face the senses being lost one by one and death finally resulting from cere  br  al pressure there is no treatment other than exposing the over  grown bone and chip  ping away pieces or exc  ising entirely where possible
a le  op  ard pattern is a spotted color pattern particularly in the hair coat or skin of animals but can also describe spo  tting patterns in plants and fabrics the term refers to the black and gold spotted coat of the le  op  ard cat but is used to describe many color combinations that result in spots scattered randomly across the skin or hair coat of other animals examples of animals with col  oring patterns termed le  op  ard include many great cats in the pan  ther  a genus the le  op  ard frog the le  op  ard spo  tting pattern in the app  alo  osa and kn  abstr  upper breeds of horses the le  op  ard seal insects such as the giant le  op  ard mo  th and fish species such as the le  op  ard dar  ter and the le  op  ard shark examples of plants that use the term include the le  op  ard lily and the le  op  ard flower the l  p le  op  ard complex gene is responsible for the le  op  ard color pattern in horses which not only produces a spotted coat color but also causes mo  tt  ling of the skin a white s  cl  era around the eye and stri  ped hoo  ves horses with the l  p gene may be spotted all over or may have concentrations of spots in various patterns
le  pid  op  ter  ism is an irrit  ant contact der  mati  tis caused by irritating cat  er  pillar or mo  th ha  irs coming into contact with the skin or mu  co  sa when referring to the cause mo  th der  mati  tis and cat  er  pillar der  mati  tis are commonly used cari  pi  to itch known as pap  ill  on  ite in french is an older name referring to the mo  th der  mati  tis caused by some hy  le  sia species
lepro  mat  ous leprosy is a skin condition consisting of pale mac  ules it results from the failure of th 1 cell activation which is necessary to eradicate the my  co  bacteria th 1 response is required to activate macro  p  ha  ges that engul  f and contain the disease in lepro  mat  ous leprosy th 2 response is turned on and because of reciprocal inhi  bi  tion il 4 il 10 the cell medi  ated response th 1 is depressed this deb  il  itating form of leprosy begins to spread causing the eyebro  ws to disappear and spon  gy tumor like sw  ell  ings appear on the face and body the disease attacks the internal organs bones joints and marrow of the body resulting in physical de  generation the result is de  form  ity with loss of feeling in the fingers and toes which eventually fall off contrary to popular belief both forms of leprosy are cur  able with the lepro  mat  ous form class  ically treated with antibiotics dap  s  one ri  fam  pin and clo  faz  im  ine for as long as 2 – 5 years but if left untreated the person may die up to 20 or 30 years from its inception early detection of the disease is of utmost importance since severe physical and neuro  logical damage are irreversible even if cured e g blindness loss of digits limbs sensation early infection is characterized by a well demarc  ated usually pale skin le  sion which has lost its hair and there may be many of these le  sions if the infection is more severe most commonly found on the cool  er parts of the body such as the el  bows knees fingers or scro  tum as the bacteria thrive in cool  er environments this early presentation is the same for both tubercul  ous and lepro  mat  ous forms of leprosy as they are a spectrum of the same disease lepro  mat  ous being the more contagious and severe form in patients with impaired th 1 response disease progression is extremely slow and signs of infection may not appear for years family members and especially children who have family members with the disease are most at risk the disease is believed to be spread through respiratory dro  ple  ts in close quarters like its relative my  co  bacter  ium tuberculosis and similarly requires extended exposure to an individual in most situations so outsiders and healthcare workers are normally not infected except with the most infec  tive individuals such as those in the most progressed lepro  mat  ous forms as those patients have the highest bacterial loads
leprosy also known as hansen s disease hd is a long term infection caused by the bac  ill  i my  co  bacter  ium le  pra  e and my  co  bacter  ium lepro  mat  osis initially infections are without symptoms and typically remain this way for 5 to 20 years symptoms that develop include gran  ul  om  as of the nerves respiratory tract skin and eyes this may result in a lack of ability to feel pain and thus loss of parts of extre  mi  ties due to repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds weakness and poor eye  sight may also be present leprosy is spread between people this is believed to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of an infected person leprosy occurs more commonly among those living in poverty contrary to popular belief it is not highly contagious the two main types of disease are based on the number of bacteria present pau  ci  bac  ill  ary and multi  bac  ill  ary the two types are differentiated by the number of poorly pi  gm  ented num  b skin pat  ches present with pau  ci  bac  ill  ary having five or fewer and multi  bac  ill  ary having more than five the diagnosis is confirmed by finding acid fast bac  ill  i in a biopsy of the skin or by detecting the dna using poly  mer  ase chain reaction leprosy is cur  able with a treatment known as multi  drug therapy treatment for pau  ci  bac  ill  ary leprosy is with the medications dap  s  one and ri  fam  pic  in for six months treatment for multi  bac  ill  ary leprosy consists of ri  fam  pic  in dap  s  one and clo  faz  im  ine for 12 months a number of other antibiotics may also be used these treatments are provided free of charge by the world health organization globally in 2012 the number of chronic cases of leprosy was 189 000 down from some 5 2 million in the 1980 s the number of new cases was 230 000 most new cases occur in 16 countries with india accounting for more than half in the past 20 years 16 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy about 200 cases are reported per year in the united states leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years the disease takes its name from the latin word le  pr  a which means scal  y while the term hansen s disease is named after the physician gerhard ar  mau  er hansen separating people by placing them in le  per colonies still occurs in places such as india china and africa however most colonies have closed since leprosy is not very contagious social stigma has been associated with leprosy for much of history which continues to be a barrier to self reporting and early treatment some consider the word le  per offensive preferring the phrase person affected with leprosy world leprosy day was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy
le  p  tom  en  ing  e  al cancer is a tumor that involves the two in  ner  most men  inges thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
le  pto  spi  ro  sis is an infection caused by cor  k  screw shaped bacteria called le  pto  spir  a signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches muscle pains and fe  vers to severe with bleeding from the lungs or men  ing  i  tis if the infection causes the person to turn yellow have kidney failure and bleeding it is then known as weil s disease if it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pul  mon  ary hemorrha  ge syndrome up to 13 different genetic types of le  pto  spir  a may cause disease in humans it is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals the most common animals that spread the disease are ro  dents it is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin eyes mouth or nose in the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities in the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacter  ium or finding its dna in the blood efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to prevent contact when working with potentially infected animals washing after this contact and reducing ro  dents in areas people live and work the antibiotic do  xy  cycl  ine when used in an effort to prevent infection among travellers is of unclear benefit vaccines for animals exist for certain type of le  pto  spir  a which may decrease the risk of spread to humans treatment if infected is with antibiotics such as do  xy  cycl  ine pen  ic  ill  in or ce  f  tri  ax  one weil s disease and severe pul  mon  ary haemorrha  ge syndrome result in death rates greater than 10 and 50 respectively even with treatment it is estimated that seven to ten million people are infected by le  pto  spi  ro  sis a year the number of deaths this causes is not clear the disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere outbreaks may occur in slums of the developing world the disease was first described by physician adol  f weil in 18  86 in germany animals which are infected may have no symptoms mild symptoms or severe symptoms symptoms may vary by the type of animal in some animals le  pto  spir  a live in the reproductive tract leading to transmission during m  ating
in mathematics the ler  ch ze  ta function sometimes called the hur  witz – ler  ch ze  ta function is a special function that gener  alizes the hur  witz ze  ta function and the poly  log  arith  m it is named after the czech mathem  ati  cian mathi  as ler  ch
l  eri s ple  ono  ste  osis is a rare r  heu  matic condition it was first described by the french physician l  eri in 19  21
les  ch  ke syndrome is a condition characterized by growth retar  dation and intellectual disability the syndrome is named after german intern  ist er  ich les  ch  ke
les  ch – ny  han syndrome l  ns also known as ny  han s syndrome and juvenile g  out is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypo  x  anth  ine gu  an  ine phosp  h  ori  bo  syl  transfer  ase hg  pr  t produced by mutations in the h  pr  t gene located on the x chro  mo  some l  ns affects about one in 380 000 live births the disorder was first recognized and clin  ically characterized by medical student michael les  ch and his mentor pedi  at  ric  ian william ny  han who published their findings in 1964 the hg  pr  t deficiency causes a build up of ur  ic acid in all body fluids this results in both hyper  ur  ic  emia and hyper  uri  co  sur  ia associated with severe g  out and kidney problems neuro  logical signs include poor muscle control and moderate intellectual disability these complications usually appear in the first year of life beginning in the second year of life a particularly striking feature of l  ns is self mutil  ating behaviors characterized by lip and finger biting neuro  logical symptoms include facial gri  mac  ing involuntary w  ri  thing and repeti  tive movements of the arms and legs similar to those seen in hun  t  ington s disease the eti  ology of the neuro  logical ab  norm  alities remains unknown because a lack of hg  pr  t causes the body to poorly utili  ze vitamin b 12 some boys may develop meg  alo  bl  astic an  emia l  ns is an x linked rec  essive disease the gene mutation is usually carried by the mother and passed on to her son although one third of all cases arise de novo from new mutations and do not have a family history l  ns is present at birth in baby boys most but not all persons with this deficiency have severe mental and physical problems throughout life there are a few rare cases in the world of affected females the symptoms caused by the buil  dup of ur  ic acid g  out and ren  al symptoms respond well to treatment with drugs such as all  op  ur  in  ol that reduce the levels of ur  ic acid in the blood the mental deficits and self mutil  ating behavior do not respond well to treatment there is no cure but many patients live to adul  thood several new experimental treatments may alleviate symptoms
the les  er tr  é  l  at sign is the explosive onset of multiple se  bor  rhe  ic ker  ato  ses many pi  gm  ented skin le  sions often with an infl  am  matory base this can be an ominous sign of internal m  align  ancy as part of a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome in addition to the development of new le  sions pre  existing ones frequently increase in size and become symptomatic
lethal ac  anth  ol  y  tic ep  id  er  mol  ysis bul  los  a is a cu  taneous condition characterized by generalized ero  sions at birth
lethal ar  thro  gry  pos  is with an  terior horn cell disease la  ah  d is an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder characterized by reduced mobility of the fo  etus and early death
lethal con  genital contrac  ture syndrome 1 l  c  cs 1 also called multiple contrac  ture syndrome finnish type is an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder characterized by total im  mobility of a fe  tus detec  table at around the 13 th week of pregnancy l  c  cs 1 invariably leads to pre  natal death before the 32 nd gest  ational week l  c  cs 1 is one of 40 finnish heritage diseases it was first described in 1985 and since then approximately 70 cases have been diagnosed
lethal mid  line gran  ul  oma is a condition affecting the nose and pal  ate the preferred modern term is ul  cer  ating mid  line lymp  homa as it is by no means always lethal when treated in time it has been suggested that the term is confusing and obsolete it is sometimes considered to be part of a spectrum with gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis it is considered a form of ex  tran  od  al nk t cell lymp  homa
lethal white syndrome l  ws also called over  o lethal white syndrome ol  ws lethal white over  o l  wo and over  o lethal white fo  al syndrome ol  w  fs is an auto  som  al genetic disorder most prevalent in the american paint horse affected fo  als are born after the full 11 month gest  ation and externally appear normal though they have all white or nearly all white coats and blue eyes however internally these fo  als have a non  functioning col  on within a few hours signs of col  ic appear affected fo  als die within a few days because the death is often painful such fo  als often are human  ely euthan  ized once identified the disease is particularly devastating because fo  als are born seemingly healthy after being carried to full term the disease has a similar eti  ology to hir  sch  sp  rung s disease in humans a mutation in the middle of the endo  th  elin recep  tor type b ed  n  r  b gene causes lethal white syndrome when homo  zy  g  ous carriers who are hetero  zy  g  ous — that is have one copy of the mut  ated alle  le but themselves are healthy — can now be reliably identified with a dna test both parents must be carriers of one copy of the l  ws alle  le in order for an affected fo  al to be born horses that are hetero  zy  g  ous for the gene that causes lethal white syndrome often exhibit a spotted coat color pattern commonly known as frame or frame over  o coat color alone does not always indicate the presence of l  ws or carrier status however the frame pattern may be minim  ally expressed or masked by other spo  tting patterns there also are different genetic mechanisms which produce healthy white fo  als and have no connection to l  ws another reason for genetic testing of potential breeding stock though there is no treatment or cure for l  ws fo  als a white fo  al without l  ws that appears ill may have a treat  able condition
lethal yel  lowing is a phy  top  las  ma disease that attacks many species of pal  ms including some commercially important species such as the co  con  ut and date palm in caribbean it is spread by the plan  th  op  per ha  pl  ax  ius cru  dus former name myn  dus cru  dus which is native to florida parts of the caribbean and central america the only effective cure is prevention i e planting resistant varieties of co  con  ut palm and preventing a park or golf course like environments which attracts the plan  th  op  per some cultiv  ars such as the jamaica tall co  con  ut cultiv  ar nearly died out by lethal yel  lowing heavy turf gr  asses and similar green ground cover will attract the plan  th  op  per to lay its eggs and the n  ymp  hs develop at the roots of these gr  asses the plan  th  op  pers eggs and n  ymp  hs may pose a great threat to co  con  ut growing countries economies into which grass seeds for golf courses and la  wns are imported from the americas it is not clearly understood how the disease was spread to east africa as the plan  th  op  per ha  pl  ax  ius cru  dus is not native in east africa the only explanation is that it was imported with grass seed from florida that were used to create golf courses and la  wns in beach resor  ts there is a direct connection between green la  wns and the spread of lethal yel  lowing in florida even so called resistant cultiv  ars such as the malay  an dwarf or the may  pan hybrid between that dwarf and the panama tall were never claimed to have a 100 immunity the n  ymp  hs of the plan  th  op  pers develop on roots of gr  asses hence the areas of grass in the vicinity of palm trees is connected with the spread of this phy  top  las  ma disease the problem arose as a direct result of using co  con  ut and date pal  ms for ornamental and landscap  ing purposes in la  wns golf courses and gardens together with these gr  asses when these two important food pal  ms were grown in traditional ways without gr  asses in plantations and along the shores the palm groves weren t notic  e  ably affected by lethal yel  lowing there is no evidence that disease can be spread when instruments used to cut an infected palm are then used to cut or trim a healthy one seed transmission has never been demonstrated although the phy  top  las  ma can be found in co  con  ut se  ed  nuts but phytosanitary quarantine procedures that prevent movement of co  con  ut seed se  ed  lings and mature pal  ms out of an ly epidemic area should be applied to gr  asses and other plants that may be carrying infected vectors beside co  con  ut palm co  cus nu  ci  fera more than 30 palm species have also been reported as susceptible to lethal phy  top  las  mas around the globe in mozambique co  con  ut lethal yel  lowing has recently been associated with african oil palm el  ae  is guine  ensis and fan palm bor  as  sus a  ethiop  um
let  ter  er – si  we disease is an old name for lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis l  ch from a time when l  ch was thought to be several different diseases let  ter  er – si  we disease hand schul  ler christian disease e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  oma and hash  im  oto pr  it  z  ker disease later they were all put together under the name his  ti  oc  y  to  sis x the x was found to be the lang  er  hans cell a d  end  ri  tic white blood cell l  ch is not believed to be genetic even though there have been a few reports of more than one person affected by l  ch within the same family still to this day the cause is unknown after researchers have worked very hard on trying to figure it out for decades the old name let  ter  er si  we disease is derived from the names of er  ich let  ter  er and st  ure si  we
the let  ts nit  ri  le synthesis is a chemical reaction of aromatic car  box  yl  ic acids with metal thi  oc  yan  ates to form nit  ri  les the reaction includes the loss of carbon dioxide and potassium hydro  sul  fide the polar basic substitution reaction was discovered in 18  72 by edmund a let  ts the let  ts nit  ri  le synthesis
le  uc  ism ˈ  lju  ː  k  ɪ  z  ə  m or ˈ  lu  ː  s  ɪ  z  ə  m is a condition in which there is partial loss of pi  gm  entation in an animal resulting in white pale or pat  chy color  ation of the skin hair feathers scales or cu  tic  le but not the eyes unlike al  bin  ism it is caused by a reduction in multiple types of pig  ment not just mel  an  in
the le  uc  k  art reaction is the chemical reaction that conver  ts alde  hy  des or ke  tones to am  ines by reduc  tive am  ination in the presence of heat the reaction named after ru  dol  f le  uc  k  art proceeds via two mechanisms one using ammonium form  ate and the other using form  amide as the reducing agent it requires high temperatures usually between 120 and 130 ° c although under the presence of form  amide the temperature can be greater than 165 ° c the reaction works best using ammonium form  ate and the general reaction can be seen below
leu  co  sis is a leuk  emia like m  align  ant viral disease that is found in animals particularly poultry and cattle
leu  co  stom  a can  ker is a fun  gal disease that can kill stone fruit prun  us spp the disease is caused by the plant pathogens leu  co  stom  a per  so  on  ii and leu  co  stom  a c  inc  tum tele  om  or  ph and cy  to  spor  a leu  co  stom  a and cy  to  spor  a c  inc  ta an  am  orph  s the disease can have a variety of signs and symptoms depending on the part of the tree infected one of the most lethal symptoms of the disease are the leu  co  stom  a can  kers the severity of the leu  co  stom  a can  kers is dependent on the part of the plant infected the fun  gus inf  ects through injured dying or dead tissues of the trees disease management can consist of cultural management practices such as prun  ing late season fertilizers or chemical management through measures such as insect control leu  co  stom  a can  ker of stone fruit can cause significant economic losses due to reduced fruit production or disease management practices it is one of the most important diseases of stone fruit tree all over the world
leuk  emia also spelled leuk  aemia is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells these white blood cells are not fully developed and are called bl  asts or leuk  emia cells symptoms may include bleeding and bru  ising problems feeling tired fever and an increased risk of infections these symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy the exact cause of leuk  emia is unknown different kinds of leuk  emia are believed to have different causes both inherited and environmental non inherited factors are believed to be involved risk factors include smoking ionizing radiation some chemicals such as benzene prior chem  otherapy and down syndrome people with a family history of leuk  emia are also at higher risk there are four main types of leuk  emia — acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emia all acute my  elo  id leuk  emia am  l chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia c  ll and chronic my  elo  id leuk  emia c  ml — as well as a number of less common types leuk  emi  as and lymp  hom  as both belong to a broader group of tumors that affect the blood bone marrow and lymp  ho  id system known as tumors of the hem  ato  po  ie  tic and lymp  ho  id tissues treatment may involve some combination of chem  otherapy radiation therapy targeted therapy and bone marrow transplant in addition to supportive care and palliative care as needed certain types of leuk  emia may be managed with watchful waiting the success of treatment depends on the type of leuk  emia and the age of the person outcomes have improved in the developed world the average five year survival rate is 57 in the united states in children under 15 the five year survival rate is greater than 60 to 85 depending on the type of leuk  emia in children with acute leuk  emia who are cancer free after five years the cancer is unlikely to return in 2012 leuk  emia developed in 352 000 people globally and caused 265 000 deaths it is the most common type of cancer in children with three quarters of leuk  emia cases in children being the acute lymp  ho  bl  astic type however about 90 of all leuk  emi  as are diagnosed in adults with am  l and c  ll being most common in adults it occurs more commonly in the developed world
leuk  emia cu  tis is the infiltr  ation of ne  op  l  astic leuk  oc  y  tes or their precursors into the skin resulting in clin  ically identifiable cu  taneous le  sions this condition may be contr  asted with leuk  em  ids which are skin le  sions that occur with leuk  emia but which are not related to leuk  emic cell infiltr  ation leuk  emia cu  tis can occur in most forms of leuk  emia including chronic my  elo  id leuk  emia acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emia chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia acute my  elo  id leuk  emia and pro  lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia
leuk  em  ids also known as non  specific cu  taneous conditions associated with leuk  emia are non  specific skin le  sions that occur with leuk  emia which are not related to leuk  emic cell infiltr  ation this condition may be contr  asted with leuk  emia cu  tis which is the infiltr  ation of ne  op  l  astic leuk  oc  y  tes or their precursors into the skin resulting in clin  ically identifiable cu  taneous le  sions the term dates back to at least 1915
the term leuk  emo  id reaction describes an increas  ed  white blood cell count or leuk  oc  y  to  sis which is a physiological response to stress or infection as opposed to a primary blood m  align  ancy such as leuk  emia it often describes the presence of immature cells such as my  elo  bl  asts or red blood cells with nucle  i in the peripheral blood it may be lymp  ho  id or my  elo  id
leuk  oc  oria also leuko  k  oria or white pu  pill  ary reflex is an abnormal white reflection from the re  tina of the eye leuk  oc  oria resembles ey  es  h  ine but leuk  oc  oria can occur in humans and other animals that lack ey  es  h  ine because their re  tina lacks a ta  pe  tum luci  dum leuk  oc  oria is a medical sign for a number of conditions including coats disease con  genital cat  ar  act cor  ne  al scar  ring mel  anom  a of the ci  li  ary body nor  rie disease oc  ular tox  oc  ari  asis persistence of the tun  ica vas  cul  osa l  enti  s p  f  v ph  p  v re  tin  obl  ast  oma and retro  l  ental fi  bro  pl  asia because of the potentially life threatening nature of re  tin  obl  ast  oma a cancer that condition is usually considered in the evaluation of leuk  oc  oria in some rare cases 1 the leuk  oc  oria is caused by coats disease le  aking re  tin  al vessels
leuk  oc  y  te adhe  sion deficiency lad is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by immun  o  deficiency resulting in recurrent infections lad is currently divided into three sub  types lad 1 lad 2 and the recently described lad 3 also known as lad 1 variant in lad 3 the immune defects are supplemented by a glan  z  mann thro  m  bas  th  enia like bleeding tendency
leuk  oc  y  te adhe  sion deficiency 1 lad 1 is a rare and often fatal genetic disorder in humans
leuk  oc  y  te adhe  sion mol  ecu  le deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by recurrent bacterial and fun  gal infections and impaired neu  tro  phil migration
leuk  oc  y  to  sis is white cells the leuk  oc  y  te count above the normal range in the blood it is frequently a sign of an infl  am  matory response most commonly the result of infection but may also occur following certain par  asi  tic infections or bone tumors it may also occur after stren  uous exercise con  vul  sions such as epi  le  psy emotional stress pregnancy and labour an  esthesia and ep  in  eph  rine administration there are five principal types of leuk  oc  y  to  sis 1 neu  tro  phi  lia the most common form 2 lymp  ho  cy  to  sis 3 mon  oc  y  to  sis 4 e  o  sin  ophi  lia 5 bas  ophi  lia this increase in leuk  oc  y  te primarily neu  troph  ils is usually accompanied by a left shift in the ratio of immature to mature neu  troph  ils the proportion of immature leuk  oc  y  tes increases due to proliferation and release of gran  ul  oc  y  te and mon  oc  y  te precursors in the bone marrow which is stimulated by several products of infl  amm  ation including c 3 a and g c  sf although it may indicate illness leuk  oc  y  to  sis is considered a laboratory finding instead of a separate disease this classification is similar to that of fever which is also a test result instead of a disease right shift in the ratio of immature to mature neu  troph  ils is considered with reduced count or lack of young neu  troph  ils met  am  yel  oc  y  tes and band neu  troph  ils in blood sme  ar associated with the presence of giant neu  troph  ils this fact shows suppression of bone marrow activity as a hem  at  ological sign specific for pernicious an  emia and radiation sickness a leuk  oc  y  te count above 25 to 30 x 109 l is termed a leuk  emo  id reaction which is the reaction of a healthy bone marrow to extreme stress trauma or infection it is different from leuk  emia and from leuko  er  y  thro  bl  ast  osis in which either immature white blood cells acute leuk  emia or mature yet non functional white blood cells chronic leuk  emia are present in peripheral blood
leuko  der  ma is a cu  taneous condition an acquired condition with loc  alized loss of pi  gm  entation of the skin that may occur after any number of infl  am  matory skin conditions burns intr  ale  sional ster  o  id injections post  der  m  abra  sion etc it is largely a cosmetic problem and is neither infectious nor contagious
leuko  dy  stro  phy is one of a group of disorders characterized by de  generation of the white matter in the brain the word leuko  dy  stro  phy comes from the greek roots leuk  o white d  ys lack of and tro  ph growth the leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies are caused by imperfect growth or development of the my  elin she  ath the fatty covering that acts as an insul  ator around nerve fi  bers when damage occurs to white matter immune responses can lead to infl  amm  ation in the cns along with loss of my  elin the de  generation of white matter can be seen in a m  ri and used to diagnose leuko  dy  stro  phy leuko  dy  stro  phy is characterized by specific symptoms including decreased motor function muscle rigidity and eventually de  generation of sight and hearing while the disease is fatal the age of onset is a key factor as infants are given a lifespan of 2 – 8 years sometimes longer while adults typically live more than a decade after onset there is a great lack of treatment although cord blood and hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cell transplantation bone marrow transplant seem to help in certain types while further research is being done the combined incidence of the leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies is estimated at 1 7 600 the majority of types involve the inheritance of a rec  essive dominant or x linked trait while others although involving a defective gene are the result of spontaneous mutation rather than genetic inheritance
leuko  e  dem  a also spelled leu  co  e  dem  a is a blue grey or white appearance of mu  co  sa  e particularly the buc  cal mu  co  sa the inside of the cheeks it may also occur on the mu  co  sa of the lar  yn  x or vag  ina it is a harmless and very common condition because it is so common it has been argued that it may in fact represent a variation of the normal appearance rather than a disease but empirical evidence suggests that leuko  e  dem  a is an acquired condition caused by local irritation it is found more commonly in black skin  ned people and tobacco users the term is derived from the greek words leuk  o white and ο  ἴ  δη  μα — o  í  d  ē  ma sw  elling
leuko  encephalopathy with van  ishing white matter v  w  m disease is an auto  som  al rec  essive neuro  logical disease the cause of the disease are mutations in any of the 5 genes en  coding sub  units of the translation initiation factor eif 2 b eif 2 b 1 eif 2 b 2 eif 2 b 3 eif 2 b 4 or eif 2 b 5 the disease belongs to a family of conditions called the leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies
leuk  ony  ch  ia or leu  con  y  ch  ia also known as white nails or milk spots is a medical term for white dis  color  ation appearing on nails it is derived from the greek words leuk  o white and on  ux nail the most common cause is injury to the base of the nail the matrix where the nail is formed it is harmless and most commonly caused by minor injuries such as nail biting that occur while the nail is growing i  eu  kon  y  ch  ia occurs most commonly in healthy individuals unrelated to any known nutritional or physiological deficiency when caused by injury the marks will disappear as the nail grows outw  ards however a dietary deficiency will cause recurrent leuk  ony  ch  ia other possible reasons for this problem with nail color can be linked to arsenic poisoning pneumonia heart disease ren  al failure ill health hypo  albu  min  emia vitamin deficiency ul  cer  ative co  li  tis hypo  prote  in  emia he  p  atic cir  rho  sis psycho  genic stresses ony  chop  ha  gia occupational trauma lack of zinc lack of protein ps  ori  asis as well as ecz  ema lack of iron
leuk  open  ia also known as leuk  oc  y  top  enia or leu  copen  ia from greek λ  ευ  κ  ός white and π  εν  ία deficiency is a decrease in the number of white blood cells leuk  oc  y  tes found in the blood which places individuals at increased risk of infection neu  tro  pen  ia a subtype of leuk  open  ia refers to a decrease in the number of circulating neu  tro  phil gran  ul  oc  y  tes the most abundant white blood cells the terms leuk  open  ia and neu  tro  pen  ia may occasionally be used inter  change  ably as the neu  tro  phil count is the most important indicator of infection risk this should not be confused with ag  ran  ul  oc  y  to  sis
leuk  op  la  k  ia also termed leu  co  pl  ak  ia leuko  ker  at  osis leuk  op  la  sia idi  opathic leuk  op  la  k  ia idi  opathic ker  at  osis or idi  opathic white patch normally refers to a condition where areas of ker  at  osis appear as firmly attached white pat  ches on the mu  co  us memb  ran  es of the oral cav  ity although the term is sometimes used for white pat  ches of other gastro  intest  inal tract mu  cos  al sites or mu  cos  al surfaces of the ur  inary tract and gen  itals leuk  op  la  k  ia in the mouth oral leuk  op  la  k  ia is defined as a predominantly white le  sion of the oral mu  co  sa that cannot be characterized as any other defin  able le  sion however this definition is in  consistently applied and some refer to any oral white patch as leuk  op  la  k  ia leuk  op  la  k  ia is a descriptive clinical term that is only correctly used once all other possible causes have been ruled out a diagnosis of exclusion as such leuk  op  la  k  ia is not a specific disease entity and the clinical and his  to  logic appearance are variable i e the term has no specific his  to  logic implications leuk  op  la  k  ia may be confused with other common causes of white pat  ches in the mouth such as oral candi  di  asis or lichen plan  us the le  sions of leuk  op  la  k  ia cannot be rub  bed off as would be the case in pseu  dom  emb  ran  eous candi  di  asis oral th  rush oral leuk  op  la  k  ia more commonly occurs in those who smoke but often the cause is unknown hence the name idi  opathic leuk  op  la  k  ia chewing tobacco is also associated with this type of le  sion leuk  op  la  k  ia is a pre  m  align  ant le  sion i e a mor  pho  logically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than in its apparently normal counterpart the chance of transformation into oral squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma os  cc a type of oral cancer varies from almost 0 to about 20 and this may occur over 1 – 30 years the vast majority of oral leuk  op  la  ki  as will not turn m  align  ant however some sub  types hold greater risk than others no interventions have been proven to reduce the risk of cancer developing in an area of leuk  op  la  k  ia but people are generally advised to stop smoking and limit alcohol consumption to reduce their risk sometimes the white patch will shrink and eventually disappear after stopping smoking but this may take up to a year in many cases areas of leuk  op  la  k  ia will slowly expand become more white and thick  en if smoking is not stopped management usually involves regular review of the le  sion to detect any possible m  align  ant change early and thereby significantly improve the prog  no  sis which normally is relatively poor for os  cc
leuk  op  la  k  ia with ty  losis and es  op  ha  ge  al carcin  oma is a rare condition characterized by leuk  op  la  k  ia associated with es  op  ha  ge  al carcin  oma
leuk  or  rhe  a or le  uc  or  rho  ea british english is a thick whi  tish or yel  low  ish vag  inal discharge there are many causes of leuk  or  rhe  a the usual one being estro  gen imbalance the amount of discharge may increase due to vag  inal infection or st  ds and also it may disappear and re  appear from time to time this discharge can keep occurring for years in which case it becomes more yellow and foul sm  elling it is usually a non pathological symptom secondary to infl  am  matory conditions of vag  ina or cer  vi  x leuk  or  rhe  a can be confirmed by finding 10 w  bc under a micro  scope when examining vag  inal fluid vag  inal discharge is not abnormal and causes of change in discharge include infection m  align  ancy and hormonal changes it sometimes occurs before a girl has her first period and is considered a sign of pu  ber  ty
leuko  tri  ene c 4 syn  th  ase deficiency is an in  born error of metabol  ism deficiency of leuko  tri  ene c 4 syn  th  ase can lead to a reduction in leuko  tri  ene c 4
leuko  tri  ene recep  tor antagon  ist associated chur  g – strauss syndrome may occur in asthma patients being treated with leuko  tri  ene recep  tor antagon  ists occurring 2 days to 10 months after the antagon  ist has been started with features of the syndrome including peripheral e  o  sin  phi  lia pul  mon  ary infiltr  ates and less commonly neuro  pa  thy sin  u  si  tis and cardi  om  y  opathy
lev s disease or len  egre lev syndrome is an acquired complete heart block due to idi  opathic fi  bro  sis and calci  fication of the electrical conduc  tion system of the heart lev s disease is most commonly seen in the elderly and is often described as sen  ile de  generation of the conduc  tion system one form has been associated with s  cn 5 a
lev  am  iso  le induced necro  sis syndrome lines is a complic  ation of adulter  ated cocaine recognized in 2011 caused by the use of lev  am  iso  le as a cutting agent for cocaine
lev  ator ani syndrome is a condition characterized by brief inter  mit  tent burning pain or ten  es  mus of the rec  tal or per  ine  al area
in mathematical physics level spac  ing is the difference between consecutive elements in some set of real numbers in particular it is the difference between consecutive energy levels or ei  gen  values of a matrix or linear operator
in graph theory and theoretical computer science the level anc  est  or problem is the problem of pre  processing a given rooted tree t into a data structure that can determine the anc  est  or of a given no  de at a given distance from the root of the tree more precisely let t be a rooted tree with n no  des and let v be an arbitrary no  de of t the level anc  est  or qu  ery la v d requests the anc  est  or of no  de v at depth d where the depth of a no  de v in a tree is the number of edges on the shortest path from the root of the tree to no  de v it is possible to solve this problem in constant time per qu  ery after a pre  processing algori  thm that takes o n and that builds a data structure that uses o n storage space
in negotiation leverage is the ability to influence the other side to move closer to one s negotiating position types of leverage include positive leverage negative leverage and normative leverage
le  vo transposition of the great arter  ies l transposition of the great arter  ies le  vo t  ga or l t  ga also commonly referred to as con  gen  it  ally corrected transposition of the great arter  ies cc t  ga is an ac  yan  otic con  genital heart defect ch  d in which the primary arter  ies the a  or  ta and the pul  mon  ary artery are transposed with the a  or  ta an  terior and to the left of the pul  mon  ary artery the mor  pho  logical left and right ven  tric  les with their corresponding atri  o  ven  tric  ular valves are also transposed use of the term corrected has been disputed by many due to the frequent occurrence of other ab  norm  alities and or acquired disorders in l t  ga patients in seg  mental analysis this condition is described as atri  o  ven  tric  ular dis  cord  ance ven  tric  ular in  version with ven  tric  ul  o  arter  ial dis  cord  ance l t  ga is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arter  ies t  ga however t  ga is a more general term which may also refer to d  extr  o transposition of the great arter  ies d t  ga another term commonly used to refer to both l t  ga and d t  ga is transposition of the great vessels tg  v although this term can have an even broader meaning than t  ga
le  vo  car  dia is a medical condition where the heart is on the correct side of the body the left as op  p  posed to d  ext  ro  car  dia in which the heart is in the right side of the thor  ac  ic cav  ity this can be associated with sit  us sol  it  us where the remainder of the organs are on correct side as well or sit  us in  versus which implies the vis  cer  a stomach liver intest  ines etc and possibly the lungs are on the wrong side the latter condition may or may not be associated with clin  ically relevant ab  norm  alities
le  vo  dop  a induced dy  sk  ine  sia is a form of dy  sk  ine  sia associated with le  vo  dop  a used to treat par  kinson s disease it often involves hyper  k  ine  tic movements including cho  rea dy  st  onia and athe  to  sis in the context of par  kinson s disease pd dy  sk  ine  sia is often the result of long term dop  amine therapy these motor fluctuations occur in up to 80 of pd patients after 5 – 10 years of l dop  a treatment abstract with the percentage of affected patients increasing over time based on the relationship with le  vo  dop  a do  sing dy  sk  ine  sia most commonly occurs at the time of peak l dop  a plasma concentrations and is thus referred to as peak dose dy  sk  ine  sia p  dd as patients advance they may evidence di  ph  as  ic dy  sk  ine  sia dd which occur when the drug concentration rises or falls if dy  sk  ine  sia becomes too severe or imp  airs the patient s quality of life a reduction in l dop  a might be necessary however this may be accompanied by a worsening of motor performance therefore once established lid is difficult to treat amongst pharmaco  logical treatment n methyl d as  part  ate n  m  da antagon  ist a glu  tam  ate recep  tor am  ant  ad  ine has been proven to be clin  ically effective in a small number of plac  e  bo controlled random  ized controlled trials while many others have only shown promise in animal models attempts to moderate dy  sk  ine  sia by the use of other treatments such as bromo  cri  pt  ine par  lo  del a dop  amine agon  ist appears to be ineffective in order to avoid dy  sk  ine  sia patients with the young onset form of the disease or young onset par  kinson s disease y  op  d are often hesitant to commence l dop  a therapy until absolutely necessary for fear of suffering severe dy  sk  ine  sia later on alternatives include the use of da agon  ists i e ro  p  ini  role or pr  am  ip  ex  ole in lieu of early l dop  a use which delays the use of l dop  a additionally a review shows that highly soluble l dop  a pro  drugs may be effective in avoiding the in vi  vo blood concentration swings that potentially lead to motor fluctuations and dy  sk  ine  sia
lewis lung carcin  oma is a tumor discovered by dr margaret r lewis of the w  ist  ar institute in 1951 this tumor originated spontaneously as a carcin  oma of the lung of a c 57 bl mouse the tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrha  gic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semi  firm homogeneous mass it is also called 3 ll and ll  c and is used as a trans  plan  table m  align  ancy it has been used in many studies in 1975 mun  son discovered that cannab  ino  ids suppress lewis lung carcin  oma cell growth the mechanism of this action was shown to be inhi  bi  tion of dna synthesis cannab  ino  ids increase the life span of mice carrying lewis lung tumors and decrease primary tumor size there are multiple modes of action
lex parliament  aria or a tre  ati  se of the law and custom of the parliaments of england was a pocket manual for members of the parliament of england it was originally attributed to george pe  ty  t however an attribution to ir  ish  man george phili  ps seems now to be widely accepted including by the historians sir james ware and walter harris thomas jefferson praised the book in a letter to his son in law opin  ing for parliamentary knowledge the lex parliament  aria is the best book its american counterparts are jefferson s own 18  01 manual of parliamentary practice and lex parliament  aria americ  ana by luther st  earns cu  shing the term lex parliament  aria is also sometimes used to describe parliamentary law in general
l  ex  ical entr  ain  ment is the phenomenon in convers  ational lingu  is  tics of the process of the subject adopting the reference terms of their interlocutor in practice it acts as a mechanism of the cooperative principle in which both parties to the conversation employ l  ex  ical entr  ain  ment as a progressive system to develop conceptual pacts a working temporary convers  ational terminology to ensure maximum clarity of reference in the communication between the parties this process is necessary to overcome the ambiguity inherent in the multitude of synon  y  ms that exist in language l  ex  ical entr  ain  ment arises by two cooperative mechanisms embedded corrections a reference to the object implied by the context of the sentence but with no explicit reference to the change in terminology exposed corrections an explicit reference to the change in terminology possibly including a request to assign the refer  ent a common term e g by girl do you mean jane
l  ex  ical sem  an  tics also known as l  exi  co  sem  an  tics is a sub  field of linguistic sem  an  tics the units of analysis in l  ex  ical sem  an  tics are l  ex  ical units which include not only words but also sub words or sub units such as affi  xes and even compound words and phrases l  ex  ical units make up the catalogue of words in a language the l  exic  on l  ex  ical sem  an  tics looks at how the meaning of the l  ex  ical units cor  relates with the structure of the language or syn  tax this is referred to as syn  tax sem  an  tic interface the study of l  ex  ical sem  an  tics looks at the classification and de  composition of l  ex  ical items the differences and similarities in l  ex  ical sem  an  tic structure cross lingu  is  tically the relationship of l  ex  ical meaning to sentence meaning and syn  tax l  ex  ical units also referred to as syn  tactic atoms can stand alone such as in the case of root words or parts of compound words or they necessarily attach to other units such as pre  fixes and suff  i  xes do the former are called free morph  em  es and the latter bound morph  em  es they fall into a narrow range of meanings sem  an  tic fields and can combine with each other to generate new meanings
in computer science the l  exi  co  graphically minimal string rotation or l  exi  co  graphically least circular sub  string is the problem of finding the rotation of a string possessing the lowest l  exi  co  graphical order of all such ro  tations for example the l  exi  co  graphically minimal rotation of b  ba  acc  a  add would be a  acc  a  add  bb it is possible for a string to have multiple l  exi  co  graphically minimal ro  tations but for most applications this does not matter as the ro  tations must be equivalent finding the l  exi  co  graphically minimal rotation is useful as a way of norm  alizing strings if the strings represent potentially isom  orph  ic structures such as graphs norm  alizing in this way allows for simple equality checking a common implementation trick when dealing with circular strings is to con  cat  en  ate the string to itself instead of having to perform mod  ular arithmetic on the string indices
ley  dig cell hypo  pl  asia or ap  la  sia l  ch also known as ley  dig cell agen  esis is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic and endocrine syndrome affecting an estimated 1 in 1 000 000 biological males it is characterized by an inability of the body to respond to lu  te  ini  zing hormone l  h a gon  ad  o  tro  pin which is normally responsible for sign  aling ley  dig cells of the tes  tic  les to produce te  sto  ster  one and other and  ro  gen sex hormones the condition manifests itself as pseu  do  her  m  aph  ro  di  tism partially or fully underdeveloped gen  italia hyper  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism decreased or lack of production of sex ster  oids by the gon  ads despite high circulating levels of gon  ad  o  tro  pins reduced or absent pu  ber  ty lack of development of secondary sexual characteristics resulting in sexual inf  anti  lis  m if left untreated and in  fertility ley  dig cell hypo  pl  asia does not occur in biological females as they do not have either ley  dig cells or tes  tic  les however the cause of the condition in males lu  te  ini  zing hormone in  sensitivity does affect females and because l  h plays a role in the female reproductive system it can result in primary amen  or  rhe  a or olig  omen  or  rhe  a absent or reduced men  str  uation in  fertility due to an  ov  ulation and o  vari  an cy  sts a related condition is fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh in  sensitivity which presents with similar symptoms to those of ley  dig cell hypo  pl  asia but with the symptoms in the respective sexes reversed i e hypo  gon  ad  ism and sexual inf  anti  lis  m in females and merely problems with fertility in males despite their similar causes f  sh in  sensitivity is considerably less common in comparison to l  h in  sensitivity
ley  dig cell tum  our also ley  dig cell tumor us spelling tes  tic  ular inter  sti  tial cell tum  our and tes  tic  ular inter  sti  tial cell tumor us spelling is a member of the sex cord st  rom  al tum  our group of o  vari  an and tes  tic  ular cancers it arises from ley  dig cells while the tum  our can occur at any age it occurs most often in young adults a ser  tol  i ley  dig cell tum  our is a combination of a ley  dig cell tum  our and a ser  tol  i cell tum  our from ser  tol  i cells
l  her  mit  te s phenomenon or the l  her  mit  te phenomenon l  ɛ  r  ˈ  mi  ː  t sometimes called the barber chair phenomenon is an electrical sensation that runs down the back and into the limbs the sensation can feel like it goes up or down the sp  ine it is generally considered uncomfortable in many patients it is elicited by b  ending the head forward it can also be ev  oked when a practitioner pounds on the poster  ior cer  vic  al sp  ine while the neck is fl  ex  ed this is caused by involvement of the poster  ior columns it is sometimes called l  her  mit  te s sign though this is technically incorrect as a sign is something that can be observed on examination whereas a symptom is the subjective experience l  her  mit  te s phenomenon is subjective and therefore a symptom l  her  mit  te s phenomenon is named for french neuro  logist jean l  her  mit  te
l  her  mit  te – duc  los disease ld  d english ˌ  l  ɛ  r  ˈ  mi  ː  t  ˌ  du  ː  ˈ  k  lo  ʊ also called dys  plastic gang  li  oc  y  tom  a of the cere  bell  um is a rare slowly growing tumor of the cere  bell  um a gang  li  oc  y  tom  a sometimes considered to be a ham  ar  tom  a characterized by diffuse hyper  tro  phy of the gran  ular layer of the cere  bell  um it is often associated with cow  den syndrome it was described by jacques jean l  her  mit  te and p duc  los in 1920
the library angel is a phenomenon described by arthur ko  est  ler in which information typically in libraries becomes accessible through chance or coincidence rather than through the use of a catalo  gu  ing system the library angel can be regarded as a form of synchron  icity bernard be  it  man who conducted research in coincidence studies found that 18 of his respondents had acquired information in an unexpected way
lichen au  re  us also known as lichen pur  pur  ic  us is a skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of one or several golden or r  ust colored closely packed mac  ules or lic  hen  o  id pap  ules
lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus is a group of cu  taneous disorders considered m  uc  ino  ses conditions included in this group are generalized lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus loc  alized lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus dis  crete pap  ular lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus ac  ral persistent pap  ular m  uc  in  osis self healing pap  ular m  uc  in  osis self healing juvenile cu  taneous m  uc  in  osis pap  ular m  uc  in  osis of infancy atypical lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus atypical tuber  ous my  x  e  dem  a
lichen ni  ti  dus is a chronic infl  am  matory disease of unknown cause characterized by 1 – 2 mm dis  crete and uniform shiny flat top  ped pale flesh colored or red  dish brown pap  ules that may appear as hypo  pi  gm  ented against dark skin occasionally minimal scaling is present or can be induced by rub  bing the surface of the pap  ules the disease usually affects children and young adults and is pain  less and usually non  pr  uri  tic although protracted it  ching may occur in some cases it is sometimes referred to by der  mato  logists as mini lichen plan  us
lichen plan  us l  p is an un  common disease of the skin with a prevalence reported between 0 1 – 0 3 in men and women respectively the cause is unknown but it is thought to be the result of an auto  immune process with an unknown initial trigger there is no cure but many different medications and procedures have been used in efforts to control the symptoms the term lic  hen  o  id reaction or lic  hen  o  id le  sion refers to a le  sion of similar or identical hist  opath  o  logic and clinical appearance to lichen plan  us i e an area which looks the same as lichen plan  us both to the naked eye and under a micro  scope sometimes dental materials or certain medications can cause a lic  hen  o  id reaction they can also occur in association with graft versus host disease
wise rein disease lichen ru  ber mon  ili  form  is is a rare skin disease named for fred wise and charles r rein it is one of several diseases also known as ka  posi s disease based on its characterization in 18  86 by mor  itz ka  posi it is thought to be a rare variety of lichen plan  us it is also known as mor  bus mon  ili  form  is lic  hen  o  ides
lichen s  cl  ero  sus ls and also known as lichen s  cl  ero  sus et atro  ph  ic  us l  se  ta also termed incorrectly lichen sclerosis et atro  ph  ic  us is a disease of unknown cause that results in white pat  ches on the skin which may cause scar  ring on and around genital or sometimes other skin there is a b  im  od  al age distribution in the incidence of ls it occurs in females with an average age of diagnosis of 7 6 years in girls and 60 years old in women the average age of diagnosis in boys is 9 – 11 years old several risk factors have been proposed including auto  immune diseases infections and genetic pre  disposition there is evidence that ls can be associated with thyro  id disease
lichen scro  ful  o  sor  um also known as tuberculosis cu  tis lic  hen  o  ides is a rare tuber  cu  lid that presents as a lic  hen  o  id eruption of minute pap  ules in children and adolescents with tuberculosis the le  sions are usually as  ymp  tomatic closely grouped skin colored to red  dish brown pap  ules often peri  fol  lic  ular and are mainly found on the ab  dom  en chest back and proxim  al parts of the limbs the eruption is usually associated with a strongly positive tubercul  in reaction of the three tuber  cu  li  ds the incidence of lichen scro  ful  o  sor  um was found to be the lowest 2 in a large study conducted in hong kong this highlights its r  arity and significance as an important marker of un  detected tuberculosis
lichen simpl  ex ch  ron  ic  us also known as neuro  der  mati  tis is a skin disorder characterized by chronic it  ching and scrat  ching the constant scrat  ching causes thick lea  ther  y bro  wn  ish skin this condition is more common between ages 30 and 50 and is seen more in women than in men
lichen spin  ul  o  sus also known as ker  at  osis spin  ul  osa is a rare skin disorder characterized by fol  lic  ular ker  ato  tic pap  ules that are grouped into large pat  ches it is a variant of ker  at  osis pil  aris
lichen stri  atus also known as blas  ch  ko linear acquired infl  am  matory skin eruption and linear lic  hen  o  id der  mat  osis is a rare skin condition that is seen primarily in children most frequently appearing ages 5 – 15 it consists of a self limiting eruption of small scal  y pap  ules
lichen ver  ru  co  sus et re  ticul  aris is a cu  taneous condition that may be related to ker  at  osis lic  hen  o  ides ch  ron  ica
a lic  hen  o  id eruption is a skin disease characterized by damage and infiltr  ation between the ep  id  er  mis and der  mis examples include lichen plan  us lichen s  cl  ero  sus and lichen ni  ti  dus it can also be associated with abra  sion or drug use it has been observed in conjunction with the use of prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors the term lic  hen  o  id derives from a resemblance to a lichen
lic  hen  o  id tri  ker  at  osis is a cu  taneous condition that may be related to ker  at  osis lic  hen  o  ides ch  ron  ica
a lick gran  ul  oma also known as ac  ral lick der  mati  tis is a skin disorder in dogs it results typically from the dog s urge to lick the lower portion of one of his or her legs the le  sion can initially be red sw  oll  en irritated and bleeding similar to a hot spot wet ecz  ema the dog s inc  ess  ant lic  king of the le  sion eventually results in a thick  ened firm o  val pla  que a major cause of lick gran  ul  oma appears to be psychological related to stress anxiety separation anxiety bore  dom or compul  siveness lick gran  ul  om  as are especially seen in active dogs left alone for long periods of time one theory is that excessive lic  king causes endor  ph  in release which reduces pain and makes the dog feel euph  or  ic temporarily that effect then causes an addiction to lic  king treatment of the primary cause if known is essential in psycho  genic cases psychological factors should be identified and addressed such as being left alone all day being confined and changes in the household
lic  or  ice is an extract from the gly  cy  r  r  hi  za g  lab  ra plant which contains gly  cy  r  r  hi  z  ic acid or g  za g  za is made of one mol  ecu  le of gly  cy  r  rhe  tic acid and two molecules of gl  uc  u  ronic acid the extracts from the root of the plant can also be referred to as lic  or  ice sweet root and gly  cy  r  r  hi  za extract g g  lab  ra grows in sub  tropical clim  ates in europe the middle east and western asia when administered orally the product of gly  cy  r  rhe  tic acid is found in human urine whereas g  za is not this shows that gly  cy  r  rhe  tic acid is absorbed and met  abo  lized in the intest  ines in humans g  za is hydro  ly  zed to gly  cy  r  rhe  tic acid in the intest  ines by bacteria for thousands of years g g  lab  ra has been used for medicinal purposes including indi  ges  tion and stomach infl  amm  ation some other medicinal purposes are cough suppression ul  cer treatment and use as a lax  ative also salts of g  za can be used in many products as sweeteners and aromati  zers the major use of lic  or  ice goes towards the tobacco industry at roughly 90 of usage the rest is split evenly between food and pharmaceu  tics at 5 of usage each federal register 1983 lic  or  ice extract is often found in swe  ets and many can  dies some drugs and beverages like root beer they can also be used in chewing gum tobacco products like snu  ff and tooth  paste an increase in intake of lic  or  ice can cause many toxic effects hyper  miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  ster  o  id syndrome can occur when the body retains sodium loses potassium altering bio  chemical and hormonal activities some of these activities include lower al  do  ster  one level decline of the ren  in an  gi  ot  ens  in system and increased levels of the atri  al nat  ri  u  re  tic hormone in order to compensate the variations in homo  e  ost  asis some other symptoms of toxicity include electro  ly  te imbalance oe  dem  a increased blood pressure weight gain heart problems and weakness individuals will experience certain symptoms based on the severity of toxicity some other complaints include fatigue short  ness of breath ren  al failure and paralysis many adverse effects of lic  or  ice poisoning can be seen and most are attributed to the miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id effects of g  za depending on the dose and intake of lic  or  ice serious problems and even hosp  itali  zation can arise people with previously existing heart or kidney problems may be more susceptible to g  za and lic  or  ice poisoning it is important to monitor the amount of lic  or  ice consumed in order to prevent toxicity it is difficult to determine a safe level due to many varying factors from person to person in the most sensitive individuals daily intake of about 100 mg g  za can cause problems this is equivalent to 50 g lic  or  ice swe  ets however in most people they can consume up to 400 mg before experiencing symptoms which would be about 200 g lic  or  ice swe  ets a rule of thumb says a normal healthy person can consume 10 mg g  za a day
li  ddle s syndrome also called li  ddle syndrome and pseu  do  hyper  al  do  ster  on  ism is a genetic disorder inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner that is characterized by early and frequently severe high blood pressure associated with low plasma ren  in activity metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis low blood potassium and normal to low levels of al  do  ster  one li  ddle syndrome involves abnormal kidney function with excess re  absorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the ren  al tu  bu  le and is treated with a combination of low sodium diet and potassium spar  ing di  u  re  tic drugs e g am  il  oride it is extremely rare with fewer than 30 pedi  gre  es or isolated cases having been reported worldwide as of 2008
in the theory of lie groups lie al  ge  br  as and their representation theory a lie al  ge  bra extension e is an enlargement of a given lie al  ge  bra g by another lie al  ge  bra h extensions arise in several ways there is the trivial extension obtained by taking a direct sum of two lie al  ge  br  as other types are the split extension and the central extension extensions may arise naturally for instance when forming a lie al  ge  bra from projec  tive group representations such a lie al  ge  bra will contain central charges starting with a poly  no  mi  al loop al  ge  bra over finite dimensional simple lie al  ge  bra and performing two extensions a central extension and an extension by a deri  vation one obtains a lie al  ge  bra which is isom  orph  ic with an un  twisted aff  ine k  ac – moody al  ge  bra using the centrally extended loop al  ge  bra al  ge  bra one may construct a current al  ge  bra in two spac  e  time dimensions the vir  as  oro al  ge  bra is the universal central extension of the witt al  ge  bra central extensions are needed in physics because the sym  metry group of a quan  tized system usually is a central extension of the classical sym  metry group and in the same way the corresponding sym  metry lie al  ge  bra of the quantum system is in general a central extension of the classical sym  metry al  ge  bra k  ac – moody al  ge  br  as have been con  jec  tured to be a sym  metry groups of a unified super  string theory the centrally extended lie al  ge  br  as play a dominant role in quantum field theory particularly in conform  al field theory string theory and in m theory a large portion towards the end is devoted to background material for applications of lie al  ge  bra extensions both in mathematics and in physics in areas where they are actually useful a paren  the  tical link is provided where it might be beneficial
the condition was first described by dr f lie  ben  berg in 1973 while he followed multiple generations of a south african family but it has since been noticed in other family line  ages across the world
the lie  bes  kind – s  rog  l coupling reaction is an organic reaction forming a new carbon – carbon bond from a thi  o  ester and a bor  onic acid using a metal catalyst this reaction was invented and named after j  iri s  rog  l from the academy of sciences czech republic and l  anny s lie  bes  kind from em  ory university atlanta georgia usa the metal catalyst depicted below uses t  fp tr  is 2 fur  yl phosp  h  ine as an additional lig  and and cut  c copper i thi  op  hen  e 2 car  box  y  late as a co metal catalyst the overall reaction scheme is shown below the lie  bes  kind s  rog  l coupling reaction
li  es  eg  ang rings ˈ  li  ː  z  ə  ɡ  ɑ  ː  ŋ are a phenomenon seen in many if not most chemical systems undergoing a precip  itation reaction under certain conditions of concentration and in the absence of conv  ection
life is pain is a german rock band from for  ch  heim upper fran  con  ia
a life debt is a literary phenomenon in which someone whose life is saved or spared by another becomes indebted or in some way connected to their savior a life debt can only be paid off by saving the original savi  our s life in return
life is a problem is an album by mar  ah released in 2010
a life review is a phenomenon widely reported as occurring during near death experiences in which a person rapidly sees much or the tot  ality of their life history in chronological sequence and in extreme detail it is often referred to by people having experienced this phenomenon as having their life flash before their eyes the life review is discussed in some detail by near death experience scholars such as raymond moody kenneth ring and barbara rom  mer a reform  atory purpose seems commonly implicit in accounts though not necessarily for ear  thly purpose since return from a near death experience may reportedly entail individual choice while experi  en  cers who number up to eight million in the united states sometimes report that reviews took place in the company of other  worl  dly beings who shared the observation they also say they felt un  judged during the process leaving themselves their own strongest critics although rare there are also a few accounts of life reviews or similar experiences without a near death experience such as during the simpler out of body experience or when under circumstances of intense threat or du  ress many scientists discount near death experiences themselves and criticize their credibility furthermore there is evidence suggesting cultural differences in the near death experience which is why some believe n  des are halluc  inary
lifestyle diseases also sometimes called diseases of longevity or diseases of civilization inter  change  ably are defined as diseases linked with the way people live their life this is commonly caused by alcohol drug and smoking abuse as well as lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating diseases that impact on our lifestyle are heart disease stroke obesity and type ii diabetes the diseases that appear to the increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer they can include alzheimer s disease ar  thri  tis a  ther  os  clerosis asthma cancer chronic liver disease or cir  rho  sis chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease type 2 diabetes heart disease metabol  ic syndrome chronic ren  al failure o  ste  op  or  osis stroke depression and obesity in the u k the death rate is four times higher from respiratory disease caused by an unhealthy lifestyle some comm  enters maintain a distinction between diseases of longevity and diseases of civilization certain diseases such as diabetes dental car  ies or asthma appear at greater rates in young populations living in the western way their increased incidence is not related to age so the terms cannot accurately be used inter  change  ably for all diseases
in aerod  y  nam  ics the lift to drag ratio or l d ratio is the amount of lift generated by a wing or vehicle divided by the aerod  y  nam  ic drag it creates by moving through the air a higher or more favorable l d ratio is typically one of the major goals in aircraft design since a particular aircraft s required lift is set by its weight delivering that lift with lower drag leads directly to better fuel economy in aircraft climb performance and gli  de ratio the term is calculated for any particular air  speed by measuring the lift generated then dividing by the drag at that speed these vary with speed so the results are typically plo  tted on a 2 d graph in almost all cases the graph forms a u shape due to the two main components of drag lift to drag ratios can be determined by flight test by calculation or by testing in a wind tunnel
lift is a meteorological phenomenon used as an energy source by soaring aircraft and soaring birds the most common human application of lift is in sport and recreation the three air sports that use soaring flight are gli  ding hang gli  ding and parag  li  ding energy can be gained by using rising air from four sources ther  m  als where air rises due to heat ridge lift where air is forced upwards by a slope wave lift where a mountain produces a standing wave convergence where two air masses meet in dynamic soaring it is also possible to gain energy though this uses differences in wind speeds rather than rising air
the lifted index li is the temperature difference between an air parcel lifted adi  ab  atically tp p and the environment te p at a given pressure height in the tro  po  sphere lowest layer where most weather occurs of the atmosphere usually 500 h  pa mb when the value is positive the atmosphere at the respective height is stable and when the value is negative the atmosphere is unstable
lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity or lig  ament lax  ity is a term given to describe loose lig  aments lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity is a cause of chronic body pain characterized by loose lig  aments when this condition affects joints in the entire body it is called generalized joint hyper  mobility which occurs in about five percent of the population and may be genetic loose lig  aments can appear in a variety of ways and levels of severity it also does not always affect the entire body one could have loose lig  aments of the feet but not of the arms someone with lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity by definition has loose lig  aments unlike other more pervasive diseases the diagnosis does not require the presence of loose tend  ons muscles or blood vessels hyper  lax skin or other connec  tive tissue problems in her  itable connec  tive tissue disorders associated with joint hyper  mobility such as mar  fan syndrome and eh  lers dan  los syndrome types i iii vii and xi the joint lax  ity usually is apparent before adul  thood however age of onset and extent of joint lax  ity are variable in mar  fan syndrome and joint lax  ity may be confined to the hands alone as in eh  lers dan  los syndrome type iv in most people lig  aments which are the tissues that connect bones to each other are naturally tight in such a way that the joints are restricted to normal ranges of motion this creates normal joint stability if muscular control does not compensate for lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity joint instability may result the trait is almost certainly hereditary and is usually something the affected person would just be aware of rather than a serious medical condition however if there is widespread lax  ity of other connec  tive tissue then this may be a sign of eh  lers dan  los syndrome lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity may also result from injury such as a injury or a car accident it can result from whi  pl  ash and be overlooked for years by doctors who are not looking for it despite the chronic pain that accompanies the resultant spinal instability lig  am  ent  ous lax  ity will show up on an u  pri  ght m  ri the only kind of m  ri that will show soft tissue damage it can be seen in standing stress radio  graphs in fl  ex  ion extension and neutral views as well and also digital motion x ray or d  m  x an advantage to having lax lig  aments and joints is the ability to withstand pain from hyper  extension however this is also a disadvantage as a lack of perceived pain can prevent a person from removing the lig  ament from insult leading to lig  ament damage people with hyper  mobile joints or double join  ted people almost by definition have lax lig  aments
the light independent reactions of photo  synthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose these reactions occur in the st  roma the fluid filled area of a chlor  op  last outside of the thy  la  ko  id memb  ran  es these reactions take the products at  p and nad  ph of light dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them there are three phases to the light independent reactions collectively called the cal  vin cycle carbon fixation reduction reactions and ri  bul  ose 1 5 bis  phosphate ru  bp regeneration despite its name this process occurs only when light is available plants do not carry out the cal  vin cycle during night  time they instead release sucrose into the ph  lo  em from their starch reserves this process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photo  synthesis c 3 carbon fixation c 4 carbon fixation and cr  ass  ul  ac  ean acid metabol  ism cam plants store mal  ic acid in their vacu  oles every night and release it by day in order to make this process work
light time correction is a displacement in the apparent position of a cel  esti  al object from its true position or geome  tric position caused by the object s motion during the time it takes its light to reach an observer light time correction occurs in principle during the observation of any moving object because the speed of light is finite the magnitude and direction of the displacement in position depends upon the distance of the object from the observer and the motion of the object and is measured at the instant at which the object s light reaches the observer it is independent of the motion of the observer it should be contr  asted with the aberr  ation of light which depends upon the instan  taneous velocity of the observer at the time of observation and is independent of the motion or distance of the object light time correction can be applied to any object whose distance and motion are known in particular it is usually necessary to apply it to the motion of a planet or other solar system object for this reason the combined displacement of the apparent position due to the effects of light time correction and aberr  ation is known as plan  e  tary aberr  ation by convention light time correction is not applied to the positions of stars because their motion and distance may not be known accurately
light chain de  position disease l  c  dd is a rare blood cell disease which is characterized by de  position of fragments of infection fighting immun  o  glob  ul  ins called light chains l  cs in the body l  cs are normally cleared by the kidneys but in l  c  dd these light chain deposits damage organs and cause disease the kidneys are almost always affected and this often leads to kidney failure about half of people with light chain de  position disease also have multiple my  el  oma unlike in al amy  lo  ido  sis in which light chains are laid down in characteristic amy  loid deposits in l  c  dd light chains are deposited in non amy  loid gran  ules
a light echo is a phenomenon observed in astro  no  my analogous to an echo of sound a light echo is produced when a sudden flash or burst of light such as that observed in nov  ae is reflected off a source and arrives at the vie  wer after a considerably longer duration than it otherwise would have taken with a direct path because of their geome  tries light echoes can produce the illusion of super  lumin  al speeds
the light field is a vector function that describes the amount of light flowing in every direction through every point in space the direction of each ray is given by the 5 d plen  op  tic function and the magnitude of each ray is given by the radi  ance michael far  aday was the first to propose in an 18  46 lecture entitled thoughts on ray vibrations that light should be interpreted as a field much like the magnetic fields on which he had been working for several years the phrase light field was coined by andre  y ger  shun in a classic paper on the radi  ome  tric properties of light in three dimensional space 1936
in ecology a light gap is a break in the forest can  op  y or similar barrier that allows young plants to grow where they would be otherwise inhi  bited by the lack of light reaching the se  ed  bed light gaps form predominantly when a tree falls and thus produces an opening in the forest can  op  y
a light pillar is an atmospheric optical phenomenon in the form of a vertical band of light which appears to extend above and or below a light source the effect is created by the reflection of light from numerous tiny ice cryst  als suspended in the atmosphere or clouds the light can come from the sun usually when it is near or even below the horizon in which case the phenomenon is called a sun pillar or solar pillar it can also come from the moon or from terrestrial sources such as stre  et  lights
lightning burns are a cu  taneous condition a type of electrical burn following a lightning strike on a human they are characterized by a unique pattern of skin le  sions alternative names for them include ker  a  un  o  graphic markings fea  thering fer  ning lich  ten  berg figures lightning flowers or lightning trees according to a bbc article the marks are formed when cap  il  lar  ies beneath the skin rupture due to the electrical discharge and they usually appear within hours of the strike though they tend to disappear within a few days they also generally occur on the upper body
lightning injuries are injuries caused by lightning strikes they result from three factors electrical damage intense heat the mechanical energy which these generate while sudden death is common because of the huge voltage of a lightning strike survivors often fare better than victims of other electrical injuries caused by a more prolonged application of lesser voltage the treatment of lightning injuries is ker  a  un  ome  dic  ine
ligh  tw  ood – al  bright syndrome is a form of ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis it is also known as ligh  tw  ood syndrome it is named for reg  in  ald cy  ril ligh  tw  ood and fuller al  bright
in the philippines li  h  í is a condition in which a pregnant woman cr  a  ves strongly for something usually food such as sour un  ripe man  go with bag  o  ong while it is a cultural concept universal to fili  pin  os it is also understood that expec  tant mothers of any race may experience li  h  í it is still debatable as to whether li  h  í can be classified as either a biological or psychological condition
in statistics a likelihood function often simply the likelihood is a function of the parameters of a statistical model given data likelihood functions play a key role in statistical infer  ence especially methods of estimating a parameter from a set of statistics in informal contexts likelihood is often used as a synon  ym for probability in statistics a distinction is made depending on the roles of outcomes vs parameters probability is used before data are available to describe possible future outcomes given a fixed value for the parameter or parameter vector likelihood is used after data are available to describe a function of a parameter or parameter vector for a given outcome
li  l  ac wit  ches ’ bro  om l  w  b is a disease of li  lac  s caused by the phy  top  las  ma candidat  us phy  top  las  ma fra  x  ini this phy  top  las  ma was first identified as the causal agent of ash yel  lows and has since been attributed to both diseases symptoms of the l  w  b phy  top  las  ma include wit  ches bro  oms shortened inter  no  des on new growth t  wig die  back overall loss of vitality and premature death detection is primarily performed based on physiological symptoms in the host plant although a new identification based on direct gene sequ  encing has been confirmed there is no known cure for this disease so management strategies involving culling and proper disposal of infected specimens is encouraged the disease is believed to be spread by means of an insect vector most likely of the order hem  ip  tera certain cultiv  ars of li  lac  s appear to be more susceptible notably those of the pre  ston li  l  ac series developed at the central experimental farm in ottawa canada recent research performed there suggests heat treatment of sci  on material as an effective means of sterilization
limb gir  dle muscular dy  stro  phy l  gm  d or er  b s muscular dy  stro  phy is a genetically and clin  ically heterogeneous group of rare muscular dy  stro  ph  ies it is characterised by progressive muscle wasting which affects predominantly hip and shoulder muscles l  gm  d has an auto  som  al pattern of inheritance and currently has no known cure
limb body wall complex l  b  w  c is a rare fe  tal mal  formation of unknown origins traditionally diagnosis has been based on the van allen et al criteria i e the presence of two out of three of the following anomalies 1 ex  encephal  y or encephal  oce  le with facial cle  f  ts 2 thor  aco and or ab  domin  o  sch  is  is and 3 limb defects l  b  w  c occurs in approximately 0 32 in 100 000 births at this time there is no known cause of limb body wall complex however there have been tentative links made between a diagnosis of l  b  w  c and cocaine use in addition current research has shown that there may be a genetic cause for a small limited number of l  b  w  c cases limb body wall complex is a lethal birth defect there are only anec  do  tal stories of survivors
limb dark  ening is an optical effect seen in stars including the sun where the center part of the disk appears brighter than the edge or limb of the image its understanding offered early solar astro  no  mers an opportunity to construct models with such gr  adi  ents this encouraged the development of the theory of radi  ative transfer
lim  ber tail syndrome or acute c  aud  al my  opathy is a disorder of the muscles in the tail usually affecting working dogs an injury occurring mostly in sporting or working dogs such as english pointers english set  ters fo  x  h  ounds be  ag  les and lab  rador retri  evers lim  ber tail syndrome is also known as swim  mer s tail cold water tail broken tail dead tail or broken wa  g
lim  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis is a form of en  ce  ph  ali  tis a disease characterised by infl  amm  ation of the brain lim  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis is caused by auto  immunity an abnormal state where the body produces antibodies against itself some cases are associated with cancer and some are not although the disease is known as lim  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis it is seldom limited to the lim  bic system and post mortem studies usually show involvement of other parts of the brain the disease was first described by bri  er  ley and others in 1960 as a series of three cases the link to cancer was first noted in 1968 and confirmed by later investigators the majority of cases of lim  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis are associated with a tum  our diagnosed or un  diagnosed in cases caused by tum  our cure is only achieved when the tum  our is removed completely this is not always possible lim  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis is classified according to the auto anti  body that causes the disease the most common types are anti hu which is associated with small cell carcin  oma of the lungs anti ma 2 associated with germ cell tum  ours of the testi  s anti n  m  dar associated with tumors of the ov  aries commonly ter  atom  as since 2002 following a report of case of a 21 year old woman sub  acutely developed memory loss subsequent to gastro  enter  i  tis similar cases of non par  ane  op  l  astic le its association with auto anti  body and response to ster  o  id has been described lim  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis associated with voltage ‐ gated potassium channel antibodies v  g  k  c ‐ abs may frequently be non ‐ par  ane  op  l  astic a recent study of 15 cases of lim  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis found raised v  g  k  c ‐ abs associated with non ‐ par  ane  op  l  astic disorders and remission following immun  o  sup  pres  sive treatment
a lim  bus verte  bra also see vertebr  al epo  ph  ysis is a bone trauma in the vertebr  al body bearing a radio  graphic similarity to a vertebr  al frac  ture the an  terior superior corner of a single verte  bra is the common site for this defect although it can also be seen at the inferior corner as well as the poster  ior or an  terior margin anatom  ically it is assumed to be an intra vertebr  al body her  ni  ation of the dis  c material occurring during adoles  cent grow  t spur  t when the ring apo  ph  ysis has not yet f  used it was first described by sch  mor  l in 19  27 and later in detail by le  if s  ward and ad  ad bar  an  to viewed in a lateral radio  graph it appears as a tri  ang  ular shaped bone frag  ment not unlike an an  terior lip frac  ture but with sof  ter edges lim  bus verte  bra is not always symptomatic but severe cases may lead to more serious pathological conditions and chronic pain in rare instances a poster  ior lim  bus verte  bra has been described causing radic  ul  opathy due to nerve root compression
limb – mam  mary syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by p 63 mutations
a lim  p is a type of asymmetric ab  normality of the ga  it lim  ping may be caused by pain weakness neuro  muscular imbalance or a sk  el  etal de  form  ity the most common underlying cause of a painful lim  p is physical trauma however in the absence of trauma other serious causes such as se  ptic ar  thri  tis or slipped capital fem  oral ep  ip  h  ysis may be present the diagnostic approach involves ruling out potentially serious causes via the use of x rays blood tests and sometimes joint aspiration initial treatment involves pain management a lim  p is the presenting problem in about 4 of children who visit hospital emergency departments
lim  p w  ris  ting is a phenomenon commonly encountered by semi  automatic pistol shoo  ters where the shooter s grip is not firm enough and the wrist is not held firm straight enough to keep the frame of the fire  arm from traveling re  ar  ward while the bolt or slide of the pistol cycles this condition often results in a failure to complete the operating cycle properly termed a mal  function but commonly and incorrectly termed a jam rifles and shot  guns if fired without the stock in the shoulder may also be prone to lim  p w  ris  ting of the important variables involved in this type of jam bullet and gas momentum slide and barrel mass reco  il spring pre load and spring rate and shooting hand and arm mass are much more important than the compliance lim  p  ness of the wrist
lin  burg – com  stock syndrome is an abnormal tend  inous connection between the fl  ex  or pol  lic  is long  us and the fl  ex  or dig  it  orum pro  fun  dus of the index the middle finger or both it is an anatom  ical variation in human which may be viewed as a path  ology if causes symptoms it was recognised as early as the 1800 s but was first described by lin  burg and com  stock in 1979
in probability theory lin  deb  erg s condition is a sufficient condition and under certain conditions also a necessary condition for the central limit theore  m cl  t to hold for a sequence of independent random variables unlike the classical cl  t which requires that the random variables in question have finite mean and variance and be both independent and iden  tically distributed lin  deb  erg s cl  t only requires that they have finite mean and variance satisfy lin  deb  erg s condition and be independent it is named after the finnish mathem  ati  cian jar  l wal  dem  ar lin  deb  erg
line regulation is the ability to maintain a constant output voltage level on the output channel of a power supply despite changes to the input voltage level
a line  al descend  ant in legal usage is a blood relative in the direct line of descent the children grandchildren great grandchildren etc of a person in a legal procedure sense line  al descent refers to the acquisition of estate by inheritance from grand  parent to parent and parent to child whereas collateral descent refers to the acquisition of estate or real property by inheritance from si  bling to si  bling and cousin to cousin adopted children for whom adoption statutes create the same rights of he  ir  ship as children of the body come within the meaning of the term line  al descendants as used in a statute providing for the non lapse of a devise where the devis  ee predec  e  ases the te  stat  or but leaves line  al descendants among native american tribes in the united states tribal en  roll  ment can be determined by line  al descent as opposed to a minimum blood quantum line  al descent means that anyone directly descended from original tribal en  rol  lees could be eligible for tribal en  roll  ment regardless of how much native blood they have
linear ig  a bull  ous der  mat  osis also known as linear ig  a der  mat  osis is frequently associated with medication exposure especially van  com  y  cin with men and women being equally affected it was first described by t  ad  eus  z chor  zel  ski in 1979 linear ig  a der  mat  osis is a rare immune medi  ated bl  is  tering skin disease that may be divided into two types adult linear ig  a disease is an acquired auto  immune bl  is  tering disease that may present with a clinical pattern of ves  ic  les in  distingu  ishable from der  mati  tis her  peti  form  is or with ves  ic  les and bul  la  e in a bull  ous p  emp  hi  go  id like appearance this disease can often be difficult to treat even with usually effective medications such as rit  u  xim  ab childhood linear ig  a disease also known as chronic bull  ous disease of childhood is an acquired self limited bull  ous disease that may begin by the time the patient is age 2 to 3 and usually re  mits by age 13
linear and wh  or  led ne  void hyper  mel  an  osis also known as linear ne  void hyper  pi  gm  entation progressive cri  bri  form and zo  ster  i  form hyper  pi  gm  entation retic  ulate and zo  ster  i  form hyper  pi  gm  entation retic  ulate hyper  pi  gm  entation of i  ij  ima and nai  to and uy  eno ze  bra like hyper  pi  gm  entation in wh  or  ls and stre  aks and ze  bra line hyper  pi  gm  entation is a disorder of pi  gm  entation that develops within a few weeks of birth and progres  ses for one to two years before stabilizing there is linear and wh  or  led hyper  pi  gm  entation following the lines of blas  ch  ko without preceding bul  la  e or ver  ru  co  us le  sions it is important to exclude other pi  gm  entary disorders following the blas  ch  ko lines before making a diagnosis of linear and wh  or  led ne  void hyper  mel  an  osis the differential diagnoses include in  contin  entia pi  gm  enti linear ep  id  er  mal nev  us hypo  mel  an  osis of ito and gol  tz syndrome recently a case of linear and wh  or  led ne  void hyper  mel  an  osis was reported in a malaysian chinese girl
linear atro  pho  der  ma of moul  in also known as moul  in atro  pho  der  ma lin  ear  is is an acquired unilateral der  mati  tis loc  alized along the blas  ch  ko lines it affects children or adolescents of both g  enders involving the trunk and the limbs it is presumably a rare cu  taneous form of mo  sa  ic  ism this disease was first referred to as atro  pho  der  ma of moul  in after dr moul  in who first reported it in 1992 then was ren  amed as linear atro  pho  der  ma of moul  in only a few dozen cases have been described for this reason lam is considered to be a very rare disorder
linear focal el  ast  osis also known as el  ast  otic stri  ae presents with as  ymp  tomatic palpable or atro  ph  ic yellow lines of the middle and lower back thi  ghs arms and breasts
in calcul  us and related areas of mathematics a linear function from the real numbers to the real numbers is a function whose graph in car  te  sian coordinates with uniform scales is a line in the plane their characteristic property that when the value of the input variable is changed the change in the output is a constant multiple of the change in the input variable linear functions are related to linear equations
linear g  ing  i  val er  y  them  a l  ge is a period  on  tal disorder diagnosed based on distinct clinical characteristics it was originally thought that l  ge was directly associated with hiv and it was thus called hiv associated g  ing  i  vi  tis hiv g later research confirmed that l  ge also occurs in hiv negative immun  o  compromised patients and it was thus ren  amed
in statistics and in machine learning a linear predic  tor function is a linear function linear combination of a set of coefficients and explanatory variables independent variables whose value is used to predict the outcome of a dependent variable this sort of function usually comes in linear regression where the coefficients are called regression coefficients however they also occur in various types of linear classi  fiers e g logistic regression percep  tron  s support vector machines and linear discrimin  ant analysis as well as in various other models such as principal component analysis and factor analysis in many of these models the coefficients are referred to as weights
the linear range is that range of input or output values for which an electronic amp  li  fier produces an output signal that is a direct linear function of the input signal that is the output can be represented by the equation output input × gain when operating in the linear range no cli  pping occurs if an amp  li  fier were perfectly linear no distortion harmon  ic distortion or inter  modulation distortion would occur although random noise may still be introduced vacuum tube amp  li  fiers tend to exhibit soft cli  pping as they approach the maximum possible output value the gain tends to drop rounding the tops of the signal wa  ve  form trans  is  tor amp  li  fiers by comparison tend to produce hard cli  pping the gain remains approximately the same until the maximum possible output voltage is reached at that point hard cli  pping occurs and the wa  ve  form never exceeds that value the sharp infl  ection points thus produced in the output wa  ve  form tend to have many more high order harmon  ics this is alleged to be the basis of the trans  is  tor sound that some audi  oph  iles find offensive although this would not have occurred if they would not have been driving their amp  li  fiers beyond the linear range in the first place
in compu  tational complexity theory the linear search problem is an optimal search problem introduced by richard e bell  man independently considered by anato  le beck
linear ver  ru  co  us ep  id  er  mal nev  us also known as a linear ep  id  er  mal nev  us and ver  ru  co  us ep  id  er  mal nev  us is a skin le  sion characterized by a ver  ru  co  us skin colored dirty gray or brown pap  ule generally multiple pap  ules present simultaneously and coal  es  ce to form a ser  pi  gin  ous pla  que when this nev  us covers a diffuse or extensive portion of the body s surface area it may be referred to as a system  ati  zed ep  id  er  mal nev  us when it involved only one half of the body it is called a nev  us uni  us lat  er  is
lingu  at  ul  osis is a condition associated with the organism lingu  at  ula ser  rata the usual final host for lingu  at  ula ser  rata is a carni  v  ore like a dog or jack  al and the species is sometimes known as the dog ton  gu  e  worm for this reason more generally lingu  at  ul  osis can be considered a form of pen  ta  stom  i  asis which refers to all diseases caused by pen  ta  stom  ids including por  oce  ph  ali  asis this disease is often accidentally identified during autopsy because of its as  ymp  tomatic effect on the body human inf  est  ation by lingu  at  ula was historically more commonplace than is sometimes realised human liver autop  sies in berlin from the early part of the 20 th century revealed an infection rate of nearly 12
linguistic philosophy describes the view that philosophical problems are problems which may be solved or dissolved either by reforming language or by understanding more about the language we presently use the former position is that of ideal language philosophy the latter the position of ordinary language philosophy
linguistic pur  ism in icelandic is a soci  ol  ingu  istic phenomenon with the aim of substitu  ting lo  an  words with the creation of new words from old icelandic and old nor  se roots and preventing new lo  an  words from entering the language in iceland linguistic pur  ism is archa  ising trying to resusc  itate the language of a golden age of icelandic literature the effort began in the early 19 th century at the dawn of the icelandic national movement aiming at replacing older lo  an  words especially from danish and it continues today targeting english words it is widely upheld in iceland and it is the dominant language ideology it is fully supported by the icelandic government through the ár  ni magn  ú  sson institute for icelandic studies the icelandic language council the icelandic language fund and an icelandic language day
a linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages potentially true for all of them for example all languages have n  oun  s and ver  bs or if a language is spoken it has cons  on  ants and vo  wels research in this area of lingu  is  tics is closely tied to the study of linguistic ty  po  logy and intends to reveal gener  alizations across languages likely tied to cogn  ition perception or other abilities of the mind the field was largely pione  ered by the lingu  ist joseph green  berg who derived a set of forty five basic univers  als mostly dealing with syn  tax from a study of some thirty languages
l  initi  s plas  tica also known as br  inton s disease or leather bottle stomach is a mor  pho  logical variant of diffuse or infiltr  ating stomach cancer causes of l  initi  s plas  tica could be l  ye ing  estion or me  ta  static infiltr  ation of the stomach particularly breast and lung carcin  oma it is not associated with h p  yl  ori infection or chronic gast  ri  tis the risk factors are un  defined except for rare inherited mutations in e cad  her  in which are found in about 50 of diffuse type ga  str  ic carcin  om  as this cancer and most other stomach cancers is more common in asian countries particularly japan
in a wireless communication system the link margin measured in db is the difference between the receiver s sensitivity i e the received power at which the receiver will stop working and the actual received power a 15 db link margin means that the system could tolerate an additional 15 db of atten  uation between the transmitter and the receiver and it would still just barely work it is typical to design a system with at least a few db of link margin to allow for atten  uation that is not model  ed elsewhere for example a satellite communications system operating in the tens of gi  ga  her  tz might require additional link margin vs the link budget assuming los  s  less propagation in order to ensure that it still works with the extra losses due to rain fade or other external factors a system with a negative link margin would mean the system is insufficient to transfer data usually this means a better receiver is needed with improved sensitivity
the linkage principle is a finding of auction theory it states that auction houses have an incentive to pre commit to revealing all available information about each lot positive or negative the linkage principle is seen in the art market with the age old tradition of auc  tion  e  ers hiring art experts to examine each lot and pre commit to provide a tru  thful estimate of its value the discovery of the linkage principle was most useful in determining optimal strategy for countries in the process of auctioning off drilling rights as well as other natural resources such as logging rights in canada an independent assessment of the land in question is now a standard feature of most auctions even if the seller country may believe that the assessment is likely to lower the value of the land rather than confirm or raise a pre existing valuation failure to reveal information leads to the winning bi  dder incurring the discovery costs himself and lowering his maximum bid due to the expenses incurred in acquiring information if he is not able to get an independent assessment then his bids will take into account the possibility of downside risk both scenarios can be shown to lower the expected revenue of the seller the expected sale price is raised by lowering these discovery costs of the winning bi  dder and instead providing information to all bi  d  ders for free
li  pe  dem  a or li  poe  dem  a european spelling is a chronic disorder of adi  pose tissue and lymp  h  atic vessel dysfunction described as a bilateral symmetr  ical fl  abby sw  elling of the legs that arises from de  position of adi  pose tissue starting at the hips and ending at the an  kles like riding bre  eches in some cases the upper arms can also accumulate distinct patterns of fatty tissue li  pe  dem  a is little known under recognized and generally mis  diagnosed as simple obesity li  pe  dem  a of the legs a syndrome characterized by fat legs and orth  o  static e  dem  a despite the fact that it s been named for over 75 years as a fat disorder primarily in women it is only recently that interest and education about li  pe  dem  a is gaining in awareness estimates of the incidence of li  pe  dem  a vary widely and range as high as 11 of the post pu  ber  tal female population with estimates of 17 million women in the us and 370 million women worldwide affected
li  pe  dem  at  ous al  op  ec  ia also known as li  pe  dem  at  ous scal  p is a disorder characterized by a thick bo  ggy scal  p and hair loss
lip  id pneumonia or li  po  id pneumonia is a specific form of lung infl  amm  ation pneumonia that develops when li  pi  ds enter the bron  ch  ial tree the disorder is sometimes called cho  le  sterol pneumonia in cases where that lip  id is a factor
poly  morph  ism in bi  oph  ys  ics is the ability of li  pi  ds to aggregate in a variety of ways giving rise to structures of different shapes known as phases this can be in the form of spheres of lip  id molecules mic  elles pairs of layers that face one another lam  ell  ar phase observed in biological system as a lip  id bil  ay  er a tu  bul  ar arrangement hex  ag  onal or various cubic phases fd 3 m im 3 m ia 3 m p  n 3 m and pm 3 m being those discovered so far more complicated aggreg  ations have also been observed such as r  hom  bo  he  dr  al te  trag  onal and or  thor  hom  bic phases it forms an important part of current academic research in the fields of memb  rane bi  oph  ys  ics poly  morph  ism bio  chemistry biological impact and organic chemistry synthesis determination of the topo  logy of a lip  id system is possible by a number of methods the most reliable of which is x ray diff  r  action this uses a beam of x rays that are scattered by the sample giving a diff  r  action pattern as a set of rings the ratio of the distances of these rings from the central point indicates which phase s are present the structural phase of the aggregation is influenced by the ratio of li  pi  ds present temperature hydr  ation pressure and ion  ic strength and type
lip  id storage disorders or li  pi  doses are a group of inherited metabol  ic disorders in which harmful amounts of li  pi  ds fats accumulate in some of the body ’ s cells and tissues people with these disorders either do not produce enough of one of the enzymes needed to met  abo  li  ze li  pi  ds or they produce enzymes that do not work properly over time this excessive storage of fats can cause permanent cellular and tissue damage particularly in the brain peripheral nervous system liver sp  leen and bone marrow li  pi  ds are broadly defined as any fat soluble li  po  phil  ic naturally occurring mol  ecu  le such as fats oils wa  xes ster  oids such as cho  le  sterol and estro  gen ster  ols and others li  pi  ds are important parts of the memb  ran  es found within and between each cell and in the my  elin she  ath that coats and protects the nerves inside the cells ly  so  som  es convert or met  abo  li  ze li  pi  ds and proteins into smaller components to provide energy for the body
li  pid  ur  ia or li  pur  ia is the presence of li  pi  ds in the urine li  pid  ur  ia is most frequently observed in ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome where it is passed as li  po  proteins along with other proteins it has also been reported as a sign following fat embol  ism when li  pid  ur  ia occurs epi  the  li  al cells or macro  p  ha  ges contain endo  genous fats when filled with numerous fat dro  ple  ts such cells are called o  val fat bodies o  val fat bodies exhibit a maltese cross configuration under pol  arized light micro  sco  py this maltese cross is because of its liquid cryst  alline structure giving it a double ref  r  action bi  ref  ring  ence
li  po  atro  phia annul  aris also known as ferreira – marques li  po  atro  phia is a skin condition affecting primarily women characterized by the loss of sub  cu  taneous fat in the upper extre  mity it is a form of li  po  dy  stro  phy
li  po  atro  phia sem  ic  ir  cul  aris also known as sem  ic  ir  cular li  po  atro  phy is a medical condition in humans commonly known as ri  bbed thi  ghs it consists of a sem  ic  ir  cular zone of atro  phy of the sub  cu  taneous fatty tissue located mostly on the front of the thi  ghs skin and underlying muscles remains intact sem  ic  ir  cular li  po  atro  phy mainly affects office workers the ribs in the thi  ghs are typically between 2 and 4 cm high and are typically located at about 72 cm above the ground which is the standard height of office furniture
li  po  atro  ph  ic diabetes is a type of diabetes mell  it  us presenting with severe li  po  dy  stro  phy in addition to the traditional signs of diabetes
li  po  atro  phy is the term describing the loc  alized loss of fat tissue this may occur as a result of sub  cu  taneous injections of insulin in the treatment of diabetes from the use of human growth hormone or from sub  cu  taneous injections of cop  ax  one used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in the latter case an injection may produce a small dent at the injection site li  po  atro  phy occurs in hiv associated li  po  dy  stro  phy one cause of which is an adverse drug reaction that is associated with some anti  retro  viral drugs a more general term for an abnormal or degenerative condition of the entire body s adi  pose tissue is li  po  dy  stro  phy
benign li  po  bl  ast  om  at  osis also known as an embryonic li  po  ma is a tumor frequently confused with a li  pos  ar  coma affecting exclusively infants and young children with approximately 90 occurring before 3 years of age
li  po  der  mat  os  clerosis also known as chronic pann  ic  u  li  tis with li  po  memb  ran  ous changes hypo  der  miti  s s  cl  ero  der  mi  form  is s  cl  ero  sing pann  ic  u  li  tis and st  asis pann  ic  u  li  tis is a skin and connec  tive tissue disease it is a form of lower extre  mity pann  ic  u  li  tis an infl  amm  ation of the layer of fat under the ep  id  er  mis
li  po  dy  stro  phy is a medical condition characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body s adi  pose tissue li  po is greek for fat and dy  stro  phy is greek for abnormal or degenerative condition a more specific term li  po  atro  phy is used when describing the loss of fat from one area usually the face this condition is also characterized by a lack of circulating le  p  tin which may lead to o  ste  os  clerosis
li  po  hy  al  in  osis is a small vessel disease in the brain originally defined by fisher as seg  mental arter  i  ol  ar wall dis  organisation it is characterised by vessel wall thick  ening and a resultant reduction in lumin  al diameter fisher considered this small vessel disease to be the result of hyper  tension induced in the acute stage by fi  br  ino  id necro  sis that would lead to oc  clu  sion and hence lac  un  ar stroke however recent evidence suggests that endo  the  li  al dysfunction as a result of infl  amm  ation is a more likely cause for it this may occur subsequent to blood – brain barrier failure and lead to extr  av  as  ation of serum components into the brain that are potentially toxic lac  un  ar inf  arc  tion could thus occur in this way and the narrowing – the hallmark feature of li  po  hy  al  in  osis – may merely be a feature of the sw  elling occurring around it that squee  zes on the structure hyper  tension is a strong caus  ative factor so called deep per  for  ating arter  ies – relatively small arter  ies bran  ching off of relatively large arter  ies most commonly the len  ticul  o  stri  ate arter  ies from the middle cere  br  al artery – are especially prone uncontrolled hyper  tension and diabetes are risk factors for this condition lac  un  ar inf  arc  ts are a result of a  ther  os  clerosis micro  thro  m  bi and li  po  hy  al  in  osis these affect the deep structures of the brain and may leave small 5 mm cav  ity le  sions chronic famili  al li  po  hy  al  in  osis is a rare inherited variant
li  po  id con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia is an endocrine disorder that is an un  common and potentially lethal form of con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia ca  h it arises from defects in the earliest stages of ster  o  id hormone synthesis the transport of cho  le  sterol into the mit  och  on  dri  a and the conversion of cho  le  sterol to preg  n  en  ol  one — the first step in the synthesis of all ster  o  id hormones li  po  id ca  h causes miner  al  oc  or  ti  co  id deficiency in affected infants and children male infants are severely under  vi  ri  lized causing their external gen  italia to look femin  ine the adren  als are large and filled with lip  id glob  ules derived from cho  le  sterol
a li  po  ma is a benign tumor composed of adi  pose tissue body fat it is the most common benign form of soft tissue tumor li  po  mas are soft to the touch usually movable and are generally pain  less many li  po  mas are small under one centi  meter diameter but can enlarge to sizes greater than six centi  meters li  po  mas are commonly found in adults from 40 to 60 years of age but can also be found in younger adults and children some sources claim that m  align  ant transformation can occur while others say this has yet to be convincingly documented
li  po  mat  osis is believed to be an auto  som  al dominant condition in which multiple li  po  mas are present on the body many dis  crete en  capsul  ated li  po  mas form on the trunk and extre  mi  ties with relatively few on the head and shoulders in 1993 a genetic poly  morph  ism within li  po  mas was loc  alized to chro  mo  some 12 q 15 where the h  m  gic gene en  codes the high mobility group protein iso  form i c this is one of the most commonly found mutations in solitary li  po  mat  ous tumors but li  po  mas often have multiple mutations reciprocal trans  locations involving chro  mo  som  es 12 q 13 and 12 q 14 have also been observed within although this condition is benign it can sometimes be very painful depending on location of the li  po  mas some patients who are concerned with cosmetics seek removal of individual li  po  mas removal can include simple exc  ision endo  scopic removal or li  po  suc  tion other entities which are accompanied by multiple li  po  mas include prot  eus syndrome cow  den syndrome and related disorders due to p  ten gene mutations benign sym  metric li  po  mat  osis mad  el  ung disease der  cu  m s disease famili  al li  po  dy  stro  phy hi  ber  no  mas ep  id  ural ster  o  id injections with ep  id  ural li  po  mat  osis and famili  al an  gi  oli  po  mat  osis
li  po  protein lip  ase deficiency also known as famili  al ch  y  lo  mic  ron  emia syndrome ch  y  lo  mic  ron  emia ch  y  lo  mic  ron  emia syndrome and hyper  li  po  prote  in  emia type ia is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive lip  id disorder caused by a mutation in the gene which codes li  po  protein lip  ase as a result afflicted individuals lack the ability to produce li  po  protein lip  ase enzymes necessary for effective breakdown of fatty acids
li  pos  ar  coma is a cancer that arises in fat cells in deep soft tissue such as that inside the thi  gh or in the retro  per  it  on  eu  m li  pos  ar  coma is a rare type of cancer that bears a resemblance to fat cells when examined under a micro  scope they are typically large bul  ky tumors and tend to have multiple smaller satellites that extend beyond the main confines of the tumor li  pos  ar  com  as like all sar  com  as are rare
li  po  toxicity is a metabol  ic syndrome that results from the accumulation of lip  id intermedi  ates in non adi  pose tissue leading to cellular dysfunction and death the tissues normally affected include the kidneys liver heart and sk  el  etal muscle li  po  toxicity is believed to have a role in heart failure obesity and diabetes and is estimated to affect approximately 25 of the adult american population
lip  sch  ü  tz ul  cer ul  cus vul  v  ae acu  tum or reactive non sexually related acute genital ul  cers english acute ul  cer  ation of the vul  va is a rare disease characterized by painful genital ul  cers fever and lymp  had  en  opathy occurring most commonly but not exclusively in adolescents and young women previously it was described as being more common in virgin  s it is not a sexually transmitted disease and is often mis  diagnosed sometimes as a symptom of beh  ç  et s disease lip  sch  ü  tz ul  cer is named after benjamin lip  sch  ü  tz who first described it in 19  12 the eti  ology is still unknown although it has been associated with several infectious causes including par  aty  pho  id fever cy  tom  eg  alo  virus my  co  plasma pneu  mon  i  ae and ep  stein bar  r virus infection
lique  fac  tive necro  sis or col  liqu  ative necro  sis is a type of necro  sis which results in a transformation of the tissue into a liquid vis  co  us mass often it is associated with focal bacterial or fun  gal infections in lique  fac  tive necro  sis the affected cell is completely dig  ested by hydro  ly  tic enzymes resulting in a soft circum  scri  bed le  sion consisting of p  us and the fluid remains of necro  tic tissue dead leuk  oc  y  tes will remain as a cre  amy yellow p  us after the removal of cell debris by white blood cells a fluid filled space is left it is generally associated with abs  c  ess formation and is commonly found in the central nervous system
liquid metal emb  rit  t  lement also known as liquid metal induced emb  rit  t  lement is a phenomenon of practical importance where certain duc  tile metals experience drastic loss in ten  sile duc  ti  lity or undergo brit  tle frac  ture when exposed to specific liquid metals generally a ten  sile stress either externally applied or internally present is needed to induce emb  rit  t  lement exceptions to this rule have been observed as in the case of aluminium in the presence of liquid gal  lium this phenomenon has been studied since the beginning of the 20 th century many of its phenomen  ological characteristics are known and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain it the practical significance of liquid metal emb  rit  t  lement is revealed by the observation that several ste  els experience duc  ti  lity losses and cracking during hot dip galvan  izing or during subsequent fabric  ation cracking can occur catastroph  ically and very high crack growth rates have been measured similar metal emb  rit  t  lement effects can be observed even in the solid state when one of the metals is brought close to its melting point e g cadmium co  ated parts operating at high temperature this phenomenon is known as solid metal emb  rit  t  lement
liquid sky is a popular lighting effect used by clubs and similar venues it consists of a laser scanning in a flat beam above the head of the crowd as with most laser displays for the effect to become apparent the air must be mis  ted by a fog machine the fog makes the beam of the laser visible creating a lumin  ous trans  luc  ent ceiling of light air currents and the diffusion of fresh d  ens  er fog create a swi  r  ly or mar  bled effect liquid sky has several advantages over other laser scanning patterns the most notable one is that the effect can be visible for the entire crowd since you do not need to be inside as you would with a tunnel effect it also avoids the controversial problem of crowd scanning where the laser beam comes into direct contact with the crowd possibly causing temporary blindness and sight loss
lis  ch epi  the  li  al cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy l  ecd also known as band shaped and wh  or  led micro  c  ys  tic dy  stro  phy of the cor  ne  al epi  the  lium is a rare form of cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy first described in 1992 by lis  ch et al in one study it was linked to chro  mo  som  al region x  p 22 3 with as yet unknown candidate genes the main features of this disease are bilateral or unilateral gray band shaped and fea  ther  y op  ac  ities they sometimes take on a form of a whir  l  pool repeating the known pattern of cor  ne  al epi  the  lium renewal abra  sion of the epi  the  lium in 3 patients brought only temporary relief with abnormal epi  the  lium reg  row  th in several months epi  the  li  al cells in the zones of op  acity were shown to have diffuse cy  top  las  mic vacu  oles with as yet un  established content
lis  franc injury also known as lis  franc frac  ture is an injury of the foot in which one or more of the met  at  ar  sal bones are displaced from the tar  sus the injury is named after jacques lis  franc de st martin 2 april 17  90 – 13 may 18  47 a french surgeon and gy  ne  co  logist who described the injury in 18  15 after the war of the sixth coalition
a lis  p also known as sigm  atism is a speech impediment in which a person mis  artic  ul  ates si  bil  ants s z ts dz ʃ ʒ t  ʃ d  ʒ these mis  artic  ul  ations often result in unclear speech
lis  sen  cephal  y which literally means smooth brain is a rare brain formation disorder caused by defective neuro  nal migration during the 12 th to 24 th weeks of gest  ation resulting in a lack of development of brain fol  ds gy  ri and gro  o  ves sul  ci it is a form of cephal  ic disorder terms such as ag  y  ria no gy  ri or p  ach  y  gy  ria broad gy  ri are used to describe the appearance of the surface of the brain children with lis  sen  cephal  y generally have significant developmental delays but these vary greatly from child to child depending on the degree of brain mal  formation and seizure control life expectancy can be shortened generally due to respiratory problems
throughout this universe of basi  lis  k there are a moderate amount of characters featured the characters within basi  lis  k shall now each be noted within an extended article
brazilian inventions and discoveries are items processes techniques or discoveries which owe their existence either partially or entirely to a person born in brazil or to a citizen of brazil brad  y  kin  in by maur  ic  io ro  cha e silva wilson te  i  x  eira ber  aldo and gast  ão ro  sen  feld cha  gas disease pathogen vector host clinical manifestations and epidemiology discovery by carlos cha  gas chest photo  fluoro  graphy by manuel di  as de abre  u epidemic ty  ph  us pathogen discovery by hen  rique da ro  cha lima p  ion by cé  sar l  att  es one of the discover  ers j  at  ene procedure by adi  b j  at  ene
canadian inventions are items processes or techniques which owe their existence either partially or entirely to a person born in canada a citizen of canada or a company or organization based out of canada some of these inventions were funded by the national research council of canada n  r  cc which has been an important factor in innovation and technological advancement
old ab  ing  don  ians are former pupils of ab  ing  don school england
a list of notable old car  thu  sians who are former pupils of charter  house school
old nor  vic  en  sians ons are former pupils of nor  wich school an independent co educational day school in nor  wich england it was established in 10  96 as an ep  is  cop  al school by the first bishop of nor  wich herbert de lo  sing  a and is one of the oldest schools in the united kingdom it was later ref  ounded by royal charter in 15  47 by edward vi ons may join the old nor  vic  en  sian club an association for former pupils predecessors include the par  rian club a dining society for former pupils of samuel par  r s head  ship in the late 18 th century and the val  pe  ian club after edward val  py in the early 19 th century in 18  66 the latter was replaced by the nor  wich school club which gave rise to the current association for former pupils which emerged at the beginning of the 20 th century this is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness you can help by expanding it with reliably sour  ced entries
list of notable old port  mu  th  ians that is former pupils of the port  sm  ou  th gr  ammar school alum  ni often join the old port  mu  th  ian club founded in 18  85
president of the polish sco  u  ting and guiding association polish prze  w  od  nic  zą  cy związ  ku har  cer  st  wa polsk  ie  go prze  w  od  nic  zą  cy zh  p is the highest function in the polish sco  u  ting and guiding association zh  p wic  e  prze  w  od  nic  zą  cy wic  e  prze  w  od  nic  zą  ca zh  p vice president is his substitute
world series cricket w  sc was a break away professional cricket competition staged between 1977 and 1979 formed by australian business man kerry pack  er following the refusal of the australian cricket board ac  b to accept the bid of pack  er s channel nine to gain exclusive television rights to australia s test matches world series cricket involved matches between w  sc australia xi w  sc world xi and w  sc west indi  es the teams included leading australian english pakistani south african and west indian players most notably england captain tony gre  ig west indi  es captain c  live lloyd australian captain greg c  happ  ell and former australian captain ian c  happ  ell the teams played five day super  tests and one day international cup matches in australia and the west indi  es the first w  sc game a super  test between the austr  ali  ans and the west indians began at v  fl park on 2 december 1977 sixteen super  test five wick  et hauls were by players from all three of the w  sc teams the first of these was by greg c  happ  ell on 1 january 1978 dennis li  l  lee s seven wic  kets for twenty three runs 7 23 was the best bowling figures in world series cricket and li  l  lee also holds the record for most super  test five wick  et hauls with four eight international cup five wick  et hauls were taken during world series cricket with andy rober  ts claiming the first on 3 february 1978 no player took more than one five wick  et haul and w  sc world xi player gar  th le rou  x returned the best figures with five wic  kets for six runs against w  sc australia xi
this is a list of cancer types ordered alphabe  tically cancer is a group of diseases that involve abnormal increases in the number of cells with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body not all tumors or lum  ps are can  cer  ous benign tumors are not classified as being cancer because they do not spread to other parts of the body there are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans cancers are often described by the body part that they originated in however some body parts contain multiple types of tissue so for greater precision cancers are additionally classified by the type of cell that the tumor cells originated from these types include carcin  oma cancers derived from epi  the  li  al cells this group includes many of the most common cancers particularly in older adults nearly all cancers developing in the breast pro  state lung pan  cre  as and col  on are carcin  om  as sar  coma cancers arising from connec  tive tissue i e bone car  til  age fat nerve each of which develop from cells originating in mes  en  ch  ym  al cells outside the bone marrow lymp  homa and leuk  emia these two classes of cancer arise from cells that make blood leuk  emia is the most common type of cancer in children accounting for about 30 however far more adults develop lymp  homa and leuk  emia germ cell tumor cancers derived from plur  i  potent cells most often presenting in the tes  tic  le or the o  vary semin  oma and dys  germin  oma respectively bl  ast  oma cancers derived from immature precursor cells or embryonic tissue bl  ast  om  as are more common in children than in older adults cancers are usually named using carcin  oma sar  coma or bl  ast  oma as a suff  ix with the latin or greek word for the organ or tissue of origin as the root for example cancers of the liver paren  ch  y  ma arising from m  align  ant epi  the  li  al cells is called he  pat  o  carcin  oma while a m  align  ancy arising from primitive liver precursor cells is called a he  pat  obl  ast  oma and a cancer arising from fat cells is called a li  pos  ar  coma for some common cancers the english organ name is used for example the most common type of breast cancer is called duc  tal carcin  oma of the breast here the ad  jec  tive duc  tal refers to the appearance of the cancer under the micro  scope which suggests that it has originated in the milk duc  ts benign tumors which are not cancers are usually named using oma as a suff  ix with the organ name as the root for example a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells is called a lei  om  y  oma the common name of this frequently occurring benign tumor in the uter  us is fi  bro  id conf  us  ingly some types of cancer use the no  ma suff  ix examples including mel  anom  a and semin  oma some types of cancer are named for the size and shape of the cells under a micro  scope such as giant cell carcin  oma spin  dle cell carcin  oma and small cell carcin  oma
this list of chi  ro  prac  tic schools is organized alphabe  tically by country in those countries with functioning specialized accred  iting agencies the colleges holding recognized or accredited status are deline  ated other countries and regions are in the process of developing similar programs of accreditation and in switzerland chi  ro  prac  tic is so fully integrated into the health care system that the existence of a separate accred  iting agency is thus obvi  ated the course is taught in university on the same basis as human medicine in 2015 nine internationally accredited chi  ro  prac  tic colleges a  ec  c wi  oc if  ec paris if  ec toulouse s  du o  dense u  z zur  ich u  j johannesburg dur  bin university of technology and m  acqu  arie university australia made an open statement which included the teaching of the vertebr  al su  blu  x  ation complex as a vit  alistic construct that claims that it is the cause of disease is un  supported by evidence its inclusion in a modern chi  ro  prac  tic curriculum in anything other than an historic context is therefore inappropriate and unnecessary this document is based upon and supports the theme of the world federation of chi  ro  prac  tic educational statement formulated in november 2014 at the miami education conference
there are many conditions of or affecting the human circul  atory system — the biological system that includes the pumping and chann  eling of blood to and from the body and lungs with heart blood and blood vessels
the cult of personality is a phenomenon that took place in several countries in the world it consists of production and co production components the cult of personality production is usually state driven and involves control over legal basis opposition the media art and everyday life co production component is driven by the population that intern  alizes and supports the cult of personality
there are several conditions of or affecting the human inte  g  um  entary system that are associated with an increased risk of developing non  mel  anom  a skin cancer i e squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma and bas  al cell carcin  oma
there are many skin conditions that may occur which are associated with cancers as well as some benign tumors inside the human body
a drainage basin is an extent of land where water from rain and melting snow or ice dra  ins down  hill into a body of water such as a river lake reservoir estu  ary wet  land sea or ocean the drainage basin includes both the streams and rivers that convey the water as well as the land surfaces from which water dra  ins into those channels and is separated from adjacent basins by a drainage divide 1 the drainage basin acts like a fun  nel collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channelling it into a waterway each drainage basin is separated topo  graphically from adjacent basins by a geographical barrier such as a ridge hill or mountain which is known as a water divide other terms that are used to describe a drainage basin are catchment catchment area catchment basin drainage area river basin water basin and watershed the drainage basins in south africa do not correspond with the water management areas and have the letters a b c d e f g h j k l m n p q r s t u v w and x where the area a comes close to the same area that the lim  po  po w  ma seems to cover apart from these letters they seem to have no name referring to them what seems to be the case though is that each area refers to some major river systems and their tribu  taries a region for each major river system
an ep  onym  ous disease is a disease named after a person usually the physician who first identified the disease or less commonly a patient who suffered from the disease
sit  us in  versus also called sit  us trans  versus or op  pos  it  us is a con  genital condition in which the major vis  cer  al organs are reversed or mir  ro  red from their normal positions several fic  tional characters have reversed organs in the ian flem  ing novel dr no juli  us no explains to james bond that he once survived a murder attempt because his heart is located on his right side which his would be killers did not know when they stabbed the spot on the left where the heart of a normal human being would be at the dc com  ics universe all the inhabitants of earth 3 have their organs in an in  verse position and is possible to identify them in this way sou  ther from the anim  e man  ga fist of the north star has d  ext  ro  car  dia with sit  us in  versus total  is making him immune to the normal applications of ken  shir  o s ho  ku  to shin  ken fighting style since sou  ther s organs — and thus his pressure points — are reversed from where they would normally be during their final confrontation to  ki reveals sou  ther s condition when ken  shir  o learns this secret he uses it to great advantage eventually being able to defeat him in an episode of the television show in plain sight an at  f agent survives an attempt on his life because his heart is on the right side of his body in the w  b series jack jill simon rex played a young man with sit  us in  versus fortune from metal gear solid 2 sons of liberty revol  ver oc  elot points this out when he shoots fortune on the left side of her chest then remembers and states that her heart was on the right side in an er episode entitled freak show romano bent  on and cord  ay operate on a unique case involving a boy with reversed organs in a story called the trap which h p lo  vec  raft helped write one of the characters is sucked into an inter  dimensional rift by an antique mirror when he returns his organs and in fact his han  dedness which hand is dominant are both reversed in margaret mah  y s novel the trick  sters the character had  field is said to be an exact mirror image of his otherwise identical twin felix including having his vital organs in mirror image layout in the lord peter wi  m  sey short story the image in the mirror by dorothy say  ers a character with reversed organs has long been haunted by dreams of a dop  pel  g  än  ger and by fears that he himself might be only the reflection of someone else in the a e van vo  gt short story the search the unique trait of people who can travel through time is that they have reversed internal organs in the max bro  oks novel world war z a character describes operating on a patient who had d  ext  ro  car  dia with sit  us in  versus and transplants a heart from someone with the same condition un  be  kno  wn  st to him the transplant heart is infected with the virus sol  an  um thus turning the patient into a zom  bie in the science fiction novel door  ways in the sand by roger zel  az  ny the character fred cas  sid  y goes through a device that completely rever  ses the left right sym  metry of his entire body even to the point where he percei  ves writing and other images as their mirror image the fact that his heart is on the wrong side ends up saving him from being killed by a bullet wound in the science fiction short story technical error by arthur c clarke character richard nelson is inver  ted lat  er  ally in an industrial accident where his body exists in a fourth spatial dimension due to a short circuit at the power plant where he works which caused a strong but unstable magnetic field doctors find he is unable to dig  est food due to the nutrient molecules being incompatible with his reversed enzymes and recep  tors efforts to re inver  t him prove catastrophic in the hind  i movie luck 2009 the character ram has his heart on the right side instead of the left which saves his life in audrey ni  ff  en  eg  ger s novel her fearful sym  metry the main characters are mirror twins one of whom valent  ina has sit  us in  versus in the movie n  inj  a assassin a europol agent mi  ka gets stabbed where her heart should be everyone thinks her to be dead but then rai  zo pro  claims that her heart is special meaning on the right side instead of left and she survives also in the beginning of the movie there is an old man a tattoo artist who should have died 57 years ago from a sword to the heart but survived because his heart was located on the right side of the body as well in 2008 horror movie the broken protagon  ist gina mc  vey a radio  logist is seen discussing a patient with d  ext  ro  car  dia sit  us in  versus early in the film in roll call book 3 of the series traces a character called emily wonder has the condition in the man  ga black jack the protagon  ist has a patient who has sit  us in  versus total  is in which he operates using a mirror that pin  oko provided so that he can see the organs normally hel  ena from the series orphan black was discovered to have sit  us in  versus total  is after surviving a gunshot wound that would otherwise have pier  ced her heart in dop  pel  g  än  ger 1969 film also known as journey to the far side of the sun astron  auts from earth land on a parallel planet on the other side of the sun where everything is a mirror image of what it is on earth when one of the astron  auts dies x rays from his post mortem exam reveal that his internal organs are located on the wrong side of his body de rode ri  dder the main character of the ep  onym  ous flemish comic has sit  us in  versus after he passed through a magical mirror album 58 which later on saves his life by making a cross  bow bolt narrowly miss his heart album 208
a geological phenomenon is a phenomenon which is explained by or sheds light on the science of geo  logy examples of geological phenomena are 1 miner  alo  gic phenomena 2 lith  o  logic phenomena 3 1 rock types 4 2 1 ig  ne  ous rock 5 3 2 ig  ne  ous formation processes 6 4 3 se  dim  entary rock 7 5 4 se  dim  entary formation processes se  di  mentation 8 6 5 quick  sand 9 7 6 met  am  orph  ic rock 10 endo  genic phenomena 11 1 plate tec  ton  ics 12 2 1 continental drift 13 3 2 earthquake 14 4 3 oce  anic tren  ch 15 5 phenomena associated with ig  ne  ous activity 16 6 1 ge  ys  ers and hot springs 17 7 2 brad  y  se  ism 18 8 3 volcanic eruption 19 9 earth s magnetic field 20 ex  ogenic phenomena 21 1 slope phenomena 22 2 1 slump 23 3 2 landslide 24 4 wea  thering phenomena 25 5 1 erosion 26 6 gl  ac  ial and peri gl  ac  ial phenomena 27 7 1 glaci  ation 28 8 2 mor  ain  es 29 9 3 hanging valleys 30 10 atmospheric phenomena 31 11 impact phenomena 32 12 1 impact cr  ater 33 coupled endo  genic ex  ogenic phenomena 34 1 oro  gen  y 35 2 drainage development 36 3 1 stream capture
there are many conditions of or affecting the human hem  ato  logic system — the biological system that includes plasma plat  el  ets leuk  oc  y  tes and er  y  thro  cy  tes the major components of blood and the bone marrow
there are four main causes of infections of the central nervous system cns bacterial viral fun  gal and proto  zo  al
in the majority of nations including all industrialized nations except the united states advances in employee relations have seen the introduction of statutory agreements for minimum employee leave from work — that is the amount of entitlement to paid vacation and public holidays several companies will offer contr  actually more time depending on the sector companies and the law may also differ as to whether public holidays are counted as part of the minimum leave disparities in national minim  ums are still subject of debate regarding work life balance and perceived differences between nations these numbers usually refer to full time employment part time workers may get a reduced number of days in most countries public holidays are paid and usually not considered part of the annual leave also in most countries there are additional paid leave benefits such as parental leave and sick leave that are not listed here
a mystery disease is a disease that has not yet been identified reasons for lack of identification of eti  ology include lack of professional interest difficult access and lack of resources in addition to being unknown to medicine the following is a list of deadly diseases of which the exact cause is unknown separated into long standing and new
a one hit wonder is a top 40 phenomenon the combination of artist and song that scores big in the music industry with one hit but is unable to repeat the achievement with another hit the term can refer to the artist the song or both together the following were notable one hit wonders in english speaking canada many performers who are commonly labelled as one hit wonders in fact had more than one top 40 hit during their careers they may with time come to be remembered for one particular song but cannot be considered true one hit wonders listed here are generally or entirely songs that originated in canada or within the canadian music industry songs from international artists that were one hit wonders elsewhere have frequently been one hit wonders in the canadian market as well meanwhile songs from canadian artists may be listed as one hit wonders elsewhere where the performer had other hits in canada
a one hit wonder is a top 40 phenomenon the combination of artist and song that scores huge in the music industry with one single but is unable to repeat the achievement the term can refer to the artist the song or both together
in many denominations of christianity the ordination of women is a new phenomenon this is true enough that those so ord  ained gain some attention this list deals with that and will include bish  ops as well but due to historical differences de  a  con  esses will not be included in pres  by  ter  i  anism meth  o  dis  m and a few other denominations the ordination of women pre  dates 1900 and is now common enough to be un  remarkable hence those denominations are not included
this article is a list of notable people who have been diagnosed with pan  cre  atic cancer colin me  ads former all blacks captain bill hic  ks american stand up com  edi  an social critic sati  rist mus  ician joseph cardinal ber  nar  din cardinal archbishop emer  it  us of chicago william r co  tter politician u s congressman from connec  tic  ut alan ric  kman english actor and director sally ride american astronaut first woman astronaut margaret me  ad american cultural anthropo  logist and author randy pa  us  ch american professor of computer science human – computer interaction and design at car  ne  gie mell  on university c  mu in pittsburgh pennsylvania ruth bad  er gin  sburg associate justice of the supreme court of the united states willy de  ville american mus  ician and band member of min  k de  ville al  fre  do hal  per  n brazilian endocr  ino  logist steve jobs co  founder of apple inc j  id  du kr  ish  nam  ur  ti thin  ker patrick sw  ay  ze american actor michael lan  don american actor fernando lam  as argentine born actor ar  lene dah  l s second husband and es  ther williams s third husband per  nell rober  ts american actor rex harrison british actor joan craw  ford american actress bonnie franklin american actress donna reed american actress web  b pierce country music singer ray price mus  ician country music singer donna douglas american actress known for playing elly mae clam  pe  tt on the tv series the bever  ly hill  bil  lies jack benny american radio television and movie actor com  edi  an alfred g gil  man american pharmaco  logist and bio  chem  ist sat  o  shi kon japanese film director anim  ator scre  en  writer and man  ga artist pete post  leth  wa  ite british actor brian len  i  han j  nr irish politician mark tak  ai american congressman ron smith radio host american radio talk show host on w  bal am in baltimore mary  land chi  y  ono  fu  ji mit  su  gu japanese retired sum  o wrest  ler and stab  lem  aster of ko  kon  oe stable
this is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness you can help by expanding it with reliably sour  ced entries a brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within the brain or inside the skull and can be can  cer  ous m  align  ant or non can  cer  ous benign just over half of all primary brain tumors are m  align  ant the rest are benign though they may still be life threatening in the us in 2000 survivors of benign primary brain tumors out  numbered those who had can  cer  ous primary brain tumors by approximately 4 1 me  ta  static brain cancer is over six times more common than primary brain cancer as it occurs in about 10 – 30 of all people with cancer this is a list of notable people who have had a primary or me  ta  static brain tumor either benign or m  align  ant at some time in their lives as confirmed by public information tumor type and survival duration are listed where the information is known blank spaces in these columns appear where precise information has not been released to the public medicine does not designate most long term survivors as cured for primary brain cancer the national cancer institute estimates 22 0  70 new cases and 12 920 deaths in the us for 2009 the age adjusted incidence rate is 6 4 per 100 000 per year and the death rate is 4 3 per 100 000 per year the lifetime risk of developing brain cancer for someone born today is 0 60 only around a third of those diagnosed with brain cancer survive a further five years these high overall mortality rates are a result of the prevalence of aggressive types such as gli  obl  ast  oma multi  forme nearly 14 of new brain tumor diagnoses occur in persons under 20 years of age
purification in a chemical context is the physical separation of a chemical substance of interest from foreign or contam  inating substances pure results of a successful purification process are termed isolate the following list of chemical purification methods should not be considered exhaustive aff  inity purification is used to pur  i  fy proteins by retaining them on a column through their aff  inity to antibodies enzymes or recep  tors which have been im  mobilised on the column fil  tration is a mechanical method to separate soli  ds from liquids or gases by passing the feed stream through a por  ous sheet such as a cloth or memb  rane which retains the soli  ds and allows the liquid to pass through centrifu  gation is a process in which light particles are revol  ved at high speed with the help of an electric motor so that the fine particles which do not settle at bottom would settle down evapor  ation is used to remove volatile liquids from non volatile solu  tes which cannot be done through fil  tration due to the small size of the substances liquid – liquid extraction removes an im  purity or recovers a desired product by dis  solving the crude material in a solvent in which other components of the feed material are soluble crystal  li  zation separates a product from a liquid feed stream often in extremely pure form by cooling the feed stream or adding precipit  ants which lower the solu  bility of the desired product so that it forms cryst  als the pure solid cryst  als are then separated from the remaining liquor by fil  tration or centrifu  gation rec  ry  stal  li  zation in analytical and synthetic chemistry work purchased reagents of doubtful purity may be rec  ry  stal  lized e g dissolved in a very pure solvent and then crystal  lized and the cryst  als recovered in order to improve and or verify their purity ad  sor  ption removes a soluble im  purity from a feed stream by trapping it on the surface of a solid material such as activated carbon which forms strong non co  val  ent chemical bonds with the im  purity chro  mato  graphy employs ad  sor  ption and des  or  ption on a packed bed of a solid to pur  i  fy multiple components of a single feed stream sm  el  ting is used to produce metals from raw ore and involves adding chemicals to the ore and heating it up to the melting point of the metal refining is used primarily in the petroleum industry whereby crude oil is heated and separated into stages according to the condens  ation points of the various elements distillation widely used in petroleum refining and in purification of ethanol separates volatile liquids on the basis of their relative volati  lities water purification combines a number of methods to produce potable or drinking water downstream processing refers to purification of chemicals pharmaceuticals and food ingredients produced by fermentation or synthe  sized by plant and animal tissues for example antibiotics cit  ric acid vitamin e and insulin fr  action  ation refers to a purification strategy in which some relatively inefficient purification method is repeatedly applied to isolate the desired substance in progressively greater purity electro  lysis refers to the breakdown of substances using an electric current this removes impurities in a substance that an electric current is run through sub  lim  ation is the process of changing of any substance usually on heating from a solid to a gas or from gas to a solid without passing through liquid phase bio  le  aching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms frac  tional distillation is distillation in fractions
there was an extended royal presence in canada through the 18 th 19 th and 20 th centuries either as an official tour a vacation a period of military service or a vic  ere  gal posting by a member of the royal family originally official t  ours were events predominantly for canadi  ans to see and possibly meet members of their royal family with the associated patriotic po  mp and spectacle however nearing the end of the 20 th century such occasions took on the added dimension of a theme and junior members of the royal family began to undertake unofficial working t  ours of canada as well in this method royal figures are invited by provinces municipalities and other organizations to events which the latter fund without assistance from the federal government the prince of wales the princess royal the duke of york and the prince edward have all made several small t  ours in this fashion these arrangements then continued on into the 21 st century
the chester city walls surround what was the extent of the english city of chester in the medieval period they started as a defensive structure for the fortress of deva vic  tri  x during the roman occupation of britain originating between 70 and 90 ad they consisted of earth ram  parts sur  mounted by wooden p  alis  ades at intervals there were wooden gates and towers following the arrival of the legi  o xx val  er  ia vic  tri  x at the end of the 1 st century the walls were re  constructed in sand  stone and building work continued with interruptions until the roman circuit of the walls was completed over 100 years later during the same period the towers and gates were rebuilt in stone repairs were carried out on the walls throughout the roman occupation chester was re  fortified in 907 by æ  th  el  fl  æ  d but how this affected the walls is not precisely known the north and east roman walls were certainly used in the for  tification as they are still in existence today but it is possible that they were extended to the west and south to meet the river dee the full circuit of the walls as they are today was completed by the end of the 12 th century the north and east walls were extended the west and south walls were built and the towers and gates were incorporated only the north and east walls contain towers as the river was thought to be a sufficient defence on the southern and western sides repair of the walls was an ongoing problem during the medieval period and at some time 3 rd century roman alt  ars and tom  b  stones were used as raw materials some of the tom  b  stones are on display in the gros  ven  or museum the wall and its towers were damaged during the english civil war particularly in the sie  ges of the city between 16  44 and 16  46 further rebuilding and repairs were carried out following the war but it was a constant struggle to cope with the scale of the necessary repairs by the 18 th century the walls had out  lived their purpose as a defensive structure and were becoming popular as a pro  men  ade in 17  07 the city assembly spent £ 1 000 equivalent to £ 150 000 in 2015 to repair the walls and to flag the foot  way distinguished visitors who walked the walls around that time included john wes  ley and samuel johnson the four major gates were replaced east  gate brid  ge  gate and water  gate during the 18 th century and north  gate with its associated ga  ol in 18  08 – 10 shortly after 18  10 part of the southern section of the walk was demol  ished to accommodate the yard for the new ga  ol in 18  46 the nor  the  astern corner of the walls was breached by the chester and hol  y  head railway new  gate was opened in 1938 to bridge a new road built to relieve traffic congestion in the city centre and in 1966 st martin s gate was built across the inner ring road the walls tower gates and poster  ns of the city of chester are recognised as a scheduled monument all the towers associated with the walls have been designated as grade i listed buildings as have all the sections of the wall other than that between brid  ge  gate and the former county hall now used by the university of chester which is listed grade ii the gates are all designated grade i except for old new  gate which is grade ii new  gate which is grade ii and st martin s gate which is not listed the three grades of listing are defined as follows grade i buildings are of exceptional interest sometimes considered to be internationally important grade ii buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest and grade ii buildings are nationally important and of special interest the circuit of the walls extends for 2 miles 3 km rises to a height of 40 feet 12 2 m and is the most complete circuit of roman and medieval defensive town wall in britain the editor of the victoria county history states the walls still in 2000 formed an almost un  broken path  way and a delight to visitors this list starts in the northwest corner with bon  e  wal  des  thor  ne s tower and includes the water tower which is outside the circuit of the walls but connected by a spur wall to bon  e  wal  des  thor  ne s tower it then continues in a c  lock  wise direction starting with the north wall
severe weather phenomena are weather conditions that are hazardous to human life and property
diving disorders are medical conditions specifically arising from underwater diving the signs and symptoms of these may present during a dive on sur  facing or up to several hours after a dive di  vers have to breathe a gas which is at the same pressure as their surroundings ambient pressure which can be much greater than on the surface the ambient pressure underwater increases by 1 standard atmosphere 100 k  pa for every 10 metres 33 ft of depth the principal conditions are de  compression illness which covers de  compression sickness and arter  ial gas embol  ism nitrogen narco  sis high pressure nervous syndrome oxygen toxicity and pul  mon  ary bar  o  trauma burst lung although some of these may occur in other settings they are of particular concern during diving activities the disorders are caused by breathing gas at the high pressures encountered at depth and di  vers will often breathe a gas mixture different from air to mitigate these effects nitro  x which contains more oxygen and less nitrogen is commonly used as a breathing gas to reduce the risk of de  compression sickness at recreational depths up to about 40 metres 130 ft heli  um may be added to reduce the amount of nitrogen and oxygen in the gas mixture when diving deeper to reduce the effects of narco  sis and to avoid the risk of oxygen toxicity this is complicated at depths beyond about 150 metres 500 ft because a heli  um – oxygen mixture heli  ox then causes high pressure nervous syndrome more exotic mixtures such as hy  dre  li  ox a hydrogen – heli  um – oxygen mixture are used at extreme depths to counteract this
in the mathematics of probability a sto  ch  astic process is a random function in practical applications the domain over which the function is defined as a time interval time series or a region of space random field familiar examples of time series include stock market and exchange rate fluctuations signals such as speech audio and video medical data such as a patient s e  kg eeg blood pressure or temperature and random movement such as brow  ni  an motion or random walks examples of random fields include static images random topo  graphies landscap  es or composition variations of an in  homogeneous material
this is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness you can help by expanding it with reliably sour  ced entries stu  t  tering al  alia sy  ll  ab  aris also known as stam  mering al  alia liter  alis or an  ar  thri  a liter  alis is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repeti  tions and pro  long  ations of sounds sy  ll  ables words or phrases and involuntary silent pa  uses or blocks during which the person who stu  t  ters is unable to produce sounds the exact eti  ology of stu  t  tering is unknown both genetics and neuro  physi  ology are thought to contribute there are many treatments and speech language path  ology techniques available that may help increase flu  ency in some stu  t  ter  ers to the point where an un  trained ear cannot identify a problem however there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present people who stu  tter include floor boy william po  i  rier british prime minister winston churchill or  ator demo  s  th  en  es king george vi actor james earl jones and country singer mel till  is churchill whose stu  tter was particularly apparent to 1920 s writers was one of the 30 of stu  t  ter  ers who have an associated speech disorder — a lis  p in his case — yet led his nation through world war ii demo  s  th  en  es stam  mer  ed and was in  articulate as a youth yet through dedicated practice using methods such as placing pe  b  bles in his mouth became a great or  ator of ancient greece king george vi hired speech therapist lionel logue to enable him to speak to his empire and logue effectively helped him accomplish this goal this training and its results are the focus of the 2010 film the king s speech james earl jones has stated he was mu  te for many years of his youth yet he became an actor noted for the power of his voice mel till  is stu  t  ters when talking but not when singing many people had their speech impediment only as a child and have overcome their condition
a tidal bar  rage is an artificial obstruction at the mouth of a tidal water  course in contrast to a normal bar  rage along a river s inland course
in compu  tability theory an undec  id  able problem is a type of compu  tational problem that requires a yes no answer but where there cannot possibly be any computer program that always gives the correct answer that is any possible program would sometimes give the wrong answer or run forever without giving any answer more formally an undec  id  able problem is a problem whose language is not a recur  sive set see dec  id  ability there are un  coun  tably many undec  id  able problems so the list below is necessarily incomplete though undec  id  able languages are not recur  sive languages they may be sub  sets of turing recogniz  able languages i e such undec  id  able languages may be recur  sively enum  erable many if not most undec  id  able problems in mathematics can be posed as word problems determining when two distinct strings of symbols en  coding some mathematical concept or object represent the same object or not for undec  id  ability in ax  i  om  atic mathematics see list of statements undec  id  able in z  fc
there are many longstanding unsolved problems in mathematics for which a solution has still not yet been found the unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor according to john tu  key difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems a list of one or two open problems in fact 22 of them was given by david cox
voice disorders are medical conditions involving abnormal pitch lou  dness or quality of the sound produced by the lar  yn  x and thereby affecting speech production these include pu  ber  ph  onia chor  di  tis vocal fold no  d  ules vocal fold cy  sts vocal cord pa  res  is rein  ke s e  dem  a sp  as  mod  ic dy  sp  hon  ia foreign accent syndrome bo  gart – bac  all syndrome lar  yn  ge  al pap  il  lo  mat  osis lar  yn  gi  tis
lis  tener fatigue also known as listening fatigue is a phenomenon that occurs after prolonged exposure to an aud  itory stimulus symptoms include ti  red  ness discomfort pain and loss of sensitivity lis  tener fatigue is not a clin  ically recognized state but is a term used by many professionals the cause for lis  tener fatigue is still not yet fully understood it is thought to be an extension of the quantifiable psychological perception of sound common groups at risk of becoming victim to this phenomenon include avi  d lis  teners of music and others who listen or work with loud noise on a constant basis such as musicians construction workers and military personnel
lis  ter  i  osis is a bacterial infection most commonly caused by lis  ter  ia mon  oc  y  to  genes although l ivan  o  vii and l gray  i have been reported in certain cases lis  ter  ia primarily causes infections of the central nervous system men  ing  i  tis men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis brain abs  c  ess cere  bri  tis and bacter  emia in those who are immun  o  compromised pregnant women and those at the extremes of age new  bor  ns and the elderly as well as gastro  enter  i  tis in healthy persons who have been severely infected lis  ter  ia is ubiquitous and is primarily transmitted via the oral route after ing  estion of contaminated food products after which the organism penetr  ates the intest  inal tract to cause systemic infections the diagnosis of lis  ter  i  osis requires the isolation of the organism from the blood and or the cere  bro  spinal fluid treatment includes prolonged administration of antibiotics primarily am  pic  ill  in and gent  am  ic  in to which the organism is usually susceptible
a lith  o  pedi  on – also spelled lith  opa  edi  on or lith  op  æ  di  on – ancient greek λ  ί  θ  ος stone ancient greek πα  ι  δ  ί  ον small child infant or stone baby is a rare phenomenon which occurs most commonly when a fe  tus dies during an ab  domin  al pregnancy is too large to be re  absorbed by the body and calci  fies on the outside as part of a maternal foreign body reaction shiel  ding the mother s body from the dead tissue of the fe  tus and preventing infection lith  o  pedia may occur from 14 weeks gest  ation to full term it is not unusual for a stone baby to remain un  diagnosed for decades and it is often not until a patient is examined for other conditions or a proper examination is conducted that includes an x ray that a stone baby is found the condition was first described in a tre  ati  se by the physician ab  ū al q  ā  si  m abul  cas  is in the 10 th century but fewer than 300 cases have been noted in 400 years of medical literature the earliest lith  o  pedi  on is one found in an archae  ological exc  av  ation at bering sin  k  hole on the ed  wards pl  ate  au in ker  r county texas dated to 1100 bc another early example was found in a gallo roman archae  ological site in co  ste  belle southern france dating to the 4 th century in 18  80 german physician friedrich k  ü  chen  me  ister reviewed 47 cases of lith  o  pedia from the medical literature and identified three sub  groups lith  ok  ely  pho  s stone she  ath where calci  fication occurs on the plac  ental memb  rane and not the fe  tus lith  o  tec  non stone child or true lith  o  pedi  on where the fe  tus itself is calci  fied after entering the ab  domin  al cav  ity following the rupture of the plac  ental and o  vari  an memb  ran  es and lith  ok  ely  pho  pedi  on stone she  ath and child where both fe  tus and s  ac are calci  fied lith  o  pedia can originate both as tu  bal or o  vari  an pregnancies
a lith  o  spheric drip is a geological phenomenon in which a dense and relatively cold mass of lith  o  sphere sinks into the more fluid upper man  tle the regions of descending material have been detected by seis  mic tom  o  graphy methods and model  ed as near vertically oriented cylin  dr  ical masses within the upper man  tle the lith  o  spheric drip discovered below the great basin in central nevada has dimensions of 100 km diameter by 500 km vertical length another area under  lain by a descending cylin  dr  ical mass of dense lith  o  sphere has been reported in the south  western sierra nevada and portions of the san jo  aqu  in valley of california here a 100 km by 225 km mass of relatively high density fast p wave velocity has been discovered below an area of anom  alous topo  graphy
little league el  bow is a condition that is caused by repeti  tive throwing motions especially in children who play sports that involve an over  hand throw little le  agu  er s el  bow was first coined by bro  g  don and crow in an ep  onym  ous 1960 article in the american journal of radi  ology the name of the condition is derived from the game of baseball it is most often seen in young pit  chers under the age of sixteen the pit  ching motion causes a val  gus stress to be placed on the el  bow joint which can cause damage to the structures of the el  bow resulting in an av  ul  sion of the medi  al ep  ip  hy  seal plate growth plate the first diagnosis of the injury in 1960 set off a fire  storm of controversy regarding how much youth baseball players can and should be asked to pitch the ail  ment even appeared in the comic strip peanuts in 1963 when charlie brown received a diagnosis in 2007 in order to protect against over  use injuries little league baseball began limiting the number of pit  ches a player could throw per day adult pit  chers do not experience the same injury because they do not have an open growth plate in the el  bow instead in adult athletes a more common injury is to the ul  nar collateral lig  ament of the el  bow an injury that often requires tommy john surgery in order for the athlete to resume high level competitive throwing
little cherry disease or l  ch  d sometimes referred to as little cherry k s little cherry or sour cherry decline is a viral infectious disease that affects cherry trees most notably sweet cherries prun  us avi  um and sour cherries prun  us cer  as  us little cherry disease should not be confused with cherry buck  skin disease which is caused by phy  top  las  ma note that both diseases are among the diseases referred to as cherry decline
lit  toral cell an  gi  oma abbreviated l  ca and formally known as lit  toral cell an  gi  oma of the sp  leen is a benign tum  our of the sp  leen that arises from the cells that line the red pulp
live  do rac  em  osa is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a skin dis  color  ation appearing as irregular broken circles
live  do re  ticul  aris is a common skin finding consisting of a mo  tt  led retic  ulated vascular pattern that appears as a l  ace like pur  pl  ish dis  color  ation of the skin the dis  color  ation is caused by sw  elling of the ven  ules owing to obstruction of cap  il  lar  ies by small blood clo  ts the blood clo  ts in the small blood vessels can be a secondary effect of a condition that increases a person s risk of forming blood clo  ts including a wide array of pathological and non  pathological conditions examples include hyper  li  pi  dem  ia micro  vascular hem  at  ological or an  emia states nutritional deficiencies hyper and auto  immune diseases and drugs toxins the condition may be normal or related to more severe underlying path  ology its differential diagnosis is broadly divided into possible blood diseases auto  immune r  heu  mato  logic diseases cardiovascular diseases cancers and endocrine disorders it can usually in 80 of cases be diagnosed by biopsy it may be aggravated by exposure to cold and occurs most often in the lower extre  mi  ties the condition s name derives from the latin liv  ere meaning blu  ish and retic  ular which refers to the net like appearance
live  do  id der  mati  tis also known as embo  lia cu  tis medic  am  ent  osa and nicol  au syndrome is a rare i  atro  genic cu  taneous reaction that occurs immediately after a drug injection it presents as an immediate extreme pain around the injection site with over  lying skin rapidly becoming er  y  them  at  ous viol  ac  eous or blan  ched is  chem  ic p  all  or and sometimes with retic  ular pattern the reaction eventually leads to variable degrees of necro  sis to the skin and underlying tissue the wound eventually he  als can lead to atro  ph  ic dis  figuring scar  ring the reaction is associated with a range of both injection sites and drugs it was first reported by fre  u  den  th  al in 19  24 following an injection of bis  mu  th salts for sy  phil  is although initial reports were following intr  amus  cular injections the reaction has since also been reported following sub  cu  taneous intra  ven  ous and intra  artic  ular injections live  do  id der  mati  tis has been reported to occur with many different drug injections including pen  ic  illin  s local an  esthe  tics e g li  doc  aine vaccines e g d  tap cor  ti  co  ster  oids n  s  aids and more
live  do  id vas  cul  opathy also known as live  do  id vas  cu  li  tis live  do re  ticul  aris with summer winter ul  cer  ation and seg  mental hy  al  ini  zing vas  cu  li  tis is a chronic cu  taneous disease seen predominantly in young to middle aged women one synon  ym used to describe its features is painful pur  pur  ic ul  cers with retic  ular pattern of the lower extre  mi  ties purple it can be divided into a primary or idi  opathic form and a secondary form which has been associated with a number of diseases including chronic ven  ous hyper  tension and vari  co  sities
a liver abs  c  ess is a p  us filled mass inside the liver common causes are ab  domin  al infections such as append  ic  i  tis or diver  tic  u  li  tis due to ha  emato  genous spread through the portal vein
liver cancer also known as he  p  atic cancer and primary he  p  atic cancer is cancer that starts in the liver cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver known as liver me  tast  asis is more common than that which starts in the liver symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the ri  b cage other symptoms includes sw  elling of the ab  dom  en yel  low  ish skin easy bru  ising weight loss and weakness the leading cause of liver cancer is cir  rho  sis due to either hepatitis b hepatitis c or alcohol other causes include aflatoxin non alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver flu  kes the most common types are he  pat  oc  ell  ular carcin  oma h  cc which makes up 80 of cases and chol  an  gi  o  carcin  oma less common types include m  uc  inous c  ys  tic ne  op  las  m and in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary bi  li  ary ne  op  las  m the diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsy preventive efforts include immun  ization against hepatitis b and treating those infected with hepatitis b or c screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease treatment options may include surgery targeted therapy and radiation therapy in certain cases ab  l  ation therapy emb  oli  zation therapy or liver transplantation may be used small lum  ps in the liver may be simply closely followed primary liver cancer is globally the sixth most frequent cancer 6 and the second leading cause of death from cancer 9 in 2012 it occurred in 7  82 000 people and resulted in 7  46 000 deaths in 2013 300 000 deaths from liver cancer were due to hepatitis b 343 000 to hepatitis c and 92 000 to alcohol higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis b and c are common including asia and sub saharan africa males are more often affected with h  cc than females diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old five year survival rates are 18 in the united states the word he  p  atic is from the greek h  ê  par meaning liver
liver disease also called he  p  atic disease is a type of damage to or disease of the liver
liver failure or he  p  atic in  sufficiency is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabol  ic function as part of normal physi  ology two forms are recognised acute and chronic recently a third form of liver failure known as acute on chronic liver failure ac  lf is increasingly being recognized
a liver injury also known as liver lac  eration is some form of trauma sustained to the liver this can occur through either a blunt force such as a car accident or a penetr  ating foreign object such as a knife liver injuries constitute 5 of all trau  mas making it the most common ab  domin  al injury generally non  operative management and observation is all that is required for a full recovery
liver spots also known as age spot solar l  enti  go l  enti  go sen  il  is old age spot sen  ile f  reck  le are bl  em  ishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultra  violet radiation from the sun they range in color from light brown to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun particularly the hands face shoulders arms and fore  head and the scal  p if bald the spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems but they are physi  o  logically unrelated to the liver save for a similar color from the age of 40 onward the skin is less able to regener  ate from sun exposure and liver spots are very common in this age group particularly in those who spend time in the sun in the overwhelming majority of cases liver spots pose no threat and require no treatment though they occasionally have been known to obscure the detection of skin cancer however despite being a benign condition liver spots are sometimes considered un  sigh  tly and some people choose to have them removed this can be done by electro  surgery laser treatment cry  otherapy or the use of tre  tin  o  in or alpha hydro  xy acids
liver tumors or he  p  atic tumors are tumors or grow  ths on or in the liver medical terms pertaining to the liver often start in he  pa  to or he  p  atic from the greek word for liver he  par several distinct types of tumors can develop in the liver because the liver is made up of various cell types these grow  ths can be benign or m  align  ant can  cer  ous they may be discovered on medical imaging even for a different reason than the cancer itself or may be present in patients as an ab  domin  al mass he  pat  om  eg  al  y ab  domin  al pain ja  und  ice or some other liver dysfunction
livestock source verification is the ability to trace livestock from birth to the consuming public this process usually entails num  eric identification at birth and record keeping which details health records feed records and genetic history of individual livestock the record keeping and traceability process continues from slaughter through processing and distribution these records can be accessed by the processor which provides another level of safety to the consumer in terms of recall if necessary unique numbers are usually assigned to all cows with most activities being documented
living torpe  does polish ży  we torpe  dy also str  ace  ń  cy — “ desper  ates ” or the lost was a social and military phenomenon which began in the second polish republic in mid 1939 when the threat from nazi germany became real the idea for creating the human torpe  do unit was very similar to the famous japanese kam  ik  a  ze pilots — males and females willing to sacrifice their lives to defend their homeland it is a matter of debate among military historians whether there were any real plans for the combat usage of such suicidal units or whether it was purely a matter of propaganda it all started on may 5 1939 when adol  f hitler officially demanded the free city of dan  zi  g and the polish corridor a day after hitler ’ s speech the polish daily il  u  stro  w  any kur  ier co  dzi  en  ny from k  rak  ów published a letter written by a man from warsaw named wład  ys  ław bo  ży  cz  ko and also signed by his relatives the brothers edward and leon lu  to  sta  ński bo  ży  cz  ko together with the lu  to  sta  ński brothers appealed to the poles asking them to sacrifice their lives also as early as spring 19  37 a man from kat  ow  ice stan  is  ław cho  jec  ki had written a letter to edward ry  dz ś  mi  g  ły offering a similar ultimate sacrifice the appeal quickly spread all over the country trum  pe  ted by other newspapers and radio copies of several papers which published it have been preserved to this day in some of them there are names and photographs of some of those who applied the search for volunteers turned into a popular patriotic movement which lasted until the first day of world war ii — september 1 1939 the day the german invasion of poland began it is now difficult to estimate how many people volunte  ered most probably there were as many as 47  00 men and some 150 women 3000 names are documented as the polish navy issued special ids for volunteers signed by commod  ore eu  gen  i  usz po  pl  aw  ski the first people took their o  aths on june 29 1939 it is not exactly known what the polish army was going to use these people for presumably they were supposed to man underwater human torpe  does aimed at the destruction of german warships most probably the polish army did not have the necessary equipment but reportedly in the summer of 1939 in gdynia 83 selected volunteers were shown a special short movie about torpe  does manned by humans an officer of the navy who was present stated that poland had 16 such torpe  does they were eight meters long and weighed 420 kilograms however none of the volunteers ever saw these torpe  does some other volunteers were trained as gli  der pilots and parach  ute jum  pers also at that time the polish navy created a bureau of living torpe  does which suggests that the idea was treated seriously according to one of the volunteers marian kam  i  ński from poz  na  ń who saw the movie navy officers told him to return to gdynia on october 12 1939 for a two month training course the course never started — as germany attacked poland on september 1 1939 — but some of the volunteers had by then been drafted into another special ops unit for sabotage and operations behind enemy lines
li – frau  men  i syndrome is a rare cancer pre  disposition hereditary disorder characterized as auto  som  al dominant it was named after two american physicians frederick pei li and joseph f frau  men  i jr who first recognized the syndrome after reviewing the medical records and death certificates of 648 childhood r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma patients this syndrome is also known as the sar  coma breast leuk  aemia and adren  al g  land s  bl  a syndrome the syndrome is linked to ger  m  line mutations of the p 53 tumor sup  pres  sor gene which en  codes a trans  cription factor p 53 that normally regulates the cell cycle and prevents genom  ic mutations the mutations can be inherited or can arise from de novo mutations early in embry  o  genesis or in one of the parent s germ cells
ll  u  via de pec  es rain of fish is a phenomenon that has allegedly been occurring yearly for more than a century in yor  o honduras it is also known as the agu  ac  ero de pes  c  ado
lo  a lo  a fil  ari  asis is a skin and eye disease caused by the nemato  de worm lo  a lo  a humans contract this disease through the bite of a deer fly or man  go fly chr  ys  ops spp the vectors for lo  a lo  a the adult lo  a lo  a fil  arial worm migr  ates throughout the sub  cu  taneous tissues of humans occasionally crossing into sub  con  junc  ti  val tissues of the eye where it can be easily observed lo  a lo  a does not normally affect one s vision but can be painful when moving about the eye  ball or across the bridge of the nose the disease can cause red it  chy sw  ell  ings below the skin called calab  ar sw  ell  ings the disease is treated with the drug di  ethyl  carb  amaz  ine dec and when appropriate surgical methods may be employed to remove adult worms from the con  junc  tiva
load rejection in electric power system is the condition in which there is a sudden load trip in the system which cause the generation side to be over frequency a load rejection test is part of commission  ing test for power system to see if the system can withstand the sudden loss of load and return to normal operating condition with its governor on the generation side and test its reliability load bank is normally used for the test
loading characteristic in mul  tic  han  nel telephone systems a plot for the busy hour of the equivalent mean power and the peak power as a function of the number of voice channels the equivalent power of a mul  tic  han  nel signal referred to the zero transmission level point is a function of the number of channels and has for its basis a specified voice channel mean power
a loan covenant is a condition in a commercial loan or bond issue that requires the borrower to fulfill certain conditions or which forbids the borrower from undertaking certain actions or which possibly restricts certain activities to circumstances when other conditions are met typically violation of a covenant may result in a default on the loan being declared penalties being applied or the loan being called the legal provision in the loan agreement providing for the loan to be called is the acceleration clause once the buyer defaults all future payments due under the loan are accelerated and deemed to be due and payable immediately coven  ants may also be waived either temporarily or permanently usually at the sole discretion of the lender
loan modification is the systematic alteration of mortgage loan agreements that help those having problems making the payments by reducing interest rates monthly payments or principal balances lending institutions could make one or more of these changes to relieve financial pressure on borrowers to prevent the condition of foreclo  sure loan modifications have been practiced in the united states since the 1930 s during the great depression loan modification programs took place at the state level in an effort to reduce levels of loan foreclosures during the so called great recession of the early 21 st century loan modification became a matter of national policy with various actions taken to alter mortgage loan terms to prevent further economic destabilization
lob  ar pneumonia is a form of pneumonia that affects a large and continuous area of the lo  be of a lung it is one of the two an  atomic classifications of pneumonia the other being bron  chop  neu  monia
lo  bec  tomy means surgical exc  ision of a lo  be this may refer to a lo  be of the lung a lo  be of the thyro  id hem  i  thyro  i  dec  tomy or a lo  be of the brain as in an  terior temporal lo  bec  tomy
lob  om  y  co  sis also known as jorge lob  o s disease or lac  azi  osis is a bl  ast  om  y  co  sis a fun  gal infection of the skin caused by lac  az  ia lo  bo  i formerly named lo  boa lo  bo  i and discovered by brazilian der  mato  logist jorge lob  o other names which were given to the disease are kel  o  idal bl  ast  om  y  co  sis amaz  onian bl  ast  om  y  co  sis bl  ast  om  y  co  id gran  ul  oma mir  ai  p and pir  ai  p these last two names were given by natives of the amazon and mean that which burns this disease is usually found in humans and bottle no  sed dolphins
lob  ular carcin  oma in situ l  cis is a condition caused by unusual cells in the lob  ules of the breast many do not consider it cancer and many do but all agree it can indicate an increased risk of future cancer the national database registr  ars however consider l  cis a m  align  ancy m  align  ancy of course is cancer unlike duc  tal carcin  oma in situ d  cis l  cis is not associated with calci  fication and is typically an incidental finding in a biopsy performed for another reason l  cis only accounts for about 15 of the in situ duc  tal or lob  ular breast cancers
a lob  ulation is an appearance resembling lob  ules for instance the thyro  id g  land may become large and lob  ulated in hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis
local extinction or ex  tir  p  ation is the condition of a species or other tax  on that ceases to exist in the chosen geographic area of study though it still exists elsewhere local extinc  tions are contr  asted with global extinc  tions local extinc  tions may be followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations wolf reintroduction is an example of this
local gig  anti  sm or loc  alised gig  anti  sm is a condition in which a certain part of the body acquires larger than normal size due to excessive growth of the anatom  ical structures or abnormal accumulation of substances it is more common in fingers and toes where it is termed macro  d  ac  ty  ly however sometimes an entire limb may be enlarged
a local option is the ability of local political jurisdictions typically counties or municipalities to allow decisions on certain controversial issues based on popular vote within their borders in practice it usually relates to the issue of alcoholic bever  age sales as described by an en  cyclo  pedia in 1907 local option is the license granted to the inhabitants of a district to extingu  ish or reduce the sale of in  tox  ic  ants in their midst a 19  11 en  cycl  op  æ  dia describes it as specifically used in politics of the power given to the electorate of a particular district to choose whether licences for the sale of in  tox  ic  ating liquor should be granted or not this form of local option has also been termed local veto local option regarding alcohol was first used in the temper  ance movement as a means to bring about prohibition gradually in the 18  30 s temper  ance activists mobilized to restrict licenses in towns and counties in new england by the 18  40 s temper  ance reformers demanded state laws to allow local voters to decide whether any liquor licenses would be issued in their loc  alities some 12 states and territories had some form of these early local option laws by the late 18  40 s controversy over the measures gave rise to the first major confrontation in the united states over the propri  ety and constitu  tionality of ballot box legislation or referendums opponents of local option which included drin  kers and liquor dealers many of whom were immigrants argued that local option authorized the tyranny of the majority and infringed upon the rights of the liquor dealing and liquor consuming minority local option as a method of alcohol control made a resurgence after the civil war the anti sal  oon league initially decided to use local option as the mechanism to bring about nationwide prohibition its intent was to work across the country at the local level in many instances however it was not the agenda for instance several wards in on  tari  o canada passed local option but were vehemently against province wide prohibition preferring to isolate alcohol sales rather than ban them altogether that is particularly evident in toronto s junction neighbourhood part of which remained notoriously dry as late as 2000 the last area of on  tari  o to repeal prohibition following the repeal of national prohibition in the united states in 1933 some states chose to maintain prohibition within their own borders others chose to permit local option on the controversial issue in the remainder of states there was no prohibition over  lying the patchwork of prohibition many states known as alcoholic bever  age control states decided to establish their own monopolies over the wholes  aling and or re  tailing of alcoholic beverages mont  gom  ery county mary  land for example has used local option to establish its alcohol control monopoly within its borders
in abstract al  ge  bra more specifically ring theory local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple and serve to describe what is called local behaviour in the sense of functions defined on varieties or mani  fol  ds or of al  ge  bra  ic number fields examined at a particular place or prime local al  ge  bra is the branch of comm  ut  ative al  ge  bra that studies local rings and their modules in practice a comm  ut  ative local ring often arises as the result of the loc  alization of a ring at a prime ideal the concept of local rings was introduced by wolfgang k  rul  l in 1938 under the name stell  en  r  inge the english term local ring is due to z  aris  ki
local sleep is a neuro  logical phenomenon where brain activity in an organism that is otherwise awake enters a state which closely resembles that of sleep in an electro  encephal  o  gram these patterns generally resemble n  rem slow wave sleep and osci  ll  ate between on and off periods in the same way that would be expected during an actual sleeping state local sleep can be induced by sustained and intense periods of activation of a particular brain region especially when coupled with sleep deprivation a condition col  lo  qu  ially called sleep drunk although certain cor  tical regions of mice have been demonstrated to enter local sleep for very brief amounts of time without any immediate trigger unlike micro  sleep however these brief periods of local sleep occur while the animal is still entirely conscious and functioning although abilities associated with the specific brain region in local sleep tend to decline substantially for instance local sleep in brain regions associated with movement can lead to lapses in coordination and more generally cognitive functioning seems to be somewhat impaired by local sleep of cor  tical regions with mice undergoing cor  tical sleep exhi  biting far less awareness of their surroundings and having delayed or inappropriate reactions to stimul  i while the function of local sleep is not definitively established in at least one study the process has been shown to improve the performance of a task in mice the mechanism behind this is suspected to be shared with the general mechanism driving learning and memory consolidation during sleep
loc  alized gran  ul  oma annul  are is a skin condition of unknown cause tending to affect children and young to middle aged adults usually appearing on the lateral or dor  sal surfaces of the fingers or hands el  bows dor  sal feet and an  kles
loc  alized heat contact ur  tic  aria is a cu  taneous condition one of the ra  rest forms of ur  tic  aria where within minutes of contact with heat from any source it  ching and whe  aling occur at the precise site of contact lasting up to 1 hour
loc  alized lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus is a group of skin condition caused by fi  bro  bl  asts producing abnormally large amounts of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des a disease for which there is no treatment
loc  alized li  po  dy  stro  phy is a skin condition characterized by the loss sub  cu  taneous fat loc  alized to sites of insulin injection
loc  alized pu  st  ular ps  ori  asis presents as two distinct conditions that must be considered separate from generalized ps  ori  asis and without systemic symptoms these two distinct varieties being pu  st  ul  osis pal  mar  is et plan  tar  is and acro  der  mati  tis continu  a
in mathematics a locally integr  able function sometimes also called locally sum  m  able function is a function which is integr  able so its integral is finite on every compact sub  set of its domain of definition the importance of such functions lies in the fact that their function space is similar to l  p spaces but its members are not required to satisfy any growth restriction on their behavior at infin  ity in other words locally integr  able functions can grow arbitrarily fast at infin  ity but are still manageable in a way similar to ordinary integr  able functions
location estimation in wireless sensor networks is the problem of estimating the location of an object from a set of noisy measurements these measurements are acquired in a distribu  te  d  manner by a set of sensors
the treasure of lo  ch ark  aig sometimes known as the jaco  bite gold was a large amount of speci  e provided by spain to finance the jaco  bite rising in scotland in 17  45 and rum  oured still to be hidden at lo  ch ark  aig in loc  ha  ber
a lock up period also known as a lock in lock out or locked up period is a predetermined amount of time following an initial public offering where large shareholders such as company executives and investors representing considerable ownership are restricted from selling their shares generally a lock up period is a condition of exercising an employee stock option depending on the company the ip  o lock up period typically lasts between 90 – 180 days before these shareholders are allowed the right but not the obligation to exercise the option lock  ups are designed to prevent insiders from liquid  ating assets too quickly after a company goes public when employees and pre ip  o investors initially get their shares or options they sign a contract with the company that typically prohibits trades for the first 90 – 180 days after a future ip  o when the company is ready to go public the under  writing bank then reaffirms the existing agreements in new contracts this helps to ensure the market will not disproportionately increase the supply which drives prices downward while lock  ups used to be simple — usually lasting 180 days for everyone — they ’ ve become increasingly complex usually employees and early investors want shorter lock  ups so they can cash out sooner while the under  writing banks want longer ones to keep insiders from flooding the market and sinking the share price the company is often somewhere in the middle — wanting to keep employees and investors happy but not wanting it to look like insiders don ’ t have faith in it
in computer science a lock con  voy is a performance problem that can occur when using locks for con  currency control in a multi  th  read  ed application a lock con  voy occurs when multiple th  reads of equal priority contend repeatedly for the same lock unlike deadlock and li  vel  ock situations the th  reads in a lock con  voy do progress however each time a thread attempts to acquire the lock and fails it relinqu  ishes the remainder of its scheduling quantum and forces a context switch the overhead of repeated context switches and under  utilization of scheduling quan  ta de  grade overall performance lock convo  ys often occur when con  currency control primi  tives such as critical sections seri  alize access to a commonly used resource such as a memory heap or a thread pool they can sometimes be addressed by using non locking alternatives such as lock free algori  th  ms or by altering the relative priorities of the contending th  reads
lock is a function that locks part of a key  board keys into a distinct mode of operation depending on the lock settings selected
locked in syndrome lis is a condition in which a patient is aware but cannot move or communicate verb  ally due to complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles in the body except for the eyes total locked in syndrome is a version of locked in syndrome where  in the eyes are paralyzed as well fred pl  um and jer  ome pos  ner coined the term for this disorder in 1966 locked in syndrome is also known as cere  bro  med  ul  lo  spinal dis  connection de eff  er  ented state pseu  do  coma and ven  tr  al pon  tine syndrome
locked twins is a rare complic  ation of multiple pregnancy where two fet  uses become inter  locked during presentation before birth it occurs in roughly 1 in 1 000 twin deliveries and 1 in 90 000 deliveries overall most often locked twins are delivered via ca  es  are  an section given that the condition has been diagnosed early enough the fe  tal mortality rate is high for the twin that presents first with over 50 being still  born
loc  us hetero  geneity is a single disorder trait or pattern of traits caused by mutations in genes at different chro  mo  som  al loc  i for example ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa has auto  som  al dominant auto  som  al rec  essive and x linked origins however only one mut  ant loc  us is needed for the phen  o  type to manifest other examples are hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy o  ste  o  genesis im  perfec  ta famili  al hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia
locu  tion from latin locu  tio on  is a speaking lo  qui speak is a par  an  orm  al phenomenon or super  natural revelation where a religious figure statue or icon speaks usually to a saint phenomena of locu  tions are described in the lives of christian s  aints such as saint mary of egypt 5 th century who heard the locu  tion from the icon of virgin mary at the holy se  pul  ch  re or in case of the saint henry of co  quet island d 1  127 who experienced the locu  tion from the figure of christ cruci  fied
in ireland a lo  dg  ement is an amount lodged to a bank account or paid in to a bank account via a lo  dg  ement slip or paying in slip in india a lo  dg  ement is commonly used for proofs of tax deduction a lo  dg  ement vendor is one who will verify proofs rental receipts medical receipts to ensure that they are eligible for deduction as per the rules of income tax in india in australia the electronic placing of personal tax returns with the authorities is described as the electronic lo  dg  ment note alternate spelling of tax returns
lo  e  ys – di  etz syndrome lds is an auto  som  al dominant genetic connec  tive tissue disorder the disorder is marked by an  eur  ys  ms in the a  or  ta often in children the a  or  ta may also undergo sudden dis  section in the weakened layers of the wall of a  or  ta an  eur  ys  ms and dis  sections also can occur in arter  ies other than the a  or  ta because an  eur  ys  ms in children tend to rupture early children are at greater risk for dying if the syndrome is not identified surgery to repair a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms is essential for treatment there are four types of the syndrome labelled types i through iv which are distinguished by their genetic cause type 1 type 2 type 3 and type 4 are caused by mutations in t  gf  br 1 t  gf  br 2 s  mad 3 and t  gf  b 2 respectively these four genes en  coding transforming growth factors play a role in cell sign  aling that promotes growth and development of the body s tissues mutations of these genes cause production of proteins without function although the disorder has an auto  som  al pattern of inheritance this disorder results from a new gene mutation in 75 of cases and occurs in people with no history of the disorder in their family it has features similar to mar  fan syndrome and eh  lers dan  los syndrome it was identified and characterized by pedi  atric gene  tic  ists bart lo  e  ys and harry di  etz at joh  ns hop  kins university in 2005
the lo  ft jazz scene was a cultural phenomenon that occurred in new york city during the mid 1970 s at venues such as envi  ron ali s alley and studio ri  v  be  a all in former industrial lo  ft spaces in ny  c s so  ho district hence lo  ft jazz the scene was documented by peter oc  chi  o  gros  so gary gi  dd  ins the late robert palmer author producer and stanley c  rou  ch many of the musicians featured were from chicago and particularly the association for the advancement of creative musicians a  ac  m and st louis black artists group bag these included no  tables such as the art ens  emb  le of chicago mu  hal richard ab  r  ams anthony bra  x  ton dave holland ras  hi  ed ali charles tyler perry robinson john fischer je  anne lee oliver lake joseph bo  wie kes  ha  van mas  la  k ham  i  ett blu  i  ett chic  o fre  eman olu dar  a george lewis air the revolutionary ens  emb  le and anthony davis others came from southern california such as arthur bl  y  the and david murray and from texas like sam rivers lo  ft jazz was a continuation of the free jazz and av  ant gar  de jazz traditions inaugur  ated by john col  tran  e or  nette col  eman albert ay  ler phar  o  ah sanders and sun ra however it didn t follow any one particular style or idi  om of jazz few lo  ft jazz musicians played continuously at  onal or ar  hy  th  mic music in the style of col  tran  e s legendary albu  ms as  cen  sion and om they often combined conventional mel  od  ic elements with free jazz used instruments less familiar to jazz such as the bass sax  oph  one o  bo  e and cell  o and combined instruments in non  traditional formats like the world sax  oph  one quartet whose changing members used a variety of sax  op  hon  es and flu  tes usually without any rhythm section
a log jam is an accumulation of large wood commonly defined as pieces of wood more than 10 cm in diameter and more than one metre long also commonly called large woody debris that can span an entire stream or river channel historically in north america large log raf  ts were common across the continent prior to european settlement the most famous natural wood raft is the great raft on louisiana s red river which prior to removal in the 18  30 s affected between 390 – 480 km of the main channel it has been suggested that such extensive log raf  ts may have been common in europe in pre history
in mathematics the log  arith  mic integral function or integral log  arith  m li x is a special function it is relevant in problems of physics and has number theore  tic significance occurring in the prime number theore  m as an estimate of the number of prime numbers less than a given value
logic centralization is a design pattern applied within the service orientation design paradigm whose application aims to increase the re  us  ability potential of agno  s  tic logic by ensuring that services do not contain redundant agno  s  tic logic and that any re  usable logic should only be represented by a service that has the most suitable functional context
in psychology log  or  rhe  a or log  or  rho  ea from ancient greek λόγ  ος lo  gos word and ῥ  έ  ω rhe  o to flow is a communication disorder expressed by excessive wor  din  ess with minor or sometimes incoherent tal  k  ativeness log  or  rhe  a is sometimes classified as a mental illness resulting in a variety of psychiatric and neuro  logical disorders including ap  ha  sia loc  alized cor  tical le  sions in the thal  am  us mania or most typically in cat  at  onic schizophrenia examples of log  or  rhe  a might include talking or mum  bling mono  ton  ously either to others or more likely to oneself this may include the repetition of particular words or phrases often in  coherently the causes of log  or  rhe  a remain poorly understood but appear to be loc  alized to frontal lo  be structures known to be associated with language as is the case for example in emotional l  ability in a wide variety of neuro  logical conditions other symptoms take priority in clinical management and research efforts other symptoms include excessive talking words that avoid any logic or reason words that may offend other people and random words which hear  ers may ascri  be unintended meaning to log  or  rhe  a should not be confused with pressure of speech which is characterized by the f  ligh  ty alter  nation from topic to topic by ten  uous links such as rhy  ming or pun  ning log  or  rhe  a is a symptom of an underlying illness and should be treated by a medical professional several possible causes of log  or  rhe  a respond well to medication
lo  in pain hem  atur  ia syndrome or l  ph  s is the combination of deb  il  itating unilateral or bilateral flank pain and micro  scopic or macro  scopic amounts of blood in the urine that is otherwise un  explained lo  in pain hem  atur  ia syndrome l  ph  s is a poorly defined disorder characterized by recurrent or persistent lo  in flank pain and hem  atur  ia that appears to represent glo  mer  ular bleeding most patients present with both manifestations but some present with lo  in pain or hem  atur  ia alone pain episodes are rarely associated with low grade fever and dy  sur  ia but ur  inary tract infection is not present the major causes of flank pain and hem  atur  ia such as ne  ph  ro  li  thi  asis and blood clo  t are typically not present ren  al arter  io  graphy may suggest foc  ally impaired cor  tical per  fusion while ren  al biopsy showed inter  sti  tial fi  bro  sis and arter  ial sclerosis the pain is typically severe and narcotic therapy is often prescribed as a way to manage chronic pain sleep can be difficult because the sup  ine position increases pressure on the flank the onset of pain is often associated with naus  ea and v  om  iting making pain management by oral op  i  ates complicated
the london moment is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby a spinning super  conductor generates a magnetic field whose axis lines up exactly with the spin axis the term may also refer to the magnetic moment of any rotation of any super  conductor caused by the electron  s lagging behind the rotation of the object although the field strength is independent of the charge carrier density in the super  conductor
long chain 3 hydroxy  ac  yl co  enzyme a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency often shortened to l  chad deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive fatty acid oxid  ation disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats into energy this can become life threatening particularly during periods of fast  ing
the long term complications of standing are the conditions that may arise after prolonged time in a standing or u  pri  ght position including standing walking or running many of the complications come from prolonged standing more the 60 of a work day that is repeated several times a week there are many different jobs that require prolonged standing these included retail staff bar  ist  as bar  tenders assembly line workers security staff engineers catering staff library assistants hair sty  lists and laboratory technicians corn  ell university has calculated that standing requires 20 more energy than sitting
the long term effects of alcohol ethanol consumption range from cardi  o  protective health benefits for low to moderate alcohol consumption in industrialized societies with higher rates of cardiovascular disease to severe detrimental effects in cases of chronic alcohol abuse health effects associated with alcohol intake in large amounts include an increased risk of alcoholism malnutrition chronic pan  cre  ati  tis alcoholic liver disease and cancer in addition damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from chronic alcohol abuse the long term use of alcohol is capable of damaging nearly every organ and system in the body the developing adoles  cent brain is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol in addition the developing fe  tal brain is also vulnerable and fe  tal alcohol spectrum disorders fas  ds may result if pregnant mothers consume alcohol the in  verse relation in western cultures between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease has been known for over 100 years many physicians do not promote alcohol consumption however given the many health concerns associated with it some suggest that alcohol should be regarded as a recreational drug and promote exercise and good nutrition to combat cardiovascular disease others have argued that the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption may be out  weighed by other increased risks including those of injuries violence fe  tal damage liver disease and certain forms of cancer withdrawal effects and dependence are also almost identical alcohol at moderate levels has some positive and negative effects on health the negative effects include increased risk of liver diseases or  op  har  yn  ge  al cancer es  op  ha  ge  al cancer and pan  cre  ati  tis conversely moderate intake of alcohol may have some beneficial effects on gast  ri  tis and cho  le  li  thi  asis of the total number of deaths and diseases caused by alcohol most happen to the majority of the population who are moderate drin  kers rather than the heavy drin  ker minority chronic alcohol misuse and abuse has serious effects on physical and mental health chronic excess alcohol intake or alcohol dependence can lead to a wide range of neuro  psychiatric or neuro  logical impairment cardiovascular disease liver disease and m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms the psychiatric disorders which are associated with alcoholism include major depression dys  thy  mia mania hypo  mania panic disorder pho  bias generalized anxiety disorder personality disorders schizophrenia suicide neuro  logic deficits e g impair  ments of working memory emotions executive functions vis  u  o  spatial abilities and ga  it and balance and brain damage alcohol dependence is associated with hyper  tension coron  ary heart disease and is  chem  ic stroke cancer of the respiratory system and also cancers of the dig  estive system liver breast and ov  aries heavy drinking is associated with liver disease such as cir  rho  sis excessive alcohol consumption can have a negative impact on aging recent studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms by which moderate alcohol consumption confers cardiovascular benefit
long q  t syndrome l  q  ts is a rare con  genital and inherited or acquired heart condition in which delayed re  polarization of the heart following a heartbeat increases the risk of episodes of tor  s  ades de point  es t  dp a form of irregular heartbeat that originates from the ven  tric  les these episodes may lead to fain  ting and sudden death due to ven  tric  ular fi  bri  ll  ation episodes may be provoked by various stimul  i depending on the subtype of the condition the condition is named for the appearance of the electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g e  kg on which a prolongation of the q  t interval occurs normally the q  t interval duration is between 350 and 440 mil  lis  econ  ds in some individuals the q  t prolongation occurs after the administration of certain medications which may be dangerous in addition to medications long q  t syndrome can be acquired from malnutrition leading to low blood potassium or low blood magnesium as in an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa
long face syndrome also referred to as sk  el  etal open bite is a condition generally caused by childhood mouth breathing however a decreased air  way size due to e  dem  a an obstruction or genetics are other contributing factors if the cause is mouth breathing it generally occurs when children are unable to breathe through their noses which changes the child s bite while they are still growing the condition s most striking symptom is an excessively long lower face height treatment for the cosmetic effects of long face syndrome after childhood where little potential for growth is possible is surgical the surgery performed is normally a d  ent  o  facial o  ste  o  tomy
long live our noble duke is an alteration traditionally made within the historic county boundaries of lan  cash  ire to the anthem god save the queen the anthem still uses the same ly  rics and instrumental tune but the second line long live our noble queen is changed to long live our noble duke out of respect to the reign  ing mon  arch in their capacity as the duke of lan  cast  er the title is always held by the mon  arch as head of the royal duchy of lan  cast  er historically lan  cast  er being the county town of lan  cash  ire no matter if the sovereign is male or female they always retain the style of duke therefore the variant second line never changes even if god save the queen changes to god save the king and vice versa an unofficial lan  cash  ire anthem it is often used at formal din  ners in the historical county and in lan  cast  rian regim  ents of the armed forces this version of the anthem is used every sunday at the sa  voy cha  pel which is governed by the duchy of lan  cast  er another version recorded to have been used at the sa  voy cha  pel is god save our duke the king long live or noble duke this being in 1951 when king george vi was mon  arch the variant al  ters lines 1 and 2 in the original national ly  rics
the longest common subsequ  ence l  cs problem is the problem of finding the longest subsequ  ence common to all sequences in a set of sequences often just two sequences it differs from problems of finding common sub  strings unlike sub  strings subsequ  ences are not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences the longest common subsequ  ence problem is a classic computer science problem the basis of data comparison programs such as the di  ff utility and has applications in bio  inform  atics it is also widely used by revision control systems such as git for reconciling multiple changes made to a revision controlled collection of files
in computer science the longest pal  in  dro  mic sub  string or longest sym  metric factor problem is the problem of finding a maximum length con  ti  gu  ous sub  string of a given string that is also a pal  in  dro  me for example the longest pal  in  dro  mic sub  string of bananas is an  ana the longest pal  in  dro  mic sub  string is not guaranteed to be unique for example in the string ab  rac  ad  ab  ra there is no pal  in  dro  mic sub  string with length greater than three but there are two pal  in  dro  mic sub  strings with length three namely aca and ada in some applications it may be necessary to return all maxim  al pal  in  dro  mic sub  strings that is all sub  strings that are themselves pal  in  dro  mes and cannot be extended to larger pal  in  dro  mic sub  strings rather than returning only one sub  string or returning the maximum length of a pal  in  dro  mic sub  string found a linear time algori  thm for listing all the pal  in  dro  mes that appear at the start of a given string however as observed e g by the same algori  thm can also be used to find all maxim  al pal  in  dro  mic sub  strings anywhere within the input string again in linear time therefore it provides a linear time solution to the longest pal  in  dro  mic sub  string problem alternative linear time solutions were provided by and by who described a solution based on suff  ix trees efficient parallel algori  th  ms are also known for the problem the longest pal  in  dro  mic sub  string problem should not be confused with the different problem of finding the longest pal  in  dro  mic subsequ  ence
in graph theory and theoretical computer science the longest path problem is the problem of finding a simple path of maximum length in a given graph a path is called simple if it does not have any repeated ver  tices the length of a path may either be measured by its number of edges or in weighted graphs by the sum of the weights of its edges in contrast to the shortest path problem which can be solved in poly  no  mi  al time in graphs without negative weight cycles the longest path problem is n  p hard meaning that it cannot be solved in poly  no  mi  al time for arbitrary graphs unless p n  p stronger hard  ness results are also known showing that it is difficult to approximate however it has a linear time solution for directed ac  ycl  ic graphs which has important applications in finding the critical path in scheduling problems
the longest un  crossed or non  inter  sec  ting knight s path is a mathematical problem involving a knight on the standard 8 × 8 ch  ess  board or more generally on a square n × n board the problem is to find the longest path the knight can take on the given board such that the path does not inter  sect itself a further distinction can be made between a closed path which ends on the same field as where it begins and an open path which ends on a different field from where it begins
a longit  ud  inal mode of a reson  ant cav  ity is a particular standing wave pattern formed by waves confined in the cav  ity the longit  ud  inal modes correspond to the wa  vel  eng  ths of the wave which are reinforced by constructive interference after many reflections from the cav  ity s reflecting surfaces all other wa  vel  eng  ths are suppressed by destructive interference a longit  ud  inal mode pattern has its no  des located ax  ially along the length of the cav  ity trans  verse modes with no  des located per  pend  icular to the axis of the cav  ity may also exist
the look elsewhere effect is a phenomenon in the statistical analysis of scientific experiments particularly in complex particle physics experiments where an apparently statistically significant observation may have actually arisen by chance because of the size of the parameter space to be searched once the possibility of look elsewhere error in an analysis is acknowledged it can be compensated for by careful application of standard mathematical techniques more generally known in statistics as the problem of multiple comparisons the term gained some media attention in 2011 in the context of the search for the hi  ggs bo  son at the large had  ron colli  der
a loop in mathematics in a topo  logical space x is a continuous function f from the unit interval i 0 1 to x such that f 0 f 1 in other words it is a path whose initial point is equal to the terminal point a loop may also be seen as a continuous map f from the pointed unit circle s 1 into x because s 1 may be regarded as a quo  ti  ent of i under the identification of 0 with 1 the set of all lo  ops in x forms a space called the loop space of x
loop marks are a cu  taneous condition and perhaps the single most characteristic finding in child abuse
loop model  ing is a problem in protein structure prediction requiring the prediction of the conform  ations of loop regions in proteins with or without the use of a structural tem  plate computer programs that solve these problems have been used to research a broad range of scientific topics from ad  p to breast cancer because protein function is determined by its shape and the physi  o  chemical properties of its exposed surface it is important to create an accurate model for protein lig  and interaction studies the problem arises often in hom  ology model  ing where the tertiary structure of an amino acid sequence is predicted based on a sequence alignment to a tem  plate or a second sequence whose structure is known because lo  ops have highly variable sequences even within a given structural mo  tif or protein fold they often correspond to un  aligned regions in sequence align  ments they also tend to be located at the solvent exposed surface of glob  ular proteins and thus are more conform  ationally flexible consequently they often cannot be model  ed using standard hom  ology model  ing techniques more constrained versions of loop model  ing are also used in the data fitting stages of solving a protein structure by x ray crystal  lo  graphy because lo  ops can correspond to regions of low electr  on density and are therefore difficult to resolve regions of a structural model that are predicted by non tem  plate based loop model  ing tend to be much less accurate than regions that are predicted using tem  plate based techniques the extent of the in  accuracy increases with the number of amino acids in the loop the loop amino acids side chains di  he  dr  al angles are often approxim  ated from a rot  am  er library but can worsen the in  accuracy of side chain packing in the overall model andre  j sal  i s hom  ology model  ing suite mod  eller includes a facility explicitly designed for loop model  ing by a satisfaction of spatial restraints method all methods require an up  load of the pdb file and some require the specification of the loop location
in parallel computing loop scheduling is the problem of assigning proper iter  ations of par  alle  li  z  able lo  ops among n processors to achieve load balancing and maintain data loc  ality with minimum dispatch overhead typical loop scheduling methods are static even scheduling evenly divide loop iter  ation space into n ch  un  ks and assign each chunk to a processor dynamic scheduling a chunk of loop iter  ation is dispatched at run  time by an idle processor when the chunk size is 1 iter  ation it is also called self scheduling guided scheduling similar to dynamic scheduling but the chunk sizes per dispatch keep shrinking until reaching a pres  et value
in computer science a loop variant is a mathematical function defined on the state space of a computer program whose value is mono  ton  ically decreased with respect to a strict well founded relation by the iter  ation of a while loop under some invari  ant conditions thereby ensuring its termination a loop variant whose range is restricted to the non negative inte  gers is also known as a bound function because in this case it provides a trivial upper bound on the number of iter  ations of a loop before it termin  ates however a loop variant may be trans  finite and thus is not necessarily restricted to inte  ger values a well founded relation is characterized by the existence of a minimal element of every non empty sub  set of its domain the existence of a variant proves the termination of a while loop in a computer program by well founded descent a basic property of a well founded relation is that it has no infinite descending chains therefore a loop possessing a variant will terminate after a finite number of iter  ations as long as its body termin  ates each time a while loop or more generally a computer program that may contain while lo  ops is said to be totally correct if it is partially correct and it termin  ates
the term lor  do  sis refers to the normal inward lor  do  tic cur  v  ature of the lum  bar and cer  vic  al regions of the sp  ine excessive cur  v  ature of the lower back is known as lum  bar hyper  lor  do  sis commonly called hollow back or saddle back after a similar condition that affects some horses a major feature of lum  bar hyper  lor  do  sis is a forward pel  vic tilt resulting in the pel  vis resting on top of the thi  ghs cur  v  ature in the opposite conv  ex direction in the thor  ac  ic and sac  ral regions is termed ky  pho  tic when this cur  v  ature is excessive it is called ky  pho  sis or hyper  ky  pho  sis
in mathematical optimi  zation statistics decision theory and machine learning a loss function or cost function is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intu  i  tively representing some cost associated with the event an optimi  zation problem seeks to minimize a loss function an objective function is either a loss function or its negative sometimes called a reward function a profit function a utility function a fitness function etc in which case it is to be maxim  ized in statistics typically a loss function is used for parameter estimation and the event in question is some function of the difference between estimated and true values for an instance of data the concept as old as lap  l  ace was reintroduced in statistics by abraham wald in the middle of the 20 th century in the context of economics for example this is usually economic cost or regret in classification it is the penalty for an incorrect classification of an example in actuarial science it is used in an insurance context to model benefits paid over premiums particularly since the works of har  ald cram  é  r in the 1920 s in optimal control the loss is the penalty for failing to achieve a desired value in financial risk management the function is precisely mapped to a monetary loss
loss of significance is an undesirable effect in calculations using finite precision arithmetic it occurs when an operation on two numbers increases relative error substantially more than it increases absolute error for example in sub  tracting two nearly equal numbers known as catastrophic cancellation the effect is that the number of significant digits in the result is reduced unacceptably ways to avoid this effect are studied in numerical analysis
lou  d  speaker acoustics is a sub  field of acous  tical engineering concerned with the reproduction of sound and the parameters involved in doing so in actual equipment engineers measure the performance of drivers and complete speaker systems to characterize their behavior often in an an  echo  ic chamber out  doors or using time windo  wed measurement systems all to avoid including room effects e g rever  ber  ation in the measurements designers use models from electrical filter theory to predict the performance of drive units in different en  closures now almost always based on the work of a n thi  ele and richard small important driver characteristics are frequency response off axis response dispersion pattern lob  ing sensitivity db sp  l for 1 wat  t input maximum power handling non linear distortion colour  ation i e more or less delayed resonance it is the performance of a lou  d  speaker listening room combination that really matters as the two interact in multiple ways there are two approaches to high quality reproduction one ensures the listening room be reasonably alive with rever  ber  ant sound at all frequencies in which case the speakers should ideally have equal dispersion at all frequencies in order to equally exc  ite the rever  ber  ant fields created by reflections off room surfaces the other attempts to arrange the listening room to be dead acous  tically leaving indirect sound to the dispersion of the speakers need only be sufficient to cover the listening positions a dead or inert acous  tic may be best especially if properly filled with surround reproduction so that the rever  ber  ant field of the original space is reproduced realistically this is currently quite hard to achieve and so ideal lou  d  speaker systems for stere  o reproduction would have a uniform dispersion at all frequencies listening to sound in an an  echo  ic dead room is quite different from listening in a conventional room and while revealing about lou  d  speaker behaviour it has an unnatural son  ic character that some lis  teners find uncomfortable conventional stere  o reproduction is more natural if the listening environment has some acous  tically refl  ective surfaces it is in large part the direc  tional properties of speaker systems which vary with frequency that make them sound different even when they measure similarly well on axis acous  tical engineering in this instance is concerned with adapting these variations to each other
louis vi  vet also louis vi  vé or vi  ve was one of the first mental health patients to be diagnosed with dissoci  ative identity disorder col  lo  qu  ially known as multiple or split personalities within one year of his diagnosis the term multiple personality appeared in psychological literature in direct reference to vi  vet
lou  ping ill also known as ovine encephal  om  ye  li  tis infectious encephal  om  ye  li  tis of sheep trem  bling ill is an acute viral disease primarily of sheep that is characterized by a bi  ph  as  ic fever depression at  ax  ia muscular in  coordination tre  mors poster  ior paralysis coma and death lou  ping ill is a tick transmitted disease whose occurrence is closely related to the distribution of the primary vector the sheep tick i  x  o  des ric  in  us it also causes disease in red gro  use and can affect humans the name lou  ping ill is derived from an old scottish word describing the effect of the disease in sheep whereby they lou  p or spring into the air
in graph theory the lo  vá  s  z con  jec  ture 1969 is a classical problem on hamil  ton  ian paths in graphs it says every finite connected ver  tex transi  tive graph contains a hamil  ton  ian path originally lo  vá  s  z stated the problem in the opposite way but  this version became standard in 1996 bab  ai published a con  jec  ture sharply contradic  ting this con  jec  ture but both con  jec  tures remain widely open it is not even known if a single counter  example would necessarily lead to a series of counter  examples
in information theory a low density parity check ld  pc code is a linear error correcting code a method of transmitting a message over a noisy transmission channel an ld  pc is constructed using a spar  se bi  partite graph ld  pc codes are capacity approaching codes which means that practical construc  tions exist that allow the noise threshold to be set very close or even arbitrarily close on the b  ec to the theoretical maximum the shannon limit for a sym  metric memor  y  less channel the noise threshold defines an upper bound for the channel noise up to which the probability of lost information can be made as small as desired using iter  ative belief propagation techniques ld  pc codes can be de  coded in time linear to their block length ld  pc codes are finding increasing use in applications requiring reliable and highly efficient information transfer over band  width or return channel constrained links in the presence of corrup  ting noise implementation of ld  pc codes has lagged behind that of other codes notably tur  bo codes the fundamental patent for tur  bo codes expired on august 29 2013 us 54  46  747 ld  pc codes are also known as gall  ager codes in honor of robert g gall  ager who developed the ld  pc concept in his doc  toral dis  ser  tation at the massachusetts institute of technology in 1960
low grade fi  bro  my  x  o  id sar  coma lg  f  ms is a rare type of low grade sar  coma first described by harry evans in 1987 it is characterized by a long and ind  ol  ent clinical course and the possibility of local recurrence or distant me  tast  ases in a sub  set of patients unlike many other types of cancer low grade fi  bro  my  x  o  id sar  coma can me  tast  asi  ze after many years sometimes decades after the initial presentation of the tumor
in mathematics low rank approximation is a minim  ization problem in which the cost function measures the fit between a given matrix the data and an approxim  ating matrix the optimi  zation variable subject to a constraint that the approxim  ating matrix has reduced rank the problem is used for mathematical model  ing and data compression the rank constraint is related to a constraint on the complexity of a model that fits the data in applications often there are other constraints on the approxim  ating matrix apart from the rank constraint e g non neg  ativity and han  kel structure low rank approximation is closely related to principal component analysis factor analysis total least squares latent sem  an  tic analysis and orth  og  onal regression
low set ears are ears with depressed positioning of the pin  na two or more standard deviations below the population average it can be associated with conditions such as down s syndrome turner syndrome no  on  an syndrome pat  au syndrome di  george syndrome cr  i du chat syndrome ed  wards syndrome it is usually bilateral but can be unilateral in gol  den  har syndrome
low back pain l  bp is a common disorder involving the muscles nerves and bones of the back pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling low back pain may be classified by duration as acute pain lasting less than 6 weeks sub chronic 6 to 12 weeks or chronic more than 12 weeks the condition may be further classified by the underlying cause as either mechanical non mechanical or referred pain the symptoms of low back pain usually improve within a few weeks from the time they start with 40 90 of people completely better by six weeks in most episodes of low back pain a specific underlying cause is not identified or even looked for with the pain believed to be due to mechanical problems such as muscle or joint strain if the pain does not go away with conservative treatment or if it is accompanied by red flags such as un  explained weight loss fever or significant problems with feeling or movement further testing may be needed to look for a serious underlying problem in most cases imaging tools such as x ray compu  ted tom  o  graphy are not useful and carry their own risks despite this the use of imaging in low back pain has increased some low back pain is caused by damaged inter  vertebr  al dis  cs and the straight leg raise test is useful to identify this cause in those with chronic pain the pain processing system may mal  function causing large amounts of pain in response to non serious events the treatment of acute non  specific low back pain of rapid onset is typically with simple pain medications and the continuation of as much normal activity as the pain allows medications are recommended for the duration that they are helpful with par  acet  am  ol also known as acet  amin  oph  en as the preferred first medication a number of other options are available for those who do not improve with usual treatment op  io  ids may be useful if simple pain medications are not enough but they are not generally recommended due to side effects surgery may be beneficial for those with dis  c related chronic pain and disability or spinal sten  osis no clear benefit has been found for other cases of non specific low back pain low back pain often affects mood which may be improved by counsel  ing or anti  depres  s  ants additionally there are many alternative medicine therapies including the alexander technique and herbal remedies but there is not enough evidence to recommend them confidently the evidence for chi  ro  prac  tic care and spinal manipulation is mixed approximately 9 to 12 of people 6  32 million have l  bp at any given point in time and nearly 25 report having it at some point over any one month period about 40 of people have l  bp at some point in their lives with estimates as high as 80 among people in the developed world difficulty most often begins between 20 and 40 years of age men and women are equally affected low back pain is more common among people aged 40 – 80 years with the overall number of individuals affected expected to increase as the population ages
low pressure hydro  cephal  us l  ph is a condition whereby ven  tric  les are enlarged and the individual experiences severe dementia inability to walk and in  contin  ence despite very low in  trac  ran  ial pressure ic  p low pressure hydro  cephal  us appears to be a more acute form of normal pressure hydro  cephal  us if not diagnosed in a timely fashion the individual runs the risk of remaining in the low pressure hydro  cephal  ic state or l  ph  s sh  unt revisions even when they are set to drain at a low ic  p are not always effective the pressure in the brain does not get high enough to allow the cere  bro  spinal fluid to drain in a sh  unt system therefore the sh  unt is open but malfunctioning in l  ph in cases of l  ph chronic inf  arc  ts can also develop along the cor  ona radi  ata in response to the tension in the brain as the ven  tric  les increase in size certain causes of l  ph include trauma tumor bleeding infl  amm  ation of the lining of the brain whole brain radiation as well as other brain path  ology that affects the compliance of the brain paren  ch  y  ma one treatment for the l  ph  s is an external ven  tric  ular drain ev  d set at negative pressures according to pan  g alt  schul  er et al a controlled steady negative pressure si  ph  oning with ev  d carefully monitored with partial computer tom  o  graphy sc  ans is a safe and effective way of treating l  ph in their experience this approach helps restore the brain man  tle they caution against dropping or raising the pressure of the ev  d too quickly as it increases risk and also destabili  zes the ven  tric  les getting the ven  tric  les smaller is the initial step stabilising them is the second step before placing a sh  unt – which is the final step in therapy any variation from this formula can lead to an ineffective yet patent sh  unt system despite a low pressure setting care should be taken with ev  d therapy as mismanagement of the ev  d can lead to long term permanent complications and brain injury
lower gastro  intest  inal bleeding commonly abbreviated l  gi  b is any form of gastro  intest  inal bleeding in the lower gastro  intest  inal tract l  gi  b is a common ail  ment seen at emergency departments it presents less commonly than upper gastro  intest  inal bleeding u  gi  b it is estimated that u  gi  b accounts for 100 – 200 per 100 000 cases versus 20 – 27 per 100 000 cases for l  gi  b approximately 85 of lower gastro  intest  inal bleeding involves the col  on 10 are from ble  eds that are actually upper gastro  intest  inal ble  eds and 3 – 5 involve the small intest  ines
a lower motor ne  uron le  sion is a le  sion which affects nerve fi  bers traveling from the ven  tr  al horn or an  terior grey column of the spinal cord to the relevant muscle s – the lower motor ne  uron one major characteristic used to identify a lower motor ne  uron le  sion is fl  acci  d paralysis – paralysis accompanied by loss of muscle tone this is in contrast to an upper motor ne  uron le  sion which often presents with sp  astic paralysis – paralysis accompanied by severe hyper  ton  ia
lower respiratory tract infection l  r  ti while often used as a synon  ym for pneumonia can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abs  c  ess and acute bron  chi  tis symptoms include short  ness of breath weakness fever cou  gh  ing and fatigue there are a number of symptoms that are characteristic of lower respiratory tract infections the two most common are bron  chi  tis and pneumonia influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts antibiotics are the first line treatment for pneumonia however they are not effective or indicated for par  asi  tic or viral infections acute bron  chi  tis typically resol  ves on its own with time in 2013 there were about 150 million l  r  tis these resulted in 2 7 million deaths down from 3 4 million deaths in 1990 this was 4 8 of all deaths in 2013
in mathematics the lowest common denominator or least common denominator abbreviated l  cd is the least common multiple of the denomin  ators of a set of fractions it simplifies adding sub  tracting and comparing fractions
a low  itz arc is an optical phenomenon that occurs in the atmosphere specifically it is a rare type of ice crystal hal  o that forms a lumin  ous arc which extends in  wards from a sun dog par  he  lion and may continue above or below the sun
lo  wn – gan  ong – le  vine syndrome lg  l is a pre exc  itation syndrome of the heart due to abnormal electrical communication between the atri  a and the ven  tric  les once thought to involve an accessory conduc  tion path  way it is grouped with wol  ff – par  kinson – white syndrome as an atri  o  ven  tric  ular re entr  ant t  ach  y  car  dia av  rt individuals with lg  l syndrome have a short pr interval with normal q  rs complex  es and par  ox  ys  ms of clin  ically significant t  ach  y  car  dia the syndrome is named after bernard lo  wn william francis gan  ong jr and samuel a le  vine individuals with a short pr interval found incidentally on e  kg were once thought to have lg  l syndrome however subsequent studies have shown that a short pr interval in the absence of symptomatic t  ach  y  car  dia is simply a benign e  kg variant
low  ry – mac  lean syndrome is a con  genital condition that may be characterized by an ear pit
lo  x  os  cel  ism is a condition occasionally produced by the bite of the recl  use sp  id  ers genus lo  x  os  cel  es the area becomes dus  ky and becomes a deep open sore as the skin around the bite dies necro  sis it is the only proven type of necro  tic ar  ach  ni  dis  m in humans while there is no known therapy effective for lo  x  os  cel  ism there has been research on antibiotics surgical timing hyper  bar  ic oxygen potential anti  ven  oms and vaccines because of the number of diseases that may mim  ic lo  x  os  cel  ism it is frequently mis  diagnosed by physicians lo  x  os  cel  ism was first described in the united states in 18  79 in ten  nes  see although there are up to 13 different lo  x  os  cel  es species in north america 11 native and two non  native lo  x  os  cel  es recl  usa is the species most often involved in serious en  ven  om  ation lo  x  os  cel  es recl  usa has a limited habitat that includes the southeast united states in south america l la  eta l inter  media found in brazil and argentina and l gau  cho brazil are the three species most often reported to cause necro  tic bites
lu  ce  y – d  ris  coll syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder affecting enzymes involved in bi  li  rubin metabol  ism it is one of several disorders classified as a transi  ent famili  al ne  on  atal un  con  ju  gated hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia
luci  o s phenomenon is an unusual reaction seen almost exclusively in patients from the caribbean and mexico with diffuse lepro  mat  ous leprosy especially in untreated cases it is characterised by recurrent crops of large sharply demarc  ated ul  cer  ative le  sions affecting mainly the lower extre  mi  ties but may gener  alise and become fatal as a result of secondary bacterial infection and sep  sis luci  o s phenomenon was first described by raf  a  el luci  o ná  j  era and al  var  ado as a necro  tizing skin reaction associated with non no  d  ular diffuse leprosy in 18  52 this reaction was later named by lat  api and zam  ora in 1948 as luci  o s phenomenon after identification of hist  opath  ological changes involving multiple acute and necro  tizing cu  taneous vas  cu  li  tis peculiar to pure and primitive diffuse leprosy pp  dl
the lucky jack mine formerly known as the mount em  mons mol  y  b  den  um property is one of the largest mol  y  b  den  um deposits in the united states the mine is located west of cre  sted but  te colorado in gun  n  ison county colorado the mol  y  brook mine has reserves amounting to 220 million tonnes of mol  y  b  den  um ore grading 0 37 mol  y  b  den  um thus resulting 814 000 tonnes of mol  y  b  den  um
lud  wig s ang  ina otherwise known as ang  ina lu  do  vici is a serious potentially life threatening cell  u  li  tis or connec  tive tissue infection of the floor of the mouth usually occurring in adults with concomitant dental infections and if left untreated may obstruct the airways necess  itating trac  he  o  stom  y it is named after the german physician wil  helm friedrich von lud  wig who first described this condition in 18  36 other names include ang  ina m  align  a and mor  bus strang  ul  aris lud  wig s ang  ina should not be confused with ang  ina pec  tor  is which is also otherwise commonly known as ang  ina the word ang  ina comes from the greek word an  kh  on meaning strang  ling so in this case lud  wig s ang  ina refers to the feeling of strang  ling not the feeling of chest pain though there may be chest pain in lud  wig s ang  ina if the infection spreads into the retro  ster  nal space the life threatening nature of this condition generally necessitates surgical management with involvement of critical care physicians such as those found in an intensive care unit
lu  jan – fr  y  ns syndrome l  fs also referred to as x linked mental retar  dation with mar  fan  o  id habit  us and lu  jan syndrome is an x linked genetic disorder that causes mild to moderate intellectual disability and features described as mar  fan  o  id habit  us referring to a group of physical characteristics similar to those found in mar  fan syndrome these features include a tall thin stature and long sl  ender limbs l  fs is also associated with psychop  ath  ology and behavioral ab  norm  alities and it exhi  bits a number of mal  formations affecting the brain and heart the disorder is inherited in an x linked dominant manner and is attributed to a mis  sense mutation in the med 12 gene there is currently no treatment or therapy for the underlying med 12 mal  function and the exact eti  ology of the disorder remains unclear
lum  bar spinal sten  osis l  ss is a medical condition in which the spinal canal narro  ws and com  presses the spinal cord and nerves at the level of the lum  bar verte  bra this is usually due to the common occurrence of spinal de  generation that occurs with aging it can also sometimes be caused by spinal dis  c her  ni  ation o  ste  op  or  osis or a tumor in the cer  vic  al neck and lum  bar low back region it can be a con  genital condition to varying degrees it is also a common symptom for those who suffer from various sk  el  etal dys  pl  asi  as such as with pseu  do  ach  on  dro  pl  asia and ach  on  dro  pl  asia at an early age spinal sten  osis may affect the cer  vic  al or thor  ac  ic region in which case it is known as cer  vic  al spinal sten  osis or thor  ac  ic spinal sten  osis in some cases it may be present in all three places in the same patient lum  bar spinal sten  osis results in low back pain as well as pain or abnormal sens  ations in the legs thi  ghs feet or but  toc  ks or loss of blad  der and bo  wel control
the lum  bo  cost  al triangle or bo  ch  dal  ek s for  amen is a defect in the di  aphr  ag  m normally poster  ior lateral it is formed by the incomplete closure of the peric  ardi  oper  it  one  al can  als by the ple  u  ro  per  it  one  al memb  rane
in astro  no  my lumin  osity is the total amount of energy emitted by a star galaxy or other astro  nom  ical object per unit time it is related to the bri  ght  ness which is the lumin  osity of an object in a given spectr  al region in si units lumin  osity is measured in jou  les per second or watts values for lumin  osity are often given in the terms of the lumin  osity of the sun which has a total power output of 3 8  46 × 10  26 w the symbol for solar lumin  osity is l ⊙ lumin  osity can also be given in terms of magnitude the absolute bo  lo  metric magnitude m  bo  l of an object is a log  arith  mic measure of its total energy emission
lum  py skin disease is a disease caused by a virus of the family po  x  vi  ri  da  e also known as nee  th  ling virus it mainly affects cattle and ze  bus but has also been seen in gir  aff  es african buffalo and imp  alas lum  py skin disease was first seen as an epidemic in zambia in 1929 and since then has affected cattle throughout africa including the countries south africa egypt and sudan and in 1989 an outbreak was confirmed in israel in april 2016 bulgaria contacted the world food organisation for assistance in dealing with an epidemic it is spread by biting insects lum  py skin disease has an incub  ation period of two to four weeks symptoms include fever discharge from the eyes and nose no  d  ular necro  tic skin le  sions e  dem  a of the limbs and sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des morbi  dity can be very high but mortality is low the disease can be easily confused in its early stages with pseudo lum  py skin disease two vaccines are available one a live attenu  ated version of the nee  th  ling virus the other a live attenu  ated version of the sheep  pox virus
the lun  ar x also known as the wer  ner x is a clair obscur effect in which light and shadow creates the appearance of a letter x on the rim of the blan  chin  us la c  ail  le and pur  bach cr  at  ers the x is visible only for a few hours before the first quarter slightly below the lun  ar termin  ator near to the x the lun  ar v is also visible formed by uk  ert cr  ater and several other small cr  at  ers
lung abs  c  ess is a type of lique  fac  tive necro  sis of the lung tissue and formation of ca  vities more than 2 cm containing necro  tic debris or fluid caused by micro  bial infection this p  us filled cav  ity is often caused by aspiration which may occur during an  esthesia se  dation or un  consciousness from injury alcoholism is the most common condition pre  disposing to lung abs  c  esses lung abs  c  ess is considered primary 60 when it results from existing lung paren  ch  ym  al process and is termed secondary when it complicates another process e g vascular emb  oli or follows rupture of extr  ap  ul  mon  ary abs  c  ess into lung
lung cancer also known as lung carcin  oma is a m  align  ant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung if left untreated this growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of me  tast  asis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body most cancers that start in the lung known as primary lung cancers are carcin  om  as the two main types are small cell lung carcin  oma s  cl  c and non small cell lung carcin  oma n  s  cl  c the most common symptoms are cou  gh  ing including cou  gh  ing up blood weight loss short  ness of breath and chest pains the vast majority 85 of cases of lung cancer are due to long term tobacco smoking about 10 – 15 of cases occur in people who have never smoked these cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to rad  on gas asbestos second hand smoke or other forms of air pollution lung cancer may be seen on chest radio  graphs and compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct sc  ans the diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy which is usually performed by bron  cho  sco  py or ct guidance prevention is by avoiding risk factors including smoking and air pollution treatment and long term outcomes depend on the type of cancer the stage degree of spread and the person s overall health most cases are not cur  able common treatments include surgery chem  otherapy and radi  otherapy n  s  cl  c is sometimes treated with surgery whereas s  cl  c usually responds better to chem  otherapy and radi  otherapy worldwide in 2012 lung cancer occurred in 1 8 million people and resulted in 1 6 million deaths this makes it the most common cause of cancer related death in men and second most common in women after breast cancer the most common age at diagnosis is 70 years overall 17 4 of people in the united states diagnosed with lung cancer survive five years after the diagnosis while outcomes on average are worse in the developing world
lung inf  arc  tion also known as pul  mon  ary inf  arc  tion occurs when an artery to the lung becomes blocked and part of the lung dies it is most often caused by pul  mon  ary embol  ism
lung tumors are ne  op  l  astic tumors of the lung these include this list is incomplete you can help by expanding it primary tumors of the lung pul  mon  ary system lung cancer the term commonly used to refer to carcin  oma of the lung pul  mon  ary carcin  o  id tumor ple  u  ro  pul  mon  ary bl  ast  oma neuro  endocrine tumors of the lung lymp  hom  as of the lung sar  com  as of the lung some rare vascular tumors of the lung non lung tumors which may grow into the lungs medi  ast  inal tumors ple  ural tumors me  tast  asis or secondary tumors ne  op  las  ms with other origin me  tast  asis to the lung
lu  po  id sy  co  sis is a cu  taneous condition that is characterized by a scar  ring form of deep fol  lic  u  li  tis typically affecting the beard area
lup  us anti  co  ag  ul  ant also known as lup  us anti  body la l  ac or lup  us inhi  bit  ors is an immun  o  glob  ulin that binds to phosp  holi  pi  ds and proteins associated with the cell memb  rane lup  us anti  co  ag  ul  ant is a mis  no  mer as it is actually a pro  thro  m  bo  tic agent lup  us anti  co  ag  ul  ant antibodies in living systems cause an increase in inappropriate blood clo  tting the name derives from their properties in vitro since in laboratory tests these antibodies increase ap  tt investigators speculate that the antibodies interfere with phosp  holi  pi  ds used to induce in vitro co  ag  ulation in vi  vo the antibodies are thought to interact with plat  elet memb  rane phosp  holi  pi  ds increasing adhe  sion and aggregation of plat  el  ets which accounts for the in vi  vo pro  thro  m  bo  tic characteristics the condition was first described by hem  ato  logist c lock  ard con  ley
lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus is a name given to a collection of auto  immune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyper  active and attacks healthy tissues symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems including joints skin kidneys blood cells heart and lungs the most common and severe form is systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus
lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus pann  ic  u  li  tis also known as lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus pro  fun  dus lup  us pann  ic  u  li  tis lup  us pro  fun  dus and sub  cu  taneous lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus presents with sub  cu  taneous no  d  ules that are commonly firm sharply defined and non  tender
lup  us mili  aris dissem  in  atus fac  ie  i is a disease with a similar appearance to ac  ne vul  gar  is
lup  us ne  ph  ri  tis also known as s  le ne  ph  ri  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the kidneys caused by systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le an auto  immune disease it is a type of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis in which the glo  mer  uli become infl  amed as the result of s  le the cause of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is said to be secondary and has a different pattern and outcome from conditions with a primary cause originating in the kidney
lup  us per  nio is a chronic raised ind  ur  ated hardened le  sion of the skin often pur  pl  ish in color it is seen on the nose ears cheeks lips and fore  head it is path  og  no  mon  ic of sar  co  ido  sis the name lup  us per  nio is a mis  no  mer as micro  sco  p  ically this disease shows gran  ul  om  at  ous infiltr  ation and does not have features of either lup  us or per  nio lup  us per  nio is associated with poor outcomes and lower rate of resolution
lup  us vas  cu  li  tis is a complic  ation of systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus in which the auto  immune response causes the de  position of immune complex  es such as r  heu  mato  id factor within the blood vessels it may manifest in as high as 56 of lup  us patients throughout their life in contrast to anti  phosp  holi  pid syndrome which has a prevalence of 15 vas  cu  li  tis more often affects younger men
lup  us vul  gar  is also known as tuberculosis lu  pos  a are painful cu  taneous tuberculosis skin le  sions with no  d  ular appearance most often on the face around the nose eye  li  ds lips cheeks ears and neck it is the most common m tuberculosis skin infection the le  sions may ultimately develop into dis  figuring skin ul  cers if left untreated
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the lur  ker is an aberr  ation it is similar to the dark  man  tle and the pier  cer but attacks with suffoc  ation instead of imp  aling the lur  ker resembles a flat grey stin  gray with two small eyes at the front they are capable of both creeping along a ceiling and slowly gli  ding through the air the dark  man  tle is said to be the result of cross  breeding a lur  ker with a pier  cer lur  kers live underground
in the mathematical field of real analysis lus  in s theore  m or lu  zin s theore  m named for nikol  ai lu  zin states that every measurable function is a continuous function on nearly all its domain in the informal formulation of j e lit  t  le  wood every measurable function is nearly continuous
lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome is a form of con  genital heart disease lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome was first described by a french cardi  o  logist by the name of rene lu  t  emb  acher 18  84 – 1968 of paris france in 19  16 lu  t  emb  acher syndrome is a rare disease that affects one of the chambers of the heart as well as a valve of the heart lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome is known to affect females more often than males lu  t  emb  acher is an extremely rare disease lu  t  emb  acher s can affect children or adults the person can either be born with the disorder or develop it later in life lu  t  emb  acher affects more specifically the atri  a of the heart and the mit  ral or bic  us  pid valve the disorder itself is known more specifically as both con  genital atri  al sep  tal defect as  d and acquired mit  ral sten  osis ms con  genital at birth atri  al sep  tal defect refers to a hole being in the sep  tum or wall that separates the two atri  a this condition is usually seen in fet  uses and infants mit  ral sten  osis refers to mit  ral valve leaf  lets or valve fl  aps sticking to each other making the opening for blood to pass from the atri  um to the ven  tric  les very small with the valve being so small blood has difficulty passing through the left atri  um into the left ven  tric  le there are several types of sep  tal defects that may occur with lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome as  d osti  um sec  un  dum or as  d pri  mium osti  um sec  un  dum is the most prevalent lu  t  emb  acher is caused indirectly as the result of heart damage or disorders and not something that is necessarily infectious lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome is caused by either birth defects where the heart fails to close all holes in the walls between the atri  a or from an episode of r  heu  matic fever where damage is done to the heart valves such as the mit  ral valve and resultant in an opening of heart wall between atri  a with lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome a fe  tus or infant is usually seen to have a hole in their heart wall inter  atri  al separating their right and left atri  a normally during fe  tal development blood by  passes the lungs and is oxy  genated from the plac  enta blood passes from the um  bil  ical cord and flows into the left atri  um through an opening called the for  amen o  val  e the forma  en o  val  e is a hole between the two atri  a once a baby is born and the lungs begin to fill with air and the blood flow of the heart changes a tissue fl  ap somewhat like a trap door called the sep  tum pri  mium closes the for  amen o  val  e or hole between the two atri  a and becomes part of the atri  al wall the failure of the hole between the two atri  a to close after birth leads to a disorder called as  d pri  mium the most common problems with an opening found in the heart with lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome is osti  um sec  un  dum osti  um sec  un  dum is a hole that is found within the fl  ap of tissue sep  tum pri  mium that will eventually close the hole between the two atri  a after birth with either type of as  d as  d will usually cause the blood flow from the right atri  um to skip going to the right ven  tric  le and instead flow to the left atri  um if mit  ral sten  osis the hard  ening of fl  ap of tissue known as a valve which opens and closes between the left atri  um and ven  tric  le to control blood flow is also present blood will flow into the right atri  um through the hole between the atri  a wall instead of flowing into the left ven  tric  le and systemic circulation eventually this leads to other problems such as the right ven  tric  le failing and a reduced blood flow to the left ven  tric  le in addition to the as  d acquired ms can be present either from an episode of r  heu  matic fever the mother has or had r  heu  matic fever during the pregnancy or the child being born with the disorder con  genital ms with the combination of both as  d and ms the heart can be under severe strain as it tries to move blood throughout the heart and lungs to correct lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome surgery is often done there are several types of sur  ger  ies depending on the cause of lu  t  emb  acher s syndrome as  d pri  mium or as  d osti  um sec  un  dum with mit  ral sten  osis 1 su  turing sti  t  ching or placing a patch of tissue similar to skin graf  ting over the hole to completely close the opening 2 re  constructing of the mit  ral and tric  us  pid valve while pat  ching any holes in the heart 3 device closure of as  d e g am  plat  zer umbrella or cardi  o  seal to seal the hole 4 per  cu  taneous trans  cathe  ter therapy 5 trans  cathe  ter therapy of balloon val  vul  op  la  sty to correct ms
a lu  te  oma is a tumor that occurs in the ov  aries during pregnancy it is associated with an increases of sex hormones primarily prog  est  er  one and te  sto  ster  one the size of the tumor can range from 1 to 25 cm in diameter but is usually 6 to 10 cm in diameter and can grow throughout the duration of the pregnancy however lu  te  om  as are benign and resolve themselves after delivery this type of tumor is rare with only about 200 documented cases many of these cases were detected accidentally so the actual rate of occurrence may be higher the most obvious symptom of a lu  te  oma is mascul  ini  zation of the mother and the possible mascul  ini  zation of the fe  tus this occurs because of the release of te  sto  ster  one by the lu  te  oma te  sto  ster  one is a sex hormone most abundant in men although small amounts are naturally present in women te  sto  ster  one is responsible for the male characteristics such as deepening of the voice growth of dark hair and ac  ne while not life threatening the development of male characteristics associated with lu  te  om  as can cause visible changes in the mother and can have drastic effects on the formation of the fe  tus lu  te  om  as can cause the fe  tus to be born with an ambiguous sex necess  itating a sex to be chosen for the fe  tus depending on how the parents want to raise the infant lu  te  om  as can be associated with female pseu  do  her  m  aph  ro  di  tism
lux  ating pat  ella or trick knee su  blu  x  ation of pat  ella floating pat  ella or floating kne  ec  ap is a condition in which the pat  ella or kne  ec  ap dis  loc  ates or moves out of its normal location pat  ell  ar lux  ation is a common condition in dogs particularly small and miniature breeds the condition usually becomes evident between the ages of 4 to 6 months it can occur in cats as well especially the domestic shor  th  air it also occurs in humans where it can be associated with damage to the an  terior cruci  ate lig  ament
in radi  oph  ys  ics the luxemburg – gor  ky effect is a phenomenon of cross modulation between two radio waves one of which is strong passing through the same part of a medium especially a conduc  tive region of atmosphere or a plasma
the ly  coming io 720 engine is a large displacement horizon  tally opposed eight cylinder aircraft engine featuring four cylin  ders per side manufactured by ly  coming engines there is no car  bu  ret  ted version of the engine which would have been designated o 720 and therefore the base model is the io 720 the io 720 and the jab  ir  u 5  100 are the only flat eight configuration aircraft engines currently in production
ly  copen  emia is a harmless skin condition caused by excessive ing  estion of red foods such as tomatoes be  ets chili beans and various fruits and berries which leads to a red  dish dis  color  ation of the skin
ly  co  per  don  osis is a respiratory disease caused by the inhal  ation of large amounts of spo  res from mature pu  ff  balls it is classified as a hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis also called extr  ins  ic allergic al  ve  oli  tis — an infl  amm  ation of the al  ve  oli within the lung caused by hy  pers  ensi  tivity to inhal  ed natural du  sts it is one of several types of hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis caused by different agents that have similar clinical features typical progression of the disease includes symptoms of a cold hours after spor  e inhal  ation followed by naus  ea rapid pulse cre  pit  ant r  ales a sound like that made by rub  bing ha  irs between the fingers heard at the end of inhal  ation and dy  sp  ne  a chest radio  graphs reveal the presence of no  d  ules in the lungs the early symptoms presented in combination with pul  mon  ary ab  norm  alities apparent on chest radio  graphs may lead to mis  diagnosis of the disease as tuberculosis his  ti  oc  y  to  sis or pneumonia caused by pneu  mo  cy  stis car  ini  i ly  co  per  don  osis is generally treated with cor  ti  co  ster  oids which decrease the infl  am  matory response these are sometimes given in conjunction with antimicro  bi  als the disease was first described in the medical literature in 1967 by r d strand and colleagues in the new england journal of medicine in 1976 a 4 year old was reported developing the disease in norway after pur  po  sely inhal  ing a large quantity of ly  co  per  don spo  res to stop a no  se  bleed ly  co  per  don species are sometimes used in folk medicine in the belief that their spo  res have ha  emo  static properties a 1997 case report discussed several instances of teenagers inhal  ing the spo  res in one severe case the individual inhal  ed enough spo  res so as to be able to blow them out of his mouth he underwent bron  cho  sco  py and then had to be on life support before recovering in about four weeks in another instance a teen  ager spent 18 days in a coma had portions of his lung removed and suffered severe liver damage in wis  cons  in eight teenagers who inhal  ed spo  res at a party presented clinical symptoms such as cough fever short  ness of breath my  al  gia and fatigue within a week five of the eight required hosp  itali  zation of these two required intu  b  ation to assist in breathing the disease is rare possibly because of the large quantity of spo  res that need to be inhal  ed for clinical effects to occur ly  co  per  don  osis also occurs in dogs in the few reported cases the animals had been playing or digging in areas known to contain pu  ff  balls known species of pu  ff  balls implicated in the eti  ology of the published cases include the widespread ly  co  per  don per  lat  um the devil s snu  ff box l gem  mat  um and cal  vati  a gigan  tea both of the ly  co  per  d  ace  ae family
the modern ly  dian musical scale is a rising pattern of pit  ches comprising three whole tones a sem  it  one two more whole tones and a final sem  it  one this sequence of pit  ches roughly describes the fifth of the eight greg  orian church modes known as mode v or the authentic mode on f theoretically using b ♮ but in practice more commonly featuring b ♭ because of the importance of the major scale in modern music the ly  dian mode is often described or learned as the scale that begins on the fourth scale degree of the major scale or alternatively as the major scale with the fourth scale degree raised half a step
lying in re  pose or public viewing ae is the condition of a deceased person often of high social stature whose body is available for public viewing lying in re  pose differs from the more formal honor of lying in state which is generally held at the principal government building of the deceased person s country and often accompanied by an honor guard or guard of honour
ly  man  tri  a dispar mul  tic  ap  sid nuclear poly  he  dro  sis virus or ld  m  n  p  v is a well known and spectacular viral infection of gypsy mo  ths ly  man  tri  a dispar which causes infected lar  v  ae to die and dis  integrate infected lar  v  ae climb to the top of the tree during the day and die the lar  v  ae then melt or dis  integrate falling on the foli  age below where they infect more lar  v  ae while it possesses many common and technical names it is often referred to as gyp  ch  ek gyp  ch  ek is an insectic  ide which uses the virus to control the gypsy mo  th population because the virus only inf  ects ly  man  tri  a dispar it has proven safe for use with other insects including ants bees and non target le  pid  op  ter  an species studies into its safety have found no toxicity or mortality concerns except for some irritation resulting from oc  ular doses administered to rabbits the gene responsible for the behavior of infected lar  v  ae has been found to be eg  t codes ec  dy  ster  o  id u  dp glu  co  syl  transfer  ase with protein ty  ros  ine phosp  hat  ase pt  p playing a role in the infection of brain tissue due to the virus s effect on the infected lar  v  ae various reports of zom  bie cat  er  pillars popul  arized the virus at the time of the discovery of the eg  t gene
ly  me disease also known as ly  me bor  reli  osis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the bor  reli  a type the most common sign of infection is an expanding area of red  ness known as er  y  them  a migr  ans that begins at the site of a tick bite about a week after it has occurred the rash is typically neither it  chy nor painful approximately 25 – 50 of infected people do not develop a rash other early symptoms may include fever headache and feeling tired if untreated symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face joint pains severe headaches with neck sti  ff  ness or heart pal  p  itations among others months to years later repeated episodes of joint pain and sw  elling may occur occasionally people develop shooting pains or ting  ling in their arms and legs despite appropriate treatment about 10 to 20 of people develop joint pains memory problems and feel tired for at least six months ly  me disease is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected tic  ks of the i  x  o  des genus usually the tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours before the bacteria can spread in north america bor  reli  a burg  dor  fer  i sen  su stric  to and bor  reli  a may  on  ii are the cause in europe and asia the bacteria bor  reli  a af  z  eli  i and bor  reli  a gar  ini  i are also causes of the disease the disease does not appear to be transmissible between people by other animals or through food diagnosis is based upon a combination of symptoms history of tick exposure and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood blood tests are often negative in the early stages of the disease testing of individual tic  ks is not typically useful prevention includes efforts to prevent tick bites such as by wearing long pants and using de  et using pesticides to reduce tick numbers may also be effective tic  ks can be removed using t  wee  zers if the removed tick was full of blood a single dose of do  xy  cycl  ine may be used to prevent development of infection but is not generally recommended since development of infection is rare if an infection develops a number of antibiotics are effective including do  xy  cycl  ine am  ox  ic  ill  in and ce  fu  ro  xim  e treatment is usually for two or three weeks some people develop a fever and muscle and joint pains from treatment which may last for one or two days in those who develop persistent symptoms long term antibiotic therapy has not been found to be useful ly  me disease is the most common disease spread by tic  ks in the northern hemisphere it is estimated to affect 300 000 people a year in the united states and 65 000 people a year in europe infections are most common in the spring and early summer ly  me disease was diagnosed as a separate condition for the first time in 1975 in old ly  me connec  tic  ut it was originally mistaken for juvenile r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis the bacter  ium involved was first described in 1981 by willy burg  dor  fer chronic symptoms are well described and are known as post treatment ly  me disease syndrome although it is often called chronic ly  me disease some healthcare providers claim that it is due to ongoing infection however this is not believed to be true a previous vaccine is no longer available research is ongoing to develop new vaccines
chronic ly  me disease is a controversial diagnosis that encompasses a broad array of illnesses or symptom complex  es for which there is no re  produ  ci  ble or convincing scientific evidence of any relationship to b burg  dor  fer  i infection there is no clinical evidence that chronic ly  me disease is caused by a persistent infection most medical authorities advise against long term antibiotic treatment for ly  me disease though they agree that some patients do experience lingering symptoms
lymp  han  gi  ec  ta  sia is a patho  logic dil  ation of lymp  h vessels when it occurs in the intest  ines of dogs and more rarely humans it causes a disease known as intest  inal lymp  han  gi  ec  ta  sia this disease is characterized by lymp  h  atic vessel dil  ation chronic diarr  hea and loss of proteins such as serum albumin and glob  ulin it is considered to be a chronic form of protein losing enter  opathy it is also known as lymp  han  gi  ec  tas  is
lymp  han  gi  ole  i  om  y  om  at  osis lam is a rare progressive and systemic disease that typically results in c  ys  tic lung destruction and predominantly affects women especially during child  bearing years it occurs in more than 30 of women with tuber  ous sclerosis complex ts  c lam a her  itable syndrome that is associated with seizures cognitive impairment and benign tumors in multiple tissues most lam patients who present for medical evaluation have the spor  adic form of the disease s lam however which is not associated with other manifestations of tuber  ous sclerosis complex mild c  ys  tic changes consistent with lam have been described in 10 – 15 of men with ts  c but symptomatic lam in males is extremely rare spor  adic lam occurs exclusively in women with one published exception to date both ts  c lam and s lam are associated with mutations in tuber  ous sclerosis genes lung destruction in lam is a consequence of diffuse infiltr  ation by ne  op  l  astic smooth muscle like cells which invade all lung structures including the lymp  h  atics air  way walls blood vessels and inter  sti  tial spaces the consequences of obstruction of the vessels and airways include ch  yl  ous fluid accumul  ations hem  op  ty  sis air  flow obstruction and pneu  mo  thor  ax the typical disease course is characterized by progressive dy  sp  ne  a on exer  tion punctu  ated by recurrent pneu  mo  thor  aces and in some patients ch  yl  ous ple  ural eff  u  sions or as  cites estimates of median survival vary from 10 to 30 years based on whether hospital based or population based cohor  ts are studied most patients have dy  sp  ne  a on exer  tion with daily activities by 10 years after symptom onset and many will require supplem  ental oxygen over that interval an f  da approved drug for treatment of lam si  ro  lim  us is now available for stabilization of lung function decline lung transplant remains the option of last resort for patients with advanced disease
lymp  han  gi  om  as are mal  formations of the lymp  h  atic system characterized by le  sions that are thin w  alled cy  sts these cy  sts can be macro  scopic as in a c  ys  tic hy  gro  ma or micro  scopic the lymp  h  atic system is the network of vessels responsible for returning to the ven  ous system excess fluid from tissues as well as the lymp  h no  des that filter this fluid for signs of pathogens these mal  formations can occur at any age and may involve any part of the body but 90 occur in children less than 2 years of age and involve the head and neck these mal  formations are either con  genital or acquired con  genital lymp  han  gi  om  as are often associated with chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities such as turner syndrome although they can also exist in isolation lymp  han  gi  om  as are commonly diagnosed before birth using fe  tal ul  tras  ono  graphy acquired lymp  han  gi  om  as may result from trauma infl  amm  ation or lymp  h  atic obstruction most lymp  han  gi  om  as are benign le  sions that result only in a soft slow growing dough  y mass since they have no chance of becoming m  align  ant lymp  han  gi  om  as are usually treated for cosmetic reasons only rarely imp  ing  ement upon critical organs may result in complications such as respiratory distress when a lymp  han  gi  oma com  presses the air  way treatment includes aspiration surgical exc  ision laser and radi  of  requ  ency ab  l  ation and s  cler  otherapy
superficial lymp  h  atic mal  formation also known as lymp  han  gi  oma circum  s  crip  tum is a con  genital mal  formation of the superficial lymp  h  atics presenting as groups of deep seated ves  ic  le like pap  ules resembling frog spa  wn at birth or shortly thereafter
lymp  han  gi  os  ar  coma is a rare m  align  ant tumor which occurs in long standing cases of primary or secondary lymp  he  dem  a it involves either the upper or lower lymp  he  dem  at  ous extre  mi  ties but is most common in upper extre  mi  ties although its name implies lymp  h  atic origin it is believed to arise from endo  the  li  al cells and may be more accurately referred to as an  gi  os  ar  coma
lymp  han  gi  os  clerosis is a hardened lymp  h vessel although it can feel like a hardened almost calci  fied or fi  bro  us vein it tends to not share the common blue tin  t with a vein however it can be felt as a hardened lump or vein even when the penis is fl  acci  d and is even more prominent during an er  ection it is considered a benign physical condition although it can become uncomfortable during sex or ma  st  urb  ation it is fairly common and can follow a particularly vigorous sexual activity for men and tends to go away if given rest and more gentle care for example by use of lubric  ants even without rest or gentle care in some cases it will simply disappear after a few weeks on its own
lymp  han  gi  tis is an infl  amm  ation or an infection of the lymp  h  atic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site dis  tal to the channel the most common cause of lymp  han  gi  tis in humans is st  rep  to  co  cc  us py  o  genes group a stre  p although it can also be caused by the fun  gus spor  o  thri  x sch  en  ck  ii lymp  han  gi  tis is sometimes mistakenly called blood poisoning in reality blood poisoning is synonymous with sep  sis signs and symptoms include a deep red  dening of the skin warmth lymp  had  eni  tis infl  amm  ation of a lymp  h  atic g  land and a raised border around the affected area the person may also have ch  ills and a high fever along with moderate pain and sw  elling a person with lymp  han  gi  tis should be hosp  itali  zed and closely monitored by medical professionals lymp  han  gi  tis is the infl  amm  ation of the lymp  h  atic vessels and channels this is characterized by certain infl  am  matory conditions of the skin caused by bacterial infections thin red lines may be observed running along the course of the lymp  h  atic vessels in the affected area accompanied by painful enlargement of the nearby lymp  h no  des when the inferior limbs are affected the red  ness of the skin runs over the great sap  hen  ous vein location and confusion can be made with a thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis chronic lymp  han  gi  tis is a cu  taneous condition that is the result of recurrent b  outs of acute bacterial lymp  han  gi  tis
lymp  han  gi  tis carcin  om  at  osa is infl  amm  ation of the lymp  h vessels lymp  han  gi  tis caused by a m  align  ancy breast lung stomach pan  cre  as and pro  state cancers are the most common tumors that result in lymp  han  gi  tis lymp  hang  is  tis carcin  om  at  osa may be caused by the following m  align  ancies as suggested by the m  nem  onic certain cancers spread by plu  gging the lymp  h  atics c cer  vic  al cancer cancer col  on cancer spread stomach cancer by breast cancer bron  chi  ogenic carcin  oma plu  gging pan  cre  as the thyro  id lymp  h  atics lar  yn  x lymp  han  gi  tis carcin  om  at  osa was first described by patho  logist gabriel andr  al in 1829 in a patient with uter  ine cancer lymp  han  gi  tis carcin  om  at  osa may show the presence of ker  ley b lines on chest x  ray lymp  han  gi  tis carcin  om  at  osis most often affects people 40 – 49 years of age
lymp  h  atic disease is a class of disorders which directly affect the components of the lymp  h  atic system examples include cast  lem  an s disease and lymp  he  dem  a diseases and dis  ord  er  ho  dg  kin s disease ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa this is a type of cancer of the lymp  h  atic system it can start almost anywhere in the body it is believed to be caused by hiv ep  stein bar  r syndrome age and family history symptoms include weight loss fever sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des night swe  ats it  chy skin fatigue chest pain cou  gh  ing or trouble sw  allowing non ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa lymp  homa is a usually m  align  ant cancer it is caused by the body producing too many abnormal white blood cells it is not the same as ho  dg  kin s disease symptoms usually include pain  less enlarged lymp  h no  de or no  des in the neck weakness fever weight loss and an  emia lymp  had  eni  tis is an infection of the lymp  h no  des usually caused by a virus bacteria or fun  gi symptoms include red  ness or sw  elling around the lymp  h no  de lymp  han  gi  tis lymp  han  gi  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the lymp  h vessels symptoms usually include sw  elling red  ness warmth pain or red stre  aking around the affected area lymp  he  dem  a lymp  he  dem  a is the chronic pooling of lymp  h fluid in the tissue it usually starts in the feet or lower legs it s also a side effect of some surgical procedures lymp  ho  cy  to  sis lymp  ho  cy  to  sis is a high lymp  ho  cy  te count it can be caused by an infection blood cancer lymp  homa or auto  immune disorders that are accompanied by chronic sw  elling
lymp  h  atic fil  ari  asis also known as eleph  anti  asis is a human disease caused by par  asi  tic worms known as fil  arial worms most cases of the disease have no symptoms some people however develop a syndrome called eleph  anti  asis which is marked by severe sw  elling in the arms legs or gen  itals the skin may also become thick  er and pain may occur the changes to the body can cause social and economic problems for the affected person the worms are spread by the bites of infected mosquitoes three types of worms are known to cause the disease wu  cher  er  ia ban  cro  f  ti bru  gia malay  i and bru  gia ti  mor  i with wu  cher  er  ia ban  cro  f  ti being the most common these worms damage the lymp  h  atic system the disease is diagnosed by micro  scopic examination of blood collected during the night the blood is typically examined as a sme  ar after being stained with gi  em  sa stain testing the blood for antibodies against the disease may also permit diagnosis other round  worms from the same family are responsible for river blindness prevention can be achieved by treating entire groups in which the disease exists known as mass de  wor  ming this is done every year for about six years in an effort to rid a population of the disease entirely medications used include anti  par  asi  tics such as al  bend  azole with i  ver  mec  tin or al  bend  azole with di  ethyl  carb  amaz  ine the medications do not kill the adult worms but prevent further spread of the disease until the worms die on their own efforts to prevent mosquito bites are also recommended including reducing the number of mosquitoes and promoting the use of bed nets lymp  h  atic fil  ari  asis is one of the main neglected tropical diseases and one of the four main worm infections more than 120 million people are infected with lymp  h  atic fil  ari  asis and about 1 4 billion people are at risk of the disease in 73 countries it is most common in tropical africa and asia the disease results in economic losses of many billions of dollars a year
lymp  he  dem  a is a condition of loc  alized fluid retention and tissue sw  elling caused by a compromised lymp  h  atic system which normally returns inter  sti  tial fluid to the thor  ac  ic duc  t then the blood  stream the condition can be inherited or can be caused by a birth defect though it is frequently caused by cancer treatments and by par  asi  tic infections though incur  able and progressive a number of treatments can amelior  ate symptoms tissues with lymp  he  dem  a are at high risk of infection
lymp  he  dem  a pra  eco  x is a condition characterized by sw  elling of the soft tissues in which an excessive amount of lymp  h has accumulated and generally develops in females between the ages of nine and twenty five this is the most common form of primary lymp  he  dem  a accounting for about 80 of the patients
lymp  he  dem  a – dis  tic  hi  asis syndrome is a medical condition associated with the fo  x  c 2 gene
a lymp  ho  ce  le is a collection of lymp  h  atic fluid within the body not b  ordered by epi  the  li  al lining it is usually a surgical complic  ation seen after extensive pel  vic surgery such as cancer surgery and is most commonly found in the retro  per  it  one  al space spontaneous development is rare
lymp  ho  cy  stis is a common viral disease of freshwater and sal  tw  ater fish the viruses that cause this disease belong to the genus lymp  ho  cy  sti  virus of the family i  ri  do  vi  ri  da  e a  quar  ists often come across this virus when their fish are stressed such as when put into a new environment and the virus is able to grow the fish starts growing small white pin prick like grow  ths on their fins or skin and this is often mistaken for ich ick ich  thy  oph  thi  ri  us multi  fili  is in the early stages it soon clum  ps together to form a cau  lif  lower like growth on the skin mouth fins and occasional g  ills le  sions at the base of the dor  sal fin are common among freshwater species of central american origin most notably her  ich  th  ys carp  enti  s inside the mouth of her  ich  th  ys cy  ano  gu  tt  atus ge  op  ha  gus ste  ind  ach  ner  i on the tail fin of ko  i car  ps us native sun  fish le  pom  is sp on the side flan  ks of wal  le  ye sau  ger fl  oun  der on random head and or tail areas of common gold  fish and or  anda variants this virus appears to present itself as a le  sion s at differing locations depending on the species of fish being attacked often complicating initial diagnosis lymp  ho  cy  stis does show some host specificity i e each strain or species of lymp  ho  cy  stis can infect only its primary host fish or some additional closely related fish there is no known cure for this virus though a privately owned fish research breeding facility near gain  es  ville florida usa has reportedly been able to suppress the virus into remission using the human anti  viral ac  y  clo  vi  r at the rate of 200 mg per 10 us gall  ons for 2 days otherwise some a  quar  ists recommend surgery to remove the affected area if it is very serious followed by an antibiotic bath treatment to prevent a secondary bacterial infection of the open wounds eventually the grow  ths inhibit the fish s ability to swim breathe or eat and secondary bacterial infections usually kills the fish usually the best cure is to simply give the fish a stress free life a weekly bacteria treatment and the virus will slowly sub  side and the fins will repair themselves this can take many months like most viral infections even in humans the first outbreaks are the most serious whilst the immune system learns how to suppress it the outbreaks become less severe over time assuming the organism survives the initial outbreaks
a lymp  ho  cy  te is one of the sub  types of white blood cell in a vertebr  ate s immune system lymp  ho  cy  tes include natural killer cells nk cells which function in cell medi  ated cy  to  toxic in  nate immunity t cells for cell medi  ated cy  to  toxic adap  tive immunity and b cells for hu  moral anti  body driven adap  tive immunity they are the main type of cell found in lymp  h which prompted the name lymp  ho  cy  te
lymp  ho  cy  tic ch  ori  omen  ing  i  tis l  cm is a ro  dent borne viral infectious disease that presents as as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis en  ce  ph  ali  tis or men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis its caus  ative agent is the lymp  ho  cy  tic ch  ori  omen  ing  i  tis virus l  c  mv a member of the family aren  avi  ri  da  e the name was coined by charles armstrong in 19  34
lymp  ho  cy  tic co  li  tis is a subtype of micro  scopic co  li  tis a condition characterized by chronic non bloody wat  ery diarr  hea the colon  o  sco  py is normal but his  to  logy of the mu  cos  al biopsy reveals an accumulation of lymp  ho  cy  tes in the colon  ic epi  the  lium and connec  tive tissue lam  ina propri  a coll  agen  ous co  li  tis shares this feature but additionally shows a distinctive thick  ening of the su  be  pi  the  li  al coll  agen table the peak incidence of lymp  ho  cy  tic co  li  tis is in persons over age 50 the disease affects women and men equally lymp  ho  cy  tic co  li  tis was first described in 1989
lymp  ho  cy  tic inter  sti  tial pneumonia also called lymp  ho  cy  tic inter  sti  tial pneu  mon  i  tis or lip is a syndrome secondary to auto  immune and other lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorders symptoms include fever cough and short  ness of breath lymp  ho  cy  tic inter  sti  tial pneumonia applies to disorders associated with both mono  cl  onal or pol  ycl  onal gam  mop  athy
lymp  ho  cy  tic ple  oc  y  to  sis is an abnormal increase in the amount of lymp  ho  cy  tes in the cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf it is usually considered to be a sign of infection or infl  amm  ation within the nervous system and is encountered in a number of neuro  logical diseases such as pseu  dom  i  gr  aine su  s  ac s syndrome and en  ce  ph  ali  tis while lymp  ho  cy  tes make up roughly a quarter of all white blood cells w  bc in the body they are generally rare in the c  sf under normal conditions there are usually less than 5 white blood cells per µ  l of c  sf in a ple  oc  y  tic setting the number of lymp  ho  cy  tes can jump to more than 1 000 cells per mm 3 increases in lymp  ho  cy  te count are often accompanied by an increase in cere  bro  spinal protein concentrations in addition to ple  oc  y  to  sis of other types of white blood cells
lymp  ho  cy  top  enia or lymp  hop  enia is the condition of having an abnormally low level of lymp  ho  cy  tes in the blood lymp  ho  cy  tes are a white blood cell with important functions in the immune system the opposite is lymp  ho  cy  to  sis which refers to an excessive level of lymp  ho  cy  tes lymp  ho  cy  top  enia may be present as part of a pan  cy  top  enia when the total numbers of all types of blood cells are reduced
lymp  ho  cy  to  sis is an increase in the number of lymp  ho  cy  tes in the blood in adults lymp  ho  cy  to  sis is present when the lymp  ho  cy  te count is greater than 4000 per micro  lit  er 4 0 x 10 9 l in older children greater than 7000 per micro  lit  er and in infants greater than 9000 per micro  lit  er lymp  ho  cy  tes normally represent 20 to 40 of circulating white blood cells lymp  ho  cy  to  sis is usually detected when a complete blood count is obtained if not provided the lymp  ho  cy  te count can be calculated by multiplying the total white blood cell w  bc count by the percentage of lymp  ho  cy  tes found in the differential count the lymp  ho  cy  te count can also be directly measured by flow cy  tom  e  try
for more information on this topic see nas  op  har  yn  ge  al carcin  oma lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma is a type of poorly differentiated nas  op  har  yn  ge  al carcin  oma characterized by prominent infiltr  ation of lymp  ho  cy  tes in the area involved by tumor lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma is also known as class iii nas  op  har  yn  ge  al carcin  oma in the who classification system it has a high tendency to me  tast  asi  ze and is responsive to radi  otherapy most cases are associated with ep  stein bar  r virus infection lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma may also be referred to as sch  min  c  ke reg  aud tumor after the german patho  logist alexander sch  min  ke and french radio  logist claude reg  aud lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma like carcin  om  as are carcin  om  as that arise outside of the nas  op  har  yn  x but resemble a lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma his  to  logically lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma like carcin  om  as may be found in almost any epi  the  li  al organ including the lung th  ym  us breast col  on end  ome  tri  um pro  state and skin as well as ur  inary blad  der trac  hea es  op  ha  gus stomach sali  vary g  lands vul  va
lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma like carcin  oma l  el  c is a medical term referring to a his  to  logical variant of m  align  ant tumor arising from the uncontrolled mit  osis of transformed cells originating in epi  the  li  al tissue or in cells that display epi  the  li  al characteristics that bear micro  scopic resemblance to lymp  ho  epi  the  li  oma nas  op  har  yn  ge  al carcin  oma there is considerable variation in the classification of l  el  c — while it is perhaps most commonly considered a subtype of squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma it can also be classified as a form of large cell carcin  oma i e when occurring in the lung and can be considered as a separate unique entity in most anatom  ical sites many cases are associated with the ep  stein bar  r virus in the breast the macro  scopic micro  scopic epidem  io  logic and prog  no  s  tic features of l  el  c are very similar to med  ul  l  ary carcin  oma eb  v status is one differenti  ator
lymp  ho  gran  ul  oma v  ener  eu  m lg  v also known as climatic bub  o dur  and – nicolas – fav  re disease por  ad  eni  tis ingu  in  ale and str  um  ous bub  o is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the invasive ser  ov  ars l 1 l 2 l 2 a or l 3 of ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis lg  v is primarily an infection of lymp  h  atics and lymp  h no  des ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis is the bacter  ium responsible for lg  v it gains entrance through breaks in the skin or it can cross the epi  the  li  al cell layer of mu  co  us memb  ran  es the organism travels from the site of in  oc  ulation down the lymp  h  atic channels to multiply within mon  on  uc  lear p  ha  go  cy  tes of the lymp  h no  des it passes in developed nations it was considered rare before 2003 however a recent outbreak in the netherlands among gay men has led to an increase of lg  v in europe and the united states a majority of these patients are hiv co infected lg  v was first described by wallace in 18  33 and again by dur  and nicolas and fav  re in 19  13 since the 2004 dutch outbreak many additional cases have been reported leading to greater surveillance soon after the initial dutch report national and international health authorities launched warning initiatives and multiple lg  v cases were identified in several more european countries belgium france the uk germany sweden italy and switzerland and the us and canada all cases reported in amsterdam and france and a considerable percentage of lg  v infections in the uk and germany were caused by a newly discovered ch  lam  y  dia variant l 2 b a k a the amsterdam variant the l 2 b variant could be traced back and was isolated from anal sw  abs of men who have sex with men m  sm who visited the sti city clinic of san francisco in 1981 this finding suggests that the recent lg  v outbreak among m  sm in industrialised countries is a slowly evolving epidemic the l 2 b ser  ov  ar has also been identified in australia
lymp  ho  hem  an  gi  oma or lymp  ho  ha  eman  gi  oma from latin lymp  ha meaning water greek α  ί  μα ha  ema meaning blood αγ  γ  εί  ο ange  io meaning vessel and – ω  μα – oma meaning tumor is a disease characterized by sw  elling of the lymp  h no  des and blood vessels it is vari  ously described as a mixture of clear fluid and blood filled cy  sts a mass of abnormal sw  oll  en ve  ins and lymp  h no  des or a tu  mor  ous growth of lymp  h and blood vessels it is also sometimes described as a mis  no  mer for combined lymp  h  atic and cap  ill  ary mal  formation lymp  ho  hem  an  gi  oma commonly appears in and around the eyes and mouth but may also occur in other areas including the pel  vis u  re  th  ra blad  der and in the limbs ampu  tation of extre  mi  ties may be necessary if the disease renders the extre  mity non functional
lymp  ho  id leukosis is a disease that affects chickens caused by the retro  virus avian leukosis virus it is a ne  op  l  astic disease caused by a virus of the leu  co  sis which may take the form of a tumor of the bur  sa of fabric  ius and me  tast  asis to other tissues of the chicken and cause enlargement and sw  elling of the ab  dom  en
lymp  ho  id hyper  pl  asia is the rapid growth proliferation of normal cells that resemble lymp  h tissue
lymp  ho  id leuk  emi  as — also called lymp  ho  cy  tic lymp  ho  genous or lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emi  as — are a group of leuk  emi  as affecting circulating lymp  ho  cy  tes a type of white blood cells the lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emi  as are closely related to lymp  hom  as of the lymp  ho  cy  tes to the point that some of them are unitary disease entities that can be called by either name for example adult t cell leuk  emia lymp  homa such diseases are all lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorders most lymp  ho  id leuk  emi  as involve a particular subtype of lymp  ho  cy  tes the b cells
lymp  homa is a group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymp  ho  cy  tes a type of white blood cell the name often refers to just the can  cer  ous ones rather than all such tumors signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymp  h no  des fever d  ren  ching swe  ats unintended weight loss it  ching and feeling tired the enlarged lymp  h no  des are usually pain  less the swe  ats are most common at night there are dozens of sub  types of lymp  hom  as the two main categories of lymp  hom  as are ho  dg  kin s lymp  hom  as hl and the non ho  dg  kin lymp  hom  as n  hl the world health organization who includes two other categories as types of lymp  homa multiple my  el  oma and immun  o  prolifer  ative diseases about 90 of lymp  hom  as are non ho  dg  kin lymp  hom  as lymp  hom  as and leuk  emi  as are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hem  ato  po  ie  tic and lymp  ho  id tissues risk factors for ho  dg  kin lymp  homa include infection with ep  stein – bar  r virus and a history of the disease in the family risk factors for common types of non ho  dg  kin lymp  hom  as include auto  immune diseases hiv aids infection with human t lymp  ho  tropic virus immun  o  sup  pres  sant medications and some pesticides eating large amounts of red meat may also increase the risk diagnosis if enlarged lymp  h no  des are present is usually by lymp  h no  de biopsy blood urine and bone marrow testing may also be useful in the diagnosis medical imaging may then be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread lymp  homa most often spreads to the lungs liver and or brain treatment may involve one or more of the following chem  otherapy radiation therapy targeted therapy and surgery in some non ho  dg  kin lymp  hom  as an increased amount of protein produced by the lymp  homa cells causes the blood to become so thick that plas  map  her  esis is performed to remove the protein watchful waiting may be appropriate for certain types the outcome depends on the subtype with some being cur  able and treatment prolonging survival in most the five year survival rate in the united states for all ho  dg  kin lymp  homa sub  types is 85 while that for non ho  dg  kin lymp  hom  as is 69 worldwide lymp  hom  as developed in 566 000 people in 2012 and caused 305 000 deaths they make up 3 – 4 of all cancers making them as a group the seventh most common form in children they are the third most common cancer they occur more often in the developed world than the developing world
lymp  homa cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a proliferation of lymp  ho  id tissue
lymp  homa ly  m  pos  ar  coma in animals is a type of cancer defined by a proliferation of m  align  ant lymp  ho  cy  tes within solid organs such as the lymp  h no  des bone marrow liver and sp  leen the disease also may occur in the eye skin and gastro  intest  inal tract
lymp  hom  ato  id gran  ul  om  at  osis ly  g or lg is a very rare lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorder first characterized in 1972 with lymp  hom  ato  id meaning lymp  homa like and gran  ul  om  at  osis den  oting one of its micro  scopic characteristics poly  morph  ic lymp  ho  id infiltr  ates and focal necro  sis within it while most commonly found in middle age patients it has been observed in young people with a study identifying 47 cases of patients aged 0 – 18 years in the literature males are found to be affected twice as often as females
lymp  hom  ato  id pap  ul  osis ly  p is a rare skin disorder the overall prevalence rate of lymp  hom  ato  id pap  ul  osis is estimated at 1 2 to 1 9 cases per 1 000 000 population this rare condition has only been studied in depth since 1968
lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorders l  p  ds refer to several conditions in which lymp  ho  cy  tes are produced in excessive quantities they typically occur in people who have a compromised immune system they are sometimes equ  ated with immun  o  prolifer  ative disorders but technically lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorders are a sub  set of immun  o  prolifer  ative disorders along with hyper  gam  mag  lob  ul  in  emia and par  a  prote  in  emi  as
ly  ng  stad  a  as syndrome also known as severe dental aberr  ations in famili  al ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive liver disease involving an enzyme ster  o  id de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency and dental anomalies the disease is named after professor st  å  le pet  ter ly  ng  stad  a  as
ly  sin  ur  ic protein intolerance l  pi also called hyper  di  basic am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia type 2 c  ation  ic am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia or famili  al protein intolerance is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder affecting amino acid transport about 140 patients have been reported almost half of them of finnish origin individuals from japan italy morocco and north africa have also been reported
ly  so  som  al acid lip  ase deficiency or l  al deficiency or l  al d happens when the body does not produce enough active ly  so  som  al acid lip  ase l  al enzyme this enzyme plays an important role in breaking down fatty material cho  le  ster  yl esters and tri  gly  cer  ides in the body infants children and adults that suffer from l  al deficiency experience a range of serious health problems the lack of the l  al enzyme can lead to a build up of fatty material in a number of body organs including the liver sp  leen gut in the wall of blood vessels and other important organs very low levels of the l  al enzyme lead to l  al deficiency historically called wol  man disease after the physician who first described it l  al deficiency typically affects infants in the first year of life the accumulation of fat in the walls of the gut in early onset disease leads to serious dig  estive problems including mal  absorption a condition in which the gut fails to absorb nutrients and cal  ories from food because of these dig  estive complications affected infants usually fail to grow and gain weight at the expected rate for their age failure to thrive as the disease progres  ses it can cause life threatening liver dysfunction or liver failure until 2015 there was no treatment and very few infants with l  al d survived beyond the first year of life in 2015 an enzyme replacement therapy se  beli  p  ase al  fa was approved in the us and eu the therapy was additionally approved in japan in 2016
ly  so  som  al storage diseases ls  ds ˌ  la  ɪ  s  ə  ˈ  so  ʊ  m  ə  l are a group of approximately 50 rare inherited metabol  ic disorders that result from defects in ly  so  som  al function ly  so  som  es are sac  s of enzymes within cells that dig  est large molecules and pass the fragments on to other parts of the cell for recycling this process requires several critical enzymes if one of these enzymes is defective because of a mutation the large molecules accumulate within the cell eventually killing it ly  so  som  al storage disorders are caused by ly  so  som  al dysfunction usually as a consequence of deficiency of a single enzyme required for the metabol  ism of li  pi  ds gly  co  proteins sugar containing proteins or so called mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des individually ls  ds occur with incid  ences of less than 1 100 000 however as a group the incidence is about 1 5 000 1 10 000 most of these disorders are auto  som  al rec  essively inherited such as ni  emann pick disease type c however a few are x linked rec  essively inherited such as fab  ry disease and hunter syndrome mps ii the ly  so  some is commonly referred to as the cell ’ s recycling center because it processes unwanted material into substances that the cell can utili  ze ly  so  som  es break down this unwanted matter via enzymes highly specialized proteins essential for survival ly  so  som  al disorders are usually triggered when a particular enzyme exists in too small an amount or is missing altogether when this happens substances accumulate in the cell in other words when the ly  so  some does not function normally excess products destined for breakdown and recycling are stored in the cell like other genetic diseases individuals inherit ly  so  som  al storage diseases from their parents although each disorder results from different gene mutations that translate into a deficiency in enzyme activity they all share a common bio  chemical characteristic – all ly  so  som  al disorders originate from an abnormal accumulation of substances inside the ly  so  some ly  so  som  al storage diseases affect mostly children and they often die at a young and unpredictable age many within a few months or years of birth many other children die of this disease following years of suffering from various symptoms of their particular disorder
ly  tico bo  dig sometimes spelled ly  ti  go bo  dig is the name of a disease in the language of cham  or  ro it is referred to by neuro  scientists as am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis par  k  ins  on  ism dementia als p  dc a term coined by as  ao hir  ano and colleagues in 1961 it is a neuro  degenerative disease of uncertain eti  ology that exists in the united states territory of gu  am the disease resembles am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis als par  kinson s disease and alzheimer s first reports of the disease sur  faced in three death certificates on gu  am in 19  04 these death certificates made some mention of paralysis the frequency of cases grew amongst the cham  or  ro people on gu  am until it was the leading cause of adult death between 1945 and 1956 the incidence rate was 200 per 100 000 per year and it was 100 times more prevalent than in the rest of the world neuro  logist oliver sacks detailed this disease in his book the island of the color  blind sacks and paul alan cox subsequently wrote that a local species of flying fox which is now extinct due to over  hunting had been feeding on cy  c  ads and concentrating β meth  yl  amino l alan  ine b  ma  a a known neuro  toxin in its body fat the hypothesis suggests that consumption of the fruit bat by the cham  or  ro exposed them to b  ma  a contributing to or causing their condition decline in consumption of the bats has been linked to a decline in the incidence of the disease
l  á  bre  a fever also known as l  á  bre  a s black fever and l  á  bre  a hepatitis is a lethal tropical viral infection discovered in the 1950 s in the city of l  á  bre  a in the brazilian amazon basin where it occurs mostly in the area south of the amazon river in the states of ac  re amaz  onas and ron  d  ô  nia the disease has also been diagnosed in colombia and peru the similar form in colombia has been named santa mar  ta fever its main manifestation is a ful  min  ant hepatitis which may kill in less than a week and which characteris  tically affects children and young adults and more males than females it is accompanied also by an en  ce  ph  ali  tis in many cases the disease is highly lethal in a study carried out in 1986 at bo  ca do ac  re also in the amazon 39 patients out of 44 died in the acute phase of the disease survivors may develop chronic disease
lé  ri – we  ill dy  sch  on  dro  ste  osis or l  wd is a rare pseu  do  auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder which results in dwar  f  ism with short fore  arms and legs mes  om  el  ic dwar  f  ism and a bay  on  et like de  form  ity of the fore  arms mad  el  ung s de  form  ity
l  ö  ff  ler s syndrome or lo  eff  ler s syndrome is a disease in which e  o  sin  oph  ils accumulate in the lung in response to a par  asi  tic infection it was first described in 19  32 by wil  helm l  ö  ff  ler in cases of e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pneumonia caused by the parasites as  car  is lum  bri  co  ides stron  gy  lo  ides ster  cor  alis and the hook  worms an  cy  lo  stom  a du  o  den  ale and nec  ator americ  an  us although l  ö  ff  ler only described e  o  sin  oph  il  ic pneumonia in the context of infection many authors give the term l  ö  ff  ler s syndrome to any form of acute onset pul  mon  ary e  o  sin  ophi  lia no matter what the underlying cause if the cause is unknown it is specified and called simple pul  mon  ary e  o  sin  ophi  lia cardiac damage caused by the damaging effects of e  o  sin  ophi  l gran  ule proteins ex major basic protein is known as lo  eff  ler endo  cardi  tis and can be caused by idi  opathic e  o  sin  ophi  lia or e  o  sin  ophi  lia in response to par  asi  tic infection
l  ö  f  gre  n syndrome is a type of acute sar  co  ido  sis that is frequent in scandinavian irish african and puerto ric  an women it was described in 1953 by s  ven hal  var l  ö  f  gre  n a swedish clin  ician some have considered the condition to be im  precisely defined
the m nag  h  ten rule pronounced and sometimes spelled mc  n  augh  ton is any variant of the 18  40 s jury instruction in a criminal case when there is a defense of insan  ity that every man is to be presumed to be san  e and that to establish a defense on the ground of insan  ity it must be clearly proved that at the time of the committing of the act the party accused was lab  oring under such a defect of reason from disease of the mind as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or if he did know it that he did not know he was doing what was wrong it emphasizes cogn  ition knowledge as compared to the american law institute model penal code test ali test which broadened knowledge to include capacity to appreciate the criminality of conduct and a vo  li  tional element as to capacity to conform to the law in the 1960 s the ali test mostly replaced the m n  augh  ten rule in america until the 1980 s when in the aftermath of john h  inc  k  ley shooting president ronald reagan many ali states returned to a variation of m n  augh  ten the rule was formulated as a reaction to the acqu  it  tal in 18  43 of daniel m nag  h  ten on the charge of murdering edward drum  mond whom m nag  h  ten had mistaken for british prime minister robert peel m nag  h  ten fired a pistol at the back of peel s secretary edward drum  mond who died five days later the house of lords asked a panel of judges presided over by sir nicolas con  yn  gham t  ind  al chief justice of the common pleas a series of hypothetical questions about the defence of insan  ity the principles exp  ounded by this panel have come to be known as the m nag  h  ten rules though they have gained any status only by usage in the common law and m nag  h  ten himself would have been found guilty if they had been applied at his trial the rules so formulated as m nag  h  ten s case 18  43 10 c f 200 have been a standard test for criminal liability in relation to mentally dis  ordered defendants in common law jurisdictions ever since with some minor adjustments when the tests set out by the rules are satisfied the accused may be adju  dged not guilty by reason of insan  ity or guilty but insane and the sentence may be a mandatory or discretionary but usually inde  terminate period of treatment in a secure hospital facility or otherwise at the discretion of the court depending on the country and the offence charged instead of a punitive disposal the insan  ity defence is recognized in australia canada england and wales hong kong india the republic of ireland new zealand norway and most u s states with the exception of id  ah  o kansas montana u  tah and ver  mont not all of these jurisdictions still use the m nag  h  ten rules
in the mathematical sub  field of numerical analysis an m spl  ine is a non negative spl  ine function
the m 74 syndrome is a reproduction disorder of salmon sal  mo sal  ar feeding in the baltic sea m 74 manifests as offspring mortality during the y  ol  k s  ac fry phase before dying the y  ol  k s  ac fry display typical symptoms thi  amine vitamin b 1 deficiency in eggs is the immediate cause of m 74 mortality the deficiency can be prevented by thi  amine treatments for the first time bulgarian research team opin  es that with m 74 syndrome are affected also male game  tes and worsened parameters of the sper  mo  gr  ame the use of bulgarian semen protective media 49  282 49  283 и 49  397 for trou  t sperm fertility improving was proposed the thi  amine deficiency syndrome m 74 is related to the fat and thi  amine content of prey fish the diet of baltic salmon leads to thi  amine deficiency in eggs and consequently to the mortality of y  ol  k s  ac fry the main prey species of the baltic salmon are spr  at spr  att  us spr  att  us and herring clu  pea har  ang  us memb  ras average fat content is greater in spr  at than in herring the fat content is highest and the thi  amine concentration is lowest in the youngest spr  at the need for thi  amine depends on the amount of fat in the diet thi  amine deficiency in eggs results from an unbalanced diet abundant in fatty prey fish such as young spr  at from which the supply of thi  amine is insufficient in proportion to the supply of energy and un  saturated fatty acids for salmon relationships between fish stock changes in the baltic sea and the m 74 syndrome the m 74 syndrome is connected to a weak atlantic cod gad  us mor  hua stock and strong year classes of spr  at in the baltic sea since the collapse heavy fishing mortality as well as pre  dation on cod eggs by spr  at and food competition between spr  at and young of the year cod has inhi  bited cod recovery coinci  dentally with the decline in the cod stock since 1982 and following the consequent reduction in pre  dation pressure the spr  at stock increased rapidly and salmon therefore had more food salmon grew faster resulting also in a high cf
the m 84 cam  ou  fl  age pattern danish m 84 ple  t  sl  ø  ring is the current cam  ou  fl  age pattern of the danish military the m 84 is a derivative of the fl  eck  tar  n b pattern produced by the german firm mar  quar  dt schulz using the same shapes and pattern the number of colours was changed from 5 to 3 – choosing olive green light green and black to better match the colour  ation of the danish woodland environment the use of spots creates a di  thering effect which eliminates hard boundaries between the different colors in much the same way the squares in the newest digital cam  ou  fl  age patterns do the pattern is designed for use in temper  ate woodland terrain it has been adapted as desert cam  ou  fl  age by varying the colors it is currently being replaced by m 11
m 90 cam  ou  fl  age is the cam  ou  fl  age pattern used by the swedish armed forces in addition to the standard pattern desert and jungle variants have been developed for the international peace keeping missions in afghanistan and liberia the pattern employs basically a down  scaled pattern of what has been used on vehicles since the late 1970 s consisting of hard lined geome  tric shapes in order to create a cam  ou  fl  age pattern effective in the temper  ate forests and plains of sweden m 90 cam  ou  fl  age comprises four colours dark green medium green dark navy blue and grey navy blue was chosen instead of black because natural shadows generally tend to be in shades of blue to the human eye
malt lymp  homa mal  tom  a is a form of lymp  homa involving the mu  co  sa associated lymp  ho  id tissue malt frequently of the stomach but virtually any mu  cos  al site can be afflicted it is a cancer originating from b cells in the marginal zone of the malt and is also called ex  tran  od  al marginal zone b cell lymp  homa
mar  pat short for marine pattern is a digital cam  ou  fl  age pattern in use with the united states marine corps designed by timothy o neill and introduced with the marine corps combat utility uniform mc  cu  u which replaced the cam  ou  fl  age utility uniform its design and concept are based on the canadian cad  pat pattern the pattern is formed of small rec  tang  ular pi  x  els of color in theory it is a far more effective cam  ou  fl  age than standard uniform patterns because it mim  ics the d  appl  ed tex  tures and rough boundaries found in natural settings it is also known as the digital pattern or dig  i cam  m  ies because of its micro  pattern pi  x  els rather than the old macro  pattern big b  lob  s the united states government has patented mar  pat including specifics of its manufacture by regulation the pattern and items incorporating it such as the mc  cu  u and il  be back  pack are to be supplied by authorized manufacturers only and are not for general commercial sale although im  itations are available such as digital woodland cam  o or digital desert cam  o mar  pat was also chosen because it distinc  tively identifies its we  arers as marines to their adversaries while simultaneously helping its we  arers remain concealed this was demonstrated by a marine spokesman at the launch of mar  pat who stated we want to be instantly recognized as a force to be reckoned with we want them to see us coming a mile away in our new uniforms as such the us marine corps restricts use of the cam  ou  fl  age preventing its use in most other divisions of the united states military
mas  a syndrome also called crash syndrome and gare  is mason syndrome is a rare x linked rec  essive neuro  logical disorder
mas  h 1 mod  ular arithmetic secure has  h is a has  h function based on mod  ular arithmetic
mass phen  o  type is a medical disorder similar to mar  fan syndrome mass stands for mit  ral valve pro  lapse a  or  tic root diameter at upper limits of normal for body size stretch marks of the skin and sk  el  etal conditions similar to mar  fan syndrome mass phen  o  type is a connec  tive tissue disorder that is similar to mar  fan syndrome it is caused by a similar mutation in the gene called fi  bri  ll  in 1 that tells the body how to make an important protein found in connec  tive tissue someone with mass phen  o  type has a 50 percent chance of passing the gene along to each child people with features of mass phen  o  type need to see a doctor who knows about connec  tive tissue disorders for an accurate diagnosis often this will be a medical gene  tic  ist it is very important that people with mass phen  o  type get an early and correct diagnosis so they can get the right treatment mass stands for the mit  ral valve myop  ia a  or  ta skin and sk  el  etal features of the disorder mass phen  o  type affects different people in different ways in mass phen  o  type mit  ral valve pro  lapse may be present this is when the fl  aps of one of the heart ’ s valves the mit  ral valve which regulates blood flow on the left side of the heart are “ fl  op  py ” and don ’ t close tightly a  or  tic root diameter may be at the upper limits of normal for body size but unlike mar  fan syndrome there is not progression to an  eur  ys  m or pre  disposition to dis  section skin may show stretch marks unrelated to weight gain or loss stri  ae sk  el  etal features including cur  v  ature of the sp  ine sco  li  osis chest wall de  form  ities and joint hyper  mobility may be present people with mass phen  o  type do not have lens dis  location but have myop  ia also known as near  sightedness mass syndrome and mar  fan syndrome are overlapping connec  tive tissue disorders both can be caused by mutations in the gene en  coding a protein called fi  bri  ll  in these conditions share many of the same signs and symptoms including long limbs and fingers chest wall ab  norm  alities ind  ented chest bone or pro  tru  ding chest bone flat feet sco  li  osis mit  ral valve pro  lapse loose or hyp  exten  sible joints highly ar  ched roof of the mouth and mild di  lat  ation of the a  or  tic root individuals with mass syndrome do not have progressive a  or  tic enlargement or lens dis  location while people with mar  fan syndrome do skin involvement in mass syndrome is typically limited to stretch marks stri  ae dist  ens  ae also the sk  el  etal symptoms of mass syndrome are generally mild
max 3 lin e  q  n is a problem in compu  tational complexity theory where the input is a system of linear equations mod  ul  o 2 each equation contains at most 3 variables the problem is to find an assignment to the variables that satisfies the maximum number of equations this problem is closely related to the max 3 sat problem it is n  p hard to approximate max 3 lin e  q  n with ratio 1 2 δ for any δ 0
max 3 sat is a problem in the compu  tational complexity sub  field of computer science it gener  alises the boo  lean satis  fi  ability problem sat which is a decision problem considered in complexity theory it is defined as given a 3 cn  f formula φ i e with at most 3 variables per clause find an assignment that satisfies the largest number of clauses max 3 sat is a can  on  ical complete problem for the complexity class max  sn  p shown complete in pap  adim  it  ri  ou pg 314
max  ek  sat is a problem in compu  tational complexity theory that is a maxim  ization version of the boo  lean satis  fi  ability problem 3 sat in max  ek  sat each clause has exactly k liter  als each with distinct variables and is in con  junc  tive normal form these formulas are called k cn  f formulas the problem is to determine the maximum number of clauses that can be satisfied by a truth assignment to the variables in the clauses we say that an algori  thm a provides an α approximation to max  ek  sat if for some fixed positive α less than or equal to 1 and every k  cn  f formula φ a can find a truth assignment to the variables of φ that will satisfy at least an α fraction of the maximum number of satis  fiable clauses of φ because the n  p hard k sat problem for k ≥ 3 is equivalent to determining if the corresponding max  ek  sat instance has a value equal to the number of clauses max  ek  sat must also be n  p hard meaning that there is no poly  no  mi  al time algori  thm unless p n  p a natural next question then is that of finding approximate solutions what s the largest real number α 1 such that some explicit p complexity algori  thm always finds a solution of size α · opt where opt is the potentially hard to find maximizing assignment
m  bl deficiency refers to mann  an binding lec  tin path  way components such as m  bl 2 it is thought that 5 10 of the population have an m  bl deficiency of some degree there are varying degrees of m  bl deficiency some people in a given population will not even know they have the deficiency while others may have such low levels that they experience infections with great frequency babies and young children are most at risk
multi constrained optimal path selection or m  cop is a network path selection problem
the md 2 message dig  est algori  thm is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function developed by ronald ri  vest in 1989 the algori  thm is optimi  zed for 8 bit computers md 2 is specified in although md 2 is no longer considered secure even as of 2014 it remains in use in public key infrastructures as part of certificates generated with md 2 and r  sa
the md 4 message dig  est algori  thm is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function developed by ronald ri  vest in 1990 the dig  est length is 128 bits the algori  thm has influenced later designs such as the md 5 sha 1 and rip  em  d algori  th  ms the security of md 4 has been severely compromised the first full collision attack against md 4 was published in 1995 and several newer attacks have been published since then as of 2007 an attack can generate collis  ions in less than 2 md 4 has  h operations a theoretical pre  image attack also exists a variant of md 4 is used in the ed 2 k uri scheme to provide a unique identi  fier for a file in the popular ed  on  key 2000 em  ule p 2 p networks md 4 was also used by the r  sync protocol prior to version 3 0 0 md 4 is used to compu  te n  tl  m password derived key dig  ests on microsoft windows nt x  p vis  ta 7 8 and 10
the md 6 message dig  est algori  thm is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function it uses a mer  kle tree like structure to allow for immense parallel compu  tation of h  ashes for very long inputs authors claim a performance of 28 cycles per by  te for md 6 256 on an intel core 2 du  o and pro  vable resistance against differential cry  pt  analysis the source code of the reference implementation was released under mit license speeds in excess of 1 gb s have been reported to be possible for long messages on 16 core c  pu architecture the design of mer  kle tree is based on the claims from intel describing the future of hardware processors with tens and thousands of co  res instead of the conventional uni core systems with this in mind mer  kle tree has  h structures exploit full potential of such hardware while being appropriate for current uni dual core architec  tures in december 2008 douglas held of forti  fy software discovered a buffer over  flow in the original md 6 has  h algori  thm s reference implementation this error was later made public by ron ri  vest on 19 february 2009 with a release of a corrected reference implementation in advance of the forti  fy report md 6 was submitted to the n  ist sha 3 competition however on july 1 2009 ri  vest posted a comment at n  ist that md 6 is not yet ready to be a candidate for sha 3 because of speed issues a gap in the proof that the submitted version of md 6 is resistant to differential attacks and an inability to supply such a proof for a faster reduced round version although ri  vest also stated at the md 6 website that it is not withdrawn formally md 6 did not advance to the second round of the sha 3 competition in september 2011 a paper presenting an improved proof that md 6 and faster reduced round versions are resistant to differential attacks was posted to the md 6 website the algori  thm s first known production use was in the con  fic  ker b worm in december 2008 the worm s authors subsequently updated con  fic  ker with the corrected implementation once the buffer over  flow vulnerability became known
in cry  pto  graphy mdc 2 modification detection code 2 sometimes called me  yer sch  illing is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function mdc 2 is a has  h function based on a block ci  p  her with a proof of security in the ideal ci  p  her model the length of the output has  h depends on the underlying block ci  p  her used
mec  p 2 duplication sy  dro  me m 2 ds is a rare x linked genetic disorder that causes the over expression of mec  p 2 protein it largely affects young male individuals the primary symptoms of m 2 ds include inf  anti  le hy  pot  onia delayed psy  ch  om  o  tor development impaired speech abnormal or absent ga  it epi  le  psy sp  as  tic  ity gastro  intest  inal mo  ti  lity problems recurrent infections and early death signs of this disorder are confused with those of au  tism spectrum disorders and cere  br  al pal  sy the incidence of m 2 ds is currently unknown but thought to represent 1 of x linked male mental disability cases recent technological breakthroughs in communication have shown that children affected by mec  p 2 duplication syndrome understand language but cannot speak in the very recent past a combination of non existent or limited speech with poor motor skills had caused these adoles  cent individuals to present with the cognitive abilities of an infant pioneering communication work with mec  p 2 duplication syndrome children and ass  is  tive technology eye gaze communication devices have demonstrated that these children have the ability to communicate requests and feelings the genetic ab  normality that causes mec  p 2 duplication syndrome is a double dose or duplication of the mec  p 2 or methyl cp  g binding protein 2 gene the mec  p 2 protein plays a pivotal role in regulating brain function too little or too much of the mec  p 2 protein results in brain dysfunction and physical impairment mutations in the mec  p 2 gene are also commonly associated with rett syndrome in females advances in genetic testing and more widespread use of array c  gh comparative genom  ic hybri  di  zation has led to increased diagnosis of mec  p 2 duplication syndrome array c  gh allows for sub micro  scopic cannot be seen under a micro  scope detection of missing or additional copies of genetic material and is the best screening test for a child with developmental delay as it will detect a number of genetic disorders including mec  p 2 duplication syndrome research into mec  p 2 duplication syndrome is in its infancy which means we also do not know the spectrum mil  dness to severity preliminary studies suggest that prevalence may be 1 8 per 10 000 live male births 50 of cases do not live beyond 25 years of age mec  p 2 duplication syndrome reversal in mice in a nature article published on november 25 2015 it was revealed that researchers at the bay  lor college of medicine led by dr hu  da y zo  gh  bi have reversed mec  p 2 duplication syndrome in adult symptomatic mice using anti  sense olig  on  uc  le  o  tide as  o therapy in this landmark letter to nature mice treated with an experimental as  o administered through the central nervous system experienced the reduction of mec  p 2 protein to normal levels many impressive results were observed several behavioral tests were conducted and in all cases symptoms of hypo  activity anxiety and abnormal social behavior were resolved additionally the seizure activity of the mice and abnormal eeg discharges were abolished lastly initial studies demonstrated that reducing the mec  p 2 protein levels to the correct amount also norm  alized the expression of the other genes controlled by the mec  p 2 protein exc  it  ingly the as  o was also administered to lymp  ho  bl  ast  o  id cells from mec  p 2 duplication syndrome patients and mec  p 2 mr  na levels were restored to the correct concentration in these cells this ground  breaking research shows that as  o gene therapy is a promising approach to treat mec  p 2 duplication syndrome further scientific studies need to be conducted before this therapeutic approach can be tested on humans but this study is the first hurdle cleared of the many inherent to the drug development process this research was funded by donations to the rett syndrome research trust mec  p 2 duplication fund by the friends and families of children affected by mec  p 2 duplication syndrome the 401 project the 401 project was established in 2012 to raise funds to cure mec  p 2 duplication syndrome in 2012 a concerted parent driven effort was established to raise funds for the initial mec  p 2 reversal experiments conducted at the bay  lor college of medicine each mec  p 2 family pledged to raise 401 00 in funds to cover the research program cost the initiative was a success and the 401 project was born the 401 project name was maintained as it is fundamental to the philosophy the collection of individual efforts produces high impact results the 401 project was established by parents of children affected by mec  p 2 duplication syndrome today the 401 project is maintained by a group of parent facilit  ators who guide fund  raising programs scientist interactions research finding translations and social media activities there are very minimal direct costs associated with running the 401 project and these costs are covered by the parent facilit  ators every penny donated to the 401 project goes to research the rett syndrome research trust mec  p 2 duplication syndrome fund all funds raised through the 401 project initiative are directly deposited into the rett syndrome research trust mec  p 2 duplication syndrome fund the rett syndrome research trust r  sr  t is a registered non profit organization and all donations are fully tax deductible both rett syndrome and mec  p 2 duplication syndrome are caused by mutations in the mec  p 2 gene rett syndrome affected individuals do not produce enough mec  p 2 protein in their brains while mec  p 2 duplication affected individuals produce far too much mec  p 2 protein research conducted on the earlier discovered rett syndrome was easily leveraged to initiate promising research to cure mec  p 2 duplication syndrome r  sr  t was founded in 2008 by monica co  en  ra  ads since 1999 monica has led the surge in research for genetic disorders caused by mutations in the mec  p 2 gene the mec  p 2 duplication community is beyond fortunate that monica has championed mec  p 2 duplication syndrome research under the r  sr  t umbrella under monica s leadership over 40 000 000 has been raised for research on mec  p 2 associated genetic disorders r  sr  t operates by constantly engaging academic scientists clin  icians industry investors and affected families these relationships cataly  ze the development and execution of a research agenda that neither academia nor industry could achieve alone r  sr  t identifies solic  its evalu  ates priori  tiz  es funds and monitors ambitious research projects that have the greatest likelihood of imp  acting the lives of those afflicted with rett syndrome and mec  p 2 duplication syndrome
mit  och  on  dri  al encephal  om  y  opathy lac  tic aci  do  sis and stroke like episodes – abbreviated to mel  as – is one of the family of mit  och  on  dri  al cy  top  ath  ies which also include mer  r  f and le  ber s hereditary op  tic neuro  pa  thy it was first characterized under this name in 1984 a feature of these diseases is that they are caused by defects in the mit  och  on  dri  al genome which is inherited purely from the female parent however it is important to know that some of the proteins essential to normal mit  och  on  dri  al function are produced by the nuclear genome and are subsequently transported to the mit  och  on  dri  a for use as such mutations in these proteins can result in mit  och  on  dri  al disorders but can be inherited from both male and female parent in the typical fashion the disease can manifest in both sexes
mer  r  f syndrome or my  o  cl  onic epi  le  psy with rag  ged red fi  bers is a mit  och  on  dri  al disease it is extremely rare with an estimated prevalence of 1 400 000 in northern europe and has varying degrees of expres  sivity owing to heter  op  las  my
m  gus pol  yn  euro  pa  thy or pol  yn  euro  pa  thy associated with an m component is a rare neuro  logical disease characterized by infl  amm  ation of the peripheral nervous system and mono  cl  onal gam  mop  athy of un  determined significance m  gus it was first described in the 1960 s the main symptoms are progressive muscle weakness that is symmetr  ical and bilateral at  ax  ia num  b  ness and arm trem  or treatments include intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin which is a short term treatment immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants though they have not been shown to be effective auto  log  ous stem cell transplantation and rit  u  xim  ab
mo  dy 1 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young mo  dy 1 is due to a loss of function mutation in the hn  f 4 a gene on chro  mo  some 20 this gene codes for hn  f 4 α protein also known as trans  cription factor 14 t  cf 14 hn  f 4 α controls function of hn  f 1 α see mo  dy 3 hn  f 1 a and perhaps hn  f 1 β mo  dy 5 as well this trans  cription network plays a role in the early development of the pan  cre  as liver and intest  ines in the pan  cre  as these genes influence expression of among others the genes for insulin the principal glucose transporter glut 2 and several proteins involved in glucose and mit  och  on  dri  al metabol  ism although pan  cre  atic beta cells produce adequate insulin in infancy the capacity for insulin production declines thereafter diabetes persistent hyper  gly  cem  ia typically develops by early adult years but may not appear until later decades the degree of insulin deficiency is slowly progressive many patients with mo  dy 1 are treated with sul  fon  y  lu  re  as for years before insulin is required liver effects are subtle and not clin  ically significant many people with this condition have low levels of tri  gly  cer  ides li  po  protein a a  poli  po  proteins aii and ci  ii mutations in the alternative promoter of hn  f 4 a are linked to development of type 2 diabetes
mo  dy 2 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young mo  dy 2 is due to any of several mutations in the g  ck gene on chro  mo  some 7 for glu  co  kin  ase glu  co  kin  ase serves as the glucose sensor for the pan  cre  atic beta cell normal glu  co  kin  ase triggers insulin secre  tion as the glucose exceeds about 90 mg dl 5 mm these loss of function mutations result in a glu  co  kin  ase mol  ecu  le that is less sensitive or less responsive to rising levels of glucose the beta cells in mo  dy 2 have a normal ability to make and secre  te insulin but do so only above an abnormally high threshold e g 126 – 144 mg dl or 7 8 mm this produces a chronic mild increase in blood sugar which is usually as  ymp  tomatic it is usually detected by accidental discovery of mildly elevated blood sugar e g during pregnancy screening an oral glucose tolerance test is much less abnormal than would be expected from the impaired elevated fast  ing blood sugar since insulin secre  tion is usually normal once the glucose has exceeded the threshold for that specific variant of the glu  co  kin  ase enzyme the degree of blood sugar elev  ation does not worsen rapidly with age and long term diabe  tic complications are rare in healthy children and adults a high blood sugar level can be avoided by a healthy diet and exercise primarily avoiding large amounts of carbo  hydr  ates however as people who have mo  dy 2 enter their 50 s and 60 s even though they continue to eat a healthy diet and exercise they sometimes are unable to control a high blood sugar level with these measures in these cases many medicines for type ii diabetes mell  it  us are not effective because mo  dy 2 does not cause insulin resistance rep  ag  l  ini  de pr  and  in can help the body regulate the amount of glucose in the blood by stimulating the pan  cre  as to release insulin before meals in some cases the baseline glucose levels are too high as well and insulin is required mo  dy 2 is an auto  som  al dominant condition auto  som  al dominance refers to a single abnormal gene on one of the first 22 non  sex chro  mo  som  es from either parent which can cause an auto  som  al disorder dominant inheritance means an abnormal gene from one parent is capable of causing disease even though the matching gene from the other parent is normal the abnormal gene dominates the pair of genes if just one parent has a dominant gene defect each child has a 50 chance of inher  iting the disorder this type of mo  dy demonstrates the common circulation but complex interplay between maternal and fe  tal metabol  ism and hormone signals in the determination of fe  tal size a small number of infants will have a new mutation not present in their mothers if the mother is affected and the fe  tus is not the maternal glucose will be somewhat high and the normal pan  cre  as of the fe  tus will make lots of insulin resulting in a large infant if the fe  tus is affected but mother is not glu  co  ses will be normal and fe  tal insulin production will be low resulting in in  trau  ter  ine growth retar  dation finally if both mother and fe  tus have the disease the two defects will offset each other and fe  tal size will be unaffected when both g  ck genes are affected the diabetes appears earlier and the hyper  gly  cem  ia is more severe a form of permanent ne  on  atal diabetes has been caused by homo  zy  g  ous mutations in the g  ck gene
mo  dy 3 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young mo  dy 3 also known as hn  f 1 a mo  dy is caused by mutations of the hn  f 1 alpha gene a home  o  box gene on chro  mo  some 12 this is the most common type of mo  dy in populations with european ance  stry accounting for about 70 of all cases in europe hn  f 1 α is a trans  cription factor also known as trans  cription factor 1 t  cf 1 that is thought to control a regulatory network including among other genes hn  f 1 α important for differentiation of beta cells mutations of this gene lead to reduced beta cell mass or impaired function mo  dy 1 and mo  dy 3 diabetes are clin  ically similar about 70 of people develop this type of diabetes by age 25 years but it occurs at much later ages in a few this type of diabetes can often be treated with sul  fon  y  lu  re  as with excellent results for decades however the loss of insulin secre  tory capacity is slowly progressive and most eventually need insulin this is the form of mo  dy which can most resemble ordinary type 1 diabetes and one of the incentives for diagno  sing it is that insulin may be discontinued or deferred in favor of oral sul  fon  y  lu  re  as some people treated with insulin for years due to a presumption of type 1 diabetes have been able to switch to pills and discontinue injections long term diabe  tic complications can occur if the glucose is not adequately controlled high sensitivity measurements of cr  p may help to distinguish between hn  f 1 a mo  dy and other forms of diabetes
ren  al cy  sts and diabetes syndrome r  cad also known as mo  dy 5 is a form of maturity onset diabetes of the young hn  f 1 β related mo  dy is one of the less common forms of mo  dy with some distinctive clinical features including atro  phy of the pan  cre  as and several forms of ren  al disease hn  f 1 β also known as trans  cription factor 2 t  cf 2 is involved in early stages of embryonic development of several organs including the pan  cre  as where it contributes to differentiation of pan  cre  atic endocrine n  gn 3 cell prog  en  itors from non endocrine embryonic duc  t cells the gene is on chro  mo  some 17 q the degree of insulin deficiency is variable diabetes can develop from infancy through middle adult life and some family members who carry the gene remain free of diabetes into later adult life most of those who develop diabetes show atro  phy of the entire pan  cre  as with mild or sub  cl  inc  al deficiency of exo  cr  ine as well as endocrine function the non pan  cre  atic manifestations are even more variable kidney and gen  it  our  inary mal  formation and diseases may occur but in  consistently even within a family and the specific conditions include a range of apparently unrelated anomalies and processes the most common gen  it  our  inary condition is c  ys  tic kidney disease but there are many varieties even of this ren  al effects begin with structural alterations small kidneys ren  al cy  sts anomalies of the ren  al pel  vis and cal  ices but a significant number develop slowly progressive ren  al failure associated with chronic c  ys  tic disease of the kidneys in some cases ren  al cy  sts may be detected in uter  o kidney disease may develop before or after hyper  gly  cem  ia and a significant number of people with mo  dy 5 are discovered in ren  al clinics with or without kidney disease some people with forms of hn  f 1 β have had various minor or major anomalies of the reproductive system male defects have included epi  di  dy  mal cy  sts agen  esis of the vas defer  ens or in  fertility due to abnormal sper  mato  zo  a affected women have been found to have vag  inal agen  esis hypo  plastic or bic  or  nu  ate uter  us liver enzyme elev  ations are common but clin  ically significant liver disease is not hyper  ur  ic  aemia and early onset g  out have occurred
mom  o syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder which belongs to the over  growth syndro  mes and has been diagnosed in only six cases around the world and occurs in 1 in 100 million births the name is an acron  ym of the four primary aspects of the disorder macro  som  ia excessive birth weight obesity macro  cephal  y excessive head size and oc  ular ab  norm  alities it is unknown if it is a life limiting condition mom  o syndrome was first diagnosed in 1993 by professor cé  lia pris  z  kul  nik ko  i  ff  mann a brazilian researcher in the genetic and clinical studies of neuro  developmental disorders this syndrome s acron  ym is an intended pu  n it refers to the traditionally tall and ob  ese king of carni  vals mom  us — re  i mom  o in portuguese
mo  ose originally an acron  ym for man out of space easiest but later changed to the more professional sounding manned orb  ital operations safety equipment was a proposed emergency bail out system capable of bringing a single astronaut safely down from earth orbit to the planet s surface the design was proposed by general electric in the early 1960 s the system was quite compact weighing 200 pounds 90 kilograms and fitting inside a suitcase sized container it consisted of a small twin no  zzle rocket motor sufficient to de  orbit the astronaut a pet film bag six feet 1 8 metres long with a flexible quarter inch thick ab  l  ative heat shield on the back two pressur  ized can  is  ters to fill it with pol  yu  re  thane foam a parach  ute radio equipment and a survival kit the astronaut would leave the vehicle in a space suit climb inside the plastic bag and then fill it with foam the bag had the shape of a blunt cone with the astronaut embedded in its base facing outward the rocket pack would pro  tru  de from the bag and be used to slow the astronaut s orb  ital speed enough so that they would re  enter earth s atmosphere and the foam filled bag would act as insulation during the subsequent aer  ob  ra  king finally once the astronaut had descended to 30 000 feet 9 km where the air was sufficiently dense the parach  ute would automatically deploy and slow the astronaut s fall to 17 mp  h 7 6 metres per second the foam heat shield would serve a final role as cu  shi  oning when the astronaut touched down and as a flo  tation device should they land on water the radio beacon would guide rescu  ers general electric performed preliminary testing on some of the components of the mo  ose system including flying samples of heat shield material on a mercury mission infl  ating a foam filled bag with a human subject embedded inside and test dropping dum  m  ies in mo  ose foam shields short distances u s air force capt joe kit  t  inger s historic fre  ef  all from a balloon at 103 000 feet 31 395 meters in august 1960 also helped demonstrate the feasibility of such extreme parachu  ting however the mo  ose system was nonetheless always intended as an extreme emergency measure when no other option for returning an astronaut to earth existed falling from orbit protected by nothing more than a spac  es  uit and a bag of foam was unlikely to ever become a particularly safe — or en  tic  ing — maneuver neither nasa nor the u s air force expressed an interest in the mo  ose system and so by the end of the 1960 s the program was quietly shel  ved
mor  m syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder this means that the disorder is present from birth and is likely the result of both healthy parents passing on a defective gene associated with mor  m syndrome to their offspring the disorder is not dependent on sex of the offspring both male and female offspring are equally likely to inherit the disorder the term mor  m is used to describe the characteristics associated with the disorder which include mental retar  dation trun  cal obesity re  tin  al dy  stro  phy and micro  penis the disorder shares similar characteristics with bar  det bi  ed  l syndrome and co  hen syndrome both of which are auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorders mor  m syndrome can be distinguished from the above disorders because symptoms appear at a young age the syndrome is caused by a mutation in the in  pp 5 e gene which can be located on chro  mo  some 9 in humans further mapping resulted in the identification of a mor  m syndrome loc  us on chro  mo  some 9 q 34 3 between the genetic mark  ers d 9 s 158 and d 9 s 9  05
mp  x filter is a function found in cas  set  te dec  ks f  m stere  o broadcasts contain a pilot tone at 19 kh  z when stere  o information is available at higher frequencies this system was developed jointly by z  eni  th and general electric the normal mon  a  ural audio the pilot tone which serves as a phase reference when de  coding the stere  op  hon  ic information and the double si  deb  and stere  op  hon  ic difference information are all mixed and broadcast together the process of en  coding the difference signal into the 23 53 kh  z band via double si  deb  and carrier suppressed am  pl  itude modulation is an instance of multi  plex  ing residual high frequency components of the signal remaining after de multi  plex  ing can be problematic when recording to analo  g magnetic media while the higher frequencies are unlikely to survive filtering in the recording deck the 19 kh  z tone is within the 20 to 20 000 h  z frequency range for many tape formats including compact cas  set  te and typically provides an audible beat difference tone in conjunction with the tape head bias signal used when recording the recording may also be saturated by the pilot tone more importantly the pilot tone interferes with the proper functioning of noise reduction systems such as dol  by b c and s because the pilot tone is relatively loud in comparison to the overall lou  dness of the f  m program typically 20 db the source signal is not correctly processed by the noise reduction system leading to audible ar  te  facts such as breathing and pumping for this reason many dec  ks with defe  atable mp  x filters have been designed in such a way that the mp  x filter can only be enabled when also a noise reduction system is enabled an mp  x filter on a tape deck is at least a not  ch filter that will block the 19 kh  z pilot tone and possibly higher frequencies in the 23 53 kh  z and 63 75 kh  z bands the difference can be heard when recording from an f  m stere  o source and engaging and dis  engaging the mp  x filter switch on a three head deck with monitoring this can be heard while recording the filter should not be engaged when recording from other sources such as compact dis  c the setting of the switch has no effect during play  back dec  ks with no mp  x filter switch typically have a non defe  atable mp  x filter incorporated in their design which limits the overall i e record to play  back frequency response to about 15 16 kh  z
m  v  c 4 w  pf is an open source exten  sible automated code pattern developed at information control corporation for windows presentation foundation w  pf development based on the model view controller m  v  c and presentation abstr  action control pac patterns it was released to the general public as an open source project on july 23 2009 it depends on microsoft ’ s net framework 3 5 and visual studio 2008 for functionality the m  v  c 4 w  pf source code for the 0 9 beta is available for download on co  depl  ex
in mathematics a ma  ass wave form or ma  ass form is a function on the upper half plane that trans  forms like a mod  ular form but need not be holo  morph  ic they were first studied by hans ma  ass in
in probability theory the m  ab  in  og  ion sheep problem or m  ab  ino  gian ur  n is a problem in sto  ch  astic control introduced by david williams 15 3 who named it after a herd of magic sheep in the welsh epic m  ab  in  og  ion
mac call  um s pl  aqu  es is a condition featuring the thick  ening of left atri  um s wall and its endo  cardi  al wall above the mit  ral valve due to fi  bro  sis it is one complic  ation of chronic r  heu  matic heart disease other complications of chronic r  heu  matic heart disease are val  vul  ar effect sten  osis in  sufficiency or can be both val  vul  ar leaf  lets become thick  ened by fi  bro  sis frequent val  vul  ar calci  fication cord  ae tend  in  ae become thick  ened shortened and f  used
m  ach reflection is a su  person  ic fluid dynamics effect named for ern  st m  ach and is a shock wave reflection pattern involving three shocks
m  ach tuck is an aerod  y  nam  ic effect whereby the nose of an aircraft tends to pitch downward as the air  flow around the wing reaches su  person  ic speeds the aircraft will first experience this effect at significantly below m  ach 1 this speed is known as the critical m  ach number of the wing
mach  ado – joseph disease m  jd also known as mach  ado – joseph az  ore  an disease or joseph s disease or spin  oc  ere  bell  ar at  ax  ia type 3 s  ca 3 is a rare auto  som  al domin  antly inherited neuro  degenerative disease that causes progressive cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia which results in a lack of muscle control and coordination of the upper and lower extre  mi  ties the symptoms are caused by a genetic mutation that results in an expansion of abnormal ca  g trin  uc  le  o  tide repeats in the at  x  n 3 gene that results in an abnormal form of the protein at  ax  in which causes de  generation of cells in the hind  brain some symptoms such as clum  sin  ess and rigidity make m  jd commonly mistaken for drun  ken  ness or par  kinson s disease mach  ado – joseph disease is a type of spin  oc  ere  bell  ar at  ax  ia and is the most common cause of auto  som  al dominant at  ax  ia m  jd causes oph  thal  mop  legi  a and mixed sensory and cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia
a machine check exception m  ce is a type of computer hardware error that occurs when a computer s central processing unit detec  ts a hardware problem modern versions of microsoft windows handle machine check exceptions through the windows hardware error architecture when whe  a detec  ts a machine check exception it displays the error in a blue screen of death with the following parameters which vary but the first parameter is always 0 x 0 for a machine check exception stop 0 x 00  00  0  124 0 x 00  00  00  00  00  000000 0 x 00  00  00  00  00  000000 0 x 00  00  00  00  00  000000 0 x 00  00  00  00  00  000000 on lin  ux a process such as k  log  d writes a message to the ker  nel log and or the con  sole screen usually only to the con  sole when the error is non recoverable and the machine cr  ashes as a result c  pu 0 machine check exception 00  00  00  00  00  00  00  04 bank 2 f 200  200  00  00  00  863 ker  nel panic c  pu context corrupt the error usually occurs due to failure or over  stressing of hardware components where the error cannot be more specifically identified with a different error message diagno  sing the error message can be difficult although intel p  enti  um processors do generate more specific codes which can be de  coded by cont  acting the manufacturer most m  ces require a restart of the system before users can continue normal operation and indicate a long term problem of a general nature
machine learning is the sub  field of computer science that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed arthur samuel 1959 evolved from the study of pattern recognition and compu  tational learning theory in artificial intelligence machine learning explo  res the study and construction of algori  th  ms that can learn from and make predictions on data – such algori  th  ms overcome following strictly static program instructions by making data driven predictions or decisions through building a model from sample inputs machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit algori  th  ms is un  feasible example applications include spam filtering optical character recognition oc  r search engines and computer vision machine learning is closely related to and often overlaps with compu  tational statistics which also focuses in prediction making through the use of computers it has strong ties to mathematical optimi  zation which delivers methods theory and application domains to the field machine learning is sometimes con  fl  ated with data mining where the latter sub  field focuses more on exploratory data analysis and is known as un  supervised learning within the field of data analy  tics machine learning is a method used to devise complex models and algori  th  ms that lend themselves to prediction in commercial use this is known as predic  tive analy  tics these analytical models allow researchers data scientists engineers and analysts to produce reliable repe  atable decisions and results and uncover hidden insights through learning from historical relationships and trends in the data
macro  cephal  y is a condition in which the head is abnormally large this includes the scal  p the cran  ial bone and the contents of the cran  ium
macro  cephal  y cap  ill  ary mal  formation m cm is a multiple mal  formation syndrome causing abnormal body and head over  growth and cu  taneous vascular neuro  logic and limb ab  norm  alities though not every patient has all features commonly found signs include macro  cephal  y con  genital macro  som  ia extensive cu  taneous cap  ill  ary mal  formation na  ev  us flamm  eus or port wine stain type birth  mark over much of the body a cap  ill  ary mal  formation of the upper lip or phil  tr  um is seen in many patients with this condition body asymmetry also called hem  i  hyper  pl  asia or hem  i  hyper  tro  phy poly  d  ac  ty  ly or syn  d  ac  ty  ly of the hands and feet lax joints dough  y skin variable developmental delay and other neuro  logic problems such as seizures and low muscle tone
macro  ch  ei  lia is a condition of permanent sw  elling of the lip that results from greatly dist  ended lymp  h  atic spaces this causes an abnormal lar  gen  ess of the lips this is sometimes seen in leprosy patients
macro  cy  to  sis is the enlargement of red blood cells with near constant h  emo  glob  in concentration and is defined by a mean corp  us  cular volume mc  v of greater than 100 fem  tol  it  res the precise criterion varies between laboratories the enlarged er  y  thro  cy  tes are called macro  cy  tes or me  gal  oc  y  tes both words have roots meaning big cell
macro  don  tia or meg  ad  on  tia or me  gal  od  on  tia is a type of loc  alized gig  anti  sm in which teeth are larger than normal for the particular type s of teeth involved the three types of macro  don  tia are true generalized macro  don  tia relative generalized macro  don  tia and macro  don  tia of a single tooth true generalized macro  don  tia is rare macro  don  tia of a single tooth is more common some kind of macro  don  tia in the permanent denti  tion occurs in 1 1 of the total population it should not be confused with tau  ro  don  tism bull teeth fusion double tooth or the ja  ws being relatively small giving the appearance of macro  don  tia
macro  ecology is the sub  field of ecology that deals with the study of relationships between organisms and their environment at large spatial scales to characterise and explain statistical patterns of abundance distribution and diversity the term was coined by james brown of the university of new mexico and brian maur  er of michigan state university in a 1989 paper in science macro  ecology approaches the idea of studying ecosystems using a top down approach it seeks understanding through the study of the properties of the system as a whole kevin gast  on and tim black  burn make the analogy to seeing the forest for the trees macro  ecology examines how global development in climate change affect wildlife populations classic ecological questions amenable to study through the techniques of macro  ecology include questions of species richness lati  tu  d  inal gr  adi  ents in species diversity the species area curve range size body size and species abundance for example the relationship between abundance and range size why species that maintain large local population sizes tend to be widely distributed while species that are less abundant tend to have restricted ranges has received much attention
macro  glob  ul  in  emia is the presence of increased levels of macro  glob  ul  ins in the circulating blood it is a plasma cell dys  cr  asia resembling leuk  emia with cells of lymp  ho  cy  tic plas  mac  y  tic or intermediate mor  pho  logy which secre  te a mono  cl  onal immun  o  glob  ulin m component there is diffuse infiltr  ation by the m  align  ant cells of the bone marrow and also in many cases of the sp  leen liver or lymp  h no  des the circulating macro  glob  ulin can produce symptoms of hyper  vis  cos  ity syndrome weakness fatigue bleeding disorders and visual disturbances peak incidence of macro  glob  ul  in  emia is in the sixth and seventh decades of life dor  land 28 th ed
macro  glos  sia is the medical term for an unusually large tongue severe enlargement of the tongue can cause cosmetic and functional difficulties in speaking eating sw  allowing and sleeping macro  glos  sia is un  common and usually occurs in children there are many causes treatment is dependent upon the exact cause
macro  or  chi  dis  m is a disorder found in males where a subject has abnormally large test  es the condition is commonly inherited in connection with fragile x syndrome which is also the second most common genetic cause of mental disabilities the opposite side of the spectrum is called micro  or  chi  dis  m which is the condition of abnormally small test  es other possible eti  o  logies of macro  or  chi  dis  m are long standing primary hypo  thyro  i  dis  m adren  al remnants in con  genital adren  al hyper  pl  asia fol  lic  le stimulating hormone f  sh secre  ting pit  u  itary macro  aden  om  as local tumors lymp  hom  as and arom  at  ase deficiency
macro  p  ha  gic my  of  as  ci  i  tis or m  m  f is a rare muscle disease identified in 1993 the disease is characterized by micro  scopic le  sions found in muscle biop  sies that show infiltr  ation of muscle tissue by pas positive macro  p  ha  ges specific causes of m  m  f are unknown intr  amus  cular injections aluminium containing vaccines have been implicated many of those affected with the disease had previously been treated for malaria with chloro  qu  ine or hydroxy  chloro  qu  ine clinical symptoms include muscle pain joint pain muscle weakness fatigue fever and muscle tender  ness a diagnosis can only be identified with an open muscle biopsy of the vaccinated muscle studies at the university of paris have shown that m  m  f le  sions result when the aluminum hydrox  ide adju  v  ant from a vaccine remains embedded in the tissue and causes a steady immune reaction
macro  p  sia also known as me  gal  op  ia is a neuro  logical condition affecting human visual perception in which objects within an affected section of the visual field appear larger than normal causing the person to feel smaller than they actually are macro  p  sia along with its opposite condition micro  p  sia can be categ  orized under dys  metro  p  sia macro  p  sia is related to other conditions dealing with visual perception such as anis  ei  k  onia and alice in wonder  land syndrome ai  ws also known as todd ’ s syndrome macro  p  sia has a wide range of causes from prescription and illicit drugs to migr  ain  es and rarely complex partial epi  le  psy and to different re  tin  al conditions such as epi  re  tin  al memb  rane physi  o  logically re  tin  al macro  p  sia results from the compression of con  es in the eye it is the compression of recep  tor distribution that results in greater stimulation and thus a larger perceived image of an object
in quantum mechanics macro  scopic quantum self trapping is a phenomenon occurring in the state of matter called the bo  se – einstein condens  ate between two super  conductors linked by a non conducting barrier known as a jose  ph  son junction while the tunn  eling of a particle through class  ically forbidden barriers can be described by the particle s wave function this merely gives the probability of tunn  eling although various factors can increase or decrease the probability of tunn  eling one can not be certain whether or not tunn  eling will occur when two condens  ates are placed in a double potential well and the phase and population differences are such that the system is in equilibrium the population difference will remain fixed this is not to say that tunn  eling does not occur — rather in the event that a particle tunnels through the barrier another particle tunnels in the opposite direction because the identity of individual particles is lost in that case no tunn  eling can be observed and the system is considered to remain at rest
macro  stom  ia from the greek pre  fix mak  ro meaning large and from greek στ  ό  μα mouth refers to a mouth that is unusually wide macro  stom  ia is characterized as a physical ab  normality that causes cle  f  ts to form on the face of affected individuals these cle  f  ts can form on either or both sides of the face but they are most commonly seen on the right cheek and have a higher rate of occurrence in males macro  stom  ia is very irregular and on average occurs only once in every 150 000 to 300 000 live births it s unusual for macro  stom  ia to occur on its own and it is included as a symptom for many diseases including cran  io  facial micro  som  ia the cle  f  ts result from improper development and fusion of the man  di  bul  ar and max  ill  ary processes the cle  f  ts cause problems with facial muscle development the origin of macro  stom  ia is not yet fully understood it could have multiple causes
macro  tia refers to an ear which is larger than would be expected the normal aur  icular axis length is 58 – 62 mm among females and 62 – 66 mm among males in some cases surgery ot  op  la  sty is performed to reduce the size
macro  vascular disease is a disease of any large macro blood vessels in the body it is a disease of the large blood vessels including the coron  ary arter  ies the a  or  ta and the si  z  able arter  ies in the brain and in the limbs this sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes for a long time fat and blood clo  ts build up in the large blood vessels and stick to the vessel walls three common macro  vascular diseases are coron  ary disease in the heart cere  bro  vascular disease in the brain and peripheral vascular disease in the limbs macro  vascular disease macro  an  gi  opathy refers to a  ther  os  clerosis a  ther  os  clerosis is a form of arter  i  os  clerosis thick  ening and hard  ening of arter  ial walls characterized by pla  que deposits of li  pi  ds fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue calcium and other blood substances a  ther  os  clerosis by definition affects only medium and large arter  ies excluding arter  i  oles macro  vascular disease is associated with the development of coron  ary artery disease peripheral vascular disease brain attack stroke and increased risk of infection type 2 diabetes is more closely associated with macro  vascular diseases than type 1 diabetes peripheral vascular disease and increased risk of infection have important implications in the care of the acutely ill patient
mac  ular cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy also known as fe  hr cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy named for german oph  thal  mo  logist osk  ar fe  hr 18  71 1959 is a rare pathological condition affecting the st  roma of cor  ne  a the first signs are usually noticed in the first decade of life and progress afterwards with op  ac  ities developing in the cor  ne  a and attacks of pain the condition was first described by arthur gro  en  ou  w in 1890
mac  ular de  generation also known as age related mac  ular de  generation am  d or arm  d is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field early on there are often no symptoms over time however some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that may affect one or both eyes while it does not result in complete blindness loss of central vision can make it hard to recognize faces drive read or perform other activities of daily life visual halluc  inations may also occur but these do not represent a mental illness mac  ular de  generation typically occurs in older people genetic factors and smoking also play a role it is due to damage to the mac  ula of the re  tina diagnosis is by a complete eye exam the severity is divided into early intermediate and late types the late type is additionally divided into dry and wet forms with the dry form making up 90 of cases prevention includes exercising eating well and not smoking antioxid  ant vitamins and minerals do not appear to be useful for prevention there is no cure or treatment that returns vision already lost in the wet form anti ve  g  f medication injected into the eye or less commonly laser co  ag  ulation or photo  dynamic therapy may slow worsening supplements in those who already have the disease may slow progression in 2010 it affected 23 5 million people globally in 2013 moderate to severe disease affected 13 4 million and it is the fourth most common cause of blindness after cat  ar  acts pre  term birth and gl  au  coma it most commonly occurs in people over the age of fifty and in the united states is the most common cause of vision loss in this age group about 0 4 of people between 50 and 60 have the disease while it occurs in 0 7 of people 60 to 70 2 3 of those 70 to 80 and nearly 12 of people over 80 years old
mac  ular e  dem  a occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the mac  ula of the eye a yellow central area of the re  tina and causes it to thick  en and swell e  dem  a the sw  elling may distort a person s central vision because the mac  ula holds tightly packed con  es that provide sharp clear central vision to enable a person to see detail form and color that is directly in the centre of the field of view
a mac  ular hole is a small break in the mac  ula located in the center of the eye s light sensitive tissue called the re  tina
mac  ular hypo  pl  asia also known as fo  veal hypo  pl  asia is a rare medical condition involving the underdevelopment of the mac  ula a small area on the re  tina the eye s internal surface responsible for seeing in detail mac  ular hypo  pl  asia is often associated with al  bin  ism
mac  ular tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia describes two distinct re  tin  al diseases affecting the mac  ula of the eye mac  ular tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia type 1 and mac  ular tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia type 2 mac  ular tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia mac  tel type 1 is a very rare disease typically unilateral and usually affecting male patients mac  tel type 2 is more frequent than type 1 and generally affects both eyes bilateral it usually affects both sexes equally both types of mac  tel should not be confused with age related mac  ular de  generation am  d from which it can be distinguished by symptoms clinical features patho  genesis and disease management however both am  d and mac  tel eventually lead to photo  recep  tor atro  phy and thus loss of central vision the eti  ology of both types of mac  tel is still unknown and no treatment has been found to be effective to prevent further progression because lost photo  recep  tors cannot be recovered early diagnosis and treatment appear to be essential to prevent loss of visual function several centers are currently trying to find new diagnostics and treatments to understand the causes and bio  chemical reactions in order to halt or counteract the adverse effects mac  tel type 2 contemporary research has shown that mac  tel type 2 is likely a neuro  degenerative disease with secondary changes of the blood vessels of the mac  ula although mac  tel type 2 has been previously regarded as a rare disease it is in fact probably much more common than previously thought the very subtle nature of the early findings in mac  tel mean the diagnoses are often missed by op  tom  etr  ists and general oph  thal  mo  logists due to increased research activity since 2005 many new insights have been gained into this condition since its first description by dr j donald g  ass in 1982
a mac  ul  op  ap  ular rash is a type of rash characterized by a flat red area on the skin that is covered with small con  flu  ent bu  mps it may only appear red in lighter skin  ned people the term mac  ul  op  ap  ular is a compound mac  ules are small flat dis  colored spots on the surface of the skin and pap  ules are small raised bu  mps it is also described as er  y  them  at  ous or red this type of rash is common in several diseases and medical conditions including scar  let fever meas  les e  bol  a virus disease rub  ella secondary sy  phil  is con  genital sy  phil  is which is as  ymp  tomatic the new  born may present this type of rash er  y  thro  virus par  vo  virus b 19 chi  kun  gun  ya alp  ha  virus zi  ka and heat rash it is also a common manifestation of a skin reaction to the antibiotic am  ox  ic  ill  in or chem  otherapy drugs cu  taneous infiltr  ation of leuk  emic cells may also have this appearance mac  ul  op  ap  ular rash is seen in graft versus host disease g  v  hd developed after a hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cell transplant bone marrow transplant which can be seen within one week or several weeks after the transplant in the case of g  v  hd the mac  ul  op  ap  ular rash may progress to a condition similar to toxic ep  id  er  mal nec  rol  ysis in addition this is the type of rash that some patients presenting with e  bol  a virus hemorrha  gic e  bo z fever will reveal but can be hard to see on dark skin people it is also seen in patients with mar  burg hemorrha  gic fever a fi  lo  virus not unlike e  bol  a this type of rash can be as a result of large doses of ni  ac  in or no flush ni  ac  in 2000 – 2500 mg used for the management of low h  dl cho  le  sterol this type of rash can also be a symptom of sea ba  ther s eruption this st  inging pr  uri  tic mac  ul  op  ap  ular rash affects swim  mers in some atlantic loc  ales e g florida caribbean long island it is caused by hy  pers  ensi  tivity to st  ings from the lar  v  ae of the sea an  em  one e g ed  war  d  si  ella line  ate or the th  im  ble jell  y  fish lin  u  che un  gu  icul  ata the rash appears where the bathing suit contacts the skin this type of rash can also be a symptom of acute arsenic in  tox  ication appearing 2 weeks later
mad hat  ter disease or mad hat  ter syndrome was an occupational disease among hat  makers caused by chronic mercury poisoning it affected those whose fel  ting work involved prolonged exposure to mercury vap  ors the neuro  toxic effects included trem  or and the pathological sh  y  ness and irrit  ability characteristic of ere  th  ism use of in  organic mercury in the form of mercur  ic nitrate to treat the fur of small animals for the manufacture of felt hats seems to have begun in 17 th century france and from there spread to england by the end of the century with the hu  gu  en  ots by the victori  an era the hat  ters condition had become proverbial as reflected in popular expressions like mad as a hat  ter and hat  ters sh  akes similar phenomena had been described in st petersburg russia in 1829 in france the national academy of medicine described the health hazards in 18  69 and in 1898 a law was passed to protect hat  makers from the risks of mercury exposure in britain mercury poisoning among hat  ters had become a r  arity by the turn of the 20 th century in the united states where the occupational illness was thoroughly described in new jersey in 18  60 the practice continued until 1941 mercury poisoning in the hat  making industries of dan  bury connec  tic  ut gave rise to the expression dan  bury sh  akes hat  makers in tuscany italy were also affected and exposed workers received financial compensation although lewis car  roll s icon  ic mad hat  ter character in alice s adventures in wonder  land has often been linked to the occupational hazards of hat  making it is thought that the character was directly inspired by the ec  centric furniture dealer the  oph  il  us carter
mad  al  ine many ad  al  ine is a three layer input hidden output fully connected feed forward artificial ne  ural network architecture for classification that uses ad  al  ine units in its hidden and output layers i e its activation function is the sign function the three layer network uses m  emis  tors three different training algori  th  ms for mad  al  ine networks which cannot be learned using back  propagation because the sign function is not differenti  able have been suggested called rule i rule ii and rule iii the first of these dates back to 1962 and cannot adapt the weights of the hidden output connection the second training algori  thm improved on rule i and was described in 1988 the third rule applied to a modified network with sig  mo  id acti  vations instead of sign  um it was later found to be equivalent to back  propagation the rule ii training algori  thm is based on a principle called minimal disturbance it proceeds by loop  ing over training examples then for each example it finds the hidden layer unit ad  al  ine classi  fier with the lowest confidence in its prediction tent  atively f  lips the sign of the unit accepts or rejects the change based on whether the network s error is reduced stops when the error is zero additionally when fli  pping single units signs does not drive the error to zero for a particular example the training algori  thm starts fli  pping pairs of units signs then tri  ples of units etc
mad  ar  osis is a condition that results in the loss of e  yel  ashes sometimes eyebro  ws the term mad  ar  osis is greek for the word mad  ao which means to fall off it originally was a disease of only losing e  yel  ashes but it currently is the loss of both e  yel  ashes and eyebro  ws eyebro  ws and e  yel  ashes are both important in the prevention of bacteria and other foreign objects from entering the eye a majority of patients with mad  ar  osis have leprosy and it was reported that 76 of patients with varying types of leprosy had mad  ar  osis
mad  el  ung s de  form  ity is usually characterized by mal  formed w  rists and wrist bones accompanied by short stature and is often associated with lé  ri we  ill dy  sch  on  dro  ste  osis it has only been recognized within the past hundred years
the mad  el  ung synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces substituted or un  substituted ind  oles by the intr  am  ol  ec  ular cy  cli  zation of n phen  yl  am  ides using strong base at high temperature the mad  el  ung synthesis was reported in 19  12 by walter mad  el  ung when he observed that 2 phen  y  lin  do  le was synthe  sized using n benzo  yl o t  olu  id  ine and two equivalents of sodium eth  oxide in a heated air  less reaction common reaction conditions include use of sodium or potassium al  ko  x  ide as base in hex  ane or te  tra  hydro  fur  an solvents at temperatures ranging between 200 400 ° c a hydro  lysis step is also required in the synthesis the mad  el  ung synthesis is important because it is one of few known reactions that produce ind  oles from a base cataly  zed thermal cy  cli  zation of n ac  yl o t  olu  id  ines the overall reaction for the mad  el  ung synthesis follows
ma  ff  ucci syndrome is a spor  adic disease characterized by the presence of multiple en  ch  on  dro  mas associated with multiple hem  an  gi  om  as also lymp  han  gi  om  as may be apparent
the mag  il  um boat mag  il  um from sum  er  ian ma gi l  um a ship of the nether  world in sum  er  ian myth  ology was one of the valuable items seized by nin  ur  ta patron god of lag  ash in ancient iraq this spoil was hung on an unknown part of his ch  ari  ot according to the ancient source lines 55 63
mag  nes  emia is the presence of magnesium in the blood low levels of magnesium causes cardiac ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mia note also seizures are cns arr  hy  th  mia normal value ranges from 1 5 to 2 me  q
magnesium deficiency or hypo  magnesia not to be confused with hypo  mag  nes  emia refers to inadequate intake of dietary magnesium or impaired absorption of magnesium which can result in numerous symptoms and diseases it is generally corrected by an increase of magnesium in diet oral supplements and in severe cases intra  ven  ous supplem  entation
magnesium has an important role in photo  synthesis because it forms the central atom of chlor  op  hy  ll therefore without sufficient amounts of magnesium plants begin to de  grade the chlor  op  hy  ll in the old leaves this causes the main symptom of magnesium deficiency chlor  osis or yel  lowing between leaf ve  ins which stay green giving the leaves a mar  bled appearance due to magnesium ’ s mobile nature the plant will first break down chlor  op  hy  ll in older leaves and transport the mg to younger leaves which have greater photo  synthetic needs therefore the first sign of magnesium deficiency is the chlor  osis of old leaves which progres  ses to the young leaves as the deficiency continues magnesium also is a necessary activ  ator for many critical enzymes including ri  bul  os  bi  phosphate car  box  yl  ase rub  isco and phosp  ho  en  ol  py  ru  v  ate car  box  yl  ase pe  pc both essential enzymes in carbon fixation thus low amounts of mg lead to a decrease in photo  synthetic and enz  ym  atic activity within the plants magnesium is also crucial in stabilizing ri  bo  some structures hence a lack of magnesium causes de  poly  mer  ization of ri  bo  som  es leading to pre mature aging of the plant after prolonged magnesium deficiency necro  sis and dropping of older leaves occurs plants deficient in magnesium also produce smaller woo  di  er fruits magnesium deficiency may be confused with zinc or chlorine deficiencies viruses or natural ageing since all have similar symptoms adding ep  som salts as a solution of 25 grams per lit  er or 4 oz per gal or crushed do  lo  mi  tic lime  stone to the soil can rectify magnesium deficiencies for a more organic solution applying home made com  post mul  ch can prevent le  aching during excessive rainfall and provide plants with sufficient amounts of nutrients including magnesium
magnetic catal  ysis is a physics phenomenon which is defined as an enhancement of dynam  ical sym  metry breaking by an external magnetic field in quantum field theory used for the description of quantum particles qu  asi  particles in sub  atomic physics as well as in condens  ed matter physics the underlying phenomenon is a consequence of the strong tendency of a magnetic field to enhance binding of op  pos  itely charged particles into bound states the “ cataly  zing ” effect comes from a partial restriction dimensional reduction of the motion of charged particles in the directions per  pend  icular to the direction of the magnetic field commonly the magnetic catal  ysis is specifically associated with spontaneous breaking of flavor or chir  al sym  metry in quantum field theory which is enhanced or triggered by the presence of an external magnetic field
magnetic deviation is the error induced in a compass by local magnetic fields which must be allowed for along with magnetic dec  lin  ation if accurate bearings are to be calculated more loosely magnetic deviation is used by some to mean the same as magnetic dec  lin  ation this article is about the former meaning
a magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic materials the magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude or strength as such it is a vector field the term is used for two distinct but closely related fields den  oted by the symbols b and h where h is measured in units of am  peres per meter symbol a · m − 1 or a m in the si b is measured in tes  las symbol t note that although the symbol is capital t tes  la is written in lower case in the si system and new  tons per meter per amp  ere symbol n · m − 1 · a − 1 or n m · a in the si b is most commonly defined in terms of the lo  ren  tz force it exer  ts on moving electric charges magnetic fields can be produced by moving electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles associated with a fundamental quantum property their spin in special rel  ativity electric and magnetic fields are two inter  related aspects of a single object called the electromagnetic t  ens  or the split of this t  ens  or into electric and magnetic fields depends on the relative velocity of the observer and charge in quantum physics the electromagnetic field is quan  tized and electromagnetic interactions result from the exchange of pho  tons in everyday life magnetic fields are most often encountered as a force created by permanent magne  ts which pull on fer  ro  magnetic materials such as iron co  bal  t or nickel and attract or repe  l other magne  ts magnetic fields are widely used throughout modern technology particularly in electrical engineering and electro  mechanics the earth produces its own magnetic field which is important in navigation and it shields the earth s atmosphere from solar wind rotating magnetic fields are used in both electric motors and generators magnetic forces give information about the charge carriers in a material through the hall effect the interaction of magnetic fields in electric devices such as transformers is studied in the discipline of magnetic circuits
magnetic resonance imaging burn also known as an m  ri burn is a cu  taneous condition characterized by first second or third degree burns due to metal or wire contact with skin creating a closed loop conduc  tion system
in telecommunication magne  to ion  ic double ref  r  action is the combined effect of the earth s magnetic field and atmospheric ion  ization whereby a lin  early pol  arized wave entering the ion  o  sphere is split into two components called the ordinary wave and extraordinary wave the component waves follow different paths experience different attenu  ations have different phase vel  o  cities and in general are el  lip  tically pol  arized in opposite senses the critical frequency of the extraordinary wave is always greater than the critical frequency of the ordinary wave i e the wave in absence of the magnetic field by the amount approximately equal to 5 times of gy  ro frequency the am  pl  itude of extraordinary wave is dependent on the earth magnetic field at that particular point beside splitting the polarization of the incident radio wave is also effected by this phenomena because the electr  on that were earlier in simple harmon  ic motion only are now in spiral motion too due to the magnetic field
ma  ha  ga  uri dev  nag  ari म  ह  ा  ग  ौ  र  ी is the eighth manifestation of goddess d  urg  a and amongst the nav  ad  urg  as ma  ha  ga  uri is wor  shipped on the eighth day of nav  rat  ri according to hindu myth  ology goddess ma  ha  ga  uri has the power to fulfill all the desires of her devo  tees the one who wor  ships the goddess gets relief from all the suffer  ings in life ma  ha  ga  uri has four arms her right arm is in the pose of all  aying fear and right lower hand holds a tri  dent in it she holds a t  amb  our  ine in her left upper arm and the lower one is in the form of a blessing
the ma  ill  ard reaction ma  ɪ  ˈ  j  ɑ  ː  r my yar french pron  unciation ​ maj  a  ʁ is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives brow  ned food its desirable flavor se  ared ste  aks pan fried dum  pl  ings cookies and other kinds of biscu  its b  reads to  asted marsh  m  allows and many other foods undergo this reaction it is named after french chem  ist louis cam  ille ma  ill  ard who first described it in 19  12 while attempting to reproduce biological protein synthesis the reaction is a form of non enz  ym  atic brow  ning which typically proceeds rapidly from around 140 to 165 ° c 284 to 329 ° f at higher temperatures car  ame  li  zation and subsequently pyro  lysis become more pronounced the reactive carbon  yl group of the sugar reacts with the nucle  oph  il  ic amino group of the amino acid and forms a complex mixture of poorly characterized molecules responsible for a range of od  ors and flav  ors this process is accelerated in an al  kal  ine environment e g l  ye applied to dar  ken pret  z  els see l  ye roll as the amino groups r  n  h 3 are de  pro  ton  ated and hence have an increased nucle  oph  il  icity the type of the amino acid determines the resulting flavor this reaction is the basis of the flav  oring industry at high temperatures a potential carcin  o  gen called ac  r  yl  amide can be formed in the process hundreds of different flavor compounds are created these compounds in turn break down to form yet more new flavor compounds and so on each type of food has a very distinctive set of flavor compounds that are formed during the ma  ill  ard reaction it is these same compounds that flavor scientists have used over the years to make artificial flav  ors
in the design of experiments and analysis of variance a main effect is the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaging across the levels of any other independent variables the term is frequently used in the context of fac  torial designs and regression models to distinguish main effects from interaction effects relative to a fac  torial design under an analysis of variance a main effect test will test the hypo  theses expected such as h 0 the null hypothesis running a hypothesis for a main effect will test whether there is evidence of an effect of different treatments however a main effect test is non  specific and will not allow for a loc  alization of specific mean p  air  wise comparisons simple effects a main effect test will merely look at whether overall there is something about a particular factor that is making a difference in other words a test examining differences amongst the levels of a single factor averaging over the other factor and or factors main effects are essentially the overall effect of a factor
the ma  is  onn  eu  ve frac  ture is a spiral frac  ture of the proxim  al third of the fi  bul  a associated with a tear of the dis  tal ti  bio  fi  bul  ar syn  des  mo  sis and the inter  osse  ous memb  rane there is an associated frac  ture of the medi  al mal  le  ol  us or rupture of the deep del  to  id lig  ament this type of injury can be difficult to detect the ma  is  onn  eu  ve frac  ture is similar to the gale  az  zi frac  ture in the sense that there is an important lig  am  ent  ous disruption in association with the frac  ture the frac  ture is named after the surgeon jules ger  main françois ma  is  onn  eu  ve
maize lethal necro  sis disease mln disease ml  nd corn lethal necro  sis is a disease affecting maize corn chiefly in east africa it s caused by infection with two viruses mc  mo  v maize chlor  otic mo  ttle virus and one from the po  ty  vi  ri  da  e group m  d  mv maize dwarf mo  saic virus w  sm  v wheat stre  ak mo  saic virus sc  mv su  gar  cane mo  saic virus and the like in late 2014 it was reported that ml  nd could cut kenya s maize production by as much as 30 in early march 2015 the middle of the rainy season losses were estimated at 10
maj  e  ed syndrome is an inherited skin disorder characterized by chronic recurrent multi  focal o  ste  om  ye  li  tis con  genital dy  ser  y  thro  po  ie  tic an  emia and a neu  tro  phil  ic der  mat  osis it is classified as an auto  infl  am  matory bone disorder the condition is found in people with two defective copies auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance of the l  pin 2 gene l  pin 2 en  codes li  pin 2 which is involved in lip  id metabol  ism the patho  genesis of this mutation with the clinical manifestations has not been elu  ci  dated
maj  e  wski s poly  d  ac  ty  ly syndrome also known as poly  d  ac  ty  ly with ne  on  atal ch  on  dro  dy  stro  phy type i short ri  b poly  d  ac  ty  ly syndrome type ii and short ri  b poly  d  ac  ty  ly syndrome is a lethal form of ne  on  atal dwar  f  ism characterized by o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asia sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities in the development of bone and car  til  age with a narrow thor  ax poly  syn  d  ac  ty  ly disproportionately short ti  bi  ae thor  ax dys  pl  asia hypo  plastic lungs and respiratory in  sufficiency associated anomalies include pro  tru  ding ab  dom  en br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly peculiar faces hypo  plastic ep  ig  lot  tis cardiovascular defects ren  al cy  sts and also genital anomalies death occurs before or at birth the disease is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern it was characterized in 1971
maj  oc  chi s disease also known as pur  pur  a annul  aris tel  an  gi  ec  to  des and pur  pur  a annul  aris tel  an  gi  ec  to  des of maj  oc  chi is a skin condition characterized by blu  ish red 1 to 3 cm ann  ular pat  ches composed of dark red tel  an  gi  ec  t  ases with pe  tec  hi  ae
major depres  sive disorder m  dd also known as simply depression is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations it is often accompanied by low self esteem loss of interest in normally enjo  y  able activities low energy and pain without a clear cause people may also occasionally have false beliefs or see or hear things that others cannot some people have periods of depression separated by years in which they are normal while others nearly always have symptoms present major depres  sive disorder can negatively affects a person s family work or school life sleeping or eating habits and general health between 2 7 of adults with major depression die by suicide and up to 60 of people who die by suicide had depression or another mood disorder the cause is believed to be a combination of genetic environmental and psychological factors risk factors include a family history of the condition major life changes certain medications chronic health problems and substance abuse about 40 of the risk appears to be related to genetics the diagnosis of major depres  sive disorder is based on the person s reported experiences and a mental status examination there is no laboratory test for major depression testing however may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms major depression should be differentiated from sadness which is a normal part of life and is less severe the united states preventive services task force us  p  st  f recommends screening for depression among those over the age 12 while a prior co  ch  rane review found insufficient evidence for screening typically people are treated with counselling and anti  depres  sant medication medication appears to be effective but the effect may only be significant in the most severely depressed it is unclear whether medications affect the risk of suicide types of counselling used include cognitive behavioral therapy c  bt and inter  personal therapy if other measures are not effective electro  con  vul  sive therapy ect may be tried hosp  itali  zation may be necessary in cases with a risk of harm to self and may occasionally occur against a person s wishes major depres  sive disorder affected approximately 253 million 3 6 of people in 2013 the percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7 in japan to 21 in france lifetime rates are higher in the developed world 15 compared to the developing world 11 it causes the second most years lived with disability after low back pain the most common time of onset is in a person in their 20 s and 30 s females are affected about twice as often as males the american psychiatric association added major depres  sive disorder to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iii in 1980 it was a split of the previous depres  sive neuro  sis in the dsm ii which also encomp  assed the conditions now known as dys  thy  mia and adjustment disorder with depressed mood those currently or previously affected may be stigmati  zed
a major depres  sive episode is a period characterized by the symptoms of major depres  sive disorder primarily depressed mood for two weeks or more and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities accompanied by other symptoms such as feelings of emp  tin  ess hopelessness anxiety worth  lessness guilt and or irrit  ability changes in appetite problems concentrating remembering details or making decisions and thoughts of or attempts at suicide in  som  nia or hyper  som  nia aches pains or dig  estive problems that are resistant to treatment may also be present the description has been formalised in psychiatric diagnostic criteria such as the dsm 5 and ic  d 10 significant emotional pain and economic costs are associated with depression in the united states and canada the costs associated with major depression are comparable to those related to heart disease diabetes and back problems and are greater than the costs of hyper  tension according to the nordic journal of psychiatry there is a direct correlation between major depres  sive episode and unemployment treatments for a major depres  sive episode include exercise psycho  therapy and anti  depres  s  ants although in more serious cases hosp  itali  zation or intensive out  patient treatment may be required there are many theories as to how depression occurs one interpretation is that neuro  transmitters in the brain are out of balance and this results in feelings of worth  lessness and despair magnetic resonance imaging shows that brains of people who have depression look different than the brains of people not exhi  biting signs of depression a family history of depression increases the chance of being diagnosed
major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death there are many causes of major trauma blunt and penetr  ating including falls motor vehicle collis  ions and stab  bing and gunshot wounds depending on the severity of injury quick management and transport to an appropriate medical facility called a trauma center may be necessary to prevent loss of life or limb the initial assessment involves a physical evaluation and can also include the use of imaging tools to accurately determine a type of injury and to formulate a course of treatment various classification scales exist for use with trauma to determine the severity of injuries which is used to determine the resources used and for statistical collection the initial assessment is critical in determining the extent of injuries and what will be needed to manage an injury and treating immediate life threats in 2002 un  intentional and intentional injuries were the fifth and seventh leading causes of deaths worldwide accounting for 6 23 and 2 84 of all deaths for research purposes the definition is often based on an injury severity score iss of greater than 15
the majority problem or density classification task is the problem of finding one dimensional cellular autom  aton rules that accurately perform majority voting using local transition rules cells cannot know the total count of all the ones in system in order to count the number of ones or by sym  metry the number of zer  os the system requires a log  arith  mic number of bits in the total size of the system it also requires the system send messages over a distance linear in the size of the system and for the system to recognize a non regular language thus this problem is an important test case in measuring the compu  tational power of cellular autom  aton systems
a ma  ke  over is changing one s appearance often using cosmetics and hair sty  ling ma  ke  overs can range from something as simple as a new haircut to the use of cosmetic surgery to the extreme of the implan  tation of dental vene  ers eye color changing contact l  enses and the use of appearance altering ga  str  ic bypass sur  ger  ies providing massive permanent fat loss in ob  ese persons and the associated plastic sur  ger  ies such as ab  domin  op  la  sty to eliminate the resulting loose hanging skin fol  ds the pann  icul  us a ma  ke  under is based on the opposite principle removing artificial enhan  cements to a person s appearance to give a more natural look
the theat  r  ical term entrance is the appearance of a character on screen or stage the term making an entrance commonly refers to entran  ces that are particularly prominent or attention grabbing some theat  r  ical entran  ces mark the first appearance of a character others show a character entering a scene for the first time
mal de deb  ar  qu  ement or mal de dé  bar  qu  ement syndrome m  d  ds or common name dis  embark  ment syndrome is a rare neuro  logical condition usually occurring after a cruise aircraft flight or other sustained motion event the phrase mal de dé  bar  qu  ement is french for sickness from dis  embarkation m  d  ds is typically diagnosed by a neuro  logist or an ear nose throat specialist when a person reports a persistent roc  king sw  aying or bo  bbing feeling though they are not necessarily roc  king this usually follows a cruise or other motion experience because most vesti  bu  le testing proves to be negative doctors may be baff  led as they attempt to diagnose this rare neuro  logical syndrome a major diagnostic indicator is that most patients feel better while driving or riding in a car or while in passive motion the syndrome has recently received increased attention due to the number of people presenting with the condition and more scientific research has commenced now for a number of years to determine what triggers m  d  ds and how to cure it
mal mor  ando is a cu  taneous condition caused by on  cho  cer  ci  asis characterized by infl  amm  ation that is accompanied by hyper  pi  gm  entation
mal  absorption is a state arising from ab  normality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastro  intest  inal gi tract impairment can be of single or multiple nutrients depending on the ab  normality this may lead to malnutrition and a variety of ana  emi  as normally the human gastro  intest  inal tract dig  ests and absor  bs dietary nutrients with remarkable efficiency a typical western diet ing  ested by an adult includes approximately 100 g of fat 400 g of carbo  hydrate 100 g of protein 2 l of fluid and the required sodium potassium chloride calcium vitamins and other elements sali  vary ga  str  ic intest  inal he  p  atic and pan  cre  atic secre  tions add an additional 7 – 8 l of protein lip  id and electro  ly  te containing fluid to intest  inal contents this massive load is reduced by the small and large intest  ines to less than 200 g of sto  ol that contains less than 8 g of fat 1 – 2 g of nitrogen and less than 20 m  mol each of na k cl – h  co 3 – ca 2 or mg 2 if there is impairment of any of the many steps involved in the complex process of nutrient dig  estion and absorption intest  inal mal  absorption may ensue if the ab  normality involves a single step in the absor  ptive process as in primary lact  ase deficiency or if the disease process is limited to the very proxim  al small intest  ine selective mal  absorption of only a single nutrient may occur however generalized mal  absorption of multiple dietary nutrients develops when the disease process is extensive thus disturbing several dig  estive and absor  ptive processes as occurs in co  eli  ac disease with extensive involvement of the small intest  ine
a mal  adaptation ˌ  m  æ  l  æ  d  æ  p  ˈ  te  ɪ  ʃ  ə  n is a trait that is or has become more harmful than helpful in contrast with an adaptation which is more helpful than harmful all organisms from bacteria to humans display mal  adap  tive and adap  tive traits in animals including humans adap  tive behaviors contrast with mal  adap  tive ones like adaptation mal  adaptation may be viewed as occurring over geological time or within the lifetime of one individual or a group it can also signify an adaptation that whilst reasonable at the time has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right as time goes on this is because it is possible for an adaptation to be poorly selected or become less appropriate or even become on balance more of a dysfunction than a positive adaptation over time note that the concept of mal  adaptation as initially discussed in a late 19 th century context is based on a flawed view of evolutionary theory it was believed that an inherent tendency for an organism s adaptations to degenerate would translate into mal  adaptations and soon become crippling if not wee  ded out see also eu  gen  ics in reality the advantages conferred by any one adaptation are rarely decisive for survival on its own but rather balanced against other syner  g  istic and antagon  istic adaptations which consequently cannot change without affecting others in other words it is usually impossible to gain an advantageous adaptation without incurring mal  adaptations consider a seemingly trivial example it is apparently extremely hard for an animal to evolve the ability to breathe well in air and in water better adapting to one means being less able to do the other
mal  ak  op  la  k  ia or mala  co  pl  ak  ia from greek mal  ako soft pl  ako pla  que is a rare infl  am  matory condition which makes its presence known as a pap  ule pla  que or ul  cer  ation that usually affects the gen  it  our  inary tract however it may also be associated with other bodily organs it was initially described in the early 20 th century as soft yel  low  ish pl  aqu  es found on the mu  co  sa of the ur  inary blad  der micro  sco  p  ically it is characterized by the presence of fo  amy his  ti  oc  y  tes with bas  oph  il  ic inclu  sions called mic  ha  el  is – gu  tmann bodies it usually involves gram negative bacteria
malaria is a mosquito borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by par  asi  tic proto  zo  ans a group of single cel  led micro  organisms belonging to the plas  modi  um type malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever fatigue v  om  iting and headaches in severe cases it can cause yellow skin seizures coma or death symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bit  ten if not properly treated people may have recur  ren  ces of the disease months later in those who have recently survived an infection re  infection usually causes mil  der symptoms this partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria the disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female an  op  hel  es mosquito the mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito s sali  va into a person s blood the parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce five species of plas  modi  um can infect and be spread by humans most deaths are caused by p fal  ci  par  um because p vi  va  x p o  val  e and p mal  ari  ae generally cause a mil  der form of malaria the species p knowle  si rarely causes disease in humans malaria is typically diagnosed by the micro  scopic examination of blood using blood films or with antigen based rapid diagnostic tests methods that use the poly  mer  ase chain reaction to detect the parasite s dna have been developed but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to their cost and complexity the risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect rep  ell  ents or with mosquito control measures such as spraying insectic  ides and draining standing water several medications are available to prevent malaria in travellers to areas where the disease is common occasional doses of the medication sul  f  ad  ox  ine py  ri  meth  amine are recommended in infants and after the first trim  ester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria despite a need no effective vaccine exists although efforts to develop one are ongoing the recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of anti  mal  arial medications that includes an art  emis  in  in the second medication may be either me  flo  qu  ine lu  me  fan  tr  ine or sul  f  ad  ox  ine py  ri  meth  amine quin  ine along with do  xy  cycl  ine may be used if an art  emis  in  in is not available it is recommended that in areas where the disease is common malaria is confirmed if possible before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance resistance among the parasites has developed to several anti  mal  arial medications for example chloro  qu  ine resistant p fal  ci  par  um has spread to most mal  arial areas and resistance to art  emis  in  in has become a problem in some parts of southeast asia the disease is widespread in the tropical and sub  tropical regions that exist in a broad band around the equ  ator this includes much of sub saharan africa asia and latin america in 2015 there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an estimated 438 000 deaths 90 of which occurred in africa rates of disease have decreased from 2000 to 2015 by 37 but increased from 2014 during which there were 198 million cases malaria is commonly associated with poverty and has a major negative effect on economic development in africa it is estimated to result in losses of us 12 billion a year due to increased healthcare costs lost ability to work and negative effects on tourism
malaysian contemporary music or art music not  ated music is an artistic phenomenon within malaysia that has its roots in the 1980 s with pioneer compos  ers like val  erie ross however little information about that period exists in written sources the gen  re gained visibility and momentum only in the new millennium due to the internet phenomenon and in 2002 in particular when the malaysian phil  harmon  ic orchestra mp  o programmed several works by malaysian compos  ers namely ch  ong kee y  ong s echoed dream 2002 sun  e  tra fernando s way  ang 2002 and ta  zu  l iz  an ta  jud  din s se  bu  ah ten  un  an iii 2003 they represent the first local commissions by a professional symp  hon  y orchestra in the country interest in orchestr  al music by malaysian compos  ers grew and when the orchestra held its first forum for malaysian compos  ers in 2003 the event was a triumph for the local music scene
male accessory g  land infection mag  i also known as male accessory g  land infl  amm  ation is a condition with signs of infl  amm  ation involving one or more sites in the male genital tract diagnosis is made according to parameters defined by the world health organisation and it is particularly made in relation to infectious or infl  am  matory causes of male in  fertility although it is usually caused by infection spreading from the u  re  th  ra non infectious causes also exist
male breast cancer male breast ne  op  las  m is a rare cancer in males that originates from the breast many males with breast cancer have inherited a brca mutation but there are other causes including alcohol abuse and exposure to certain hormones and ionizing radiation as it presents a similar path  ology as female breast cancer assessment and treatment relies on experiences and guidelines that have been developed in female patients the optimal treatment is currently not known
a male genital disease is a condition that affects the male reproductive system an example is or  chi  tis
in the nineteenth and early twentieth century female hysteria was a common psychiatric diagnosis made primarily in women the existence and nature of a pur  ported male hysteria hysteria mascul  ina was a debated topic around the turn of the century the notion of male hysteria was initially connected to the post traumatic disorder known as railway sp  ine later it became associated with war neuro  sis
male in  fertility refers to a male s inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female in humans it accounts for 40 50 of in  fertility it affects approximately 7 of all men male in  fertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen and semen quality is used as a sur  rogate measure of male f  ec  und  ity
a mal  form  ative syndrome or mal  formation syndrome is a recogniz  able pattern of con  genital anomalies that are known or thought to be caus  ally related vi  ith international congress on human genetics
a mal  gai  gne frac  ture is vertical pel  vic frac  ture with bilateral sacro  ili  ac dis  location and frac  ture of the pu  bic r  ami it is named for joseph françois mal  gai  gne
a m  align  ant acro  spi  roma also known as hi  dr  aden  o  carcin  oma and spir  aden  o  carcin  oma is a sweat g  land carcin  oma of the hand which may recur locally in 50 of patients after exc  ision with distant me  tast  ases occurring in 60 of patients
m  align  ant ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  mom  a is a rare fast growing tumor of the nervous system or soft tissue that occurs in children and young adults m  align  ant ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  mom  as may form in the head and neck ab  dom  en per  in  eu  m scro  tum or limbs also called ec  tom  es  en  ch  y  mom  a
m  align  ant fi  bro  us cy  tom  a is a soft tissue sar  coma that usually occurs in the limbs most commonly the legs and may also occur in the ab  dom  en also called m  align  ant fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  a
m  align  ant his  ti  oc  y  to  sis also known as his  ti  oc  y  tic med  ul  l  ary re  ticul  osis is a rare hereditary disease found in the bern  ese mountain dog and humans characterized by his  ti  oc  y  tic infiltr  ation of the lungs and lymp  h no  des the liver sp  leen and central nervous system can also be affected his  ti  oc  y  tes are a component of the immune system that prolifer  ate abnormally in this disease in addition to its importance in veterinary medicine the condition is also important in human path  ology
m  align  ant hyper  ther  mia m  h or m  align  ant hyper  py  re  x  ia is a rare life threatening condition that is usually triggered by exposure to certain drugs used for general an  esthesia — specifically the volatile an  esthetic agents and succ  in  yl  ch  oline a neuro  muscular blocking agent in susceptible individuals these drugs can induce a drastic and uncontrolled increase in oxid  ative metabol  ism in sk  el  etal muscle which overwhel  ms the body s capacity to supply oxygen remove carbon dioxide and regulate body temperature eventually leading to circul  atory collapse and death if not immediately treated suscep  tibility to m  h is often inherited as an auto  som  al dominant disorder for which there are at least 6 genetic loc  i of interest most prominently the ry  an  od  ine recep  tor gene ry  r 1 m  h suscep  tibility is phen  o  typically and genetically related to central core disease cc  d an auto  som  al dominant disorder characterized both by m  h signs and my  opathy m  h is usually revealed upon or shortly after exposure to certain general an  esthetic agents there is no simple straightforward test to diagnose the condition treatment with dan  tro  lene and other drugs is usually initiated when m  h is strongly suspected dan  tro  lene and the avoidance of triggering agents in susceptible people have markedly reduced the mortality from this condition
m  align  ant men  ing  i  oma is a rare fast growing tumor that forms in one of the inner layers of the men  inges thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord m  align  ant men  ing  i  oma often spreads to other areas of the body the world health organization classification system defines both grade ii and grade iii men  ing  i  om  as as m  align  ant historically his  to  logical sub  types have also been used in classification including clear cell who grade ii chor  do  id who grade ii r  hab  do  id who grade iii and pap  ill  ary who grade iii benign or low grade men  ing  i  om  as who grade i include men  in  go  the  li  al fi  bro  us transitional p  sam  mom  at  ous an  gi  om  at  ous micro  c  ys  tic secre  tory lymp  hop  las  mac  y  te rich and met  ap  l  astic
a m  align  ant mixed tumor also known as a m  align  ant ch  on  dro  id syr  ing  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a tumor that favors the trunk and extre  mi  ties
m  align  ant nar  c  iss  ism is a psychological syndrome comprising an extreme mix of nar  c  iss  ism anti  social personality disorder aggression and sad  ism often grandiose and always ready to raise hostility levels the m  align  ant nar  c  iss  ist undermines organizations in which they are involved and de  human  izes the people with whom they associate m  align  ant nar  c  iss  ism is a hypothetical experimental diagnostic category nar  cis  sis  tic personality disorder is found in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iv tr while m  align  ant nar  c  iss  ism is not as a hypothetical syndrome m  align  ant nar  c  iss  ism could include aspects of nar  cis  sis  tic personality disorder as well as paranoia the importance of m  align  ant nar  c  iss  ism and of projection as a defense mechanism has been confirmed in paranoia as well as the patient s vulnerability to m  align  ant nar  cis  sis  tic regression
a m  align  ant peripheral nerve she  ath tumor mp  n  st also known as m  align  ant sch  wan  no  ma neuro  fi  bro  sar  coma and neuro  sar  coma is a form of cancer of the connec  tive tissue surrounding nerves given its origin and behavior it is classified as a sar  coma about half the cases are diagnosed in people with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis the lifetime risk for an mp  n  st in patients with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 1 is 8 13 mp  n  st with r  hab  dom  yo  bl  ast  om  at  ous component are called m  align  ant tr  it  on tumors the first line treatment is surgical res  ection with wide margins chem  otherapy e g high dose do  x  or  u  bic  in and often radi  otherapy are done as adju  v  ant and or neo  adju  v  ant treatment
m  align  ant pilo  matri  coma also known as a pilo  mat  r  ical carcin  oma and pilo  matrix carcin  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a locally aggressive tumor composed of hair matrix cells
m  align  ant ple  ural eff  usion is a condition in which cancer causes an abnormal amount of fluid to collect between the thin layers of tissue ple  ura lining the outside of the lung and the wall of the chest cav  ity lung cancer and breast cancer account for about 50 65 of m  align  ant ple  ural eff  u  sions other common causes include ple  ural mes  o  the  li  oma and lymp  homa
m  align  ant r  hab  do  id tum  our mr  t is a very aggressive form of tum  our originally described as a variant of wil  ms tum  our which is primarily a kidney tum  our that occurs mainly in children mr  t was first described as a variant of wil  ms tum  our of the kidney in 1978 mr  ts are a rare and highly m  align  ant childhood ne  op  las  m later r  hab  do  id tum  ours outside the kidney were reported in many tissues including the liver soft tissue and the central nervous system several cases of primary in  trac  ran  ial mr  t have been reported since its recognition as a separate entity in 1978 the term r  hab  do  id was used due to its similarity with r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma under the light micro  scope the exact patho  genesis of mr  t is unknown the cere  bell  um is the most common location for primary in  trac  ere  br  al mr  t i e at rt bi  ggs et al were first to report a primary in  trac  ran  ial mr  t around 1987 although the cell of origin is not known cy  to  genetic studies have suggested a common genetic basis for r  hab  do  id tum  ours regardless of location with ab  norm  alities in chro  mo  some 22 commonly occurring
mal  ing  ering is fabric  ating or exagger  ating the symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of secondary gain motives which may include financial compensation often tied to fraud avoiding school work or military service obtaining drugs getting lighter criminal sentences or simply to attract attention or sympathy mal  ing  ering is different from som  ati  zation disorder and fac  ti  tious disorder failure to detect actual cases of mal  ing  ering imposes a substantial economic burden on the health care system and false attribution of mal  ing  ering imposes a substantial burden of suffering on a significant proportion of the patient population according to the texas department of insurance fraud that includes mal  ing  ering costs the u s insurance industry approximately 150 billion each year
post  traumatic stress disorder pt  s  d is an anxiety disorder that may develop after an individual experiences a traumatic event in the united states the social security administration and the department of veterans affairs each offer disability compensation programs that provide benefits for qualified individuals with mental disorders including pt  s  d because of the substantial benefits available to individuals with a confirmed pt  s  d diagnosis which causes occupational impairment the distinct possibility of type i errors false positive results exists some of which are due to mal  ing  ering of pt  s  d
mal  let guy sign is a medical sign to detect signs of pan  cre  ati  tis it is named after pierre mal  let guy
in medicine mal  let finger also baseball finger dropped finger dolphin finger virgin finger h  annan finger pl  f finger and more generally ext  ens  or tend  on injury is an injury of the ext  ens  or dig  it  orum tend  on of the fingers at the dis  tal inter  p  hal  ange  al joint dip it results from hyper  fl  ex  ion of the ext  ens  or dig  it  orum tend  on and usually occurs when a ball such as a sof  t  ball basketball vol  ley  ball or do  dge  ball while being caught hits an out  stretched finger and jams it creating a rup  tured or stretched ext  ens  or dig  it  orum tend  on mal  let finger can be caused by a blunt force on the dip patients who are diagnosed with mal  let finger have an inability to extend their finger and experience pain and num  b  ness depending on how severe the injury is the patient can be prescribed medication in order to prevent infection also most mal  let finger injuries can be treated without surgery once a patient has been struck with mal  let finger ice should be applied immediately and the patient ’ s arm should be elevated above the heart in order to reduce blood circulation to the fingers this is because this reduces infl  amm  ation which causes further damage the patient should be seen by a doctor within a week after the injury treatment options include surgery or putting the finger in a mal  let spl  int for 6 to 8 weeks or extension block k wire for 4 weeks the spl  int allows the tend  on to return to normal length if the finger is bent during these weeks the healing process must start all over again surgery is used to re  attach the tend  on and is usually performed within a week of the injury patients that present with mal  let finger will have pain at the dip joint and will be unable to extend the joint it should be determined via radio  graph if the ext  ens  or dig  it  orum tend  on has av  ul  sed from the p  hal  an  x which will require surgical intervention to re  attach the tend  on and should be done within 10 days of the injury surgical treatment is used when the mal  let finger presents as an open injury or if the bon  y mal  let involves more than 30 of the artic  ular surface of the joint if passive extension cannot be achieved surgery will put the finger in a neutral position and drill a wire through the dip to the pi  p forcing im  mobilization and eliminating patient compliance for re injury x ray showing frac  ture at the insertion of the ext  ens  or tend  on a mal  let finger without an associated frac  ture an example of a spl  int for mal  let finger lateral view a spl  int for mal  let finger
mall  ory – we  iss syndrome or ga  stro es  op  ha  ge  al lac  eration syndrome refers to bleeding from a lac  eration in the mu  co  sa at the junction of the stomach and es  op  ha  gus this is usually caused by severe v  om  iting because of alcoholism or bu  li  mia but can be caused by any conditions which causes violent v  om  iting and ret  ching such as food poisoning the syndrome presents with painful hem  at  em  esis the lac  eration is sometimes referred to as a mall  ory we  iss tear
the malm  qu  ist bias is an effect in observ  ational astro  no  my which leads to the preferential detection of intrinsically bright objects it was first described in 19  22 by swedish astro  no  mer gun  nar malm  qu  ist 18  93 – 1982 who then greatly elaborated upon this work in 19  25 in statistics this bias is referred to as a selection bias and affects the survey results in a bri  ght  ness limited survey where stars below a certain apparent bri  ght  ness are not included since observed stars and galax  ies appear dim  mer when farther away the bri  ght  ness that is measured will fall off with distance until their bri  ght  ness falls below the observ  ational threshold objects which are more lumin  ous or intrinsically brighter can be observed at a greater distance creating a false trend of increasing intrinsic bri  ght  ness and other related quantities with distance this effect has led to many sp  urious claims in the field of astro  no  my properly correcting for these effects has become an area of great focus
malnutrition or mal  nour  ishment is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems it may involve cal  ories protein carbo  hydr  ates vitamins or minerals not enough nutrients is called under  nutrition or under  nour  ishment while too much is called overn  u  tri  tion malnutrition is often used specifically to refer to under  nutrition where there is not enough cal  ories protein or mic  ron  u  tri  ents if under  nutrition occurs during pregnancy or before two years of age it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development extreme under  nour  ishment known as starvation may have symptoms that include a short height thin body very poor energy levels and sw  oll  en legs and ab  dom  en people also often get infections and are frequently cold the symptoms of mic  ron  u  tri  ent deficiencies depend on the mic  ron  u  tri  ent that is lacking under  nour  ishment is most often due to not enough high quality food being available to eat this is often related to high food prices and poverty a lack of breastfeeding may contribute as may a number of infectious diseases such as gastro  enter  i  tis pneumonia malaria and meas  les which increase nutrient requirements there are two main types of under  nutrition protein energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies protein energy malnutrition has two severe forms mar  as  mus a lack of protein and cal  ories and k  was  hi  or  k  or a lack of just protein common mic  ron  u  tri  ent deficiencies include a lack of iron i  od  ine and vitamin a during pregnancy due to the body s increased need deficiencies may become more common in some developing countries overn  u  tri  tion in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as under  nutrition other causes of malnutrition include an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa and b  ari  atric surgery efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development aid breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and death in children and efforts to promote the practice increase the rates of breastfeeding in young children providing food in addition to breast  milk between six months and two years of age improves outcomes there is also good evidence supporting the supplem  entation of a number of mic  ron  u  tri  ents to women during pregnancy and among young children in the developing world to get food to people who need it most both delivering food and providing money so people can buy food within local markets are effective simply feeding students at school is insufficient management of severe malnutrition within the person s home with ready to use therapeutic foods is possible much of the time in those who have severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems treatment in a hospital setting is recommended this often involves managing low blood sugar and body temperature addressing dehydr  ation and gradual feeding routine antibiotics are usually recommended due to the high risk of infection longer term measures include improving agricultural practices reducing poverty improving sanitation and the empowerment of women there were 793 million under  nourished people in the world in 2015 13 of the total population this is a reduction of 216 million people since 1990 when 23 were under  nourished in 2012 it was estimated that another billion people had a lack of vitamins and minerals in 2013 protein energy malnutrition was estimated to have resulted in 469 000 deaths — down from 510 000 deaths in 1990 other nutritional deficiencies which include i  od  ine deficiency and iron deficiency an  emia result in another 84 000 deaths in 2010 malnutrition was the cause of 1 4 of all disability adjusted life years about a third of deaths in children are believed to be due to under  nutrition although the deaths are rarely labelled as such in 2010 it was estimated to have contributed to about 1 5 million deaths in women and children though some estimate the number may be greater than 3 million an additional 165 million children were estimated to have stun  ted growth from malnutrition in 2013 under  nutrition is more common in developing countries certain groups have higher rates of under  nutrition including women — in particular while pregnant or breastfeeding — children under five years of age and the elderly in the elderly under  nutrition becomes more common due to physical psychological and social factors
malnutrition is a condition that affects bodily capacities of an individual including growth pregnancy lac  tation resistance to illness and cognitive and physical development malnutrition is commonly used in reference to under  nour  ishment or a condition in which an individual s diet does not include sufficient cal  ories and proteins to sustain physiological needs but it also includes overn  our  ishment or the consumption of excess cal  ories other terms exist to describe the specific effects of malnutrition on the body stun  ting refers to low height for age with reference to a population of healthy children it is an indicator of chronic malnutrition and high stun  ting levels are associated with poor socioeconomic conditions and a greater risk of exposure to adverse conditions such as illness wasting refers to low weight for height with reference to a population of healthy children in most cases it reflects a recent and acute weight loss associated with famine or disease unicef statistics collected between 2008 and 2012 indicate that the level of stun  ting in peru is 19 5 the percentage of the population that is under  weight is 4 1 and 9 8 of the population is overweight the physical effects of stun  ting are permanent as children are unlikely to regain the loss in height and corresponding weight stun  ting can also have adverse effects on cognitive development school performance adult productivity and income and maternal reproductive outcome the problem of stun  ting is most prevalent in the high  land and jungle regions of peru disproportionately affecting rural areas within these regions
malnutrition – infl  amm  ation complex syndrome abbreviated as m  ics and also known as malnutrition – infl  amm  ation – c  ach  ex  ia syndrome is a common condition in chronic disease states such as chronic kidney disease where it is also known as u  rem  ic malnutrition or protein – energy malnutrition and chronic heart failure the m  ics is believed to be a cause of survival paradox  es seen in these distinct patient populations also known as reverse epidemiology populations
a mal  oc  clu  sion is a mis  alignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental ar  ches when they approach each other as the ja  ws close the term was coined by edward angle the father of modern orth  od  on  tics as a derivative of oc  clu  sion which refers to the manner in which opposing teeth meet mal oc  clu  sion incorrect oc  clu  sion
the mal  onic ester synthesis is a chemical reaction where di  ethyl mal  on  ate or another ester of mal  onic acid is al  k  yl  ated at the carbon alpha directly adjacent to both carbon  yl groups and then converted to a substituted acetic acid the major drawback of mal  onic ester synthesis is that the al  k  yl  ation stage can also produce dial  k  yl  ated structures this makes separation of products difficult and yields lower mal  onic ester synthesis
mal  on  yl co  a dec  ar  box  yl  ase deficiency mc  d or mal  onic ac  id  ur  ia is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder caused by a genetic mutation that disrup  ts the activity of mal  on  yl co  a dec  ar  box  yl  ase this enzyme breaks down mal  on  yl co  a a fatty acid precursor and a fatty acid oxid  ation bloc  ker into ace  ty  l co  a and carbon dioxide
mal  ou  f syndrome also known as cong  estive cardi  om  y  opathy hyper  gon  ad  o  tropic hypo  gon  ad  ism syndrome is a con  genital disorder that causes one or more of the following symptoms mental retar  dation o  vari  an dys  genesis cong  estive cardi  om  y  opathy broad nas  al base ble  phar  op  to  sis and bone ab  norm  alities and occasionally mar  fan  o  id habit  us tall stature with long and thin limbs little sub  cu  taneous fat ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly joint hyper  extension narrow face small chin large test  es and hy  pot  onia this disease is named after j mal  ou  f who performed a case study on a family suffering from this disease in 1985
mal  pu  ech facial cle  f  ting syndrome also called mal  pu  ech syndrome or gypsy type facial cle  f  ting syndrome is a rare con  genital syndrome it is characterized by facial cle  f  ting any type of cle  ft in the bones and tissues of the face including a cle  ft lip and pal  ate a c  aud  al append  age a human tail growth deficiency intellectual and developmental disability and ab  norm  alities of the ren  al system kidneys and the male gen  italia ab  norm  alities of the heart and other sk  el  etal mal  formations may also be present the syndrome was initially described by guil  li  au  me mal  pu  ech and associates in 1983 it is thought to be genetically related to ju  berg hay  ward syndrome mal  pu  ech syndrome has also been considered as part of a spectrum of con  genital genetic disorders associated with similar facial u  ro  genital and sk  el  etal anomalies termed 3 mc syndrome this proposed spectrum includes mal  pu  ech michel  s and min  ga  relli car  ne  val  e osa syndro  mes mutations in the coll  ec 11 and mas  p 1 genes are believed to be a cause of these syndro  mes the incidence of mal  pu  ech syndrome is unknown the pattern of inheritance is auto  som  al rec  essive which means a defective mut  ated gene associated with the syndrome is located on an auto  some and the syndrome occurs when two copies of this defective gene are inherited
mal  um per  for  ans also known as neuro  troph  ic ul  cer and troph  ic ul  cer is a long lasting usually pain  less ul  cer that penetr  ates deep into or through the skin usually on the sole of the foot in which case it may be called mal  um per  for  ans ped  is it is often a complic  ation in diabetes mell  it  us and other conditions affecting the nerves
a mal  union is when a fractu  red bone doesn ’ t heal properly some ways that it shows is by having the bone being twisted shorter or bent mal  unions can occur by having the bones improperly aligned when im  mobilized having the cast taken off too early or never seeking medical treatment after the break mal  unions are painful and commonly produce sw  elling around the area possible im  mobilization and deterioration of the bone and tissue
most mammals are vivi  par  ous giving birth to live young however the five species of mono  tre  me the plat  y  p  uses and the ec  hi  d  nas lay eggs the mono  tre  mes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals in particular the sex chro  mo  som  es of a plat  y  p  us are more like those of a chicken than those of a ther  ian mamm  al the mam  mary g  lands of mammals are specialized to produce milk a liquid used by new  bor  ns as their primary source of nutrition the mono  tre  mes bran  ched early from other mammals and do not have the nip  ples seen in most mammals but they do have mam  mary g  lands the young lick the milk from a mam  mary patch on the mother s belly vivi  par  ous mammals are in the sub  class ther  ia those living today are in the mar  sup  ial and plac  ental infr  ac  l  asses a mar  sup  ial has a short gest  ation period typically shorter than its est  rous cycle and gives birth to an un  developed new  born that then under  goes further development in many species this takes place within a p  ouch like s  ac the mar  sup  ium located in the front of the mother s ab  dom  en the plac  ent  als give birth to complete and fully developed young usually after long gest  ation periods
mam  mary my  o  fi  bro  bl  ast  oma abbreviated m  m  f  b aka war  got  z tumor is a rare benign tumor of the breast
a mam  mary tumor is a tumor originating in the mam  mary g  land it is a common finding in older female dogs and cats that are not sp  ayed but they are found in other animals as well the mam  mary g  lands in dogs and cats are associated with their nip  ples and extend from the under  side of the chest to the gro  in on both sides of the mid  line there are many differences between mam  mary tumors in animals and breast cancer in humans including tumor type m  align  ancy and treatment options the prevalence in dogs is about three times that of women in dogs mam  mary tumors are the second most common tumor after skin tumors over all and the most common tumor in female dogs with a reported incidence of 3 4 multiple studies have documented that sp  aying female dogs when young greatly decreases their risk of developing mam  mary ne  op  la  sia when aged compared with female dogs left intact those sp  ayed before pu  ber  ty have 0 5 of the risk those sp  ayed after one est  rous cycle have 8 0 of the risk and dogs sp  ayed after two est  rous cycles have 26 0 of the risk of developing mam  mary ne  op  la  sia later in life overall un  sp  ayed female dogs have a seven times greater risk of developing mam  mary ne  op  la  sia than do those that are sp  ayed while the benefit of sp  aying decreases with each est  rous cycle some benefit has been demonstrated in female dogs even up to 9 years of age there is a much lower risk about 1 percent in male dogs and a risk in cats about half that of dogs
mamm  op  la  sia is the normal or spontaneous enlargement of the breasts mamm  op  la  sia occurs normally during pu  ber  ty and pregnancy in women as well as during certain periods of the men  str  ual cycle when it occurs in males it is called gy  ne  com  as  tia and is considered to be pathological when it occurs in females and is extremely excessive it is called macro  mas  tia also known as gigan  tom  as  tia or breast hyper  tro  phy and is similarly considered to be pathological mamm  op  la  sia may be due to breast eng  org  ement which is temporary enlargement of the breasts caused by the production and storage of breast milk in association with lac  tation and or galac  tor  rhe  a excessive or inappropriate production of milk ma  st  od  y  nia breast tender  ness pain frequently co occurs with mamm  op  la  sia during the lu  teal phase latter half of the men  str  ual cycle due to increased mam  mary blood flow and or pre  men  str  ual fluid retention caused by high circulating concentrations of estro  gen and or prog  est  er  one the breasts temporarily increase in size and this is experienced by women as ful  l  ness heav  iness sw  oll  en  ness and a ting  ling sensation mamm  op  la  sia can be an effect or side effect of various drugs including est  rog  ens anti  and  rog  ens such as spi  ro  no  lac  tone cy  pro  ter  one acetate bic  al  ut  amide and fin  aster  ide growth hormone and drugs that elev  ate pro  l  acti  n levels such as d 2 recep  tor antagon  ists like anti  psycho  tics e g ris  peri  done me  to  cl  op  ram  ide and dom  peri  done and certain anti  depres  s  ants like selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris and tric  ycl  ic anti  depres  s  ants t  cas the risk appears to be less with sero  ton  in no  rep  in  eph  rine re  uptake inhi  bit  ors sn  ris like ven  laf  ax  ine the atypical anti  depres  s  ants mir  ta  zap  ine and bu  prop  ion do not increase pro  l  acti  n levels bu  prop  ion may actually decrease pro  l  acti  n levels and hence there may be no risk with these agents other drugs that have been associated with mamm  op  la  sia include d pen  ic  ill  amine bu  ci  ll  amine neo  the  ta  zone cic  los  por  in ind  in  avi  r marijuana and ci  me  ti  dine a 1997 study found an association between the ss  ris and mamm  op  la  sia in 23 39 of its 59 female participants studies have also found associations between ss  ris and galac  tor  rhe  a these side effects seem to be due to hyper  pro  lac  tin  emia elevated pro  l  acti  n levels induced by these drugs an effect that appears to be caused by sero  ton  in medi  ated inhi  bi  tion of tuber  o  in  fun  di  bul  ar dop  am  iner  gic neurons that inhibit pro  l  acti  n secre  tion it is noteworthy that the mamm  op  la  sia these drugs can cause has been found to be highly correlated with concomitant weight gain in the 1997 study 83 of those who experienced weight gain also experienced mamm  op  la  sia while only 30 of those who did not experience weight gain experienced mamm  op  la  sia the mamm  op  la  sia associated with ss  ris is reported to be reversible with drug dis  continuation ss  ris have notably been associated with a modestly increased risk of breast cancer this is in accordance with the fact that higher pro  l  acti  n levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk in pu  ber  ty induc  tion with hormone replacement therapy hrt in hrt for trans women and in hormonal breast enhancement mamm  op  la  sia may be a desired effect
a man hour is the amount of work performed by the average worker in one hour it is used in written estimates for estimation of the total amount of uninterrupted labour required to perform a task for example researching and writing a college paper might require twenty man hours preparing a family ban  quet from scratch might require ten man hours man hours do not take account of the breaks that people generally require from work e g for rest eating and other bodily functions they only count pure labour managers count the man hours and add break time to estimate the amount of time a task will actually take to complete thus while one college course s written paper might require twenty man hours to carry out it almost certainly will not get done in twenty consecutive hours its progress will be interrupted by work for other courses meals sleep and other dis  tr  actions
management or managing is the administration of an organization whether it be a business a not for profit organization or government body management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees or volunteers to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources such as financial natural technological and human resources the term management may also refer to the people who manage an organization management is also an academic discipline a social science whose objective is to study social organization and organizational leadership management is studied at colleges and universities some important degrees in management are the bachelor of commerce b com and master of business administration m b a and for the public sector the master of public administration mp  a degree individuals who aim at becoming management researchers or professors may complete the doctor of business administration d  ba or the ph  d in business administration or management there are three levels of managers which are typically organized in a hierarchical pyramid structure senior managers such as the board of directors chief executive officer ceo or president of an organization set the strategic goals of the organization and make decisions on how the overall organization will operate senior managers provide direction to the middle managers who report to them middle managers examples of which would include branch managers regional managers and section managers provide direction to front line managers middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front line managers lower managers such as supervisors and front line team leaders oversee the work of regular employees or volunteers in some voluntary organizations and provide direction on their work
multiple sclerosis ms is a chronic infl  am  matory dem  yel  inating disease that affects the central nervous system cns several therapies for exist although there is no known cure the most common initial course of the disease is the relap  sing re  mitting subtype which is characterized by unpredictable attacks relap  ses followed by periods of relative remission with no new signs of disease activity after some years many of the people who have this subtype begin to experience neuro  logic decline without acute relap  ses when this happens it is called secondary progressive multiple sclerosis other less common courses of the disease are the primary progressive decline from the beginning without attacks and the progressive relap  sing steady neuro  logic decline and super  imposed attacks different therapies are used for patients experiencing acute attacks for patients who have the relap  sing re  mitting subtype for patients who have the progressive sub  types for patients without a diagnosis of ms who have a dem  yel  inating event and for managing the various consequences of ms the primary aims of therapy are returning function after an attack preventing new attacks and preventing disability as with any medical treatment medications used in the management of ms may have several adverse effects and many possible therapies are still under investigation at the same time different alternative treatments are pursued by many people despite the fact that there is little supporting comparable replic  ated scientific study stem cell therapy is being studied this article focuses on therapies for standard ms borderline forms of ms have particular treatments that are excluded
man  di  bul  ar frac  ture also known as frac  ture of the jaw is a break through the man  di  bul  ar bone in about 60 of cases the break occurs in two places it may result in a decreased ability to fully open the mouth often the teeth will not feel properly aligned or there may be bleeding of the g  ums man  di  bul  ar fractu  res occur most commonly among males in their 30 s man  di  bul  ar fractu  res are typically the result of trauma this can include a fall onto the chin or a hit from the side rarely they may be due to o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis or tumors in the bone the most common area of frac  ture is at the con  dy  le 36 body 21 angle 20 and symp  h  ysis 14 while a diagnosis can occasionally be made with plain x ray modern ct sc  ans are more accurate immediate surgery is not necessarily required occasionally people may go home and follow up for surgery in the next few days a number of surgical techniques may be used including max  il  lo  man  di  bul  ar fixation and open reduction internal fixation or  if people are often put on antibiotics such as pen  ic  ill  in for a brief period of time the evidence to support this practice however is poor
man  di  bul  o  ac  ral dys  pl  asia is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive syndrome characterized by man  di  bul  ar hypo  pl  asia delayed cran  ial su  ture closure dys  plastic cla  vic  les abbreviated and club shaped terminal p  hal  anges acro  o  ste  ol  ysis atro  phy of the skin of the hands and feet and typical facial changes types include
man  g  anese medi  ated coupling reactions are radical coupling reactions between en  oli  z  able carbon  yl compounds and un  saturated compounds initiated by a man  g  anese iii salt typically man  g  anese iii acetate copper ii acetate is sometimes used as a co oxid  ant to assist in the oxid  ation of intermediate radicals to carbo  c  ations
man  g  anese mn deficiency is a plant disorder that is often confused with and occurs with iron deficiency most common in poorly drained soils also where organic matter levels are high man  g  anese may be unavailable to plants where ph is high affected plants include on  ion apple peas french beans cherry and rasp  berry and symptoms include yel  lowing of leaves with smallest leaf ve  ins remaining green to produce a ‘ chequ  ered ’ effect the plant may seem to grow away from the problem so that youn  ger  leaves may appear to be unaffected brown spots may appear on leaf surfaces and severely affected leaves turn brown and wi  ther prevention can be achieved by improving soil structure do not over lime
man  g  anism or man  g  anese poisoning is a toxic condition resulting from chronic exposure to man  g  anese it was first identified in 18  37 by james coup  er
man  ge ˈ  me  ɪ  n  d  ʒ is a class of skin diseases caused by par  asi  tic mit  es since mit  es also infect plants birds and repti  les the term man  ge suggesting poor condition of the ha  iry coat due to the infection is sometimes reserved only for pathological m  ite inf  est  ation of non  human mammals thus man  ge includes m  ite associated skin disease in domestic animals cats and dogs in livestock such as sheep sc  ab and in wild animals for example co  yo  tes cou  gars and bears since mit  es belong to the ar  ach  ni  d sub  class ac  ari also called ac  ar  ina another term for m  ite inf  est  ation is ac  ari  asis par  asi  tic mit  es that cause man  ge in mammals emb  ed themselves either in skin or hair fol  lic  les in the animal depending upon their genus sar  cop  tes spp bur  row into skin while demo  dex spp live in fol  lic  les in humans these two types of m  ite infections which would otherwise be known as man  ge in fur  ry mammals are instead known respectively as s  cab  ies and demo  di  co  sis
man  gl  er is a software design pattern a man  gl  er is a pattern that performs multiple operations over a series of data similar to the map  reduce function inside of big  table and amazon s dynam  o typically a man  gl  er is fed a series of maps from which it performs its internal operations and passes its internal state data to an external filter a typical usage of the man  gl  er pattern is during internal search operations when par  sing a qu  ery from an end user the system will try and strip out a series of un needed to  k  ens re  assemb  ling the original qu  ery into a more usable functional qu  ery an important distinction between the man  gl  er and other patterns is the modify in place optimi  zation pione  ered by the pattern s creator this pattern was created by dr john watson during his tenure at trans  union s research and development lab
man  hole cover theft is the phenomenon of man  hole covers being stolen usually for resale as scrap long considered to be a chil  dish pr  ank or simple vand  alism this type of theft is often expensive to municipalities and dangerous to their residents in recent years the theft of man  hole covers for financial reasons i e to sell them when scrap metal prices are high has also become more common
mani  fold vacuum or engine vacuum in an internal combustion engine is the difference in air pressure between the engine s intake mani  fold and earth s atmosphere mani  fold vacuum is an effect of a pist  on s movement on the induc  tion stroke and the cho  ked flow through a thro  ttle in the intake mani  fold of an engine it is a measure of the amount of restriction of air  flow through the engine and hence of the unused power capacity in the engine in some engines the mani  fold vacuum is also used as an auxiliary power source to drive engine accessories and for the cran  k  case ventilation system mani  fold vacuum should not be confused with vent  uri vacuum which is an effect exploited in car  bu  re  tors to establish a pressure difference roughly proportional to mass air  flow and to maintain a somewhat constant air fuel ratio it is also used in light air  planes to provide air  flow for pneumatic gy  ro  scopic instruments
the mann  ich reaction is an organic reaction which consists of an amino al  k  yl  ation of an ac  id  ic prot  on placed next to a carbon  yl functional group by form  alde  hyde and a primary or secondary amine or ammonia the final product is a β amino carbon  yl compound also known as a mann  ich base reactions between al  di  mines and α meth  ylene carbon  y  ls are also considered mann  ich reactions because these im  ines form between am  ines and alde  hy  des the reaction is named after chem  ist carl mann  ich scheme 1 ammonia or an amine reacts with form  alde  hyde and an alpha ac  id  ic prot  on of a carbon  yl compound to a beta amino carbon  yl compound the mann  ich reaction is an example of nucle  oph  il  ic addition of an amine to a carbon  yl group followed by dehydr  ation to the schi  ff base the schi  ff base is an electro  phi  le which reacts in the second step in an electro  phil  ic addition with a compound containing an ac  id  ic prot  on which is or had become an en  ol the mann  ich reaction is also considered a condens  ation reaction in the mann  ich reaction primary or secondary am  ines or ammonia are employed for the activation of form  alde  hyde tertiary am  ines lack an n – h prot  on to form the intermediate en  amine α ch ac  id  ic compounds nucle  oph  iles include carbon  yl compounds nit  ri  les ace  ty  len  es ali  ph  atic nit  ro compounds α al  ky  l py  rid  ines or im  ines it is also possible to use activated phen  yl groups and electr  on rich heter  oc  ycles such as fur  an py  r  role and thi  op  hen  e in  do  le is a particularly active sub  str  ate the reaction provides gram  ine derivatives
man  no  sid  osis is a deficiency in man  no  sid  ase an enzyme there are two types alpha man  no  sid  osis beta man  no  sid  osis
man  son  elli  asis or man  son  ellosis is the condition of infection by the nemato  de man  son  ella the disease exists in africa and tropical americas spread by biting mid  ges or black  flies it is usually as  ymp  tomatic
man  tle cell lymp  homa mc  l is a type of non ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa n  hl comprising about 6 of n  hl cases there are only about 15 000 patients presently in the u s the prevalence seems to be somewhat higher in men mc  l is a subtype of b cell lymp  homa due to cd 5 positive antigen naive preg  er  min  al center b cell within the man  tle zone that surrounds normal germin  al center fol  lic  les mc  l cells generally over express cycl  in d 1 due to a t 11 14 chro  mo  som  al trans  location in the dna specifically the trans  location is at t 11 14 q 13 q 32
man  t  le  oma is a benign ne  op  las  m with man  tle differentiation and they tend to occur on the face early ne  op  las  ms consist only of cords and columns of un  differentiated epi  the  li  al cells
in many programming languages map is the name of a higher order function that applies a given function to each element of a list returning a list of results in the same order it is often called apply to all when considered in functional form the concept of a map is not limited to lists it works for sequ  ential containers tree like containers or even abstract containers such as futures and promises
map matching is the problem of how to match recorded geographic coordinates to a logical model of the real world typically using some form of geographic information system the most common approach is to take recorded serial location points eg from gps and relate them to edges in an existing street graph network usually in a sorted list representing the travel of a user or vehicle matching observations to a logical model in this way has applications in satellite navigation gps tracking of freight and transportation engineering map matching algori  th  ms can be divided in real time and off  line algori  th  ms real time algori  th  ms associate the position during the recording process to the road network off  line algori  th  ms are used after the data is recorded and are then matched to the road network real time applications can only calculate based upon the points prior to a given time as opposed to those of a whole journey but are intended to be used in live environments this brings a compromise of performance over accuracy off  line applications can consider all points and so can tolerate slower performance in favour of accuracy
the map  le syrup event was the objective presence of a particular scent in new york city and the response to this smell by the residents various media outlets and government agencies reports of the events are said to have begun in the fall of 2005 and continued spor  ad  ically into early 2009 new yor  kers feared the sweet smell was a form of chemical warfare the scent was eventually traced to its source a fru  tar  om industries ltd factory in northern new jersey which was processing fen  u  greek seeds commonly used in map  le syrup substitutes this source was traced through a collaborative process between the citizens of new york city the city s 311 system the new york city office of emergency management the new york city department of environmental protection and a working group which gathered and analyzed atmospheric data the ingredient was fen  u  greek seeds which was commonly used in many swe  ets including cur  ry powder van  illa flav  oring and an imitation of pancakes
map  le syrup urine disease m  su  d also called bran  ched chain ke  to  ac  id  ur  ia is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder affecting bran  ched chain amino acids it is one type of organic aci  dem  ia the condition gets its name from the distinctive sweet od  or of affected infants urine particularly prior to diagnosis and during times of acute illness
mar  as  mus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency a child with mar  as  mus looks em  aci  ated body weight is reduced to less than 60 of the normal expected body weight for the age mar  as  mus occurrence increases prior to age 1 whereas k  was  hi  or  k  or occurrence increases after 18 months it can be distinguished from k  was  hi  or  k  or in that k  was  hi  or  k  or is protein deficiency with adequate energy intake whereas mar  as  mus is inadequate energy intake in all forms including protein protein wasting in k  was  hi  or  k  or may lead to e  dem  a the prog  no  sis is better than it is for k  was  hi  or  k  or but half of severely mal  nourished children die due to un  availability of adequate treatment the word “ mar  as  mus ” comes from the greek μ  αρ  ασ  μ  ός mar  as  mos decay
mar  burg virus disease m  vd formerly mar  burg hemorrha  gic fever is a severe illness of humans and non human pri  mates caused by either of the two mar  burg  viruses mar  burg virus mar  v and rav  n virus rav  v m  vd is a viral hemorrha  gic fever v  hf and the clinical symptoms are in  distingu  ishable from e  bol  a virus disease ev  d
march frac  ture also known as fatigue frac  ture or stress frac  ture of met  at  ar  sal bone is the frac  ture of the dis  tal third of one of the met  at  ar  s  als occurring because of recurrent stress it is more common in soldiers but also occurs in hi  kers organis  ts and even those like hospital doctors whose duties entail much standing march fractu  res most commonly occur in the second and third met  at  ar  sal bones of the foot it is a common cause of foot pain especially when people suddenly increase their activities
the march of the one hundred thousand was a manifestation of popular protest against the military dictatorship in brazil which occurred on june 26 1968 in rio de janeiro organized by the student movement and with the participation of artists intellectuals and other sectors brazilian society
marche à peti  ts pas ma  ʁ  ʃ a p  ə  ti pa “ ga  it with little steps ” is a type of ga  it disorder characterised by an abnormal short stepped ga  it with u  pri  ght stance in strict sense as opposed to generally sto  oping short stepped ga  it of par  kinson s disease seen in various neuro  logical or sometimes muscular disorders it can be further differentiated from par  k  ins  onian ga  it by normal arm swing as opposed to no arm swing in par  k  ins  on  ism some people refer to all forms of short stepped ga  its including par  k  ins  onian ga  it as marche a peti  t pas in a loose sense
mar  chi  af  ava – bi  gn  ami disease is a progressive neuro  logical disease of alcoholism characterized by corpus cal  lo  sum dem  yel  ination and necro  sis and subsequent atro  phy
marcus gun  n phenomenon also known as marcus gun  n jaw win  king or tri  gem  ino oc  ul  om  o  tor syn  kin  esis is an auto  som  al dominant condition with incomplete penetr  ance in which nursing infants will have rhy  th  mic upward jer  king of their upper eye  lid this condition is characterized as a syn  kin  esis when two or more muscles that are independently in  nerv  ated have either simultaneous or coordinated movements common physi  o  logic examples of syn  kin  es  es occur during sucking chewing or con  ju  gate eye movements there are also several abnormal cran  ial nerve syn  kin  es  es both acquired and con  genital marcus gun  n jaw win  king is an example of a patho  logic con  genital syn  kin  esis first described by the oph  thal  mo  logist marcus gun  n in 1883 this condition presents in approximately 5 of ne  on  ates with con  genital pto  sis this condition has been associated with am  bl  y  op  ia in 54 of cases anis  ome  tro  p  ia 26 and str  ab  is  mus 56
marcus gun  n pupil or relative a  ffer  ent pu  pill  ary defect rap  d is a medical sign observed during the swinging flash  light test wh  er  eu  pon the patient s pupils con  strict less therefore appearing to di  late when a bright light is sw  ung from the unaffected eye to the affected eye the affected eye still senses the light and produces pu  pill  ary sp  h  inc  ter con  stric  tion to some degree albeit reduced the most common cause of marcus gun  n pupil is a le  sion of the op  tic nerve between the re  tina and the op  tic chi  asm or severe re  tin  al disease it is named after scottish oph  thal  mo  logist robert marcus gun  n
mar  den – walker syndrome m  ws is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder it is characterized by ble  phar  op  him  osis micro  cephal  y micro  gn  ath  ia multiple joint contr  actu  res ar  ach  no  d  ac  ty  ly camp  to  d  ac  ty  ly ky  pho  sco  li  osis and delayed motor development and is often associated with c  ys  tic dys  plastic kidneys d  ext  ro  car  dia dan  dy walker mal  formation and agen  esis of corpus cal  lo  sum
mare reproductive loss syndrome mrls is a syndrome consisting of equine abortions and three related non  reproductive syndro  mes which occur in horses of all breeds sexes and ages mrls was first observed in the u s state of k  ent  ucky in a three week period around may 5 2001 when about 20 to 30 of k  ent  ucky s pregnant mares suffered abortions a primary infectious cause was rapidly ruled out and the search began for a candidate toxin no abor  ti  fac  ient toxins were identified in the spring of 2001 k  ent  ucky had experienced an extraordinarily heavy inf  est  ation of eastern tent cat  er  pillars et  cs an epidemiological study showed et  cs to be associated with mrls when et  cs returned to k  ent  ucky in the spring of 2002 equine exposure to cat  er  pillars was immediately shown to produce abortions research then focused on how the et  cs produced the abortions reviewing the speed with which et  cs produced late term abortions in 2002 experiments the non  specific bacterial infections in the plac  enta fe  tus were assigned a primary driving role the question then became how exposure to the cat  er  pillars produced these non specific bacterial infections of the affected plac  enta fe  tus and also the u  ve  i  tis and peric  ardi  tis cases reviewing the bar  bed nature of etc ha  irs se  ta  e intest  inal blood vessel penetration by bar  bed se  tal fragments was shown to introduce bar  bed se  tal fragments and associated bacterial contaminants into intest  inal collecting blood vessels se  ptic penetr  ating se  ta  e distribution of these materials following cardiac output would deliver these materials to all tissues in the body se  ptic penetr  ating se  tal emb  oli about 15 of cardiac output goes to the late term fe  tus at which point the se  ptic bar  bed se  tal fragments are positioned to penetrate plac  ental tissues which lack an immune response bacterial proliferation therefore proceeds unchecked and the late term fe  tus is rapidly abor  ted similar events occur with the early term fe  tus but as a much smaller target receiving an equival  ently smaller fraction of cardiac output the early term fe  tus is less likely to be hit by a randomly distributing se  tal frag  ment since this mrls patho  genesis model was first proposed in 2002 other cat  er  pillar related abortion syndro  mes have been recognized most notably equine am  ni  oni  tis and fe  tal loss in australia and more recently a long recognized relationship between pregnant cam  els eating cat  er  pillars and abortions among the camel past  or  alists in the western sahara
mar  fan syndrome m  fs is a genetic disorder of connec  tive tissue the degree to which people are affected varies people with mar  fan s tend to be tall and thin with long arms legs fingers and toes they also typically have flexible joints and sco  li  osis the most serious complications involve the heart and a  or  ta with an increased risk of mit  ral valve pro  lapse and a  or  tic an  eur  ys  m other commonly affected areas include the lungs eyes bones and the covering of the spinal cord mar  fan is an auto  som  al dominant disorder about 75 of the time the condition is inherited from a parent while 25 of the time it is a new mutation it involves a mutation to the gene that makes fi  bri  ll  in which results in abnormal connec  tive tissue diagnosis is often based on the ghent criteria there is no cure for mar  fan syndrome many people have a normal life expectancy with proper treatment management often includes the use of beta bloc  kers such as pro  pr  ano  lo  l or if not tolerated calcium channel bloc  kers or ace inhi  bit  ors surgery may be required to repair the a  or  ta or replace a heart valve it is recommended that hard exercise be avoided about one in 3 000 to 10 000 individuals have mar  fan syndrome it occurs equally in males and females rates are similar between races and in different regions of the world it is named after an  to  ine mar  fan a french pedi  at  ric  ian who first described the condition in 18  96
margin of safety safety margin is the difference between the intrinsic value of a stock and its market price another definition in break even analysis accounting margin of safety is how much output or sales level can fall before a business reaches its break  even point
in finance marginal conditional sto  ch  astic dominance is a condition under which a portfolio can be improved in the eyes of all risk aver  se investors by incre  mentally moving funds out of one asset or one sub group of the portfolio s assets and into another each risk aver  se investor is assumed to maximize the expected value of an increasing con  cave von neu  mann mor  gen  stern utility function all such investors prefer portfolio b over portfolio a if the portfolio return of b is second order sto  ch  astically dominant over that of a roughly speaking this means that the density function of a s return can be formed from that of b s return by pushing some of the probability mass of b s return to the left which is dis  liked by all increasing utility functions and then spreading out some of the density mass which is dis  liked by all con  cave utility functions if a portfolio a is marginally conditionally sto  ch  astically dominated by some incre  mentally different portfolio b then it is said to be inefficient in the sense that it is not the optimal portfolio for anyone note that this context of portfolio optimi  zation is not limited to situations in which mean variance analysis applies the presence of marginal conditional sto  ch  astic dominance is sufficient but not necessary for a portfolio to be inefficient this is because marginal conditional sto  ch  astic dominance only considers incremental portfolio changes involving two sub groups of assets — one whose holdings are decreased and one whose holdings are increased it is possible for an inefficient portfolio to not be second order sto  ch  astically dominated by any such one for one shift of funds and yet to by dominated by a shift of funds involving three or more sub groups of assets
in micro  economics marginal profit is the difference between the marginal revenue and the marginal cost under the marginal approach to profit maxim  ization to maximize profits a firm should continue to produce a good or service up to the point where marginal profit is zero
marginal zone lymp  hom  as are a group of ind  ol  ent slow growing n  hl b cell lymp  hom  as which account for approximately 12 percent of all b cell lymp  hom  as the median age for diagnosis is 65 years old it presents primarily in sites such as stomach bo  wel sali  vary g  lands lung thyro  id lac  ri  mal g  land con  junc  tiva blad  der kidney skin soft tissue th  ym  us breast ● gi tract most is the most commonly involved within gi tract stomach is involved in 85 cases there are three types of marginal zone lymp  homa ex  tran  od  al marginal zone lymp  homa or mu  co  sa associated lymp  ho  id tissue malt lymp  homa is the most common form of marginal zone lymp  homa it occurs outside the lymp  h no  des this form of lymp  homa makes up about nine percent of all b cell lymp  hom  as in many cases of malt lymp  homa patient has a previous medical history of infl  amm  ation or auto  immune disorders for example heli  co  bac  ter p  yl  ori h p  yl  ori a micro  bial pathogen linked to chronic gast  ri  tis has been associated with a significant portion of patients with ga  str  ic malt lymp  homa no  dal marginal zone lymp  homa sometimes called mon  oc  y  to  id b cell lymp  homa occurs within the lymp  h no  des and accounts for about two percent of all b cell lymp  hom  as splen  ic marginal zone lymp  homa occurs most often in the sp  leen and blood it has been associated with hepatitis c this form of lymp  homa makes up about one percent of all b cell lymp  homa
a mar  gul  es function is a function added to the ra  oul  t s law description of a liquid solution to account for deviations from ide  ality see also mar  gul  es activity model the amended ra  oul  t s law description of the vap  or pressure above the solution becomes p 1 p 1 x 1 f  m 1 p 2 p 2 x 2 f  m 2 the mar  gul  es function has the general form f  m 1 ex  p α  x 22 β  x 23 γ  x 23 δ  x 24 the function always contains the opposite mole fraction x 2 1 x 1 for a b  inary system the numbers of mar  gul  es parameters α β γ δ varies the larger the deviations from ide  ality the more parameters are required the gibbs du  hem relation can be used to fix the mar  gul  es function for the second component once the first has been chosen the case where only one parameter α is needed is known as the regular solution model
a marian appar  ition is a reported super  natural appearance by the blessed virgin mary the figure is often named after the town where it is reported or on the so  bri  quet given to mary on the occasion of the appar  ition they have been interpreted in religious terms as the  op  han  ies marian appar  itions sometimes are reported to recur at the same site over an extended period of time in the majority of marian appar  itions only one person or a few people report having witnessed the appar  ition exceptions to this include zeit  oun fati  ma and assi  ut where thousands claimed to have seen her over a period of time
marie un  na hereditary hypo  tric  ho  sis also known as marie un  na hypo  tric  ho  sis is an auto  som  al dominant condition characterized by scal  p hair that is spar  se or absent at birth with variable co  arse wi  ry hair reg  row  th in childhood and potential loss again at pu  ber  ty
marin  esco – sjö  gre  n syndrome m  ss is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder
mar  jol  in s ul  cer refers to an aggressive ul  cer  ating squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma presenting in an area of previously traumati  zed chronically infl  amed or scar  red skin they are commonly present in the context of chronic wounds including burn injuries vari  cose ve  ins ven  ous ul  cers ul  cers from o  ste  om  ye  li  tis and post radi  otherapy scars the term was named after french surgeon jean nicolas mar  jol  in who first described the condition in 18  28 the term was later coined by j c de costa
in some stock markets the mark tw  ain effect is the phenomenon of stock returns in october being lower than in other months the name comes from a line in mark tw  ain s pu  dd n  head wilson october this is one of the peculi  arly dangerous months to speculate in stocks the others are july january september april november may march june december august and february the quotation is a sar  cas  tic assertion that speculation in stocks is always dangerous the fact that tw  ain specifically picks out october initially is taken as a reference to an october effect as exemplified by the 1929 1987 and 2008 stock market cr  ashes which roughly occurred in october
the marker interface pattern is a design pattern in computer science used with languages that provide run time type information about objects it provides a means to associate metad  ata with a class where the language does not have explicit support for such metad  ata to use this pattern a class implements a marker interface also called tagging interface and methods that interact with instances of that class test for the existence of the interface whereas a typical interface specifies functionality in the form of method declarations that an implementing class must support a marker interface need not do so the mere presence of such an interface indicates specific behavior on the part of the implementing class hybrid interfaces which both act as mark  ers and specify required methods are possible but may prove confusing if improperly used an example of the application of marker interfaces from the j  ava programming language is the a rel no  follow class external text h  re  f doc  s oracle com jav  ase 8 doc  s api j  ava io seri  aliz  able html seri  aliz  able a interface a class implements this interface to indicate that its non transi  ent data members can be written to an a rel no  follow class external text h  re  f doc  s oracle com jav  ase 8 doc  s api j  ava io objec  t  out  put  stream html objec  t  out  put  stream a the objec  t  out  put  stream private method writ  e  object contains a series of instan  ce  of tests to determine writ  e  ability one of which looks for the seri  aliz  able interface if any of these tests fails the method throws a not  seri  ali  zab  le  exception
in economics market concentration is a function of the number of firms and their respective shares of the total production alternatively total capacity or total reserves in a market alternative terms are industry concentration and seller concentration market concentration is related to industrial concentration which concerns the distribution of production within an industry as opposed to a market in industrial organization market concentration may be used as a measure of competition the  orized to be positively related to the rate of profit in the industry for example in the work of joe s b  ain
in financial markets market impact is the effect that a market participant has when it buys or sells an asset it is the extent to which the buying or selling moves the price against the buyer or seller i e upward when buying and downward when selling it is closely related to market liquidity in many cases liquidity and market impact are synonymous especially for large investors e g financial institutions market impact is a key consideration that needs to be considered before any decision to move money within or between financial markets if the amount of money being moved is large relative to the turnover of the asset s in question then the market impact can be several percentage points and needs to be assessed alongside other transaction costs costs of buying and selling market impact can arise because the price needs to move to temp  t other investors to buy or sell assets as counterparties but also because professional investors may position themselves to profit from knowledge that a large investor or group of investors is active one way or the other some financial intermediaries have such low transaction costs that they can profit from price movements that are too small to be of relevance to the majority of investors the financial institution that is seeking to manage its market impact needs to limit the pace of its activity e g keeping its activity below one third of daily turnover so as to avoid disrupting the price
in business economics or investment market liquidity is a market s ability to purchase or sell an asset without causing drastic change in the asset s price equival  ently an asset s market liquidity or simply an asset s liquidity describes the asset s ability to sell quickly without having to reduce its price to a significant degree liquidity is about how big the trade off is between the speed of the sale and the price it can be sold for in a liquid market the trade off is mild selling quickly will not reduce the price much in a relatively illiquid market selling it quickly will require cutting its price by some amount money or cash is the most liquid asset because it can be sold for goods and services instantly with no loss of value there is no wait for a suitable buyer of the cash there is no trade off between speed and value it can be used immediately to perform economic actions like buying selling or paying debt meeting immediate wants and needs if an asset is moderately or very liquid it has moderate or high liquidity in an alternative definition liquidity can mean the amount of cash and cash equivalents if a business has moderate liquidity it has a moderate amount of very liquid assets if a business has sufficient liquidity it has a sufficient amount of very liquid assets and the ability to meet its payment obligations an act of exchanging a less liquid asset for a more liquid asset is called liquidation often liquidation is trading the less liquid asset for cash also known as selling it an asset s liquidity can change for the same asset its liquidity can change through time or between different markets such as in different countries the change in the asset s liquidity is just based on the market liquidity for the asset at the particular time or in the particular country etc the liquidity of a product can be measured as how often it is bought and sold liquidity is defined formally in many accounting regimes and has in recent years been more strictly defined for instance the us federal reserve intends to apply quantitative liquidity requirements based on basel iii liquidity rules as of fiscal 2012 bank directors will also be required to know of and approve major liquidity risks personally other rules require diversifying counterparty risk and portfolio stress testing against extreme scenarios which tend to identify unusual market liquidity conditions and avoid investments that are particularly vulnerable to sudden liquidity shifts
in economics and particularly in industrial organization market power is the ability of a firm to prof  itably raise the market price of a good or service over marginal cost in perfectly competitive markets market participants have no market power a firm with total market power can raise prices without losing any customers to competitors market participants that have market power are therefore sometimes referred to as price makers or price set  ters while those without are sometimes called price takers significant market power occurs when prices exceed marginal cost and long run average cost so the firm makes economic profits a firm with market power has the ability to individually affect either the total quantity or the prevailing price in the market price makers face a downward slop  ing demand curve such that price increases lead to a lower quantity demanded the decrease in supply as a result of the exercise of market power creates an economic dead  weight loss which is often viewed as socially undesirable as a result many countries have anti trust or other legislation intended to limit the ability of firms to accrue market power such legislation often regulates mergers and sometimes introduces a judicial power to compel di  vesti  ture a firm usually has market power by virtue of controlling a large portion of the market in extreme cases — monopoly and mon  op  s  ony — the firm controls the entire market however market size alone is not the only indicator of market power highly concentrated markets may be conte  stable if there are no barriers to entry or exit limiting the incumbent firm s ability to raise its price above competitive levels market power gives firms the ability to engage in unilateral anti competitive behavior some of the behavi  ours that firms with market power are accused of engaging in include predatory pricing product tying and creation of overcapacity or other barriers to entry if no individual participant in the market has significant market power then anti competitive behavior can take place only through collusion or the exercise of a group of participants collective market power the ler  ner index and her  fin  dah  l index may be used to measure market power
market value added m  va is the difference between the current market value of a firm and the capital contributed by investors if m  va is positive the firm has added value if it is negative the firm has destroyed value the amount of value added needs to be greater than the firm s investors could have achieved investing in the market portfolio adjusted for the leverage beta coefficient of the firm relative to the market
marketing exposure is the amount of funds invested in a particular type of security and or market sector or industry and usually expressed as a percentage of total portfolio holdings it is also simply known as exposure exposure is the product of a marketing strategy and once the strategy is implemented it is only a matter of time before exposure is put into action consumers recognize marketing exposure when the company creates and promotes a campaign there are three types of marketing exposure intensive selective and exclusive marketing exposure carries a risk total to the amount invested in said market if a particular business invests 25 in a sector for housing then the market exposure for this sector is 25 investors are warned not to invest vast amounts in one particular sector due to the exposure results may vary between gains and losses depending on outcome of specific market strategies being diverse in sectors are advised for lowering the risk factor
marketing in schools is a widespread phenomenon in which schools sign contracts allowing certain businesses to conduct marketing activities in school facilities — primarily advertising for example a school might allow only one brand of soft drink to be sold in v  ending machines on the campus in return the soft drink company would provide compensation to the school frequently money but it may provide other compensation as well such as building new facilities or paying for school supplies the phrase usually refers to arrangements by elementary schools or high schools rather than higher education because this marketing is seen as targeting children it is very controversial one example of this is channel one news a tv show branded as educational shown in schools that shows two minutes of advertising channel one is shown in over 11 500 middle and high schools across the united states reaching 7 7 million students many find the practice objectionable some argue that it can encourage unhealthy behavior in children for example the drinking of soda or the consumption of fast food more generally some people object to the entire concept of marketing to children fearing that they are easier to influence and that this marketing is un  ethical or that it interferes with the values they may wish to teach their child the practice has come in for harsh criticism especially from many on the political left for example the magazine ad  bu  sters has run numerous features attacking the practice many schools defend the practice noting that it is a source of valuable revenue allowing programs that might otherwise go un  funded
a mark  man hearing is a pre  trial hearing in a u s district court during which a judge examines evidence from all parties on the appropriate meanings of relevant key words used in a patent claim when patent infringement is alleged by a plainti  ff it is also known as a claim construction hearing holding a mark  man hearing in patent infringement cases has been common practice since the u s supreme court in the 1996 case of mark  man v west  view instruments inc found that the language of a patent is a matter of law for a judge to decide not a matter of fact for a jury to decide in the united states jur  ies determine facts in many situations but judges determine matters of law mark  man hearings are important since the court determines patent infringement cases by the interpretation of claims a mark  man hearing may encourage settlement since the judge s claim construction finding can indicate a likely outcome for the patent infringement case as a whole mark  man hearings are before a judge and generally take place before trial a mark  man hearing may occur before the close of discovery along with a motion for preliminary injunction or at the end of discovery in relation to a motion for summary judgment a mark  man hearing may also be held after the trial begins but before jury selection the evidence considered in a mark  man hearing falls into two categories intrinsic and extr  ins  ic intrinsic evidence consists of the patent documentation and any prosecution history of the patent extr  ins  ic evidence is testimony expert opinion or other un  written sources extr  ins  ic evidence may not contradict intrinsic evidence
mark  up is the difference between the cost of a good or service and its selling price a mark  up is added onto the total cost incurred by the producer of a good or service in order to cover the costs of doing business and create a profit the total cost reflects the total amount of both fixed and variable expenses to produce and distribute a product mark  up can be expressed as a fixed amount or as a percentage of the total cost or selling price retail mark  up is commonly calculated as the difference between wholesale price and retail price as a percentage of wholesale other methods are also used
the mark  ó – lam de  oxy  gen  ation is an organic chemistry reaction where the hydro  xy functional group in an organic compound is replaced by a hydrogen atom to give an al  ky  l group the mark  ó lam reaction is a variant of the bou  ve  ault – blanc reduction and an alternative to the classical bar  ton – mc  com  bie de  oxy  gen  ation it is named for the belgian chem  ists ist  van mark  o and kevin lam the main features of the reaction are short reaction time 5 seconds to 5 minutes the use of a stable t  olu  ate derivative the use of sm  i 2 h  mp  a system or electro  lysis instead of the classical and difficult to remove tribu  ty  l  tin hy  dri  de the mark  o lam de  oxy  gen  ation
mar  o  te  aux – lamy syndrome also known as mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis type vi mps vi or poly  dy  stro  ph  ic dwar  f  ism is a form of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis caused by a deficiency in ar  yl  sul  fat  ase b ar  sb it is named after pierre mar  o  te  aux 19  26 and his mentor maurice em  il joseph lamy 18  95 1975 both french physicians
marshall syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connec  tive tissue which can cause hearing loss the three most common areas to be affected are the eyes which are un  commonly large joints and the mouth and facial structures marshall syndrome and stic  kler syndrome closely resemble each other in fact they are so similar some say they are the same
marshall smith syndrome discovered in 1971 marshall graham scott bon  er smith is characterized by unusual accelerated sk  el  etal matur  ation usually starting before birth and symptoms like conspicuous physical characteristics respiratory difficulties and mental retar  dation cases described in the literature show a clinical vari  ability regarding related symptoms for instance respiratory difficulties are ranging from absent to severe difficulties
marshall – white syndrome is a skin condition that consists of bi  er spots associated with in  som  nia and t  ach  y  car  dia
the martin classical lectures is a function of the charles bee  be martin foundation established at ober  lin college in ohio charles bee  be martin was a professor of class  ics and classical archae  ology at the college from 18  80 to 19  25 the foundation was set up to honor his memory
mar  to  rell s ul  cer is a painful ul  cer  ation of the lower leg associated with di  ast  ol  ic arter  ial hyper  tension it was first identified by the spanish cardi  o  logist fernando mar  to  rell in 1945 who referred to the ul  cers as hyper  ten  sive is  cha  emic ul  cers it is characterized by single or multiple small homogeneous symmetr  ical le  sions most commonly located on the an  ter  ol  ateral aspect of the lower leg the pain associated to these le  sions is often disproportionate to their size the syndrome occurs predominantly in middle aged women with poorly controlled hyper  tension in the form of skin ul  cers on the an  ter  ol  ateral aspect of the lower legs the le  sions initially appear as small painful bl  is  ters which may or may not be associated with trauma the path  op  hy  si  ology of the mar  to  rell ul  cer is assumed to be related to hyper  tension induced arter  io  le changes in the der  mis the pain is often disproportionate and the symptoms are not relieved by rest or elev  ation
masked depression md was a proposed form of atypical depression in which som  atic symptoms or behavi  our  al disturbances dominate the clinical picture and disguise the underlying aff  ective disorder the concept is not currently supported by the mental health profession
in medicine a mass effect is the effect of a growing mass that results in secondary pathological effects by pushing on or dis  placing surrounding tissue in on  co  logy the mass typically refers to a tumor for example cancer of the thyro  id g  land may cause symptoms due to com  pres  sions of certain structures of the head and neck pressure on the lar  yn  ge  al nerves may cause voice changes narrowing of the wind  pipe may cause stri  dor pressure on the gul  let may cause dy  sp  ha  gia and so on surgical removal or deb  ul  king is sometimes used to alleviate symptoms of the mass effect even if the underlying path  ology is not cur  able in neuro  logy mass effect is a general term applied to the effects exerted by any mass including for example an evolving in  trac  ere  br  al hemorrha  ge a bleeding within the skull presenting with a clin  ically significant hem  atom  a the hem  atom  a can exert a mass effect on the brain increasing in  trac  ran  ial pressure and potentially causing mid  line shift or deadly brain her  ni  ation in the past this effect held additional diagnostic importance since prior to the invention of modern tom  o  graphic soft tissue imaging utili  zing m  ri or ct it was not possible to directly image many kinds of primary in  trac  ran  ial le  sions therefore in those days the mass effect of these ab  norm  alities on surrounding structures was sometimes used to indirectly infer the existence of the primary ab  norm  alities themselves for example by using a cere  br  al an  gi  o  graphy to observe the secondary vascular displacement caused by a sub  d  ural hem  atom  a pushing on the brain or by looking for a distortion caused by a tumor on the normal outline of the ven  tric  les as depicted on a pneu  mo  encephal  o  gram unfortunately these studies were often invasive and uncomfortable for patients and provided only a partial assessment of the primary condition being evaluated nowadays modern diagnostic tools exist which allow physicians to easily locate and vis  u  alize all kinds of in  trac  ran  ial le  sions without having to rely on indirect effects to make a reliable diagnosis
the mass excess of a nuc  li  de is the difference between its actual mass and its mass number in atomic mass units it is one of the predominant methods for tab  ulating nuclear mass the mass of an atomic nucleus is well approxim  ated less than 0 1 difference for most nuc  li  des by its mass number which indicates that most of the mass of a nucleus arises from mass of its constituent prot  ons and neu  tron  s thus the mass excess is an expression of the nuclear binding energy relative to the binding energy per nucle  on of carbon 12 which defines the atomic mass unit if the mass excess is negative the nucleus has more binding energy than 12 c and vice versa if a nucleus has a large excess of mass compared to a nearby nuclear species it can radio  actively decay releasing energy
mass fain  ting in tanzania is a common phenomenon of mass hysteria that is experienced by junior school girls in tanzania in september 2008 20 girls at a school in tab  ora started fain  ting while taking their final year exam  s the mass fain  ting has been linked to neuro  sis related to the local practice of wit  ch  craft
in quantum field theory the mass gap is the difference in energy between the lowest energy state the vacuum and the next lowest energy state the energy of the vacuum is zero by definition and assuming that all energy states can be thought of as particles in plane waves the mass gap is the mass of the ligh  test particle since exact energy ei  gen  states are infinitely spread out and are therefore usually excluded from a formal mathematical description a stronger definition is that the mass gap is the greatest lower bound of the energy of any state which is orth  og  onal to the vacuum
in soci  ology and psychology mass hysteria also known as collective hysteria group hysteria or collective obs  es  sional behavior is a phenomenon that trans  mits collective allu  sions of threats etc whether real or imaginary through a population in society as a result of rumors and fear memory acknowledg  ment in medicine the term is used to describe the spontaneous manifestation production in chemicals in the body of the same or similar hysterical physical symptoms by more than one person a common type of mass hysteria occurs when a group of people believe they are suffering from a similar disease or ail  ment sometimes referred to as mass psycho  genic illness or epidemic hysteria
in naval tradition a m  ast is a non judicial punishment n  jp disciplinary hearing under which a commanding officer studies and dis  poses of cases involving those in his command if the officer conducting the proceeding is either a captain or a lower ranking officer typically a commander or lieutenant commander serving as commanding officer of a naval or coast guard vessel an aviation squ  ad  ron or similar command afloat or ashore then the proceeding is referred to as a captain s m  ast if an admiral is overseeing the m  ast then the procedure is referred to as an admiral s m  ast or a flag m  ast a captain s m  ast or admiral s m  ast is a procedure whereby the commanding officer must make inquiry into the facts surrounding minor off  enses allegedly committed by a member of the command afford the accused a hearing as to such off  enses and dispose of such charges by dismissing the charges imposing punishment under the provisions of military law or referring the case to a court martial a captain s m  ast is not a trial as the term non judicial implies a conviction even if punishment is imposed an acqu  it  tal even if punishment is not imposed in the united states navy and united states coast guard these proceedings take place under the authority of article 15 of the uniform code of military justice uc  m  j the term m  ast may also refer to when a captain or commanding officer makes them  self available to hear concerns complaints or requests from their crew traditionally on a naval vessel the captain would stand at the main m  ast of that vessel when holding m  ast the crew who by custom did not speak with the captain could speak to him directly at these times it could also refer to the naval punishment of tying one to a m  ast and l  ashing them with a whip in modern times a mer  it  orious m  ast refers to the commanding officer taking this time to single out a member of the crew for praise and present written recognition of work well done
m  ast cell activation syndrome mc  as also commonly referred to as m  ast cell activation disorder mc  ad is an immun  ological condition in which m  ast cells in  appropriately and excessively release chemical mediators resulting in a range of chronic symptoms sometimes including an  ap  hy  lax  is or near an  ap  hy  lax  is attacks primary symptoms include cardiovascular der  mat  ological gastro  intest  inal neuro  logical and respiratory problems unlike ma  stoc  y  to  sis where patients have an abnormally increased number of m  ast cells patients with mc  as have a normal number of m  ast cells that do not function properly and are defined as hyper  responsive mc  as is still a poorly understood condition and is a current topic of research mc  as is often found in patients with eh  lers – dan  los syndrome eds and post  ural orth  o  static t  ach  y  car  dia syndrome pots it is also found in sub  set groups of patients with common variable immun  o  deficiency c  vi  d and ly  me disease
m  ast cell leuk  emia is an extremely aggressive subtype of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia that usually occurs de novo but can rarely evolve from transformation of chronic my  elo  id leuk  emia into the more aggressive acute my  elo  id leuk  emia in a small proportion of cases acute m  ast cell leuk  emia may evolve from a more progressive form of systemic ma  stoc  y  to  sis the diagnosis of acute m  ast cell leuk  emia by the who criteria includes the requirement for a prevalence of 20 ne  op  l  astic m  ast cells in marrow and 10 in blood if the m  ast cells represent less than 10 of blood cells the tumor is called al  eu  k  emic m  ast cell leuk  emia
m  ast cell sar  coma is an extremely aggressive form of sar  coma made up of ne  op  l  astic m  ast cells a sar  coma is a tumor made of cells from connec  tive tissue m  ast cell sar  coma is an extremely rare tumor only 3 cases are reported so far prog  no  sis is extremely poor people with a m  ast cell sar  coma have no skin le  sions and path  ology examination of the tumor shows it to be very m  align  ant with an aggressive growth pattern m  ast cell sar  coma should not be confused with  ex  trac  u  taneous ma  stoc  y  tom  a a rare benign m  ast cell tumor without destructive growth in the cases observed m  ast cell sar  coma terminated quickly as m  ast cell leuk  emia one of the most aggressive human cancers
the master nationality rule is a consequence of article 4 of the convention on certain questions relating to the conflict of nationality laws of 1930 this provides that a state may not afford diplomatic protection to one of its nationals against a state whose nationality such person also possesses the united kingdom home office explains in terms of practical effect it means that when a multiple citizen is in the country of one of his or her nationalities that country has the right to treat that person as if he or she were solely a citizen or national of that country this includes the right to impose military service obligations or to require an exit permit to leave the united kingdom may still make informal diplomatic representations to the authorities of another country when a british citizen is held in another country even if that person is also a citizen of that country in case of special humanitarian needs such as the intervention made by then uk foreign secretary philip hammond during the caus  e  way bay books disappearances during the cold war era the united states signed consular agreements with certain warsaw pact countries providing that a u s citizen who entered that country with a u s passport and the appropriate visa would not be subsequently treated as a citizen of that country and hence prevented from leaving the warsaw pact countries involved notably poland wished to encourage tourism from emigrants and their descendants settled in the u s since the dissolution of the warsaw pact in 1991 many of those countries have abolished visa requirements for u s citizens thus nul  lif  ying those provisions for detailed discussion see under dual citizenship of poland the united states australia and canada have concluded similar consular agreements with the people s republic of china
mas  tic  atory muscle my  osi  tis mmm is an infl  am  matory disease in dogs affecting the muscles of mas  tication chewing it is also known as atro  ph  ic my  osi  tis or e  o  sin  oph  il  ic my  osi  tis mmm is the most common infl  am  matory my  opathy in dogs the disease mainly affects large breed dogs german shepherd dogs and cav  alier king charles spani  els may be pre  disposed there is a similar disease of the eye muscles found in golden retri  evers symptoms of acute mmm include sw  elling of the jaw muscles dro  oling and pain on opening the mouth oph  thal  mic signs may include third eye  lid pro  tru  sion red eyes and ex  oph  thal  mos pro  tru  ding eye  balls in chronic mmm there is atro  phy of the jaw muscles and scar  ring of the mas  tic  atory muscles due to fi  bro  sis may result in inability to open the mouth tr  is  mus the affected muscles include the tempor  alis mas  se  ter and p  ter  y  go  id muscles the disease is usually bilateral mmm is caused by the presence of 2 m fi  bers in the muscles of the jaw 2 m fi  bers are not found elsewhere in the body but they are close in structure to proteins found on the surface of bacteria the immune system recognizes these proteins as foreign to the body and attacks them resulting in infl  amm  ation diagnosis of mmm is through either biopsy of the tempor  alis or mas  se  ter muscles or the 2 m anti  body ass  ay in which blood serum of the possible mmm dog is reacted with tempor  alis tissue of a normal dog or both false neg  atives by the 2 m anti  body ass  ay may be obtained if mmm is end stage with destruction of type 2 m fi  bers and marked fi  bro  sis treatment is usually with cor  ti  co  ster  oids such as pred  nis  one often with decreasing doses for up to 4 – 6 months and in the case of tr  is  mus manual opening of the mouth under an  esthesia feeding very soft or liquid food during this time is usually necessary the ultimate degree of recovery of jaw function and muscle mass will depend upon the extent of damage to the muscle tissue recurrence of mmm may occur mis  diagnosis of mmm as a retro  orb  ital abs  c  ess based on physical examination and finding of tr  is  mus leads to inappropriate treatment with antibiotics which will not impede the progress of mmm
mas  ti  tis also called mam  miti  s is infl  amm  ation of breast or u  dder tissue usually due to infection stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us is the most common pathogen responsible but s ep  id  er  mid  is and st  rep  to  coc  ci are occasionally isolated as well mas  ti  tis can be classified as milk st  asis non infectious or infectious infl  amm  ation and abs  c  ess it is impossible to cor  relate this classification with clinical symptoms in particular milk st  asis non infectious and infectious infl  amm  ation can be distinguished only by leuk  oc  y  te count and bacteria cul  turing symptoms like fever intensity of pain er  y  them  a or rapid onset of symptoms can not be used to distinguish these early stages of mas  ti  tis can present with local pain red  ness sw  elling and warmth later stages also present with systemic symptoms like fever and flu like symptoms and in rare cases an abs  c  ess can develop however it is pretty common that symptoms develop very quickly without any warning except in severe cases it is not necessary to we  an a nur  s  ling because of mas  ti  tis in fact nursing is the most effective way to remove the block  age and alleviate the symptoms sudden we  aning can cause or exacerbate mas  ti  tis symptoms and cause hy  pon  at  rem  ic shock in the infant continued breastfeeding does not present any risk to the nursing infant and is very beneficial for the mother the word mas  ti  tis uses combining forms of m  ast i  tis the word mam  miti  s m  æ  m  ˈ  a  ɪ  t  ᵻ  s uses combining forms of mam  m i  tis they are synonymous in modern usage and mas  ti  tis is the more commonly used synon  ym mas  ti  tis in dairy cattle has substantial economic importance in d  air  ying
mas  ti  tis in dairy cattle is the persistent infl  am  matory reaction of the u  dder tissue mas  ti  tis a potentially fatal mam  mary g  land infection is the most common disease in dairy cattle in the united states it is also the most costly to the dairy industry milk from cows suffering from mas  ti  tis has an increased som  atic cell count
a ma  stoc  y  tom  a or m  ast cell tumor is a type of round cell tumor consisting of m  ast cells it is found in humans and many animal species in human medicine it also can refer to an accumulation or no  dule of m  ast cells that resembles a tumor m  ast cells originate from the bone marrow and are normally found throughout the connec  tive tissue of the body as normal components of the immune system as they release hist  amine they are associated with allergic reactions m  ast cells also respond to tissue trauma m  ast cell gran  ules contain hist  amine he  par  in plat  elet activating factor and other substances disseminated ma  stoc  y  to  sis is rarely seen in young dogs and cats while m  ast cell tumors are usually skin tumors in older dogs and cats although not always m  align  ant they do have the potential to be up to 25 percent of skin tumors in dogs are m  ast cell tumors with a similar number in cats
ma  stoc  y  to  sis one of the m  ast cell diseases is a rare m  ast cell activation disorder of both children and adults caused by the presence of too many m  ast cells ma  stoc  y  tes and cd 34 m  ast cell precursors people affected by ma  stoc  y  to  sis are susceptible to it  ching hi  ves and an  ap  hy  lac  tic shock caused by the release of hist  amine from m  ast cells the current classifications definitions and diagnostic criteria for ma  stoc  y  to  sis are being reviewed for revision to better describe the collection of related disorders
ma  sto  idi  tis is the result of an infection that extends to the air cells of the skull behind the ear specifically it is an infl  amm  ation of the mu  cos  al lining of the ma  sto  id an  tr  um and ma  sto  id air cell system inside the ma  sto  id process the ma  sto  id process is the portion of the temporal bone of the skull that is behind the ear which contains open air containing spaces ma  sto  idi  tis is usually caused by untreated acute o  ti  tis media middle ear infection and used to be a leading cause of child mortality with the development of antibiotics however ma  sto  idi  tis has become quite rare in developed countries where surgical treatment is now much less frequent and more conservative unlike former times additionally there is no evidence that the drop in antibiotic prescribing for o  ti  tis media has increased the incidence of ma  sto  idi  tis untreated the infection can spread to surrounding structures including the brain causing serious complications
match fixing related to gambling is a problem in many sports according to spor  trad  ar a company that monitors the integrity of sports events on behalf of sports federations as many as 1 of the matches they monitor are likely to be fixed
mat  ch  box sign is a psychiatric finding patients with delu  sional paras  it  osis often arrive at the doctor s office with what healthcare professionals call the mat  ch  box sign a medical sign characterized by the patient making collections of fi  bers and other foreign objects supposedly retri  eved from the skin the name refers to the fact that such collections can be stored in mat  ch  boxes or other similar small containers which are then presented to the patient s physician
in the mathematical fields of graph theory and combin  at  or  ics a matching poly  no  mi  al sometimes called an ac  ycl  ic poly  no  mi  al is a generating function of the numbers of mat  ch  ings of various sizes in a graph
maternal auto  immune bull  ous disease is a bl  is  tering skin condition that presents at birth
maternal death is defined by the world health organization who as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes the world mortality rate has declined 45 since 1990 but still every day 800 women die from pregnancy or childbirth related causes according to the united nations population fund unf  pa this is equivalent to about one woman every two minutes and for every woman who dies 20 or 30 encounter complications with serious or long lasting consequences most of these deaths and injuries are entirely preventable unf  pa estimated that 289 000 women died of pregnancy or childbirth related causes in 2013 these causes range from severe bleeding to obstructed labour all of which have highly effective interventions as women have gained access to family planning and skilled birth attendance with backup emergency ob  ste  tric care the global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 380 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births in 1990 to 210 deaths per 100 000 live births in 2013 and many countries halved their maternal death rates in the last 10 years worldwide mortality rates have been decreasing in modern age high rates still exist particularly in impoverished communities with over 85 living in africa and southern asia the effect of a mother s death results in vulnerable families and their infants if they survive childbirth are more likely to die before reaching their second birthday
maternal sensitivity is a mother s ability to perceive and infer the meaning behind her infant s behavi  our  al signals and to respond to them promptly and appropriately maternal sensitivity affects child development at all stages through life from infancy all the way to adul  thood in general more sensitive mothers have healthier more socially and cogn  i  tively developed children than those who are not as sensitive also maternal sensitivity has been found to affect the person psychologically even as an adult adults who experienced high maternal sensitivity during their childhood were found to be more secure than those who experienced less sensitive mothers once the adult becomes a parent themselves their own understanding of maternal sensitivity will affect their own children s development some research suggests that adult mothers display more maternal sensitivity than adoles  cent mothers who may in turn have children with a lower i  q and reading level than children of adult mothers there are different ways of assessing maternal sensitivity such as through the use of natur  alistic observation the strange situation maternal synchron  y and maternal mind mindedness there are also a number of ways of measuring maternal sensitivity in the scientific world which include ain  s  worth s maternal sensitivity scale am  ss the maternal behaviour q sort m  b  q  s and the pe  der  son and mor  an sensitivity q sort
the post  par  tum blues maternity blues or baby blues is a transi  ent condition that 75 80 of mothers could experience shortly after childbirth with a wide variety of symptoms which generally involve mood l  ability te  ar  fulness and some mild anxiety and depres  sive symptoms baby blues is not post  par  tum depression unless it is abnormally severe
mathematical chess problem is a mathematical problem which is formulated using a ch  ess  board and chess pieces these problems belong to recreational mathematics the most known problems of this kind are eight queens puzzle or knight s tour problems which have connection to graph theory and combin  at  or  ics many famous mathem  ati  ci  ans studied mathematical chess problems for example eul  er legend  re and ga  uss besides finding a solution to a particular problem mathem  ati  ci  ans are usually interested in counting the total number of possible solutions finding solutions with certain properties as well as gener  alization of the problems to n × n or rec  tang  ular boards
mathematical logic is a sub  field of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics it bears close connections to met  am  a  them  atics the foundations of mathematics and theoretical computer science the unifying themes in mathematical logic include the study of the expres  sive power of formal systems and the deduc  tive power of formal proof systems mathematical logic is often divided into the fields of set theory model theory recur  sion theory and proof theory these areas share basic results on logic particularly first order logic and defin  ability in computer science particularly in the ac  m classification mathematical logic encompasses additional topics not detailed in this article see logic in computer science for those since its inception mathematical logic has both contributed to and has been motivated by the study of foundations of mathematics this study began in the late 19 th century with the development of ax  i  om  atic frameworks for geometry arithmetic and analysis in the early 20 th century it was shaped by david hil  bert s program to prove the consistency of found  ational theories results of kurt gö  del gerhard gent  zen and others provided partial resolution to the program and clarified the issues involved in proving consistency work in set theory showed that almost all ordinary mathematics can be form  alized in terms of sets although there are some theore  ms that cannot be proven in common ax  i  om systems for set theory contemporary work in the foundations of mathematics often focuses on establishing which parts of mathematics can be form  alized in particular formal systems as in reverse mathematics rather than trying to find theories in which all of mathematics can be developed
it can also be a problem referring to the nature of mathematics itself such as russell s paradox
the math – verbal achievement gap is a phenomenon first observed by richard roth  stein in a brief 2002 article written in the new york times this achievement gap reveals a growing disparity in the united states between the rising national average on the math portions of the college entry sat and act exam  s as opposed to the flat lining verbal portions on the same tests
a m  ating plug also known as a co  pul  ation plug sperm plug vag  inal plug sement or sp  hr  ag  is is gelat  inous secre  tion used in the m  ating of some species it is deposited by a male into a female genital tract such as the vag  ina and later hard  ens into a plug or gl  ues the tract together while females can expel the plu  gs the male ’ s sperm still gets a time advantage in getting to the egg which is often the deciding factor in fertili  zation the m  ating plug plays an important role in sperm competition and may serve as an alternative and more advantageous strategy to active mate guarding in some species such a passive mate guarding strategy may reduce selection on large male size such a strategy may be advantageous because it would allow a male to increase reproductive success by spending more time pursuing new female mates rather than active mate guarding
matrix chain multiplication or matrix chain ordering problem m  cop is an optimi  zation problem that can be solved using dynamic programming given a sequence of mat  ric  es the goal is to find the most efficient way to multiply these mat  ric  es the problem is not actually to perform the multiplic  ations but merely to decide the sequence of the matrix multiplic  ations involved here are many options because matrix multiplication is associ  ative in other words no matter how the product is paren  the  sized the result obtained will remain the same for example for four mat  ric  es a b c and d we would have ab c d a bc d ab cd a bc d a b cd however the order in which the product is paren  the  sized affects the number of simple arithmetic operations needed to compu  te the product or the efficiency for example if a is a 10 × 30 matrix b is a 30 × 5 matrix and c is a 5 × 60 matrix then computing ab c needs 10 × 30 × 5 10 × 5 × 60 1500 3000 4500 operations whi  le  computing a bc needs 30 × 5 × 60 10 × 30 × 60 9000 18000 27  000 operations clearly the first method is more efficient with this information the problem statement can be refined as how to determine the optimal paren  the  si  zation of a product of n mat  ric  es checking each possible paren  the  si  zation brute force would require a run time that is exponential in the number of mat  ric  es which is very slow and impractical for large n a quicker solution to this problem can be achieved by breaking up the problem into a set of related sub  problems by solving sub  problems once and re  using the solutions the required run time can drastically reduced this concept is known as dynamic programming
in mathematics a matrix coefficient or matrix element is a function on a group of a special form which depends on a linear representation of the group and additional data for the case of a finite group matrix coefficients express the action of the elements of the group in the specified representation via the entries of the corresponding mat  ric  es matrix coefficients of representations of lie groups turned out to be intimately related with the theory of special functions providing a unifying approach to large parts of this theory growth properties of matrix coefficients play a key role in the classification of irre  du  ci  ble representations of locally compact groups in particular reduc  tive real and p adic groups the form  alism of matrix coefficients leads to a gener  alization of the notion of a mod  ular form in a different direction mixing properties of certain dynam  ical systems are controlled by the properties of suitable matrix coefficients
in mathematics a matrix function is a function which maps a matrix to another matrix
the mat  ro  id parti  tioning problem is a problem arising in the mathematical study of mat  ro  ids and in the design and analysis of algori  th  ms in which the goal is to partition the elements of a mat  ro  id into as few independent sets as possible an example is the problem of computing the ar  bor  icity of an un  directed graph the minimum number of forests needed to cover all of its edges mat  ro  id parti  tioning may be solved in poly  no  mi  al time given an independence oracle for the mat  ro  id it may be generalized to show that a mat  ro  id sum is itself a mat  ro  id to provide an algori  thm for computing ranks and independent sets in mat  ro  id sums and to compu  te the largest common independent set in the inter  section of two given mat  ro  ids
in soci  ology the matthew effect or accumulated advantage is the phenomenon where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer in both its original and typical usage it is meant met  aphor  ically to refer to issues of fame or status but it may also be used literally to refer to cumulative advantage of economic capital the term was first coined by socio  logist robert k mer  ton in 1968 and takes its name from the par  able of the talents in the biblical gospe  l of matthew as a result of the mati  lda effect har  ri  et zuc  ker  man is also credited by mer  ton as the co author of the matthew effect
in psychology maturity is the ability to respond to the environment in an appropriate manner this response is generally learned rather than instinc  tive maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act according to the circumstances and the culture of the society one lives in adult development and maturity theories include the purpose in life concept in which maturity emphasizes a clear comprehension of life s purpose direc  tedness and intenti  on  ality which contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful the status of maturity is distinguished by the shift away from reliance on guar  di  anship and the oversight of an adult in decision making acts maturity has different definitions across legal social religious political sexual emotional and intellectual contexts the age or qualities assigned for each of these contexts are tied to culturally significant indicators of independence that often vary as a result of social sentiments the concept of psychological maturity has implications across both legal and social contexts while a combination of political activism and scientific evidence continue to reshape and qualify its definition because of these factors the notion and definition of maturity and im  maturity is somewhat subjective american psycho  logist jer  ome brun  er proposed the purpose of the period of im  maturity as being a time for experimental play without serious consequences where a young animal can spend a great deal of time observing the actions of skilled others in coordination with oversight by and activity with its mother the key to human innovation through the use of symbols and tools therefore is re interpre  tive imitation that is practiced perf  ected and varied in play through extensive exploration of the limits on one s ability to interact with the world evolutionary psychologists have also hypothe  sized that cognitive im  maturity may serve an adap  tive purpose as a protective barrier for children against their own under developed me  ta cogn  ition and judgment a vulnerability that may put them in harm s way for youth today the steadily extending period of play and schooling going into the 21 st century comes as a result of the increasing complexity of our world and its technologies which too demand an increasing in  tric  acy of skill as well as a more exhaustive set of pre requisite abilities many of the behavioral and emotional problems associated with adoles  cence may arise as children cope with the increased demands placed on them demands which have become increasingly abstr  acted from the work and expectations of adul  thood
maturity onset diabetes of the young mo  dy refers to any of several hereditary forms of diabetes caused by mutations in an auto  som  al dominant gene sex independent i e inherited from any of the parents disrupting insulin production mo  dy is often referred to as mono  genic diabetes to distinguish it from the more common types of diabetes especially type 1 and type 2 which involve more complex combinations of causes involving multiple genes i e poly  genic and environmental factors mo  dy 2 and mo  dy 3 are the most common forms mo  dy should not be confused with latent auto  immune diabetes of adults lad  a — a form of type 1 dm with slower progression to insulin dependence than child onset type 1 dm and which occurs later in life
mauri  ac syndrome is a rare complic  ation of diabetes mell  it  us type 1 characterized by extreme he  pat  om  eg  al  y due to gly  co  gen de  position along with growth failure and delayed pu  ber  ty it occurs in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes as a result of abnormally high blood sugar levels and the symptoms tend to rectify with attainment of normal blood sugar levels abnormally high blood sugar levels are relatively common among patients with type i diabetes but mauri  ac syndrome is rare suggesting that a factor affecting gly  co  gen metabol  ism in addition to the high level of blood sugar is necessary to cause the syndrome a study of an adoles  cent boy with severe mauri  ac syndrome found a mutation in ph  kg 2 which is the catalytic sub  unit of gly  co  gen phosphor  yl  ase kin  ase ph  k ph  k is a large enzyme complex responsible for the activation of gly  co  gen phosphor  yl  ase the first enzyme in the path  way of gly  co  gen metabol  ism expression of the mut  ant ph  kg 2 in a human liver cell line inhi  bited the enzyme activity of the ph  k complex and increased gly  co  gen levels the mother of the boy with mauri  ac syndrome possessed the mut  ant ph  kg 2 but did not have diabetes or a clin  ically detec  table enlarged liver the father of the boy had type 1 diabetes with abnormally high blood sugar levels and the size of his liver and his growth were normal the study suggests that a mut  ant enzyme of gly  co  gen metabol  ism in addition to an abnormally high blood glucose level is necessary to cause mauri  ac syndrome
ma  ut  am mi  zo for bam  boo death is a cyclic ecological phenomenon that occurs every 48 years in the nor  the  astern indian states of mi  zor  am and manip  ur which are thirty percent covered by wild bam  boo forests as well as chin state in burma particularly ha  k  ha than  t  lang fal  am pal  e  tw  a and mat  up  i town  ships one of its stages involves a rat boom which in turn creates a widespread famine in those areas during ma  ut  am mel  oc  anna b  acci  fera a species of bam  boo flowers at one time across a wide area this event is followed invariably by a plague of black rats in what is called a rat flood this occurs as the rats multiply in response to the temporary windfall of seeds and leave the forests to forage on stored grain when the bam  boo seeds are exhausted which in turn causes devastating famine famines thus caused have played a significant part in shaping the region s political history the most recent sp  ate of flowering on the bam  boo species genetically linked timetable began in may 2006 and the state government and the indian army attempted to prevent a famine
the maximum degree and diameter bounded sub  graph problem max  dd  bs is a problem in graph theory given a connected host graph g an upper bound for the degree d and an upper bound for the diameter k we look for the largest sub  graph s of g with maximum degree at most d and diameter at most k this problem is also referred to as the degree diameter sub  graph problem as it contains the degree diameter problem as a special case namely by taking a sufficiently large complete graph as a host graph despite being a natural gener  alization of the degree diameter problem max  dd  bs only began to be investigated in 2011 while research in the degree diameter problem has been active since the 1960 s regarding its compu  tational complexity the problem is n  p hard and not in ap  x i e it cannot be approxim  ated to within a constant factor in poly  no  mi  al time
max  ill  ary hypo  pl  asia is the name that denti  sts have given to the underdevelopment of the max  ill  ary bones which produces mid  facial re  tru  sion and creates the illusion of pro  tuber  ance of the lower jaw it is associated with c  rou  z  on syndrome as well as fe  tal alcohol syndrome
in complexity theory maximum common sub  graph isom  orph  ism mc  s is an optimi  zation problem that is known to be n  p hard the formal description of the problem is as follows maximum common sub  graph isom  orph  ism g 1 g 2 input two graphs g 1 and g 2 question what is the largest sub  graph of g 1 isom  orph  ic to a sub  graph of g 2 the associated decision problem i e given g 1 g 2 and an inte  ger k deciding whether g 1 contains a sub  graph of at least k ver  tices isom  orph  ic to a sub  graph of g 2 is n  p complete one possible solution for this problem is to build a mod  ular product graph in which the largest cli  que represents a solution for the mc  s problem mc  s algori  th  ms have a long tradition in chem  inform  atics and pharmaco  ph  ore mapping
in mathematics the maximum mod  ul  us principle in complex analysis states that if f is a holo  morph  ic function then the mod  ul  us f cannot exhibit a true local maximum that is properly within the domain of f in other words either f is a constant function or for any point z 0 inside the domain of f there exist other points arbitrarily close to z 0 at which f takes larger values
in compu  tational complexity theory the maximum satis  fi  ability problem max sat is the problem of determining the maximum number of clauses of a given boo  lean formula in con  junc  tive normal form that can be made true by an assignment of truth values to the variables of the formula it is a gener  alization of the boo  lean satis  fi  ability problem which asks whether there exists a truth assignment that makes all clauses true
maximum time in grade in a military force is the longest amount of time that an officer or en  listed man is allowed to remain in the service without being promoted if the soldier has not been promoted by the time he reaches m  ti  g he is discharged from the service today a recruit may enter the service at 17 years old and stay in service until age 65 for a total of 48 years of service
maximum tolerable period of disruption mt  pod is the maximum amount of time that an enterprise s key products or services can be unavailable or un  deliver  able after an event that causes disruption to operations before its stakeholders perceive unacceptable consequences
the mayer f function is an auxiliary function that often appears in the series expansion of thermo  dynamic quantities related to classical many particle systems
may – he  gg  lin anomaly m  ha also known as do  hle leuk  oc  y  te inclu  sions with giant plat  el  ets and macro  thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia with leuk  oc  y  te inclu  sions is a rare genetic disorder of the blood plat  el  ets that causes them to be abnormally large
in medicine may – thur  ner syndrome m  ts also known as the ili  ac vein compression syndrome is a rare condition in which compression of the common ven  ous outflow tract of the left lower extre  mity may cause discomfort sw  elling pain or blood clo  ts called deep ven  ous thro  m  bo  sis dv  t in the ili  of  em  oral vein the specific problem is compression of the left common ili  ac vein by the over  lying right common ili  ac artery this leads to pooling or st  asis of blood pre  disposing the individual to the formation of blood clo  ts un  common variations of m  ts have been described such as the right common ili  ac vein getting compressed by the right common ili  ac artery in the 21 st century the may – thur  ner syndrome definition has been expanded to a broader disease profile known as non  thro  m  bo  tic ili  ac vein le  sions ni  v  l which can involve both the right and left ili  ac ve  ins as well as multiple other named ven  ous segments this syndrome frequently manifests as pain when the limb is dependent hanging down the edge of a bed chair and or significant sw  elling of the whole limb
may – white syndrome is a rare famili  al progressive my  o  cl  onus epi  le  psy with li  po  mas deaf  ness and at  ax  ia this syndrome is probably a famili  al form of mit  och  on  dri  al encephal  om  y  opathy
in geo  logy a ma  z  uk  u swa  hil  i evil wind is a pocket of carbon dioxide rich air that can be lethal to any human or animal life inside ma  z  uk  u are created when carbon dioxide accumul  ates in pockets low to the ground co 2 is heavier than air which causes it to stay close to the ground and is also un  detec  table by human ol  factory or visual senses in most conditions ma  z  uk  u can be related to volcanic activity or to a natural disaster known as a lim  nic eruption in the first case noxious gases are released from the earth s cr  ust into the atmosphere whereas in the second case the gases originate deep in a lake and boil rapidly to the surface because of their nature as spor  adic and subtle events few ma  z  uk  u have been recorded but there is a growing understanding of them based on historical and fossil evidence
the mc  coll  ough effect is a phenomenon of human visual perception in which color  less grat  ings appear colored contingent on the orientation of the grat  ings it is an after  effect requiring a period of induc  tion to produce it for example if someone altern  ately looks at a red horizontal gr  ating and a green vertical gr  ating for a few minutes a black and white horizontal gr  ating will then look green  ish and a black and white vertical gr  ating will then look pin  k  ish the effect is remarkable for often lasting an hour or more the effect was discovered by american psycho  logist cel  este mc  coll  ough in 1965
mc  c  une – al  bright syndrome is a complex genetic disorder affecting the bone skin and endocrine systems
the mcf  ad  yen – stevens reaction is a chemical reaction best described as a base cataly  zed thermal de  composition of ac  yl  sul  fon  yl  hydra  z  ides to alde  hy  des the mcf  ad  yen – stevens reaction du  d  man et al have developed an alternative hydra  z  ide re  agent
mc  gil  liv  ray syndrome is a very rare syndrome which is also known as a cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis it is characterized mainly by heart defects skull and facial ab  norm  alities and ambiguous gen  italia the symptoms of this syndrome are ven  tric  ular sep  tal defect patent duc  tus arter  io  sus small jaw und  es  c  ended test  es and web  bed fingers beside to these symptoms there are more symptoms which is related with bone structure and mis  shape it was first recovered by modern understanding of cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis is referenced from the 18  51 writ  ings of vir  chow his understanding and descriptions of irregular cal  vari  al growth patterns were the basis of the law of vir  chow the patients could be diagnosed by a mis  shap  en skull with the shape depending on which of the cran  ial su  tures slow or no growth of the head as the baby grows development of a raised hard ridge along affected su  tures and increased pressure within the skull in  trac  ran  ial pressure this could be cured by various sur  ger  ies about mc  gil  liv  ray mc  gil  liv  ray mc  gil  liv  ray syndrome is a birth defect in which one or more of the joints between the bones of your baby s skull close prematurely before your baby s brain is fully formed when your baby has cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis his or her brain can t grow in its natural shape and the head is mis  shap  en it can affect one or more of the joints in your baby s skull in some cases cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis is associated with an underlying brain ab  normality that prevents the brain from growing properly treating mc  gil  liv  ray usually involves surgery to separate the f  used bones if there s no underlying brain ab  normality the surgery allows baby ’ s brain to grow and develop in adequate space symptoms your baby s skull has seven bones normally these bones don t fuse until around age 2 giving your baby s brain time to grow joints called cran  ial su  tures made of strong fi  bro  us tissue hold these bones together in the front of your baby s skull the su  tures inter  sect in the large soft spot fon  tan  el on the top of your baby s head normally the su  tures remain flexible until the bones fuse the signs of cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis may not be noticeable at birth but they become apparent during the first few months of your baby s life the symptoms differs from types of sy  no  sto  sis first of all there is sag  it  tal sy  no  sto  sis s  cap  ho  cephal  y premature fusion of the su  ture at the top of the head sag  it  tal su  ture forces the head to grow long and narrow rather than wide s  cap  ho  cephal  y is the most common type of cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis the other one is called cor  onal sy  no  sto  sis an  terior pl  ag  io  cephal  y premature fusion of a cor  onal su  ture — one of the structures that run from each ear to the sag  it  tal su  ture on top of the head — may force your baby s fore  head to fl  atten on the affected side it may also raise the eye socket and cause a devi  ated nose and s  lan  ted skull the bic  or  onal sy  no  sto  sis br  ach  y  cephal  y when both of the cor  onal su  tures fuse prematurely your baby may have a flat elevated fore  head and bro  w
the mc  gur  k effect is a percep  tual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception the illusion occurs when the aud  itory component of one sound is p  aired with the visual component of another sound leading to the perception of a third sound the visual information a person gets from seeing a person speak changes the way they hear the sound if a person is getting poor quality aud  itory information but good quality visual information they may be more likely to experience the mc  gur  k effect integration abilities for audio and visual information may also influence whether a person will experience the effect people who are better at sensory integration have been shown to be more susceptible to the effect many people are affected differently by the mc  gur  k effect based on many factors including brain damage and other disorders
mc  k  us  ick – kauf  man syndrome is a genetic condition associated with m  k  ks the condition is named for dr robert l kauf  man and victor mc  k  us  ick it is sometimes known by the abbreviation m  ks in infancy it can be difficult to distinguish between m  ks and the related bar  det – bi  ed  l syndrome as the more severe symptoms of the latter condition rarely materialise before adul  thood
the m  cla  ffer  ty re  arrangement is a reaction observed in mass spec  tro  metry it is sometimes found that a mol  ecu  le containing a ke  to group under  goes β cle  av  age with the gain of the γ hydrogen atom this re  arrangement may take place by a radical or ion  ic mechanism
m  cle  od syndrome or m  cle  od phenomenon m  ə  ˈ  kla  ʊ  d is an x linked rec  essive genetic disorder that may affect the blood brain peripheral nerves muscle and heart it is caused by a variety of rec  essively inherited mutations in the x  k gene on the x chro  mo  some the gene is responsible for producing the k  x protein a secondary supportive protein for the k  ell antigen on the red blood cell surface
the mc  mul  len problem is an open problem in dis  crete geometry named after peter mc  mul  len
this reduc  tive coupling can be viewed as involving two steps first is the formation of a pin  a  col  ate 1 2 di  ol  ate complex a step which is equivalent to the pin  a  col coupling reaction the second step is the de  oxy  gen  ation of the pin  a  col  ate which yields the al  k  ene this second step exploits the ox  oph  il  icity of titanium several mechanisms have been discussed for this reaction low val  ent titanium species induce coupling of the carbon  y  ls by single electr  on transfer to the carbon  yl groups the required low val  ent titanium species are generated via reduction usually with zinc powder this reaction is often performed in th  f because it solu  bi  li  zes intermediate complex  es facilitates the electr  on transfer steps and is not reduced under the reaction conditions the nature of low val  ent titanium species formed is varied as the products formed by reduction of the precursor titanium hali  de complex will naturally depend upon both the solvent most commonly th  f or d  me and the reducing agent employed typically lith  ium aluminum hy  dri  de zinc copper couple zinc dust magnesium mercury am  alg  am magnesium or alkali metals bo  gdan  ov  ic and bol  te identified the nature and mode of action of the active species in some classical mc  mur  ry systems and an overview of proposed reaction mechanisms has been published it is of note that titanium dioxide is not generally a product of the coupling reaction although it is true that titanium dioxide is usually the eventual fate of titanium used in these reactions it is generally formed upon the aqu  eous work  up of the reaction mixture
means ends analysis mea is a problem solving technique used commonly in artificial intelligence ai for limiting search in ai programs it is also a technique used at least since the 1950 s as a creativity tool most frequently mentioned in engineering books on design methods mea is also related to means ends chain approach used commonly in consumer behavior analysis it is also a way to clarify one s thoughts when embarking on a mathematical proof
meas  les is a highly contagious infection caused by the meas  les virus initial signs and symptoms typically include fever often greater than 40 ° c 104 0 ° f cough run  ny nose and infl  amed eyes two or three days after the start of symptoms small white spots may form inside the mouth known as kop  lik s spots a red flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of symptoms symptoms usually develop 10 – 12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7 – 10 days complications occur in about 30 and may include diarr  hea blindness infl  amm  ation of the brain and pneumonia among others rub  ella german meas  les and ro  se  ola are different diseases meas  les is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the cou  ghs and snee  zes of those infected it may also be spread through contact with sali  va or nas  al secre  tions nine out of ten people who are not immune and share living space with an infected person will catch it people are infectious to others from four days before to four days after the start of the rash people usually do not get the disease more than once testing for the virus in suspected cases is important for public health efforts the meas  les vaccine is effective at preventing the disease vaccination has resulted in a 75 decrease in deaths from meas  les between 2000 and 2013 with about 85 of children globally being currently vaccinated no specific treatment is available supportive care may improve outcomes this may include giving oral re  hydr  ation solution slightly sweet and sal  ty fluids healthy food and medications to control the fever antibiotics may be used if a secondary bacterial infection such as pneumonia occurs vitamin a supplem  entation is also recommended in the developing world meas  les affects about 20 million people a year primarily in the developing areas of africa and asia it causes the most vaccine preventable deaths of any disease it resulted in about 96 000 deaths in 2013 down from 545 000 deaths in 1990 in 1980 the disease was estimated to have caused 2 6 million deaths per year most of those who are infected and who die are less than five years old the risk of death among those infected is usually 0 2 but may be up to 10 in those who have malnutrition it is not believed to affect other animals before immun  ization in the united states between three and four million cases occurred each year as a result of widespread vaccination the disease was eliminated from the americas in 2016
the measurement problem in quantum mechanics is the problem of how or whether wa  ve  function collapse occurs the inability to observe this process directly has given rise to different interpretations of quantum mechanics and poses a key set of questions that each interpretation must answer the wa  ve  function in quantum mechanics evol  ves deter  minis  tically according to the schrö  d  inger equation as a linear super  position of different states but actual measurements always find the physical system in a definite state any future evolution is based on the state the system was discovered to be in when the measurement was made meaning that the measurement did something to the system that is not obviously a consequence of schrö  d  inger evolution to express matters differently to paraphrase steven we  in  berg the schrö  d  inger wave equation determines the wa  ve  function at any later time if observers and their measuring apparatus are themselves described by a deter  minis  tic wave function why can we not predict precise results for measurements but only prob  abilities as a general question how can one establish a correspondence between quantum and classical reality
the measurement of economic worth over time is the problem of equ  ating past prices costs values and proportions of social production to current prices costs values and proportions of social production for a number of reasons the ability to equate any past indicator with a current indicator of worth is theoretically and practically difficult for economists historians and political economists this has led to some questioning of the idea of time series of worth having any meaning however the popular demand for measurements of social worth over time have caused the production of a number of series
u  re  th  ral me  atal sten  osis or u  re  th  ral stric  ture is a narrowing sten  osis of the opening of the u  re  th  ra at the external me  atus mi  ː  ˈ  e  ɪ  t  ə  s thus con  stric  ting the opening through which urine leaves the body from the ur  inary blad  der
the me  bi  bit is a multiple of the bit a unit of information pre  fixed by the standards based multiplier me  bi symbol mi a b  inary pre  fix meaning 220 the unit symbol of the me  bi  bit is mi  bit 1 me  bi  bit 220 bits 10  48  576 bits 10  24 ki  bi  bits this unit is most useful for measuring ram and rom chip capacity the me  bi  bit is closely related to the me  gab  it which equals 106 bits 1 000 000 bits throughout the 1980 s and 1990 s video game manufacturers would sometimes report the amount of internal car  tri  dge rom in me  gab  its on their packaging 1 me  gab  it equ  aled 128 ki  bi  by  te 8 me  gab  its were 1 me  bi  by  te of rom containing game instructions and data
the me  bi  by  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information the b  inary pre  fix me  bi means 220 therefore one me  bi  by  te is equal to 10  48  576 by  tes 10  24 ki  bi  by  tes the unit symbol for the me  bi  by  te is mi  b the unit was established by the international electro  technical commission iec in 1998 it was designed to replace the me  gab  y  te when used in the b  inary sense to mean 220 by  tes which is incompatible with the definition of the pre  fix mega in the international system of units si as a multiplier of 106 the b  inary pre  fixes have been accepted by all major standards organizations and are part of the international system of quantities many lin  ux distribu  tions use the unit but it is not widely acknowledged within the industry or media
prior to the early 1990 s the studies on different chemical and physical variables of son  olu  min  es  cence were all conducted using multi bubble son  olu  min  es  cence m  b  sl this was a problem since all of the theories and bubble dynamics were based on single bubble son  olu  min  es  cence s  b  sl and researchers believed that the bubble osci  ll  ations of neighboring bubbles could affect each other single bubble son  olu  min  es  cence wasn t achieved until the early 1990 s and allowed the study of the effects of various parameters on a single cav  itating bubble after many of the early theories were dis  proved the remaining plausible theories can be classified into two different processes electrical and thermal
a mec  kel s diver  ticul  um a true con  genital diver  ticul  um is a slight bul  ge in the small intest  ine present at birth and a vesti  gi  al rem  nant of the om  p  hal  om  es  enter  ic duc  t also called the vit  ell  ine duc  t or y  ol  k stal  k it is the most common mal  formation of the gastro  intest  inal tract and is present in approximately 2 of the population with males more frequently experiencing symptoms mec  kel s diver  ticul  um was first explained by fabric  ius hil  dan  us in the sixteenth century and later named after jo  han  n friedrich mec  kel who described the embry  ological origin of this type of diver  ticul  um in 18  09
mec  kel syndrome also known as mec  kel – gru  ber syndrome gru  ber syndrome dy  sen  ce  ph  alia s  plan  ch  no  c  ys  tica is a rare lethal ci  li  opathic genetic disorder characterized by ren  al c  ys  tic dys  pl  asia central nervous system mal  formations oc  ci  p  ital encephal  oce  le poly  d  ac  ty  ly post ax  ial he  p  atic developmental defects and pul  mon  ary hypo  pl  asia due to oligo  hy  dram  ni  os mec  kel – gru  ber syndrome is named for jo  han  n mec  kel and georg gru  ber
me  con  ium aspiration syndrome mas also known as ne  on  atal aspiration of me  con  ium is a medical condition affecting new  born infants it occurs when me  con  ium is present in their lungs during or before delivery me  con  ium is the first sto  ol of an infant composed of materials ing  ested during the time the infant spends in the uter  us me  con  ium is normally stored in the infant s intest  ines until after birth but sometimes often in response to fe  tal distress and hypo  x  ia it is expelled into the am  ni  otic fluid prior to birth or during labor if the baby then inhal  es the contaminated fluid respiratory problems may occur
me  con  ium per  it  oni  tis refers to rupture of the bo  wel prior to birth resulting in fe  tal sto  ol me  con  ium escaping into the surrounding space per  it  on  eu  m leading to infl  amm  ation per  it  oni  tis despite the bo  wel rupture many infants born after me  con  ium per  it  oni  tis in uter  o have normal bo  wels and have no further issues infants with c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis are at increased risk for me  con  ium per  it  oni  tis
the medi  al epi  con  dy  le of the fem  ur is a bon  y pro  tru  sion located on the medi  al side of the bone s dis  tal end located above the medi  al con  dy  le it bears an elev  ation the ad  duc  tor tuber  cle which serves for the attachment of the superficial part or tend  inous insertion of the ad  duc  tor magn  us this tend  inous part here forms an inter  muscular sep  tum which forms the medi  al separation between the thi  gh s fl  ex  ors and ext  ens  ors behind it and proxim  al to the medi  al con  dy  le is a rough impression which gives origin to the medi  al head of the gastro  cn  emi  us
medi  al med  ul  l  ary syndrome also known as inferior altern  ating syndrome hypo  glos  sal altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a lower altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a or de  jer  ine syndrome is a type of altern  ating hem  ip  legi  a characterized by a set of clinical features resulting from oc  clu  sion of the an  terior spinal artery this results in the inf  arc  tion of medi  al part of the med  ul  la obl  ong  ata
medi  al inferior pon  tine syndrome is a condition associated with a contr  al  ateral hem  ip  legi  a medi  al inferior pon  tine syndrome has been described as equivalent to fo  ville s syndrome
the median al  ve  ol  ar cyst is a rare cyst occurring in the bon  y al  ve  ol  us between the max  ill  ary central incis  ors it is distinguished from a peri  ap  ical cyst by the fact that adjacent teeth are vital
in medicine the median ar  cu  ate lig  ament syndrome m  als also known as ce  li  ac artery compression syndrome ce  li  ac axis syndrome ce  li  ac trunk compression syndrome or dun  bar syndrome is a condition characterized by ab  domin  al pain attributed to compression of the ce  li  ac artery and possibly the ce  li  ac gang  lia by the median ar  cu  ate lig  ament the ab  domin  al pain may be related to meals may be accompanied by weight loss and may be associated with an ab  domin  al bru  it heard by a clin  ician it is also called ce  li  ac artery compression syndrome the diagnosis of m  als is one of exclusion as many healthy patients demonstrate some degree of ce  li  ac artery compression in the absence of symptoms consequently a diagnosis of m  als is typically only enter  tained after more common conditions have been ruled out once suspected screening for m  als can be done with ul  tras  ono  graphy and confirmed with compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct or magnetic resonance mr an  gi  o  graphy treatment is generally surgical the main  stay being open division or separation of the median ar  cu  ate lig  ament combined with removal of the ce  li  ac gang  lia the majority of patients benefit from surgical intervention poorer responses to treatment tend to occur in patients of older age those with a psychiatric condition or who use alcohol have ab  domin  al pain unrelated to meals or who have not experienced weight loss
a median man  di  bul  ar cyst is a type of cyst that occurs in the mid  line of the man  di  ble thought to be created by proliferation and c  ys  tic de  generation of resting epi  the  li  al tissue that is left trapped within the substance of the bone during embry  o  logic fusion of the two hal  ves of the man  di  ble along the plane of fusion later termed the symp  h  ysis menti a ture median man  di  bul  ar cyst would therefore be classified as a non od  on  to  genic fis  sur  al cyst the existence of this le  sion as a unique clinical entity is controversial and some reported cases may have represented mis  diagnosed od  on  to  genic cy  sts which are by far the most common type of intr  ab  ony cyst occurring in the ja  ws it has also been suggested that the man  di  ble develops as a bi  lob  ed proliferation of mes  en  ch  y  me connected with a central is  th  mus therefore it is unlikely that epi  the  li  al tissue would become trapped as there is no ec  to  der  m separating the lob  es in the first instance
injuries to the arm fore  arm or wrist area can lead to various nerve disorders one such disorder is median nerve pal  sy if the median nerve is damaged the ability to abduc  t and oppose the thumb may be lost due to paralysis of the th  en  ar muscles various other symptoms can occur which may be repaired through surgery and tend  on transfers tend  on transfers have been very successful in restoring motor function and improving functional outcomes in patients with median nerve pal  sy
the median pal  atal cyst is a rare cyst that may occur anywhere along the median pal  atal rap  he it may produce a sw  elling because of infection and is treated by exc  ision or surgical removal some invest  og  ators now believe that this cyst represents a more poster  ior presentation of a nas  op  al  at  ine duc  t cyst rather than a separate c  ys  tic de  generation of epi  the  li  al rests at the line of fusion of the pal  at  ine shelves
median rap  he cy  sts are a cu  taneous condition of the penis due to developmental defects near the gl  ans
median r  hom  bo  id glos  si  tis mr  g also known as central pap  ill  ary atro  phy or glos  sal central pap  ill  ary atro  phy is a condition characterized by an area of red  ness and loss of lingual pap  il  la  e situated on the dor  sum of the tongue in the mid  line immediately in front of the circum  vall  ate pap  il  la  e median r  hom  bo  id glos  si  tis is thought to be created by a chronic fun  gal infection and usually is a type of oral candi  di  asis
medi  ast  inal fi  bro  sis most common cause is idi  opathic medi  ast  inal fi  bro  sis less commonly hist  op  las  mo  sis tuberculosis or unknown it is characterized by invasive calci  fied fi  bro  sis centered on lymp  h no  des that block major vessels and airways in europe this disease is exceptionally rare more cases are se  en  in usa where the disease may often be associated with hist  op  las  mo  sis
medi  ast  inal germ cell tumors are tumors that derive from germ cell rest remnants in the medi  ast  inum they most commonly occur in the gon  ad but occasionally elsewhere
medi  ast  inal lymp  had  en  opathy or medi  ast  inal aden  opathy is an enlargement of the medi  ast  inal lymp  h no  des
the medi  ast  inum is the cav  ity that separates the lungs from the rest of the chest it contains the heart es  op  ha  gus trac  hea th  ym  us and a  or  ta the medi  ast  inum has three main parts the an  terior medi  ast  inum front the middle medi  ast  inum and the poster  ior medi  ast  inum back the most common medi  ast  inal masses are neuro  genic tumors 20 of medi  ast  inal tumors usually found in the poster  ior medi  ast  inum followed by thy  mom  a 15 20 located in the an  terior medi  ast  inum masses in the an  terior portion of the medi  ast  inum can include thy  mom  a lymp  homa p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a germ cell tumors including ter  atom  a thyro  id tissue and par  ath  yro  id le  sions masses in this area are more likely to be m  align  ant than those in other compart  ments masses in the poster  ior portion of the medi  ast  inum tend to be neuro  genic in origin and in adults tend to be of ne  ural she  ath origin including ne  ur  il  em  om  as and neuro  fi  bro  mas lung cancer typically spreads to the lymp  h no  des in the medi  ast  inum
medi  ast  initi  s is infl  amm  ation of the tissues in the mid chest or medi  ast  inum it can be either acute or chronic acute medi  ast  initi  s is usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the medi  ast  inum as the infection can progress rapidly this is considered a serious condition chronic s  cl  ero  sing or fi  bro  sing medi  ast  initi  s while potentially serious is caused by a long standing infl  amm  ation of the medi  ast  inum leading to growth of ac  ell  ular coll  agen and fi  bro  us tissue within the chest and around the central vessels and airways it has a different cause treatment and prog  no  sis than acute infectious medi  ast  initi  s
in telecommunications network management a mediation function is a function that routes or acts on information passing between network elements and network operations examples of mediation functions are communications control protocol conversion data handling communications of primi  tives processing that includes decision making and data storage mediation functions can be shared among network elements mediation devices and network operation centers
in politics and law medi  atisation pron  unciation mi  ː  di  ə  ta  ɪ  ˈ  ze  ɪ  ʃ  ə  n is the loss of immedi  acy immedi  acy is the status of persons not subject to local lords but only to a higher authority directly such as the holy roman emperor in a feu  dal context it is the introduction of an intervening level of authority between a lord and his v  ass  al so that the former is no longer the immediate lord of the latter but rather his lord  ship is medi  ated by another although the process had been going on since the middle ages the term medi  atisation was originally applied to the reorganisation of the german states during the early 19 th century in this case many states that were immediate v  ass  als of the holy roman emperor became instead v  ass  als of other immediate states so that the total number of states immediately subject to the emperor decreased
a medical emergency is an acute injury or illness that poses an immediate risk to a person s life or long term health these emergencies may require assistance from another person who should ideally be suitably qualified to do so although some of these emergencies such as cardiovascular heart respiratory gastro  intest  inal cannot be dealt with by the victim themselves dependent on the severity of the emergency and the quality of any treatment given it may require the involvement of multiple levels of care from first ai  ders to emergency medical technicians and emergency physicians any response to an emergency medical situation will depend strongly on the situation the patient involved and availability of resources to help them it will also vary depending on whether the emergency occurs whilst in hospital under medical care or outside of medical care for instance in the street or alone at home
a medical error is a preventable adverse effect of care whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient this might include an inaccurate or incomplete diagnosis or treatment of a disease injury syndrome behavior infection or other ail  ment globally it is estimated that 142 000 people died in 2013 from adverse effects of medical treatment this is an increase from 94 000 in 1990 however a 2016 study of the number of deaths that were a result of medical error in the u s placed the yearly death rate in the u s alone at 251 454 deaths which suggests that the 2013 global estimation may not be accurate
medical malpractice is a legal cause of action that occurs when a medical professional devi  ates from standards in his or her profession thereby causing injury to a patient
medical students disease also known as second year syndrome or inter  n s syndrome is a condition frequently reported in medical students who perceive themselves to be experiencing the symptoms of a disease that they are studying the condition is associated with the fear of contracting the disease in question some authors suggested that the condition must be referred to as no  s  opho  bia rather than hypo  ch  on  dri  asis because the quoted studies show a very low percentage of hypo  ch  on  dri  ac  al character of the condition and hence the term hypo  ch  on  dri  asis would have ominous therapeutic and prog  no  s  tic indications the reference suggests that the condition is associated with immediate preoccupation with the symptoms in question leading the student to become unduly aware of various casual psychological and physiological dys  functions cases show little correlation with the severity of psychop  ath  ology but rather with accidental factors related to learning and experience
medic  ally un  explained physical symptoms mu  ps or mus are symptoms for which a treating physician or other healthcare providers have found no medical cause or whose cause remains contested in its strictest sense the term simply means that the cause for the symptoms is unknown or disputed — there is no scientific consensus typically the possibility that mu  ps are caused by prescription drugs or other drugs is ignored however in practice most physicians and authors who use the term consider that the symptoms most likely arise from psychological causes it is estimated that between 15 and 30 of all primary care consultations are for medic  ally un  explained symptoms a large canadian community survey revealed that the most common medic  ally un  explained symptoms are mus  cul  osk  el  etal pain ear nose and throat symptoms ab  domin  al pain and gastro  intest  inal symptoms fatigue and di  zz  iness the term mu  ps can also be used to refer to syndro  mes whose eti  ology remains contested including chronic fatigue syndrome fi  bro  my  al  gia multiple chemical sensitivity and gulf war illness many patients presenting with medic  ally un  explained symptoms also meet the diagnostic criteria for anxiety and or depression the likelihood of meeting such criteria increases with the number of un  explained symptoms reported however anxiety and depression are also very common in individuals with medic  ally explained illnesses and again the likelihood of a person receiving one of these diagnoses increases with the number of symptoms reported consequently on the current evidence we cannot infer that anxiety or depression are causes of medic  ally un  explained physical symptoms physical symptoms have been associated with adverse psycho  social and functional outcome across different cultures irrespective of eti  ology either explained or un  explained
medication induced hyper  li  po  prote  in  emia is a condition that results from the decreasing of li  po  protein lip  ase activity resulting in erup  tive x  an  thomas
medication over  use headache mo  h also known as rebound headache usually occurs when anal  ges  ics are taken frequently to relieve headaches rebound headaches frequently occur daily can be very painful and are a common cause of chronic daily headache they typically occur in patients with an underlying headache disorder such as migr  aine or tension type headache that trans  forms over time from an ep  is  od  ic condition to chronic daily headache due to excessive intake of acute headache relief medications mo  h is a serious disab  ling and well characterized disorder which represents a worldwide problem and is now considered the third most prevalent type of headache population based studies report the prevalence rate of mo  h to be 1 to 2 in the general population but its relative frequency is much higher in secondary and tertiary care
the medieval rena  is  san  ces were periods characterised by significant cultural renewal right across medieval western europe these are effectively seen as occurring in three phases the carol  ing  ian renaissance 8 th and 9 th centuries o  tt  onian renaissance 10 th century and the renaissance of the 12 th century the term was first used by medi  ev  alists in the 19 th century by analogy with the histori  o  graphical concept of the 15 th and 16 th century italian renaissance this was notable since it marked a break with the dominant histori  o  graphy of the time which saw the middle ages as dark and obscur  anti  st the term has always been a subject of debate and criticism particularly on how widespread such renewal movements were and on the validity of comparing them with the italian renaissance
medium chain ac  yl co  a de  hydro  gen  ase deficiency often known as mc  ad deficiency or mc  add is a disorder of fatty acid oxid  ation that imp  airs the body s ability to break down medium chain fatty acids into ace  ty  l co  a the disorder is characterized by hypo  gly  cem  ia and sudden death without timely intervention most often brought on by periods of fast  ing or v  om  iting prior to expanded new  born screening mc  add was an under  diagnosed cause of sudden death in infants individuals who have been identified prior to the onset of symptoms have an excellent prog  no  sis mc  add is most prevalent in individuals of northern european caucasian descent with an incidence of 1 4000 to 1 17 000 depending on the population treatment of mc  add is mainly preventative by avoiding fast  ing and other situations where the body relies on fatty acid oxid  ation to supply energy
med  ul  l  ary carcin  oma of the breast is a type of breast cancer it is relatively circum  scri  bed it involves infiltr  ation by lymp  ho  cy  tes
med  ul  l  ary c  ys  tic kidney disease mc  k  d is an auto  som  al dominant kidney disorder characterized by tu  bul  o  inter  sti  tial sclerosis leading to end stage ren  al disease because the presence of cy  sts is neither an early nor a typical diagnostic feature of the disease and because at least 4 different gene mutations may give rise to the condition the name auto  som  al dominant tu  bul  o  inter  sti  tial kidney disease ad  t  k  d has been proposed to be appended with the underlying genetic variant for a particular individual importantly if cy  sts are found in the med  ul  l  ary collecting duc  ts they can result in a shrun  ken kidney unlike that of poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease there are two known forms of med  ul  l  ary c  ys  tic kidney disease m  uc  in 1 kidney disease 1 m  k  d 1 and m  uc  in 2 kidney disease u  ro  mod  ulin kidney disease m  k  d 2 a third form of the disease occurs due to mutations in the gene en  coding ren  in ad  t  k  d ren and has formerly been known as famili  al juvenile hyper  ur  ic  emic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy type 2
med  ul  l  ary spon  ge kidney also known as cac  chi – ric  ci disease is a con  genital disorder of the kidneys characterized by c  ys  tic di  lat  ation of the collecting tu  bul  es in one or both kidneys individuals with med  ul  l  ary spon  ge kidney are at increased risk for kidney stones and ur  inary tract infection patients with m  sk typically pass twice as many stones per year as do other stone form  ers without m  sk while described as a benign disorder with a low morbi  dity rate as many as 10 of patients with m  sk have an increased risk of morbi  dity associated with frequent stones and uti  s while some patients report increased chronic kidney pain the source of the pain when a u  ti or block  age is not present is unclear at this time ren  al col  ic flank and back pain is present in 55 of patients women with m  sk experience more stones uti  s and complications than men m  sk was previously believed not to be hereditary but there is more evidence coming forth that may indicate otherwise
med  ul  l  ary thyro  id cancer m  tc is a form of thyro  id carcin  oma which originates from the par  af  ol  lic  ular cells c cells which produce the hormone cal  cit  on  in med  ul  l  ary tumors are the third most common of all thyro  id cancers they make up about 3 of all thyro  id cancer cases approximately 25 of med  ul  l  ary thyro  id cancer is genetic in nature caused by a mutation in the ret pro  to on  co  gene this form is classified as famili  al m  tc when m  tc occurs by itself it is termed spor  adic m  tc when it co  exists with tumors of the par  ath  yro  id g  land and med  ul  l  ary component of the adren  al g  lands p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a it is called multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia type 2 men 2 it was first characterized in 1959
med  ul  lo  bl  ast  oma m  ə  ˌ  d  ʌ  lo  ʊ  bl  æ  ˈ  sto  ʊ  m  ə is the most common type of pedi  atric m  align  ant primary brain tumor cancer originating in the part of the brain that is towards the back and the bottom on the floor of the skull in the cere  bell  um or poster  ior fo  ssa the brain is divided into two main parts the larger cere  bru  m on top and the smaller cere  bell  um below towards the back they are separated by a memb  rane called the tent  orium tumors that originate in the cere  bell  um or the surrounding region below the tent  orium are therefore called infr  at  ent  orial historically med  ul  lo  bl  ast  om  as have been classified as a p  net primitive neuro  ec  to  der  mal tum  our however it is now known that med  ul  lo  bl  ast  oma is distinct from supr  at  ent  orial p  net s and are no longer considered similar entities med  ul  lo  bl  ast  om  as are non invasive rapidly growing tumors that unlike most brain tumors spread through the cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf and frequently me  tast  asi  ze to different locations along the surface of the brain and spinal cord the cumulative relative survival rate for all age groups and his  to  logy follow up was 60 52 and 32 at 5 years 10 years and 20 years respectively with children doing better than adults
med  ul  lo  epi  the  li  oma is a rare primitive fast growing brain tum  our thought to stem from cells of the embryonic med  ul  l  ary cav  ity tum  ours originating in the ci  li  ary body of the eye are referred to as embry  onal med  ul  lo  epi  the  li  om  as or di  k  ty  om  as a highly m  align  ant un  differentiated primitive neuro  epi  the  li  al tum  our of children med  ul  lo  epi  the  li  oma may contain bone car  til  age sk  el  etal muscle and tends to me  tast  asi  ze ex  trac  ran  ially
me  er  we  in reaction re  directs here for other reactions named after hans me  er  we  in see me  er  we  in reaction dis  ambigu  ation the me  er  we  in ar  yl  ation is an organic reaction involving the addition of an ar  yl di  az  on  ium salt ar  n 2 x to an electr  on poor al  k  ene usually supported by a metal salt the reaction product is an al  k  yl  ated aren  e compound the reaction is named after hans me  er  we  in one of its inventors who first published it in 1939 me  er  we  in ar  yl  ation an electr  on withdrawing group ewg on the al  k  ene makes it electr  on deficient and although the reaction mechanism is unclear involvement of an ar  yl radical is presumed after loss of nitrogen in the di  az  on  ium salt followed by a free radical addition in the primary reaction product the intermediate al  ky  l radical is then captured by the di  az  on  ium counter  ion x which is usually a halo  gen or a tetr  af  lu  or  ob  or  ate in a subsequent step an elimination reaction liber  ates h  x for instance hydro  chlor  ic acid and an ar  yl vinyl compound is formed the reaction mechanism from the aren  e s view ranks as a radical nucle  oph  il  ic aromatic substitution in a general scope a me  er  we  in ar  yl  ation is any reaction between an ar  yl radical and an al  k  ene the initial intermediate is an ar  yl en  th  en  yl radical which can react with many trapping reagents such as hydrogen or hal  ogens or with those based on nitrogen or sul  fur
me  es lines or al  drich – me  es lines also called leuk  ony  ch  ia stri  ata are lines of dis  color  ation across the nails of the fingers and toes
me  es  mann cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy also stoc  ker hol  t dy  stro  phy is a type of cor  ne  al dy  stro  phy and a ker  atin disease it is named for german oph  thal  mo  logist alo  is me  es  mann 18  88 1969 it is sometimes called me  es  mann wil  ke syndrome after the joint contribution of me  es  mann and wil  ke
a me  gab  ias or a tap  hon  om  ic me  gab  ias is a large scale pattern in the quality of the fossil record that affects pal  e  ob  io  logic analysis at provincial to global levels and at timescales usually exceeding ten million years it can result from major shifts in intrinsic and extr  ins  ic properties of organisms including mor  pho  logy and behaviour in relation to other organisms or shifts in the global environment which can cause secular or long term cyclic changes in preservation
the me  gab  it is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information the pre  fix mega symbol m is defined in the international system of units si as a multiplier of 106 1 million and therefore 1 me  gab  it 106 bits 1000000 bits 1000 ki  lob  its the me  gab  it has the unit symbol mb or m  bit the me  gab  it is closely related to the me  bi  bit a unit multiple derived from the b  inary pre  fix me  bi symbol mi of the same order of magnitude which is equal to 220 bits 10  48  576 bits or approximately 5 larger than the me  gab  it despite the definitions of these new pre  fixes for b  inary based quantities of storage by international standards organizations memory semiconductor chips are still marketed using the metric pre  fix names to designate b  inary multi  ples using the common by  te size of eight bits and the standardized metric definition of me  gab  it and ki  lob  y  te 1 me  gab  it is equal to 125 ki  lob  y  tes k  b or approximately 122 ki  bi  by  tes ki  b the me  gab  it is widely used when referring to data transfer rates of computer networks or telecommunications systems network transfer rates and download speeds often use the me  gab  it as the amount transferred per time unit e g a 100 m  bit s me  gab  it per second fast e  ther  net connection or a 10 m  bit s internet access service whereas the sizes of data units files transferred over these networks are often measured in me  gab  y  tes to achieve a transfer rate of one me  gab  y  te per second one needs a network connection with a transfer rate of eight me  gab  its per second
the me  gab  y  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information its recommended unit symbol is mb but sometimes m  by  te is used the unit pre  fix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 106 in the international system of units si therefore one me  gab  y  te is one million by  tes of information this definition has been incorporated into the international system of quantities however in the computer and information technology fields several other definitions are used that arose for historical reasons of convenience a common usage has been to designate one me  gab  y  te as 10  48  576 by  tes 220 b a measurement that conveniently expresses the b  inary multi  ples inherent in digital computer memory architec  tures however most standards bodies have de  prec  ated this usage in favor of a set of b  inary pre  fixes in which this measurement is designated by the unit me  bi  by  te mi  b less common is a measurement that used the me  gab  y  te to mean 1000 × 10  24 10  24000 by  tes
me  ga  col  on is an abnormal dil  ation of the col  on also called the large intest  ine the dil  ation is often accompanied by a paralysis of the per  ist  al  tic movements of the bo  wel in more extreme cases the f  ec  es consolidate into hard masses inside the col  on called f  ec  al  om  as literally f  ec  al tumor which can require surgery to be removed a human col  on is considered abnormally enlarged if it has a diameter greater than 12 cm in the cec  um it is usually less than 9 cm greater than 6 5 cm in the rec  to  sig  mo  id region and greater than 8 cm for the asc  ending col  on the trans  verse col  on is usually less than 6 cm in diameter a me  ga  col  on can be either acute or chronic it can also be classified according to eti  ology
meg  ac  y  stis is a rare disease that is identified by an abnormally large or dist  ended blad  der
meg  adu  o  den  um is a con  genital or acquired dil  ation and el  on  gation of the du  o  den  um with hyper  tro  phy of all layers that presents as a feeling of ga  str  ic ful  l  ness ab  domin  al pain bel  ching heart  burn and naus  ea with v  om  iting sometimes of food eaten 24 hours prior
me  ga  es  op  ha  gus also known as me is a condition in humans cats dogs and horses where per  ist  al  sis fails to occur properly and the es  op  ha  gus is enlarged normally when the animal s es  op  ha  gus is functioning properly it acts as a muscle and pushes the food down the es  op  ha  gus into the stomach however when an animal has me  ga  es  op  ha  gus the es  op  ha  gus stays enlarged and does not push the food down to the stomach therefore the food fails to enter the stomach and often stays in the es  op  ha  gus and is eventually reg  urg  itated or enters the lungs through breathing or dec  ays in the es  op  ha  gus in human path  ology a condition known as ac  hal  asia may pre  dispose a person to slowly develop me  ga  es  op  ha  gus ac  hal  asia is due to the loss of gang  lion cells of the my  enter  ic plex  us it occurs mostly in middle aged adults there is a marked lack of contraction within the muscles involved in per  ist  al  sis with a constant contraction of the lower es  op  ha  ge  al sp  h  inc  ter dil  ation of the es  op  ha  gus results in difficulty sw  allowing retention of food bol  us is also noted cha  gas disease is one cause of me  ga  es  op  ha  gus in humans ac  hal  asia also pre  dis  poses to es  op  ha  ge  al carcin  oma me  ga  es  op  ha  gus can also be a symptom of another disease in dogs called my  asth  enia grav  is my  asth  enia grav  is is a neuro  muscular disease where the primary symptom is weakness in various body parts of the dog however when my  asth  enia grav  is occurs in older dogs it is thought of as an immune medi  ated disease often when my  asth  enia grav  is is diagnosed in older dogs the first symptom the dog may manifest is me  ga  es  op  ha  gus my  asth  enia grav  is occurs when ace  ty  l  ch  oline recep  tors nico  tin  ic ace  ty  l  ch  oline recep  tors or ach  rs fail to function properly due to the inability of the nerve recep  tors to function appropriately the muscles fail to have a stimulus that causes them to contract an important distinction in recognizing me  ga  es  op  ha  gus is the difference between when a dog reg  urg  itates or v  om  its reg  urg  itating is a common symptom of me  ga  es  op  ha  gus while v  om  iting is not necessarily associated with me  ga  es  op  ha  gus when a dog reg  urg  itates there is usually not as much effort involved as when a dog v  om  its often when reg  urg  itating the dog will tip its head down and the liquid and or food will almost appear to spill out of its throat one of the primary dangers to a dog with me  ga  es  op  ha  gus is aspiration pneumonia because the food stays lodged in the throat it can often be inhal  ed into the lungs causing aspiration pneumonia one way to avoid this is to make sure that every time the dog eats or drinks anything that the dog sits for at least 10 minutes afterwards or is held in a sitting up or begging position this requires that all food and liquid intake be closely monitored and specifically administered to the dog in regular intervals sometimes as often as 2 – 3 hours in smaller quantities obviously if smaller quantities of food and water are administered one needs to take the necessary precaution to ensure the dog has a sufficient cal  or  ic and water intake according to many specialists this disorder has a guarded prog  no  sis however since 2004 many owners have found a number of successful management techniques one of which is vertical feeding see bailey chair me  ga  es  op  ha  gus one horse breed the frie  sian horse has some individuals affected with me  ga  es  op  ha  gus and it appears to be genetic in origin
me  gal  encephal  y or mac  ren  cephal  y abbreviated meg is a growth development disorder in which the brain is abnormally large it is characterized by a brain with an average weight that is 2 5 standard deviations above the mean of the general population me  gal  encephal  y is usually diagnosed at birth and is confirmed with an m  ri a mutation in the pi 3 k ak  t path  way is believed to be the primary cause of brain proliferation and ultimately the root cause of me  gal  encephal  y this mutation has produced a classification of brain over  development that consists of two syndro  mes including me  gal  encephal  y cap  ill  ary mal  formation m  cap and me  gal  encephal  y poly  d  ac  ty  ly poly  micro  gy  ria hydro  cephal  us mp  ph approximately 1 out of 50 children 2 are said to have the characteristics of me  gal  encephal  y in the general population there are several neuro  psychiatric disorders linked with me  gal  encephal  y however studies have shown that au  tism is the most prevalent association with the mal  formation of meg although no treatment currently exists for me  gal  encephal  y management methods are focused at reducing deficits linked with au  tism most recent research is targeted at creating inhi  bit  ors to reduce the mut  ational path  way that causes me  gal  encephal  y
meg  alo  bl  astic an  emia or meg  alo  bl  astic ana  emia is an an  emia of macro  cy  tic classification that results from inhi  bi  tion of dna synthesis during red blood cell production when dna synthesis is impaired the cell cycle cannot progress from the g 2 growth stage to the mit  osis m stage this leads to continuing cell growth without division which presents as macro  cy  to  sis meg  alo  bl  astic an  emia has a rather slow onset especially when compared to that of other an  emi  as the defect in red cell dna synthesis is most often due to hypo  vitam  in  osis specifically a deficiency of vitamin b 12 and or fol  ic acid vitamin b 12 deficiency alone will not cause the syndrome in the presence of sufficient fol  ate as the mechanism is loss of b 12 dependent fol  ate recycling followed by fol  ate deficiency loss of nucle  ic acid synthesis specifically thy  mine leading to defects in dna synthesis fol  ic acid supplem  entation in the absence of vitamin b 12 prevents this type of an  emia although other vitamin b 12 specific patho  logies may be present loss of mic  ron  u  tri  ents may also be a cause copper deficiency resulting from an excess of zinc from unusually high oral consumption of zinc containing d  ent  ure fixation cre  ams has been found to be a cause meg  alo  bl  astic an  emia not due to hypo  vitam  in  osis may be caused by anti  metabol  ites that poison dna production directly such as some chem  other  apeu  tic or antimicro  bial agents for example az  ath  iop  rine or trim  eth  op  rim the pathological state of meg  alo  bl  ast  osis is characterized by many large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells meg  alo  bl  asts in the bone marrow and also by hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils those exhi  biting five or more nuclear lob  es segments with up to four lob  es being normal these hyper  segm  ented neu  troph  ils are found in the peripheral blood i e a diagnostic sme  ar of a blood sample taken from the circulation
me  ga  rec  tum is a large rec  tum as a result of underlying nerve supply ab  norm  alities or muscle dysfunction which remains after dis  imp  action of the rec  tum the principles of surgery textbook describes any rec  tum that can hold more than 1500 cc of fluid as a me  ga  rec  tum the term me  ga  rec  tum is also used for a large rec  tal mass on rec  tal examination a wide rec  tum on an ab  domin  al x ray the presence of impaired rec  tal sensation or the finding of large maxim  al rec  tal volumes on ano  rec  tal man  ome  try in addition can be the blo  ating of the col  on due to infection also called me  ga  col  on on defe  co  graphy me  ga  rec  tum is suggested by a rec  tal width of 9 cm at the level of the dis  tal sac  rum
me  gau  re  ter is a medical anomaly whereby the u  re  ter is abnormally dil  ated con  genital me  gau  re  ter is an un  common condition which is more common in males may be bilateral and is often associated with other con  genital anomalies the cause is thought to be aper  ist  al  sis of the dis  tal u  re  ter leading to di  lat  ation a functional obstruction at the lower end of the u  re  ter leads to progressive di  lat  ation and a tendency to infection the u  re  ter  ic ori  fice appears normal and a u  re  ter  ic cathe  ter passes easily definitive surgical treatment involves ref  as  hi  oning the lower end of the affected u  re  ter so that a tunn  elled re  implan  tation into the blad  der can be done to prevent ref  lux
me  i  ge s syndrome is a type of dy  st  onia it is also known as bru  e  gh  el s syndrome and oral facial dy  st  onia it is actually a combination of two forms of dy  st  onia ble  phar  o  sp  asm and or  om  andi  bul  ar dy  st  onia om  d when om  d is combined with ble  phar  o  sp  asm it may be referred to as me  i  ge ’ s syndrome named after henri me  i  ge the french neuro  logist who first described the symptoms in detail in 19  10 the symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 70 years old and appear to be more common in women than in men 2 1 ratio the combination of upper and lower dy  st  onia is sometimes called cran  ial cer  vic  al dy  st  onia the incidence is about one case in 20 000 people
me  i  ge lymp  he  dem  a also known as me  i  ge disease late onset lymp  he  dem  a and lymp  he  dem  a hereditary type 2 is an inherited disease in which patients develop lymp  he  dem  a the onset is between the ages of 1 and 35 other causes of primary ly  m  poe  dem  a include mil  roy s disease which occurs before the age of 1 and lymp  ho  e  dem  a tar  da which occurs after the age of 35 me  i  ge disease hereditary lymp  he  dem  a type ii has its onset around the time of pu  ber  ty it is an auto  som  al dominant disease it has been linked to a mutations in the ‘ for  k  head ’ family trans  cription factor fo  x  c 2 gene located on the long arm of chro  mo  some 16 16 q 24 3 it is the most common form of primary lymp  he  dem  a and about 2000 cases have been identified me  i  ge disease usually causes lymp  he  dem  a of the legs however other areas of the body may be affected including the arms face and lar  yn  x yellow toe nails occur in some individuals
in medicine me  i  gs syndrome also me  i  gs syndrome or demons me  i  gs syndrome is the tri  ad of as  cites ple  ural eff  usion and benign o  vari  an tumor fi  bro  ma fi  bro  the  coma brenner tum  our and occasionally gran  ul  osa cell tum  our me  i  gs syndrome resol  ves after the res  ection of the tumor because the trans  di  aphr  agm  atic lymp  h  atic channels are larger in diameter on the right the ple  ural eff  usion is class  ically on the right side the eti  o  logies of the as  cites and ple  ural eff  usion are poorly understood atypical me  i  gs syndrome characterized by a benign pel  vic mass with right sided ple  ural eff  usion but without as  cites can also occur as in me  i  gs syndrome ple  ural eff  usion resol  ves after removal of the pel  vic mass
mel  anch  ol  ic depression or depression with mel  anch  ol  ic features is a dsm iv subtype of clinical depression requiring at least one of the following symptoms an  he  don  ia the inability to find pleasure in positive things lack of mood re  activity i e mood does not improve in response to positive events and at least three of the following depression that is subjec  tively different from grief or loss severe weight loss or loss of appetite psy  ch  om  o  tor ag  itation or retar  dation early morning awakening guilt that is excessive worse mood in the morning mel  anch  ol  ic features apply to an episode of depression that occurs as part of either major depres  sive disorder or bipolar disorder i or ii mel  anch  ol  ic depression is often considered to be a bio  logically based and particularly severe form of depression treatment involves anti  depres  s  ants electro  con  vul  sive therapy or other empir  ically supported treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy and inter  personal therapy for depression a 2008 analysis of a large study of patients with uni  polar major depression found a rate of 23 5 for mel  anch  ol  ic features it was the first form of depression extensively studied and many of the early symptom check  lists for depression reflect this the incidence of mel  anch  ol  ic depression has been found to increase when the temperature and or sunlight are low according to the dsm iv the mel  anch  ol  ic features speci  fier may be applied to the following only 1 major depres  sive episode single episode 2 major depres  sive episode recurrent episode 3 bipolar i disorder most recent episode depressed 4 bipolar ii disorder most recent episode depressed
a mel  anis  tic mask also referred to as a mask or mas  king is a dog coat pattern that gives the appearance of a mask on the dog s face the ha  irs on the mu  zzle and sometimes entire face or ears are colored by eu  mel  an  in instead of p  he  om  el  an  in pig  ment eu  mel  an  in is typically black but may instead be brown dark gray or light gray brown p  he  om  el  an  in ranges in color from pale cream to ma  ho  g  any the trait is caused by m 264 v em a completely dominant alle  le form of the mel  an  oc  or  tin 1 recep  tor gene
mel  ano  ac  an  thom  a also known as pi  gm  ented se  bor  rhe  ic ker  at  osis is a common benign dark  ly pi  gm  ented cu  taneous condition characterized by a skin le  sion with a dull or l  ack  lu  ster surface it involves a proliferation of ker  at  in  oc  y  tes and mel  an  oc  y  tes
a mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us also known as ne  vo  cy  tic nev  us is a type of le  sion that contains nev  us cells a type of mel  an  oc  y  te some sources equate the term mole with mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us other sources reserve the term mole for other purposes the majority of mol  es appear during the first two decades of a person s life with about one in every 100 babies being born with mol  es acquired mol  es are a form of benign ne  op  las  m while con  genital mol  es or con  genital ne  vi are considered a minor mal  formation or ham  ar  tom  a and may be at a higher risk for mel  anom  a a mole can be either sub  der  mal under the skin or a pi  gm  ented growth on the skin formed mostly of a type of cell known as a mel  an  oc  y  te the high concentration of the body s pi  gm  enting agent mel  an  in is responsible for their dark color mol  es are a member of the family of skin le  sions known as ne  vi
mel  an  oc  y  tic oral le  sions are an extremely un  common condition characterized by pi  gm  ented le  sions of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es
mel  an  oc  y  tic tumors are tum  ours developed from mel  an  oc  y  tes
mel  an  oc  y  tic tumors of uncertain m  align  ant potential melt  ump are mel  an  oc  y  tic le  sions in the der  mis that cannot be classified by mor  pho  logy as either benign na  ev  i mol  es or m  align  ant mel  anom  as because the mass shows features of both several le  sion types may be classified as mel  tum  ps these include atypical mel  an  oc  y  tic prolifer  ations with features that may overlap with atypical sp  itz na  ev  i tumors dys  plastic na  ev  i pi  gm  ented epi  the  li  o  id mel  an  oc  y  tom  a deep penetr  ating na  ev  i con  genital ne  avi cellular no  d  ules in con  genital na  ev  i possible na  ev  o  id mel  anom  as and cellular blue na  ev  i a related category of mel  an  oc  y  tic proliferation is superficial atypical mel  an  oc  y  tic prolifer  ations of uncertain significance sam  p  us this category unlike melt  ump which implies as yet un  determined potential for me  tast  ases even after complete exc  ision signifies le  sions without me  ta  static potential at time of exc  ision but with potential to progress upon incomplete exc  ision the sam  p  us category includes certain atypical junc  tional mel  an  oc  y  tic prolifer  ations and prolifer  ations in both the ep  id  er  mis and pap  ill  ary der  mis that are not accompanied by in  trad  er  mal tu  mori  genic architecture or cell mit  osis
mel  an  og  los  sia is a medical condition in which the tongue becomes black  ened this is usually caused by a bacterial infection or allergic reaction
mel  anom  a also known as m  align  ant mel  anom  a is a type of cancer that develops from the pig  ment containing cells known as mel  an  oc  y  tes mel  anom  as typically occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth intest  ines or eye in women they most commonly occur on the legs while in men they are most common on the back sometimes they develop from a mole with concerning changes including an increase in size irregular edges change in color it  chin  ess or skin breakdown the primary cause of mel  anom  a is ultra  violet light u  v exposure in those with low levels of skin pig  ment the u  v light may be from either the sun or from other sources such as tann  ing devices about 25 develop from mol  es those with many mol  es a history of affected family members and who have poor immune function are at greater risk a number of rare genetic defects such as x  ero  der  ma pi  gm  ent  o  sum also increase risk diagnosis is by biopsy of any concerning skin le  sion avoiding u  v light and the use of sun  screen may prevent mel  anom  a treatment is typically removal by surgery in those with slightly larger cancers nearby lymp  h no  des may be tested for spread most people are cured if spread has not occurred for those in whom mel  anom  a has spread immun  otherapy bio  logic therapy radiation therapy or chem  otherapy may improve survival with treatment the five year survival rates in the united states is 98 among those with loc  alized disease and 17 among those in whom spread has occurred the likelihood that it will come back or spread depends how thick the mel  anom  a is how fast the cells are dividing and whether or not the over  lying skin has broken down mel  anom  a is the most dangerous type of skin cancer globally in 2012 it occurred in 232 000 people and resulted in 55 000 deaths australia and new zealand have the highest rates of mel  anom  a in the world there are also high rates in europe and north america while it is less common in asia africa and latin america mel  anom  a is more common in men than women mel  anom  a has become more common since the 1960 s in areas that are mostly caucasian
mel  anom  a associated leuko  der  ma is a cu  taneous condition and is a viti  li  go like de  pi  gm  entation that can occur in patients with cu  taneous or oc  ular mel  anom  a
mel  anom  a with features of a sp  itz nev  us also known as a sp  it  zo  id mel  anom  a is a cu  taneous condition characterized his  to  logically with tissue similar to a sp  itz nev  us and with overall sym  metry and a der  mal no  dule of epi  the  li  o  id mel  an  oc  y  tes that do not mature with progressively deeper der  mal extension
mel  an  ony  ch  ia is a black or brown pi  gm  entation of the normal nail plate and may be present as a normal finding on many digits in african americans as a result of trauma systemic disease or medications or as a post  infl  am  matory event from such loc  alized events as lichen plan  us or fixed drug eruption there are two types longit  ud  inal and trans  verse mel  an  ony  ch  ia longit  ud  inal mel  an  ony  ch  ia may be a sign of sub  un  gu  al mel  anom  a ac  ral l  enti  gin  ous mel  anom  a although there are other diagnoses such as chronic par  ony  ch  ia ony  ch  om  y  co  sis sub  un  gu  al hem  atom  a py  ogenic gran  ul  oma g  lom  us tum  our sub  un  gu  al ver  r  uca mu  co  us cyst sub  un  gu  al fi  bro  ma ker  ato  ac  an  thom  a carcin  oma of the nail bed and sub  un  gu  al exo  sto  sis
mel  an  osis coli also pseu  dom  el  an  osis coli is a disorder of pi  gm  entation of the wall of the col  on often identified at the time of colon  o  sco  py it is benign and may have no significant correlation with disease the brown pig  ment is li  po  fus  cin in macro  p  ha  ges not mel  an  in
mel  an  otic neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumor of infancy m  n  ti is a very rare oral cav  ity tumor that is seen in patients usually at or around birth it must be removed to be cured definitions a rare bi  ph  as  ic neuro  bl  astic and pi  gm  ented epi  the  li  al ne  op  las  m of cran  io  facial sites usually involving the oral cav  ity or g  ums synon  y  ms mel  an  otic prog  on  oma
mel  as  ma also known as chlo  as  ma fac  ie  i or the mask of pregnancy when present in pregnant women is a tan or dark skin dis  color  ation although it can affect anyone mel  as  ma is particularly common in women especially pregnant women and those who are taking oral or patch contrac  ep  tives or hormone replacement therapy hrt medications
mel  eda disease m  dm or mal de mel  eda also called ml  jet disease ker  at  osis pal  mop  lan  tar  is and trans  gr  adi  ens of siemens also known as ac  ral ker  ato  der  ma mutil  ating pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma of the gam  borg ni  el  sen type pal  mop  lan  tar ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia type viii and pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma of the nor  r  bot  ten type is an extremely rare auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital skin disorder in which dry thick pat  ches of skin develop on the sol  es of the hands and feet a condition known as pal  mop  lan  tar hyper  ker  at  osis
meli  o  ido  sis is an infectious disease caused by a gram negative bacter  ium burk  hol  der  ia pseu  dom  alle  i found in soil and water it is of public health importance in endemic areas particularly in vietnam and northern australia it exists in acute and chronic forms signs and symptoms may include pain in chest bones or joints cough skin infections lung no  d  ules and pneumonia b pseu  dom  alle  i was previously classed as part of the pseu  dom  onas genus until 1992 it was known as pseu  dom  onas pseu  dom  alle  i it is phy  log  ene  tically related closely to burk  hol  der  ia mal  le  i which causes glan  ders an infection primarily of horses don  keys and mul  es the name meli  o  ido  sis is derived from the greek mel  is μη  λ  ις meaning a dist  emp  er of asses with the suff  i  xes o  id meaning similar to and osis meaning a condition that is a condition similar to glan  ders
mel  ker  sson – ro  sen  th  al syndrome also termed mi  es  cher mel  ker  sson ro  sen  th  al syndrome is a rare neuro  logical disorder characterized by recurring facial paralysis sw  elling of the face and lips usually the upper lip and the development of fol  ds and fur  rows in the tongue onset is in childhood or early adoles  cence after recurrent attacks ranging from days to years in between sw  elling may persist and increase eventually becoming permanent the lip may become hard cracked and f  issu  red with a red  dish brown dis  color  ation the cause of mel  ker  sson – ro  sen  th  al syndrome is unknown but there may be a genetic pre  disposition it has been noted to be especially prevalent among certain ethnic groups in bolivia it can be symptomatic of cro  hn s disease or sar  co  ido  sis
mel  nick – needles syndrome m  ns also known as mel  nick – needles o  ste  odys  pl  ast  y is an extremely rare con  genital disorder that affects primarily bone development patients with mel  nick – needles syndrome have typical faces ex  oph  thal  mos full cheeks micro  gn  ath  ia and mal  alignment of teeth f  lar  ing of the met  ap  hy  ses of long bones s like cur  v  ature of bones of legs irregular con  stric  tions in the ribs and sclerosis of base of skull in males the disorder is nearly always lethal in infancy lifespan of female patients might not be affected mel  nick – needles syndrome is associated with mutations in the fl  na gene and is inherited in an x linked dominant manner as with many genetic disorders there is no known cure to m  ns the disorder was first described by john c mel  nick and carl f needles in 1966 in two multi generational families
in music cogn  ition mel  od  ic fis  sion also known as mel  od  ic or aud  itory streaming or stream segregation is a phenomenon in which one line of pit  ches an aud  itory stream is heard as two or more separate mel  od  ic lines this occurs when a phrase contains groups of pit  ches at two or more distinct registers or with two or more distinct tim  b  res the term appears to stem from a 1973 paper by w j dow  ling in music analysis and more specifically in sch  en  ker  ian analysis the phenomenon more often is termed compound melody in psy  ch  oph  ys  ics aud  itory scene analysis is the process by which the brain separates and organiz  es sounds into percep  tually distinct groups known as aud  itory streams the counterpart to mel  od  ic fis  sion is mel  od  ic fusion
in music and jazz improvis  ation a mel  od  ic pattern or sequence is a repeti  tive pattern that can be used with any scale it is used primarily for use in so  los because when practiced enough it can be extremely useful when improvis  ing
mel  or  he  o  sto  sis is a medical developmental disorder and mes  en  ch  ym  al dys  pl  asia in which the bon  y cor  tex wid  ens and becomes hyper  dense in a s  cl  ero  tom  al distribution the condition begins in childhood and is characterized by thick  ening of the bones pain is a frequent symptom and the bone can have the appearance of dri  pping candle wax
a melt freeze cr  ust or rain cr  ust is a dis  continuity between snow layers which can lead to avalan  ches the layer can be created in two ways a temperature high enough to allow surface snow to melt creating a layer of melt water which may later re freeze rain falling and freezing on the surface of existing snow also creating a frozen layer this layer is brit  tle smooth and slippery and does not bond with snow layers above it allowing the over  lying s  lab of snow to move down the mountain under gravity when disturbed or if the accumulated snow  fall exceeds a critical mass the initial s  lab may be as large as 10 000 m ² and 10 metres thick
melting point depression is the phenomenon of reduction of the melting point of a material with reduction of its size this phenomenon is very prominent in nano  scale materials which melt at temperatures hundreds of degrees lower than bulk materials
memb  rane potential also trans  memb  rane potential or memb  rane voltage is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exter  ior of a biological cell with respect to the exter  ior of the cell typical values of memb  rane potential range from – 40 mv to – 80 mv all animal cells are surrounded by a memb  rane composed of a lip  id bil  ay  er with proteins embedded in it the memb  rane serves as both an insul  ator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions ion transporter pump proteins actively push ions across the memb  rane and establish concentration gr  adi  ents across the memb  rane and ion channels allow ions to move across the memb  rane down those concentration gr  adi  ents ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resis  tors inserted in the memb  rane and therefore create a voltage between the two sides of the memb  rane virtually all eu  kar  y  otic cells including cells from animals plants and fun  gi maintain a non zero trans  memb  rane potential usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exter  ior ranging from – 40 mv to – 80 mv the memb  rane potential has two basic functions first it allows a cell to function as a battery providing power to operate a variety of molecular devices embedded in the memb  rane second in electrically exc  itable cells such as neurons and muscle cells it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the memb  rane producing a local change in the memb  rane potential this change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the memb  rane those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change reproducing the signal in non exc  itable cells and in exc  itable cells in their baseline states the memb  rane potential is held at a relatively stable value called the resting potential for neurons typical values of the resting potential range from – 70 to – 80 milli  vol  ts that is the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one tenth of a vol  t the opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential this is called a de  polarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative say from – 70 mv to – 60 mv or a hyper  polarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative say from – 70 mv to – 80 mv in exc  itable cells a sufficiently large de  polarization can ev  oke an action potential in which the memb  rane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time on the order of 1 to 100 mil  lis  econ  ds often reversing its polarity action pot  entials are generated by the activation of certain voltage gated ion channels in neurons the factors that influence the memb  rane potential are diverse they include numerous types of ion channels some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage gated because voltage gated ion channels are controlled by the memb  rane potential while the memb  rane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels feedback lo  ops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise including osci  ll  ations and regener  ative events such as action pot  entials
memb  ran  o  prolifer  ative glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis mp  gn also known as mes  an  gi  oc  ap  ill  ary glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is a type of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis caused by deposits in the kidney glo  mer  ular mes  an  gi  um and basement memb  rane g  bm thick  ening activating complement and damaging the glo  mer  uli mp  gn accounts for approximately 4 of primary ren  al causes of ne  ph  ri  tic syndrome in children and 7 in adults it should not be confused with memb  ran  ous glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis a condition in where the basement memb  rane is thick  ened but the mes  an  gi  um is not
memb  ran  ous ap  la  sia cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition a type of ap  la  sia cu  tis con  gen  ita which can be seen along the embryonic fusion lines of the face
memb  ran  ous glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis m  gn is a slowly progressive disease of the kidney affecting mostly people between ages of 30 and 50 years usually caucasian it is the second most common cause of ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome in adults with focal seg  mental glo  mer  ul  os  clerosis f  s  gs recently becoming the most common
the mem  ento pattern is a software design pattern that provides the ability to restore an object to its previous state undo via roll  back the mem  ento pattern is implemented with three objects the originator a caretaker and a mem  ento the originator is some object that has an internal state the caretaker is going to do something to the originator but wants to be able to undo the change the caretaker first asks the originator for a mem  ento object then it does whatever operation or sequence of operations it was going to do to roll back to the state before the operations it returns the mem  ento object to the originator the mem  ento object itself is an opaque object one which the caretaker cannot or should not change when using this pattern care should be taken if the originator may change other objects or resources the mem  ento pattern operates on a single object classic examples of the mem  ento pattern include the seed of a pseu  dor  an  dom number generator it will always produce the same sequence thereafter when initi  alized with the seed state and the state in a finite state machine
memory distrust syndrome is a condition coined by g  í  sl  i gu  ð  j  ó  n  sson and james mac  keith in 1982 in which an individual doubts the accuracy of their memory concerning the content and context of events of which they have experienced since the individual does not trust their own memory they will commonly depend on outside sources of information rather than using their ability for reco  ll  ection some believe that this may be a defense or coping mechanism to a pre  existing faulty memory state such as alzheimer s disease amnesia or possibly dementia the condition is generally considered to be related to source amnesia which involves the inability to recall the basis for factual knowledge the main difference between the two is that source amnesia is a lack of knowing the basis of knowledge whereas memory distrust syndrome is a lack of believing the knowledge that exists the fact that an individual lacks the trust in their own memory implies that the individual would have a reason or belief that would prevent them from the trust that most of us have in our reco  ll  ections cases concerning memory distrust syndrome have led to documented false conf  essions in court cases
memory effect also known as battery effect lazy battery effect or battery memory is an effect observed in nickel cadmium and nickel – metal hy  dri  de re  chargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge it describes the specific situation in which nic  d batteries gradually lose their maximum energy capacity if they are repeatedly re  charged after being only partially discharged the battery appears to remember the smaller capacity
in psychology memory inhi  bi  tion is the ability not to remember irrelevant information the scientific concept of memory inhi  bi  tion should not be confused with everyday uses of the word inhi  bi  tion scientifically speaking memory inhi  bi  tion is a type of cognitive inhi  bi  tion which is the stopping or overriding of a mental process in whole or in part with or without intention memory inhi  bi  tion is a critical component of an effective memory system while some memories are retained for a lifetime most memories are forgotten according to evolutionary psychologists forgetting is adap  tive because it facilitates selectivity of rapid efficient reco  ll  ection for example a person trying to remember where he parked his car would not want to remember every place he has ever parked in order to remember something therefore it is essential not only to activate the relevant information but also to inhibit irrelevant information there are many memory phenomena that seem to involve inhi  bi  tion although there is often debate about the distinction between interference and inhi  bi  tion
in operating systems memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer s primary memory the memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location either allocated or free it determines how memory is allocated among competing processes deciding which gets memory when they receive it and how much they are allowed when memory is allocated it determines which memory locations will be assigned it tracks when memory is freed or un  allocated and updates the status
men  deli  an suscep  tibility to my  co  bacterial disease also called famili  al disseminated atypical my  co  bacterial infection is a rare genetic disease characterized by suscep  tibility to my  co  bacteria and salmonella infection outside of the intest  inal tract
mend  elson s syndrome is chemical pneu  mon  i  tis or aspiration pneu  mon  i  tis caused by aspiration during ana  esthesia especially during pregnancy aspiration contents may include ga  str  ic juice blood bile water or an association of them
men  ing  e  al carcin  om  at  osis is a condition in which a solid tumor diff  us  ely spreads to the le  p  tom  en  inges lung tumors breast tumors and m  align  ant mel  anom  a comprise the majority of solid tumors spreading to the le  p  tom  en  inges
men  ing  io  an  gi  om  at  osis is a rare disease of the brain it is characterized by a benign le  sion of the le  p  tom  en  inges usually involving the cere  br  al cor  tex and by le  p  tom  en  ing  e  al and men  in  go  vascular proliferation often the patient will present with seizures the disease may be either spor  adic or associated with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 2 the le  sion is usually focused in one place though extremely rare multi  focal cases have been reported in both adults and children biopsy is usually necessary for diagnosis treatment conventi  onally involves surgical removal of the le  sion
men  ing  i  om  as are a diverse set of tumors arising from the men  inges the memb  ran  ous layers surrounding the central nervous system many men  ing  i  om  as produce no symptoms throughout a person s life and if discovered require no treatment other than periodic observation typically symptomatic men  ing  i  om  as are treated with either radio  surgery or conventional surgery they arise from the ar  ach  no  id cap cells of the ar  ach  no  id vill  i in the men  inges these tumors usually are benign in nature however a small percentage are can  cer  ous historical evidence of men  ing  i  om  as has been found going back hundreds of years with some successful sur  ger  ies for their removal beginning in the 1800 s
men  ing  ism is the tri  ad of nu  ch  al rigidity neck sti  ff  ness pho  top  ho  bia intolerance of bright light and headache it is a sign of irritation of the men  inges such as seen in men  ing  i  tis sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ges and various other diseases men  ing  is  mus is the term used when the above listed symptoms are present without actual infection or infl  amm  ation usually it is seen in conc  ord  ance with other acute illnesses in the pedi  atric population related clinical signs include ker  ni  g s sign and three signs all named bru  dz  in  ski s sign
men  ing  i  tis is an acute infl  amm  ation of the protective memb  ran  es covering the brain and spinal cord known collectively as the men  inges the most common symptoms are fever headache and neck sti  ff  ness other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness v  om  iting and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises young children often exhibit only non  specific symptoms such as irrit  ability drow  sin  ess or poor feeding if a rash is present it may indicate a particular cause of men  ing  i  tis for instance men  ing  i  tis caused by men  in  go  coc  cal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash the infl  amm  ation may be caused by infection with viruses bacteria or other micro  organisms and less commonly by certain drugs men  ing  i  tis can be life threatening because of the infl  amm  ation s proximity to the brain and spinal cord therefore the condition is classified as a medical emergency a lum  bar punc  ture diagnoses or excludes men  ing  i  tis a needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf that envelop  s the brain and spinal cord the c  sf is examined in a medical laboratory some forms of men  ing  i  tis are preventable by immun  ization with the men  in  go  coc  cal mum  ps pneu  mo  coc  cal and hi  b vaccines giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of men  ing  i  tis may also be useful the first treatment in acute men  ing  i  tis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes anti  viral drugs cor  ti  co  ster  oids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive infl  amm  ation men  ing  i  tis can lead to serious long term consequences such as deaf  ness epi  le  psy hydro  cephal  us or cognitive deficits especially if not treated quickly in 2013 men  ing  i  tis occurred in about 16 million people worldwide this resulted in 303 000 deaths – down from 464 000 deaths in 1990 with appropriate treatment the risk of death in bacterial men  ing  i  tis is less than 15 outbreaks of bacterial men  ing  i  tis occur between december and june each year in an area of sub saharan africa known as the men  ing  i  tis belt smaller outbreaks may also occur in other areas of the world the word men  ing  i  tis is from greek μ  ῆ  ν  ι  γ  ξ m  én  in  x memb  rane and the medical suff  ix i  tis infl  amm  ation
men  in  go  coc  cal disease describes infections caused by the bacter  ium ne  is  ser  ia men  ing  i  ti  dis also termed men  in  go  co  cc  us it carries a high mortality rate if untreated but is a vaccine preventable disease while best known as a cause of men  ing  i  tis widespread blood infection can result in sep  sis which is a more damaging and dangerous condition men  ing  i  tis and men  in  go  co  cc  emia are major causes of illness death and disability in both developed and under developed countries there are approximately 2 600 cases of bacterial men  ing  i  tis per year in the united states and on average 333 000 cases in developing countries the case fat  ality rate ranges between 10 and 20 percent the incidence of endemic men  in  go  coc  cal disease during the last 13 years ranges from 1 to 5 per 100 000 in developed countries and from 10 to 25 per 100 000 in developing countries during epidemics the incidence of men  in  go  coc  cal disease approaches 100 per 100 000 men  in  go  coc  cal vaccines have sharply reduced the incidence of the disease in developed countries the disease s patho  genesis is not fully understood the pathogen colon  ises a large number of the general population harm  lessly but in some very small percentage of individuals it can invade the blood stream and the entire body but notably limbs and brain causing serious illness over the past few years experts have made an intensive effort to understand specific aspects of men  in  go  coc  cal biology and host interactions however the development of improved treatments and effective vaccines is expected to depend on novel efforts by workers in many different fields while men  in  go  coc  cal disease is not as contagious as the common cold which is spread through casual contact it can be transmitted through sali  va and occasionally through close prolonged general contact with an infected person
men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis m  ɪ  ˌ  n  ɪ  ŋ  ɡ  o  ʊ  ɛ  n  ˌ  s  ɛ  f  ə  ˈ  la  ɪ  t  ᵻ  s ˌ  n  ɪ  n  d  ʒ  o  ʊ ə  n ˌ  k  ɛ from greek men  inges memb  ran  es en  ke  p  hal  os brain and i  tis infl  amm  ation is a medical condition that simultaneously resembles both men  ing  i  tis which is an infection or infl  amm  ation of the men  inges and en  ce  ph  ali  tis which is an infection or infl  amm  ation of the brain
men  in  go  hydro  encephal  o  co  ele ame men  in  go  hydro  encephal  oce  le is a form of men  in  go  ce  le ame a developmental ab  normality of the central nervous system like men  in  go  co  ele men  in  go  hydro  encephal  o  co  ele is caused by defects in bone os  sification in particular the intr  am  emb  ran  ous os  sification related to the closure of inf  anti  le fon  tan  elles it refers to the pro  tru  sion of the men  inges between the un f  used bones to lie sub  cu  tane  ously men  in  go  co  ele refers to her  ni  ation of men  inges men  in  go  encephal  o  co  ele refers to the condition if brain tissue is included with the men  inges in the her  ni  ation men  in  go  hydro  encephal  o  co  ele refers to the condition including men  inges brain tissue and part of the ven  tric  ular system in the her  ni  ation these defects occur in approximately 1 in 2000 live births
a men  is  cal cyst is a well defined c  ys  tic le  sion located along the peripheral margin of the men  is  cus a part of the knee nearly always associated with horizontal men  is  cal tears
a men  is  cus transplant or men  is  cal transplant is a transplant of the men  is  cus of the knee which separates the thi  gh bone fem  ur from the lower leg bone ti  bia the worn or damaged men  is  cus is removed and is replaced with a new one from a donor the men  is  cus to be trans  planted is taken from a cad  aver and as such is known as an allo  graft men  is  cal transplantation is technically difficult as it must be sized accurately for each person positioned properly and secured to the ti  bial pl  ate  au as of 2012 only a few surgeons have significant volume of experience in men  is  cus transplantation worldwide
men  kes disease m  nk also known as men  kes syndrome is an x linked rec  essive disorder that affects copper levels in the body leading to copper deficiency the onset of men  kes disease typically begins during infancy affecting about 1 in 100 000 to 250 000 new  bor  ns infants with m  nk syndrome often do not live past the age of 3 it is more common in males than females because it only takes one copy of the x linked rec  essive gene to be expressed for a male to develop the disease in order for females to develop the disorder they would need to express two copies of the gene one on each x chro  mo  some to develop the disorder m  nk is characterized by kin  ky hair growth failure and deterioration of the nervous system it is caused by mutations in the copper transport gene at  p 7 a which is responsible for making a protein that is important for regulating the copper levels in the body the disorder was originally described by john hans men  kes 19  28 – 2008 et al in 1962 alternative names copper transport disease st  ee  ly hair disease kin  ky hair disease men  kes kin  ky hair syndrome
men  ome  tr  or  rha  gia is a condition in which prolonged or excessive uter  ine bleeding occurs ir  regularly and more frequently than normal it is thus a combination of metr  or  rha  gia and men  or  rha  gia
men  op  ause also known as the clim  ac  ter  ic is the time in most women s lives when men  str  ual periods stop permanently and they are no longer able to bear children men  op  ause typically occurs between 49 and 52 years of age medical professionals often define men  op  ause as having occurred when a woman has not had any vag  inal bleeding for a year it may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production by the ov  aries in those who have had surgery to remove their uter  us but they still have ov  aries men  op  ause may be viewed to have occurred at the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell following the removal of the uter  us symptoms typically occur earlier at an average of 45 years of age before men  op  ause a woman s periods typically become irregular which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow during this time women often experience hot fl  ashes these typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated with shi  vering swe  ating and red  dening of the skin hot fl  ashes often stop occurring after a year or two other symptoms may include vag  inal dr  y  ness trouble sleeping and mood changes the severity of symptoms varies between women while men  op  ause is often thought to be linked to an increase in heart disease this primarily occurs due to increasing age and does not have a direct relationship with men  op  ause in some women problems that were present like end  ome  tri  osis or painful periods will improve after men  op  ause men  op  ause is usually a natural change it can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco other causes include surgery that removes both ov  aries or some types of chem  otherapy at the physiological level men  op  ause happens because of a decrease in the ov  aries production of the hormones estro  gen and prog  est  er  one while typically not needed a diagnosis of men  op  ause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine men  op  ause is the opposite of men  arch  e the time when a girl s periods start specific treatment is not usually needed some symptoms however may be improved with treatment with respect to hot fl  ashes avoiding smoking caff  eine and alcohol is often recommended sleeping in a cool room and using a fan may help the following medications may help men  opa  usal hormone therapy m  ht cl  on  id  ine gab  ap  entin or selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors exercise may help with sleeping problems while m  ht was once routinely prescribed it is now only recommended in those with significant symptoms as there are concerns about side effects high quality evidence for the effectiveness of alternative medicine has not been found there is tentative evidence for so  y is  of  lav  ones
a men  str  ual disorder is an abnormal condition in a woman s men  str  ual cycle
men  str  uation in mammals is the shedding of the uter  ine lining end  ome  tri  um it occurs on a regular basis in sexually reproductive age females of certain mamm  al species though there is some disagreement in definitions between sources men  str  uation is generally considered to be limited to pri  mates over  t men  str  uation where there is bleeding from the uter  us through the vag  ina is found primarily in humans and close relatives such as chimp  an  ze  es it is common in si  mi  ans old world monkeys new world monkeys and apes but completely lacking in st  rep  sir  rhine pri  mates and possibly weak  ly present in tar  si  ers beyond pri  mates it is known only in bats and the elephant shre  w females of other species of plac  ental mamm  al undergo est  rous cycles in which the end  ome  tri  um is completely re  absorbed by the animal covert men  str  uation at the end of its reproductive cycle many zoo  logists regard this as different from a true men  str  ual cycle female domestic animals used for breeding — for example dogs pigs cattle or horses — are monitored for physical signs of an est  rous cycle period which indicates that the animal is ready for ins  em  ination
emotional disabilities re  directs here for other uses see emotional disability a mental disorder also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder is a diagnosis by a mental health professional of a behavioral or mental pattern that may cause suffering or a poor ability to function in life such features may be persistent relap  sing and re  mitting or occur as a single episode many disorders have been described with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders the causes of mental disorders are often unclear theories may incorporate findings from a range of fields mental disorders are usually defined by a combination of how a person behaves feels percei  ves or thinks this may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain often in a social context a mental disorder is one aspect of mental health cultural and religious beliefs as well as social norms should be taken into account when making a diagnosis services are based in psychiatric hospitals or in the community and assessments are carried out by psychiat  rists clinical psychologists and clinical social workers using various methods but often relying on observation and questioning treatments are provided by various mental health professionals psycho  therapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options other treatments include social interventions peer support and self help in a minority of cases there might be involuntary detention or treatment prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression common mental disorders include depression which affects about 400 million dementia which affects about 35 million and schizophrenia which affects about 21 million people globally stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion
mental disorders diagnosed in childhood are divided into two categories childhood disorders and learning disorders these disorders are usually first diagnosed in infancy childhood or adoles  cence as laid out in the dsm iv tr and in the ic  d 10 the dsm iv tr includes ten sub  categories of disorders including mental retar  dation learning disorders motor skills disorders communication disorders pervasive developmental disorders attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders feeding and eating disorders tic disorders elimination disorders and other disorders of infancy childhood or adoles  cence
mental health tri  age is a clinical function conducted at point of entry to health services which aims to assess and categ  ori  ze the urgency of mental health related problems the mental health tri  age service may be located in the emergency department community mental health services call centre or co located with other specialist mental health services such as the crisis assessment and treatment team emergency services such as police and ambulance may also have a co located mental health tri  age service there is considerable variation in the clinical settings in which mental health tri  age services may be operating therefore service delivery models vary however the essential function is to determine the nature and severity of the mental health problem determine which service response would best meet the needs of the patient and how urgently the response is required a core function of mental health tri  age is to conduct risk assessment that aims to determine whether the patient is a risk of harming self or others as a result of their mental state and to assess other risks related to mental illness as with other tri  age models the mental health tri  age clin  ician must assign a category of urgency to the case which is recorded using verbal indicators of risk such as extreme risk through to low risk or by using numerical urgency time to treatment categories 1 immediate to 5 2 hours as per the 5 point austr  al  asian tri  age scale
mental retar  dation and micro  cephal  y with pon  tine and cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia mic  p  ch also known as mental retar  dation x linked syndro  mic naj  m type mr  x  s  na is a rare genetic disorder of infants characterised by intellectual disability and pon  to  cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia the disorder is associated with a mutation in the c  ask gene which is transmitted in an x linked manner as with the vast majority of genetic disorders there is no known cure to mic  p  ch the following values seem to be aberr  ant in children with c  ask gene defects lact  ate py  ru  v  ate 2 ke  to  glu  tar  ate ad  ip  ic acid and sub  eric acid which seems to backup the proposal that c  ask affects mit  och  on  dri  al function it is also spec  ulated that phosp  ho  ino  si  tide 3 kin  ase in the ino  sit  ol metabol  ism is imp  acted in the disease causing fol  ic acid met  abo  li  zation problems
mental rotation is the ability to rot  ate mental representations of two dimensional and three dimensional objects as it is related to the visual representation of such rotation within the human mind
in psychology ment  alization is the ability to understand the mental state of oneself or others that underlies over  t behaviour ment  alization can be seen as a form of imaginative mental activity that lets us perceive and interpret human behaviour in terms of intentional mental states e g needs desires feelings beliefs goals purposes and reasons another term that david wall  in has used for ment  alization is thinking about thinking while the theory of mind has been discussed in philosophy at least since des  car  tes the concept of ment  alization emerged in psycho  analy  tic literature in the late 1960 s and became empir  ically tested in 1983 when heinz wi  m  mer and jose  f per  ner ran the first experiment to investigate when children can understand false belief inspired by daniel den  nett s interpretation of a punch and judy scene the field diversified in the early 1990 s when simon baron co  hen and u  ta fri  th building on the wi  m  mer and per  ner study and others merged it with research on the psychological and biological mechanisms underlying au  tism and schizophrenia concomit  antly peter fon  ag  y and colleagues applied it to developmental psychop  ath  ology in the context of attachment relationships gone aw  ry more recently several child mental health researchers such as ari  etta sl  ade john gri  en  en  berger alic  ia lie  berman daniel sch  ech  ter and susan co  ates have applied ment  alization both to research on paren  ting and to clinical interventions with parents infants and young children ment  alization has implications for attachment theory and self development according to peter fon  ag  y individuals without proper attachment e g due to physical psychological or sexual abuse can have greater difficulty developing ment  alization abilities attachment history partially determines the strength of ment  alizing capacity of individuals securely attached individuals tend to have had a primary ca  reg  i  ver that has more complex and sophisticated ment  alizing abilities as a consequence these children possess more robust capacities to represent the states of their own and other people ’ s minds early childhood exposure to ment  alization can protect the individual from psycho  social ad  versity this theory needs further empirical support
mer  al  gia pa  res  the  tica or mer  al  gia par  a  esthe  tica or bern  hardt roth syndrome is num  b  ness or pain in the outer thi  gh not caused by injury to the thi  gh but by injury to a nerve that extends from the thi  gh to the spinal column this chronic neuro  logical disorder involves a single nerve — the lateral cu  taneous nerve of thi  gh which is also called the lateral fem  oral cu  taneous nerve and hence the syndrome lateral fem  oral cu  taneous neuro  pa  thy the term mer  al  gia par  a  esthe  tica combines four greek roots to mean thi  gh pain with anom  alous perception
merci  ful an  os  mia is a condition in which the person is unaware of the foul smell emanating from his own nose this condition is seen in atro  ph  ic rh  initi  s in atro  ph  ic rh  initi  s the tur  bin  ates ven  ous sin  us  oids ser  om  uc  inous g  lands and nerves undergo atro  phy resulting in a foul sm  elling discharge as the nerve fibres sensing smell are also atro  phi  ed the patient is unable to appreciate the foul smell
the mercury beating heart is an electro  chemical re  do  x reaction between the elements mercury iron and chromium the reaction causes a blo  b of mercury in water to osci  ll  ate the obser  ve  able reaction demonstrates an effect of a non homogeneous electrical double layer it is often used as a classroom demonstration
mercury gran  ul  om  as is the result of mercury exposure a skin condition characterized by foreign body giant cell reaction
mercury poisoning also known as hydr  arg  y  ria or mercur  i  alism is a type of metal poisoning a medical condition caused by exposure to mercury or its compounds mercury chemical symbol h  g is a heavy metal occurring in several forms all of these except elem  ental liquid mercury for which intra  ven  ous injection of a certain volume is required produce toxicity or death with less than a gram the damage done by elem  ental mercury is caused by blocking blood vessels mercury s zero oxid  ation state h  g 0 exists as vap  or or as liquid metal its mer  cu  rous state h  g exists as in  organic salts and its mercur  ic state h  g 2 may form either in  organic salts or organ  om  er  cur  y compounds the three groups vary in effects toxic effects include damage to the brain kidneys and lungs mercury poisoning can result in several diseases including acro  dy  nia pink disease hunter russell syndrome and min  am  ata disease symptoms typically include sensory impairment vision hearing speech disturbed sensation and a lack of coordination the type and degree of symptoms exhi  bited depend upon the individual toxin the dose and the method and duration of exposure
the mere exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them in social psychology this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle the effect has been demonstrated with many kinds of things including words chinese characters paintings pictures of faces geome  tric figures and sounds in studies of inter  personal attraction the more often a person is seen by someone the more pleasing and like  able that person appears to be
the mere addition paradox also known as the repugn  ant conclusion is a problem in ethics identified by derek par  fit and appearing in his book reasons and persons 1984 the paradox identifies an inconsistency between four seemingly true beliefs about the relative value of populations
the mere  dith effect is a phenomenon whereby the aerod  y  nam  ic drag produced by a cooling radi  ator may be offset by careful design of the cooling duc  t such that useful thrust is produced the effect was discovered in the 1930 s and became more important as the speeds of pist  on eng  ined aircraft increased over the next decade
in meteor  ology a mer  idi  onal flow is a general air flow pattern from north to south or from south to north along the earth s longitude lines per  pend  icular to a z  onal flow extr  atro  pical cycl  ones in this environment tend to be stronger and move slower this pattern is responsible for most instances of extreme weather as not only are storms stronger in this type of flow regime but temperatures can reach extremes as well producing heat waves and cold waves depending on the equ  ator ward or po  le  ward direction of the flow
merkel cell carcin  oma mc  c is a rare and highly aggressive skin cancer which in most cases is caused by the merkel cell poly  om  avi  rus mc  v discovered by scientists at the university of pittsburgh in 2008 it is also known as cu  taneous ap  u  dom  a primary neuro  endocrine carcin  oma of the skin primary small cell carcin  oma of the skin and tr  ab  ec  ular carcin  oma of the skin approximately 80 of merkel cell carcin  om  as are caused by mc  v the virus is cl  onally integrated into the can  cer  ous merkel cells in addition the virus has a particular mutation only when found in cancer cells but not when it is detected in healthy skin cells direct evidence for this on  co  genetic mechanism comes from research showing that inhi  bi  tion of production of mc  v proteins causes mc  v infected merkel carcin  oma cells to die but has no effect on m  align  ant merkel cells that are not infected with this virus mc  v un  infected tumors which account for approximately 20 of merkel cell carcin  om  as appear to have a separate and as yet unknown cause these tumors tend to have extremely high genome mutation rates due to ultra  violet light exposure whereas mc  v infected merkel cell carcin  om  as have low rates of genome mutation no other cancers have been confirmed so far to be caused by this virus because of the viral origin for this cancer immun  otherap  ies are a promising avenue for research to treat virus positive merkel cell carcin  oma this cancer is considered to be a form of neuro  endocrine tumor while patients with a small tumor less than 2 cm that has not yet me  tast  asi  zed to regional lymp  h no  des have an expected 5 year survival rate of more than 80 percent once a le  sion has me  tast  asi  zed regionally the rate drops to about 50 percent up to half of patients that have been seemingly treated successfully i e that initially appear cancer free subsequently suffer a recurrence of their disease recent reviews cite an overall 5 year survival rate of about 60 for all mc  c combined merkel cell carcin  oma occurs most often on the sun exposed face head and neck
mer  le is a pattern in a dog s coat mer  le comes in different colors and patterns some have blue pat  ches throughout and are considered blue mer  le same with red and chocolate although some describe mer  le as only a pattern dna testing identifies the mer  le gene but not the variety of colors and patterns seen in the coats of the dogs with the gene a dilute black bb or bb dog is generally known as blue but a dog with a mer  le coat does not test bb or bb but still is a blue dilute from the mer  le gene the mer  le gene creates mo  tt  led pat  ches of color in a solid or pie  bald coat blue or odd colored eyes and can affect skin pig  ment as well health issues are more typical and more severe when two mer  les are bred together so it is recommended that a mer  le be bred to a dog with a solid coat color only
mer  om  eli  a is a birth defect characterized by the lacking of a part but not all of one or more limbs with the presence of a hand or foot it results in a shrun  ken and de  formed extre  mity
in the mathematical field of complex analysis a mer  om  orph  ic function on an open sub  set d of the complex plane is a function that is holo  morph  ic on all d except for a set of isolated points which are poles of the function this terminology comes from the ancient greek mer  os μέ  ρο  ς meaning part as opposed to ho  los ὅ  λο  ς meaning whole every mer  om  orph  ic function on d can be expressed as the ratio between two holo  morph  ic functions with the denominator not constant 0 defined on d any pole must coincide with a zero of the denominator intu  i  tively a mer  om  orph  ic function is a ratio of two well behaved holo  morph  ic functions such a function will still be well behaved except possibly at the points where the denominator of the fraction is zero if the denominator has a zero at z and the numer  ator does not then the value of the function will be infinite if both parts have a zero at z then one must compare the multiplic  ities of these zer  os from an al  ge  bra  ic point of view if d is connected then the set of mer  om  orph  ic functions is the field of fractions of the integral domain of the set of holo  morph  ic functions this is analogous to the relationship between the rational numbers and the inte  gers
mes  an  gi  al prolifer  ative glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is a form of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis associated primarily with the mes  an  gi  um there is some evidence that inter  leuk  in 10 may inhibit it in an animal model it is classified as type ii lup  us ne  ph  ri  tis by the world health organization who
mes  en  ch  ym  al ch  on  dro  sar  coma is a form of m  align  ant ch  on  dro  sar  coma unlike most ch  on  dro  sar  com  as mes  en  ch  ym  al ch  on  dro  sar  coma grows rapidly tends to spread and occurs more often in children and young adults than in older adults type ii coll  agen can help distinguish it from other tumors
a mes  enter  ic cyst mesh c 04 182 473 is a cyst in the mes  enter  ium and is one of the ra  rest ab  domin  al tumors with approximately 8  21 cases reported since 15  07 the incidence is between 1 per 100 000 to 1 per 250 000 hospital ad  missions
mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia is a medical condition in which injury of the small intest  ine occurs due to not enough blood supply it can come on suddenly known as acute mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia or gradually known as chronic mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia acute disease often presents with sudden severe pain symptoms may come on more slowly in those with acute on chronic disease signs and symptoms of chronic disease include ab  domin  al pain after eating un  intentional weight loss v  om  iting and being afraid of eating risk factors include atri  al fi  bri  ll  ation heart failure chronic ren  al failure being prone to forming blood clo  ts and previous my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion there are four mechanisms by which poor blood flow occurs a blood clo  t from elsewhere getting lodged in an artery a new blood clo  t forming in an artery a blood clo  t forming in the mes  enter  ic vein and insufficient blood flow due to low blood pressure or sp  as  ms of arter  ies chronic disease is a risk factor for acute disease the best method of diagnosis is an  gi  o  graphy with computer tom  o  graphy ct being used when that is not available treatment of acute is  chem  ia may include st  enting or medications to break down the clo  t provided at the site of obstruction by interventi  onal radi  ology open surgery may also be used to remove or bypass the obstruction and may be required to remove any intest  ines that may have died if not rapidly treated outcomes are often poor among those affected even with treatment the risk of death is 70 to 90 in those with chronic disease bypass surgery is the treatment of choice those who have thro  m  bo  sis of the vein may be treated with anti  co  ag  ulation such as he  par  in and war  far  in with surgery used if they do not improve acute mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia affects about five per hundred thousand people per year in the developed world chronic mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia affects about one per hundred thousand people most people affected are over 60 years old rates are about equal in males and females of the same age mes  enter  ic is  chem  ia was first described in 18  95
con  genital mes  obl  astic ne  ph  roma is a type of kidney tumor that is usually found before birth by ul  tras  ound or within the first 3 months of life it contains fi  bro  bl  astic cells connec  tive tissue cells and may spread to the other kidney or to nearby tissue con  genital mes  obl  astic ne  ph  roma is more common in males
mes  om  eli  a refers to conditions in which the middle parts of limbs are disproportionately short when applied to sk  el  etal dys  pl  asi  as mes  om  el  ic dwar  f  ism describes generalised shortening of the fore  arms and lower legs this is in contrast to r  hi  zom  el  ic dwar  f  ism in which the upper portions of limbs are short such as in ach  on  dro  pl  asia forms of mes  om  el  ic dwar  f  ism currently described include l  anger mes  om  el  ic dys  pl  asia ellis – van cre  veld syndrome ro  bin  ow syndrome lé  ri – we  ill dy  sch  on  dro  ste  osis
mes  o  the  li  al hyper  pl  asia is a hyper  pl  asia of mes  o  the  li  al cells in ser  ous memb  ran  es ple  ura peric  ardi  um per  it  on  eu  m mes  o  the  li  al hyper  pl  asia is usually an incidental finding during per  it  one  al examination during l  apar  o  tomy or l  apar  o  sco  py grossly mes  o  the  li  al hyper  pl  asia is characterized by the presence of small white no  d  ules or flat pl  aqu  es on the ser  ous surface
mes  o  the  li  oma is a type of cancer that develops from the thin layer of tissue that covers many of the internal organs known as the mes  o  the  lium the most common area affected is the lining of the lungs and chest wall less commonly the lining of the ab  dom  en and rarely the s  ac surrounding the heart or the s  ac surrounding the testi  s may be affected signs and symptoms of mes  o  the  li  oma may include short  ness of breath due to fluid around the lung a sw  oll  en ab  dom  en chest wall pain cough feeling tired and weight loss these symptoms typically come on slowly greater than 80 of mes  o  the  li  oma is caused by exposure to asbestos the greater the exposure the greater the risk as of 2013 about 125 million people have been exposed to asbestos at work high rates of disease occur in people who mine asbestos produce products from asbestos work with asbestos products live with asbestos workers or work in buildings containing asbestos often it takes around 40 years for the disease to begin washing the clothing of someone who worked with asbestos also increases the risk other risk factors include genetics and infection with the si  mi  an virus 40 the diagnosis may be suspected based on chest x ray and ct scan findings and is confirmed by either examining fluid produced by the cancer or by a tissue biopsy of the cancer prevention centers around reducing exposure to asbestos treatment often includes surgery radiation therapy and chem  otherapy a procedure known as ple  u  ro  des  is which involves using substances such as tal  c to scar together the ple  ura may be used to prevent more fluid from building up around the lungs chem  otherapy often includes the medications cis  pl  atin and p  eme  tre  xed the percentage of people that survive five years following diagnosis is on average 8 in the united states in 2013 about 50 000 people had mes  o  the  li  oma and 34 000 died from the disease rates of mes  o  the  li  oma vary in different areas of the world rates are higher in australia and great britain and lower in japan it occurs in about 3 000 people per year in the united states it occurs more often in males than females rates of disease have increased since the 1950 s diagnosis typically occurs after the age of 65 and most deaths occur around 70 years old the disease was rare before the commercial use of asbestos
in software architecture a messaging pattern is a network oriented architectural pattern which describes how two different parts of a message passing system connect and communicate with each other in telecommunications a message exchange pattern mep describes the pattern of messages required by a communications protocol to establish or use a communication channel there are two major message exchange patterns — a request – response pattern and a one way pattern for example http is a request – response pattern protocol and u  dp is a one way pattern
me  ta learning is a sub  field of machine learning where automatic learning algori  th  ms are applied on me  ta data about machine learning experiments although different researchers hold different views as to what the term exactly means see below the main goal is to use such me  ta data to understand how automatic learning can become flexible in solving different kinds of learning problems hence to improve the performance of existing learning algori  th  ms flexibility is very important because each learning algori  thm is based on a set of assumptions about the data its induc  tive bias this means that it will only learn well if the bias matches the data in the learning problem a learning algori  thm may perform very well on one learning problem but very badly on the next from a non expert point of view this poses strong restrictions on the use of machine learning or data mining techniques since the relationship between the learning problem often some kind of database and the effectiveness of different learning algori  th  ms is not yet understood by using different kinds of me  ta data like properties of the learning problem algori  thm properties like performance measures or patterns previously derived from the data it is possible to select alter or combine different learning algori  th  ms to effectively solve a given learning problem cri  ti  ques of me  ta learning approaches bear a strong resemblance to the critique of me  ta  he  ur  istic which can be said to be a related problem
metabol  ic aci  do  sis is a condition that occurs when the body produces excessive quantities of acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body if unchecked metabol  ic aci  do  sis leads to aci  dem  ia i e blood ph is low less than 7 35 due to increased production of hydrogen ions by the body or the inability of the body to form bic  ar  bon  ate h  co 3 − in the kidney its causes are diverse and its consequences can be serious including coma and death together with respiratory aci  do  sis it is one of the two general causes of aci  dem  ia
metabol  ic al  k  alo  sis is a metabol  ic condition in which the ph of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range 7 35 7 45 this is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration leading to increased bic  ar  bon  ate or alternatively a direct result of increased bic  ar  bon  ate concentrations
metabol  ic bone disease is an umbrella term referring to ab  norm  alities of bones caused by a broad spectrum of disorders most commonly these disorders are caused by ab  norm  alities of minerals such as calcium phosphorus magnesium or vitamin d leading to dramatic clinical disorders that are commonly reversible once the underlying defect has been treated these disorders are to be differentiated from a larger group of genetic bone disorders where there is a defect in a specific sign  aling system or cell type that causes the bone disorder there may be overlap for example genetic or hereditary hypo  phosp  hat  emia may cause the metabol  ic bone disorder o  ste  om  al  ac  ia although there is currently no treatment for the genetic condition replacement of phosphate often correc  ts or improves the metabol  ic bone disorder
a metabol  ic disorder can happen when abnormal chemical reactions in the body alter the normal metabol  ic process it can also be defined as inherited single gene anomaly most of which are auto  som  al rec  essive
metabol  ic syndrome sometimes known by is a clu  stering of at least three of the five unfold into nine combination following medical conditions ab  domin  al central obesity cf to  fi elevated blood pressure elevated fast  ing plasma glucose high serum tri  gly  cer  ides low high density li  po  protein h  dl levels metabol  ic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes some studies have shown the prevalence in the usa to be an estimated 34 of the adult population and the prevalence increases with age insulin resistance metabol  ic syndrome and pre  diabetes are closely related to one another and have overlapping aspects the syndrome is thought to be caused by an underlying disorder of energy utilization and storage the cause of the syndrome is an area of ongoing medical research
metabol  ically healthy obesity or metabol  ically healthy obesity m  ho is a debatable medical condition characterized by obesity which does not produce metabol  ic complications
met  ach  on  dro  mat  osis is an auto  som  al domin  an  tin  completely penetr  ant sk  el  etal disorder affecting the growth of bones leading to multiple en  ch  on  dro  mas and o  ste  och  on  dro  mas this tumor syndrome affects mainly tu  bul  ar bones though it can also involve the verte  bra  e small joints and flat bones
met  ach  rom  atic leuko  dy  stro  phy m  ld also called ar  yl  sul  fat  ase a deficiency is a ly  so  som  al storage disease which is commonly listed in the family of leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies as well as among the sp  hin  go  li  pi  doses as it affects the metabol  ism of sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds leuko  dy  stro  ph  ies affect the growth and or development of my  elin the fatty covering which acts as an insul  ator around nerve fi  bers throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems m  ld involves cere  bro  side sul  fate accumulation met  ach  rom  atic leuko  dy  stro  phy like most enzyme deficiencies has an auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance pattern
met  ager  ia is a cu  taneous condition characterized by premature aging
met  agon  im  i  asis is a disease caused by an intest  inal tre  mato  de most commonly met  agon  im  us y  ok  ag  awa  i but sometimes by m tak  as  hi  i or m mi  y  at  ai the met  agon  im  i  asis causing flu  kes are one of two minute flu  kes called the heter  op  hy  ids met  agon  im  i  asis was described by kat  sur  asa in 19  11 – 19  13 when he first observed eggs of m y  ok  ag  awa  i in f  ec  es date is disputed in various studies m tak  a  has  hi  i was described later first by suz  uki in 1930 and then m mi  y  at  ai was described in 1984 by sai  to stained adult flu  ke causing met  agon  im  i  asis
in chemistry metal cataly  sed hydro  bor  ation is a reaction used in organic synthesis it is one of several examples of homogeneous catal  ysis
a metal centered cyclo  addition is a subtype of the more general class of cyclo  addition reactions in such reactions two or more un  saturated molecules unite directly to form a ring incorporating a metal bon  ded to one or more of the molecules cyclo  additions involving metal centers are a staple of organic and organ  om  et  all  ic chemistry and are involved in many industri  ally valuable synthetic processes there are two general types of metal centered cyclo  addition reactions those in which the metal is incorporated into the cycle a metal  loc  ycle and those in which the metal is external to the cycle these can be further divided into true cyclo  additions those that take place in a concerted fashion and formal cyclo  additions those that take place in a step  wise fashion beyond that they are classified by the number of atoms contributed to the cycle by each of the participants for example ole  fin me  ta  thesis using a gru  bbs catalyst typically involves a reversible 2 2 cyclo  addition a ruth  en  ium al  ky  li  den  e and an al  k  ene or al  ky  ne react to form a metal  loc  ycle
metal chinese 金 pin  yin j  ī  n the fourth phase of the chinese philosophy of wu xing is the decline of the matter or the matter s decline stage metal is yin in character its motion is in  wards and its energy is contracting it is associated with the autumn the west old age the planet venus the color white dry weather and the white tiger bai hu in four symbols the ar  che  typ  al metals are silver and gold
metal fume fever also known as brass founders ague brass sh  akes zinc sh  akes gal  vie flu metal dust fever or monday morning fever is an illness primarily caused by exposure to certain f  umes workers breathe in f  umes from chemicals such as zinc oxide z  no or magnesium oxide m  go which are themselves created by heating or welding certain metals particularly galvan  ized steel other common sources are fum  ing silver gold plat  inum chromium from stainless steel nickel arsenic man  g  anese ber  yl  lium cadmium co  bal  t copper lead sel  en  ium and zinc wel  ders are commonly exposed to the substances that cause metal fume fever from the base metal pl  ating or f  iller bra  zing and sol  dering a type of metal work in which only the f  iller is melted can also cause metal poisoning from lead zinc copper or cadmium in the f  iller metal in extreme cases cadmium present in some older silver sol  der allo  ys can cause loss of consciousness within a matter of minutes
metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic effect of certain metals in certain forms and doses on life some metals are toxic when they form poisonous soluble compounds certain metals have no biological role i e are not essential minerals or are toxic when in a certain form in the case of lead any measurable amount may have negative health effects often heavy metals are thought as synonymous but lighter metals may also be toxic in certain circumstances such as ber  yl  lium and lith  ium not all heavy metals are particularly toxic and some are essential such as iron the definition may also include trace elements when considered in abnormally high toxic doses an option for treatment of metal poisoning may be chel  ation therapy which is a technique which involves the administration of chel  ation agents to remove metals from the body toxic metals sometimes imitate the action of an essential element in the body interfering with the metabol  ic process to cause illness many metals particularly heavy metals are toxic but some heavy metals are essential and some such as bis  mu  th have a low toxicity most often the definition of toxic metals includes at least cadmium man  g  anese lead mercury and the radioactive metals metal  lo  ids arsenic po  lon  ium may be included in the definition radioactive metals have both radiological toxicity and chemical toxicity metals in an oxid  ation state abnormal to the body may also become toxic chromium iii is an essential trace element but chromium vi is a carcin  o  gen toxicity is a function of solu  bility in  soluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity the toxicity of any metal depends on its lig  ands in some cases organ  om  et  all  ic forms such as meth  yl  mercury and te  tra  ethyl lead can be extremely toxic in other cases organ  om  et  all  ic derivatives are less toxic such as the co  bal  to  cen  ium c  ation decontamination for toxic metals is different from organic toxins because toxic metals are elements they cannot be destroyed toxic metals may be made in  soluble or collected possibly by the aid of chel  ating agents alternatively they can be diluted into a sufficiently large reservoir such as the sea because immediate toxicity is a function of concentration rather than amount however bio  accumulation has the potential to reverse this toxic metals can bio  accumulate in the body and in the food chain therefore a common characteristic of toxic metals is the chronic nature of their toxicity this is particularly notable with radioactive heavy metals such as radi  um which im  itates calcium to the point of being incorporated into human bone although similar health implications are found in lead or mercury poisoning the exceptions to this are barium and aluminium which can be removed efficiently by the kidneys
metal  ation metall  ation is a chemical reaction which results in a metal atom be  ing  attached to a usually organic mol  ecu  le lith  ium metal in contact with an organ  o  hali  de li  thi  ates the organic mol  ecu  le and gives the organ  oli  th  ium re  agent and lith  ium hali  de magnesium similarly metal  ates organ  o  hali  des to give gri  gn  ard reagents prot  ons on a mol  ecu  le that are ac  id  ic even only slightly can be exchanged for a metal by a suitable bu  ty  l  lith  ium re  agent mixture trans  metal  ation involves the exchange of two metals between organic molecules for example trans  metal  ations can occur when reacting an organ  oli  th  ium re  agent with a metal salt
metal  losis is the pu  tative medical condition involving de  position and build up of metal debris in the soft tissues of the body metal  losis has been hypothe  sized to occur when metallic components in medical implants specifically joint replacements ab  r  ade against one another metal  losis has also been observed in some patients either sensitive to the impl  ant or for unknown reasons even in the absence of mal  positioned pro  s  thesis though rare metal  losis has been observed at an estimated incidence of 5 of metal joint impl  ant patients over the last 40 years women may be at slightly higher risk than men if metal  losis occurs it may involve the hip and knee joints the shoulder wrist or el  bow joints the abra  sion of metal components may cause metal ions to be solu  bi  lized the hypothesis that the immune system identifies the metal ions as foreign bodies and infl  ames the area around the debris may be incorrect because of the small size of metal ions may prevent them from becoming hap  tens poisoning from metal  losis is rare but co  bal  tism is an established health concern the involvement of the immune system in this pu  tative condition has also been the  orized but has never been proven pur  ported symptoms of metal  losis generally include pain around the site of the impl  ant pseu  do  tumors a mass of infl  amed cells that resembles a tumor but is actually collected fluids and a noticeable rash that indicates necro  sis the damaged and infl  amed tissue can also contribute to loosen  ing the impl  ant or medical device metal  losis can cause dis  location of non cem  ented implants as the healthy tissue that would normally hold the impl  ant in place is weakened or destroyed metal  losis has been demonstrated to cause o  ste  ol  ysis women those who are small in stature and the ob  ese are at greater risk for metal  losis because their body structure causes more tension on the impl  ant quick  ening the abra  sion of the metal components and the subsequent build up of metallic debris
met  am  ag  ne  tism is a sudden often dramatic increase in the magne  tization of a material with a small change in an externally applied magnetic field the met  am  ag  ne  tic behavior may have quite different physical causes for different types of met  am  ag  nets some examples of physical mechanisms leading to met  am  ag  ne  tic behavior are 1 itiner  ant met  am  ag  ne  tism exchange splitting of the fer  mi surface in a param  ag  ne  tic system of itiner  ant electron  s causes an energetically favorable transition to bulk magne  tization near the transition to a fer  ro  magnet or other magne  tically ordered state 2 anti  fer  ro  magnetic transition field induced spin f  lips in anti  fer  ro  magne  ts cas  c  ade at a critical energy determined by the applied magnetic field depending on the material and experimental conditions met  am  ag  ne  tism may be associated with a first order phase transition a continuous phase transition at a critical point classical or quantum or cros  so  vers beyond a critical point that do not involve a phase transition at all these wildly different physical explanations sometimes lead to confusion as to what the term met  am  ag  ne  tic is referring in specific cases
in biology met  amer  ism is the phenomenon of having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure though not all such structures are entirely alike in any single life form because some of them perform special functions in animals met  amer  ic segments are referred to as som  ites or met  amer  es in plants they are referred to as met  am  ers or more concre  tely phy  tom  ers
a met  am  orph  ic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes place during the geological process of met  am  orph  ism where  in one assemb  lage of minerals is transformed into a second assemb  lage which is stable under the new temperature pressure conditions resulting in the final stable state of the observed met  am  orph  ic rock examples would include the production of tal  c under varied met  am  orph  ic conditions ser  pent  ine carbon dioxide → tal  c mag  nes  ite water  chlor  ite quar  tz → ky  an  ite tal  c water
me  tan  eph  ric aden  oma ma is a rare benign tum  our of the kidney that can have a micro  scopic appearance similar to a ne  ph  ro  bl  ast  oma wil  ms tum  ours or a pap  ill  ary ren  al cell carcin  oma it should not be confused with the patho  logically unrelated yet similar sounding mes  on  eph  ric aden  oma
met  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia also known as p  yle s disease p  yle s syndrome p  yle cohn syndrome and bak  win kri  da syndrome is a rare disease in which the outer part of the sh  af  ts of long bones is thin  ner than normal and there is an increased chance of fractu  res
met  ap  la  sia greek change in form is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type the change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal matur  ation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus in simplistic terms it is as if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand the new environment and so they change into another type more suited to the new environment if the stimulus that caused met  ap  la  sia is removed or ceases tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation met  ap  la  sia is not synonymous with dys  pl  asia and is not directly considered carcinogenic it is also contr  asted with heter  op  la  sia which is the abnormal growth of cy  to  logic and his  to  logic elements without a stimulus
met  ap  l  astic carcin  oma is cancer that begins in cells that have changed into another cell type for example a squ  am  ous cell of the es  op  ha  gus changing to resemble a cell of the stomach in some cases met  ap  l  astic changes alone may mean there is an increased chance of cancer developing at the site met  ap  l  astic carcin  oma is a relatively un  common type of cancer with treatment generally similar to that of invasive duc  tal carcin  oma of no special type
met  as  om  atism is the chemical alteration of a rock by hydro  thermal and other fluids it is the replacement of one rock by another of different miner  ological and chemical composition the minerals which com  pose the rocks are dissolved and new mineral formations are deposited in their place dissolution and de  position occur simultaneously and the rock remains solid synon  y  ms to the word met  as  om  atism are met  as  om  at  ose and met  as  om  atic process the word met  as  om  at  ose can also be used as a name for specific varieties of met  as  om  atism for example mg met  as  om  at  ose and na met  as  om  at  ose met  as  om  atism can occur via the action of hydro  thermal fluids from an ig  ne  ous or met  am  orph  ic source in the ig  ne  ous environment met  as  om  atism creates skar  ns gre  is  en and may affect hor  n  f  els in the contact met  am  orph  ic au  re  ole adjacent to an intrusive rock mass in the met  am  orph  ic environment met  as  om  atism is created by mass transfer from a volume of met  am  orph  ic rock at higher stress and temperature into a zone with lower stress and temperature with met  am  orph  ic hydro  thermal solutions acting as a solvent this can be envisaged as the met  am  orph  ic rocks within the deep cr  ust losing fluids and dissolved mineral components as hydro  us minerals break down with this fluid per  col  ating up into the shallow levels of the cr  ust to chemically change and alter these rocks this mechanism implies that met  as  om  atism is open system behaviour which is different from classical met  am  orph  ism which is the in situ miner  alo  gical change of a rock without appreciable change in the chemistry of the rock because met  am  orph  ism usually requires water in order to facilitate met  am  orph  ic reactions met  as  om  atism and met  am  orph  ism nearly always occur together further because met  as  om  atism is a mass transfer process it is not restricted to the rocks which are changed by addition of chemical elements and minerals or hydro  us compounds in all cases to produce a met  as  om  atic rock some other rock is also met  as  om  ati  sed if only by dehydr  ation reactions with minimal chemical change this is best illustrated by gold ore deposits which are the product of focused concentration of fluids derived from many cubic kilometres of dehydrated cr  ust into thin often highly met  as  om  ati  sed and altered she  ar zones and lo  des the source region is often largely chemically unaffected compared to the highly hydr  ated altered she  ar zones but both must have undergone complementary met  as  om  atism met  as  om  atism is more complicated in the earth s man  tle because the composition of peri  do  ti  te at high temperatures can be changed by infiltr  ation of carbon  ate and silic  ate mel  ts and by carbon dioxide rich and water rich fluids as discussed by lu  th 2003 met  as  om  atism is thought to be particularly important in changing the composition of man  tle peri  do  ti  te below island ar  cs as water is driven out of ocean lith  o  sphere during sub  duc  tion met  as  om  atism has also been considered critical for enriching source regions of some silic  a under  saturated mag  mas carbon  ati  te mel  ts are often considered to have been responsible for enrichment of man  tle peri  do  ti  te in incompatible elements
me  ta  stability in electronics is the ability of a digital electronics system to persist for an un  bounded time in an unstable equilibrium or me  ta  stable state in me  ta  stable states the circuit may be unable to settle into a stable 0 or 1 logic level within the time required for proper circuit operation as a result the circuit can act in unpredictable ways and may lead to a system failure sometimes referred to as a g  lit  ch me  ta  stability is an instance of bur  idan s paradox me  ta  stable states are inherent features of as  yn  ch  ron  ous digital systems and of systems with more than one independent clock domain in self timed as  yn  ch  ron  ous systems arbit  ers are designed to allow the system to proceed only after the me  ta  stability has resolved so the me  ta  stability is a normal condition not an error condition in synchron  ous systems with as  yn  ch  ron  ous inputs synchron  iz  ers are designed to make the probability of a synchron  ization failure accep  tably small me  ta  stable states are avoidable in fully synchron  ous systems when the input setup and hold time requirements on flip fl  ops are satisfied
me  tast  asis is the spread of a cancer or other disease from one organ or part of the body to another without being directly connected with it the new occurrences of disease thus generated are referred to as me  tast  ases mets cancer occurs after a single cell in a tissue is progressively genetically damaged to produce cells with uncontrolled proliferation this uncontrolled proliferation by mit  osis produces a primary hetero  gene  ic tum  our the cells which constitute the tumor eventually undergo met  ap  la  sia followed by dys  pl  asia then an  ap  la  sia resulting in a m  align  ant phen  o  type this m  align  ancy allows for invasion into the circulation followed by invasion to a second site for tu  mori  genesis some cancer cells acquire the ability to penetrate the walls of lymp  h  atic and or blood vessels after which they are able to circulate through the blood  stream circulating tumor cells to other sites and tissues in the body this process is known respectively as lymp  h  atic or hem  ato  genous spread after the tumor cells come to rest at another site they re penetrate the vessel or walls and continue to multiply eventually forming another clin  ically detec  table tumor this new tumor is known as a me  ta  static or secondary tumor me  tast  asis is one of the hall  marks of cancer distinguishing it from benign tumors most ne  op  las  ms can me  tast  asi  ze although in varying degrees e g bas  al cell carcin  oma rarely me  tast  asi  ze when tumor cells me  tast  asi  ze the new tumor is called a secondary or me  ta  static tumor and its cells are similar to those in the original or primary tumor this means for example that if breast cancer me  tast  asi  zes to the lungs the secondary tumor is made up of abnormal breast cells not of abnormal lung cells the tumor in the lung is then called me  ta  static breast cancer not lung cancer me  tast  asis is a key element in cancer staging systems such as the tn  m staging system where it represents the m in overall stage grouping me  tast  asis places a cancer in stage iv the possibilities of cur  ative treatment are greatly reduced or often entirely removed when a cancer has me  tast  asi  zed
me  ta  static calci  fication is de  position of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue because of elevated serum levels of calcium which can occur because of der  ang  ed metabol  ism as well as increased absorption or decreased ex  cre  tion of calcium and related minerals as seen in hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m in contrast dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication is caused by ab  norm  alities or de  generation of tissues resulting in mineral de  position though blood levels of calcium remain normal these differences in path  ology also mean that me  ta  static calci  fication is often found in many tissues throughout a person or animal whereas dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication is loc  alized me  ta  static calci  fication can occur widely throughout the body but principally affects the inter  sti  tial tissues of the vas  cul  ature kidneys lungs and ga  str  ic mu  co  sa for the latter three acid secre  tions or rapid changes in ph levels contribute to the formation of salts
me  ta  static cal  cin  osis cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by calci  fication of the skin resulting from the de  position of calcium and phosphorus and associated with an internal m  align  ancy
a liver me  tast  asis is a m  align  ant tumor in the liver that has spread from another organ affected by cancer the liver is a common site for me  ta  static disease because of its rich dual blood supply the liver receives blood via the he  p  atic artery and portal vein me  ta  static tumors in the liver are 20 times more common than primary tumors in 50 of all cases the primary tumor is of the gastro  intest  inal tract other common sites include the breast ov  aries bron  ch  us and kidney tumor emb  oli entering the sin  us  oids through the liver blood supply appear to be physically obstructed by the k  up  ffer cells but if tumor emb  oli are larger they tend to become lodged in the portal ven  ous branches
met  at  ar  sal  gia literally met  at  ar  sal pain and col  lo  qu  ially known as a stone bru  ise is a general term used to refer to any painful foot condition affecting the met  at  ar  sal region of the foot this is a common problem that can affect the joints and bones of the met  at  ar  s  als met  at  ar  sal  gia is most often loc  alized to the first met  at  ar  sal head – the ball of the foot just behind the big toe there are two small ses  am  o  id bones under the first met  at  ar  sal head the next most frequent site of met  at  ar  sal head pain is under the second met  at  ar  sal this can be due to either too short a first met  at  ar  sal bone or to hyper  mobility of the first ray – met  at  ar  sal bone and medi  al cun  ei  form bone behind it – both of which result in excess pressure being transmitted into the second met  at  ar  sal head
a met  at  ar  sop  hal  ange  al joint sp  rain is an injury to the connec  tive tissue between the foot and one of the toes when the big toe is involved it is known as turf toe
meteor  ite wea  thering is the terrestrial alteration of a meteor  ite most meteor  ites date from the oldest times in the solar system and are by far the oldest material available on our planet despite their age they are vulnerable to the terrestrial environment water chlorine and oxygen attack meteor  ites as soon they reach the ground
meteor  opathy from greek mete  ora cel  esti  al phenomena and path  os feeling pain suffering is a physical condition or symptom associated with weather conditions such as hum  idity temperature or pressure someone subject to meteor  opathy is called meteor  opathic meteor  opathy is different from historical conceptions of air causing diseases and strongly influencing people s sense of well being see mi  as  ma theory of disease there appear to be significant and measurable cor  relations between particular atmo  spher  ical events such as a sudden increase in hum  idity and temperature and the onset of disease such as stroke a few researchers found significant effect on mood correlated with the weather especially with regards to hum  idity a component of weather not always measured hum  idity temperature and hours of sunshine had the greatest effect on mood high levels of hum  idity lowered scores on concentration while increasing reports of sleep  iness rising temperatures lowered anxiety and skepticism mood scores the number of hours of sunshine was found to predict optimism scores significantly as the number of hours of sunshine increased optimism scores also increased mood scores on the depression and anxiety scales were not predicted by any weather variable pleasant weather higher temperature or barome  tric pressure was related to higher mood better memory and ‘ ‘ broadened ’ ’ cognitive style during the spring as time spent outside increased the same relationships between mood and weather were not observed during other times of year and indeed hotter weather was associated with lower mood in the summer
a mete  ot  sun  ami or meteorological tsunami is a tsunami like wave of meteorological origin mete  ot  sun  amis are generated when rapid changes in barome  tric pressure cause the displacement of a body of water in contrast to ordinary impulse type tsunami sources a traveling atmospheric disturbance normally inter  acts with the ocean over a limited period of time from several minutes to several hours tsunamis and mete  ot  sun  amis are otherwise similar enough that it can be difficult to distinguish one from the other as in cases where there is a tsunami wave but there are no seis  mic records of an earthquake only about 3 of historical tsunami events from 2000 bc through 2014 are known to have meteorological origins although their true prevalence may be considerably higher than this because 10 of historical tsunamis have unknown origins tsunami events in the past are often difficult to validate and mete  ot  sun  amis may have previously been mis  classified as se  iche waves mete  ot  sun  amis are restricted to local effects because they lack the energy available to significant seis  mic tsunami however when they are amplified by resonance they can be hazardous a mete  ot  sun  ami that struck n  agas  aki bay on 31 march 1979 achieved a maximum wave height of 5 meters there were three fatalities a three meter wave that hit the chicago water  front in 1954 swept people off of piers drowning seven in some parts of the world they are common enough to have local names ris  saga catalan mil  gh  uba maltese mar  rob  bio italian abi  ki japanese š  ć  ig  a croatian some bodies of water are more susceptible than others including anywhere that the natural resonance frequency matches that of the waves such as in long and narrow b  ays particularly where the in  let is aligned with the on  coming wave examples of particularly susceptible areas include n  agas  aki bay the eastern adriatic sea and the western mediterranean
meth  a  em  albu  min  aemia is a clinical condition that can be caused by severe intr  av  ascular ha  emol  ysis or acute haemorrha  gic pan  cre  ati  tis this can be due to prote  ol  y  tic breakdown of ha  emo  glob  in to form both ha  em and meth  a  em meth  a  em combines with blood plasma albumin to form meth  em  albumin which is found in trace amount in the blood bleeding into the ab  domin  al cav  ity is another known cause of meth  a  em  albu  min  aemia meth  a  em  albumin in blood is detected by carrying out a test known as schum  m test which is a spec  tro  scopic identification on addition of ammonium sul  phi  de
meth  an  ol toxicity is poisoning from meth  an  ol symptoms may include a decreased level of consciousness poor coordination v  om  iting ab  domin  al pain and a specific smell on the breath decreased vision may start as early as twelve hours after exposure long term outcomes may include blindness and kidney failure toxicity and death may occur even after drinking a small amount meth  an  ol poisoning most commonly occurs following the drinking of wind  shield washer fluid this may be accidental or done purpose  fully in an attempt to cause death toxicity may also rarely occur through skin exposure or breathing in the f  umes when meth  an  ol is broken down by the body it results in form  alde  hyde form  ic acid and form  ate which cause much of the toxicity the diagnosis may be suspected when there is aci  do  sis or an increased os  mol gap and confirmed by directly measuring blood levels other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include infections exposure to other toxic alcohol  s sero  ton  in syndrome and diabe  tic ke  to  aci  do  sis early treatment increases the chance of a good outcome treatment consists of stabilizing the person followed by the use of an antidote the preferred antidote is fom  epiz  ole with ethanol used if this is not available h  emo  dial  ysis may also be used in those where there is organ damage or a high degree of aci  do  sis other treatments may include sodium bic  ar  bon  ate fol  ate and thi  amine outbreaks have occurred due to contamination of drinking alcohol this is more common in the developing world in 2013 more than 1700 cases occurred in the united states those affected are often adults and male outcomes may be good with early treatment toxicity to meth  an  ol has been described as early as 18  56
meth  emo  glob  in  emia or meth  a  emo  glob  in  aemia is a disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of meth  emo  glob  in meth  b i e fer  ric fe 3 rather than fer  rous fe 2 ha  emo  glob  in in the blood meth  emo  glob  in is a form of h  emo  glob  in that contains fer  ric fe 3 iron and has a decreased ability to bind oxygen however the fer  rous iron has an increased aff  inity for bound oxygen the binding of oxygen to meth  emo  glob  in results in an increased aff  inity of oxygen to the three other hem  e sites that are still fer  rous within the same tetr  amer  ic h  emo  glob  in unit this leads to an overall reduced ability of the red blood cell to release oxygen to tissues with the associated oxygen – h  emo  glob  in dissoci  ation curve therefore shifted to the left when meth  emo  glob  in concentration is elevated in red blood cells tissue hypo  x  ia can occur
meth  o  tre  x  ate induced pap  ular eruption appears in patients being treated with meth  o  tre  x  ate such as those with r  heu  matic disease presenting with er  y  them  at  ous ind  ur  ated pap  ules usually located on the proxim  al extre  mi  ties it has been suggested that it may represent a cu  taneous small vessel vas  cu  li  tis
meth  yl  mal  onic aci  dem  ia m  ma also called meth  yl  mal  onic ac  id  ur  ia is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder it is a classical type of organic aci  dem  ia the result of this condition is the inability to properly dig  est specific fats and proteins which in turn leads to a buil  dup of a toxic level of meth  yl  mal  onic acid in the blood meth  yl  mal  onic aci  dem  ia stems from several geno  types all forms of the disorder usually diagnosed in the early ne  on  atal period presenting progressive encephalopathy and secondary hyper  ammon  emia the disorder can result in death if un  diagnosed or left untreated it is estimated that this disorder has a frequency of 1 in 48 000 births though the high mortality rate in diagnosed cases make exact determination difficult meth  yl  mal  onic aci  dem  ias are found with an equal frequency across ethnic boundaries
meth  yl  mal  on  yl co  a mut  ase is a mit  och  on  dri  al homo  di  mer apo  enzyme ec 5 4 99 2 that focuses on the catal  ysis of meth  yl  mal  on  yl co  a to succ  in  yl co  a the enzyme is bound to aden  o  syl  co  bal  am  in a hormonal derivative of vitamin b 12 in order to function meth  yl  mal  on  yl co  a mut  ase deficiency is caused by genetic defect in the mut gene responsible for en  coding the enzyme deficiency in this enzyme accounts for 60 of the cases of meth  yl  mal  onic aci  dem  ia
me  top  hy  ma is cushion like sw  ell  ings on the fore  head above the saddle of the nose
at birth the frontal bone contains two portions separated by the me  topic frontal su  ture me  top  ism is the condition of having a persistent me  topic su  ture me  topic su  ture is regularly obliter  ated except at its lower part by the eighth year but inf  requ  ently persists throughout life there is no single proven cause of me  top  ism the occurrence is from mild to serious situations vis  ional learning and behavioral problems may happen in serious me  top  ism some don t need any medical treatment surgery is a successful approach for those who need it treatment teams include neuro  surgeons plastic surgeons neuro  logists oral and max  il  lo  facial surgeons audio  logists neuro  science nursing professionals speech therap  ists physical therap  ists dentist ot  ol  ar  yn  go  logists oph  thal  mo  logists psychiat  rists psychologists and social workers
the metric expansion of space is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time it is an intrinsic expansion whereby the scale of space itself changes this is different from other examples of expan  sions and explosions in that as far as observations can ascertain it is a property of the entirety of the universe rather than a phenomenon that can be contained and observed from the outside metric expansion is a key feature of big bang cosmo  logy is model  ed mathem  atically with the fl  r  w metric and is a generic property of the universe we in  habit however the model is valid only on large scales roughly the scale of galaxy clusters and above at smaller scales matter has become bound together under the influence of grav  it  ational attraction and such things do not expand at the metric expansion rate as the universe ages as such the only galax  ies rec  eding from one another as a result of metric expansion are those separated by cosmo  logically relevant scales larger than the length scales associated with the grav  it  ational collapse that are possible in the age of the universe given the matter density and average expansion rate at the end of the early universe s inflationary period all the matter and energy in the universe was set on an iner  tial trajectory consistent with the equivalence principle and einstein s general theory of rel  ativity and this is when the precise and regular form of the universe s expansion had its origin that is matter in the universe is separating because it was separating in the past due to the infl  aton field according to measurements the universe s expansion rate was dec  eler  ating until about 5 billion years ago due to the grav  it  ational attraction of the matter content of the universe after which time the expansion began accelerating the source of this acceleration is currently unknown physicists have post  ulated the existence of dark energy appearing as a cosmo  logical constant in the simplest grav  it  ational models as a way to explain the acceleration according to the simplest extrapol  ation of the currently favored cosmo  logical model known as λ  cdm this acceleration becomes more dominant into the future while special rel  ativity prohibits objects from moving faster than light with respect to a local reference frame where spac  e  time can be treated as flat and un  changing it does not apply to situations where spac  e  time cur  v  ature or evolution in time become important these situations are described by general rel  ativity which allows the separation between two distant objects to increase faster than the speed of light although the definition of distance here is somewhat different to that used in an iner  tial frame the definition of distance used here is the sum  mation or integration of local com  o  ving distances all done at constant local proper time for example galax  ies that are more than the hu  bble radius approximately 4 5 gig  apar  sec  s or 14 7 billion light years away from us have a recession speed that is faster than the speed of light visibility of these objects depends on the exact expansion history of the universe light that is emitted today from galax  ies beyond the cosmo  logical event horizon about 5 gig  apar  sec  s or 16 billion light years will never reach us although we can still see the light that these galax  ies emitted in the past because of the high rate of expansion it is also possible for a distance between two objects to be greater than the value calculated by multiplying the speed of light by the age of the universe these details are a frequent source of confusion among amate  urs and even professional physicists due to the non intu  itive nature of the subject and what has been described by some as careless choices of wording certain descriptions of the metric expansion of space and the mis  conceptions to which such descriptions can lead are an ongoing subject of discussion in the realm of ped  ago  gy and communication of scientific concepts in june 2016 nasa and esa scientists reported that the universe was found to be expanding 5 to 9 faster than thought earlier based on studies using the hu  bble space teles  cope
in graph theory the metric k center or metric facility location problem is a combin  atorial optimi  zation problem studied in theoretical computer science given n cities with specified distances one wants to build k warehouses in different cities and minimize the maximum distance of a city to a warehouse in graph theory this means finding a set of k ver  tices for which the largest distance of any point to its closest ver  tex in the k set is minimum the ver  tices must be in a metric space or in other words a complete graph that satisfies the triangle inequality
in the mathematical field of differential geometry a metric t  ens  or is a type of function which takes as input a pair of tang  ent vectors v and w at a point of a surface or higher dimensional differenti  able mani  fold and produces a real number scal  ar g v w in a way that gener  alizes many of the familiar properties of the dot product of vectors in eu  cli  dean space in the same way as a dot product metric t  ens  ors are used to define the length of and angle between tang  ent vectors through integration the metric t  ens  or allows one to define and compu  te the length of cur  ves on the mani  fold a metric t  ens  or is called positive definite if it as  signs a positive value g v v 0 to every non  zero vector v a mani  fold equipped with a positive definite metric t  ens  or is known as a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold on a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold the curve connecting two points that locally has the smallest length is called a geo  des  ic and its length is the distance that a passenger in the mani  fold needs to tra  verse to go from one point to the other equipped with this notion of length a ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold is a metric space meaning that it has a distance function d p q whose value at a pair of points p and q is the distance from p to q conversely the metric t  ens  or itself is the derivative of the distance function taken in a suitable manner thus the metric t  ens  or gives the infin  ite  sim  al distance on the mani  fold while the notion of a metric t  ens  or was known in some sense to mathem  ati  ci  ans such as carl ga  uss from the early 19 th century it was not until the early 20 th century that its properties as a t  ens  or were understood by in particular greg  ori  o ric  ci cur  ba  stro and tul  lio levi ci  vit  a who first codified the notion of a t  ens  or the metric t  ens  or is an example of a t  ens  or field the components of a metric t  ens  or in a coordinate basis take on the form of a sym  metric matrix whose entries transform co  vari  antly under changes to the coordinate system thus a metric t  ens  or is a co  variant sym  metric t  ens  or from the coordinate independent point of view a metric t  ens  or is defined to be a non  degenerate sym  metric bil  ine  ar form on each tang  ent space that varies smoothly from point to point
me  tri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the wall of the uter  us whereas end  ome  tri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the functional lining of the uter  us called the end  ome  tri  um the term pel  vic infl  am  matory disease pid is often used for me  tri  tis
metr  or  rha  gia metro wom  b r  rha  gia excessive flow is uter  ine bleeding at irregular intervals particularly between the expected men  str  ual periods in some women men  str  ual spo  tting between periods occurs as a normal and harmless part of ov  ulation some women experience acute mid cycle ab  domin  al pain around the time of ov  ulation sometimes referred to by the german term for this phenomenon mittel  sch  mer  z this may also occur at the same time as men  str  ual spo  tting the term breakthrough bleeding or breakthrough spo  tting is usually used for women using hormonal contrac  ep  tives such as iu  ds or oral contrac  ep  tives in which it refers to bleeding or spo  tting between any expected withdrawal ble  edings or bleeding or spo  tting at any time if none is expected if spo  tting continues beyond the first three cycles of oral contrac  eptive use a woman should have her prescription changed to a pill containing either more estro  gen or more prog  est  er  one besides the aforementioned physi  o  logic forms metr  or  rha  gia may also represent abnormal uter  ine bleeding and be a sign of an underlying disorder such as hormone imbalance end  ome  tri  osis uter  ine fi  bro  ids uter  ine cancer or vag  inal cancer if the bleeding is repeated and heavy it can cause significant iron deficiency an  emia
me  ts  än  pe  it  to lit forest cover is a phenomenon found in finnish fol  kl  ore it was used to describe people or domestic animals who went missing in nature for un  explained reasons people covered by forest were described as not being able to recognize the terrain around them even if they were on familiar grounds in other cases they might have walked endlessly through unfamiliar terrain or were rendered completely paralyzed unable to move or speak unnatural silence devoid of the sounds of nature was also common people or animals under the influence of the phenomenon were described as becoming either completely invisible to other people or looking like part of the nature around them like a rock in one story a man had been looking for a missing cow for days when he finally gave up and returned to his work the first tree st  ump he struck with his axe transformed back into his cow the cause behind me  ts  än  pe  it  to was usually credited to ma  ah  in  ens who were small human  o  id creatures living underground usually translated as g  no  mes some people managed to free themselves from me  ts  än  pe  it  to by their own means for example by turning their jacket inside out by switching their shoes to the wrong feet or by looking between their own legs this was because of the idea that everything was top  sy tur  vy in the lands of the ma  ah  in  ens some were released seemingly without reason others only after being sought after by a sham  an some were never seen again me  ts  än  pe  it  to greatly resembles kam  ik  ak  ush  i or spir  iting away found in japanese fol  kl  ore
me  val  on  ate kin  ase deficiency also called me  val  onic ac  id  ur  ia and hyper immun  o  glob  in d syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that disrup  ts the bio  synthesis of cho  le  sterol and is  op  re  no  ids it is characterized by an elevated level of immun  o  glob  in d in the blood the enzyme is involved in bio  synthesis of cho  le  ster  ols and is  op  re  no  ids the enzyme is necessary for the conversion of me  val  on  ate to me  val  on  ate 5 phosphate in the presence of mg 2 harper ’ s bio  chemistry manual me  val  on  ate kin  ase deficiency causes the accumulation of me  val  on  ate in urine and hence the activity of the enzyme is again reduced me  val  on  ate kin  ase deficiency it was first described as hi  ds in 1984
the me  yer – sch  u  ster re  arrangement is the chemical reaction described as an acid cataly  zed re  arrangement of secondary and tertiary pro  par  gy  l alcohol  s to α β un  saturated ke  tones if the al  ky  ne group is internal and α β un  saturated alde  hy  des if the al  ky  ne group is terminal reviews have been published by sw  amin  athan and nar  ay  an var  t  any  an and ban  b  any  an and en  gel and du  d  ley the last of which describes ways to promote the me  yer – sch  u  ster re  arrangement over other reactions available to pro  par  gy  l alcohol  s the me  yer sch  u  ster re  arrangement when cataly  zed by base the reaction is called the favor  sk  ii reaction
in mathematics the mice problem is a problem in which a number of mice or insects dogs missiles etc are placed at the corners of a regular poly  gon each mouse begins to move towards its immediate neighbour c  lock  wise or antic  lock  wise it must be determined when the mice meet the most common version has the mice starting at the corners of a unit square moving at unit speed in this case they meet after a time of one unit because the distance between two neighboring mice always decreases at a speed of one unit more generally for a regular poly  gon of n sides the distance between neighboring mice decreases at a speed of 1 − cos 2 π n so they meet after a time of 1 1 − cos 2 π n
the mic  ha  el  is – ar  bu  zo  v reaction also called the ar  bu  zo  v reaction is the chemical reaction of a tri  al  ky  l phosp  h  ite and an al  ky  l hali  de to form a phosp  hon  ate the mic  ha  el  is – ar  bu  zo  v reaction the reaction was discovered by august mic  ha  el  is in 1898 and greatly explored by al  ek  sand  r ar  bu  zo  v soon thereafter this reaction is widely used for the synthesis of various phosp  hon  ates phosp  hin  ates and phosp  h  ine oxides several reviews have been published the reaction also occurs for coordinated phosp  h  ite lig  ands as illustrated by the dem  ethyl  ation of c 5 h 5 co ch 3 o 3 p 3 2 to give c 5 h 5 co ch 3 o 2 po 3 − which is called the klau  i lig  and
the mic  ha  el  is – bec  ker reaction is the reaction of a hydrogen phosp  hon  ate with a base followed by a nucle  oph  il  ic substitution of phosphorus on an halo  al  kane to afford an al  ky  l phosp  hon  ate yields of this reaction are often lower than the corresponding mic  ha  el  is ar  bu  zo  v reaction
the michel  angel  o phenomenon is a phenomenon observed by psychologists in which interdependent individuals influence and s  cul  pt each other opposite of blue  berry phenomenon in which interdependent individuals bring out the worst qualities in each other over time the michel  angel  o effect causes individuals to develop toward what they themselves consider as their ideal selves for example in a close relationship because john affirms mary s ideals mary increasingly comes to resemble her ideal self the phenomenon was named after the italian renaissance pain  ter sculp  tor architect poet and engineer michel  angel  o 14  75 – 15  64 who is said to have thought of sculp  ting as a process of revealing and un  covering the figures hidden in stone the term was introduced in 1999 by the us psycho  logist stephen michael dri  got  as et al the michel  angel  o phenomenon is related to the looking glass self concept introduced by charles hor  ton coo  ley in his 19  02 work human nature and the social order and is referred to in contemporary marital therapy recent popular work in couples therapy and conflict resolution points to the importance of the michel  angel  o phenomenon diana kir  sch  ner reported that the phenomenon was common among couples reporting high levels of marital satisfaction
michel  in tire baby syndrome also known as fol  ded skin with scar  ring is characterized by multiple sym  metric circular skin cre  ases or bands on the fore  arms lower legs and often the neck that are present at birth the cre  ases disappear later in life but it is a dangerous skin disease as it resides in the body rest of life it can lead to death they are reminiscent of these of bi  ben  dum the mas  cot of the tire manufacturer michel  in hence the name of the syndrome associated ab  norm  alities vary and may include facial dys  morph  ism up  s  lan  ting pal  pe  br  al f  issu  res hyper  tel  or  ism cle  ft pal  ate genital anomalies mild developmental delay u  re  ter  oce  le smooth muscle ham  ar  tom  a nev  us li  po  mato  sus lar  on syndrome dwar  f  ism with high growth hormone and low som  atom  ed  in activity and other defects it was originally described by ross in 1969 twenty cases of this disorder have been reported
michel  s cas  key syndrome is a rare disorder that combines spinal and sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities especially of the thum  bs with abnormal or absent female reproductive organs examples include the absence of a cer  vi  x and upper vag  ina or ab  norm  alities of the uter  us or vag  ina symptoms may also include sco  li  osis and primary amen  or  rhe  a synon  y  ms include mul  ler  ian ap  la  sia with hypo  plastic thum  bs hypo  plastic thumb mul  ler  ian ap  la  sia and mul  ler  ian ap  la  sia with unilateral hypo  pl  asia of the thum  bs and sk  el  etal sp  ine de  form  ities
michel  s syndrome is a syndrome characterised by intellectual disability cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis ble  phar  op  him  osis pto  sis epic  an  thus in  versus highly ar  ched eyebro  ws and hyper  tel  or  ism and vary in other symptoms such as asymmetry of the skull eye  lid and an  terior chamber anomalies cle  ft lip and pal  ate um  bil  ical anomalies and growth and cognitive development
m  ick  a  ë  l ven  detta real name m  ick  a  el ad  on born october 3 1987 in le cre  us  ot france is a french internet phenomenon and entrepreneur whose not  ori  ety followed upon the buzz he created on the internet through his personal blo  g
m  ick  les  on syndrome is a very rare con  genital condition that is characterized by mental retar  dation and facial or skull anomalies it was first described by k n m  ick  les  on in 1983
son  ic  charge µ  tonic micro  tonic is a pattern based drum machine plug in featuring 100 synthetic drum sounds micro  tonic was created by software develop  er magn  us li  d  ström and is the first product launched under the son  ic charge brand magn  us is mostly recognized for his work with propell  er  head software where he was the brain behind the synthe  si  zer mal  ström which was introduced in the 2 0 release of reason
micro syndrome also known as war  bm and war  burg – s  jo – fle  deli  us syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder characterized by micro  cephal  y micro  cor  ne  a con  genital cat  ar  act intellectual or developmental disability op  tic atro  phy and hypo  gen  it  alism
in medicine hem  at  ology micro  an  gi  opathic hem  ol  y  tic an  emia ma  ha is a micro  an  gi  opathic sub  group of hem  ol  y  tic an  emia loss of red blood cells through destruction caused by factors in the small blood vessels it is identified by the finding of an  emia and sch  is  to  cy  tes on micro  sco  py of the blood film
micro  cephal  ic o  ste  odys  plastic pri  mor  dial dwar  f  ism type ii mop  d ii is listed as a rare disease by the office of rare diseases ord of the national institutes of health nih this means that mop  d or a subtype of mop  d affects less than 200 000 people in the us population and a form of dwar  f  ism associated with brain and sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities it was characterized in 1982 it is associated with pc  nt
micro  cephal  y is a medical condition in which the brain does not develop properly resulting in a smaller than normal head micro  cephal  y may be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life often people with the disorder have an intellectual disability poor motor function poor speech abnormal facial features seizures and dwar  f  ism the disorder may stem from a wide variety of conditions that cause abnormal growth of the brain or from syndro  mes associated with chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities a homo  zy  g  ous mutation in one of the micro  cephal  in genes causes primary micro  cephal  y it serves as an important neuro  logical indication or warning sign but no uniformity exists in its definition it is usually defined as a head circum  fer  ence hc more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex some academics advocate defining it as head circum  fer  ence more than three standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex there is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal in general life expectancy for individuals with micro  cephal  y is reduced and the prog  no  sis for normal brain function is poor occasionally some will grow normally and develop normal intelligence
micro  cephal  y lymp  ho  e  dem  a ch  ori  ore  tin  al dys  pl  asia ml  cr  d is a genetic condition associated with small head micro  cephal  y pu  ffy feet lymp  ho  e  dem  a eye problems ch  ori  o re  tin  al dys  pl  asia i e changes in the re  tina in 1992 fe  in  gold and bar  to  sh  es  ky described two unrelated children with micro  cephal  y lymp  ho  e  dem  a and ch  ori  ore  tin  al dys  pl  asia mi  m 15  29  50 as a distinct entity since then there have been further reports of children with these three features angle et al 1994 fr  y  ns et al 1995 lim  won  g  se et al 1999 cast  eels et al 2001 children have also been seen with two of the above features micro  cephal  y and lymp  ho  e  dem  a micro  cephal  y and ch  ori  ore  tin  al dys  pl  asia with or without intellectual disability the former micro  cephal  y and lymp  ho  e  dem  a has been described as an auto  som  al dominant mi  m 15  65  90 or x linked trait while the latter micro  cephal  y and ch  ori  ore  tin  al dys  pl  asia has been described as auto  som  al dominant auto  som  al rec  essive mi  m 25  12  70 or mir  ho  s  se  ini holmes wal  ton syndrome or x linked trait the distinct facial feature include up  s  lan  ting pal  pe  br  al f  issu  res a broad nose with rounded tip long phil  tr  um with a thin upper lip pointed chin and prominent ears vas  u  de  van 2005
micro  ch  ei  lia is a con  genital disorder where one s lips are unusually small
micro  chim  er  ism abbreviated mc is the presence of a small number of cells that originate from another individual and are therefore genetically distinct from the cells of the host individual this phenomenon may be related to certain types of auto  immune diseases however the mechanisms responsible for this relationship are unclear
micro  c  oria is a con  genital disease in which the pupils of the subject are narrower than 2 mm in diameter micro  c  oria is associated with juvenile onset gl  au  coma it is also associated with pier  son syndrome char  ar  ac  ter  ized by micro  c  oria and con  genital ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome the defect is in the lam  in  in beta 2 gene on chro  mo  some 3 p 21 which en  codes a protein essential to the glo  mer  ular basement memb  rane it is also part of the known manifestations of a born infant to a mother suffering from uncontrolled hyper  gly  cem  ia other symptoms include transposition of great vessels respiratory distress secondary to sur  fac  tant defect sac  ral ag  ensis jit  ter  iness irrit  ability and leth  ar  gy due to rebound fe  tal hypo  gly  cem  ia con  genital micro  c  oria is an auto  som  al dominant trait however it can also occur spor  ad  ically
micro  c  ys  tic ad  n  ex  al carcin  oma also known as s  cl  ero  sing sweat duc  t carcin  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a slow growing pla  que or no  dule
micro  c  ys  tic lymp  h  atic mal  formations are a cu  taneous condition characterized by aggreg  ations of ill defined abnormal micro  scopic lymp  h  atic channels
micro  cy  tic ana  emia is any of several types of an  emia characterized by small red blood cells called micro  cy  tes the normal mean corp  us  cular volume abbreviated to mc  v on full blood count results is 80 100 fl with smaller cells 80 fl described as micro  cy  tic and larger cells 100 fl as macro  cy  tic the latter occur in macro  cy  tic an  emia the mc  v is the average red blood cell size in micro  cy  tic an  emia the red blood cells er  y  thro  cy  tes are usually also hypo  ch  rom  ic meaning that the red blood cells appear pal  er than usual this is reflected by a lower than normal mean corp  us  cular h  emo  glob  in concentration m  ch  c a measure representing the amount of h  emo  glob  in per unit volume of fluid inside the cell normally about 320 360 g l or 32 36 g dl typically therefore an  emia of this category is described as micro  cy  tic hypo  ch  rom  ic ana  emia
micro  cy  to  sis is a condition in which red blood cells are unusually small as measured by their mean corp  us  cular volume it is also known as micro  cy  them  ia when associated with an  emia it is known as micro  cy  tic an  emia
micro  deletion syndrome is a syndrome caused by a chro  mo  som  al deletion smaller than 5 million base pairs 5 mb sp  anning several genes that is too small to be detected by conventional cy  to  genetic methods or high resolution kar  yo  typing 2 5 mb detection is done by fluores  cence in situ hybri  di  zation fish larger chro  mo  som  al deletion syndro  mes are detec  table using kar  yo  typing techniques
micro  don  tia is a condition in which one or more teeth appear smaller than normal in the generalized form all teeth are involved in the loc  alized form only a few teeth are involved the most common teeth affected are the upper lateral incis  ors and third mol  ars teeth affected by micro  don  tia may also have abnormal shape and the abnormal size may affect the whole tooth or only a part of the tooth
micro  electronics is a sub  field of electronics as the name suggests micro  electronics relates to the study and manufacture or micro  fabric  ation of very small electronic designs and components usually but not always this means micro  metre scale or smaller these devices are typically made from semiconductor materials many components of normal electronic design are available in a micro  electronic equivalent these include trans  is  tors capacitors induc  tors resis  tors dio  des and naturally insul  ators and conductors can all be found in micro  electronic devices unique wiring techniques such as wire bon  ding are also often used in micro  electronics because of the unusually small size of the components leads and p  ads this technique requires specialized equipment and is expensive digital integrated circuits ics consist mostly of trans  is  tors analo  g circuits commonly contain resis  tors and capacitors as well induc  tors are used in some high frequency analo  g circuits but tend to occupy large chip area if used at low frequencies gy  r  ators can replace them in many applications as techniques improve the scale of micro  electronic components continues to decrease at smaller scales the relative impact of intrinsic circuit properties such as interconnections may become more significant these are called par  asi  tic effects and the goal of the micro  electronics design engineer is to find ways to compensate for or to minimize these effects while always delivering smaller faster and cheaper devices
micro  g  land  ular hyper  pl  asia m  gh of the cer  vi  x is an epi  the  li  al endo  cer  vic  al mu  co  sa benign ab  normality le  sion associated with g  land proliferation it can terminate in mature squ  am  ous met  ap  la  sia and it is suspected reserve cells are involved in this process perhaps in the form of reserve cell hyper  pl  asia with g  land  ular differentiation
micro  gn  ath  ism also called micro  gn  ath  ia strawberry chin hypo  gn  ath  ia or hypo  g  th  ath  ism is a condition where the jaw is under  sized it is also sometimes called man  di  bul  ar hypo  pl  asia it is common in infants but is usually self corrected during growth due to the ja  ws increasing in size it may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can hamper feeding it can also both in adults and children make intu  b  ation difficult either during an  esthesia or in emergency situations
micro  grap  hia is an acquired disorder where there is abnormally small cram  ped handwriting or the progression to continually smaller handwriting it is commonly associated with neuro  degenerative disorders of the bas  al gang  lia such as in par  kinson s disease but it has also been described in sub  cor  tical focal le  sions o sullivan and sch  mit  z describe it as an abnormally small handwriting that is difficult to read as seen in the photo to the right micro  grap  hia is also seen in patients with wilson s disease and met  amor  p  hop  sia or with isolated focal le  sions of the mid  brain or bas  al gang  lia
micro  scopic hem  atur  ia is a medical condition in which urine contains small amounts of blood blood quantity is too low to change the color of the urine otherwise it is known as gross hem  atur  ia while not dangerous in itself it maybe a symptom of kidney disease such as ig  a ne  ph  ro  pa  thy which should be monitored by a doctor the american u  ro  logical association au  a recommends a definition of micro  scopic hem  atur  ia as three or more red blood cells per high power micro  scopic field in ur  inary se  diment from two of three properly collected ur  in  al  ysis specimens
micro  hydr  an  encephal  y mh  ac is a severe ab  normality of brain development characterized by both micro  cephal  y and hydr  an  encephal  y signs and symptoms may include severe micro  cephal  y scal  p ru  ga  e a series of ri  dges and profound developmental delay famili  al occurrence of the condition is very rare but it has been reported in a few families it has been suggested that mh  ac is possibly inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner
in computer science a micro  ker  nel also known as μ ker  nel is the near minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system os these mechanisms include low level address space management thread management and inter process communication ip  c if the hardware provides multiple rings or c  pu modes the micro  ker  nel may be the only software executing at the most privileged level which is generally referred to as supervisor or ker  nel mode traditional operating system functions such as device drivers protocol st  acks and file systems are typically removed from the micro  ker  nel itself and are instead run in user space in terms of the source code size as a general rule micro  ker  n  els tend to be smaller than mono  lith  ic ker  n  els usually sizing at under 10 000 lines of code the min  ix 3 micro  ker  nel for example has fewer than 6 000 lines of code
micro  mas  tia also called hypo  mas  tia breast ap  la  sia breast hypo  pl  asia or mam  mary hypo  pl  asia is a medical term describing the post  pu  ber  tal underdevelopment of a woman s breast tissue just as it is impossible to define normal breast size there is no objective definition of micro  mas  tia breast development is commonly asymmetric and one or both breasts may be small this condition may be a con  genital defect associated with underlying ab  norm  alities of the pec  toral muscle as in poland s syndrome related to trauma typically surgery or radi  otherapy or it may be a more subjective aesthetic description self perceived micro  mas  tia involves a discrepancy between a person s body image and her intern  alized images of appropriate or desirable breast size and shape societal ideals over breast size vary over time but there exist many conceived ideas involving breasts and sexual attractiveness and identity across different cultures
mic  ron  u  tri  ent deficiency or dietary deficiency is a lack of one or more of the mic  ron  u  tri  ents required for plant or animal health in humans and other animals they include both vitamin deficiencies and mineral deficiencies whereas in plants the term refers to deficiencies of essential trace minerals
micro  or  chi  dis  m is a genetic disorder found in males characterized by abnormally small test  es the condition is associated with and often secondary to a number of other genetic disorders including k  lin  ef  el  ter s syndrome and pr  ader will  i syndrome as well as other multiple mal  formation disorders the degree of ab  normality or otherwise of the test  es can be determined by the use of an orch  id  ome  ter in addition micro  or  chi  dis  m may also occur as a result of shr  ink  age or atro  phy of the testi  s due to infections like mum  ps
micro  penis is an unusually small penis a common criterion is a dor  sal measured on top er  ect pen  ile length of at least 2 5 standard deviations smaller than the mean human penis size or smaller than about 7 cm 2 3 ⁄ 4 in for an adult when compared to an average er  ection of 12 5 cm 5 in the condition is usually recognized shortly after birth the term is most often used medic  ally when the rest of the penis scro  tum and per  in  eu  m are without ambiguity such as hypo  sp  adi  as micro  penis occurs in about 0 6 of males
a microphone g  aff  e sometimes referred to as an open microphone in aviation a stuck mic or a hot mic is an apparent error whereby a microphone is switched on in proximity of a subject who is unaware that their remarks are being broadcast the error allows unintended lis  teners to hear parts of private conversations errors usually involve live broadcasting in radio or television and sometimes material is recorded and played back via media outlets such events can cause embarrassment for the person or organization involved sometimes resulting in serious confrontations and employment termination
micro  ph  on  ism is the effect of unwanted modulation that is produced mechanically in an electronic circuit it often may be allevi  ated by embed  ding the circuit in par  aff  in or sili  cone or using some type of elastic suspension rubber or ca  out  ch  ou  c are widely used when an osci  ll  ator is subjected to a mechanical action such as vibration or shock its osci  ll  ation frequency changes and the result is a signal at the base osci  ll  ator frequency frequency mod  ulated by the mechanical signal the usual test for micro  ph  on  ism in electr  on tubes is to tap the tube with a finger light mal  let or small rubber ball while working as amp  li  fier or osci  ll  ator
micro  phthal  mia greek μ  ικ  ρ  ός micro  s small ὀ  φ  θ  α  λ  μ  ός oph  thal  mos eye also referred as micro  phthal  mos is a developmental disorder of the eye in which one unilateral micro  phthal  mia or both bilateral micro  phthal  mia eyes are abnormally small and have an  atomic mal  formations it is different from nan  oph  thal  mos in which the eye is small in size but has no anatom  ical alterations
micro  phthal  mia – der  mal ap  la  sia – s  cler  oc  or  ne  a syndrome also known as mid  as syndrome is a condition characterized by linear skin le  sions m  ls is a rare x linked dominant male lethal disease characterized by unilateral or bilateral micro  phthal  mia and linear skin defects in affected females and in uter  o leth  ality for affected males it can be associated with h  c  cs but mutations in the mc  cs gene cause micro  phthal  mia with linear skin defects syndrome
a micro  pipe also called a micro  por  e micro  tube cap  ill  ary defect or pin  hole defect is a crystal  lo  graphic defect in a single crystal sub  str  ate today this is of great interest to makers of silicon carbide sic sub  str  ates which are used in a variety of industries such as power semiconductor devices for vehicles and high frequency communication devices however during the production of these materials the crystal under  goes internal and external stresses causing growth of defects or dis  locations within the atomic lat  tice a screw dis  location is a common dis  location that trans  forms successive atomic planes within a crystal lat  tice into the shape of a heli  x once a screw dis  location propag  ates through the bulk of a sample during the w  af  er growth process a micro  pipe is formed the presence of a high density of micro  pipes within a w  af  er will result in a loss of yield in the device manufacturing process micro  pipes and screw dis  locations in epit  ax  ial layers are normally derived from the sub  str  ates on which the epit  ax  y is performed micro  pipes are considered to be empty core screw dis  locations with large strain energy i e they have large bur  gers vector they follow the growth direction c axis in silicon carbide bou  les and sub  str  ates propagating into the deposited epit  ax  ial layers factors which influence formation of micro  pipes and other defects are such growth parameters as temperature su  pers  atur  ation vap  or phase sto  ic  hi  ome  try impurities and the polarity of the seed crystal surface many laboratories in universities and companies are striving to perfect the micro  pipe free sub  str  ate one of the pioneers of the commerci  alization of sic materials and devices is cre  e inc which in may 2007 announced that it had achieved 100 mm 4 inch zero micro  pipe n type sic sub  str  ates it is therefore possible to eliminate these defects in large area w  af  ers as well as smaller fragments and should open up the commerci  alization of this area of micro  electronic devices
micro  plas  tic  ity is a local phenomenon in metals it occurs for stress values where the metal is globally in the elastic domain while some local areas are in the plastic domain
micro  poly  gy  ria also known as poly  micro  gy  ria poly  gy  ria or micro  gy  ria is a neuro  nal migration disorder a developmental anomaly of the brain characterized by development of numerous small con  volu  tions micro  gy  ri causing mental retar  dation and or other neuro  logical disorders it is present in a number of specific neuro  logical diseases notably multiple sclerosis and fuku  y  ama con  genital muscular dy  stro  phy a specific disease cause by mutation in the fuku  tin gene f  kt  n
micro  p  sia is a condition affecting human visual perception in which objects are perceived to be smaller than they actually are micro  p  sia can be caused by optical factors such as wearing glasses by distortion of images in the eye such as op  tically via sw  elling of the cor  ne  a or from changes in the shape of the re  tina such as from re  tin  al e  dem  a mac  ular de  generation or central ser  ous re  tin  opathy by changes in the brain such as from traumatic brain injury epi  le  psy migr  ain  es prescription drugs and illicit drugs and from psychological factors dissoci  ative phenomena are linked with micro  p  sia which may be the result of brain lat  er  alization disturbance micro  p  sia is also commonly reported when the eyes are fix  ating at convergence or focussing at accommodation a distance closer than that of the object in accord with em  mert s law specific types of micro  p  sia include hem  im  ic  ro  p  sia a form of micro  p  sia that is loc  alized to one half of the visual field and can be caused by brain le  sions in one of the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es related visual distortion conditions include macro  p  sia a less common condition with the reverse effect and alice in wonder  land syndrome a condition that has symptoms that can include both micro  p  sia and macro  p  sia
micro  satellite instability m  si is the condition of genetic hyper  mut  ability that results from impaired dna mis  match repair m  mr the presence of m  si represents phen  o  typ  ic evidence that m  mr is not functioning normally m  mr correc  ts errors that spontaneously occur during dna replic  ation such as single base mis  matches or short inser  tions and dele  tions the proteins involved in m  mr correct poly  mer  ase errors by forming a complex that binds to the mis  matched section of dna exc  ises the error and inser  ts the correct sequence in its place cells with abnormally functioning m  mr are unable to correct errors that occur during dna replic  ation and consequently accumulate errors this causes the creation of novel micro  satellite fragments poly  mer  ase chain reaction based ass  ays can reveal these novel micro  satellites and provide evidence for the presence of m  si micro  satellites are repeated sequences of dna these sequences can be made of repeating units of one to six base pairs in length although the length of these micro  satellites is highly variable from person to person and contributes to the individual dna fingerprint each individual has micro  satellites of a set length the most common micro  satellite in humans is a din  uc  le  o  tide repeat of the nucle  o  ti  des c and a which occurs tens of thousands of times across the genome micro  satellites are also known as simple sequence repeats ss  rs
micro  scopic co  li  tis refers to two related medical conditions which cause diarr  hea coll  agen  ous co  li  tis and lymp  ho  cy  tic co  li  tis both conditions are characterized by the presence of chronic non bloo  dly wat  ery diarr  hea normal appearances on colon  o  sco  py and characteristic hist  opath  ology findings of infl  am  matory cells
micro  scopic pol  yan  gi  i  tis is an ill defined auto  immune disease characterized by a systemic pau  ci immune necro  tizing small vessel vas  cu  li  tis without clinical or pathological evidence of necro  tizing gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation
micro  spher  op  ha  k  ia is a rare con  genital auto  som  al rec  essive condition where the lens of the eye is smaller than normal and spher  ically shaped this condition may be associated with a number of disorders including peter s anomaly mar  fan syndrome and we  ill – march  es  ani syndrome the spher  ical shape is caused by an underdeveloped zon  ule of z  inn which doesn t exert enough force on the lens to make it form the usual o  val shape it is a result of a homo  zy  g  ous mutation to the lt  bp 2 gene
micro  spor  idi  osis is an opportunistic intest  inal infection that causes diarr  hea and wasting in immun  o  compromised individuals hiv for example it results from different species of micro  spor  idi  a a group of micro  bial unic  ell  ular fun  gi in hiv infected individuals micro  spor  idi  osis generally occurs when cd 4 t cell counts fall below 150
a micro  state continu  um is the fluctuation spectrum of a thermo  dynamic system in the classical limit of high temperatures classical here is to be understood in opposition to quantum statistical mechanics
micro  stom  ia micro a combining form meaning small stom  ia a combining form meaning mouth abnormally small mouth is a clinical feature of many cran  io  facial syndro  mes including fre  eman sheldon syndrome and sheldon hall syndro  mes or dis  tal ar  thro  gry  pos  is multi  pl  ex con  gen  ita it may present with whist  ling face feature as well as in fre  eman sheldon syndrome in this syndrome it imp  airs alim  entation and may require repeated oral sur  ger  ies called commis  su  ro  tomy to improve function it can also be a feature of systemic s  cl  ero  der  ma
micro  tia is a con  genital de  form  ity where the pin  na external ear is underdeveloped a completely un  developed pin  na is referred to as ano  tia because micro  tia and ano  tia have the same origin it can be referred to as micro  tia ano  tia micro  tia can be unilateral one side only or bilateral affecting both sides micro  tia occurs in 1 out of about 8 000 – 10 000 births in unilateral micro  tia the right ear is most commonly affected it may occur as a complic  ation of taking accu  tane iso  tre  tin  o  in during pregnancy
micro  vascular oc  clu  sion refers to conditions that can present with reti  form pur  pur  a it has been suggested that phen  y  le  phr  ine may be a cause
micro  ven  ular hem  an  gi  oma also known as micro  cap  ill  ary hem  an  gi  oma is an acquired benign vascular ne  op  las  m that presents as an as  ymp  tomatic slowly growing 0 5 to 2 0 cm red  dish le  sion on the fore  arms or other sites of young to middle aged adults
micro  vill  us inclusion disease also known as davi  d  son s disease con  genital micro  vill  us atro  phy and less specifically micro  vill  us atro  phy note micro  vill  us is often mis  spelled as micro  vill  ous is a rare genetic disorder of the small intest  ine that is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern
microwave burns are burn injuries caused by thermal effects of microwave radiation absorbed in a living organism in comparison with radiation burns caused by ionizing radiation where the dominant mechanism of tissue damage is internal cell damage caused by free radicals the primary damage mechanism of microwave radiation is thermal by di  electric heating microwave damage can manifest with a delay pain and or signs of skin damage can show some time after microwave exposure
middle east respiratory syndrome mers also known as camel flu is a viral respiratory infection caused by the mers coron  avi  rus mers co  v symptoms may range from mild to severe they include fever cough diarr  hea and short  ness of breath disease is typically more severe in those with other health problems mers co  v is a bet  ac  or  on  avi  rus derived from bats cam  els have been shown to have antibodies to mers co  v but the exact source of infection in cam  els has not been identified cam  els are believed to be involved in its spread to humans but it is unclear how spread between humans typically requires close contact with an infected person its spread is un  common outside of hospitals thus its risk to the global population is currently deemed to be fairly low as of 2015 there is no specific vaccine or treatment for the disease however a number of anti  viral medications are currently being studied the world health organization recommends that those who come in contact with cam  els wash their hands frequently and do not touch sick cam  els they also recommend that camel products be appropriately cooked among those who are infected treatments that help with the symptoms may be given just over 1000 cases of the disease have been reported as of may 2015 about 40 of those who become infected die from the disease the first identified case occurred in 2012 in saudi arabia and most cases have occurred in the arabian peninsula a strain of mers co  v known as h  co  v emc 2012 found in the first infected person in london in 2012 was found to have a 100 match to egyptian tomb bats a large outbreak occurred in the republic of korea in 2015
the term middle mi  oc  ene disruption alternatively the middle mi  oc  ene extinction or middle mi  oc  ene extinction peak refers to a wave of extinc  tions of terrestrial and aquatic life forms that occurred around the middle of the mi  oc  ene roughly 14 8 to 14 5 million years ago during the lan  gh  ian stage of the mi  oc  ene mad  elaine bo  h  me observed the occurrence of var  an  idae cham  ele  on cord  y  li  da  e tom  ist  omin  ae al  lig  atori  da  e and giant tur  tles which indicate survival through the mi  oc  ene climatic optimum 18 to 16 ma in central europe 45 42 ° n pal  ae  ol  ati  tude a major and permanent cooling step occurred between 14 8 and 14 1 ma associated with increased production of cold antarctic deep waters and a major growth of the east antarc  tic  ice sheet two crocodi  li  ans of the genera g  avi  alo  such  us and di  p  loc  y  no  don were noted to have been ext  ant in these northern lati  tudes prior to the permanent cooling step then became extinct 13 5 to 14 ma a middle mi  oc  ene delta 18 o increase that is a relative increase in the heavier isot  ope of oxygen has been noted in the pacific the southern ocean and the south atlantic
upper back pain also called middle back pain or thor  ac  ic back pain is back pain that is felt in the region of the thor  ac  ic verte  bra  e which are between the bottom of the neck and top of the lum  bar sp  ine it has a number of potential causes ranging from muscle strain to collapse of a verte  bra or rare serious diseases the upper sp  ine is very strong and stable to support the weight of the upper body as well as to anchor the ri  b cage which provides a cav  ity to allow the heart and lungs to function and protect them in most cases the pain is likely to be self limiting in that case no diagnostic tests are required and simple pain relief is sufficient more severe and prolonged cases may require more specific pain management strategies and occasionally investigations for underlying medical diseases all forms of back pain can lead to loss of earnings reduced quality of life and disability
middle cere  br  al artery syndrome is a condition whereby the blood supply from the middle cere  br  al artery mc  a is restricted leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel the lateral aspects of frontal temporal and par  ie  tal lob  es the cor  ona radi  ata glo  bus palli  dus cau  date and pu  tam  en the mc  a is the most common site for the occurrence of is  chem  ic stroke depending upon the location and severity of the oc  clu  sion signs and symptoms may vary within the population affected with mc  a syndrome more dis  tal block  ages tend to produce mil  der deficits due to more extensive bran  ching of the artery and less is  chem  ic response in contrast the most proxim  al oc  clu  sions result in widespread effects that can lead to significant cere  br  al e  dem  a increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure loss of consciousness and could even be fatal in such occasions mann  it  ol os  mo  tic di  u  re  tic or hyper  tonic sal  ine are given to draw fluid out of the oe  dem  atus cere  bru  m to minimise secondary injury hyper  tonic sal  ine is better than mann  it  ol as mann  it  ol being a di  u  re  tic will decrease the mean arter  ial pressure and since cere  br  al per  fusion is mean arter  ial pressure minus in  trac  ran  ial pressure mann  it  ol will also cause a decrease in cere  br  al per  fusion contr  al  ateral hem  ip  a  res  is and hemis  ens  ory loss of the face upper and lower extre  mi  ties is the most common presentation of mc  a syndrome lower extre  mity function is more spared than that of the fac  i  ob  r  achi  al region the majority of the primary motor and som  at  os  ens  ory cor  tices are supplied by the mc  a and the cor  tical hom  un  cul  us can therefore be used to loc  alize the defects more precisely middle cere  br  al artery le  sions mostly affect the dominant hemisphere i e the left cere  br  al hemisphere
at the core of the movement were the members of the lun  ar society of bir  min  gham who included erasmus darwin matthew b  oul  ton james wat  t joseph pri  est  ley jo  si  ah wed  g  wood james ke  ir and thomas day other notable figures included the author anna se  ward the pain  ter joseph w  right of der  by the american colon  ist bot  anist and poet su  s  anna w  right the l  exi  co  grapher samuel johnson the ty  po  grapher john bas  ker  ville the poet and landscape gar  den  er william shen  stone and the architects james wy  att and samuel wy  att although the midlands enlightenment has attracted less study as an intellectual movement than the european enlightenment of thinkers such as jean jacques rous  seau and vol  taire or the scottish enlightenment of david hume and adam smith it dominated the experience of the enlightenment within england and its leading thinkers had international influence in particular the midlands enlightenment formed a pivotal link between the earlier scientific revolution and the later industrial revolution facilitating the exchange of ideas between experimental science polite culture and practical technology that enabled the technological preconditions for rapid economic growth to be attained its participants such as b  oul  ton su  s  anna w  right wat  t and ke  ir were fully integrated into the exchange of scientific and philosophical ideas among the intellectual elites of europe the british american colonies and the new united states but were simultaneously engaged in solving the practical problems of technology economics and manufacture they thus formed a natural bridge across the science technology divide where the abstract knowledge of chemistry and new  ton  ian mechanics could become the useful knowledge of technological development the results of which could in turn feed back into the wider scientific knowledge base creating a chain reaction of innovation su  s  anna w  right was involved in similar thinking in the american colonies and early united states particularly in the mid atlantic north of the mason – di  xon line she was born in 16  97 in warr  ington in lan  cash  ire and moved to colonial pennsylvania in her late teens in 17  18 following her parents four years earlier after being educated in the midlands the thinkers of the midlands enlightenment did not limit themselves to practical matters of uti  lit  arian value however and their influence was not confined to their significance in the development of modern industrial society the ideas of the midlands enlightenment were to be highly influential in the birth of british roman  ticism with the po  ets per  cy shel  ley william wor  ds  worth samuel taylor col  er  id  ge and william bla  ke all having intellectual connections to its leading thinkers and midlands enlightenment thought was also influential in the spheres of education evolutionary biology bot  any medicine the midlands enlightenment was connected to earlier midlands radical religious reform of establishment of catholic church and holy roman empire ideology including the founding of the society of friends in lan  cash  ire by followers of margaret fell and george fox and midlands non  violent political radicalism that led to the documentation of the english bill of rights in 16  89
mid  line cer  vic  al cle  f  ts are a rare con  genital anomaly resulting from incomplete fusion during embry  o  genesis of the first and second bran  ch  ial ar  ches in the ven  tr  al mid  line of the neck the condition presents as a mid  line cu  taneous defect of the an  terior neck with a skin projection or sin  us or as a sub  cu  taneous er  y  them  at  ous fi  bro  us cord surgical exc  ision is the preferred treatment
mid  line nev  us flamm  eus also known as angel s kiss is a vascular birth  mark which may be found on the g  lab  ell  ar region or on one upper eye  lid and presents in approximately 15 of new  bor  ns
midnight lightning is a b  oul  dering problem on the columbia b  oul  der in camp 4 of yo  sem  ite national park it has been described as the world s most famous b  oul  dering problem the first as  cent was by ron kau  k in 1978 the first female as  cent was by lynn hill in 1998 sam moses writing in sports illustrated said the most difficult move on midnight lightning is a spider monkey swing 15 feet 4 6 metres off the ground the clim  ber must suspend himself by the finger  tips of his left hand swing around a le  dge of rock and pro  pel himself far enough up about four feet to grab a precarious finger  tip hold with his right hand to do that he has to create momentum from still  ness the problem had been easily identified by a chal  k lightning bolt drawn by john b  ach  ar in 1978 while attempting the problem with john y  ab  lon  ski and ron kau  k in may 2013 the icon  ic chal  k lightning bolt was scru  bbed off the face of the b  oul  der the bolt was re drawn in the same location a few days later the climb is rated at v 8 on the ver  min scale of difficulty
the midnight sun is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the arctic circle or south of the antarctic circle when the sun remains visible at the local midnight around the summer sol  s  tice approximately 21 june in the northern hemisphere and 22 december in the southern hemisphere the sun is visible for the full 24 hours given fair weather the number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the farther towards either pole one goes although approximately defined by the polar circles in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles 90 km outside the polar circle as described below and the exact lati  tudes of the far  thest reaches of midnight sun depend on topo  graphy and vary slightly year to year there are no permanent economically autonomous human settlements south of the antarctic circle only research stations so the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the arctic circle canada y  uk  on northwest territories and nun  av  ut greenland iceland finland norway russia sweden and the united states alaska a quarter of finland s territory lies north of the arctic circle and at the country s nor  ther  n  most point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer in sval  bard norway the nor  ther  n  most inhabited region of europe there is no sunset from approximately 19 april to 23 august the extreme sites are the poles where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year the opposite phenomenon polar night occurs in winter when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day since the ax  ial tilt of the earth is considerable approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes the sun does not set at high lati  tudes in local summer the duration of sunlight increases from one day during the summer sol  s  tice at the polar circle to several weeks only 100 km closer to the pole to six months at the poles at extreme lati  tudes the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day at the poles themselves the sun rises and sets only once each year during the six months that the sun is above the horizon it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer gradually spir  alling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer sol  s  tice because of atmospheric ref  r  action and also because the sun is a disk rather than a point the midnight sun may be experienced at lati  tudes slightly below the polar circle though not exceeding one degree depending on local conditions for example iceland is known for its midnight sun even though most of it gr  í  m  sey is the exception is slightly south of the arctic circle for the same reasons the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months even the northern extre  mi  ties of scotland and places at similar lati  tudes such as st petersburg experience twilight in the northern sky at around the summer sol  s  tice observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the dip of the horizon viewed from altitude
migr  aine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe typically the headaches affect one half of the head are pul  s  ating in nature and last from two to 72 hours associated symptoms may include naus  ea v  om  iting and sensitivity to light sound or smell the pain is generally made worse by physical activity up to one third of people have an a  ura typically a short period of visual disturbance which signals that the headache will soon occur occasionally an a  ura can occur with little or no headache following it migr  ain  es are believed to be due to a mixture of environmental and genetic factors about two thirds of cases run in families changing hormone levels may also play a role as migr  ain  es affect slightly more boys than girls before pu  ber  ty and two to three times more women than men the risk of migr  ain  es usually decreases during pregnancy the underlying mechanisms are not fully known it is however believed to involve the nerves and blood vessels of the brain initial recommended treatment is with simple pain medication such as i  bu  prof  en and par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en for the headache medication for the naus  ea and the avoidance of triggers specific medications such as tri  pt  ans or er  got  am  ines may be used in those for whom simple pain medications are not effective caff  eine may be added to the above a number of medications are useful to prevent attacks including me  to  pro  lo  l val  pro  ate and top  ir  am  ate globally approximately 15 of people are affected by migr  ain  es it most often starts at pu  ber  ty and is worst during middle age in some women they become less common following men  op  ause an early description consistent with migr  ain  es is contained in the e  bers pap  y  rus written around 1500 b  ce in ancient egypt the word migr  aine is from the greek ἡ  μ  ικ  ρ  αν  ία hem  ik  ran  ia pain on one side of the head from ἡ  μ  ι hem  i half and κρ  αν  ί  ον k  ran  ion skull
vesti  bul  ar migr  aine v  m is ver  ti  go associated with a migr  aine either as a symptom of migr  aine or as a related but neuro  logical disorder when referred to as a disease unto itself it is also termed migr  aine associated ver  ti  go ma  v migr  ain  ous ver  ti  go or migr  aine related vesti  bul  opathy a 2010 report from the university of british columbia published in the journal headache said that it is emerging as a popular diagnosis for patients with recurrent ver  ti  go even though some authors believe that migr  aine associated ver  ti  go is neither clin  ically nor bio  logically plausible as a migr  aine variant epidemiological studies leave no doubt that there is a strong link between ver  ti  go and migr  aine
migr  al  ep  sy is a rare condition in which a migr  aine is followed within an hour period by an epi  le  ptic seizure because of the similarities in signs symptoms and treatments of both conditions such as the neuro  logical basis the psychological issues and the autonom  ic distress that is created from them they individually increase the likelihood of causing the other however also because of the sam  eness they are often mis  diagnosed for each other as migr  al  ep  sy rarely occurs
migration museums cover human migration in the past present and future the current trend in the development of migration museums named differently worldwide is an interesting phenomenon as it may contribute to the creation of a new and multiple identity at an individual and collective level the united states with ellis island australia canada and more recently several european countries — e g france germany italy the netherlands portugal spain switzerland and the united kingdom — have been creating such venues to facilitate transmission between generations as well as encounters between migrants and the host populations by telling their personal story while these initiatives also serve the duty to remember they seem to have three main objectives acknowledge integrate and build awareness acknowledge the contributions made by migrants to their host societies the diversity and wealth of the origin cultures and the right to a dual belonging include and integrate foster the sense of belonging enable the communities to feel as an integral part of the nation find common ground and contribute to a national identity build awareness and educate on the events that induced individuals — and refugees in particular — to leave their land thus developing emp  athy among the host population more generally de  construct stereotypes on immigration given the international scene and the latest events from the van go  gh affair in the netherlands in 2004 to the so called ‘ cr  ise des ban  lieu  es ’ in france in 2005 there is an urgent need to give the migrant generations the youth as well as their parents a voice in order to foster inclusion integration and the right to difference listening to individual stories may help to de  construct stereotypes memory history and narr  ation may also allow to take a step back and to consider the complete picture migration museums also face common challenges in that they intend to be not only a venue for conservation and exhibition but also and above all a lively meeting place the challenge is not so much to bring in the intellectuals academics researchers historians traditional visitors of museums the converted but to attract the general public those with pre  conceived ideas on immigration and the migrants themselves in addition to the following list there are many local heritage initiatives and smaller museums which have increasingly focused on migration as a part of the narrative they portray
migratory aptitude is the relative ability of a migr  ating group to migrate in a re  arrangement reaction this can be affected by the leaving group whichever gives a more stable carbo  c  ation depends upon the electr  on density of the migr  ating group i e hy  dri  de phen  yl ter  t al  ky  l sec al  ky  l primary al  ky  l methyl the migratory groups follow the order of increasing stability of carbo  c  ation instead of car  ban  ion
a migratory insertion is a type of reaction in organ  om  et  all  ic chemistry where  in two lig  ands on a metal complex combine it is a sub  set of reactions that very closely resembles the insertion reactions and both are differentiated by the mechanism that leads to the resulting stere  och  emis  try of the products however often the two are used inter  change  ably because the mechanism is sometimes unknown therefore migratory insertion reactions or insertion reactions for short are defined not by the mechanism but by the overall reg  io  chemistry where  in one chemical entity inter  poses itself into an existing bond of typically a second chemical entity e g a b – c → b – a – c
the mil  as hydrox  yl  ation is an organic reaction converting an al  k  ene to a vic  inal di  ol and was developed by nicholas a mil  as in the 1930 s the cis di  ol is formed by reaction of al  ken  es with hydrogen per  oxide and either ultra  violet light or a catalytic os  mium te  tro  x  ide van  adi  um oxide or chromium oxide the reaction has been superseded in synthetic chemistry by the up  john di  hydrox  yl  ation and later by the shar  pl  ess asymmetric di  hydrox  yl  ation
mild and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ma  is is a condition that results in a mild impairment of the cell s ability to respond to and  rog  ens the degree of impairment is sufficient to impair sper  mato  genesis and or the development of secondary sexual characteristics at pu  ber  ty in males but does not affect genital differentiation or development female genital and sexual development is not significantly affected by the in  sensitivity to and  rog  ens as such ma  is is only diagnosed in males the clinical phen  o  type associated with ma  is is a normal male habit  us with mild sper  mat  ogenic defect and or reduced secondary terminal hair ma  is is one of three types of and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome which is divided into three categories that are differentiated by the degree of genital mascul  ini  zation complete and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ca  is is indicated when the external gen  italia is that of a normal female mild and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ma  is is indicated when the external gen  italia is that of a normal male and partial and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome pa  is is indicated when the external gen  italia is partially but not fully mascul  ini  zed and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46 xy under  mascul  ini  zation
mild cognitive impairment mc  i also known as incipient dementia or isolated memory impairment is a brain function syndrome involving the onset and evolution of cognitive impair  ments beyond those expected based on the age and education of the individual but which are not significant enough to interfere with their daily activities it may occur as a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia although mc  i can present with a variety of symptoms when memory loss is the predominant symptom it is termed am  nes  tic mc  i and is frequently seen as a pro  dro  mal stage of alzheimer s disease studies suggest that these individuals tend to progress to probable alzheimer ’ s disease at a rate of approximately 10 to 15 per year additionally when individuals have impair  ments in domains other than memory it is classified as non  am  nes  tic single or multiple domain mc  i and these individuals are believed to be more likely to convert to other dem  enti  as e g dementia with lew  y bodies however some instances of mc  i may simply remain stable over time or even remit causation of the syndrome in and of itself remains unknown as therefore do prevention and treatment
the miles canyon bas  al  ts represent a package of rocks that include various exposures of bas  al  tic lava flows and con  es that erupted and flow  ed across an ancient pre gl  ac  ial landscape in south central y  uk  on the volcanic rocks are best exposed and most easily accessible at the miles canyon location where the y  uk  on river cuts through a succession of flows south of white  horse in the spring good exposures can also be seen immediately downstream from the y  uk  on river hydro dam in white  horse which was built to extract energy from the cat  ar  acts that were the white horse rap  ids these rap  ids and the miles canyon provided a significant challenge to gold seekers heading to the k  lon  di  ke gold rush and also established the upstream termin  us for padd  le wheel river boats this the miles canyon bas  al  ts are the reason for the establishment of the town  site of clo  sel  ei  gh eventually the city of white  horse the lava flows and cin  der con  es in the al  lig  ator lake volcanic complex southwest of white  horse are the greatest accumulation of these rocks the miles canyon bas  al  ts were thought to be ple  is  to  cen  e age however geological investigations supported by geo  chronological analyses indicate that these rocks are much older the type miles canyon flows along the y  uk  on river are 8 4 million years old mi  oc  ene and the al  lig  ator lake flows are 3 2 million years old p  li  oc  ene the al  lig  ator lake con  es may be younger but have been affected by glaci  ation so are not entirely post gl  ac  ial in age
mi  lia like cal  cin  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by small mi  lia like le  sions that develop on the dor  sal surface of the hands and the face
mi  lia en pla  que is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple mi  lia within an er  y  them  at  ous e  dem  at  ous pla  que
mili  aria ˌ  m  ɪ  l i  ˈ  ɛ  ə  r i ə also called sweat rash heat rash or pr  ick  ly heat is a skin disease marked by small and it  chy r  ashes mili  aria is a common ail  ment in hot and hum  id conditions such as in the tro  p  ics and during the summer season although it affects people of all ages it is especially common in children and infants due to their underdeveloped sweat g  lands
mili  ary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the le  sions 1 – 5 mm its name comes from a distinctive pattern seen on a chest radio  graph of many tiny spots distributed throughout the lung fields with the appearance similar to mil  let seeds — thus the term mili  ary tuberculosis mili  ary tb may infect any number of organs including the lungs liver and sp  leen mili  ary tuberculosis is present in about 2 of all reported cases of tuberculosis and accounts for up to 20 of all extra pul  mon  ary tuberculosis cases
a military budget or military expenditure also known as a defense budget is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a nation to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes military budgets often reflect how strongly an entity percei  ves the likelihood of threats against it or the amount of aggression it wishes to employ it also gives an idea of how much financing should be provided for the upcoming year the size of a budget also reflects the entity s ability to fund military activities factors include the size of that entity s economy other financial demands on that entity and the willingness of that entity s government or people to fund such military activity generally excluded from military expenditures is spending on internal law enforcement and disabled veteran rehabilitation the effects of military expenditure on a nation s economy and society and what determines military expenditure are notable issues in political science and economics there are controversial findings and theories regarding these topics generally some suggest military expenditure is a boost to local economies still others maintain military expenditure is a drag on development every year in april is the global day of action on military spending g  dams which aims to gather people and create a global movement that persu  ades governments to re  allocate their military spending to essential human needs such as food education health care social services and environmental concerns among the countries maintaining some of the world s largest military budgets china france germany japan russia the united kingdom and the united states are frequently recognized to be great powers according to the stockholm international peace research institute in 2014 total world military expenditure amounted to 1 8 trillion us
military globalization was defined by david held as “ the process which embodies the growing ext  ensity and intensity of military relations among the political units of the world system … understood as such it reflects both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and relations as well as the impact of key military technological innovations from steam  ships to satellites which over time have reconstituted the world into a single geostrategic space military globalization implies firmer integration of armed forces around the world into the global military system for robert ke  o  han  e and joseph n  ye military globalization entails “ long distance networks of interdependence in which force and the threat or promise of force are employed ” held divides the military globalization into three distinct phenomena 1 the globalization of the war system this refers to the “ geopolitical order great power rivalry conflict and security relations ” 2 the global system of arms production and transfers reflected in the global arms dynamics 3 the geo governance of violence “ embracing the formal and informal international regulation of the acquisition deployment and use of military force ” all three processes above “ are connected to technological development which made them possible in the first place the result is increasing global interdependence and complexity the process of military globalization starts with the age of discovery when the european colonial empires began military operations on the global scale their imperial rivalry led to the first world war which was the first global conflict in world history ke  o  han  e dates military globalization at least from the time of alexander the great ’ s conqu  ests
a mili  um plural mi  lia also called a milk spot or an oil seed is a clo  g of the ec  cr  ine duc  t the true sweat g  land it is a ker  atin filled cyst that can appear just under the ep  id  er  mis or on the roof of the mouth mi  lia are commonly associated with new  born babies but can appear on people of all ages they are usually found around the nose and eyes and sometimes on the gen  italia often mistaken by those affected as war  ts or other sexually transmitted diseases mi  lia can also be confused with stubborn white  heads in children mi  lia often disappear within two to four weeks for adults they can be removed by a physician a der  mato  logist will have specialist knowledge in this area
in medicine milk alkali syndrome is characterized by high blood calcium caused by taking in too much calcium and absor  bable alkali common sources of calcium and alkali are dietary supplements taken to prevent o  ste  op  or  osis and an  tac  ids if untreated milk alkali syndrome may lead to kidney failure or death it was most common in the early 20 th century but since the 1990 s there has been an increase in the number of cases reported linked to the increased use of calcium supplements to address or prevent o  ste  op  or  osis
a milk allergy is a food allergy an adverse immune reaction to one or more of the constituents of milk from any animal most commonly alpha s 1 casein a protein in cow s milk this milk induced allergic reaction can involve an  ap  hy  lax  is a potentially life threatening condition
milk fever post  par  tur  ient hypo  cal  cem  ia or par  tur  ient pa  res  is is a disease primarily in dairy cattle but also seen in beef cattle characterized by reduced blood calcium levels see hypo  cal  cem  ia it occurs following par  tur  ition at onset of lac  tation when demand for calcium for colo  str  um production exceeds the body ’ s ability to mobilize calcium “ fever ” is a mis  no  mer as body temperature during the disease is generally not elevated milk fever is more commonly seen in older animals which have reduced ability to mobilize calcium from bone and in certain breeds such as channel island breeds
milk sickness also known as tre  me  tol v  om  iting or in animals as trem  bles is a kind of poisoning characterized by trem  bling v  om  iting and severe intest  inal pain that affects individuals who ing  est milk other dairy products or meat from a cow that has fed on white sn  ak  ero  ot plant which contains the poison tre  me  tol although very rare today milk sickness claimed thousands of lives among european american migrants to the mid  west in the early 19 th century in the united states especially in frontier areas along the ohio river valley and its tribu  taries where white sn  ak  ero  ot was prevalent new settlers were unfamiliar with the plant and its properties a notable victim was nancy han  ks lincoln the mother of abraham lincoln who died in 18  18 nursing calves and lambs may have died from their mothers milk contaminated with sn  ak  ero  ot although the adult cows and sheep showed no signs of poisoning cattle horses and sheep are the animals most often poisoned anna pierce ho  bbs bi  x  by called dr anna on the frontier is credited today by the american medical community with having identified white sn  ak  ero  ot as the cause of the illness told about the plant s properties by an elderly sh  aw  nee woman she be  fri  ended bi  x  by did testing to observe and document evidence she wrote up her findings to share the discovery in the medical world the sh  aw  nee woman s name has been lost to history
mil  ker s no  d  ules or mil  k  maid bl  is  ters are a cu  taneous condition that is most commonly transmitted from the ud  ders of infected cows mil  ker s no  dule is caused by par  av  acc  in  ia virus disease in humans is nearly identical to or  f
mil  ky seas or ma  reel is a condition on the ocean where large areas of se  aw  ater up to 6 000 s  q mi or 16 000 km 2 appear to glow bril  li  antly enough at night to be seen by satellites or  biting earth modern science only tent  atively attributes this effect to bi  olu  min  es  cent bacteria or dino  flag  ell  ates causing the ocean to uniformly glow an e  erie blue at night however there is no modern research to prove that bi  olu  min  es  cent bacteria are capable of illumin  ating the ocean from horizon to horizon and for days at a time as described in marin  er s tales for centuries notably appearing in chapter 23 of jules vern  e s twenty thousand le  agues under the sea and in fact the effect has not been rigorously documented nor thoroughly explained even in modern times
mill  ard – gu  bler syndrome is a le  sion of the p  ons it is also called ven  tr  al pon  tine syndrome
the millennium prize problems are seven problems in mathematics that were stated by the clay mathematics institute in 2000 the problems are bir  ch and sw  in  ner  ton dy  er con  jec  ture ho  dge con  jec  ture navi  er – st  okes existence and smoo  th  ness p versus n  p problem poin  car  é con  jec  ture ri  emann hypothesis and yang – mills existence and mass gap a correct solution to any of the problems results in a us 1 million prize being awarded by the institute to the discover  ers at present the only millennium prize problem to have been solved is the poin  car  é con  jec  ture which was solved by the russian mathem  ati  cian gri  gor  i per  el  man in 2003
miller syndrome is a genetic condition also known as the gene  e wi  e  deman  n syndrome wilder  van  ck smith syndrome or po  sta  x  ial acro  facial dy  sto  sis the incidence of this condition is not known but it is considered extremely rare it is due to a mutation in the d  ho  dh gene nothing is known of its patho  genesis
mil  ler  and  age or shot berries hens and chicks and pum  p  kins and peas is a potential vi  ticul  tural hazard problem in which grape bun  ches contain berries that differ greatly in size and most importantly maturity its most common cause is cold rainy or otherwise bad weather during the flowering stage of the vines though other factors such as bor  on deficiency or fan  leaf de  generation may also play a role while mil  ler  and  age will always cause a drop in yield its potential impact on wine quality will vary particularly by grape variety for some varieties that are prone to uneven ripen  ess within a cluster such as san  giov  ese z  inf  an  del and ge  wür  z  tram  iner the development of mil  ler  and  age may be un  favorable due to green flav  ors from the potentially un  ripe grapes hidden within the cluster for other varieties such as pin  ot no  ir or the men  do  za clone of char  donn  ay wine quality could potentially be improved due to the reduced overall berry size and higher skin to juice ratio
miller – die  ker syndrome abbreviated m  ds miller – die  ker lis  sen  cephal  y syndrome m  d  ls and chro  mo  some 17 p 13 3 deletion syndrome is a micro deletion syndrome characterized by con  genital mal  formations a physical defect detec  table in an infant at birth which can involve many different parts of the body including the brain hearts lungs liver bones or intest  inal tract in this case it is usually mainly the brain being affected the con  genital mal  formation can be genetic random and of unknown origin the mal  formation is in fact characterized by lis  sen  cephal  y smooth brain m  ds is a con  ti  gu  ous gene syndrome as well which is a disorder due to the deletion of multiple gene loc  i that are adjacent to one another the disorder arises from the deletion of part of the small arm of chro  mo  some 17 p which includes both the lis 1 and 14 3 3 ep  sil  on genes leading to partial mono  som  y there may be unbalanced trans  locations i e 17 q 17 p or 12 q 17 p or the presence of a ring chro  mo  some 17 this syndrome should not be confused with miller syndrome an unrelated rare genetic disorder or miller fisher syndrome a form of guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome
milli  pe  de burns are a cu  taneous condition caused by some milli  pe  des that secre  te a toxic liquid that causes a bro  wn  ish pi  gm  entation or burn when it comes into contact with the skin some milli  pe  des produce quin  ones in their defensive secre  tions which have been reported to cause brown stain  ing of the skin
mil  roy s disease is a famili  al disease characterized by lymp  he  dem  a commonly in the legs caused by con  genital ab  norm  alities in the lymp  h  atic system disruption of the normal drainage of lymp  h leads to fluid accumulation and hyper  tro  phy of soft tissues it is also known as mil  roy disease n  onne mil  roy me  i  ge syndrome and hereditary lymp  he  dem  a it was named by sir william o  sl  er for william mil  roy an american physician who described a case in 18  92 though it was first described by ru  dol  f vir  chow in 18  63
mil  w  au  kee shoulder syndrome ap  ati  te associated destructive ar  thri  tis is a r  heu  mat  ological condition similar to calcium pyro  phosphate di  hydrate de  position disease c  pp  d it is associated with peri  artic  ular or intra  artic  ular de  position of hydroxy  ap  ati  te cryst  als crystal de  position in the joint causes the release of coll  agen  ases ser  ine prote  ases el  ast  ases and inter  leuk  in 1 this precipit  ates acute and rapid decline in joint function and degradation of joint anatomy subsequently disruption of the rot  ator cuff ensu  es along with symp  tom  at  ology the disease typically presents with positive radio  logic findings often showing marked erosion of the hum  eral head car  til  age cap  su  le and bur  sa  e though rare it is most often seen in females beginning in their 50 s or 60 s diagnosis is made with ar  thro  cent  esis and ali  zar  in red stain  ing along with clinical symptoms
min min is an unusual light phenomenon that has often been reported in out  back australia the name min min derives from the small settlement of min min located between the out  back towns of bou  lia and w  inton where the light was observed by a stock  man in 1918 stories about the lights can be found in ab  original myths pre dating european settlement and have since become part of wider australian fol  kl  ore indigenous austr  ali  ans hold that the number of sigh  tings has increased alongside the increasing ing  res  sion of europeans into the out  back according to fol  kl  ore the lights sometimes follow or approached people and have disappeared sometimes very rapidly when fired upon only to re  appear later on the first recorded sigh  ting dates to 18  38 in the book six months in south australia
the min  ak  sh  is  und  ar  am – ple  ij  el ze  ta function is a ze  ta function en  coding the ei  gen  values of the lap  lac  ian of a compact ri  em  ann  ian mani  fold it was introduc  ed  by sub  bar  ami  ah min  ak  sh  is  und  ar  am and å  ke ple  ij  el the case of a compact region of the plane was treated earlier by
min  am  ata disease japanese 水  俣  病 he  p  burn min  am  ata by  ō sometimes referred to as chis  so min  am  ata disease チ  ッ  ソ  水  俣  病 chis  so min  am  ata by  ō is a neuro  logical syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning symptoms include at  ax  ia num  b  ness in the hands and feet general muscle weakness loss of peripheral vision and damage to hearing and speech in extreme cases insan  ity paralysis coma and death follow within weeks of the onset of symptoms a con  genital form of the disease can also affect fet  uses in the wom  b min  am  ata disease was first discovered in min  am  ata city in kum  am  oto pref  ecture japan in 1956 it was caused by the release of meth  yl  mercury in the industrial wastewater from the chis  so corporation s chemical factory which continued from 19  32 to 1968 this highly toxic chemical bio  accumulated in shellfish and fish in min  am  ata bay and the shir  anu  i sea which when eaten by the local popul  ace resulted in mercury poisoning while cat dog pig and human deaths continued for 36 years the government and company did little to prevent the pollution the animal effects were severe enough in cats that they came to be named as having dancing cat fever as of march 2001 2 265 victims had been officially recognised as having min  am  ata disease 1 784 of whom had died and over 10 000 had received financial compensation from chis  so by 2004 chis  so corporation had paid 86 million in compensation and in the same year was ordered to clean up its contamination on march 29 2010 a settlement was reached to compensate as yet un  certified victims a second outbreak of min  am  ata disease occurred in ni  ig  ata pref  ecture in 1965 the original min  am  ata disease and ni  ig  ata min  am  ata disease are considered two of the four big pollution diseases of japan
the mind – body problem is the problem of explaining how mental states events and processes — like beliefs actions and thinking — are related to the physical states events and processes given that the human body is a physical entity and the mind is non physical the problem was addressed by ren  é des  car  tes in the 17 th century resulting in car  te  sian du  alism and by pre aristo  te  lian philosophers in a  vic  enni  an philosophy and in earlier asian traditions a variety of approaches have been proposed most are either du  alist or mon  ist du  alism maintains a rigid distinction between the real  ms of mind and matter mon  ism maintains that there is only one unifying reality substance or essence in terms of which everything can be explained each of these categories contain numerous variants the two main forms of du  alism are substance du  alism which holds that the mind is formed of a distinct type of substance not governed by the laws of physics and property du  alism which holds that mental properties involving conscious experience are fundamental properties alongside the fundamental properties identified by a completed physics the three main forms of mon  ism are physic  alism which holds that the mind consists of matter organized in a particular way idealism which holds that only thought truly exists and matter is merely an illusion and neutral mon  ism which holds that both mind and matter are aspects of a distinct essence that is itself identical to neither of them several philosophical perspectives have been developed which reject the mind – body dic  ho  tomy the historical materi  alism of karl marx and subsequent writers itself a form of physic  alism held that consciousness was engend  ered by the material contingencies of one s environment an explicit rejection of the dic  ho  tomy is found in french structur  alism and is a position that generally characterized post war french philosophy the absence of an empir  ically identifiable meeting point between the non physical mind and its physical extension has proven problematic to du  alism and many modern philosophers of mind maintain that the mind is not something separate from the body these approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences particularly in the fields of soci  obi  ology computer science evolutionary psychology and the neuro  sciences an ancient model of the mind known as the five aggregate model explains the mind as continuously changing sense impres  sions and mental phenomena considering this model it is possible to understand that it is the constantly changing sense impres  sions and mental phenomena i e the mind that experiences analy  zes all external phenomena in the world as well as all internal phenomena including the body anatomy the nervous system as well as the organ brain this concep  tu  alization leads to two levels of analyses i analyses conducted from a third person perspective on how the brain works and ii analy  zing the moment to moment manifestation of an individual ’ s mind stream analyses conducted from a first person perspective considering the latter the manifestation of the mind stream is described as happening in every person all the time even in a scientist who analyses various phenomena in the world including analy  zing and hypothe  sizing about the organ brain
mineral hydr  ation is an in  organic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral usually creating a new mineral usually called a hydrate in geological terms the process of mineral hydr  ation is known as retrograde alteration and is a process occurring in retrograde met  am  orph  ism it commonly accompanies met  as  om  atism and is often a feature of wall rock alteration around ore bodies hydr  ation of minerals occurs generally in concert with hydro  thermal circulation which may be driven by tec  tonic or ig  ne  ous activity mineral hydr  ation is also a process in the reg  oli  th that results in conversion of silic  ate minerals into clay minerals there are two main ways in which minerals hydrate one is conversion of an oxide to a double hydrox  ide as with the hydr  ation of calcium oxide — ca  o — to calcium hydrox  ide — ca oh 2 the other is with the incorporation of water molecules directly into the cryst  alline structure of a new mineral as in the hydr  ation of fel  d  spar  s to clay minerals gar  net to chlor  ite or ky  an  ite to mus  co  v  ite some mineral structures for example mont  mor  ill  on  ite are capable of including a variable amount of water without significant change to the mineral structure hydr  ation is the mechanism by which hydraulic bin  ders such as port  land cement develop strength a hydraulic binder is a material that can set and har  den sub  merged in water by forming in  soluble products in a hydr  ation reaction the term hydraul  icity or hydraulic activity is indicative of the chemical aff  inity of the hydr  ation reaction
in geo  logy miner  alization is the de  position of economically important metals in the formation of ore bodies or lo  des by various process the first scientific studies of this process took place in the english county of corn  wall by j w hen  wood frs and later by r w fox frs the term can also refer to the process by which water  borne minerals such as calcium carbon  ate cal  cite iron oxide hem  ati  te or li  mon  ite or silic  a quar  tz replace organic material within the body of an organism that has died and was buried by se  di  ments miner  alization may also refer to the product resulting from the process of miner  alization for example miner  alization the process may introduce metals such as iron into a rock that rock may then be referred to as possessing iron miner  alization
a miniature effect is a special effect created for motion pictures and television programs using scale models scale models are often combined with high speed photo  graphy or mat  te shots to make grav  it  ational and other effects appear convincing to the vie  wer the use of mini  atures has largely been superseded by computer generated imag  ery in the contemporary cinema where a miniature appears in the foreground of a shot this is often very close to the camera lens — for example when mat  te painted backgrounds are used since the exposure is set to the object being fil  med so the actors appear well lit the miniature must be over lit in order to balance the exposure and eliminate any depth of field differences that would otherwise be visible this foreground miniature usage is referred to as forced perspective another form of miniature effect uses stop motion anim  ation use of scale models in the creation of visual effects by the entertainment industry dates back to the earliest days of cinema models and mini  atures are copies of people animals buildings settings and objects mini  atures or models are used to represent things that do not really exist or that are too expensive or difficult to film in reality such as explosions floods or fires
minimal change disease mc  d also known as nil disease or by is a kidney disease that causes ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome and usually affects children with peak incidence at ages 2 to 3 years the disease de  grades the kidney s ability to filter and the impaired ren  al function causes e  dem  a
minimal mes  an  gi  al glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is a type of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is seen in 10 to 25 of s  le cases and is associated with mild clinical symptoms immune complex  es deposit in the mes  an  gi  um with a slight increase in the mes  an  gi  al matrix and cellul  arity
a minim  ally conscious state mc  s is a disorder of consciousness distinct from persistent vegetative state and locked in syndrome unlike persistent vegetative state patients with mc  s have partial preservation of conscious awareness mc  s is a relatively new category of disorders of consciousness the natural history and longer term outcome of mc  s have not yet been thoroughly studied the prevalence of mc  s was estimated to be 112 000 to 280 000 in adult and pedi  atric cases
minim  ally differentiated acute my  elo  bl  astic leuk  emia is a subtype of am  l it is classified as m 0 by f  ab it represents 2 – 3 of all cases of am  l although minim  ally differentiated am  l was recognized earlier criteria for f  ab m 0 were developed in 1991 the bl  asts in these cases cannot be recognized as my  elo  id based on mor  pho  logy and cy  to  chemistry but immun  op  hen  o  typing demonstrates my  elo  id antigens
in compu  tational geometry and computer science the minimum weight tri  ang  ulation problem is the problem of finding a tri  ang  ulation of minimal total edge length that is an input poly  gon or the conv  ex hull of an input point set must be subdivided into tri  angles that meet edge to edge and ver  tex to ver  tex in such a way as to minimize the sum of the perim  eters of the tri  angles the problem is n  p hard for point set inputs but may be approxim  ated to any desired degree of accuracy for poly  gon inputs it may be solved exactly in poly  no  mi  al time the minimum weight tri  ang  ulation has also sometimes been called the optimal tri  ang  ulation
the minimum design metal temperature m  d  mt is one of the design conditions for pressure vessels engineering calculations design and manufacturing according to the as  me boilers and pressure vessels code each pressure vessel that conforms to the as  me code has its own m  d  mt and this temperature is stamped on the vessel name  plate the precise definition can sometimes be a little elaborate but in simple terms the m  d  mt is a temperature arbitrarily selected by the user of the vessel according to the type of fluid and the temperature range the vessel is going to handle the so called arbitrary m  d  mt must be lower than or equal to the cet which is an environmental or process property see below and must be higher than or equal to the m  d  mt m which is a material property critical exposure temperature cet is the lowest anticipated temperature to which the vessel will be subjected taking into consideration lowest operating temperature operational up  sets auto  refrigeration atmospheric temperature and any other sources of cooling in some cases it may be the lowest temperature at which significant stresses will occur and not the lowest possible temperature m  d  mt m is the lowest temperature permitted according to the metall  ur  gy of the vessel fabric  ation materials and the thickness of the vessel component that is according to the low temperature emb  rit  t  lement range and the char  py impact test requirements per temperature and thickness for each one of the vessel s components
minimum ignition energy mie is the minimum amount of energy required to ignite a combustible vap  or gas or dust cloud for example by means of an electro  static discharge ignition of a fuel air mixture is possible only when the rate of liberation of heat near the ignition zone is greater than the heat loss by conduc  tion heat loss due to radiation is not considered as it is assumed to be negligible and the ignition process is assumed to be steady and one dimensional mie is measured in jou  les j explosives hydrogen un  saturated hydrocarbons and al  kan  es in oxygen have the lowest mie in the range of 1 to 100 μ  j al  kan  es in air distill  ate fuels hybrid mixtures and extremely sensitive du  sts have a mie range of 0 1 to 10 m  j combustible du  sts have a mie range of 0 01 to 10 j for most materials the sto  ic  hi  ome  tric concentration can be calculated from the carbon and hydrogen content and is typically about twice the lower flammable limit l  fl the lowest ignition energy value rarely occurs at the sto  ic  hi  ome  tric combustion concentration for heavier g  asses the minimum usually occurs slightly above sto  ic  hi  ome  tric concentration and for lighter g  asses such as hydrogen slightly below
in mathematics the minimum k cut is a combin  atorial optimi  zation problem that requires finding a set of edges whose removal would partition the graph to k connected components these edges are referred to as k cut the goal is to find the minimum weight k cut this parti  tioning can have applications in vl  si design data mining finite elements and communication in parallel computing
in number theory the minimum overlap problem is a problem proposed by hungarian mathem  ati  cian paul er  d  ő  s in 1955
the minis  ci reaction italian mi  ˈ  ni  ʃ  i is a named reaction in organic chemistry it is a radical substitution to an aromatic compound in particular to a hetero  aromatic base that introduces an al  ky  l group the reaction was published about in 1971 by f minis  ci the aromatic compound is generally electr  on deficient and with n aromatic compounds the nitrogen atom is pro  ton  ated a typical reaction is that between py  ri  dine and pi  val  ic acid to 2 ter  t bu  ty  l  py  ri  dine with silver nitrate sul  fur  ic acid and ammonium pers  ul  fate the reaction resembles frie  del crafts al  k  yl  ation but with opposite re  activity and selectivity the minis  ci reaction proceeds reg  io  selectively and enables the introduction of a wide range of al  ky  l groups a side reaction is ac  yl  ation the ratio between al  k  yl  ation and ac  yl  ation depends on the sub  str  ate and the reaction conditions due to the simple raw materials and the simple reaction conditions the reaction has many applications in heter  oc  ycl  ic chemistry reaction between py  ri  dine and pi  val  ic acid to 2 ter  t bu  ty  l  py  ri  dine
the min  o  an eruption of ther  a also referred to as the ther  a eruption or san  tor  ini eruption was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption with a volcanic explo  sivity index ve  i of 6 or 7 and a dense rock equivalent d  re of 60 km 3 14 cu mi dated to the mid second millennium b  ce the eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on earth in recorded history it devastated the island of ther  a now called san  tor  ini including the min  o  an settlement at ak  ro  ti  ri and communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and the coast of crete with a related earthquake or tsunami there are no clear ancient records of the eruption which may have inspired certain greek myths caused turmoil in egypt and be alluded to in a
minor s disease a syndrome involving the sudden onset of back pain and paralysis caused by haemorrha  ge into the spinal cord substance was named after the russian neuro  logist la  zar sal  om  o  witch minor 18  55 – 19  42 the term minor s syndrome is now only rarely used in connection with his work and is increasingly being used both inside and outside the medical profession to refer to superior canal de  his  cence syndrome sc  ds first described in 1998 by dr lloyd b minor of the joh  ns hop  kins university baltimore usa
minor depres  sive disorder also known as minor depression is a mood disorder that does not meet the full criteria for major depres  sive disorder but at least two depres  sive symptoms are present for two weeks these symptoms can be seen in many different psychiatric and mental disorders which can lead to more specific diagnoses of an individual s condition however some of the situations might not fall under specific categories listed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders minor depres  sive disorder is an example of one of these non  specific diagnoses as it is a disorder classified in the dsm iv tr under the category depres  sive disorder not otherwise specified dd nos the classification of nos depres  sive disorders is up for debate minor depres  sive disorder as a term was never an officially accepted term but was listed in appendix b of the dsm iv tr this is the only version of the dsm that contains the term as the prior versions and the most recent edition dsm 5 does not mention it a person is considered to have minor depres  sive disorder if he or she experiences 2 to 4 depres  sive symptoms with one of them being either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure during a 2 week period the person must not have experienced the symptoms for 2 years and there must not a one specific event that caused the symptoms to arise although not all cases of minor depres  sive disorder are deemed in need of treatment some cases are treated similarly to major depres  sive disorder this treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy c  bt anti depres  sant medication and combination therapy a lot of research supports the notion that minor depres  sive disorder is an early stage of major depres  sive disorder or that it is simply highly predic  tive of subsequent major depres  sive disorder
a min  sky moment is a sudden major collapse of asset values which is part of the credit cycle or business cycle such moments occur because long periods of prosperity and increasing value of investments lead to increasing speculation using borrowed money the spir  aling debt incurred in financing speculative investments leads to cash flow problems for investors the cash generated by their assets no longer is sufficient to pay off the debt they took on to acquire them losses on such speculative assets prompt lenders to call in their loans this is likely to lead to a collapse of asset values meanwhile the over indebted investors are forced to sell even their less speculative positions to make good on their loans however at this point no counterparty can be found to bid at the high asking prices previously quoted this starts a major sell off leading to a sudden and precipit  ous collapse in market clearing asset prices a sharp drop in market liquidity and a severe demand for cash a more general meaning is to say that a min  sky cycle features a series of min  sky moments in which a period of stability encourages risk taking which leads to a period of instability which causes more conservative and risk aver  se de leveraging behavior until stability is restored continuing the cycle in this more general view the min  sky cycle may apply to a wide range of human activities beyond investment economics the term was coined by paul mc  cul  ley of pim  co in 1998 to describe the 1998 russian financial crisis and was named after economist dr hy  man min  sky who noted that bankers traders and other financiers periodically played the role of ar  son  ists setting the entire economy ab  la  ze min  sky opposed the deregulation that characterized the 1980 s some such as mc  cul  ley have dated the start of the financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 to a min  sky moment and called the following crisis a reverse min  sky journey mc  cul  ley dates the moment to august 2007 while others date the start to some months earlier or later such as the june 2007 failure of two bear st  earns funds the concept has some parallels with austrian business cycle theory although min  sky himself was known as a keynesian and is identified as a post keynesian — as is mc  cul  ley
mi  osis or my  osis ma  ɪ  ˈ  o  ʊ s  ɪ  s from ancient greek μ  ύ  ει  ν m  ū  ein to close the eyes is a term with various definitions which generally include con  stric  tion of the pupil the opposite condition my  dri  asis is the dil  ation of the pupil anis  oc  oria is the condition of one pupil being more dil  ated than the other
mir  ho  s  se  ini – holmes – wal  ton syndrome is a syndrome which involves re  tin  al de  generation cat  ar  act micro  cephal  y and mental retar  dation it was first characterized in 1972 the gene or genes involved have not yet been determined there is some evidence that this syndrome has the same genetic cause as co  hen syndrome
mi  ri  zzi s syndrome is a rare complic  ation in which a gall  stone becomes imp  acted in the c  ys  tic duc  t or neck of the gall  blad  der causing compression of the common bile duc  t c  b  d or common he  p  atic duc  t resulting in obstruction and ja  und  ice the obstruc  tive ja  und  ice can be caused by direct extr  ins  ic compression by the stone or from fi  bro  sis caused by chronic chol  ec  y  sti  tis infl  amm  ation a chol  ec  y  sto  cho  le  do  ch  al f  ist  ula can occur
mirror touch syn  esthesia is a condition which causes individuals to experience the same sensation such as touch that another person feels for example if someone with this condition were to observe someone touching their cheek they would feel the same sensation on their own cheek syn  esthesia in general is described as a condition in which a stimulus causes an individual to experience an additional sensation syn  esthesia is usually a developmental condition however recent research has shown that mirror touch syn  esthesia can be acquired after sensory loss following ampu  tation
mirror movements are characterized by involuntary movements on one side of the body mir  r  oring voluntary movements on the other for example if someone wanted to pick up a pencil with their left hand then their right hand would also reach out for the same pencil this mostly affects the top half of the body but can also affect the bottom half walking may become more difficult as one leg will move at the same time as the other playing a musical instrument such as the piano may become very difficult as the process involves doing different things with each hand
mirror syndrome or triple oe  dem  a or ball  an  ty  ne syndrome is a rare disorder affecting pregnant women it describes the unusual association of fe  tal  and plac  ental hydro  ps with maternal pre  ec  lam  p  sia the name mirror syndrome refers to the similarity between maternal oe  dem  a and fe  tal hydro  ps it was first described in 18  92 by john william ball  an  ty  ne
the mis  alignment mechanism is a hypothe  sized effect in the pec  ce  i – quinn theory proposed solution to the strong cp problem in quantum mechanics the effect occurs when a particle s field has an initial value that is not at or near a potential minimum this causes the particle s field to osci  ll  ate around the nearest minimum eventually dissip  ating energy by dec  aying into other particles until the minimum is attained in the case of hypothe  sized ax  ions created in the early universe the initial values are random because of the mass  lessness of ax  ions in the high temperature plasma near the critical temperature of quantum chro  mo  dynamics ax  ions possess a temperature dependent mass that enters a dam  ped osci  ll  ation until the potential minimum is reached
mis  carriage also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss is the natural death of an embryo or fe  tus before it is able to survive independently some use the cu  to  ff of 20 weeks of gest  ation after which fe  tal death is known as a still  birth the most common symptoms of a mis  carriage is vag  inal bleeding with or without pain sadness anxiety and guilt may occur tissue or clo  t like material may also come out of the vag  ina risk factors for mis  carriage include an older parent previous mis  carriage exposure to tobacco smoke obesity diabetes and drug or alcohol use among others in those under the age of 35 the risk is about 10 while it is about 45 in those over the age of 40 risk begins to increase around the age of 30 about 80 of mis  carri  ages occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy the first trim  ester the underlying cause in about half of cases involves chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include an ec  topic pregnancy and implan  tation bleeding diagnosis of a mis  carriage may involve checking to see if the cer  vi  x is open or closed testing blood levels of human ch  ori  onic gon  ad  o  tro  pin h  c  g and an ul  tras  ound prevention is occasionally possible with good pre  natal care avoiding drugs and alcohol infectious diseases and radiation may prevent mis  carriage no specific treatment is usually needed during the first 7 to 14 days most mis  carriage will complete without additional interventions occasionally the medication mis  o  pro  st  ol or a procedure such as vacuum aspiration is required to remove the failed pregnancy women who are r  hes  us negative may require r  ho d immune glob  ulin pain medication may be beneficial emotional support may help with negative emotions mis  carriage is the most common complic  ation of early pregnancy among females who know they are pregnant the mis  carriage rate is roughly 10 to 20 while rates among all fertilisation is around 30 to 50 about 5 of females have two mis  carri  ages in a row some recommend not using the term abortion in discussions with those experiencing a mis  carriage in an effort to decrease distress
mis  fe  as  ance in public office is a cause of action in the civil courts of england and wales and certain commonwealth countries it is an action against the holder of a public office alleging in essence that the office holder has misused or abused their power the tor  t can be traced back to 17  03 when chief justice sir john hol  t decided that a lan  down  er could sue a police con  stable who deprived him of his right to vote ash  by v white the tor  t was revived in 1985 when it was used so that french turkey producers could sue the ministry of agriculture over a dispute that harmed their sales generally a civil defendant will be liable for mis  fe  as  ance if the defendant owed a duty of care toward the plainti  ff the defendant breached that duty of care by improperly performing a legal act and the improper performance resulted in harm to the plainti  ff in theory mis  fe  as  ance is distinct from non  fe  as  ance non  fe  as  ance is a term that describes a failure to act that results in harm to another party mis  fe  as  ance by contrast describes some affirmative act that though legal causes harm in practice the distinction is confusing and un  instructive courts often have difficulty determining whether harm resulted from a failure to act or from an act that was improperly performed
the mis  low – evans re  arrangement is a name reaction in organic chemistry it is named after kurt mis  low and david evans who discovered this reaction in 1971 the reaction allows the formation of all  yl  ic alcohol  s from all  yl  ic sul  fo  x  ides in a 2 3 sig  mat  ro  pic re  arrangement
mis  match loss in transmission line theory is the amount of power expressed in deci  bels that will not be available on the output due to impe  dance mis  matches and signal reflections a transmission line that is properly terminated that is terminated with the same impe  dance as that of the characteristic impe  dance of the transmission line will have no reflections and therefore no mis  match loss mis  match loss represents the amount of power wasted in the system it can also be thought of as the amount of power gained if the system was perfectly matched impe  dance matching is an important part of r  f system design however in practice there will likely be some degree of mis  match loss in real systems relatively little loss is due to mis  match loss and is often on the order of 1 db
mis  match repair cancer syndrome m  mr  cs is a cancer syndrome associated with bi  all  el  ic dna mis  match repair mutations it is also known as tur  cot syndrome after jacques tur  cot who described the condition in 1959 and by several other names in m  mr  cs ne  op  la  sia typically occurs in both the gut and the central nervous system cns in the large intest  ine famili  al aden  om  at  ous poly  pos  is occurs in the cns brain tumors
mis  op  hon  ia literally hatred of sound is a presumed disorder of uncertain classification in which negative emotions thoughts and physical reactions are triggered by specific sounds it is also called soft sound sensitivity syndrome select sound sensitivity syndrome 4 s decreased sound tolerance and sound rage mis  op  hon  ia is not recognized as a disorder by standard diagnostic criteria in the dsm 5 or the ic  d 10 and there is little research on its prevalence or treatment mis  op  hon  ia can adversely affect ability to achieve life goals and to enjoy social situations
the mission  aries and canni  b  als problem and the closely related jealous husbands problem are classic river crossing problems the mission  aries and canni  b  als problem is a well known toy problem in artificial intelligence where it was used by s  aul am  are  l as an example of problem representation
mis  sour  i ly  me disease is a cu  taneous condition the cause of ‘ mis  sour  i ly  me disease ’ has been a source of controversy true ly  me disease probably occurs in mis  sour  i and other southern states although ly  me disease like illnesses not related to bor  reli  a burg  dor  fer  i also occur strains of b burg  dor  fer  i have been isolated from a americ  an  um in mis  sour  i but the tic  ks are not efficient disease vectors
the mis  sour  i bell  we  ther is a political phenomenon that notes that the state of mis  sour  i voted for the winner in all but one u s presidential election from 19  04 to 2004 the exception is 1956 while states like ohio iowa nevada and new mexico have been arguably stronger indicators of political trends in recent years mis  sour  i was a consistent swing state throughout the 20 th century nevada has voted for the winner of every presidential election from united states presidential election 19  12 to the present excluding united states presidential election 1976 perhaps making it the new bell  we  ther state prior to the 2008 elections lincoln county mis  sour  i was said to be the only bell  we  ther county in a bell  we  ther state mis  sour  i is also considered a bell  we  ther of u s views on hot button social issues such as stem cell research gay rights and school vouchers some economists also consider the state a bell  we  ther for economic trends such as consumer confidence and unemployment
mist is a phenomenon caused by small dro  ple  ts of water suspended in air physically it is one instance of a dispersion it is most commonly seen where warm mo  ist air meets sudden cooling such as in ex  hal  ed air in the winter or when throwing water onto the hot stove of a sa  una it is often created artificially with aerosol can  is  ters if the hum  idity and temperature conditions are right it can also occur as part of natural weather when hum  id air co  ols rapidly for example when the air comes into contact with surfaces that are much cool  er than the air the formation of mist as of other suspensions is greatly aided by the presence of nucle  ation sites on which the suspended water phase can con  ge  al thus even such unusual sources as small particulates from volcanic erup  tions releases of strongly polar gases and even the magne  to  spheric ions associated with polar lights can in right conditions trigger the formation of mist
mit  och  on  dri  al disease is a group of disorders caused by dysfunctional mit  och  on  dri  a the organ  elles that generate energy for the cell mit  och  on  dri  a are found in every cell of the human body except red blood cells and convert the energy of food molecules into the at  p that powers most cell functions mit  och  on  dri  al diseases are sometimes about 15 of the time caused by mutations in the mit  och  on  dri  al dna that affect mit  och  on  dri  al function other causes of mit  och  on  dri  al disease are mutations in genes of the nuclear dna whose gene products are imported into the mit  och  on  dri  a mit  och  on  dri  al proteins as well as acquired mit  och  on  dri  al conditions mit  och  on  dri  al diseases take on unique characteristics both because of the way the diseases are often inherited and because mit  och  on  dri  a are so critical to cell function the sub  class of these diseases that have neuro  muscular disease symptoms are often called a mit  och  on  dri  al my  opathy
mit  och  on  dri  al my  opath  ies are types of my  opath  ies associated with mit  och  on  dri  al disease on biopsy the muscle tissue of patients with these diseases usually demonstrate rag  ged red muscle fi  bers these rag  ged red fi  bers contain mild accumul  ations of gly  co  gen and neutral li  pi  ds and may show an increased re  activity for succ  inate de  hydro  gen  ase and a decreased re  activity for cy  to  ch  rome c oxid  ase inheritance is maternal non men  deli  an ex  tran  uc  lear there are several sub  categories of mit  och  on  dri  al my  opath  ies
mit  och  on  dri  al neuro  gastro  intest  inal encephalopathy syndrome m  n  gie is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive mit  och  on  dri  al disease it has been previously referred to as pol  yn  euro  pa  thy oph  thal  mop  legi  a leuko  encephalopathy and poli  p syndrome the disease presents in childhood but often goes unnoticed for decades unlike typical mit  och  on  dri  al diseases caused by mit  och  on  dri  al dna mt  dna mutations m  n  gie is caused by mutations in the ty  mp gene which en  codes the enzyme thy  mid  ine phosphor  yl  ase mutations in this gene result in impaired mit  och  on  dri  al function leading to intest  inal symptoms as well as ne  uro oph  thal  mo  logic ab  norm  alities a secondary form of m  n  gie called m  n  gie without leuko  encephalopathy can be caused by mutations in the pol  g gene
mit  och  on  dri  al toxicity is a condition in which the mit  och  on  dri  a of a body s cells become damaged or decline significantly in number it occurs as a side effect of certain anti  retro  viral drugs used to treat human immun  o  deficiency virus or hiv
mit  och  on  dri  al tri  functional protein deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive fatty acid oxid  ation disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy particularly during periods without food people with this disorder have inadequate levels of an enzyme that breaks down a certain group of fats called long chain fatty acids
mit  ral in  sufficiency mi mit  ral reg  urg  itation or mit  ral incompetence is a disorder of the heart in which the mit  ral valve does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood it is the abnormal le  aking of blood backwards from the left ven  tric  le through the mit  ral valve into the left atri  um when the left ven  tric  le contracts i e there is reg  urg  itation of blood back into the left atri  um mi is the most common form of val  vul  ar heart disease
mit  ral valve pro  lapse m  vp a k a fl  op  py mit  ral valve syndrome syst  ol  ic click mur  m  ur syndrome or bil  lowing mit  ral leaflet is a val  vul  ar heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thick  ened mit  ral valve leaflet into the left atri  um during syst  ole it is the primary form of my  x  om  at  ous de  generation of the valve there are various types of m  vp broadly classified as classic and non  classic in its non  classic form m  vp carries a low risk of complications and often can be kept minimal by dietary attention in severe cases of classic m  vp complications include mit  ral reg  urg  itation infec  tive endo  cardi  tis cong  estive heart failure and in rare circumstances cardiac arrest the diagnosis of m  vp depends upon echo  cardi  o  graphy which uses ul  tras  ound to vis  u  alize the mit  ral valve the prevalence of m  vp is estimated at 2 3 of the population the condition was first described by john br  ere  ton bar  low in 1966 in consequence it may also be referred to as bar  low s syndrome and was subsequently termed mit  ral valve pro  lapse by j michael cri  ley
mit  ral sten  osis is a val  vul  ar heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the ori  fice of the mit  ral valve of the heart
the mit  sun  o  bu reaction is an organic reaction that conver  ts an alcohol into a variety of functional groups such as an ester using tri  phen  yl  phosp  h  ine and an az  o  dic  ar  box  y  late such as di  ethyl az  o  dic  ar  box  y  late dead or di  iso  prop  yl az  o  dic  ar  box  y  late di  ad the alcohol under  goes an in  version of stere  och  emis  try it was discovered by o  yo mit  sun  o  bu 19  34 – 2003 the mit  sun  o  bu reaction several reviews have been published
mittel  sch  mer  z german middle pain is a medical term for ov  ulation pain or mid  cycle pain about 20 of women experience mittel  sch  mer  z some every cycle some inter  mit  tently
a m  align  ant mixed mü  ll  er  ian tumor also known as m  align  ant mixed mes  o  der  mal tumor m  m  mt and carcin  os  ar  coma is a m  align  ant ne  op  las  m found in the uter  us the ov  aries the fall  op  ian tubes and other parts of the body that contains both carcin  om  at  ous epi  the  li  al tissue and sar  com  at  ous connec  tive tissue components it is divided into two types homo  log  ous in which the sar  com  at  ous component is made of tissues found in the uter  us such as end  ome  trial fi  bro  us and or smooth muscle tissues and a hetero  log  ous type made up of tissues not found in the uter  us such as car  til  age sk  el  etal muscle and or bone m  m  mt account for between two and five percent of all tumors derived from the body of the uter  us and are found predominantly in post  men  opa  usal women with an average age of 66 years risk factors are similar to those of aden  o  carcin  om  as and include obesity exo  genous estro  gen therapies and nul  li  parity less well understood but potential risk factors include tam  ox  if  en therapy and pel  vic irradiation
traditionally a mixed aff  ective state formerly known as a mixed man  ic or mixed episode has been defined as a state where  in features unique to both depression and mania — as despair fatigue mor  bid or suicidal ide  ation racing thoughts pressure of activity and heightened irrit  ability — occur either simultaneously or in very short succession previously the diagnostic criteria for both a man  ic and depres  sive episode had to be met in a consistent and sustained fashion with symptoms enduring for at least a week or any duration if psychiatric hosp  itali  zation was required thereby restricting the official acknowledgement of mixed aff  ective states to only a minority of patients with bipolar i disorder in current dsm v nomenclature however a mixed episode no longer stands as an episode of illness unto itself rather the symp  tom  ology speci  fier with mixed features can be applied to any major aff  ective episode man  ic hypo  man  ic or depres  sive meaning that they are now officially recognized in patients with in addition to bipolar i disorder bipolar ii disorder and by convention major depres  sive disorder a depres  sive mixed state in a patient however even in the absence of dis  crete periods of mania or hypo  mania argues strongly against a uni  polar course and for a bipolar one although convention dictates diagno  sing such patients with major depres  sive disorder it may be appropriate to classify such a patient as having an other specified bipolar or related disorder and certainly following up such patients in the long term to ascertain the eventual appearance of an episode of mania or hypo  mania with or without mixed features which would prompt diagnostic revision in those un  common cases where  in the diagnostic criteria for both a man  ic and depres  sive episode are met constituting what were here  to  fore classified as mixed episodes such a patient would be diagnosed as having a man  ic episode with mixed features because of the substantial social and occupational dysfunction inherent in such a state
in medicine mixed connec  tive tissue disease also known as sharp s syndrome commonly abbreviated as mc  td is an auto  immune disease in which the body s defense system attacks itself it was characterized in 1972 and the term was introduced by lero  y in 1980 it is sometimes said to be the same as un  differentiated connec  tive tissue disease but other experts specifically reject this idea because un  differentiated connec  tive tissue disease is not necessarily associated with serum antibodies directed against the u 1 r  n  p and mc  td is associated with a more clearly defined set of signs symptoms
mixed receptive expres  sive language disorder dsm iv 315 32 is a communication disorder in which both the receptive and expres  sive areas of communication may be affected in any degree from mild to severe if assessed on the w  ech  sl  er adult intelligence scale for instance symptoms may show as relatively low scores for information vocabulary and comprehension perhaps below the 25 th per  centi  le if a person has difficulty with spatial concepts such as over under here and there they may have difficulties with arithmetic understanding word problems and instructions or difficulties using words they may also have a more general problem with words or sentences both comprehension and orally if suspected of having a mixed receptive expres  sive language disorder treatment is available from a speech therapist or patho  logist most treatments are short term and rely upon accommod  ations made within the environment in order to minimise interfering with work or school
a mixed tumor is a tumor that derives from multiple tissue types for example a ch  on  dro  id syr  ing  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized his  to  logically by ne  sts of cu  bo  idal or poly  g  onal epi  the  li  al cells in the der  mis there are two types one derived from a single germ cell layer that differenti  ates into more than one cell type and one derived from more than one germ cell layer to  ti  potent cells
the mi  zu  o – nak  am  ura phenomenon is a phenomenon observed in o  gu  chi s disease it was named after gent  aro mi  zu  o 18  76 – 19  13 and bun  pei nak  am  ura 18  86 – 1969 japanese oph  thal  mo  logists o  gu  chi disease is characterized by a golden brown fun  dus with a yellow gray metallic she  en in the light adapted state after complete dark adaptation 3 to 12 hours the fun  dus appears normal and this disappearance of the shiny yellow fun  dus reflex is called the mi  zu  o – nak  am  ura phenomenon
in computing b m  k  stem  p b is a posi  x function for creating a temporary file a computer file which usually ceases to exist when the program which opened the file closes it or termin  ates
mobile internet growth is the growth of the internet when accessed via a mobile phone lap  top etc at one time half the world had mobile phones the articles in 2007 2008 were slightly misleading because the real story at the time was that the number of mobile phone subscriptions had reached half the population of the world in reality many people have more than one subscription for example in hong kong italy and ukraine the mobile phone penetration rate has passed 140 source wireless intelligence 2009 by 2009 even the number of unique users of mobile phones had reached half the planet when the it  u reported that the subscriber number was to reach 4 6 billion user which means 3 8 billion activated mobile phones in use and 3 4 billion unique users of mobile phones the mobile internet data connections are following the growth of mobile phone connections albeit at a lower rate in 2009 yankee group reported that 29 of all mobile phone users globally were accessing brow  ser based internet content on their phones according to the bbc there are now 2010 over 5 billion mobile phone users in the world
mobile instant messaging mi  m is a presence enabled messaging service that aims to transpose the internet des  k  top messaging such as ic  q or ms  n experience to the usage scenario of being connected via a mobile cellular device while several of the core ideas of the des  k  top im experience and functionality on one hand apply to a connected mobile device others do not users usually only look at their phone s screen — presence status changes might occur under different circumstances as happens at the des  k  top and several functional limits exist based on the fact that the vast majority of mobile communication devices are chosen by their users to fit into the palm of their hand some of the form factor and mobility related differences need to be taken into account in order to create a really adequate powerful and yet convenient mobile experience radio band  width memory size availability of media formats key  pad based input screen output c  pu performance and battery power are core issues that des  k  top device users and even no  mad  ic users with connected note  books are usually not exposed to there are two distinct methods to enable mobile instant messaging embedded clients – tailored im client for every specific device with a special back  end server installed within the cellular operator s service cli  ent  less platform – a brow  ser based application without down  loading any software to the hand  set or need for any technical support by the cellular operator which enables all users all devices and from any network to connect to their internet im service by all communication market analysts the cli  ent  less platform is by far the more preferred method between the two the embedded clients cost for install  ment technical and consumer support embedded clients are simply too expensive to develop and deploy for the cellular operator on the other hand the cli  ent  less platform enables full interoperability between networks and communication platforms – at no technical and consumer support in the past microsoft a  ol have tried to develop such a solution with minor success but since the popularity of 2 5 generation cellular hand  sets and even more so since the appearance of the 3 g technology – enabling fast data trafficking – will finally enable widespread mi  m usage
mobile phone over  use or problem mobile phone use is a dependence syndrome seen among certain mobile phone users some mobile phone users exhibit problematic behaviors related to substance use disorders these behaviors can include preoccupation with mobile communication excessive money or time spent on mobile phones use of mobile phones in socially or physically inappropriate situations such as driving an automobile increased use can also lead to increased time on mobile communication adverse effects on relationships and anxiety if separated from a mobile phone or sufficient signal
a mod or modification is the alteration of content from a video game in order to make it operate in a manner different from its original version mo  ds can be created for any gen  re of game but are especially popular in first person shoo  ters role playing games and real time strategy games mo  ds are made by the general public or a develop  er and can be entirely new games in themselves but mo  ds are not stand alone software and require the user to have the original release in order to run they can include new items mod  ded weapons characters enemies models tex  tures levels story lines music money armor life and game modes they can be single player or multi  player mo  ds that add new content to the underlying game are often called partial conversions while mo  ds that create an entirely new game are called total conversions and mo  ds that fix bugs only are called unofficial pat  ches games running on a personal computer are often designed with change in mind allowing modern pc games to be modified by gam  ers without much difficulty these mo  ds can add extra re  play value and interest the internet provides an inexpensive medium to promote and distribute user created content like mo  ds an aspect commonly known as web 2 0 video game mod  ding was described as re  mixing of games and can be therefore seen as part of the re  mix culture as described by lawrence les  si  g the mo  ds have become an increasingly important factor in the commercial success of some games developers such as id software valve corporation mo  jan  g ab be  thes  da sof  t  works fir  axis cry  te  k the creative assembly and epic games provide extensive tools and documentation to assist mod makers leveraging the potential success brought in by a popular mod like counter strike mo  ds can help to continue the success of the original game even when the original game has become dated in that case players might have to clarify that they are referring to the un  modified game when talking about playing a game the term van  illa is often used to make this distinction van  illa battlefield 19  42 for example refers to the original un  modified game for van  illa games pre  fix v or v is commonly used together with the game title acron  ym e g v  q 3 stands for van  illa quake 3 as early as the 1980 s video game mo  ds have been used for the sole purpose of creating art as opposed to an actual game they can include recording in game action as a film as well as attempting to reproduce real life areas inside a game with no regard for game play value see also artistic video game modification machin  ima and demo  scene popular websites dedicated to mod  ding include n  ex  us  mo  ds and mod db
a model spectrum is an artificial spectrum of a star made by recre  ating the absorption or emission features seen in the spectrum a model spectrum will usually be of a specific spectr  al type of star and may include other properties of the star such as a surrounding ne  bul  a presence or lack of an extended atmosphere or a circum  stell  ar dust dis  c some external reference links s  vo spectr  al models stars and galax  ies kur  uc  z models miles spectr  al models
model – view – adap  ter m  va or mediating controller m  v  c is a software architectural pattern and multi  tier architecture in complex computer applications that present large amounts of data to users developers often wish to separate data model and user interface view concerns so that changes to the user interface will not affect data handling and that the data can be re  organized without changing the user interface m  va and traditional m  v  c both attempt to solve this same problem but with two different styles of solution traditional m  v  c arrang  es model e g data structures and storage view e g user interface and controller e g business logic in a triangle with model view and controller as ver  tices so that some information flows between the model and views outside of the controller s direct control the model – view – adap  ter solves this rather differently from the model – view – controller by arranging model adap  ter or mediating controller and view lin  early without any connections whatsoever directly between model and view
model – view – controller m  v  c is a software design pattern for implementing user interfaces on computers it divides a given software application into three interconnected parts so as to separate internal representations of information from the ways that information is presented to or accepted from the user traditionally used for des  k  top graphical user interfaces gu  is this architecture has become popular for designing web applications
modern ty  po  graphy was a reaction against the perceived dec  ad  ence of ty  po  graphy and design of the late 19 th century it is mostly associated with the works of jan tsch  ic  hold and bau  ha  us ty  po  graph  ers herbert bayer l  á  sz  l  ó mo  holy nag  y el lis  sit  z  ky and others
modified wit  ti  g cla  is  en tandem reaction is a cas  c  ade reaction that combines wit  ti  g reaction and cla  is  en re  arrangement together the wit  ti  g reaction generates the all  yl vinyl e  ther intermediate that further participates in a cla  is  en re  arrangement to generate the final γ δ un  saturated ke  tone or alde  hyde product figure modified wit  ti  g cla  is  en tandem reactions the modified wit  ti  g cla  is  en tandem reaction has been a useful retro  synthetic strategy and has been applied to the synthesis of various complex natural products and other molecules this reaction is especially useful for construction of cyclic ke  tones with double bond at the γ δ position pa  qu  ette and co workers reported the synthesis of 4 cyclo  oc  ten  one structure by expanding the six memb  ered ring of a 2 cyclo  hex  an  one structure the key step was a tandem process that combines te  b  be ole  fin  ation a reaction similar to wit  ti  g reaction with cla  is  en re  arrangement figure application of modified wit  ti  g cla  is  en tandem reactions for construction of 4 cyclo  oc  ten  one structure tandem wit  ti  g cla  is  en reaction has also been applied to the construction of the spir  o py  r  ro  li  din 3 3 ’ ox  in  do  le ring system in natural products such as hor  s  fil  ine the synthesis started with a simple o nitro  benz  alde  hyde a wit  ti  g cla  is  en reaction sequence converted the starting material to a 4 pent  en  al derivative that could serve as a vers  ati  le intermediate for the synthesis of various natural products in this case the 4 pent  en  al derivative was further converted to the natural product hor  s  fil  ine the active ingredient of a traditional herbal medicine with anal  ges  ic effects
the modified logn  orm  al power law ml  p function is a three parameter function that can be used to model data that have characteristics of a logn  orm  al distribution and a power law behavior it has been used to model the functional form of the initial mass function imf unlike the other functional forms of the imf the ml  p is a single function with no joining conditions
in mathematics a mod  ular form is a complex analy  tic function on the upper half plane satisfying a certain kind of functional equation with respect to the group action of the mod  ular group and also satisfying a growth condition the theory of mod  ular forms therefore belongs to complex analysis but the main importance of the theory has traditionally been in its connections with number theory mod  ular forms appear in other areas such as al  ge  bra  ic topo  logy sphere packing and string theory a mod  ular function is a function that like a mod  ular form is invari  ant with respect to the mod  ular group but without the condition that f z be holo  morph  ic at infin  ity instead mod  ular functions are mer  om  orph  ic at infin  ity mod  ular form theory is a special case of the more general theory of au  tomor  ph  ic forms and therefore can now be seen as just the most concrete part of a rich theory of dis  crete groups
in the fields of non  linear op  tics and fluid dynamics mod  ul  ational instability or si  deb  and instability is a phenomenon whereby deviations from a periodic wa  ve  form are reinforced by non  lin  ear  ity leading to the generation of spectr  al si  deb  ands and the eventual breakup of the wa  ve  form into a train of pul  ses the phenomenon was first discovered − and modelled − for periodic surface gravity waves st  okes waves on deep water by t brooke benjamin and jim e fe  ir in 1967 therefore it is also known as the benjamin − fe  ir instability it is a possible mechanism for the generation of rogue waves
in software engineering the module pattern is a design pattern used to implement the concept of software modules defined by mod  ular programming in a programming language with incomplete direct support for the concept this pattern can be implemented in several ways depending on the host programming language such as the sing  leton design pattern object oriented static members in a class and procedural global functions in py  th  on the pattern is built into the language and each py file is automatically a module
in al  ge  bra a module spectrum is a spectrum with an action of a ring spectrum it gener  alizes a module in abstract al  ge  bra the ∞ category of say right module spec  tra is stable hence it can be considered as either analo  g or gener  alization of the derived category of modules over a ring
in real analysis a branch of mathematics a mod  ul  us of convergence is a function that tells how quickly a conver  gent sequence conver  ges these mod  uli are often employed in the study of compu  table analysis and constructive mathematics if a sequence of real numbers xi conver  ges to a real number x then by definition for every real ε 0 there is a natural number n such that if i n then x − xi ε a mod  ul  us of convergence is essentially a function that given ε returns a corresponding value of n
mo  hawk – hudson convergence mh  c is a mes  o  scale meteor  ology phenomenon occurring over the capital district region of up  state new york united states the small convergence zone forms within specific weather conditions sometimes found in the wake of extr  atro  pical cycl  ones shifting east of the area given air pressure decreasing with both longitude and latitude as well as weak sy  no  ptic low level flow winds are chann  eled east along the mo  hawk valley and south through the hudson valley conver  ging over al  b  any with sufficient moisture in the lower atmosphere a loc  alized area of precip  itation may form where the valleys meet extending for several miles around al  b  any the process manifests primarily in the lowest 2 500 ft 760 m of the atmosphere mh  c induced precip  itation occurs predomin  ately in the winter it typically produces low clouds and light snow  fall often locally prolonging significant snow events by several hours the strongest mh  c events may yield snow  fall rates approaching 1 in 2 5 cm per hour occasionally mh  c contributes to shower and thunder  storm formation in the warm season in early august 2008 two days of training thunder  storms over the capital district were attributed to mh  c the result was locally heavy rain amounting to over 1 in 25 mm a relatively rare variation of mh  c termed southern mo  hawk – hudson convergence sm  hc occurs in the summer when a south  wester  ly wind is present in advance of an approaching cold front in that scenario the hudson and mo  hawk valleys may direct the flow to become more sou  ther  ly and wester  ly respectively yielding the formation of thunder  storms around al  b  any when conditions permit as with mh  c sm  hc is most pronounced in the absence of mechanisms for strong sy  no  ptic as  cent over the region whereas the effects of the convergence zone are generally insignificant in the winter sm  hc presents more of a forecasting challenge when thunder  storms rapidly develop threaten and to impede travel at al  b  any international airport thunder  storms associated with sm  hc have the potential to become severe
mo  hr – tran  eb  j  ær  g syndrome m  ts is a rare x liked rec  essive syndrome also known as deaf  ness dy  st  onia syndrome and caused by mutation in the tim  m 8 a gene it was first described in 1960 the severity of the symptoms may vary but they progress usually to severe deaf  ness and dy  st  onia and sometimes are accompanied by cor  tical deterioration of vision and mental deterioration
in mathematics physics and art a mo  ir  é pattern m  w  ɑ  ː  r  ˈ  e  ɪ french m  wa  ˈ  ʁ  e or mo  ir  é fringes are large scale interference patterns that can be produced when an opaque ruled pattern with transparent gaps is over  laid on another similar pattern for the mo  ir  é interference pattern to appear the two patterns are not completely identical they must be displaced rot  ated etc or have different but similar pitch mo  ir  é patterns appear in many different situations in printing the printed pattern of do  ts can negatively interfere with the image in television and digital photo  graphy a pattern on an object being photograph  ed can interfere with the shape of the light sensors to generate unwanted arti  facts they are also sometimes created deliberately in micro  meters they are used to amplify the effects of very small movements in physics its manifestation is the beat phenomenon that occurs in many wave interference conditions
mol  ar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non viable fertili  zed egg implants in the uter  us and will fail to come to term a mol  ar pregnancy is a gest  ational tro  pho  bl  astic disease which grows into a mass in the uter  us that has sw  oll  en ch  ori  onic vill  i these vill  i grow in clusters that resemble grapes a mol  ar pregnancy can develop when a fertili  zed egg does not contain an original maternal nucleus the products of conception may or may not contain fe  tal tissue it is characterized by the presence of a hy  d  ati  di  form mole or hy  d  ati  d mole mol  a hy  d  ati  do  sa mol  ar pregnancies are categ  orized as partial mol  es or complete mol  es with the word mole being used to den  ote simply a cl  ump of growing tissue or a growth a complete mole is caused by a single incidence is about 90 or two incidence is about 10 sperm combining with an egg which has lost its dna the sperm then re  duplic  ates forming a complete 46 chro  mo  some set the geno  type is typically 46 xx diplo  id due to subsequent mit  osis of the fertili  zing sperm but can also be 46 xy diplo  id 46 y  y diplo  id is not observed in contrast a partial mole occurs when a hap  loid egg is fertili  zed by two sperm or by one sperm which re  duplic  ates itself yielding the geno  types of 69 xx  y tri  plo  id or 92 xx  xy tetr  ap  loid complete hy  d  ati  di  form mol  es have 2 5 risk of developing into ch  ori  o  carcin  oma
alcoholism is characterized by a wide range of symptoms including compul  sive alcohol seeking and consumption tolerance resistance to the effects of alcohol after repeated consumption and withdrawal symptoms such as irrit  ability prof  use swe  ating and uncontrollable shaking upon rapid cessation of drinking there is not a specific test for diagno  sing alcoholism however patient questionnaires and medical scre  enings for ail  ments typically associated with alcoholism such as cir  rho  sis heart problems and pan  cre  ati  tis are often used as diagnostic tools several factors influence the development of alcoholism including genetic pre  disposition and environmental stres  sors such as grief stress depression and anxiety in coordination with these factors molecular and epi  genetic mechanisms influence the progression toward alcoholism
molecular auto  ion  ization or self ion  ization is a reaction between molecules of the same substance to produce ions if a pure liquid partially dissoci  ates into ions it is said to be self ionizing the oxid  ation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchanged such auto  ion  ization can be pro  tic h transfer or non pro  tic some examples of each are pro  tic solvents 2 h 2 o ⇌ h 3 o oh − the self ion  ization of water is particularly well studied due to its implications for acid base chemistry of aqu  eous solutions 2 n  h 3 ⇌ n  h 4 n  h − 2 2 h 2 so 4 ⇌ h 3 so 4 h  so − 4 3 hf ⇌ h 2 f hf − 2 here prot  on transfer between two hf combines with homo  association of f − and a third hf to form hf − 2 non pro  tic solvents 2 pf 5 ⇌ pf − 6 pf 42 n 2 o 4 ⇌ no no − 3 2 br  f 3 ⇌ br  f 2 br  f − 4 the self ion  ization reaction 2 so 2 ⇌ so 2 − 3 so 2 has also been proposed but must be considered impro  bable because it would require the separation of doubly charged ions molecular auto  ion  ization can occur in gases or soli  ds but occurs most readily in liquids in gases the molecules are so far apart that ion formation is very un  favorable and in soli  ds there is not enough molecular movement as long as the phase remains constant auto  ion  ization normally increases substantially with increasing pressure
a molecular le  sion or point le  sion is damage to the structure of a biological mol  ecu  le such as dna enzymes or proteins that results in reduction or absence of normal function or in rare cases the gain of a new function le  sions in dna consist of breaks and other changes in the chemical structure of the heli  x see types of dna le  sions while le  sions in proteins consist of both broken bonds and improper fol  ding of the amino acid chain
molecular modification is chemical alteration of a known and previously characterized lead compound for the purpose of enhancing its usefulness as a drug this could mean enhancing its specificity for a particular body target site increasing its potency improving its rate and extent of absorption modifying to advantage its time course in the body reducing its toxicity changing its physical or chemical properties like solu  bility to provide desired features
in chemistry a molecular orb  ital mo is a mathematical function describing the wave like behavior of an electr  on in a mol  ecu  le this function can be used to calculate chemical and physical properties such as the probability of finding an electr  on in any specific region the term orb  ital was introduced by robert s mul  li  ken in 19  32 as an abbreviation for one electr  on orb  ital wave function at an elementary level it is used to describe the region of space in which the function has a significant am  pl  itude molecular or  bit  als are usually constructed by combining atomic or  bit  als or hybrid or  bit  als from each atom of the mol  ecu  le or other molecular or  bit  als from groups of atoms they can be quantitatively calculated using the har  tree – foc  k or self consistent field sc  f methods
molecular vap  or de  position is the gas phase reaction between surface reactive chemicals and an appropriately receptive surface often bi functional si  lanes are used in which one termination of the mol  ecu  le is reactive for example a functional chloro  si  lane r si cl 3 can react with surface hydrox  yl groups oh resulting a radic  alized r de  position on the surface the advantage of a gas phase reaction over a comparable liquid phase process is the control of moisture from the ambient environment which often results in cross poly  mer  ization of the si  lane leading to particulates on the treated surface often a heated sub atmospheric vacuum chamber is used to allow precise control of the re  ac  tants and water content additionally the gas phase process allows for easy treatment of complex parts since the coverage of the re  ac  tant is generally diffusion limited micro  electro  mechanical systems m  ems sensors often use molecular vap  or de  position as a technique to address stic  tion and other par  asi  tic issues relative to surface to surface interactions
in mathematics a mo  lien series is a generating function attached to a linear representation ρ of a group g on a finite dimensional vector space v it counts the homogeneous poly  no  mi  als of a given total degree d that are invari  ants for g it is named for theod  or mo  lien
a mol  in  eux hearing is a new york state pre trial hearing on the admissibility of evidence of prior un  charged crimes by the defendant in a criminal trial in most cases evidence of prior un  charged crimes is not admissible because of its potential prejudicial effect under certain circumstances it may be admissible if the prosecutor wishes to bring in evidence of prior un  charged crimes they request a mol  in  eux hearing the judge decides if the evidence is admissible
mol  la  ret s men  ing  i  tis is a recurrent or chronic infl  amm  ation of the protective memb  ran  es covering the brain and spinal cord known collectively as the men  inges since mol  la  ret s men  ing  i  tis is a recurrent benign non can  cer  ous as  ep  tic men  ing  i  tis it is now referred to as benign recurrent lymp  ho  cy  tic men  ing  i  tis it was named for pierre mol  la  ret the french neuro  logist who first described it in 1944 although chronic men  ing  i  tis has been defined as irritation and infl  amm  ation of the men  inges persisting for more than 4 weeks being associated with ple  oc  y  to  sis in the cere  bro  spinal fluid cere  bro  spinal fluid ab  norm  alities may not be detec  table for the entire time diagnosis can be elusive as hel  bo  k et al note in reality many more weeks even months pass by until the diagnosis is established in many cases the signs and symptoms of chronic men  ing  i  tis not only persist for periods longer than 4 weeks they even progress with continuing deterioration i e headache neck sti  ff  ness and even low grade fever impairment of consciousness epi  le  ptic seizures neuro  logical signs and symptoms may evolve over time
mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum mc sometimes called water war  ts is a viral infection of the skin and occasionally of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es mc can affect any area of the skin but is most common on the trunk of the body arms gro  in and legs it is caused by a dna po  x  virus called the mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum virus mc  v mc  v has no non human reservoir inf  ecting primarily humans though equi  ds can rarely be infected the virus that causes mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum is spread from person to person by touching the affected skin the virus may also be spread by touching a surface with the virus on it such as a towel clothing or toys risk factors include being sexually active and those who are immun  o  deficient four types of mc  v are known mc  v 1 to 4 mc  v 1 is the most common and mc  v 2 is seen usually in adults approximately 122 million people were affected worldwide by mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum as of 2010 1 8 of the population it is more common in children mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum is most common in children aged one to 11 years old some evidence indicates mollus  cu  m infections have been on the rise globally since 1966 but these infections are not routinely monitored because they are seldom serious and routinely disappear without treatment mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum is contagious until the bu  mps are gone some grow  ths may remain for up to 4 years if not treated
mollus  cu  m der  mati  tis represents a unique form of id reaction in which patients may present with loc  alized or widespread ecz  ema surrounding scattered le  sions of mollus  cu  m contag  io  sum
mol  y  b  den  um co  factor deficiency is a rare human disease in which the absence of mol  y  b  den  um co  factor leads to accumulation of toxic levels of sulph  ite and neuro  logical damage usually this leads to death within months of birth due to the lack of active sul  f  ite oxid  ase furthermore a mut  ational block in mol  y  b  den  um co  factor bio  synthesis causes absence of enzyme activity of x  anth  ine de  hydro  gen  ase oxid  ase and alde  hyde oxid  ase when caused by a mutation in the mo  cs 1 gene it is the type a variant it can also be caused by a mutation in the mo  cs 2 gene or the ge  ph gene as of 2010 there had been approximately 132 reported cases it should not be confused with mol  y  b  den  um deficiency
mol  y  b  den  um deficiency refers to the clinical consequences of inadequate supplies of mol  y  b  den  um in the diet the amount of mol  y  b  den  um required is relatively small and mol  y  b  den  um deficiency usually does not occur in natural settings however it can occur in individuals receiving paren  ter  al nutrition
mö  nc  ke  berg s arter  i  os  clerosis or mö  nc  ke  berg s sclerosis also called medi  al calci  fic sclerosis or mö  nc  ke  berg medi  al sclerosis is a form of arter  i  os  clerosis or vessel hard  ening where calcium deposits are found in the muscular middle layer of the walls of arter  ies the tun  ica media it is an example of dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication this condition occurs as an age related degenerative process however it can occur in pseu  do  x  an  thomas el  as  tic  um and idi  opathic arter  ial calci  fication of infancy as a pathological condition as well its clinical significance and eti  ology are not well understood and its relationship to a  ther  os  clerosis and other forms of vascular calci  fication are the subject of disagreement mö  nc  ke  berg s arter  i  os  clerosis is named after jo  han  n georg mö  nc  ke  berg who first described it in 19  03
mon  dini dys  pl  asia also known as mon  dini mal  formation and mon  dini defect is an ab  normality of the inner ear that is associated with sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss this de  form  ity was first described in 17  91 by carlo mon  dini after examining the inner ear of a deaf boy the mon  dini dys  pl  asia describes a co  ch  lea with incomplete parti  tioning and a reduced number of turns an enlarged vesti  bul  ar aqu  educ  t and a dil  ated vesti  bu  le a normal co  ch  lea has two and a half turns a co  ch  lea with mon  dini dys  pl  asia has one and a half turns the bas  al turns being normally formed with a dil  ated or c  ys  tic ap  ical turn to the co  ch  lear the hearing loss can deteriorate over time either gradually or in a step wise fashion or may be profound from birth case history hearing loss associated with mon  dini dys  pl  asia may first become manifest in childhood or early adult life some children may pass new  born hearing screen to lose hearing in infancy but others present with a hearing loss at birth hearing loss is often progressive and because of the associated widened vesti  bul  ar aqu  educ  t may progress in a step wise fashion associated with minor head trauma vesti  bul  ar function is also often affected while the hearing loss is sens  or  in  eur  al a conduc  tive element may exist probably because of the third window effect of the widened vesti  bul  ar aqu  educ  t the mon  dini dys  pl  asia can occur in cases of pend  red syndrome and bran  chio oto ren  al syndrome and in other syndro  mes but can occur in non syndro  mic deaf  ness 2
mon  dor s disease also known as mon  dor s syndrome of superficial thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis is a rare condition which involves thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis of the superficial ve  ins of the breast and an  terior chest wall it sometimes occurs in the arm or penis in ax  illa this condition is known as ax  ill  ary web syndrome patients with this disease often have abrupt onset of superficial pain with possible sw  elling and red  ness of a limited area of their an  terior chest wall or breast there is usually a lump present which may be somewhat linear and tender because of the possibility of the lump being from another cause patients are often referred for mammo  gram and or breast ul  tras  ound mon  dor s disease is self limiting and generally benign a cause is often not identified but when found includes trauma surgery or infl  amm  ation such as infection there have been occasional cases of associated m  align  ancy management is with warm com  presses and pain reli  evers most commonly n  s  aids such as i  bu  prof  en when thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis affects the greater ve  ins it can progress into the deep ven  ous system and may lead to pul  mon  ary embol  ism it is named after henri mon  dor 18  85 1962 a surgeon in paris france who first described the disease in 1939
monetary inflation is a sustained increase in the money supply of a country or currency area depending on many factors especially public expectations the fundamental state and development of the economy and the transmission mechanism it is likely to result in price inflation which is usually just called inflation which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services there is general agreement among economists that there is a causal relationship between monetary inflation and price inflation but there is neither a common view about the exact theoretical mechanisms and relationships nor about how to accurately measure it this relationship is also constantly changing within a larger complex economic system so there is a great deal of debate on the issues involved such as how to measure the monetary base and price inflation how to measure the effect of public expectations how to judge the effect of financial innovations on the transmission mechanisms and how much factors like the velocity of money affect the relationship thus there are different views on what could be the best targets and tools in monetary policy however there is a general consensus on the importance and responsibility of central banks and monetary authorities in setting public expectations of price inflation and in trying to control it keynesian economists believe the central bank can sufficiently assess the detailed economic variables and circumstances in real time in order to control monetary policy in detail these economists favor monetary policies that attempt to even out the ups and downs of business cycles and economic shocks in a precise fashion followers of the monetarist school think that keynesian style monetary policies produce a lot of over  shooting time lag errors and other unwanted effects sometimes making things even worse they doubt the central bank s capacity to analyse economic problems in real time and its ability to influence the economy with correct timing and the right monetary policy measures so monetar  ists advocate less intrusive and complex monetary policies like inflation targeting or a constant growth rate of money supply some followers of austrian school economics advocate either the return to free markets in money called free banking or a 100 gold standard and the abolition of central banks currently most central banks follow a monetarist or keynesian approach or more often a mix of both there is a trend of central banks towards the monetarist approach with inflation targeting
monetary overhang is a phenomenon in which people have money holdings because of a lack of ability to spend them this is a phenomenon often present with repressed inflation and was common in the soviet union the solution to this is usually a swift burst of inflation in the soviet union which was dissolved in 1990 1991 monetary overhang led to hyper  inflation the international monetary fund subsidised the currency to stabilise it but russia chose to end that arrangement in 1998
money disorders are the mal  adap  tive patterns of financial beliefs and behaviors that lead to clin  ically significant distress impairment in social or occupational functioning due to financial strain or an inability to appropriately enjoy one ’ s financial resources with the exception of pathological gambling and compul  sive buying psychology and the mental health fields have largely neglected dysfunctional money disorders types of behaviors or “ s  cripts ” related to money disorders include money avoidance money worship money status and money vigilance those afflicted with money disorders or who have problematic money beliefs can seek financial therapy with financial therapy financial planners and relationship therap  ists work together to provide comprehensive treatment to clients experiencing financial distress
in economics the money supply or money stock is the total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific time there are several ways to define money but standard measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits depositors easily accessed assets on the books of financial institutions money supply data are recorded and published usually by the government or the central bank of the country public and private sector analysts have long monitored changes in money supply because of the belief that it affects the price level inflation the exchange rate and the business cycle that relation between money and prices is historically associated with the quantity theory of money there is strong empirical evidence of a direct relation between money supply growth and long term price inflation at least for rapid increases in the amount of money in the economy for example a country such as zimbabwe which saw extremely rapid increases in its money supply also saw extremely rapid increases in prices hyper  inflation this is one reason for the reliance on monetary policy as a means of controlling inflation the nature of this causal chain is the subject of contention some heter  odo  x economists argue that the money supply is endo  genous determined by the workings of the economy not by the central bank and that the sources of inflation must be found in the distributional structure of the economy in addition those economists seeing the central bank s control over the money supply as feeble say that there are two weak links between the growth of the money supply and the inflation rate first in the aftermath of a recession when many resources are under  utilized an increase in the money supply can cause a sustained increase in real production instead of inflation second if the velocity of money i e the ratio between nominal gdp and money supply changes an increase in the money supply could have either no effect an exaggerated effect or an unpredictable effect on the growth of nominal gdp
the mone  y  maker effect is the name of the sudden growth in interest in poker after the 2003 world series of poker main event
a mongo  lian spot also known as mongo  lian blue spot con  genital der  mal mel  an  oc  y  to  sis and der  mal mel  an  oc  y  to  sis is a benign flat con  genital birth  mark with w  av  y borders and irregular shape in 1883 it was described and named after mongo  li  ans by er  win b  ä  l  z a german anthropo  logist based in japan it normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by pu  ber  ty the most common color is blue although they can be blue gray blue black or deep brown
mon  i  le  thri  x also referred to as be  aded hair is a rare auto  som  al dominant hair disease that results in short fragile broken hair that appears be  aded it comes from the latin word for necklace mon  ile and the greek word for hair thri  x
mon  il  in  ia oxy  coc  ci wor  on  in honey synon  ym s  cl  ero  tin  ia oxy  coc  ci common names cran  berry cott  on  ball cran  berry hard rot tip b  light is a fun  gal infection of the cran  berry plant vacc  ini  um macro  carp  on the tips of young flowering shoots wil  t before they flower fruit that does form on the plant can then be infected by the as  ex  ual spo  res traveling through the plant causing the berries to har  den turn cott  ony on the inside and dry out instead of maturing the berries are filled with a cotton like fun  gus and are generally yel  low  ish with tan stri  pes or blo  tches at maturity making them un  marketable it results in important economic impacts on many cran  berry marsh  es particularly in wis  cons  in
the monkey and banana problem is a famous toy problem in artificial intelligence particularly in logic programming and planning
the monkey tree phenomenon is a social phenomenon in singapore which began in september 2007 it arose from the discovery of a call  us on a tree in hong k  ah which appears monkey like some believe the image to be of divine origin while others have attributed the phenomenon to the effects of p  are  ido  lia whereby random stimul  i are perceived as meaningful the call  us has initiated a minor social mania drawing large crowds to look or pray at the tree
mon  key  pox is an infectious disease caused by the mon  key  pox virus the disease was first identified in laboratory monkeys hence its name but in its natural state it seems to infect ro  dents more often than pri  mates the disease is indigenous to central and west africa an outbreak that occurred in the united states in 2003 was traced to a pet store where imported gambi  an pou  ched rats were sold mon  key  pox virus is a zoonotic viral disease that occurs primarily in remote villages of central and west africa in proximity to tropical rain  forests where there is more frequent contact with infected animals mon  key  pox is usually transmitted to humans from ro  dents pets and pri  mates through contact with the animal s blood or through a bite human mon  key  pox can be difficult to distinguish clin  ically from small  pox to which it is closely related and chick  en  pox to which it is not
the auto  som  al dominant syndrome associated with mon  oc  y  top  enia b and nk cell lymp  hop  enia and my  co  bacterial fun  gal and viral infections abbreviated mon  om  ac is a rare genetic disorder first described by vi  hn and colleagues in 2010 and is associated with my  el  odys  pl  asia cy  to  genetic ab  norm  alities pul  mon  ary al  ve  ol  ar prote  in  osis and my  elo  id leuk  emi  as multiple mutations in the g  ata 2 are considered to be responsible for this syndrome
mono  ar  thri  tis is infl  amm  ation ar  thri  tis of one joint at a time it is usually caused by trauma infection or cryst  alline ar  thri  tis
mono  ch  rom  acy mon  o meaning one and ch  rom  o color is among organisms or machine the ability to distinguish only one single frequency of the electromagnetic light spectrum in the physical sense no source of electromagnetic radiation is purely mono  ch  rom  atic but can be considered as a ga  us  sian distribution of frequencies shaped around a peak in the same way a visual system of an organism or a machine cannot be mono  ch  rom  at but will distinguish a continuous set of frequencies around a peak depending by the intensity of the light organisms with mono  ch  rom  acy are called mono  chro  mats many species such as all marine mammals the ow  l monkey and the australian sea lion pic  tured at right are mono  chro  mats under normal conditions in humans absence of color discrimination or poor color discrimination is one among several other symptoms of severe inherited or acquired diseases as for example inherited ach  ro  mat  op  sia om  im 216  900 26  2300 139  340 613  0  93 acquired ach  ro  mat  op  sia or inherited blue cone mono  ch  rom  acy om  im 30  37  00
in graph theory and theoretical computer science the mono  ch  rom  atic triangle problem is an algori  th  mic problem on graphs in which the goal is to partition the edges of a given graph into two triangle free sub  graphs it is n  p complete but fixed parameter tractable on graphs of bounded tre  e  width
a mono  ch  rome or red rain  bow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon and a rare variation of the more commonly seen multi  colored rain  bow its formation process is identical to that of a normal rain  bow namely the reflection ref  r  action of light in water dro  ple  ts the difference being that a mono  ch  rome rain  bow requires the sun to be close to the horizon i e near sun  rise or sunset the low angle of the sun results in a longer distance for its light to travel through the atmosphere causing shorter wa  vel  eng  ths of light such as blue green and yellow to be scattered and leaving primarily red in the lower light environment where the phenomenon most often forms a mono  ch  rome rain  bow can leave a highly dramatic effect
mono  cl  onal b cell lymp  ho  cy  to  sis m  bl is a condition that resembles chronic lymp  ho  cy  tic leuk  emia c  ll but does not meet the criteria for c  ll and does not require treatment however c  ll requiring treatment develops at the rate of 1 1 per year the definition of c  ll includes 5 000 c  ll phen  o  type b cell lymp  ho  cy  tes per cubic milli  meter patients with 5 000 but not 0 c  ll phen  o  type b cell lymp  ho  cy  tes per mm ³ and no symptoms of c  ll are diagnosed with m  bl the term mono  cl  onal means that all the b cells are derived from a single cell
mono  cl  onal gam  mop  athy of un  determined significance m  gus unknown or uncertain may be substituted for un  determined formerly benign mono  cl  onal gam  mop  athy is a condition in which a par  a  protein is found in the blood during standard laboratory blood tests it resembles multiple my  el  oma and similar diseases but the levels of anti  body are lower the number of plasma cells white blood cells that secre  te antibodies in the bone marrow is lower it has no symptoms or major problems although patients with m  gus have sometimes been reported to suffer from peripheral neuro  pa  thy and no treatment is indicated however multiple my  el  oma develops at the rate of about 1 5 a year so doctors recommend monitoring it yearly the progression from m  gus to multiple my  el  oma usually involves several steps in rare cases it may also be related with a slowly progressive sym  metric dis  tal sens  or  im  o  tor neuro  pa  thy
mon  oc  ular rivalry is a phenomenon of human visual perception that occurs when two different images are op  tically super  imposed during prolonged viewing one image becomes clearer than the other for a few moments then the other image becomes clearer than the first for a few moments these alter  nations in clarity continue at random for as long as one looks occasionally one image will become exclusively visible and the other image invisible in the demonstration one image is a green gr  ating and the other is a red gr  ating during prolonged inspection the vie  wer can see the green gr  ating as clearer than the red gr  ating for a few moments then the reverse occasionally the green gr  ating will be all that is visible and occasionally the red gr  ating will be all that is visible occasionally at transitions one will briefly see irregular compos  ites of the two grat  ings such as the red and green grat  ings super  imposed but with one or two bars of the green gr  ating invisible
mon  oc  y  tic leuk  emia is a type of my  elo  id leuk  emia characterized by a dominance of mon  oc  y  tes in the marrow when the mon  oc  y  tic cells are predominantly mono  bl  asts it can be sub  classified into acute mono  bl  astic leuk  emia mon  oc  y  tic leuk  emia is almost always broken down into acute and chronic acute mon  oc  y  tic leuk  emia chronic my  el  om  on  oc  y  tic leuk  emia
mon  oc  y  top  enia is a form of leuk  open  ia associated with a deficiency of mon  oc  y  tes the causes of mon  oc  y  top  enia include acute infections stress treatment with glu  co  cor  ti  co  ids ap  l  astic an  emia ha  iry cell leuk  emia acute my  elo  id leuk  emia treatment with my  elo  toxic drugs and genetic syndro  mes as for example mon  om  ac syndrome it has been proposed as a measure to predict neu  tro  pen  ia though some research indicates that it is less effective than lymp  hop  enia
mon  oc  y  to  sis is an increase in the number of mon  oc  y  tes circulating in the blood mon  oc  y  tes are white blood cells that give rise to macro  p  ha  ges and d  end  ri  tic cells in the immune system in humans 950 μ  l is regarded as at the upper limit of normal mon  oc  y  te counts above this level are regarded as mon  oc  y  to  sis mon  oc  y  to  sis has sometimes been called mon  on  uc  le  osis but that name is usually reserved specifically for infectious mon  on  uc  le  osis
mono  dominance is an ecological condition in which more than 60 of the tree can  op  y comprises a single species of tree although mono  dominance is studied across different regions most research focuses on the many prominent species in tropical forests con  nel and low  man originally called it single dominance conventional explanations of biodiversity in tropical forests in the decades prior to con  nel and low  man s work either ignored mono  dominance entirely or predicted that it would not exist con  nel and low  man hypothe  sized two contrasting mechanisms by which dominance can be attained the first is by fast reg  row  th in unstable habitats with high disturbance rates the second is through competitive exclusion in stable habitats that have low disturbance rates explanations of persistent mono  domin  ace include the mono  dominant species being more resistant than others to seasonal flooding or that the mono  dominance is simply a s  ere with persistent mono  dominance the mono  dominant species successfully remains so from generation to generation
mono  fixation syndrome m  fs also micro  tro  p  ia or micro  str  ab  is  mus is an eye condition defined by less than perfect bin  oc  ular vision it is defined by a small angle deviation with suppression of the devi  ated eye and the presence of bin  oc  ular peripheral fusion that is m  fs implies peripheral fusion without central fusion aside the manifest small angle deviation tro  p  ia subjects with m  fs often also have a large angle latent deviation ph  oria their stereo  acu  ity is often in the range of 3000 to 70 arc  second and a small central suppression sco  tom  a of 2 to 5 de  g a rare condition m  fs is estimated to affect only 1 of the general population there are three distingu  ishable forms of this condition primary constant primary de  compensating and consecutive m  fs it is believed that primary m  fs is a result of a primary sens  orial defect pre  disposing to anom  alous re  tin  al correspondence secondary m  fs is a frequent outcome of surgical treatment of con  genital es  o  tro  p  ia a study of 1981 showed m  fs to result in the vast majority of cases if surgical alignment is reached before the age of 24 months and only in a minority of cases if it is reached later m  fs was first described by marshall parks
mon  og  lot  tism greek μ  ό  νο  σ mon  os alone solitary γ  λ  ώ  τ  τα glo  tta tongue language or more commonly mon  ol  ingu  alism or unil  ingu  alism is the condition of being able to speak only a single language as opposed to multilingualism in a different context unil  ingu  alism may refer to a language policy which en  forces an official or national language over others being mon  ol  ing  ual or unil  ing  ual is also said of a text dic  tionary or conversation written or conducted in only one language and of an entity in which a single language is either used or officially recognized in particular when being compared with bil  ing  ual or multilingual entities or in the presence of individuals speaking different languages note that mon  og  lot  tism can only refer to lacking the ability to speak several languages multilingual speakers out  number mon  ol  ing  ual speakers in the world s population ro  ma  ine 1995 pointed out in her book bil  ingu  alism that it would be weird to find a book tit  led mon  ol  ingu  alism this statement reflects the traditional assumption that linguistic theories often take on that mon  ol  ingu  alism is the norm mon  ol  ingu  alism is thus rarely the subject of schol  arly publications as it is viewed to be an un  marked or proto  typical concept where it has the sense of being normal and multilingualism is the exception the assumption of normative mon  ol  ingu  alism is also often the view of mon  ol  ingu  als who speak a global language like the english language crystal 1987 said that this assumption is adopted by many in western society one explanation is provided by ed  wards who in 2004 claimed that evidence of the mon  ol  ing  ual mindset can be traced back to 19 th century europe when the nation was rising and a dominant group had control and european mind  sets on language were carried forth to its colonies further perpetuating the mon  ol  ing  ual mindset another explanation is that the nations who speak the english language are both “ the producers and beneficiaries of english as a global language ” and the populations within these countries tend to be mon  ol  ing  ual
in 19 th century psychiatry mon  om  ania from greek mon  os one and mania meaning madness or frenzy was a form of partial insan  ity conceived as single pathological preoccupation in an otherwise sound mind partial insan  ity variations of which enjoyed a long pre history in jurisprudence was in contrast to the traditional notion of total insan  ity exemplified in the diagnosis of mania as a global condition affecting all aspects of understanding and which reflected the position that the mind or soul was an indivisible entity coined by the french psychiatrist jean é  ti  enne dominique es  qui  rol 17  72 – 18  40 around 18  10 mon  om  ania was a new disease concept characterised by the presence of an expansive id  ée fix  e in which the mind was dise  ased and der  ang  ed in some facets but otherwise normal in others es  qui  rol and his circle deline  ated three broad categories of mon  om  ania coherent with the traditional tripartite classification of the mind into intellectual emotional and vo  li  tional fac  ul  ties emotional mon  om  ania is that in which the patient is obsessed with only one emotion or several related to it intellectual mon  om  ania is that which is related to only one kind of deli  ri  ous idea or ideas although mon  om  ania was retained as one of seven recognized categories of mental illness in the 18  80 us census its importance as a psychiatric diagnostic category was in decline from the mid 19 th century
mon  om  el  ic am  yo  tro  phy m  ma also known as hir  ay  ama disease so  bu  e disease juvenile non progressive am  yo  tro  phy and juvenile asymmetric seg  mental spinal muscular atro  phy j  ass  ma — is an un  treat  able focal motor ne  uron disease that primarily affects young 15 to 25 year old males in india and japan m  ma is marked by insidious onset of muscular atro  phy which stabili  zes at a pl  ate  au after two to five years from which it neither improves nor wor  sens there is no pain or sensory loss associated with m  ma unlike other lower motor ne  uron diseases m  ma is not believed to be hereditary and fasc  icul  ations involuntary muscle tw  it  ches are rare em  g tests reveal loss of the nerve supply or d  ener  vation in the affected limb without conduc  tion block nerve block  age restricted to a small segment of the nerve increased swe  ating col  dness and cyan  osis have been reported for a few patients indicating involvement of the sympathetic nervous system while m  ma will cause weakness and or wasting in only one limb em  g and nc  v tests often show signs of rein  ner  vation in the unaffected limbs
the mon  ong  a  hel  a culture were a native american cultural manifestation of late woodland peoples from ad 1050 to 16  35 in present day western pennsylvania western mary  land eastern ohio and west virginia the culture was named by mary butler in 1939 for the mon  ong  a  hel  a river whose valley contains the majority of this culture s sites the mon  ong  a  hel  a practiced maize agriculture and lived in well laid out villages some of which consisted of as many as 50 100 structures they traded with other indian groups who in turn traded with europeans the mon  ong  a  hel  a seem to have disappeared some time during the 16  20 s or 16  30 s before having significant direct contact with europeans many scholars believe this to be the result of the spread of european infectious diseases others believe that most of the mon  ong  a  hel  a were killed by or assimilated into either the i  ro  quo  is or the al  gon  qu  ian speaking len  ape tribes during warfare as the more powerful tribes compe  ted to control area hunting grounds for the fur trade still others claim that two severe droughts one from 15  87 – 15  89 and another from 16  07 – 1612 drove the mon  ong  a  hel  a from the region in search of a more habit  able area
in medicine mon  op  legi  a is a paralysis of a single limb usually an arm it is frequently associated with cere  br  al pal  sy this is the mil  dest form of cere  br  al pal  sy and individuals with it generally have a good prog  no  sis for later life it can also be used if just one muscle group or muscle is affected it is often thought as hem  ip  legi  a with much less involvement of the other limb mon  op  legi  a is often a result to damage to the brain or spinal cord that manage motor functions of the affected limb ran  san  sky 2013 the hands and feet are often affected causing cur  ling of the hands and sti  ff  ness of the feet other symptoms include weakness num  b  ness paralysis pain in the affected limb other symptoms include headaches and shoulder pain mon  op  lag  ia 2016 though cere  br  al pal  sy is the main cause other causes include a brain tumor stroke nerve trauma nerve infl  amm  ation multiple sclerosis brown sequ  ard syndrome mon  o ne  uri  tis multi  pl  ex mon  op  lag  ia 2015 treatments of mon  op  legi  a typically includes physical therapy and counsel  ing to help recovery muscle tone and function however there is no cure for mon  op  legi  a ran  san  sky 2013 recovery will vary depending on diagnosis from temporary partial or complete paralysis mon  op  lag  ia 2015 a similar condition is mon  opa  res  is in which one limb is very weak but not completely paralyzed for more information see pa  res  is a person with mon  op  legi  a can be referred to as a mon  op  leg  ic mon  op  legi  a of the upper limb is sometimes referred to as br  achi  al mon  op  legi  a while that of the lower limb is called cr  ural mon  op  legi  a the two leading causes to mon  op  legi  a are br  achi  al plex  opathy and stroke the chance of a br  achi  al plex  opathy proceeding after a non  cardiac surgery is between 0 02 and 0 06 peri  operative stro  kes occur at a higher rate of 0 08 to 9 7 patients of mon  op  legi  a usually feel symptoms of weakness and loss of sensation in an extre  mity usually an arm the extre  mity with paralysis continues to maintain a strong pulse one study found that immediate initiation of a he  par  in in  fusion may have helped in the recovery of feeling in the extre  mity mon  op  legi  a in the lower extre  mi  ties is not as common as occurrence as in the arms this can be caused by brown sequ  ard syndrome and hem  atom  as in the fron  to par  ital cor  tex near the middle that could produce a deficit such as this is a very un  common occurrence
mon  orch  ism also mon  or  chi  dis  m is the state of having only one tes  tic  le within the scro  tum
mono  sem  y is the absence of sem  an  tic ambiguity in language i e only having one meaning per word the majority of natural human languages are pol  ys  em  ous i e having more than one meaning per word the artificial language lo  j  ban and its predecessor log  lan represent attempts at creating mono  sem  ous languages mono  sem  y is important for translation and sem  an  tic computing
mono  som  y 9 p also known as al  fi s syndrome or simply 9 p is a rare chro  mo  som  al disorder in which there is deletion mono  som  y of a portion of chro  mo  some 9 symptoms include micro  gen  italia mental retar  dation with micro  cephal  y and dys  morph  ic features the location has recently been narrowed to 9 p 22 2 p 23
mono  sto  tic fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia or mono  sto  tic ost  ei  tis fi  bro  sa is a form of fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia where only one bone is involved it comprises a majority of the cases of fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia it is also known as jaff  e lich  tenstein syndrome a rare bone disorder characterized by benign bone grow  ths which can cause very painful sw  ell  ings and bone de  form  ities and makes bone prone to fractu  res
in mathematics a mono  tonic function or mon  ot  one function is a function between ordered sets that preserves or rever  ses the given order this concept first arose in calcul  us and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory
a monstrous birth vari  ously defined in history is a birth in which a defect of some sort renders the animal or human child monstrous such births were often taken as om  ens signs of god or moral warnings but besides these super  natural or religious explanations medical explanations were also given in which often the mother s state of mind or her sexual behavior was responsible for the de  formed fe  tus in early and medieval christianity monstrous births posed difficult theological problems about humanity and salvation in the early modern period the interest shifted toward scientific inquiry
the monte  g  gia frac  ture is a frac  ture of the proxim  al third of the ul  na with dis  location of the head of the radius it is named after giov  anni bat  ti  sta monte  g  gia
mood disorder is a group of diagnoses in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm classification system where a disturbance in the person s mood is hypothe  sized to be the main underlying feature the classification is known as mood aff  ective disorders in international classification of diseases ic  d english psychiatrist henry ma  ud  sley proposed an overarching category of aff  ective disorder the term was then replaced by mood disorder as the latter term refers to the underlying or longit  ud  inal emotional state whereas the former refers to the external expression observed by others mood disorders fall into the basic groups of elevated mood such as mania or hypo  mania depressed mood of which the best known and most researched is major depres  sive disorder m  dd commonly called clinical depression uni  polar depression or major depression and mo  ods which cycle between mania and depression known as bipolar disorder b  d formerly known as man  ic depression there are several sub types of depres  sive disorders or psychiatric syndro  mes featuring less severe symptoms such as dys  th  ym  ic disorder similar to but mil  der than m  dd and cyclo  th  ym  ic disorder similar to but mil  der than b  d mood disorders may also be substance induced or occur in response to a medical condition
moon fac  ies or moon face is a medical sign in which the face develops a rounded appearance due to fat deposits on the sides of the face it is often associated with cu  shing s syndrome or ster  o  id treatment especially cor  ti  co  ster  oids which has led to it being known as cush  in  go  id fac  ies cush  ings like face
a moon  calf or moon calf is the abor  tive fe  tus of a cow or other farm animal the term was occasionally applied to an abor  tive human fe  tus the term derives from the formerly widespread supersti  tion present in many european folk traditions that such mal  formed creatures were the product of the sinister influence of the moon on fe  tal development
mo  ose sickness is a degenerative condition that occurs in mo  ose populations in central and eastern north america that have been infected with the par  asi  tic worm pa  relap  ho  stron  g  yl  us ten  u  is the disease is characterized by stumbling aim  lessness and other odd behavior and is often fatal the parasite is carried by white ta  iled deer who are otherwise unaffected by it the worm s life cycle is complex to get the disease a mo  ose has to eat vegetation inhabited by sn  ails or slu  gs that have come in contact with infected deer f  ec  es
moral agency is an individual s ability to make moral judgments based on some notion of right and wrong and to be held accountable for these actions a moral agent is a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong
moral breakdown is a phenomenon in which a major degradation or complete loss of moral values takes place within a particular society the abru  pt  ness of such kind of degradation may vary depending on the situation and the events that take place within the given society over a certain time moral breakdown may be caused by the changes in the political and or cultural changes of the society conflict or a natural disaster
in insurance analysis morale hazard is an increase in the hazards presented by a risk arising from the indifference of the person insured to loss because of the existence of insurance insurance analysts distinguish this from moral hazard the use of the term in this way dates back to at least 1968 when it was used in the fourth edition of casualty insurance this usage differs from that in economic theory see contract theory in economics whenever insurance of a risk causes decision makers to act in a way that increases the risk called moral hazard regardless of whether the change in behavior is conscious or malicious
mor  bid jeal  ousy also known as oth  ello syndrome or delu  sional jeal  ousy is a psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with the thought that their spouse or sexual partner is being un  faithful without having any real proof along with socially unacceptable or abnormal behaviour related to these thoughts the most common cited forms of psychop  ath  ology in mor  bid jeal  ousy are delu  sions and ob  sessions it is considered a subtype of delu  sional disorder some symptoms of pathological jeal  ousy include accusing partner of looking or giving attention to other people questioning of the partner s behavior interrogation of phone calls including wrong numbers or accidental phone calls and all other forms of communication not allowing any social media accounts facebook twitter etc going through the partner ’ s bel  ong  ings always asking where the partner is and who they are with isolating partner from their family and friends not letting the partner have personal interests or hob  bies outside the house controlling the partner s social circle claiming the partner is having an affair when they withdraw or tries to escape abuse accusing the partner of holding affairs when the marriage s sexual activity stops because of the abuse verbal and or physical violence towards the partner the individual whom is considered to be the rival or both blaming the partner and establishing an excuse for jealous behavior denying the jealous behavior unless corn  ered threatening to harm others or themselves over  valuing an idea which is defined as “ an acceptable comprehensible idea pursued by the patient beyond the bounds of reason the idea is not resisted and although it is not a delusion the patient characteris  tically attaches utmost importance to investigating and maintaining the partner ’ s fidel  ity at great personal disadvantage and to the distress of the partner ” overvalued ideas are characterized by being existent in the individual ’ s own thoughts being ego  syn  tonic meaning that the ideas project the behaviors values and feelings that are aligned with the desires and aims of the individual ’ s ego or consistent with the individual ’ s ideal self image the ideas are also amenable to reason but are not resisted ix
more  l s ear is the complete or partial absence of the heli  x or anti  heli  x of the outer ear named after béné  dict more  l a french psychiatrist who regarded it as one of the hereditary stig  mata of de  generation that allowed medical professions to identify the mentally ill mar  cel pro  ust referenced more  l s ear in in search of lost time when charles more  l says he would like to se  duce a virgin his companion responds first of all with a gesture m de char  lus could not refrain from pin  ching more  l s ear
mor  g  ag  ni stewart more  l syndrome metabol  ic cran  iop  athy is a condition with a wide range of associated endocrine problems including diabetes mell  it  us diabetes insi  pi  dus and hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m other signs and symptoms include headaches ver  ti  go hir  su  tism men  str  ual problems galac  tor  rho  ea obesity depression and seizures thick  ening of the inner table of the frontal part of the skull a usually benign condition known as hyper  o  sto  sis fron  tal  is inter  na the syndrome was first described in the year 17  65
mor  g  ell  ons m  ɔ  ː ɹ ˈ  d  ʒ  ɛ  l  ə  n  z is the informal name of a self diagnosed skin condition in which individuals have so  res that they believe contain some kind of fi  bers it is now known to be a form of delu  sional paras  it  osis the so  res are the result of compul  sive scrat  ching and the fi  bers when analysed turn out to originate from textiles the name was coined in 2002 by mary leit  ao a mother who rejected the medical diagnosis of her son s delu  sional paras  it  osis she revived it from a letter written by a physician in the mid 1600 s leit  ao and others involved in her mor  g  ell  ons research foundation successfully lobbied members of the u s congress and the u s centers for disease control and prevention c  dc to investigate the condition in 2006 c  dc researchers issued the results of their multi year study in january 2012 indicating that there were no disease organisms present in people with mor  g  ell  ons and that the fi  bers found were likely cotton and concluded that the condition was similar to more commonly recognized conditions such as delu  sional inf  est  ation
the mor  ita con  jec  tures in general topo  logy are certain problems about normal spaces now solved in the affirmative they asked 1 if x × y is normal for every normal space y is x dis  crete 2 if x × y is normal for every normal p space y is x me  tri  z  able 3 if x × y is normal for every normal coun  tably par  a  compact space y is x me  tri  z  able and sig  ma locally compact the answers were believed to be affirmative here a normal p space y is characterised by the property that the product with every me  tri  z  able x is normal thus the con  jec  ture was that the conver  se holds k chi  ba t c przy  mu  si  ński and m e ru  din proved con  jec  ture 1 and showed that con  jec  tures 2 and 3 cannot be proven false under the standard z  fc ax  i  oms for mathematics specifically that the con  jec  tures hold under the ax  i  om of construc  tibility v l fifteen years later z bal  o  gh succeeded in proving con  jec  tures 2 and 3 true
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the mor  ko  th pronounced more ko  th is an aberr  ation
the morning glory cloud is a rare meteorological phenomenon consisting of a low level atmospheric solitary wave and associated cloud occasionally observed in different locations around the world the wave often occurs as an am  pl  itude ordered series of waves forming bands of roll clouds the southern part of the gulf of car  pent  aria in northern australia is the only known location where it can be predicted and observed on a more or less regular basis due to the configuration of land and sea in the area
the morning glory dis  c anomaly m  g  da is a con  genital de  form  ity resulting from failure of the op  tic nerve to completely form in uter  o the term was coined in 1970 by kind  ler noting a resemblance of the mal  formed op  tic nerve to the morning glory flower the condition is usually unilateral on fun  do  scopic examination there are three principal findings comprising the anomaly 1 an enlarged fun  nel shaped exc  av  ation in op  tic dis  c 2 an annul  us or ring of ch  ori  ore  tin  al pi  gm  entary changes surrounding the op  tic dis  c exc  av  ation 3 a central gli  al tu  ft over  lying the op  tic dis  c
morning sickness also called naus  ea and v  om  iting of pregnancy n  vp is a symptom of pregnancy that involves naus  ea or v  om  iting despite the name naus  ea or v  om  iting can occur at any time during the day typically these symptoms occur between the 4 th and 16 th week of pregnancy about 10 of women still have symptoms after the 20 th week of pregnancy a severe form of the condition is known as hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um and results in weight loss the cause of morning sickness is unknown but may be related to changing levels of the hormone human ch  ori  onic gon  ad  o  troph  in some have proposed that it may be useful from an evolutionary point of view diagnosis should only occur after other possible causes have been ruled out ab  domin  al pain fever or headaches are typically not present in morning sickness taking pre  natal vitamins before pregnancy may decrease the risk specific treatment other than a bl  and diet may not be required for mild cases if treatment is used the combination of do  x  yl  amine and py  ri  do  x  ine is recommended initially tentative evidence supports the use of ginger for severe cases that have not improved with other measures meth  yl  pred  n  isol  one may be tried tube feeding may be required in women who are losing weight morning sickness affects about 80 of all pregnant women to some extent about 60 of women have v  om  iting hyper  em  esis gr  avi  dar  um occurs in about 1 6 of pregnancies morning sickness can negatively affect quality of life result in decreased ability to work while pregnant and result in health care expenses generally mild to moderate cases have no effect on the baby most severe cases also have normal outcomes some women choose to have an abortion due to the severity of symptoms complications such as wer  nic  ke encephalopathy or es  op  ha  ge  al rupture may occur but are very rare
the morning star is a pattern seen in a can  d  les  tick chart a type of chart used by stock analysts to describe and predict price movements of a security derivative or currency over time
mor  p  hea also known as loc  alized s  cl  ero  der  ma or circum  scri  bed s  cl  ero  der  ma involves isolated pat  ches of hardened skin with no internal organ involvement
morph  ing is a special effect in motion pictures and anim  ations that changes or morph  s one image or shape into another through a seamless transition most often it is used to depic  t one person turning into another through technological means or as part of a fantasy or sur  real sequence traditionally such a depic  tion would be achieved through cross fading techniques on film since the early 1990 s this has been replaced by computer software to create more realistic transitions
in al  ge  bra  ic geometry a morph  ism between al  ge  bra  ic varieties is a function between the varieties that is given locally by poly  no  mi  als it is also called a regular map a morph  ism from an al  ge  bra  ic variety to the aff  ine line is also called a regular function a regular map whose in  verse is also regular is called bi  regular and they are isom  orph  isms in the category of al  ge  bra  ic varieties because regular and bi  regular are very restrictive conditions – there are no non constant regular functions on projec  tive varieties – the weaker condition of a rational map and bir  ational maps are frequently used as well
in mathematical mor  pho  logy and digital image processing a mor  pho  logical gr  adi  ent is the difference between the dil  ation and the erosion of a given image it is an image where each pi  x  el value typically non negative indicates the contrast intensity in the close neighborhood of that pi  x  el it is useful for edge detection and segm  entation applications
mor  qui  o syndrome referred to as mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis iv mps iv mor  qui  o bra  il  s  ford syndrome or mor  qui  o is an auto  som  al rec  essive mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de storage disease see also ly  so  som  al storage disorder usually inherited it is a rare type of birth defect with serious consequences in the us the incidence rate for mor  qui  o is estimated at between 1 in 200 000 and 1 in 300 000 live births when the body cannot process certain types of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des they build up or are eliminated causing various symptoms these involve accumulation of ker  at  an sul  fate
mor  sic  ati  o buc  car  um also termed chronic cheek biting and chronic cheek chewing is a condition characterized by chronic irritation or injury to the buc  cal mu  co  sa the lining of the inside of the cheek within the mouth caused by repeti  tive chewing biting or ni  b  bling
in compu  tability theory the mortality problem is a decision problem which can be stated as follows given a turing machine decide whether it hal  ts when run on any configuration not necessarily a starting one in the statement above the configuration is a pair q w where q is one of the machine s states not necessarily its initial state and w is an infinite sequence of symbols representing the initial content of the tape note that while we usually assume that in the starting configuration all but fin  itely many cells on the tape are blan  ks in the mortality problem the tape can have arbitrary content including infinitely many non blank symbols written on it philip k ho  oper proved in 1966 that the mortality problem is undec  id  able however it can be shown that the set of turing machines which are mortal i e halt on every starting configuration is recur  sively enum  erable
mor  timer s disease is a skin disease characterized by red blo  t  chy patterns appearing all over the face and hands and spreading through the body in an almost symmetr  ical pattern the fact that there are no ul  cers and an absence of cr  ust indicate that this is a different entity than lup  us vul  gar  is the disease was originally documented by jonathan hut  chin  son 18  28 19  13 and became an ep  on  ym after his patient mrs mor  timer
mor  ton s neuro  ma also known as mor  ton neuro  ma mor  ton s met  at  ar  sal  gia inter  met  at  ar  sal neuro  ma and inter  met  at  ar  sal space neuro  ma is a benign neuro  ma of an inter  met  at  ar  sal plan  tar nerve most commonly of the second and third inter  met  at  ar  sal spaces between 2 nd − 3 rd and 3 rd − 4 th met  at  ar  sal heads which results in the entr  ap  ment of the affected nerve the main symptoms are pain and or num  b  ness sometimes relieved by removing footwear some sources claim that entr  ap  ment of the plan  tar nerve because of compression between the met  at  ar  sal heads as originally proposed by mor  ton is highly unlikely because the plan  tar nerve is on the plan  tar side of the trans  verse met  at  ar  sal lig  ament and thus does not come in contact with the met  at  ar  sal heads it is more likely that the trans  verse met  at  ar  sal lig  ament is the cause of the entr  ap  ment despite the name the condition was first correctly described by a chi  ro  po  dis  t named dur  l  acher and although it is labeled a neuro  ma many sources do not consider it a true tumor but rather a per  in  eur  al fi  bro  ma fi  bro  us tissue formation around nerve tissue
mor  ton s toe or mor  ton s foot greek foot royal toe turkey toe lam  ay toe hal  lic  us  brad  y  met  at  ar  sal  gia shep  pard s toe mor  ton s syndrome long toe boss toe is the condition of a shortened first met  at  ar  sal in relation to the second met  at  ar  sal it is a type of br  ach  y  met  at  ar  sia the met  at  ar  sal bones behind the toes vary in relative length for most feet a smooth curve can be traced through the joints at the bases of the toes but in mor  ton s foot the line has to bend more sharply to go through the base of the big toe as shown in the diag  ram this is because the first met  at  ar  sal behind the big toe is short compared to the second met  at  ar  sal next to it the longer second met  at  ar  sal puts the joint at the base of the second toe the second met  at  ar  sal p  hal  ange  al or mt  p joint farther forward if the big toe and the second toe are the same length as measured from the mp  t joint to the tip including only the p  hal  anges then the second toe will pro  tru  de farther than the big toe as shown in the photo if the second toe is shorter than the big toe the big toe may still pro  tru  de the far  thest or there may be little difference as shown in the x ray
mor  van s syndrome or mor  van s fi  bri  ll  ary cho  rea m  fc is a rare auto  immune disease named after the nineteenth century french physician aug  us  tin marie mor  van la chor  ée fi  bril  la  ire was first coined by mor  van in 1890 when describing patients with multiple irregular contr  actions of the long muscles cram  ping weakness pr  ur  it  us hyper  hi  dro  sis in  som  nia and deli  ri  um it normally presents with a slow insidious onset over months to years approximately 90 of cases spontaneously go into remission while the other 10 of cases lead to death
in genetics a mo  saic or mo  sa  ic  ism describes the presence of two or more populations of cells with different geno  types in one individual who has developed from a single fertili  zed egg 1 mo  sa  ic  ism has been reported to be present in as high as 70 of cle  av  age stage embryos and 90 of bl  ast  oc  y  st stage embryos derived from in vitro fertili  zation 2 genetic mo  sa  ic  ism can result from many different mechanisms including chro  mo  some non dis  junction an  aph  ase lag and endo  replic  ation 2 an  aph  ase lagging is the most common way by which mo  sa  ic  ism arises in the pre  implan  tation embryo 2 mo  sa  ic  ism can also result from a mutation in one cell during development in which the mutation is passed on to only its daughter cells therefore the mutation is only going to be present in a fraction of the adult cells 1 genetic mo  sa  ics may often be confused with chim  er  ism in which two or more geno  types arise in one individual similarly to mo  sa  ic  ism however the two geno  types arise from the fusion of more than one fertili  zed zy  go  te in the early stages of embryonic development rather than from a mutation
the moscow theater hostage crisis also known as the 2002 nord o  st siege was the seizure of a crowded du  bro  v  ka theater by 40 to 50 armed chechens on 23 october 2002 that involved 850 hostages and ended with the death of at least 170 people the att  ackers led by mo  v  sar bar  a  yev claimed allegiance to the islamist militant separatist movement in chechnya they demanded the withdrawal of russian forces from chechnya and an end to the second chechen war due to the disposition of the theater special forces would have had to fight through 30 metres 98 ft of corridor and attack up a well defended st  air  case before they could reach the hall in which the hostages were held the att  ackers had numerous explosives with the most powerful in the center of the aud  it  orium after the murder of two female hostages two and a half days in spe  ts  na  z operators from federal security service fsb alpha and ve  ga groups supported by a russian ministry of internal affairs m  vd so  br unit pumped an undis  closed chemical agent into the building s ventilation system and began the rescue operation all 40 of the att  ackers were killed with no casualties among spe  ts  na  z about 130 hostages died including nine foreigners due to adverse reactions to the gas all but two of the hostages who died during the siege were killed by the toxic substance pumped into the theater to sub  due the militants the use of the gas was widely condemned as heavy handed but the american and british governments deemed russia s actions justifiable physicians in moscow condemned the refusal to disclose the identity of the gas that prevented them from saving more lives some reports said the drug n  alo  x  one was successfully used to save some hostages suggesting the gas was an op  iate based compound
mo  ser s worm problem is an unsolved problem in geometry formulated by the austrian canadian mathem  ati  cian leo mo  ser in 1966 the problem asks for the region of smallest area that can accommodate every plane curve of length 1 here accommodate means that the curve may be rot  ated and translated to fit inside the region in some variations of the problem the region is restricted to be conv  ex
mosquito borne diseases or mosquito borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacterial viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes they can transmit disease without being affected themselves diseases transmitted by mosquitoes include malaria den  gue west nile virus chi  kun  gun  ya yellow fever fil  ari  asis japanese en  ce  ph  ali  tis saint louis en  ce  ph  ali  tis western equine en  ce  ph  ali  tis eastern equine en  ce  ph  ali  tis venezuelan equine en  ce  ph  ali  tis la cros  se en  ce  ph  ali  tis and zi  ka fever nearly 700 million people get a mosquito borne illness each year resulting in greater than one million deaths
in biology mother s curse is an evolutionary effect that males inherit dele  ter  ious mit  och  on  dri  al genome mt  dna mutations from their mother while those mutations are beneficial neutral or less dele  ter  ious to females as mt  dna is usually mater  nally inherited mt  dna mutations dele  ter  ious to males but beneficial neutral or less dele  ter  ious to females are not subjected to be selected against which results in a sex biased selective si  eve therefore male specific dele  ter  ious mt  dna mutations could be maintained and reach a high frequency in populations decreasing males fitness and population viability in addition the effect of mt  dna mutations on fitness has a threshold effect i e only when the number of mutation reaches the threshold mt  dna mutations will decrease individual fitness males are more susceptible to mt  dna defects not only because of lack of selection for mt  dna on males but also due to sperm ’ s higher energy requirements for mo  ti  lity there are evidence showing mt  dna mutations are more likely to affect males in humans le  ber s hereditary op  tic neuro  pa  thy l  hon is caused by one or several point mutations on mt  dna and l  hon affects more males than females in mice a deletion on mt  dna causes oligo  sper  mia and asth  en  o  zo  os  per  mia resulting in in  fertility taken together mt  dna mutations pose a greater threat on males than on females
in biology mo  ti  lity is the ability to move spontaneously and actively consuming energy in the process mo  ti  lity is genetically determined see genetic deter  minis  m but may be affected by environmental factors for instance muscles give animals mo  ti  lity but the consumption of hydrogen cyanide the environmental factor in this case would adversely affect muscle physi  ology causing them to sti  ff  en leading to rig  or mor  tis most animals are mo  tile but the term applies to unic  ell  ular and simple mul  tic  ell  ular organisms as well as to some mechanisms of fluid flow in mul  tic  ell  ular organs in addition to animal locomo  tion mo  tile marine animals are commonly called free swimming mo  ti  lity may also refer to an organism s ability to move food through its dig  estive tract i e per  ist  al  tics gut mo  ti  lity intest  inal mo  ti  lity etc
motion induced blindness mi  b is a phenomenon of visual disappearance or percep  tual illusions observed in the lab in which stationary visual stimul  i disappear as if erased in front of an observer s eyes when masked with a moving background most recent research has shown that micro  s  acc  ades counteract disappearance but are neither necessary nor sufficient to account for mi  b
motion induced inter  oc  ular suppression is a phenomenon in which when one eye is presented with a constantly moving visual pattern while the other eye is shown a stationary image the stationary image is suppressed from awareness for long periods of time the duration of this motion induced inter  oc  ular suppression is comparable to that of continuous flash suppression thus the two methods can be used alternatively the duration of suppression in both methods is maxim  ized if the image being suppressed has low lumin  ance contrast or a low spatial frequency spectrum motion induced inter  oc  ular suppression is fundamentally different from motion induced blindness firstly the latter is due to the interaction of moving and stationary stimul  i closely located within the same eye while the former requires an interaction between stimul  i presented to different eyes in corresponding visual areas secondly motion induced inter  oc  ular suppression can induce in  visibility of a large stimulus presented at the fo  ve  a whereas motion induced blindness requires the stimulus to be small and periph  er  ally located thirdly decreasing the contrast of the stimulus to be suppressed increases the duration of motion induced inter  oc  ular suppression but decreases the duration of motion induced blindness whether motion induced inter  oc  ular suppression and continuous flash suppression have common ne  ural mechanisms is still unknown
motion sickness also known as k  ine  to  sis and travel sickness is a condition in which a disagreement exists between vis  ually perceived movement and the vesti  bul  ar system s sense of movement depending on the cause it can also be referred to as seas  ick  ness car sickness simulation sickness or air  sickness di  zz  iness fatigue and naus  ea are the most common symptoms of motion sickness sop  ite syndrome in which a person feels fatigue or ti  red  ness is also associated with motion sickness naus  ea in greek means seas  ick  ness n  aus means ship if the motion causing naus  ea is not resolved the suffer  er will usually v  omit v  om  iting often will not relieve the feeling of weakness and naus  ea which means the person might continue to v  omit until the cause of the naus  ea is treated
in physics and chemistry mo  tional narrowing is a phenomenon where a certain reson  ant frequency has a smaller line  width than might be expected due to motion in an in  homogeneous system
motivated reasoning is an emotion biased decision making phenomenon studied in cognitive science and social psychology this term describes the role of motivation in cognitive processes such as decision making and attitude change in a number of paradi  g  ms including cognitive dis  son  ance reduction beliefs about others on whom one s own outcomes depend evaluation of evidence related to one s own outcomes
motiv  ational deficiency disorder is the name of a fake disease imagined for a health campaign to raise awareness of disease mongering
a motive in law especially criminal law is the cause that moves people to induce a certain action motive in itself is not an element of any given crime however the legal system typically allows motive to be proven in order to make plausible the accused s reasons for committing a crime at least when those motives may be obscure or hard to identify with however a motive is not required to reach a verdict motives are also used in other aspects of a specific case for instance when police are initially investigating the law technically distinguishes between motive and intent intent in criminal law is synonymous with m  ens rea which means the mental state shows liability which is enforced by law as an element of a crime motive describes instead the reasons in the accused s background and station in life that are supposed to have induced the crime motives are often broken down into three categories biological social and personal
motor disorders are disorders of the nervous system that cause abnormal and involuntary movements they can result from damage to the motor system motor disorders are defined in the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 – published in 2013 to replace the fourth text revision dsm iv tr – as a new sub category of neuro  developmental disorders the dsm 5 motor disorders include developmental coordination disorder stereo  typ  ic movement disorder and the tic disorders including tou  ret  te syndrome
a motor ne  uron disease m  nd is any of several neuro  logical disorders that selectively affect motor neurons the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body they include am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis als primary lateral sclerosis pl  s progressive muscular atro  phy p  ma progressive bul  bar pal  sy p  bp and pseu  do  bul  bar pal  sy spinal muscular atro  ph  ies are also sometimes included in the group they are neuro  degenerative in nature and cause increasing disability and eventually death
motor speech disorders are a class of speech disorder that disturb the body s natural ability to speak these disturbances vary in their eti  ology based on the integrity and integration of cognitive neuro  muscular and mus  cul  osk  el  etal activities speaking is an act dependent on thought and timed execution of air  flow and oral motor oral placement of the lips tongue and jaw that can be disrupted by weakness in oral mus  cul  ature dys  ar  thri  a or an inability to execute the motor movements needed for specific speech sound production ap  ra  x  ia of speech or developmental verbal dy  spra  x  ia such deficits can be related to path  ology of the nervous system central and or peripheral systems involved in motor planning that affect the timing of respir  ation ph  on  ation pro  so  dy and artic  ulation in isolation or in conjunction
mo  ttle is a pattern of irregular marks spots stre  aks blo  tches or pat  ches of different shades or colours it is commonly used to describe the surface of plants or the skin of animals in plants mo  tt  ling usually consists of yel  low  ish spots on plants and is usually a sign of disease or malnutrition many plant viruses cause mo  tt  ling some examples being tobacco vein mo  tt  ling virus bean pod mo  ttle virus mo  tt  ling is sometimes used to describe uneven dis  colored pat  ches on the skin of humans as a result of cu  taneous is  chem  ia lowered blood flow to the surfaces of the skin or her  pes zo  ster infections the medical term for mo  tt  led skin is dy  schro  mia although this is not always the case mo  tt  ling can occur in the dying patient and commonly indicates that the end of life is near mo  tt  ling usually occurs in the extre  mi  ties lower first and progres  ses up as cardiac function declines and circulation throughout the body is poor in animals mo  tt  ling may be a sign of disease but may also be a hereditary trait such as seen with the champagne and le  op  ard complex genes in horses mo  tt  les can also refer to dis  color  ation in processed food such as butter in geo  logy mo  tt  led refers to a pat  chy blo  tch tex  ture of alteration or inter  bed  ding commonly found in lime  stone and commonly caused by bio  turb  ation mo  tt  ling can also refer to an undesirable defect which can occur with effect co  at  ings most obvious on light metallic finishes the total color impression shows irregular areas of ligh  tness variations these pat  ches are usually vis  ually evaluated described as a mo  tt  ling effect some also feel that it reminds them of clouds this effect is especially noticeable on large body panels it can be caused by the coating formulation as well as variations in the application process for example dis  orientation of the metallic flakes or film thickness variations of the bas  eco  at can lead to various mo  ttle sizes resulting in a non uniform appearance the visual perception of mo  tt  ling is dependent on the viewing distance large mo  tt  les can be seen in far distance evaluation while small mo  tt  les are more noticeable in close up evaluation the visual evaluation of mo  tt  ling is very subjective as it depend  son the illumin  ation conditions the observing distance and the viewing angle in graphics printing mo  tt  ling refers to an uneven color  ation resulting from let  ter  pressed printing of tex  tured papers mainly in larger colored surfaces due to the uneven surface not all fi  bers of the paper are evenly saturated with color unlike offset printing
in mathematics mo  tz s problem is a problem which is widely employed as a benchmark for sing  ul  arity problems to compare the effectiveness of numerical methods the problem was first presented in 1947 by h mo  tz in the paper the treatment of sing  ul  arities of partial differential equations by relaxation methods
mount min  si forms the pennsylvania side of the del  aware water gap and is the eastern extent of the blue mountain it is composed of sand  stone and conglomerates of the sh  aw  ang  unk formation
mountain car a standard testing domain in reinforcement learning is a problem in which an under powered car must drive up a steep hill since gravity is stronger than the car s engine even at full thro  ttle the car cannot simply accelerate up the steep slope the car is situated in a valley and must learn to leverage potential energy by driving up the opposite hill before the car is able to make it to the goal at the top of the righ  t  most hill the domain has been used as a test bed in various reinforcement learning papers
in mathematics the mountain climbing problem is a problem of finding the conditions that two function forming profiles of a two dimensional mountain must satisfy so that two clim  bers can start on the bottom on the opposite sides of the mountain and coordinate their movements to reach to the top while always staying at the same height this problem was named and posed in this form by james v whit  taker but its history goes back to tat  su  o hom  ma who solved a version of it the problem has been repeatedly re  discovered and solved independently in different context by a number of people see the references in the past two decades the problem was shown to be connected to the weak fr  é  chet distance of cur  ves in the plane various plan  ar motion planning problems in compu  tational geometry the inscri  bed square problem semi  group of poly  no  mi  als etc the problem was popul  arized in the article by which received the mathematical association of america s lester r ford award in 1990
mourning sickness is a collective emotional condition of recreational griev  ing by individuals in the wake of celebrity deaths and other public trau  mas such trau  mas may be linked to hyper attentive intrusive and vo  ye  ur  istic media coverage which has been dubbed grief porn
mouth and genital ul  cers with infl  amed car  til  age syndrome also known as magic syndrome is a cu  taneous condition with features of both beh  ç  et s disease and relap  sing poly  ch  on  dri  tis
a mouth ul  cer is an ul  cer that occurs on the mu  co  us memb  rane of the oral cav  ity mouth ul  cers are very common occurring in association with many diseases and by many different mechanisms but usually there is no serious underlying cause the two most common causes of oral ul  cer  ation are local trauma e g rub  bing from a sharp edge on a broken filling and aph  th  ous stom  ati  tis can  ker so  res a condition characterized by recurrent formation of oral ul  cers for largely unknown reasons mouth ul  cers often cause pain and discomfort and may alter the person s choice of food while healing occurs e g avoiding ac  id  ic or sp  icy foods and beverages they may form individually or multiple ul  cers may appear at the same time a crop of ul  cers once formed the ul  cer may be maintained by infl  amm  ation and or secondary infection rarely a mouth ul  cer that does not heal may be a sign of oral cancer
movement disorders can be defined as neuro  logic syndro  mes in which either an excess or movement or a pau  city of voluntary and automatic movements unrelated to weakness or sp  as  tic  ity the term movement disorders is used synonym  ously with bas  al gang  lia or extr  ap  y  ram  idal diseases conventi  onally movement disorders are divided into two major categories 1 hyper  k  ine  tic movement disorders also called dy  sk  ine  si  as refers to excessive often repeti  tive involuntary movements that intru  de into the normal flow of motor activity 2 hypo  k  ine  tic movement disorders refers to ak  ine  sia lack of movement hypo  k  ine  sia reduced am  pl  itude of movements brad  y  k  ine  sia slow movement and rigidity in primary movement disorders the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder in secondary movement disorders it is an manifestation of other systemic or neuro  logical disorder
a movement paradox is a phenomenon of gr  ammar that challenges the transform  ational approach to syn  tax the importance of movement paradox  es is emphasized by those theories of syn  tax e g l  ex  ical functional gr  ammar head driven phrase structure gr  ammar construction gr  ammar most dependency gram  mars that reject movement i e the notion that dis  continu  ities in syn  tax are explained by the movement of constituents
mo  w  at – wilson syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that was clin  ically deline  ated by dr d r mo  w  at and dr m j wilson in 1998
mo  yam  o  ya disease is a disease in which certain arter  ies in the brain are con  stric  ted blood flow is blocked by the con  stric  tion and also by blood clo  ts thro  m  bo  sis a collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the block  age but the collateral vessels are small weak and prone to bleeding an  eur  ys  m and thro  m  bo  sis on conventional x ray an  gi  o  graphy these collateral vessels have the appearance of a pu  ff of smoke described as も  や  も  や mo  yam  o  ya in japanese
the moz  ingo reduction also known as moz  ingo reaction or thi  o  ke  tal reduction is a chemical reaction capable of fully reducing a ke  tone or alde  hyde to the corresponding al  kane the reaction scheme is as follows a thi  o  ke  tal is first produced by reaction of the ke  tone with an appropriate thi  ol the product is then hydro  gen  ol  y  zed to the al  kane using ran  ey nickel it is sometimes incorrectly stated that ran  ey nickel is a catalyst in this process in fact sto  ic  hi  ome  tric amounts of ran  ey nickel must be employed because the sul  fur atoms are ultimately converted to cataly  tically inactive nickel sul  fi  des nevertheless this method is much mil  der than either the clem  m  ensen or wol  ff k  ish  ner reductions which employ strongly ac  id  ic or basic conditions respectively that might interfere with other functional groups present in the mol  ecu  le
mrs mini  ver s problem is a geometry problem about circles given a circle a find a circle b such that the area of the lens formed by inter  sec  ting their two inter  i  ors is equal to the area of the sym  metric difference of a and b the sum of the area of a − b and the area of b − a
mu waves also known as mu rhy  th  ms comb or wick  et rhy  th  ms ar  ci  form rhy  th  ms or sens  or  im  o  tor rhy  th  ms are synchron  ized patterns of electrical activity involving large numbers of neurons probably of the pyram  idal type in the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement these patterns as measured by electro  encephal  o  graphy eeg magne  to  encephal  o  graphy meg or electro  cor  ti  co  graphy eco  g repeat at a frequency of 7 5 – 12 5 and primarily 9 – 11 h  z and are most prominent when the body is physically at rest unlike the alpha wave which occurs at a similar frequency over the resting visual cor  tex at the back of the scal  p the mu wave is found over the motor cor  tex in a band approximately from ear to ear a person sup  presses mu wave patterns when he or she performs a motor action or with practice when he or she vis  u  alizes performing a motor action this suppression is called des  yn  ch  ron  ization of the wave because eeg wave forms are caused by large numbers of neurons firing in synchron  y the mu wave is even suppressed when one observes another person performing a motor action or an abstract motion with biological characteristics researchers such as v s ram  ach  andr  an and colleagues have suggested that this is a sign that the mirror ne  uron system is involved in mu wave suppression although others disagree the mu wave is of interest to a variety of scholars scientists who study ne  ural development are interested in the details of the development of the mu wave in infancy and childhood and its role in learning since a group of researchers believe that au  tism spectrum disorder as  d is strongly influenced by an altered mirror ne  uron system and that mu wave suppression is a downstream indication of mirror ne  uron activity many of these scientists have kind  led a more popular interest in investigating the mu wave in people with as  d ass  or  ted investigators are also in the process of using mu waves to develop a new technology the brain computer interface b  ci with the emergence of b  ci systems clin  icians hope to give the severely physically disabled population new methods of communication and a means to manipulate and navigate their environments
m  uc  ino  ses are a group of cu  taneous diseases caused by fi  bro  bl  asts producing abnormally large amounts of acid mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des i e m  uc  in usually hy  alu  ronic acid
m  uc  inous carcin  oma is a type of cancer that arises from epi  the  li  al cells these line certain internal organs and skin and produce m  uc  in the main component of m  uc  us when found within the skin m  uc  inous carcin  oma is commonly a round elevated red  dish and sometimes ul  cer  ated mass usually located on the head and neck
m  uc  inous cy  stad  en  o  carcin  oma is a type of tumor in the cy  stad  en  o  carcin  oma grouping it can occur in the breast as well as in the o  vary tumors are normally multi  loc  ular with various smooth thin w  alled cy  sts within the cy  sts is found a haemorrha  gic or cellular debris
m  uc  inous cy  stad  en  oma is a benign c  ys  tic tumor lined by a m  uc  inous epi  the  lium it is a type of c  ys  tic aden  oma cy  stad  en  oma m  uc  inous cy  stad  en  oma may arise in a number of locations however m  uc  inous cy  stad  en  oma at different locations are not generally considered to be related to one another
m  uc  inous nev  us also known as nev  us m  uc  ino  sus is a rare cu  taneous condition characterized by ham  ar  tom  a that can be con  genital or acquired
m  uc  inous tu  bul  ar and spin  dle cell carcin  oma m  ts  cc is a rare subtype of ren  al cell carcin  oma r  cc that is included in the 2004 who classification of r  cc m  ts  cc is a rare ne  op  las  m and is considered as a low grade entity it may be a variant of pap  ill  ary r  cc this tumor occurs throughout life age range 17 – 82 years and is more frequent in females
m  uc  kle – wells syndrome m  ws also known as ur  tic  aria deaf  ness amy  lo  ido  sis syndrome u  da is a rare auto  som  al dominant disease which causes sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness recurrent hi  ves and can lead to amy  lo  ido  sis individuals with m  ws often have ep  is  od  ic fever ch  ills and joint pain as a result m  ws is considered a type of periodic fever syndrome m  ws is caused by a defect in the ci  as 1 gene which creates the protein cry  op  y  rin m  ws is closely related to two other syndro  mes famili  al cold ur  tic  aria and ne  on  atal onset multi  system infl  am  matory disease — in fact all three are related to mutations in the same gene and sub  sum  ed under the term cry  op  y  rin associated periodic syndro  mes caps
mu  co  ep  id  er  mo  id carcin  oma is the most common type of sali  vary g  land m  align  ancy in adults mu  co  ep  id  er  mo  id carcin  oma can also be found in other organs as bron  chi lac  ri  mal s  ac and thyro  id m  uc  ic  ar  mine stain  ing is one stain used by patho  logist for detection
mu  co  li  pi  do  sis ml is a group of inherited metabol  ic disorders that affect the body s ability to carry out the normal turnover of various materials within cells when originally named the mu  co  li  pi  doses derived their name from the similarity in presentation to both mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  doses and sp  hin  go  li  pi  doses a bio  chemical understanding of these conditions has changed how they are classified although four conditions i ii iii and iv have been labeled as mu  co  li  pi  doses type i si  ali  do  sis is now classified as a gly  co  prote  in  osis and type iv mu  co  li  pi  do  sis type iv is now classified as a gang  li  o  sid  osis
mu  co  li  pi  do  sis type iv ml iv or ml 4 is an auto  som  al rec  essive ly  so  som  al storage disorder individuals with the disorder have many symptoms including delayed psy  ch  om  o  tor development and various oc  ular aberr  ations the disorder is caused by mutations in the m  col  n 1 gene which en  codes a non selective c  ation channel mu  co  li  pin 1 these mutations disrupt cellular functions and lead to a neuro  developmental disorder through an unknown mechanism researchers dispute the physiological role of the protein product and which ion it transports
mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  doses are a group of metabol  ic disorders caused by the absence or malfunctioning of ly  so  som  al enzymes needed to break down molecules called gly  co  sam  ino  gly  cans these long chains of sugar carbo  hydr  ates occur within the cells that help build bone car  til  age tend  ons cor  ne  as skin and connec  tive tissue gly  co  sam  ino  gly  cans formerly called mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des are also found in the fluids that lubric  ate joints subjects with a mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis either do not produce enough of one of the eleven enzymes required to break down these sugar chains into simpler molecules or they produce enzymes that do not work properly over time these gly  co  sam  ino  gly  cans collect in the cells blood and connec  tive tissues the result is permanent progressive cellular damage which affects appearance physical abilities organ and system functioning and in most cases mental development the mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  doses are part of the ly  so  som  al storage disease family a group of more than 40 genetic disorders that result when the ly  so  some organ  elle in animal cells mal  functions the ly  so  some can be thought of as the cell s recycling center because it processes unwanted material into other substances that the cell can utili  ze ly  so  som  es break down this unwanted matter via enzymes highly specialized proteins essential for survival ly  so  som  al disorders like mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis are triggered when a particular enzyme exists in too small an amount or is missing altogether
m  uc  or  my  co  sis is any fun  gal infection caused by fun  gi in the order m  uc  or  ales generally species in the m  uc  or r  hi  z  op  us ab  si  dia and cun  nin  gh  am  ella genera are most often implicated this disease is often characterized by hyp  ha  e growing in and around blood vessels m  uc  or  my  co  sis and zy  gom  y  co  sis are sometimes used inter  change  ably however zy  gom  y  co  ta has been identified as poly  phy  le  tic and is not included in modern fun  gal classification systems also while zy  gom  y  co  sis includes ent  om  oph  thor  ales m  uc  or  my  co  sis excludes this group
mu  cos  al l  enti  gin  es also known as lab  ial pen  ile and vul  var mel  an  osis and mel  an  otic mac  ules is a cu  taneous condition characterized by light brown mac  ules on mu  cos  al surfaces
mu  cos  al mel  anom  a is a rare cu  taneous condition characterized by a mel  anom  a of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es
mu  co  si  tis is the painful infl  amm  ation and ul  cer  ation of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es lining the dig  estive tract usually as an adverse effect of chem  otherapy and radi  otherapy treatment for cancer mu  co  si  tis can occur anywhere along the gastro  intest  inal gi tract but oral mu  co  si  tis refers to the particular infl  amm  ation and ul  cer  ation that occurs in the mouth oral mu  co  si  tis is a common and often deb  il  itating complic  ation of cancer treatment oral and gastro  intest  inal gi mu  co  si  tis affects almost all patients undergoing high dose chem  otherapy and hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cell transplantation h  sc  t 80 of patients with m  align  ancies of the head and neck receiving radi  otherapy and a wide range of patients receiving chem  otherapy alim  entary tract mu  co  si  tis increases mortality and morbi  dity and contributes to rising health care costs for most cancer treatment about 5 15 of patients get mu  co  si  tis however with 5 fluor  our  ac  il 5 fu up to 40 get mu  co  si  tis and 10 15 get grade 3 4 oral mu  co  si  tis ir  ino  tec  an is associated with severe gi mu  co  si  tis in over 20 of patients 75 85 of bone marrow transplantation recipients experience mu  co  si  tis of which oral mu  co  si  tis is the most common and most deb  il  itating especially when mel  p  hal  an is used in grade 3 oral mu  co  si  tis the patient is unable to eat solid food and in grade 4 the patient is unable to consume liquids as well radi  otherapy to the head and neck or to the pel  vis or ab  dom  en is associated with grade 3 and grade 4 oral or gi mu  co  si  tis respectively often exceeding 50 of patients among patients undergoing head and neck radi  otherapy pain and decreased oral function may persist long after the conclusion of therapy fr  action  ated radiation do  sage increases the risk of mu  co  si  tis to 70 of patients in most trials oral mu  co  si  tis is particularly profound and prolonged among h  sc  t recipients who receive total body irradiation
a mu  co  us retention cyst is a cyst caused by an obstruction of a duc  t usually belonging to the par  o  ti  d g  land or a minor sali  vary g  land see also mu  co  ce  le
in vertebr  ates m  uc  us m  ju  ː  k  ə  s my  oo k  ə  ss ad  jec  ti  val form mu  co  us is a slippery secre  tion produced by and covering mu  co  us memb  ran  es mu  co  us fluid is rich in gly  co  proteins and water and is typically produced from cells found in mu  co  us g  lands mu  co  us fluid may also originate from mixed g  lands which contain both ser  ous and mu  co  us cells it is a vis  co  us col  loid containing anti  se  ptic enzymes such as ly  so  zy  mes immun  o  glob  ul  ins in  organic salts proteins such as lac  to  ferr  in and gly  co  proteins known as m  uc  ins that are produced by gob  let cells in the mu  co  us memb  ran  es and sub  mu  cos  al g  lands this m  uc  us serves to protect epi  the  li  al cells that line the tubes in the respiratory gastro  intest  inal u  ro  genital visual and aud  itory systems the ep  id  er  mis in am  phi  bians and the g  ills in fish a major function of this m  uc  us is to protect against infectious agents such as fun  gi bacteria and viruses the average human nose produces about a lit  er of m  uc  us per day most of the m  uc  us produced is in the gastro  intest  inal tract bon  y fish ha  g  fish sn  ails slu  gs and some other inver  te  br  ates also produce external m  uc  us in addition to serving a protective function against infectious agents such m  uc  us provides protection against toxins produced by predators can facilitate movement and may play a role in communication the rest of this article deals with the production and function of m  uc  us in humans
mu  d  plan  ing is the loss of traction of a wheel when the pav  ement is covered by a very thin layer of sand and waste oils it may occur during the first rainfall or through other means of dam  pen  ing on a specific area which has been dry for a period of time when the rain first falls down the thin layer of dust mixes with waste oils and turns into a nearly transparent layer of grease the color of asp  halt remains as usual while the underlying mixture may still cause a critical loss of traction comparable to that of driving on ri  me ice when the rain totally wash  es the pav  ement off the grease the effects of mu  d  plan  ing will be mitigated the whole phenomenon is similar to the formation of black ice which has been responsible for many unavoidable accidents on highways to avoid mu  d  plan  ing a driver has to check whether the road is taking its first rain after a prolonged drought this can be done by looking at weather reports of that specific area and evaluating its geographic structure if the driver is suspicious of the hazard it would be an option to stop the vehicle and check the tires for arti  facts of dust if the tires are getting dirty with no visible sign of the road being so then the road may pose a mu  d  plan  ing hazard it is advisable to wait for the rain to totally remove the gre  asy dust on the pav  ement before resuming the trip
mu  en  ke syndrome also known as f  g  fr 3 related cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis is a human specific condition characterized by the premature closure of certain bones of the skull during development which affects the shape of the head and face first described by maxim  ilian mu  en  ke the syndrome occurs in about 1 in 30 000 new  bor  ns this condition accounts for an estimated 8 percent of all cases of cran  io  sy  no  sto  sis
mu  ir – tor  re syndrome m  ts is a rare hereditary auto  som  al dominant cancer syndrome that is thought to be a subtype of hn  p  cc individuals are prone to develop cancers of the col  on breast and gen  it  our  inary tract and skin le  sions such as ker  ato  ac  an  thomas and se  bac  eous tumors the genes affected are ml  h 1 m  sh 2 and more recently m  sh 6 and are involved in dna mis  match repair
the mu  k  ai  y  ama al  do  l addition is an organic reaction and a type of al  do  l reaction between a sil  yl en  ol e  ther and an alde  hyde or form  ate the reaction was discovered by ter  u  aki mu  k  ai  y  ama 19  27 in 1973 his choice of re  ac  tants allows for a crossed al  do  l reaction between an alde  hyde and a ke  tone or a different alde  hyde without self condens  ation of the alde  hyde for this reason the reaction is used extensively in organic synthesis
mu  kam  el syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by premature gr  aying l  enti  gin  es de  pi  gm  ented mac  ules micro  cephal  y and sco  li  osis
mul  berry mol  ars are a dental condition usually associated with con  genital sy  phil  is characterized by multiple rounded ru  dim  entary en  am  el cus  ps on the permanent first mol  ars mul  berry mol  ars are physically defective permanent mol  ars the de  form  ity is caused by con  genital sy  phil  is this type of ab  normality is characterized by dwar  fed mol  ars with cus  ps covered with glob  ular en  am  el grow  ths these teeth are functional but can be cosme  tically fixed with cro  wns bridges or implants just above the gum line the mul  berry mol  ar looks normal a de  form  ity becomes apparent towards the cus  p or top grinding surface of the tooth here the size of the mul  berry mol  ar is diminished in all aspects creating a stum  py version of a conventional mol  ar the cause of the mol  ar atro  phy is thought to be en  am  el hypo  pl  asia or a deficiency in tooth en  am  el the underlying denti  n and pulp of the tooth is normal but the en  am  el covering or mol  ar she  ath is thin and de  formed creating a smaller version of a typical tooth the grinding surface of a mul  berry mol  ar is also corrupted normally the grinding surface of a mol  ar has a pit and is surrounded by a circular ridge at the top of the tooth which is used for grinding the cus  p de  form  ity of the mul  berry mol  ar is characterized by an extremely shallow or completely absent pit instead the pit area is filled with glob  ular structures bun  ched together all along the top surface of the cus  p this type of de  form  ity is also thought to be caused by en  am  el hypo  pl  asia mul  berry mol  ars are typically functional and do not need treatment if the de  form  ity is severe or the person is bothered by the teeth there are several options the teeth can be covered with a permanent cast crown stainless steel crown or the mol  ars can be removed and an impl  ant or bridge can be put in place of the mul  berry mol  ar a mul  berry mol  ar is caused by con  genital sy  phil  is which is passed from the mother to the child in the uter  us through the plac  enta since this particular symptom of con  genital sy  phil  is manifests later in childhood with the eruption of the permanent mol  ars it is a late stage marker for the disease hut  chin  son ’ s teeth marked by dwar  fed teeth and de  formed cus  ps that are spac  ed abnormally far apart are another dental de  form  ity caused by con  genital sy  phil  is mul  berry mol  ars and hut  chin  son ’ s teeth will often occur together pregnant women with sy  phil  is should tell their doctors about the condition and be treated for it during pregnancy otherwise the baby should be scre  ened for the disease after birth and treated with pen  ic  ill  in if necessary
mule spin  ners cancer or mule spin  ners cancer was a cancer an epi  the  li  oma of the scro  tum it was first reported in 18  87 in a cotton mule sp  inner in 19  26 a british home office committee strongly favoured the view that this form of cancer was caused by the prolonged action of mineral oils on the skin of the scro  tum and of these oils shale oil was deemed to be the most carcinogenic from 19  11 to 1938 there were 500 deaths amongst cotton mule spin  ners from cancer of the scro  tum but only three amongst wool mule spin  ners
mu  li  bre  y n  anism muscle liver brain eye n  anism also called per  he  ent  up  a syndrome and peric  ardi  al con  stric  tion with growth failure is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder it causes severe growth failure dwar  f  ism along with ab  norm  alities of the heart muscle liver brain and eye mu  li  bre  y n  anism has been associated with a rec  essive defect in the gene trim 37 trim 37 is responsible for various cellular functions including developmental patter  ning
the multi terrain pattern mt  p is a cam  ou  fl  age pattern printed on equipment issued to british forces as part of the british ministry of defence s mod personal equipment and common operational clothing pe  co  c programme three new cam  ou  fl  age patterns were considered for issue to british forces these were a revised temper  ate d  pm using lighter colours a new three colour desert pattern with enhanced utility for night time operations and a hybrid four colour scheme using two colours from each of the previous patterns for use on web  bing in all ter  rains following an urgent operational requirement for a cam  ou  fl  age uniform for the afghan theatre of operations and the success of a commercially available pattern cr  ye s mul  tic  am when tested in trials a decision was made to use mul  tic  am as the basis of a new multi terrain pattern for british armed forces replacing the previous temper  ate d  pm uniforms desert d  pm uniforms were to be retained the united kingdom s ministry of defence announced that hm forces would be issued with the new british army uniform for operations in afghanistan initially issued to personnel deployed on operation her  rick from march 2010 then issued more widely to hm forces from 2011 onward replacing all d  pm variants of the combat soldier 95 uniform by 2013
in probability theory the multi armed band  it problem sometimes called the k or n armed band  it problem is a problem in which a gam  bler at a row of slot machines sometimes known as one armed bandits has to decide which machines to play how many times to play each machine and in which order to play them when played each machine provides a random reward from a probability distribution specific to that machine the objective of the gam  bler is to maximize the sum of rewards earned through a sequence of lever pulls rob  bins in 1952 realizing the importance of the problem constructed conver  gent population selection strategies in some aspects of the sequ  ential design of experiments a theore  m the git  tin  s index first published by john c git  tin  s gives an optimal policy for maximizing the expected discounted reward in practice multi armed bandits have been used to model the problem of managing research projects in a large organization like a science foundation or a pharmaceutical company given a fixed budget the problem is to allocate resources among the competing projects whose properties are only partially known at the time of allocation but which may become better understood as time passes in early versions of the multi armed band  it problem the gam  bler has no initial knowledge about the machines the crucial trad  e  off the gam  bler faces at each trial is between exploitation of the machine that has the highest expected payoff and exploration to get more information about the expected pay  offs of the other machines the trade off between exploration and exploitation is also faced in reinforcement learning
the multi commodity flow problem is a network flow problem with multiple commodities flow demands between different source and sink no  des
in chemistry a multi component reaction or mc  r sometimes referred to as a multi component assembly process or m  cap is a chemical reaction where three or more compounds react to form a single product by definition multi  component reactions are those reactions whereby more than two re  ac  tants combine in a sequ  ential manner to give highly selective products that retain majority of the atoms of the starting material
multi drug resistant tuberculosis m  dr tb also known as v  ank s disease is defined as a form of tb infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first line anti tb drugs is  oni  az  id in  h and ri  fam  pic  in r  mp five percent 5 of all tb cases across the globe in 2013 were estimated to be m  dr tb cases including 3 5 of newly diagnosed tb cases and 20 5 of previously treated tb cases while rates of m  dr tb infections are relatively low in north america and western europe they are an increasingly serious problem worldwide in particular in areas of the russian federation the former soviet union and other parts of asia m  dr tb infection may be classified as either primary or acquired primary m  dr tb occurs in patients who have not previously been infected with tb but who become infected with a strain that is resistant to treatment acquired m  dr tb occurs in patients during treatment with a drug regim  en that is not effective at killing the particular strain of tb with which they have been infected rates of primary m  dr tb are low in north america and western europe in the us in 2000 the rate of primary m  dr tb was 1 of all cases of tb nationally most cases of acquired m  dr tb are due to inappropriate treatment with a single anti tb drug usually in  h this can occur due to a medical provider such as a doctor or nurse improperly prescribing ineffective treatment but may also be due to the patient not taking the medication correctly which can be due to a variety of reasons including expense or scarcity of medicines patient for  get  fulness or patient stopping treatment early because they feel better treatment of m  dr tb requires treatment with second line drugs usually four or more anti tb drugs for a minimum of 6 months and possibly extending for 18 – 24 months if ri  fam  pin resistance has been identified in the specific strain of tb with which the patient has been infected in general second line drugs are less effective more toxic and much more expensive than first line drugs under ideal program conditions m  dr tb cure rates can approach 70
mul  tic  am is a cr  ye precision cam  ou  fl  age pattern designed for use in a wide range of conditions variants of it some un  licensed are in use with armed forces the pattern is also sold for civilian usage
a multi  burst wa  ve  form is a useful test pattern used to quickly ascertain the frequency response of a video system the name derives from the multiple bursts of sine wave in the active video section of the wa  ve  form which are generated with usually increasing frequency but identical in am  pl  itude the test pattern is usually input at the start of the signal chain and analysed at the end by measuring the am  pl  itude of each of the bursts of wa  ve  form at the end of the video chain spot measurements of the frequency response of the system can be obtained and errors in the response quickly identified
in contrast to unic  amer  alism mul  tic  amer  alism is the condition in which a legislature is divided into several deliber  ative assemblies which are commonly called chambers or houses this can include bic  amer  alism with two chambers tric  amer  alism with three te  trac  amer  alism with four branches or a system with any amount more the word mul  tic  amer  al can also relate in other ways to its lit  eral meaning of many cham  bered with use in science or biology many modern parliaments and congres  ses adopt a mul  tic  amer  al usually bic  amer  al structure to provide multiple perspectives and a form of separation of powers within the legislature
mul  tic  entr  ic re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is a multi  system disease beginning usually around the age of 50 years and is twice as common in women
mul  tic  han  nel marketing is the ability to interact with potential customers on various platforms in this sense a channel might be a print ad a retail location a website a promotional event a products package or even word of mouth mul  tic  han  nel marketing is about choice the objective of the companies doing the marketing is to make it easy for a consumer to buy from them in whatever way is most appropriate to be effective mul  tic  han  nel marketing needs to be supported by good supply chain management systems so that the details and prices of goods on offer are consistent across the different channels it might also be supported by detailed analysis of the return on investment from each different channel measured in terms of customer response and conversion of sales the contribution each channel delivers to sales can be assessed via attribution model  ing some companies target certain channels at different demographic segments of the market or at different socio economic groups of consumers mul  tic  han  nel marketing allows the retail merchant to reach its prospective or current customer in a channel of his her liking
in machine learning mul  tic  l  ass or multin  om  ial classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of the more than two classes classifying instances into one of the two classes is called b  inary classification while some classification algori  th  ms naturally permit the use of more than two classes others are by nature b  inary algori  th  ms these can however be turned into multin  om  ial classi  fiers by a variety of strategies mul  tic  l  ass classification should not be confused with multi label classification where multiple labels are to be predicted for each instance
mul  tic  ys  tic dys  plastic kidney mc  dk is a condition that results from the mal  formation of the kidney during fe  tal development the kidney consists of irregular cy  sts of varying sizes mul  tic  ys  tic dys  plastic kidney is a common type of ren  al c  ys  tic disease and it is a cause of an ab  domin  al mass in infants
multi  drug tolerance or antibiotic tolerance is the ability of a disease causing micro  organism to resist killing by antibiotics or other antimicro  bi  als it is mechanis  tically distinct from multi  drug resistance it is not caused by mut  ant microbes but rather by micro  bial cells that exist in a transi  ent dormant non dividing state micro  organisms that display multi  drug tolerance can be bacteria fun  gi or parasites
multi  focal or multi  form atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia m  at is an abnormal heart rhythm specifically a type of su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia that is particularly common in older people and is associated with exacerb  ations of chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease cop  d normally the heart rate is controlled by a cluster of cells called the sin  o  atri  al no  de sa no  de when a number of different clusters of cells outside of the sa no  de take over control of the heart rate and the rate exceeds 100 beats per minute this is called multi  focal atri  al t  ach  y  car  dia if the heart rate is ≤ 100 this is technically not a t  ach  y  car  dia and it is then termed multi  focal atri  al rhythm multi  form simply describes the variable p wave shapes and is an observation multi  focal is an infer  ence about the underlying cause although these are interchangeable terms some pur  ists prefer the former nomenclature since it does not presume any underlying mechanism
multi  focal chor  o  idi  tis and pan  u  ve  i  tis mc  p is an idi  opathic infl  am  matory disorder of unknown eti  ology affecting the chor  o  id re  tina and vit  re  ous of the eye that presents asymmetr  ically most often in young myop  ic women with pho  top  si  as enlargement of the physi  o  logic blind spot and decreased vision the first description of the disease was written in 1973
multi  focal fi  bro  sclerosis and idi  opathic fi  bro  sclerosis are disorders of unknown ae  ti  ology characterised by fi  bro  us le  sions co occurring at a variety of sites known manifestations include retro  per  it  one  al fi  bro  sis medi  ast  inal fi  bro  sis and ri  e  del s thyro  idi  tis they are now considered to be manifestations of ig  g 4 related disease
multi  focal micro  no  d  ular pneu  mo  cy  te hyper  pl  asia m  mp  h is a subtype of pneu  mo  cy  tic hyper  pl  asia hyper  pl  asia of pneu  mo  cy  tes lining pul  mon  ary al  ve  oli several synonymous terms have been done for this entity aden  om  ato  id proliferation of al  ve  ol  ar epi  the  lium pap  ill  ary al  ve  ol  ar ham  ar  tom  a multi  focal al  ve  ol  ar hyper  pl  asia multin  od  ular pneu  mo  cy  te hyper  pl  asia these multi  focal le  sions are observed in tuber  ous sclerosis and can be associated with lymp  han  gi  ole  i  om  y  om  at  osis and peri  vascular epi  the  li  o  id cell tum  our pe  coma or clear cell sugar tumor it can be diagnosed through lung biopsy using thor  a  co  sco  py
multi  focal motor neuro  pa  thy m  mn is a progressively worsening condition where muscles in the extre  mi  ties gradually weaken the disorder a pure motor neuro  pa  thy syndrome is sometimes mistaken for am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis als because of the similarity in the clinical picture especially if muscle fasc  icul  ations are present m  mn is thought to be auto  immune it was first described in the mid 1980 s unlike als which affects both upper and lower motor nerves m  mn involves only lower motor nerves nevertheless definitive diagnosis is often difficult and many m  mn patients labor for months or years under an als diagnosis before finally getting a determination of m  mn m  mn usually involves very little pain however muscle cram  ps sp  as  ms and tw  it  ches can cause pain for some sufferers m  mn is not fatal and does not diminish life expectation many patients once undergoing treatment only experience mild symptoms over prolonged periods though the condition remains slowly progressive m  mn can however lead to significant disability with loss of function in hands affecting ability to work and perform everyday tasks and foot drop leading to inability to stand and walk some patients end up using aids like can  es spl  in  ts and wal  kers
multi  focal sten  o  sing ul  cer  ation of the small intest  ine is a rare condition that is characterised by recurrent ul  cers of the small intest  ine
multi  loc  ular c  ys  tic clear cell ren  al cell carcin  oma is rare subtype of ren  al cell carcin  oma
a multin  od  ular go  iter is a multin  od  ular enlargement of the thyro  id g  land the multin  od  ular go  iter can be associated with hyper  thyro  i  dis  m toxic multin  od  ular go  itre or not it is a non tu  moral condition but a thyro  id cancer is identified in 13 7 of the patients operated for multin  od  ular go  iter these no  d  ules grow up at varying rates and secre  te thyro  id hormone autonomously thereby suppressing ts  h dependent growth and function in the rest of g  land
multin  uc  le  ate cell an  gi  o  his  to  cy  tom  a is a cu  taneous condition that presents as slowly growing multiple dis  crete but grouped red to viol  ac  eous pap  ules
the multip  actor effect is a phenomenon in radio frequency r  f amp  li  fier vacuum tubes and wa  ve  guides where under certain conditions secondary electr  on emission in resonance with an altern  ating electric field leads to exponential electr  on multiplication possibly damaging and even destroying the r  f device
multi  path interference is a phenomenon in the physics of waves whereby a wave from a source travels to a detec  tor via two or more paths and under the right condition the two or more components of the wave interfere multi  path interference is a common cause of gho  sting in analo  g television broadcasts
in wireless telecommunications multi  path is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths causes of multi  path include atmospheric duc  ting ion  o  spheric reflection and ref  r  action and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildings multi  path causes multi  path interference including constructive and destructive interference and phase shifting of the signal destructive interference causes fading where the magnit  u  des of the signals arriving by the various paths have a distribution known as the ray  le  igh distribution this is known as ray  le  igh fading where one component often but not necessarily a line of sight component dominates a ric  ian distribution provides a more accurate model and this is known as ric  ian fading
when a patient has multiple ab  norm  alities multiple anomaly multiple de  form  ity they have a con  genital ab  normality that can not be primarily identified with a single system of the body or single disease process most medical conditions can have systemic sequ  el  ae but multiple ab  norm  alities occur when the effects on multiple systems is immediately obvious
multiple car  box  yl  ase deficiency is a form of metabol  ic disorder involving failures of car  box  yl  ation enzymes the deficiency can be in bio  tin  id  ase or holo  car  box  yl  ase synthe  t  ase these conditions respond to bio  tin forms include holo  car  box  yl  ase synthe  t  ase deficiency ne  on  atal bio  tin  id  ase deficiency late onset if left untreated the symptoms can include feeding problems hy  pot  onia generalised er  y  them  at  ous rash with skin ex  foli  ation and al  op  ec  ia failure to thrive seizure coma developmental delay foul sm  elling urine metabol  ic aci  do  sis ke  to  sis and hyper  ammon  emia
multiple chemical sensitivity mc  s or idi  opathic environmental intoler  ances ie  i is a chronic medical condition and syndrome characterized by symptoms that the affected person attributes to low level chemical exposures to commonly used chemicals commonly attributed substances include sc  ented products pesticides plastics synthetic fabrics smoke petroleum products and paint f  umes symptoms are subjective and vague symptoms are also non specific meaning that they are common symptoms such as fatigue or headaches that are present in hundreds of other illnesses commonly reported symptoms also include naus  ea di  zz  iness and infl  amm  ation of skin joints gastro  intest  inal tract and airways although the symptoms themselves are real and can be disab  ling mc  s is not recognized as an organic chemical caused illness by the world health organization american medical association or any of several other professional medical organizations blinded clinical trials have shown mc  s patients react as often and as strongly to plac  e  bos as they do to chemical stimul  i the existence and severity of symptoms is related to perception that a chemical stimulus is present depression anxiety som  ato  form disorder and similar mental health conditions are commonly associated with reports of mc  s prior to the mid 1980 s when the term multiple chemical sensitivity was coined the syndrome went by such names as universal allergy 20 th century disease chemical hy  pers  ensi  tivity syndrome total allergy syndrome and cere  br  al allergy
the term multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia men encompasses several distinct syndro  mes featuring tumors of endocrine g  lands each with its own characteristic pattern in some cases the tumors are m  align  ant in others benign benign or m  align  ant tumors of non  endocrine tissues occur as components of some of these tumor syndro  mes men syndro  mes are inherited as auto  som  al dominant disorders
multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia type 1 men 1 syndrome or wer  mer s syndrome is part of a group of disorders the multiple endocrine ne  op  la  si  as that affect the endocrine system through development of ne  op  l  astic le  sions in pit  u  itary par  ath  yro  id g  land and pan  cre  as
multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia type 2 men 2 also known as p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a and amy  loid producing med  ul  l  ary thyro  id carcin  oma pt  c syndrome and sip  ple syndrome is a group of medical disorders associated with tumors of the endocrine system the tumors may be benign or m  align  ant cancer they generally occur in endocrine organs e g thyro  id par  ath  yro  id and adren  als but may also occur in endocrine tissues of organs not class  ically thought of as endocrine men 2 is a sub type of men multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia and itself has sub types as discussed below
multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia type 2 b also known as men 2 b mu  cos  al neuro  mata with endocrine tumors multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia type 3 and wag  en  mann – fro  bo  ese syndrome is a genetic disease that causes multiple tumors on the mouth eyes and endocrine g  lands it is the most severe type of multiple endocrine ne  op  la  sia differentiated by the presence of benign oral and sub  mu  cos  al tumors in addition to endocrine m  align  ancies it was first described by wag  en  mann in 19  22 and was first recognized as a syndrome in 1965 1966 by e d williams and d j pol  lock men 2 b typically manifests before a child is 10 years old affected individuals tend to be tall and lan  ky with an el  ong  ated face and pro  tru  ding blu  b  bery lips benign tumors ne  op  las  ms develop in the mouth eyes and sub  mu  co  sa of almost all organs in the first decade of life med  ul  l  ary thyro  id cancer almost always occurs sometimes in infancy it is often aggressive cancer of the adren  al g  lands p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a occurs in 50 of cases a variety of ep  ony  ms have been proposed for men 2 b such as williams pol  lock syndrome gor  lin vic  kers syndrome and wag  en  mann fro  bo  ese syndrome however none ever gained sufficient traction to merit continued use and are no longer used in the medical literature the prevalence of men 2 b is not well established but has been derived from other epidemiological considerations as 1 in 600 000 to 1 in 4 000 000 the annual incidence has been estimated at 4 per 100 million per year
fair  bank s disease or multiple ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia med is a rare genetic disorder dominant form 1 in 10 000 births that affects the growing ends of bones bones usually el  ong  ate by a process that involves the depos  iting of car  til  age at the ends of the bones called os  sification this car  til  age then miner  alizes and hard  ens to become bone in med this process is defective
multiple ev  an  es  cent white dot syndrome me  w  ds is an un  common infl  am  matory condition of the re  tina that typically affects otherwise healthy young females in the second to fourth decades of life the typical patient with me  w  ds is a healthy middle aged female age 15 50 there is a gender disparity as women are affected with me  w  ds four times more often than men roughly 30 of patients have experienced an associated viral pro  dro  me patients present with acute pain  less unilateral change in vision
in solar cell research carrier multiplication is the phenomenon where  in the absorption of a single pho  ton leads to the exc  itation of multiple electron  s from the val  ence band to conduc  tion band in the theory of a conventional solar cell each pho  ton is only able to exc  ite one electr  on across the band gap of the semiconductor and any excess energy in that pho  ton is dissip  ated as heat in a material with carrier multiplication high energy pho  tons exc  ite on average more than one electr  on across the band gap and so in principle the solar cell can produce more useful work in quantum dot solar cells the excited electr  on in the conduc  tion band inter  acts with the hole it leaves behind in the val  ence band and this composite un  charged object is known as an exc  it  on the carrier multiplication effect in a dot can be understood as creating multiple exc  it  ons and is called multiple exc  it  on generation meg meg may considerably increase the energy conversion efficiency of nano  crystal based solar cells though extracting the energy may be difficult because of the short life  times of the multi  exc  it  ons the quantum mechanical origin of meg is still under debate and several possibilities have been suggested 1 impact ion  ization light exc  ites a high energy exc  it  on x which dec  ays irre  versi  bly into a quasi continu  um of multi  exc  it  on multi x states available at this energy the model requires only the density of states of multi  exc  it  ons being very high while the coul  om  b coupling between x and multi x can be quite small 2 coherent super  position of single and multi  exc  it  on states the very first suggested model but over  simplified high density of states of multi x is not taken into account light exc  ites an x which is not a true ei  gen  state of the system which can then coherently covert to multi x and back to x many times quantum beats this process requires coul  om  b coupling between them to be much stronger than the decay rate via ph  on  ons which is usually not the case the exc  itation will finally decay via ph  on  ons to a lower energy x or multi x depending on which of the dec  ays is faster 3 multi  exc  it  on formation through a virtual exc  it  on state light directly exc  ites the ei  gen  state of the system in this case a coherent mixture of x and multi x the term virtual relates here to a pure x because it is not a true ei  gen  state of the system same for model 2 all of the above models can be described by the same mathematical model density matrix which can behave differently depending on the set of initial parameters coupling strength between the x and multi x density of states decay rates meg was first demonstrated in 2004 using col  lo  idal p  bse quantum do  ts and later was observed for quantum do  ts of other com  positions including p  bs p  b  te cds cd  se inas si and in  p multiple exc  it  on generation was also detected in semi  conducting single w  alled carbon nano  tubes sw  n  ts upon absorption of single pho  tons for 6 5 sw  n  ts absorption of single pho  tons with energies corresponding to three times the sw  nt energy gap results in an exc  it  on generation efficiency of 130 per pho  ton the multiple exc  it  on generation threshold in sw  n  ts can be close to the limit defined by energy conservation graph  ene which is closely related to nano  tubes is another material in which multiple exc  it  on generation has been observed double exc  it  on generation has additionally been observed in organic pent  ac  ene derivatives through sing  let exc  it  on fis  sion with extremely high quantum efficiency
multiple famili  al tric  ho  epi  the  li  oma also known as brooke – spi  eg  ler syndrome and epi  the  li  oma aden  o  ides c  ys  tic  um is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple c  ys  tic and solid no  d  ules appearing on the face
multiple ham  ar  tom  a syndrome is a condition characterized by more than one ham  ar  tom  a it is sometimes equ  ated with cow  den syndrome however mesh also includes bann  ay  an zon  ana syndrome and l  her  mit  te duc  los disease under this description
multiple minute dig  itate hyper  ker  at  osis also known as dig  itate ker  ato  ses disseminated spi  ked hyper  ker  at  osis famili  al disseminated pi  li  form hyper  ker  at  osis and minute aggregate ker  at  osis is a rare cu  taneous condition with about half of cases being famili  al inherited in an auto  som  al dominant fashion while the other half are spor  adic this disease has a unique his  to  logy so a biopsy and further tests should be done to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other disorders and m  align  ancy
multiple morbi  dities or multi  morbi  dities is a term which means co occurring diseases for example a person could have diabetes and heart disease and high blood pressure in the medicare population 65 of patients have two or more chronic illnesses some of the difficulties experienced by patients include poor coordination of medical care managing multiple medications and aggrav  ation of one condition by symptoms or treatment of another these are common in people who are elderly mal  nourished or poor
multiple my  el  oma also known as plasma cell my  el  oma is a cancer of plasma cells a type of white blood cell normally responsible for producing antibodies initially there are often no symptoms when advanced bone pain bleeding frequent infections and an  emia may occur complications may include amy  lo  ido  sis the cause is generally unknown risk factors include drinking alcohol and obesity the underlying mechanism involves abnormal plasma cells producing abnormal antibodies which can cause kidney problems and overly thick blood the plasma cells can also form a mass in the bone marrow or soft tissue when there is only one mass it is known as a plas  mac  y  tom  a and when there is more than one it is known as multiple my  el  oma multiple my  el  oma is diagnosed based on blood or urine tests finding abnormal antibodies bone marrow biopsy finding can  cer  ous plasma cells and medical imaging finding bone le  sions another common finding is high blood calcium levels multiple my  el  oma is considered treat  able but generally incur  able re  missions may be brought about with ster  oids chem  otherapy th  ali  dom  ide or len  ali  dom  ide and stem cell transplant bis  phosp  hon  ates and radiation therapy are sometimes used to reduce pain from bone le  sions multiple my  el  oma affected about 427 000 people in 2013 and resulted in 79 000 deaths in the united states it develops in 6 5 per 100 000 people per year and 0 7 of people are affected at some point in their life it usually occurs around the age of 61 and is more common in men than women without treatment typical survival is seven months with current treatments survival is usually 4 – 5 years this gives a five year survival rate of about 49 the word my  el  oma is from the greek my  elo meaning marrow and oma meaning tumor
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome mo  ds also known as multiple organ failure m  of total organ failure t  of or multi  system organ failure ms  of is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medical intervention to achieve home  ost  asis although ir  win ri  ppe cau  tions in 2005 that the use of multiple organ failure or multi  system organ failure should be avoided both harrison s 2015 and cec  il s 2012 medical textbooks still use the terms multi organ failure and multiple organ failure in several chapters and do not use multiple organ dysfunction syndrome at all
multiple p  ter  y  gi  um syndrome is a cu  taneous condition inherited in an auto  som  al dominant fashion
multiple rule based problems are problems containing various conflicting rules and restrictions such problems typically have an optimal solution found by striking a balance between the various restrictions without directly def  ying any of the aforementioned restrictions solutions to such problems can either require complex non linear thinking processes or can instead require mathematics based solutions in which an optimal solution is found by setting the various restrictions as equations and finding an appropriate maximum value when all equations are added these problems may thus require more working information as compared to causal relationship problem solving or single rule based problem solving the multiple rule based problem solving is more likely to increase cognitive load than are the other two types of problem solving
multiple sclerosis ms is a dem  yel  inating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged this damage disrup  ts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate resulting in a range of signs and symptoms including physical mental and sometimes psychiatric problems specific symptoms can include double vision blindness in one eye muscle weakness trouble with sensation or trouble with coordination ms takes several forms with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks relap  sing forms or building up over time progressive forms between attacks symptoms may disappear completely however permanent neuro  logical problems often remain especially as the disease advances while the cause is not clear the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the my  elin producing cells proposed causes for this include genetics and environmental factors such as being triggered by a viral infection ms is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests there is no known cure for multiple sclerosis treatments attempt to improve function after an attack and prevent new attacks medications used to treat ms while modestly effective can have side effects and be poorly tolerated physical therapy can help with people s ability to function many people pursue alternative treatments despite a lack of evidence the long term outcome is difficult to predict with good outcomes more often seen in women those who develop the disease early in life those with a relap  sing course and those who initially experienced few attacks life expectancy is on average 5 to 10 years lower than that of an unaffected population multiple sclerosis is the most common auto  immune disorder affecting the central nervous system in 2013 about 2 3 million people were affected globally with rates varying widely in different regions and among different populations that year about 20 000 people died from ms up from 12 000 in 1990 the disease usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50 and is twice as common in women as in men ms was first described in 1868 by jean martin char  cot the name multiple sclerosis refers to the numerous scars s  cler  ae — better known as pl  aqu  es or le  sions that develop on the white matter of the brain and spinal cord a number of new treatments and diagnostic methods are under development
multiple sul  fat  ase deficiency also known as aus  tin disease and mu  co  sul  fati  do  sis is a very rare auto  som  al rec  essive ly  so  som  al storage disease caused by a deficiency in multiple sul  fat  ase enzymes or in form  yl  gly  cine generating enzyme which activ  ates sul  fat  ases it is similar to mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  do  sis
multiple system atro  phy m  sa is a degenerative neuro  logical disorder that depic  ts a group of disorders characterised by the neuro  nal de  generation mainly in the substan  tia ni  gra stri  at  um autonom  ic nervous system and cere  bell  um following a report in 1964 of what was then called stri  at  oni  gr  al de  generation many patients were recognised in whom the changes of stri  at  oni  gr  al and oli  v  op  on  to  cere  bell  ar de  generation were combined and who had symptoms and signs of cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia and par  k  ins  onian manifestations more than half of the patients with stri  at  oni  gr  al de  generation have orth  o  static hypo  tension which proves at autopsy to be associated with loss of intermedi  ol  ateral horn cells origin of the pres  yn  ap  tic chol  iner  gic sympathetic neuro  nes and of pi  gm  ented nucle  i of the bra  inst  em this combined par  k  ins  onian and autonom  ic disorder is referred to as the shy – drag  er syndrome in addition to orth  o  static hypo  tension other features of autonom  ic failure include impotence loss of swe  ating dry mouth and ur  inary retention and in  contin  ence vocal cord pal  sy is an important and sometimes initial clinical manifestation of the disorder both m  ri and ct scanning frequently show atro  phy of the cere  bell  um and p  ons in those with cere  bell  ar features the pu  tam  en is hypo  dense on t 2 weighted m  ri and may show an increased de  position of iron in par  k  ins  onian form in cere  bell  ar form a hot cross sign has been emphasised it reflects atro  phy of the pon  to  cere  ball  ar fibres that manifest in t 2 signal intensity in atro  ph  ic p  ons the cause of m  sa is unclear and no specific risk factors have been identified although research indicates that a pri  on form of the alpha sy  nucle  in protein may be the cause of the disease approximately 55 of m  sa cases occur in men with typical age of onset in the late 50 s to early 60 s m  sa often presents with some of the same symptoms as par  kinson s disease however those with m  sa generally show minimal if any response to the dop  amine medications used for par  kinson s disease m  sa is distinct from the more common syndrome multi  system prote  in  opathy it should also not be confused with the two terms multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or multiple organ system dysfunction syndrome which are the more modern and accurate terms for multiple organ failure or multiple organ system failure which is an often fatal complic  ation of se  ptic shock due to severe sep  sis a systemic infection that has spread to the blood  stream or other very severe illnesses or injuries
in number theory a multiplic  ative function is an arithmetic function f n of the positive inte  ger n with the property that f 1 1 and when  ever  a and b are co  prime then f ab f a f b an arithmetic function f n is said to be completely multiplic  ative or totally multiplic  ative if f 1 1 and f ab f a f b holds for all positive inte  gers a and b even when they are not co  prime
multiplic  ative number theory is a sub  field of analy  tic number theory that deals with prime numbers and with fac  tori  zation and divis  ors the focus is usually on developing approximate formulas for counting these objects in various contexts the prime number theore  m is a key result in this subject the mathematics subject classification for multiplic  ative number theory is 11 n  xx
in macro  economics multiplier uncertainty is lack of perfect knowledge of the multiplier effect of a particular policy action such as a monetary or fiscal policy change upon the intended target of the policy for example a fiscal policy maker may have a prediction as to the value of the fiscal multiplier — the ratio of the effect of a government spending change on gdp to the size of the government spending change — but is not likely to know the exact value of this ratio similar uncertainty may surround the magnitude of effect of a change in the monetary base or its growth rate upon some target variable which could be the money supply the exchange rate the inflation rate or gdp there are several policy implications of multiplier uncertainty 1 if the multiplier uncertainty is un  correlated with additive uncertainty its presence causes greater cau  ti  ousness to be optimal the policy tools should be used to a lesser extent 2 in the presence of multiplier uncertainty it is no longer redundant to have more policy tools than there are targeted economic variables 3 certainty equivalence no longer applies under quad  r  atic loss optimal policy is not equivalent to a policy of ignoring uncertainty
in computer science multi  processor scheduling is an n  p hard optimi  zation problem the problem statement is given a set j of jobs where job ji has length li and a number of processors m what is the minimum possible time required to schedule all jobs in j on m processors such that none overlap the applications of this problem are numerous but are as suggested by the name of the problem most strongly associated with the scheduling of compu  tational tasks in a multi  processor environment multi  processor schedul  ers have to schedule tasks which may or may not be dependent upon one another for example take the case of reading user credentials from con  sole then use it to authentic  ate then if authentication is successful display some data on the con  sole clearly one task is dependent upon another this is a clear case of where some kind of ordering exists between the tasks in fact it is clear that it can be modelled with partial ordering then by definition the set of tasks constitute a lat  tice structure the general multi  processor scheduling problem is a gener  alization of the optimi  zation version of the number parti  tioning problem which considers the case of parti  tioning a set of numbers jobs into two equal sets processors
in computer architecture multi  th  reading is the ability of a central processing unit c  pu or a single core in a multi core processor to execute multiple processes or th  reads con  currently appropriately supported by the operating system this approach differs from multi  processing as with multi  th  reading the processes and th  reads have to share the resources of a single or multiple co  res the computing units the c  pu c  aches and the translation look  aside buffer tl  b where multi  processing systems include multiple complete processing units multi  th  reading aims to increase utilization of a single core by using thread level as well as instruction level parall  el  ism as the two techniques are complementary they are sometimes combined in systems with multiple multi  th  reading cp  us and in cp  us with multiple multi  th  reading co  res
in software engineering the multi  ton pattern is a design pattern similar to the sing  leton which allows only one instance of a class to be created the multi  ton pattern expands on the sing  leton concept to manage a map of named instances as key value pairs rather than having a single instance per application e g the a rel no  follow class external text h  re  f doc  s oracle com jav  ase 8 doc  s api j  ava lang run  time html j  ava lang run  time a object in the j  ava programming language the multi  ton pattern instead ensures a single instance per key most people and textbooks consider this a sing  leton pattern for example multi  ton does not explicitly appear in the highly regarded object oriented programming textbook design patterns it appears as a more flexible approach named registry of sing  let  ons
the multi  use model view m  mv is an architectural pattern used in software engineering that came about as an enhancement to the m  v  v  m design pattern the pattern is specific for windows presentation foundation w  pf and windows communication foundation w  cf applications while keeping the logical separation of user interface view versus logic model m  mv s primary objective is to address the shortcomings of the m  v  v  m pattern the multi  use model of m  mv typically relies on reflection to facilitate object building in order to easily integrate logic centric object models with view centric object models minim  izing the amount of duplicate code m  mv was designed to make use of specific functions in c w  pf and w  cf to better facilitate the reuse of code between the server and the client
in statistics the multi  vari  ate behren  s – fisher problem is the problem of testing for the equality of means from two multi  vari  ate normal distribu  tions when the co  variance mat  ric  es are unknown and possibly not equal since this is a gener  alization of the uni  vari  ate behren  s fisher problem it inher  its all of the difficulties that arise in the uni  vari  ate problem
multi  vesicular release m  v  r is the phenomenon by which individual chemical syn  ap  ses forming the junction between neurons is medi  ated by multiple rele  as  able ves  ic  les of neuro  transmitter in neuro  science it is a subject of debate whether one or many ves  ic  les are released per action potential
the mum  m re  arrangement is an organic reaction and a re  arrangement reaction it describes a 1 3 o n ac  yl transfer of an ac  yl im  id  ate or iso  im  ide group to an im  ide the mum  m re  arrangement the reaction is of relevance as part of the ug  i reaction
for other uses of the word mum  ps see mum  ps dis  ambigu  ation mum  ps also known as epidemic par  o  ti  tis is a viral disease caused by the mum  ps virus initial signs and symptoms often include fever muscle pain headache and feeling tired this is then usually followed by painful sw  elling of one or both par  o  ti  d sali  vary g  lands symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure and resolve after seven to ten days symptoms in adults are often more severe than in children about a third of people have mild or no symptoms complications may include infections of the covering of the brain 15 percent pan  cre  ati  tis four percent permanent deaf  ness and painful tes  tic  ular sw  elling which un  commonly results in in  fertility women may develop o  vari  an sw  elling but this does not increase the risk of in  fertility mum  ps is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among people living in close quarters the virus is transmitted by respiratory dro  ple  ts or direct contact with an infected person only humans get and spread the disease people are infectious to each other from about seven days before the start of symptoms to about eight days after after an infection a person is typically immune for life re  infection is possible but tends to be mild diagnosis is usually suspected due to par  o  ti  d sw  elling and can be confirmed by isolating the virus on a sw  ab of the par  o  ti  d duc  t testing for ig  m antibodies in the blood is simple and may be useful however can be fal  sely negative in those who have been immun  ized mum  ps is preventable by two doses of the mum  ps vaccine most of the developed world includes it in their immun  ization programs often in combination with meas  les and rub  ella vaccine countries that have low immun  ization rates may see an increase in cases among older age groups and thus worse outcomes there is no specific treatment efforts involve controlling symptoms with pain medication such as acet  amin  oph  en intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin may be useful in certain complications hosp  itali  zation may be required if men  ing  i  tis or pan  cre  ati  tis develops about one per ten thousand people who are infected die without immun  ization about 0 1 percent to one percent of the population are affected per year widespread vaccination has resulted in a more than 90 percent decline in rates of disease mum  ps is more common in the developing world where vaccination is less common outbreaks however may still occur in a vaccinated population before the introduction of a vaccine mum  ps was a common childhood disease worldwide larger outbreaks of disease would typically occur every two to five years children between the ages of five and nine were most commonly affected among immun  ized population often those in their early 20 s are affected around the equ  ator it often occurs all year round while in the more nor  ther  ly and sou  ther  ly regions of the world it is more common in the winter and spring painful sw  elling of the par  o  ti  d g  lands and tes  tic  les was described by hippo  crates in the 5 th century b  ce
mun  cha  usen by internet is a pattern of behavior akin to the mun  cha  usen syndrome a psychiatric fac  ti  tious disorder where  in those affected fe  i  gn disease illness or psychological trauma to draw attention sympathy or reassurance to themselves in which internet users seek attention by fe  ign  ing illnesses in online venues such as chat rooms message boards and internet relay chat ir  c it has been described in medical literature as a manifestation of fac  ti  tious disorder or fac  ti  tious disorder by proxy reports of users who deceive internet forum participants by portr  aying themselves as gravely ill or as victims of violence first appeared in the 1990 s due to the relative new  ness of internet communications the pattern was identified in 1998 by psychiatrist marc fel  d  man who created the term mün  cha  usen by internet in 2000 it is not included in the fifth revision of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 the development of fac  ti  tious disorders in online venues is made easier by the availability of medical literature on the internet the anonymous and mal  le  able nature of online identities and the existence of communication forums established for the sole purpose of giving support to members facing significant health or psychological problems several high profile cases have demonstrated behavior patterns which are common among those who pose as gravely ill or as victims of violence or whose deaths are announced to online forums the virtual communities that were created to give support as well as general non medical communities often express genuine sympathy and grief for the pur  ported victims when fabric  ations are suspected or confirmed the ensuing discussion can create sch  isms in online communities destroying some and altering the trusting nature of individual members in others
mün  cha  usen syndrome is a psychiatric fac  ti  tious disorder where  in those affected fe  i  gn disease illness or psychological trauma to draw attention sympathy or reassurance to themselves mun  cha  usen syndrome fits within the sub  class of fac  ti  tious disorder with predominantly physical signs and symptoms but patients also have a history of recurrent hosp  itali  zation travelling and dramatic extremely impro  bable tales of their past experiences the condition derives its name from the fic  tional character baron mun  cha  usen there is discussion to reclassi  fy them as som  ato  form disorders in the dsm 5 as it is unclear whether or not people are conscious of drawing attention to themselves in the current iter  ation the term som  ato  form disorder as used in the dsm iv tr and other literature is no longer in use that particular section of the dsm 5 has been ren  amed som  atic symptom and related disorders officially mun  cha  usen syndrome has been ren  amed fac  ti  tious disorder with specificity either as imposed on self or imposed on another formerly by proxy mun  cha  usen syndrome is related to mun  cha  usen syndrome by proxy ms  bp m  sp which refers to the abuse of another person typically a child in order to seek attention or sympathy for the ab  user this drive to create symptoms for the victim can result in unnecessary and costly diagnostic or corrective procedures
mun  cha  usen syndrome by proxy ms  bp or m  bp is a behavior pattern akin to mun  cha  usen syndrome a psychiatric fac  ti  tious disorder where  in those affected fe  i  gn disease illness or psychological trauma to draw attention sympathy or reassurance to themselves in which a ca  reg  i  ver or spouse fabric  ates exagger  ates or induc  es mental or physical health problems in those who are in their care usually to gain attention or sympathy from others with deception at its core this behavior is an elusive potentially lethal and frequently misunderstood form of child abuse or medical neglect that has been difficult to define detect and confirm ms  bp has also spawned much heated controversy within the legal and social services communities in a handful of high profile cases mothers who have had several children die from sudden infant death syndrome have been declared to have ms  bp based on ms  bp testimony of an expert witness they were tried for murder convicted and imprisoned for several years in some cases that testimony was later impe  ached resulting in exon  eration of those defendants
mun  ro s micro  abs  c  ess is an abs  c  ess collection of neu  troph  ils in the strat  um cor  neu  m of the ep  id  er  mis due to the infiltr  ation of neu  troph  ils from pap  ill  ary der  mis into the ep  id  er  mal strat  um cor  neu  m they are a cardinal sign of ps  ori  asis where they are seen in the hyper  ker  ato  tic and par  ak  er  ato  tic areas of the strat  um cor  neu  m mun  ro micro  abs  c  esses are not seen in se  bor  rhe  ic der  mati  tis it is named for william john mun  ro
den  ise amber lee was murdered by michael king in the u s state of florida on january 17 2008 after he had kidnapped and raped her earlier in the day lee and several others had attempted to call for help through the 9 1 1 system but there was a lack of communication and the police and other emergency services arrived too late five 9 1 1 calls were made that day including one by lee herself from her abduc  tor s phone and one from a witness jane ko  wal  ski who gave a detailed account of events as they unfol  ded before her failures were later found in the way the 9 1 1 operators handled ko  wal  ski s call and further failures were later identified nationwide in the 9 1 1 system king was sentenced to death the den  ise amber lee act was passed unanimously by the florida legislature on april 24 2008 this act provides for voluntary training for 9 1 1 operatives lee s family continue to lobby for a new law to be passed which would institute mandatory training and certification for all 9 1 1 dispat  chers the den  ise amber lee foundation was established in june 2008 to promote such training as well as to raise public awareness of the issues involved
mur  ine ty  ph  us also called endemic ty  ph  us is a form of ty  ph  us transmitted by fle  as xen  op  sy  lla che  op  is usually on rats this is in contrast to epidemic ty  ph  us which is usually transmitted by lic  e mur  ine ty  ph  us is an under recognized entity as it is often confused with viral illnesses most people who are infected do not realize that they have been bit  ten by fle  as
mur  mur  has  h is a non cry  pto  graphic has  h function that was used for has  h based look  ups due to possible denial of service attacks it should no longer be used for this purpose it was created by aus  tin app  le  by in 2008 and is currently hosted on gi  thu  b along with its test suite named sm  has  her it also exists in a number of variants all of which have been released into the public domain the name comes from two basic operations multiply mu and rot  ate r used in its inner loop unlike cry  pto  graphic has  h functions it is not specifically designed to be difficult to reverse by an adversary making it unsuitable for cry  pto  graphic purposes
mus  card  ine is a disease of insects it is caused by many species of ent  om  opath  ogenic fun  gus many mus  card  ines are known for affecting silk  worms mus  card  ine may also be called cal  c  ino while studying mus  card  ine in silk  worms in the 19 th century ago  st  ino bas  si found that the causal agent was a fun  gus this was the first demonstration of the germ theory of disease the first time a micro  organism was recognized as an animal pathogen there are many types of mus  card  ine they are often named for the color of the con  idi  al layer each fun  gus leaves on its host
muscle atro  phy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle and is most commonly experienced when persons suffer temporary disab  ling circumstances such as being restricted in movement and or confined to bed as when hosp  itali  zed when a muscle atro  ph  ies this leads to muscle weakness since the ability to exert force is related to mass modern medicine s understanding of the quick onset of muscle atro  phy is a major factor behind the practice of getting hosp  itali  zed patients out of bed and moving about as active as possible as soon as is feasible despite su  tures wounds broken bones and pain muscle atro  phy results from a co morbi  dity of several common diseases including cancer aids cong  estive heart failure cop  d chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease ren  al failure and severe burns patients who have c  ach  ex  ia in these disease settings have a poor prog  no  sis moreover starvation eventually leads to muscle atro  phy dis  use of the muscles such as when muscle tissue is im  mobilized for even a few days of un  use – when the patient has a primary injury such as an im  mobilized broken bone set in a cast or im  mobilized in traction for example – will also lead rapidly to dis  use atro  phy minim  izing such occurrences as soon as possible is a primary mission of occupational and physical therap  ists employed within hospitals working in co ordination with orth  o  ped  ic surgeons neuro  genic atro  phy which has a similar effect is muscle atro  phy resulting from damage to the nerve which stimulates the muscle causing a shri  vel  ing around otherwise healthy limbs also time in a cir  ca zero g environment without exercise will lead to atro  phy this is partially due to the smaller amount of exer  tion needed to move about and the fact that muscles are not used to maintain posture in a similar effect patients with a broken leg joint undergoing as little as three weeks of traction can lose enough back and but  toc  ks muscle mass and strength as to have difficulty sitting without assistance and experience pain stress and burning even after a very short ten minute exposure when such positioning is con  tri  ved during recovery
muscle co  activation is a phenomenon in which a muscle is activated coordin  ately with another muscle the em  g shown demonstrates the antagon  istic muscle activity in the bic  eps and tric  eps of a relaxed and seated subject with the el  bow bent at 90 degrees increase in the activity of the tric  eps likewise there is a minor increase of activity in the bic  eps trace when the tric  eps is activated co  activation of the muscles stabili  zes a joint although the mechanism is not well understood muscular co  activation is thought to be required for fine movements
muscle dys  mor  phia sometimes called bi  go  re  x  ia me  gare  x  ia or reverse an  ore  x  ia is a subtype of body dys  morph  ic disorder but is often also grouped with eating disorders affecting mostly males and many athletes muscle dys  mor  phia is obs  essive preoccupation via delu  sional or exaggerated belief that one s own body is too small too skinny insufficiently muscular or insufficiently lean although in most cases the individual s build is normal or even exceptionally large and muscular already dis  ordered fixation on gaining body mass as by devoting in  ordinate time and attention on exercise rou  tines dietary regim  ens and nutritional supplements is typical and use of an  abol  ic ster  oids is common usually also present are other body dys  morph  ic pre  occupations that are not muscle dys  morph  ic muscle dys  mor  phia has also been called the ad  on  is complex which however encompasses broader concerns of male body image yet likewise muscle dys  mor  phia s rising incidence is due in part to recent popul  arization of extreme cultural ideals of men s bodies severely distres  sful and dis  tracting muscle dys  mor  phia s bodily concerns provoke abs  ences from school work and soci  alizing percei  ving one s body as severely undesirable one may avoid dating versus other body dys  morph  ic disorder rates of suicide attempts may be especially high although lik  ened to an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa in females muscle dys  mor  phia is mostly unknown and tough to recognize especially since males experiencing it typically look healthy to others by some estimates 10 of gym going men experience muscle dys  mor  phia
muscle fatigue is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force it can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction there are two main causes of muscle fatigue the limitations of a nerve ’ s ability to generate a sustained signal ne  ural fatigue and the reduced ability of the muscle fiber to contract metabol  ic fatigue
an muscle tissue ne  op  las  m is a ne  op  las  m derived from muscle an example is my  oma
muscle weakness or my  asth  enia my from greek μ  υ  ο meaning muscle asth  enia ἀ  σ  θ  έν  εια meaning weakness is a lack of muscle strength the causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have either true or perceived muscle weakness true muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of sk  el  etal muscle diseases including muscular dy  stro  phy and infl  am  matory my  opathy it occurs in neuro  muscular junction disorders such as my  asth  enia grav  is muscle weakness can also be caused by low levels of potassium and other electro  ly  tes within muscle cells it can be temporary or long lasting from seconds or minutes to months or years
muscular dy  stro  phy md is a group of muscle diseases that results in increasing weakening and breakdown of sk  el  etal muscles over time the disorders differ in which muscles are primarily affected the degree of weakness how fast they worsen and when symptoms begin many people eventually become unable to walk some types are also associated with problems in other organs there are nine main categories of muscular dy  stro  phy that contain more than thirty specific types the most common type is du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy d  md which typically affects males beginning around the age of four other types include bec  ker muscular dy  stro  phy fac  i  os  cap  ul  o  hum  eral muscular dy  stro  phy and my  o  tonic dy  stro  phy they are due to mutations in genes that are involved in making muscle proteins this can occur due to either inher  iting the defect from one s parents or the mutation occurring during early development disorders may be x linked rec  essive auto  som  al rec  essive or auto  som  al dominant diagnosis often involves blood tests and genetic testing there is no cure for muscular dy  stro  phy physical therapy brac  es and corrective surgery may help with some symptoms assisted ventilation may be required in those with weakness of breathing muscles medications used include ster  oids to slow muscle de  generation anti  con  vul  s  ants to control seizures and some muscle activity and immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants to delay damage to dying muscle cells outcomes depend on the specific type of disorder du  chen  ne muscular dy  stro  phy which represents about half of all cases of muscular dy  stro  phy affects about one in 5 000 males at birth muscular dy  stro  phy was first described in the 18  30 s by charles bell the word dy  stro  phy is from the greek d  ys meaning difficult and tro  ph meaning nour  ish gene therapy as a treatment is in the early stages of study in humans
a mus  cul  osk  el  etal ab  normality is a disorder of the mus  cul  osk  el  etal system present at birth they can be due to de  form  ity or mal  formation an example is k  lip  pel fe  il syndrome although present at birth some only become obvious post  nat  ally
mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorders ms  ds are injuries or pain in the body s joints lig  aments muscles nerves tend  ons and structures that support limbs neck and back ms  ds can arise from a sudden exer  tion e g lifting a heavy object or they can arise from making the same motions repeatedly repeti  tive strain or from repeated exposure to force vibration or awkward posture injuries and pain in the mus  cul  osk  el  etal system caused by acute traumatic events like a car accident or fall are not considered mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorders ms  ds can affect many different parts of the body including upper and lower back neck shoulders and extre  mi  ties arms legs feet and hands examples of ms  ds include car  pal tunnel syndrome epi  con  dy  li  tis tend  initi  s back pain tension neck syndrome and hand arm vibration syndrome
mush  room poisoning also known as my  ce  tism or my  ce  ti  sm  us refers to harmful effects from ing  estion of toxic substances present in a mush  room these symptoms can vary from slight gastro  intest  inal discomfort to death the toxins present are secondary metabol  ites produced in specific bio  chemical pathways in the fun  gal cells mush  room poisoning is usually the result of ing  estion of wild mushrooms after mis  identification of a toxic mush  room as an edible species the most common reason for this mis  identification is close resemblance in terms of colour and general mor  pho  logy of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species to prevent mush  room poisoning mush  room gather  ers need to be very familiar with the mushrooms they intend to collect as well as with any similar looking toxic species in addition edi  bility of mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking collectors also need to be well aware that edi  bility or toxicity of some species varies with geographic location
music of canadian cultures is a wide and diverse accumulation of music from many different individual communities all across canada with canada being vast in size the country throughout its history has had regional music scenes the music of canada has reflected the multi cultural influences that have shaped the country first nations people the french the british the united states and many others nationalities have all made unique contributions to the musical heritage of canada
musical technique is the ability of instrumental and vocal musicians to exert optimal control of their instruments or vocal cords in order to produce the precise musical effects they desire improving one s technique generally entails practicing exercises that improve one s muscular sensitivity and ag  ility technique is independent of mus  ic  ality to improve their technique musicians often practice fundamental patterns of notes such as the natural minor major and ch  rom  atic scales minor and major tri  ads dominant and diminished seven  ths formula patterns and ar  pe  g  gi  os for example tri  ads and seven  ths teach how to play ch  ords with accuracy and speed scales teach how to move quickly and grac  efully from one note to another usually by step ar  pe  g  gi  os teach how to play broken ch  ords over larger intervals many of these components of music are found in difficult com  positions for example a large tu  ple ch  rom  atic scale is a very common element to classical and romantic era com  positions as part of the end of a phrase hein  rich sch  en  ker argued that musical technique s most striking and distinctive characteristic is repetition works known as é  tudes meaning study are also frequently used for the improvement of technique
mus  th or must ˈ  m  ʌ  st ur  du م  س  ت is a periodic condition in bull male elephants characterized by highly aggressive behavior and accompanied by a large rise in reproductive hormones te  sto  ster  one levels in an elephant in mus  th can be as much as 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times however whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of mus  th or merely a contributing factor is unknown scientific investigation of mus  th is problematic because even the most plac  id elephants become highly violent toward humans and other elephants during mus  th
in biology a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucle  o  tide sequence of the genome of an organism virus or extr  ach  ro  mo  som  al dna or other genetic elements mutations result from errors during dna replic  ation or other types of damage to dna which then may undergo error prone repair especially micro  hom  ology medi  ated end joining or cause an error during other forms of repair or else may cause an error during replic  ation trans  le  sion synthesis mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of dna due to mobile genetic elements mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observ  able characteristics phen  o  type of an organism mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including evolution cancer and the development of the immune system including junc  tional diversity the genom  es of r  na viruses are based on r  na rather than dna the r  na viral genome can be double stranded as in dna or single stranded in some of these viruses such as the single stranded human immun  o  deficiency virus replic  ation occurs quickly and there are no mechanisms to check the genome for accuracy this error prone process often results in mutations mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences mutations in genes can either have no effect alter the product of a gene or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely mutations can also occur in non  genic regions one study on genetic variations between different species of dro  s  oph  ila suggests that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene the result is likely to be harmful with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid poly  morph  isms that have damaging effects and the remainder being either neutral or marginally beneficial due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes organisms have mechanisms such as dna repair to prevent or correct mutations by rever  ting the mut  ated sequence back to its original state
mut  ational meltdown not to be confused with the concept of an error catastrophe is the accumulation of harmful mutations in a small population which leads to loss of fitness and decline of the population size which may lead to further accumulation of dele  ter  ious mutations due to fixation by genetic drift a population experiencing mut  ational meltdown is trapped in a downward spiral and will go extinct if the phenomenon lasts for some time usually the dele  ter  ious mutations would simply be selected away but during mut  ational meltdown the number of individuals thus suffering an early death is too large relative to overall population size so that mortality exceeds the birth rate the accumulation of mutations in small populations can be divided into three phases in the second phase a population starts in mutation selection equilibrium mutations are fixed at a constant rate through time and the population size is constant because the f  ec  und  ity exceeds mortality however after a sufficient number of mutations have been fixed in the population the birth rate is slightly less than the death rate and the population size begins to decrease the smaller population size allows for a more rapid fixation of dele  ter  ious mutations and a more rapid decline of population size etc
mu  te english is a phenomenon especially common in the people s republic of china where people can read and understand english as a second language but cannot speak it well the phrase is a cal  que of the chinese phrase 哑  巴  英  语 y  ǎ  b  ā y  ī  n  gy  ǔ in pin  yin the phenomenon is sometimes referred to as dumb english mu  te english occurs primarily due to the lack of native english speakers to emulate or practice with particularly in a country as large as china efforts to mitigate mu  te english in china have resulted in numerous commercial products including te  fl schools and teach yourself courses international exchanges and the eag  er  ness with which chinese students strive to practice their english with foreign visitors though any language can have its form of mu  te speakers e g mu  te polish the phenomenon of mu  te english in china is a massive acknowledged problem one which the school systems and students are attempting to address a related concept is the less common deaf english
the my way killings are a social phenomenon in the philippines referring to a number of fatal disputes which arose due to the singing of the song my way popul  arized by frank sin  atra pe  aking at 27 on bill  board hot 100 in 1969 in kar  ao  ke bars a new york times article estimates the number of killings to be about six up to 2010 another source estimates at least 12 between 2002 – 2012 opinions differ over whether the possible connection is due to the coincidence that the song was simply frequently sung amid the nation s kar  ao  ke bars where violence is common or to the aggressive ly  rics of the song itself
my  al  gia or muscle pain is a symptom of many diseases and disorders the most common causes are the over  use or over stretching of a muscle or group of muscles my  al  gia without a traumatic history is often due to viral infections longer term my  al  gi  as may be indicative of a metabol  ic my  opathy some nutritional deficiencies or chronic fatigue syndrome
my  asth  enia grav  is mg is a long term neuro  muscular disease that leads to varying degrees of muscle weakness the most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes face and sw  allowing it can result in double vision dro  oping eye  li  ds trouble talking and trouble walking onset can be sudden those affected often have a large th  ym  us g  land or develop a thy  mom  a my  asth  enia grav  is is an auto  immune disease which results from antibodies that block ace  ty  l  ch  oline recep  tors at the junction between the nerve and muscle this prevents nerve impul  ses from triggering muscle contr  actions rarely an inherited genetic defect in the neuro  muscular junction results in a similar condition known as con  genital my  asth  enia babies of mothers with my  asth  enia may have symptoms during their first few months of life known as ne  on  atal my  asth  enia diagnosis can be supported by blood tests for specific antibodies the ed  ro  ph  on  ium test or nerve conduc  tion studies my  asth  enia grav  is is generally treated with medications known as ace  ty  l  chol  in  est  erase inhi  bit  ors such as neo  stig  mine and py  ri  do  stig  mine immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants such as pred  nis  one or az  ath  iop  rine may also be used the surgical removal of the th  ym  us g  land may improve symptoms in certain cases plas  map  her  esis and high dose intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin may be used during sudden fla  res of the condition if the breathing muscles become significantly weak mechanical ventilation may be required my  asth  enia grav  is affects 50 to 200 per million people it is newly diagnosed in 3 to 30 per million people each year diagnosis is becoming more common due to increased awareness it most commonly occurs in women under the age of 40 and in men over the age of 60 it is un  common in children with treatment most of those affected lead relatively normal lives and have a normal life expectancy the word is from the greek μ  ύ  ς muscle and asth  enia weakness and the latin grav  is serious
my  co  bacter  ium avi  um in  trac  ell  ul  are infection mai is an atypical my  co  bacterial infection i e one with non  tubercul  ous my  co  bacteria or nt  m caused by my  co  bacter  ium avi  um complex this infection causes respiratory illness in birds pigs and humans especially in immun  o  compromised people in the later stages of aids it can be very severe it usually first presents as a persistent cough it is typically treated with a series of three antibiotics for a period of at least six months my  co  bacter  ium avi  um and m in  trac  ell  ul  are the m a complex or mac are sa  prot  ro  ph  ic organisms present in soil and water entry into hosts is usually via the gastro  intest  inal tract but also can be via the lungs mac can cause fe  vers diarr  hea mal  absorption as well as loss of appetite and weight loss and can disseminate to the bone marrow therapy for mai is typically resistant to standard my  co  bacterial therapies
mi  co  plasma hom  in  is infection is caused by the bacteria my  co  plasma hom  in  is mi  co  plasma hom  in  is infection is spread through vag  inal inter  course oral to genital contact and vertically from mother to her infant in uter  o or by the colonization by the bacteria as the baby desc  ends through the birth canal or by no  so  com  ial acquisition through trans  planted tissues it is not present in the normal vag  inal micro  bio  ta it can also be present in bacterial vag  in  osis
my  co  plasma pneumonia also known as walking pneumonia because its patients can sometimes continue to walk about while suffering from its symptoms is a form of bacterial pneumonia caused by the bacterial species my  co  plasma pneu  mon  i  ae
soil carbon storage is an important function of terrestrial ecosystems soil contains more carbon than plants and the atmosphere combined understanding what maintains the soil carbon pool is important to understand the current distribution of carbon on earth and how it will respond to environmental change while much research has been done on how plants free living micro  bial de  compos  ers and soil minerals affect this pool of carbon it is recently coming to light that my  cor  r  hi  z  al fun  gi — symbio  tic fun  gi that associate with roots of almost all living plants — may play an important role in maintaining this pool as well measurements of plant carbon allocation to my  cor  r  hi  z  al fun  gi have been estimated to be 5 20 of total plant carbon uptake and in some ecosystems the biomass of my  cor  r  hi  z  al fun  gi can be comparable to the biomass of fine roots recent research has shown that my  cor  r  hi  z  al fun  gi hold 50 to 70 percent of the total carbon stored in leaf litter and soil on fore  sted islands in sweden turnover of my  cor  r  hi  z  al biomass into the soil carbon pool is thought to be rapid and has been shown in some ecosystems to be the dominant path  way by which living carbon enters the soil carbon pool outlined below are the leading lines of evidence on how different aspects of my  cor  r  hi  z  al fun  gi may alter soil carbon de  composition and storage evidence is presented for ar  bus  cular and ec  tom  y  cor  r  hi  z  al fun  gi separately as they are phy  log  ene  tically distinct and often function in very different ways
my  co  sis plural my  co  ses is a fun  gal infection of animals including humans my  co  ses are common and a variety of environmental and physiological conditions can contribute to the development of fun  gal diseases inhal  ation of fun  gal spo  res or loc  alized colonization of the skin may initiate persistent infections therefore my  co  ses often start in the lungs or on the skin fun  gal infections of the skin was the 4 th most common disease in 2010 affecting 984 million people
my  co  sis fun  go  ides also known as ali  bert baz  in syndrome or gran  ul  oma fun  go  ides is the most common form of cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa it generally affects the skin but may progress internally over time symptoms include rash tumors skin le  sions and it  chy skin while the cause remains unclear most cases are not hereditary most cases are in people over 20 years of age and it is more common in men than women treatment options include sunlight exposure ultra  violet light topical cor  ti  co  ster  oids chem  otherapy and radi  otherapy
an infected an  eur  ys  m also known as my  co  tic an  eur  ys  m or micro  bial arter  i  tis is an an  eur  ys  m arising from bacterial infection of the arter  ial wall it can be a common complic  ation of the hem  ato  genous spread of bacterial infection william o  sl  er first used the term my  co  tic an  eur  ys  m in 18  85 to describe a mush  room shaped an  eur  ys  m in a patient with sub  acute bacterial endo  cardi  tis this may create considerable confusion since my  co  tic is typically used to define fun  gal infections however my  co  tic an  eur  ys  m is still used for all ex  trac  ardi  ac or in  trac  ardi  ac an  eur  ys  ms caused by infections except for sy  phili  tic a  or  ti  tis the term infected an  eur  ys  m proposed by j  arre  tt and associates is more appropriate since few infections involve fun  gi according to some authors a more accurate term might have been endo  vascular infection or infec  tive vas  cu  li  tis because my  co  tic an  eur  ys  ms are not due to a fun  gal organism my  co  tic an  eur  ys  ms account for 2 6 of a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms for the clin  ician early diagnosis is the cornerstone of effective treatment without medical or surgical management catastrophic hemorrha  ge or uncontrolled sep  sis may occur however symp  tom  at  ology is frequently non  specific during the early stages so a high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis in  trac  ran  ial my  co  tic an  eur  ys  ms ic  mas complicate about 2 to 3 of infec  tive endo  cardi  tis ie cases although as many as 15 to 29 of patients with ie have neuro  logic symptoms
my  dri  asis m  ᵻ  ˈ  dra  ɪ ə  s  ɪ  s is the dil  ation of the pupil usually defined as when having a non physiological cause but sometimes defined as potentially being a physiological pu  pill  ary response non physiological causes of my  dri  asis include disease trauma or the use of drugs normally as part of the pu  pill  ary light reflex the pupil dil  ates in the dark and con  stric  ts in the light to respectively improve vivi  dity at night and to protect the re  tina from sunlight damage during the day a my  dri  atic pupil will remain excessively large even in a bright environment the exc  itation of the rad  ial fibres of the iris which increases the pu  pill  ary aper  ture is referred to as a my  dri  asis more generally my  dri  asis also refers to the natural dil  ation of pupils for instance in low light conditions or under sympathetic stimulation an informal term for my  dri  asis is blown pupil and is used by medical providers it is usually used to refer to a fixed unilateral my  dri  asis which could be a symptom of raised in  trac  ran  ial pressure the opposite con  stric  tion of the pupil is referred to as mi  osis both my  dri  asis and mi  osis can be physiological anis  oc  oria is the condition of one pupil being more dil  ated than the other
m  ye  li  tis involves the infection or the infl  amm  ation of the white matter or gray matter of the spinal cord which is a part of central nervous system that acts as a bridge between the brain and the rest of the body during an infl  am  matory response in the spinal cord the my  elin and ax  on may be damaged causing symptoms such as paralysis and sensory loss m  ye  li  tis is classified to several categories depending on the area or the cause of the le  sion however people often refer to any infl  am  matory attack on the spinal cord as trans  verse m  ye  li  tis
the my  el  odys  plastic syndro  mes also known as m  ds or my  el  odys  pl  asia are hem  at  ological i e blood related medical conditions that cause ineffective production or dys  pl  asia of all blood cells patients with m  ds can develop severe an  emia and require blood trans  fu  sions in some cases the disease wor  sens and the patient develops cy  top  eni  as low blood counts caused by progressive bone marrow failure the outlook in m  ds depends on the type and severity many people live normal lif  esp  ans with m  ds the my  el  odys  plastic syndro  mes are all disorders of the hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cells in the bone marrow only related to my  elo  id line  age in m  ds hem  ato  po  ies  is i e blood production is disorderly and ineffective the number and quality of blood forming cells decline irre  versi  bly further imp  airing blood production the mean age of onset of m  ds is 68 years
my  elo  fi  bro  sis also known as o  ste  om  yel  o  fi  bro  sis is a relatively rare bone marrow cancer it is currently classified as a my  elo  prolifer  ative ne  op  las  m in which the proliferation of an abnormal clone of hem  ato  po  ie  tic stem cells in the bone marrow and other sites results in fi  bro  sis or the replacement of the marrow with scar tissue the term my  elo  fi  bro  sis alone usually refers to primary my  elo  fi  bro  sis p  m  f also known as chronic idi  opathic my  elo  fi  bro  sis ci  m  f the terms idi  opathic and primary mean that in these cases the disease is of unknown or spontaneous origin this is in contrast with my  elo  fi  bro  sis that develops secondary to poly  cy  them  ia vera or essential thro  m  bo  cy  th  aemia my  elo  fi  bro  sis is a form of my  elo  id met  ap  la  sia which refers to a change in cell type in the blood forming tissue of the bone marrow and often the two terms are used synonym  ously the terms agno  genic my  elo  id met  ap  la  sia and my  elo  fi  bro  sis with my  elo  id met  ap  la  sia mmm are also used to refer to primary my  elo  fi  bro  sis
my  elo  id leuk  emia is a type of leuk  emia affecting my  elo  id tissue types include acute my  elo  id leuk  emia chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia
a my  elo  id sar  coma chlor  oma gran  ul  oc  y  tic sar  coma extr  ame  dul  l  ary my  elo  id tumor is a solid tumor composed of immature white blood cells called my  elo  bl  asts a chlor  oma is an extr  ame  dul  l  ary manifestation of acute my  elo  id leuk  emia in other words it is a solid collection of leuk  emic cells occurring outside of the bone marrow
my  el  ok  ath  ex  is is a con  genital disorder of the white blood cells that causes severe chronic leuk  open  ia a reduction of circulating white blood cells and neu  tro  pen  ia a reduction of neu  tro  phil gran  ul  oc  y  tes the disorder is believed to be inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner my  el  ok  ath  ex  is refers to retention kath  ex  is of neu  troph  ils in the bone marrow my  elo
my  el  oli  po  ma my  elo from the ancient greek μ  υ  ελ  ός marrow li  po meaning of or pertaining to fat oma meaning tumor or mass is a benign tumor like le  sion composed of mature adi  pose fat tissue and ha  emato  po  ie  tic blood forming elements in various proportions my  el  oli  po  mas can present in the adren  al g  land or outside of the g  land
my  el  oma cast ne  ph  ro  pa  thy also cast ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is the formation of plu  gs ur  inary casts in the ren  al tu  bul  es from free immun  o  glob  ulin light chains leading to ren  al failure in the context of multiple my  el  oma
my  el  opathy describes any neuro  logic deficit related to the spinal cord when due to trauma it is known as acute spinal cord injury when infl  am  matory it is known as m  ye  li  tis disease that is vascular in nature is known as vascular my  el  opathy the most common form of my  el  opathy in human cer  vic  al spon  dy  lo  tic my  el  opathy c  sm is caused by ar  thri  tic changes spon  dy  losis of the cer  vic  al sp  ine which result in narrowing of the spinal canal spinal sten  osis ultimately causing compression of the spinal cord in asian populations spinal cord compression often occurs due to a different infl  am  matory process affecting the poster  ior longit  ud  inal lig  ament clinical signs and symptoms depend on which spinal cord level cer  vic  al thor  ac  ic or lum  bar is affected and the extent an  terior poster  ior or lateral of the path  ology and may include upper motor ne  uron signs weakness sp  as  tic  ity clum  sin  ess altered ton  us hyper  refl  ex  ia and pathological refl  exes including hoff  mann s sign and inver  ted plan  tar reflex positive bab  in  ski sign lower motor ne  uron signs weakness clum  sin  ess in the muscle group in  nerv  ated at the level of spinal cord compromise muscle atro  phy hypo  refl  ex  ia muscle hy  pot  on  icity or fl  acci  dity fasc  icul  ations sensory deficits bo  wel blad  der symptoms and sexual dysfunction
my  el  oper  oxid  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder featuring deficiency either in quantity or of function of my  el  oper  oxid  ase an enzyme found in certain p  ha  go  cy  tic immune cells especially poly  morph  on  uc  lear leuk  oc  y  tes it can appear similar to chronic gran  ul  om  at  ous disease on some screening tests
my  el  oph  th  is  ic an  emia or my  el  oph  th  is  is is a severe kind of an  emia found in some people with diseases that affect the bone marrow my  el  oph  th  is  is refers to the displacement of h  emo  po  ie  tic bone marrow tissue either by fi  bro  sis tumors or gran  ul  om  as
the my  elo  prolifer  ative ne  op  las  ms mp  ns previously my  elo  prolifer  ative diseases mp  ds are a group of diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced they are related to and may evolve into my  el  odys  plastic syndrome and acute my  elo  id leuk  emia although the my  elo  prolifer  ative diseases on the whole have a much better prog  no  sis than these conditions the concept of my  elo  prolifer  ative disease was first proposed in 1951 by the hem  ato  logist william dam  es  he  k in the most recent world health organization classification of hem  ato  logic m  align  ancies this group of diseases was ren  amed from my  elo  prolifer  ative diseases to my  elo  prolifer  ative ne  op  las  ms this reflects the underlying cl  onal genetic changes that are a salient feature of this group of disease the increased numbers of blood cells may not cause any symptoms but a number of medical problems or symptoms may occur the risk of thro  m  bo  sis is increased in some types of mp  n
my  erson s sign or g  lab  ell  ar tap sign is a medical condition where a patient is unable to resist blin  king when tapped on the g  lab  ella the area above the nose and between the eyebro  ws it is often referred to as the g  lab  ell  ar reflex it is often an early symptom of par  kinson s disease but can also be seen in early dementia as well as other progressive neuro  logic illness it is named for abraham my  erson an american neuro  logist
my  h  re syndrome is a rare genetic disorder
my  i  asis ˈ  ma  ɪ ə  s  ᵻ  s or ma  ɪ  ˈ  a  ɪ ə  s  ᵻ  s is the par  asi  tic inf  est  ation of the body of a live mamm  al by fly lar  v  ae mag  go  ts that grow inside the host while feeding on its tissue although flies are most commonly attracted to open wounds and urine or f  ec  es so  aked fur some species including the most common my  i  atic flies the bot  fly blow  fly and scre  w  fly can create an inf  est  ation even on un  broken skin and have been known to use mo  ist soil and non my  i  atic flies such as the common house  fly as vector agents for their par  asi  tic lar  v  ae col  lo  qui  alis  ms for my  i  asis include fl  y  strike and blow  fly strike and the victim or the tissue may be described as fly blown the name of the condition derives from ancient greek μ  υ  ῖ  α my  ia meaning fly because some animals particularly domestic animals cannot react as effectively as humans to the causes and effects of my  i  asis such inf  est  ations present a severe and continuing problem for livestock industries worldwide causing severe economic losses where they are not mitigated by human action although typically a far greater issue for animals my  i  asis is also a relatively frequent afflic  tion of humans in rural tropical regions where my  i  atic flies thrive and often may require medical attention to sur  g  ically remove the parasites my  i  asis varies widely in the forms it takes and its effects on the victims such variations depend largely on the fly species and where the lar  v  ae are located some flies lay eggs in open wounds other lar  v  ae may invade un  broken skin or enter the body through the nose or ears and still others may be swallowed if the eggs are deposited on the lips or on food
a my  o  cardi  al con  tu  sion is a term for a bru  ise con  tu  sion to the heart after an injury it is usually a consequence of blunt trauma to the an  terior chest wall and the right ven  tric  le is thought to be most commonly affected due to its an  atomic location as the most an  terior surface of the heart my  o  cardi  al con  tu  sion is not a specific diagnosis and the extent of the injury can vary greatly usually there are other chest injuries seen with a my  o  cardi  al con  tu  sion such as ri  b fractu  res pneu  om  o  thor  ax and valve injury when a my  o  cardi  al con  tu  sion is suspected consideration must be given to any other chest injuries which will likely be determined by clinical signs tests and imaging the signs and symptoms of a my  o  cardi  al con  tu  sion can manifest in different ways in people which may also be masked by the other injuries they present with it is recommended that people with blunt chest trauma receive an electro  cardi  o  gram to determine if there are any irregularities with cardiac function the presentation of a dys  rhy  th  mia after sustaining a my  o  cardi  al con  tu  sion can be delayed for up to 72 hours
my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion mi or acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion ami commonly known as a heart attack occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle the most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder arm back neck or jaw often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes the discomfort may occasionally feel like heart  burn other symptoms may include short  ness of breath naus  ea feeling faint a cold sweat or feeling tired about 30 of people have atypical symptoms with women more likely than men to present aty  p  ically among those over 75 years old about 5 have had an mi with little or no history of symptoms an mi may cause heart failure an irregular heartbeat or cardiac arrest most mis occur due to coron  ary artery disease risk factors include high blood pressure smoking diabetes lack of exercise obesity high blood cho  le  sterol poor diet and excessive alcohol intake among others the mechanism of an mi often involves the complete block  age of a coron  ary artery caused by a rupture of an a  ther  os  cl  erotic pla  que mis are less commonly caused by coron  ary artery sp  as  ms which may be due to cocaine significant emotional stress and extreme cold among others a number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis including electro  cardi  o  grams ec  gs blood tests and coron  ary an  gi  o  graphy an ec  g may confirm an st elev  ation mi if st elev  ation is present commonly used blood tests include tro  pon  in and less often cre  at  ine kin  ase mb aspir  in is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected mi nitro  gly  cer  in or op  io  ids may be used to help with chest pain however they do not improve overall outcomes supplem  ental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or short  ness of breath in st elev  ation mis treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include an  gi  op  la  sty where the arter  ies are pushed open or thro  m  bol  ysis where the block  age is removed using medications people who have a non st elev  ation my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion n  stem  i are often managed with the blood thin  ner he  par  in with the additional use of an  gi  op  la  sty in those at high risk in people with block  ages of multiple coron  ary arter  ies and diabetes bypass surgery cab  g may be recommended rather than an  gi  op  la  sty after an mi lifestyle modifications along with long term treatment with aspir  in beta bloc  kers and stat  ins are typically recommended worldwide about 8 6 million my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tions occurred in 2013 more than 3 million people had an st elev  ation mi and more than 4 million had an n  stem  i stem  is occur about twice as often in men as women about one million people have an mi each year in the united states in the developed world the risk of death in those who have had an stem  i is about 10 rates of mi for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010
my  o  cardi  al rupture is a lac  eration or tearing of the wall of the ven  tric  les or atri  a of the heart of the inter  atri  al or interven  tric  ular sep  tum or of the pap  ill  ary muscles it is most commonly seen as a serious sequ  ela of an acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion heart attack it can also be caused by trauma
in cardi  ology stunned my  o  cardi  um is a state when some section of the my  o  cardi  um corresponding to area of a major coron  ary oc  clu  sion shows a form of contr  acti  le ab  normality this is a seg  mental dysfunction which persists for a variable period of time about two weeks even after is  chem  ia has been relieved by for instance an  gi  op  la  sty or coron  ary artery bypass surgery in this situation while my  o  cardi  al blood flow m  b  f returns to normal function is still depressed for a variable period of time my  o  cardi  al stunning is the reversible reduction of function of heart contraction after reper  fusion not accounted for by tissue damage or reduced blood flow after total is  chem  ia occurs the my  o  cardi  um switches immediately from aer  ob  ic gly  col  ysis to an  aer  ob  ic gly  col  ysis resulting in the reduced ability to produce high energy phosp  hates such as at  p and cre  at  in  ine phosphate at this point the lack of the energy and lact  ate accumulation results in cessation of contraction within 60 seconds of is  chem  ia i e vessel oc  clu  sion subsequent to this is a period of my  o  cardi  al stunning in which reversible is  chem  ic damage is taking place at approximately 30 minutes after the onset of total is  chem  ia the damage becomes irreversible thereby ending the phase of my  o  cardi  al stunning clinical situations of stunned my  o  cardi  um are acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion ami after per  cu  taneous trans  lumin  al coron  ary an  gi  op  la  sty pt  ca after cardiac surgery neuro  genic stunned my  o  cardi  um following an acute cere  bro  vascular event such as a sub  ar  ach  no  id hemorrha  ge
there are multiple origin  ations for my  o  cardi  od  y  stro  phy alcohol in  tox  ication can originate the creation of it along with making it worse if consumption continues over a long period of time different types of obesity can also originate the disease along with other endocrine diseases infections and various types of neuro  logical patho  logies
my  o  cardi  tis also known as infl  am  matory cardi  om  y  opathy is infl  amm  ation of the heart muscle the consequences of my  o  cardi  tis vary widely it can cause a mild disease without any symptoms that resol  ves itself or it may cause chest pain heart failure or sudden death an acute my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion like syndrome with normal coron  ary arter  ies has a good prog  no  sis heart failure even with a dil  ated left ven  tric  le may have a good prog  no  sis ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mi  as and high degree heart block have a poor prog  no  sis loss of right ven  tric  ular function is a strong predic  tor of death my  o  cardi  tis is most often due to an infection by common viruses such as par  vo  virus b 19 less commonly non  viral infections such as ly  me disease or try  pan  o  som  a cru  zi or as a hy  pers  ensi  tivity response to drugs may be the cause my  o  cardi  tis can sometimes be an auto  immune disease st  rep  to  coc  cal m protein and co  x  s  ack  i  evi  rus b have regions that are similar to the my  os  in protein found in the heart muscle during and after the infection the immune system may attack cardiac my  os  in my  o  cardi  tis may include death of heart tissue it may include dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy a definitive diagnosis requires a heart biopsy in 2013 about 1 5 million cases of acute my  o  cardi  tis occurred cardi  om  y  opathy including my  o  cardi  tis resulted in 443 000 deaths in 2013 up from 294 000 in 1990
my  o  cl  onic ast  atic epi  le  psy also known as do  ose syndrome is a generalized idi  opathic epi  le  psy it is characterized by the development of my  o  cl  onic seizures and or my  o  cl  onic ast  atic seizures
my  o  cl  onic dy  st  onia or my  o  cl  onus dy  st  onia syndrome is a rare movement disorder that induc  es spontaneous muscle contraction causing abnormal posture the prevalence of my  o  cl  onus dy  st  onia has not been reported however this disorder falls under the umbrella of movement disorders which affect thousands worldwide my  o  cl  onus dy  st  onia results from mutations in the sg  ce gene coding for an integral memb  rane protein found in both neurons and muscle fi  bers those suffering from this disease exhibit symptoms of rapid jer  ky movements of the upper limbs my  o  cl  onus as well as distortion of the body s orientation due to simultaneous activation of agon  ist and antagon  ist muscles dy  st  onia my  o  cl  onus dy  st  onia is caused by loss of function mutations in the ep  sil  on sar  co  gly  can gene sg  ce the disease is domin  antly inherited however sg  ce is an im  printed gene so only the pater  nal alle  le is expressed therefore children suffering from this disease inherit the mutation from the father if the mut  ated alle  le is inherited from the mother the child is not likely to exhibit symptoms while no cure has been found for my  o  cl  onus dy  st  onia treatment options are available to those suffering from the disease ethanol often amelior  ates the symptoms well and so the syndrome is also called alcohol responsive dy  st  onia alcohol may be substituted by benzo  di  az  ep  ines such as cl  on  az  ep  am which work through the same mechanism deep brain stimulation d  bs is another viable option that can alleviate symptoms without the unwanted side effects of medications and has been successful in treating other movement disorders
my  o  cl  onic epi  le  psy refers to a family of epi  le  p  sies that present with my  o  cl  onus when my  o  cl  onic jer  ks are occasionally associated with abnormal brain wave activity it can be categ  orized as my  o  cl  onic seizure if the abnormal brain wave activity is persistent and results from ongoing seizures then a diagnosis of my  o  cl  onic epi  le  psy may be considered
my  o  cl  onus is a brief involuntary tw  it  ching of a muscle or a group of muscles it describes a medical sign and generally is not a diagnosis of a disease these my  o  cl  onic tw  it  ches jer  ks or seizures are usually caused by sudden muscle contr  actions positive my  o  cl  onus or brief lapses of contraction negative my  o  cl  onus the most common circumstance under which they occur is while falling asleep hyp  nic jerk my  o  cl  onic jer  ks occur in healthy persons and are experienced occasionally by everyone however when they appear with more persistence and become more widespread they can be a sign of various neuro  logical disorders hic  cups are a kind of my  o  cl  onic jerk specifically affecting the di  aphr  ag  m when a sp  asm is caused by another person it is known as a provoked sp  asm sh  ud  dering attacks in babies fall in this category my  o  cl  onic jer  ks may occur alone or in sequence in a pattern or without pattern they may occur inf  requ  ently or many times each minute most often my  o  cl  onus is one of several signs in a wide variety of nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis par  kinson s disease dy  st  onia alzheimer s disease gau  cher s disease sub  acute s  cl  ero  sing pan  en  ce  ph  ali  tis creutz  feldt – jakob disease cjd sero  ton  in toxicity some cases of hun  t  ington s disease some forms of epi  le  psy and occasionally in in  trac  ran  ial hypo  tension some researchers indicate that jer  ks persistently may even cause early tre  mors in almost all instances in which my  o  cl  onus is caused by central nervous system disease it is preceded by other symptoms for instance in cjd it is generally a late stage clinical feature that appears after the patient has already started to exhibit gross neuro  logical deficits anatom  ically my  o  cl  onus may originate from le  sions of the cor  tex sub  cor  tex or spinal cord the presence of my  o  cl  onus above the for  amen magn  um effectively excludes spinal my  o  cl  onus further loc  alisation relies on further investigation with electro  my  o  graphy em  g and electro  encephal  o  graphy eeg
my  o  epi  the  li  oma of the head and neck also my  o  epi  the  li  oma is a sali  vary g  land tum  our of the head and neck that is usually benign as the name suggests it consists of my  o  epi  the  li  al cells class  ically they are found in the par  o  ti  d g  land or pal  ate a similar tumor type may be found in the tongue referred to as ec  tom  es  en  ch  ym  al ch  on  dro  my  x  o  id tumor
my  of  as  cial pain syndrome mps also known as chronic my  of  as  cial pain c  mp is a syndrome characterized by chronic pain in multiple my  of  as  cial trigger points kno  ts and fas  cial connec  tive tissue con  stric  tions it can appear in any body part characteristic features of a my  of  as  cial trigger points include focal point tender  ness reproduction of pain upon trigger point pal  p  ation hard  ening of the muscle upon trigger point pal  p  ation pseudo weakness of the involved muscle referred pain and limited range of motion following approximately 5 seconds of sustained trigger point pressure
my  o  glob  in  ur  ia is the presence of my  o  glob  in in the urine usually associated with r  hab  dom  y  ol  ysis or muscle destruction my  o  glob  in is present in muscle cells as a reserve of oxygen
my  ok  y  mia from the greek m  ŷ  s muscle k  ŷ  m k  ŷ  mia something sw  oll  en or k  ŷ  mos wave is an involuntary spontaneous loc  alised qui  vering of a few muscles or bund  les within a muscle but which are insufficient to move a joint one type is superior obli  que my  ok  y  mia my  ok  y  mia is commonly used to describe an involuntary eye  lid muscle contraction typically involving the lower eye  lid or less often the upper eye  lid it occurs in normal individuals and typically starts and disappears spontaneously however it can sometimes last up to three weeks since the condition typically resol  ves itself medical professionals do not consider it to be serious or a cause for concern in contrast facial my  ok  y  mia is a fine rip  pling of muscles on one side of the face and may reflect an underlying tumor in the bra  inst  em typically a bra  inst  em gli  oma loss of my  elin in the bra  inst  em associated with multiple sclerosis or in the recovery stage of guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome an infl  am  matory pol  yn  euro  pa  thy that may affect the facial nerve my  ok  y  mia in otherwise unrelated body parts may occur in neuro  my  o  ton  ia
my  oma is a kind of mes  en  ch  ym  al tumor
my  opathy is a muscular disease in which the muscle fi  bers do not function for any one of many reasons resulting in muscular weakness my  opathy simply means muscle disease my  o greek μ  υ  ο muscle path  os pa  thy greek suffering this meaning implies that the primary defect is within the muscle as opposed to the nerves neuro  path  ies or neuro  genic disorders or elsewhere e g the brain etc muscle cram  ps sti  ff  ness and sp  asm can also be associated with my  opathy capture my  opathy or shock disease is a little studied condition observed in wild animals such as ha  res and birds that have been captured or handled the condition is usually lethal and stress has been identified as the single most determining factor exacerbated by muscle exer  tion muscular disease can be classified as neuro  muscular or mus  cul  osk  el  etal in nature some conditions such as my  osi  tis can be considered both neuro  muscular and mus  cul  osk  el  etal
x linked my  opathy with excessive autop  ha  gy x  mea is a rare childhood onset disease characterized by slow progressive vacu  olation and atro  phy of sk  el  etal muscle there is no known cardiac or intellectual involvement
my  oper  ic  y  tom  a also glo  man  gi  oper  ic  y  tom  a is a rare peri  vascular soft tissue tum  our it is usually benign and typically in the dis  tal extre  mi  ties it is thought to overlap with my  o  fi  bro  ma
a myop  ic cres  cent is a moon shaped feature that can develop at the temporal lateral border of dis  c it rarely occurs at the nas  al border of myop  ic eyes it is primarily caused by atro  ph  ic changes that are genetically determined with a minor contribution from stretching due to el  on  gation of the eye  ball in myop  ia that is no longer progressing the cres  cent may be as  ymp  tomatic except for its presence on oc  ular examination however in high degree myop  ia it may extend to the upper and lower borders or form a complete ring around the op  tic dis  c and form a central sco  tom  a the myop  ic cres  cent is commonly seen in pathological ax  ial myop  ia the condition sometimes described errone  ously as myop  ic chor  o  idi  tis but myop  ic cres  cent is not an infl  am  matory process and does not run parallel to the degree of myop  ia it usually tends to occur after mid adult life myop  ic cres  cent is often associated with some degree of re  tin  al de  generation and occasionally vit  re  ous de  generation
my  os  ar  coma is a m  align  ant muscle tumor lei  om  y  os  ar  coma is sar  coma of smooth muscle and r  hab  dom  y  os  ar  coma is sar  coma of stri  ated muscle however the term my  os  ar  coma itself still appears in the literature people with my  os  ar  coma often wake up with the feeling as if they had a cr  amp during their sleep
my  osi  tis is a general term for infl  amm  ation of the muscles many such conditions are considered likely to be caused by auto  immune conditions rather than directly due to infection although auto  immune conditions can be activated or exacerbated by infections it is also a documented side effect of the lip  id lowering drugs stat  ins and fi  br  ates elev  ation of cre  at  ine kin  ase in blood is indicative of my  osi  tis
my  osi  tis os  si  fic  ans comprises two syndro  mes characterized by heter  ot  op  ic os  sification calci  fication of muscle
my  o  spher  ul  osis also known as spher  ul  oc  y  to  sis is a foreign body type gran  ul  om  at  ous reaction to lip  id containing material and blood it may be seen in various settings including fat necro  sis m  align  ancy e g ren  al cell carcin  oma placement of topical te  trac  ycl  ine in a petro  lat  um base into a surgical site the resultant hist  opath  o  logic pattern is most unusual and initially was mistakenly thought to represent a previously und  es  cri  bed endo  spor  ulating fun  gus
my  o  stati  n related muscle hyper  tro  phy or my  o  tonic hyper  tro  phy is a rare genetic condition characterized by reduced body fat and increased sk  el  etal muscle size affected individuals have up to twice the usual amount of muscle mass in their bodies they also tend to have increased muscle strength my  o  stati  n related muscle hyper  tro  phy is not known to cause any medical problems and affected individuals are intellectually normal the prevalence of this condition is unknown mutations in the m  st  n gene cause my  o  stati  n related muscle hyper  tro  phy the m  st  n gene provides instructions for making a protein called my  o  stati  n which is active in muscles used for movement sk  el  etal muscles both before and after birth this protein normally restr  ains muscle growth ensuring that muscles do not grow too large mutations that reduce the production of functional my  o  stati  n lead to an over  growth of muscle tissue my  o  stati  n related muscle hyper  tro  phy has a pattern of inheritance known as incomplete auto  som  al dominance people with a mutation in both copies of the m  st  n gene in each cell homo  zy  go  tes have significantly increased muscle mass and strength people with a mutation in one copy of the m  st  n gene in each cell hetero  zy  go  tes also have increased muscle bulk but to a lesser degree researchers at guang  zhou institutes of biome  dic  ine and health in china have ed  ited the genome of be  ag  les to create double the amount of muscle
my  o  ton  ia my  o from greek muscle and ton  us from latin tension is a symptom of a small handful of certain neuro  muscular disorders characterized by delayed relaxation prolonged contraction of the sk  el  etal muscles after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation my  o  ton  ia is present in my  o  ton  ia con  gen  ita param  yo  ton  ia con  gen  ita and my  o  tonic dy  stro  phy generally repeated contraction of the muscle can alleviate the my  o  ton  ia and relax the muscles thus improving the condition however this is not the case in param  yo  ton  ia con  gen  ita this phenomenon is known as warm up and is not to be confused with warming up before exercise though they may appear similar individuals with the disorder may have trouble releasing their grip on objects or may have difficulty rising from a sitting position and a stiff awkward ga  it my  o  ton  ia can affect all muscle groups however the pattern of affected muscles can vary depending on the specific disorder involved people suffering from disorders involving my  o  ton  ia can have a life threatening reaction to certain ana  esthe  tics one of these conditions occurs when the patient is under anaesthetic and is termed m  align  ant hyper  ther  mia
con  genital my  o  ton  ia also my  o  ton  ia con  gen  ita my  o from greek muscle and ton  us from latin tension is a genetic neuro  muscular chann  el  opathy that affects sk  el  etal muscles muscles used for movement the disease was first described by danish german physician as  mus juli  us thomas thom  sen 18  15 – 18  96 in 18  76 who himself suffered from the disease the hallmark of the disease is the failure of initiated contraction to terminate often referred to as delayed relaxation of the muscles my  o  ton  ia and rigidity symptoms include delayed relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction my  o  ton  ia and may also include sti  ff  ness hyper  tro  phy enlargement transi  ent weakness in some mutations and cram  ping
my  o  tonic dy  stro  phy is a long term genetic disorder that affects muscle function symptoms include gradually worsening muscle loss and weakness often muscle contract and are unable to relax other symptoms may include cat  ar  acts intellectual disability and heart conduc  tion problems in men their may be early bal  ding and an inability to have children my  o  tonic dy  stro  phy is an auto  som  al dominant disorder which is typically inherited from a person s parents there are two main types type 1 dm 1 due to mutations in the d  mp  k gene and type 2 dm 2 due to mutations in the cn  bp gene the disorder generally wor  sens in each generation a type of dm 1 may be apparent at birth dm 2 is generally mil  der they are types of muscular dy  stro  phy diagnosis is confirmed by genetic testing there is no cure treatments may include brac  es or wheel  chairs pac  emakers and non invasive positive pressure ventilation the medications m  exi  let  ine or carb  amaz  ep  ine are occasionally helpful pain if it occurs may be treated with tric  ycl  ic anti  depres  s  ants and non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids my  o  tonic dy  stro  phy affects more than 1 in 8 000 people worldwide while my  o  tonic dy  stro  phy can occur at any age onset is typically in the 20 s and 30 s it is the most common form of muscular dy  stro  phy that begins in adul  thood it was first described in 19  09 with the underlying cause of type 1 determined in 1992
my  ring  om  y  co  sis is a fun  gal infection of the ty  mp  anic memb  rane it is caused by the presence of the fun  gus asper  gill  us ni  gr  ic  ans or fla  ves  c  ens
myr  mec  ia is one of the three types of war  ts that occurs on the skin on the hands and feet pal  mop  lan  tar it is induced by human pap  il  lo  ma virus type 1 h  p  v 1 they occur on the pal  ms of the hands sol  es of the feet and on the sides of the fingers and toes the his  to  logy is abundant e  o  sin  oph  il  ic inclusion bodies associated with h  p  v 1 e 4 gene products it was studied as far back as 42 b c 37 a d by a  ul  us cor  ne  li  us cel  sus
myr  me  co  tro  phy is the ability of plants to obtain nutrients from ants a form of mutu  alism due to this behaviour the invasion of vegetation into harsh environments is promoted the dead remains of insects thrown out by the ants are absorbed by the len  tic  ular war  ts in myr  me  co  phy  tes like hy  d  no  phy  tum and myr  me  co  dia myr  me  co  dia uses its len  tic  ular war  ts to suck nutrients from the insects thrown out by the ants the ants in turn benefit with a secure location to form their colony the pit  cher plant ne  pen  thes bic  al  car  ata obtains an estimated 42 of its total fo  liar nitrogen from ant waste
the square array of the inte  gers 1 through n 2 that is generated when a method for constructing a 4 × 4 magic square is generalized was called a mys  tic square by jo  el b wo  low  el  sky and david shak  ow in their article describing a method for constructing a magic square whose order is a multiple of 4 a 4 × 4 magic square can be constructed by writing out the numbers from 1 to 16 consecu  tively in a 4 × 4 matrix and then inter  changing those numbers on the diag  on  als that are equi  distant from the center figure 1 the sum of each row column and diag  onal is 34 the “ magic number ” for a 4 × 4 magic square in general the “ magic number ” for an n × n magic square is n n 2 1 2 file mys  tic square figure 1 j  pg
in the forgotten real  ms campaign setting of the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game a myth  al is a powerful epic level magical effect
my  x  e  dem  a or my  x  oe  dem  a is a term used synonym  ously with severe hypo  thyro  i  dis  m however the term is also used to describe a der  mat  ological change that can occur in hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and some forms of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m in this context my  x  e  dem  a refers to de  position of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des in the der  mis which results in sw  elling of the affected area one manifestation of my  x  e  dem  a occurring in the lower limb is pre  ti  bial my  x  e  dem  a a hallmark of graves disease an auto  immune form of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m my  x  e  dem  a can also occur in hash  im  oto s thyro  idi  tis and other long standing forms of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m the word my  x  e  dem  a originates from μ  ύ  ξ  α taken from ancient greek to convey m  uc  us or sli  my substance and ὁ  ο  ί  δη  μα for sw  elling it can also be thought as non  pit  ting e  dem  a in contrast to pit  ting e  dem  a
my  x  e  dem  a coma is a state of de  compensated hypo  thyro  i  dis  m a person may have lab values identical to a normal hypo  thyro  id state but a stressful event such as an infection my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion or stroke precipit  ates the my  x  e  dem  a coma state usually in the elderly primary symptoms of my  x  e  dem  a coma are altered mental status and low body temperature low blood sugar low blood pressure hy  pon  at  re  mia hyper  cap  nia hypo  x  ia slowed heart rate and hypo  ventilation may also occur my  x  e  dem  a although included in the name is not necessarily seen in my  x  e  dem  a coma
my  x  o  id ch  on  dro  sar  coma is a type of sar  coma it has been associated with a t 9 22 q 22 q 12 e  ws ch  n gene fusion
a my  x  o  id cyst also known as a digital mu  co  us cyst and mu  co  us cyst is a cu  taneous condition often characterized by nail plate depression and gro  o  ves
my  x  o  id li  po  bl  ast  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by excess m  uc  in it resembles my  x  o  id li  pos  ar  coma
a my  x  o  id li  pos  ar  coma is a m  align  ant adi  pose tissue ne  op  las  m of my  x  o  id appearance his  to  logically my  x  o  id li  pos  ar  com  as are the second most common type of li  pos  ar  coma representing 30 – 40 of all li  pos  ar  com  as in the limbs occurring most commonly in the legs particularly the thi  gh followed by the but  toc  ks retro  per  it  on  eu  m trunk an  kle proxim  al limb gir  dle head and neck and wrist they occur in the inter  muscular fas  cial planes or deep seated areas they present as a large slow growing pain  less mass they are associated with a fusion between dd  it 3 or chop at 12 q 13 1 q 13 2 and fus or t  ls at 16 p 11 2 or e  ws at 22 q 12 2 the specific trans  location of fus dd  it 3 is t 12 16 q 13 p 11
a my  x  o  id tumor is a connec  tive tissue tumor with a my  x  o  id background composed of clear mu  co  id substance this tu  moral phen  o  type is shared by many tu  moral entities my  x  om  as atri  al my  x  oma od  on  to  genic my  x  oma cu  taneous my  x  oma intr  amus  cular my  x  oma my  x  o  id ham  ar  tom  a aggressive an  gi  om  y  x  oma my  x  o  id lei  om  y  oma ch  on  dro  my  x  o  id fi  bro  ma my  x  o  id neuro  fi  bro  ma nerve she  ath my  x  oma neuro  the  ke  oma my  x  oli  po  ma an  gi  om  yo  fi  bro  bl  ast  oma my  x  o  id lei  om  y  os  ar  coma my  x  o  id li  pos  ar  coma li  po  bl  ast  oma my  x  o  fi  bro  sar  coma my  x  o  id cor  tical aden  oma ple  om  orph  ic aden  oma un  differentiated embry  onal sar  coma pl  exi  form an  gi  om  y  x  o  id my  o  fi  bro  bl  astic tumor my  x  o  id pl  exi  form fi  bro  his  ti  oc  y  tic tumor an  gi  om  y  x  oli  po  ma vascular my  x  oli  po  ma parach  ord  oma ac  ral my  x  o  infl  am  matory fi  bro  bl  astic sar  coma
a my  x  oma new latin from greek mu  xa for m  uc  us is a my  x  o  id tumor of primitive connec  tive tissue it is the most common primary tumor of the heart in adults but can also occur in other locations
my  x  om  at  osis sometimes shortened to my  x  o or my  xy is a disease that affects rabbits and is caused by the my  x  oma virus it was first observed in uruguay in laboratory rabbits in the late 19 th century it was introduced into australia in 1950 in an attempt to control the rabbit population see rabbits in australia affected rabbits develop skin tumors and in some cases blindness followed by fatigue and fever they usually die within 14 days of contracting the disease the disease is spread by direct contact with an affected animal or by being bit  ten by fle  as or mosquitoes that have fed on an infected rabbit the my  x  om  at  osis virus does not replic  ate in these insect hosts but can be physically carried by an insect s mouth  parts i e from an infected rabbit to another susceptible animal due to the potential of insect vector transmission pet rabbits may be susceptible in enzootic areas and vaccination is highly recommended
my  x  os  ar  coma is a rare m  align  ant tumor of the heart
mé  ni  ère s disease md is a disorder of the inner ear that is characterized by episodes of feeling like the world is spinning ver  ti  go ringing in the ears tin  nit  us hearing loss and a ful  l  ness in the ear typically only one ear is affected at least initially however over time both ears may become involved episodes generally last from 20 minutes to a few hours the time between episodes varies the hearing loss and ringing in the ears may become constant over time the cause of mé  ni  ère s disease is unclear but likely involves both genetic and environmental factors a number of theories exist for why it occurs including con  stric  tions in blood vessels viral infections and auto  immune reactions about 10 of cases run in families symptoms are believed to occur as the result of increased fluid build up in the labyrin  th of the inner ear diagnosis is based on the symptoms and frequently a hearing test other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include vesti  bul  ar migr  aine and transi  ent is  chem  ic attack there is no cure attacks are often treated with medications to help with the naus  ea and anxiety measures to prevent attacks are overall poorly supported by the evidence a low salt diet di  u  re  tics and cor  ti  co  ster  oids may be tried physical therapy may help with balance and counselling may help with anxiety injections into the ear or surgery may also be tried if other measures are not effective but are associated with risks the use of ty  mp  ano  stom  y tubes while popular is not supported mé  ni  ère s disease was first identified in the early 1800 s by prosper mé  ni  ère it affects between 0 3 and 1 9 per 1 000 people it most often starts in the 40 s to 60 s females are more commonly affected than males after 5 – 15 years the episodes of world spinning generally stop and the person is left with mild loss of balance moderately poor hearing in the affected ear and ringing in their ear
m  éné  tri  er disease also known as hypo  prote  in  emic hyper  troph  ic gastro  pa  thy named after a french physician pierre eu  g  ène m  éné  tri  er 1859 – 19  35 is a rare acquired pre  m  align  ant disease of the stomach characterized by massive ga  str  ic fol  ds excessive mu  co  us production with resultant protein loss and little or no acid production the disorder is associated with excessive secre  tion of transforming growth factor alpha tg  f α
the classical mö  bi  us function μ n is an important multiplic  ative function in number theory and combin  at  or  ics the german mathem  ati  cian august fer  din  and mö  bi  us introduced it in 18  32 it is a special case of a more general object in combin  at  or  ics
mö  bi  us syndrome also spelled mo  e  bi  us is an extremely rare con  genital neuro  logical disorder which is characterized by facial paralysis and the inability to move the eyes from side to side most people with mö  bi  us syndrome are born with complete facial paralysis and cannot close their eyes or form facial expressions limb and chest wall ab  norm  alities sometimes occur with the syndrome people with mö  bi  us syndrome have normal intelligence although their lack of facial expression is sometimes incorrectly taken to be due to dul  l  ness or un  friend  liness it is named for paul juli  us mö  bi  us a neuro  logist who first described the syndrome in 18  88
the mö  ss  bauer effect or reco  il  less nuclear resonance fluores  cence is a physical phenomenon discovered by ru  dol  f mö  ss  bauer in 1958 it involves the reson  ant and reco  il free emission and absorption of gam  ma radiation by atomic nucle  i bound in a solid its main application is in mö  ss  bauer spec  tro  sco  py in the mö  ss  bauer effect a narrow resonance for nuclear gam  ma emission and absorption results from the momentum of reco  il being delivered to a surrounding crystal lat  tice rather than to the emitting or absorbing nucleus alone when this occurs no gam  ma energy is lost to the k  ine  tic energy of reco  iling nucle  i at either the emitting or absorbing end of a gam  ma transition emission and absorption occur at the same energy resulting in strong reson  ant absorption
mü  ll  er  ian agen  esis also called mayer ro  kit  an  sky k  ü  ster ha  user syndrome or mr  kh named after august franz jose  f karl mayer carl fre  i  herr von ro  kit  an  sky her  mann k  ü  ster and g a ha  user is a con  genital mal  formation characterized by a failure of the mü  ll  er  ian duc  t to develop resulting in a missing uter  us and variable degrees of vag  inal hypo  pl  asia of its upper portion mü  ll  er  ian agen  esis including absence of the uter  us cer  vi  x and or vag  ina is the eti  ology in 15 of cases of primary amen  or  rho  ea
mü  ll  er  ian mim  ic  ry is a natural phenomenon in which two or more dis  ta  ste  ful species that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators have come to mim  ic each other s warning signals it is named after the german natur  alist fr  itz müller who first proposed the concept in 18  78 the phenomenon can be understood by imagining two dis  ta  ste  ful species that do not resemble one another and are also prey to a common predat  or occasionally individuals of the predatory third species will encounter one or the other type of noxious prey and thereafter avoid it predators that avoid only one of the harmful species provide no benefit to individuals of the other species therefore it would be advantageous if the appearances of the two prey species were more similar this is because a predat  or that learns to avoid either species in a pair of species exhi  biting mü  ll  er  ian mim  ic  ry learns in effect to avoid both
n ace  ty  l  glu  tam  ate syn  th  ase or synthe  t  ase deficiency is an auto  som  al rec  essive urea cycle disorder
in cry  pto  graphy n has  h is a cry  pto  graphic has  h function based on the fe  al round function and is now considered insecure it was proposed in 1990 by mi  y  agu  chi et al weaknesses were published the following year n has  h has a 128 bit has  h size a message is divided into 128 bit blocks and each block is combined with the has  h value compu  ted so far using the g compression function g contains eight rounds each of which uses an f function similar to the one used by fe  al eli bi  ham and adi sham  ir 1991 applied the technique of differential cry  pt  analysis to n has  h and showed that collis  ions could be generated faster than by a birthday attack for n has  h variants with even up to 12 rounds
in physics the n body problem is the problem of predicting the individual motions of a group of cel  esti  al objects inter  acting with each other grav  it  ationally solving this problem has been motivated by the desire to understand the motions of the sun moon planets and the visible stars in the 20 th century understanding the dynamics of glob  ular cluster star systems became an important n body problem the n body problem in general rel  ativity is considerably more difficult to solve the classical physical problem can be informally stated as given the quasi steady orb  ital properties instan  taneous position velocity and time of a group of cel  esti  al bodies predict their interactive forces and consequently predict their true orb  ital motions for all future times to this purpose the two body problem has been completely solved and is discussed below as is the famous restricted 3 body problem
nas  d  aq marke  ts  ite or simply marke  ts  ite is the commercial marketing presence of the nas  d  aq stock market located in times square in new york city it occupies the northwest corner of the bottom of the cond  é n  ast building located at 4 times square the exter  ior wall of the seven story cylin  dr  ical tower is an led electronic video display that provides market quotes financial news and advertisements it was built in 1999 and made its de  but on january 1 st 2000 the ground floor of the glass w  alled marke  ts  ite contains a television studio a wall of rear projection monitors 44 feet 17 m long by 14 feet 4 m high display market conditions in real time providing reporters from c  nb  c cnn ya  hoo finance fox news channel m  sn  bc blo  om  berg television bbc and other financial television networks a backdrop to present their reports business  week s weekly syndic  ated new  sm  ag  az  ine also comes from the marke  ts  ite the technologies and processes used in the original nas  d  aq marke  ts  ite are protected under united states patent 7 0  82 398 issued july 25 2006 inventors were thomas apple ar  l  ington virginia paul noble short hills new jersey john fo  o  ten mount ar  l  ington new jersey and andrew kle  in brook  line massachusetts the initial installation of the marke  ts  ite was in the former white  hall street location of nas  d  aq the current times square system and process have been upgraded and changed several times but remain protected by the broad claims and novel uses outlined in the original patent the current marke  ts  ite facility utili  zes a complex system of vide  ow  all processors and data feeds to provide broadcasters with a dynamic real time data background this system shares nothing with the original white  hall street iter  ation of the marke  ts  ite having been upgraded and re  designed several times due to advances in technology
the n  hl salary cap is the total amount of money that national hockey league teams are allowed to pay their players it is a hard cap meaning there are no exemptions and so no luxury tax penalties are required the actual amount of the cap varies on a year to year basis and is calculated as a percentage of the league s revenue from the previous season for instance in 2007 – 08 the n  hl s salary cap was approximately us 50 3 million per team for the 2008 – 09 season it was 56 7 million for the 2009 10 season it was 56 8 million for the 2010 11 season it was 59 4 million and for the 2011 12 season it was 64 3 million following the 2012 – 13 lock  out the 2012 – 13 salary cap has been set at 60 million but teams can still spend up to 70 2 million pro rated for the shortened season length like many professional sports le  agues the n  hl has a salary cap to keep teams in larger markets with more revenue from signing all of the top players and extending their advantage over smaller market franch  ises a salary cap existed in the early days of the national hockey league n  hl during the great depression for example the league was under financial pressure to lower its salary cap to 62 500 per team and 7 000 per player forcing some teams to trade away well paid star players in order to fit the cap
n  p hard  ness non deter  minis  tic poly  no  mi  al time hard in compu  tational complexity theory is a class of problems that are informally at least as hard as the hardest problems in n  p more precisely a problem h is n  p hard when every problem l in n  p can be reduced in poly  no  mi  al time to h that is given a solution for l we can verify it is a solution for h in poly  no  mi  al time as a consequence finding a poly  no  mi  al algori  thm to solve any n  p hard problem would give poly  no  mi  al algori  th  ms for all the problems in n  p which is unlikely as many of them are considered hard a common misconception is that the n  p in n  p hard stands for non poly  no  mi  al when in fact stands for non deter  minis  tic poly  no  mi  al acceptable problems although it is suspected that there are no poly  no  mi  al time algori  th  ms for n  p hard problems this has never been proven moreover the class p in which all problems can be solved in poly  no  mi  al time is contained in the n  p class
nut carcin  oma formerly nut mid  line carcin  oma is a rare genetically defined very aggressive squ  am  ous cell epi  the  li  al cancer that usually arises in the mid  line of the body and is characterized by a chro  mo  som  al re  arrangement in the nuclear protein in testi  s gene in approximately 75 of cases the coding sequence of nut  m 1 on chro  mo  some 15 q 14 is f  used to br  d 4 or br  d 3 which creates a chim  eric gene that en  codes the br  d nut fusion protein the remaining cases the fusion of nut  m 1 is to an unknown partner gene usually called nut variant
n  asha is a has  h function accepted as a first round sha 3 candidate for the n  ist has  h function competition n  asha was designed by smile mark  ov  ski and al  ek  sandra mile  va with contributions by si  mona sam  ard  z  is  ki program  mer and bor  o jak  im  ov  ski program  mer n  asha supports internal state sizes of 10  24 and 20  48 bits and arbitrary output sizes between 125 and 512 bits it uses qu  asi  group string transformations with qu  asi  groups of order 264 defined by extended fe  is  tel networks the qu  asi  groups used in every iter  ation of the compression function are different and depend on the processed message block the authors claim performance of up to 23 06 cycles per by  te on an intel core 2 du  o in 64 bit mode cry  pt  analysis during the sha 3 competition has indicated that 384 512 version of n  asha is susceptible to collision attacks but the authors disputed those attacks and also included small changes to achieve the strength of 224 256 version
nab  lus mask like facial syndrome is a micro  deletion syndrome triggered by a deletion at chro  mo  some 8 q 22 1 that causes a mask like facial appearance in those affected it is characterized by a narrowing of the eyes tight g  listening facial skin and a flat broad nose other features of the syndrome include mal  formed ears unusual hair patterns on the scal  p bent fingers and toes and joint de  form  ities in the hands and feet unusual teeth mild developmental delay cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m and a generally happy disposition it is a rare genetic disorder by inheritance found in palestinian people named after nab  lus city in the west bank it is part of many new genetic disorders of new  bor  ns that is increasing exponentially in arabs in recent years as reported by centre for arab genom  ic studies in dubai
a n  abo  th  ian cyst or n  abo  th  ian fol  lic  le is a m  uc  us filled cyst on the surface of the cer  vi  x they are most often caused when str  ati  fied squ  am  ous epi  the  lium of the ec  to  cer  vi  x toward the vag  ina grows over the simple colum  nar epi  the  lium of the endo  cer  vi  x toward the uter  us this tissue growth can block the cer  vic  al cry  p  ts sub  der  mal pockets usually 2 – 10 mm in diameter trapping cer  vic  al m  uc  us inside the cry  p  ts
na  eg  eli – franc  es  ch  et  ti – j  ad  as  sohn syndrome n  f  j  s also known as chro  mat  op  hor  e nev  us of na  eg  eli and na  eg  eli syndrome is a rare auto  som  al dominant form of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia characterized by retic  ular skin pi  gm  entation diminished function of the sweat g  lands the absence of teeth and hyper  ker  at  osis of the pal  ms and sol  es one of the most striking features is the absence of fingerprint lines on the fingers na  eg  eli syndrome is similar to der  mat  opath  ia pi  gm  ent  osa re  ticul  aris both of which are caused by a specific defect in the ker  atin 14 protein
na  eg  l  eri  asis also known as primary am  oe  bic men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis p  am ame  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis and na  eg  ler  ia infection is an infection of the brain by the free living pro  tist na  eg  ler  ia fow  l  eri also known as the brain eating am  oe  ba the term brain eating am  oe  ba has also been applied to bal  am  u  thia man  dri  l  lar  is causing some confusion between the two however bal  am  u  thia man  dri  l  lar  is is unrelated to na  eg  ler  ia fow  l  eri and causes a different disease called gran  ul  om  at  ous am  oe  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis and unlike na  eg  l  eri  asis which is usually seen in people with normal immune function gran  ul  om  at  ous am  oe  bic en  ce  ph  ali  tis is usually seen in people with poor immune function such as those with hiv aids or leuk  emia n fow  l  eri is typically found in warm bodies of fresh water such as pon  ds lakes rivers and hot springs it is also found in soil poorly maintained municipal water supplies water heaters near warm water discharges of industrial plants and in poorly chlorinated or un  chlorinated swimming pools in an am  oe  bo  id or temporary flag  ell  ate stage there is no evidence of it living in salt water although infection occurs rarely it nearly always results in death with a case fat  ality rate greater than 95
n  aga fire  balls thai บ  ั  ้  ง  ไ  ฟ  พ  ญ  า  น  า  ค rtgs bang fa  i p  ha  ya n  ak also known as me  kong lights and b  ung fa  i pay  a n  ak by the locals is a phenomenon said to be often seen on the me  kong river g  lowing balls are alleged to naturally rise from the water high into the air the balls are said to be red  dish and to range in size from smaller spar  kles up to the size of bas  ket  balls they quickly rise up to a couple of hundred metres before disappearing the number of fire  balls reported varies between tens and thousands per night the phenomenon is named after the p  ha  ya n  aga legendary ser  pent  ine creatures said to live in the me  kong
nag  er acro  facial dy  so  sto  sis is a con  genital anomaly syndrome nag  er syndrome displays several or all of the following characteristics underdevelopment of the cheek and jaw area down slop  ing of the opening of the eyes lack or absence of the lower e  yel  ashes kidney and or stomach ref  lux hammer toes shortened soft pal  ate peti  te lack of development of the internal and external ear possible cle  ft pal  ate underdevelopment or absence of the thumb hearing loss see hearing loss with cran  io  facial syndro  mes and shortened fore  arms as well as poor movement in the el  bow and may be characterized by accessory trag  i occasionally sufferers develop vertebr  al anomalies such as sco  li  osis and sufferers do not usually have problems with their reproductive organs inheritance pattern said to be auto  som  al but there are arguments as to whether it is auto  som  al dominant or auto  som  al rec  essive most cases tend to be spor  adic nag  er syndrome is also linked to five other similar syndro  mes miller syndrome tre  acher collins pierre robin gene  e wi  e  deman  n and franc  es  ch  et  ti z  wah  len kle  in an extremely rare con  genital defect that has only had 75 documented cases to date 11 17 1999 with several or all of the following characteristics underdevelopment of the cheek and jaw area down slop  ing of the opening of the eyes lack or absence of the lower e  yel  ashes lack of development of the internal and external ear possible cle  ft pal  ate underdevelopment or absence of the thumb and shortened fore  arms as well as poor movement in the el  bow
nail biting also known as ony  chop  ha  gy or ony  chop  ha  gia is an oral compul  sive habit it is sometimes described as a par  af  unc  tional activity the common use of the mouth for an activity other than speaking eating or drinking nail biting is very common especially amongst children less innocent forms of nails biting are considered an impulse control disorder in the dsm iv r and is classified under obs  essive compul  sive and related disorders in the dsm 5 the ic  d 10 classi  fies it as other specified behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adoles  cence however not all nail biting is pathological and the difference between harmful obsession and normal behavior is not always clear
nail clu  bbing also known as digital clu  bbing is a de  form  ity of the finger or toe nails associated with a number of diseases mostly of the heart and lungs clu  bbing for no obvious reason can also occur but is rare hippo  crates was probably the first to document clu  bbing as a sign of disease and the phenomenon is therefore occasionally called hippo  cratic fingers
nail diseases are distinct from diseases of the skin although nails are a skin append  age they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions nail conditions that show signs of infection or infl  amm  ation require medical assistance de  form  ity or disease of the nails may be referred to as ony  cho  sis
nail – pat  ella syndrome n  ps also known as hood syndrome is a genetic disorder that results in small poorly developed nails and kne  ec  aps but can also affect many other areas of the body such as the el  bows chest and hips the name nail – pat  ella can be very misleading because the syndrome often affects many other areas of the body including even the production of certain proteins those affected by n  ps may have one or more affected areas of the body and its severity varies depending on the individual it is also referred to as ili  ac horn syndrome hereditary ony  choo  ste  odys  pl  asia hood syndrome f  ong disease or turner – ki  es  er syndrome diagnosis of n  ps can be made at birth but is common for it to remain un  diagnosed for several generations while there is no cure available for n  ps treatment is available and recommended
nak  a  jo syndrome also called no  d  ular er  y  them  a with digital changes is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder first reported in 1939 by a nak  a  jo in the offspring of cons  an  guine  ous blood relative parents the syndrome can be characterized by er  y  them  a red  dened skin loss of body fat in the upper part of the body and disproportionately large eyes ears nose lips and fingers
naked objects is an architectural pattern used in software engineering
a name reaction is a chemical reaction named after its discover  ers or developers well known examples include the wit  ti  g reaction the cla  is  en condens  ation the frie  del crafts ac  yl  ation and the di  els al  der reaction among the tens of thousands of organic reactions that are known hundreds of such reactions are well known enough to be named after people books have been published devoted exclusively to name reactions the mer  ck index a chemical en  cyclo  pedia also includes an appendix on name reactions as organic chemistry developed during the 20 th century chem  ists started associating synthe  tically useful reactions with the names of the discover  ers or developers in many cases the name is merely a m  nem  onic some cases of reactions that were not really discovered by their nam  es  akes are known examples include the pum  mer  er re  arrangement the pin  nick oxid  ation and the bir  ch reduction although systematic approaches for naming reactions based on the reaction mechanism or the overall transformation exist such as the i  up  ac nomenclature for transformations the more descriptive names are often unwiel  dy or not specific enough so people names are often more practical for efficient communication
nan  ome  tro  logy is a sub  field of metro  logy concerned with the science of measurement at the nano  scale level nan  ome  tro  logy has a crucial role in order to produce nanomaterials and devices with a high degree of accuracy and reliability in nanom  anu  fac  turing a challenge in this field is to develop or create new measurement techniques and standards to meet the needs of next generation advanced manufacturing which will rely on nan  ome  ter scale materials and technologies the needs for measurement and characterization of new sample structures and characteristics far exceed the capabilities of current measurement science anticipated advances in emerging u s nanotechnology industries will require revolutionary metro  logy with higher resolution and accuracy than has previously been envis  i  oned
the nap  kin fol  ding problem is a problem in geometry and the mathematics of paper fol  ding that explo  res whether fol  ding a square or a rec  tang  ular nap  kin can increase its perimeter the problem is known under several names including the mar  gul  is nap  kin problem suggesting it is due to gri  g  ory mar  gul  is and the arnold s rouble problem referring to vladimir arnold and the fol  ding of a russian ru  ble bank note some versions of the problem were solved by robert j lang s  ve  t  lana kr  at alex  ey s tar  as  ov and ivan yas  ch  enko one form of the problem remains open
nap  kin ps  ori  asis or ps  ori  asis in the di  aper area is characteris  tically seen in infants between two and eight months of age
napoleon s problem is a famous compass construction problem in it a circle and its center are given the challenge is to divide the circle into four equal ar  cs using only a compass napoleon was known to be an amateur mathem  ati  cian but it is not known if he either created or solved the problem napoleon s friend the italian mathem  ati  cian lo  ren  zo mas  cher  oni introduced the limitation of using only a compass no straight edge into geome  tric construc  tions but actually the challenge above is easier than the real napoleon s problem consisting in finding the center of a given circle with compass alone the following sections will describe solutions to both problems and proofs that they work georg mo  hr s 16  72 book eu  cli  des dan  ic  us anticipated mas  cher  oni s idea though the book was only re  discovered in 19  28
nar  cis  sis  tic personality disorder n  pd is a long term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by exaggerated feelings of self importance an excessive need for admiration and a lack of understanding of others feelings people affected by it often spend a lot of time thinking about achieving power or success or about their appearance they often take advantage of the people around them the behavior typically begins by early adul  thood and occurs across a variety of situations the cause of nar  cis  sis  tic personality disorder is unknown it is a personality disorder classified within cluster b by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders diagnosis is by a healthcare professional inter  viewing the person in question the condition needs to be differentiated from mania and substance use disorder treatments have not been well studied therapy is often difficult as people frequently do not consider themselves to have a problem the personality was first described in 19  25 by robert wa  elder while the current name for the condition came into use in 1968 about one percent of people are believed to be affected at some point in their life it appears to occur more often in males than females and affects young people more than older people
nar  cis  sis  tic rage is a reaction to nar  cis  sis  tic injury which is a perceived threat to a nar  c  iss  ist s self esteem or self worth nar  cis  sis  tic injury or nar  cis  sis  tic scar is a phrase used by sigmund fre  ud in the 1920 s nar  cis  sis  tic wound and nar  cis  sis  tic blow are further almost interchangeable terms the term nar  cis  sis  tic rage was coined by heinz ko  hut in 1972 nar  cis  sis  tic injury occurs when a nar  c  iss  ist feels that their hidden true self has been revealed this may be the case when the nar  c  iss  ist has a fall from grace such as when their hidden behaviors or motivations are revealed or when their importance is brought into question nar  cis  sis  tic injury is a cause of distress and can lead to dys  regulation of behaviors as in nar  cis  sis  tic rage nar  cis  sis  tic rage occurs on a continu  um from instances of alo  of  ness and expression of mild irritation or anno  yance to serious out  bursts including violent attacks and murder nar  cis  sis  tic rage reactions are not limited to personality disorders and may be also seen in cat  at  onic paranoid delusion and depres  sive episodes it has also been suggested that nar  c  iss  ists have two layers of rage the first layer of rage can be thought of as a constant anger towards someone else with the second layer being a self aimed wrath
narco  le  psy is a long term neuro  logical disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep wake cycles symptoms include periods of excessive day  time sleep  iness that usually lasts from seconds to minutes and may occur at any time about 70 also have periods of sudden loss of muscle strength known as cat  ap  l  ex  y these spells can be brought on by strong emotions less commonly there may be vivid dream like images or the inability to move for a period of time during falling asleep or upon waking up people with narco  le  psy sleep about the same amount of hours per day as people without but the quality of sleep tends to be worse the cause of narco  le  psy is unknown in up to 10 of cases there is a family history of the disorder often those affected have low levels of the neuro  transmitter hypo  cre  tin which may be due to an auto  immune disorder trauma certain infections toxins or psychological stress may also play a role diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms and sleep studies after ruling out other potential causes excessive day  time sleep  iness can also be caused by other sleep disorders such as sleep ap  ne  a major depres  sive disorder an  emia heart failure drinking alcohol and not getting enough sleep cat  ap  l  ex  y may be mistaken for seizures while there is no cure a number of lifestyle changes and medications may help lifestyle changes include taking regular short n  aps and sleep hygiene medications used include mod  a  fin  il sodium oxy  b  ate and meth  yl  phen  id  ate while initially fairly effective tolerance to the benefits may develop tric  ycl  ic anti  depres  s  ants and selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris may improve cat  ap  l  ex  y about 0 2 to 600 per 100 000 people are affected the condition often begins in childhood men and women are affected equally untreated narco  le  psy increases the risk of motor vehicle collis  ions and falls the term narco  le  psy is from the french narco  le  p  sie the french term was first used in 18  80 by jean bap  ti  ste é  dou  ard gé  line  au who used the greek ν  άρ  κ  η nar  k  ē meaning num  b  ness and λ  ῆ  ψ  ις le  p  sis meaning attack
narcotic der  mop  athy is a skin condition caused by the injection of drugs intra  ven  ously resulting in thro  m  bo  sed cord  like thick  ened ve  ins at the site of injection
the narrow escape problem is a ubiquitous problem in biology bi  oph  ys  ics and cellular biology the formulation is the following a brow  ni  an particle ion mol  ecu  le or protein is confined to a bounded domain a compartment or a cell by a reflecting boundary except for a small window through which it can escape the narrow escape problem is that of calculating the mean escape time this time diver  ges as the window shrin  ks thus rendering the calculation a singular per  turb  ation problem
this article concerns nas  al congestion as a symptom for the natural partial congestion of the nose see nas  al cycle nas  al congestion is the block  age of the nas  al passages usually due to memb  ran  es lining the nose becoming sw  oll  en from infl  amed blood vessels it is also known as nas  al block  age nas  al obstruction blocked nose stu  ffy nose or plu  gged nose nas  al de  cong  est  ants target the discomfort directly these come as nas  al spr  ays inhal  ers and as oral pills nas  al congestion has many causes and can range from a mild anno  yance to a life threatening condition the new  born infant prefers to breathe through the nose historically referred to as oblig  ate nas  al brea  thers nas  al congestion in an infant in the first few months of life can interfere with breastfeeding and cause life threatening respiratory distress in older children and adolescents it is often just an anno  yance but can cause other difficulties nas  al congestion can interfere with the hearing and speech significant congestion may interfere with sleep cause snor  ing and can be associated with sleep ap  ne  a in children nas  al congestion from enlarged aden  oids has caused chronic sleep ap  ne  a with insufficient oxygen levels and hypo  x  ia as well as right sided heart failure the problem usually resol  ves after surgery to remove the aden  oids and ton  si  ls however the problem often relap  ses later in life due to cran  io  facial alterations from chronic nas  al congestion nas  al congestion can also cause mild facial and head pain and a degree of discomfort often from allergies or the common cold
a nas  al frac  ture commonly referred to as a broken nose is a frac  ture of one of the bones of the nose because of the pro  tru  sion of the nose from the face and the fragility of the bones of the nose a broken nose is one of the most common facial injuries comprising almost 40 of all facial injuries
nas  al gli  oma also known more correctly as nas  al gli  al heter  ot  op  ia along with brain like heter  ot  op  ia cephal  ic brain like heter  ot  op  ia gli  al ham  ar  tom  a nas  al cere  br  al heter  ot  op  ia heter  ot  op  ic neuro  gli  al tissue and nas  al heter  ot  op  ic brain tissue is a rare benign con  genital le  sion usually a firm in  com  pres  sible red  dish blue to purple le  sion occurring on the nas  al bridge or mid  line near the root
nas  al poly  ps n  p are non can  cer  ous grow  ths within the nose or sin  uses symptoms include trouble breathing through the nose loss of smell decreased taste post nas  al drip and a run  ny nose the grow  ths are s  ac like movable and non  tender they typically occur in both no  stri  ls in those who are affected face pain may occasionally occur complications may include sin  u  si  tis the exact cause is unclear they occur more commonly among people who have allergies c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis aspir  in sensitivity or certain infections they are over  grow  ths of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es diagnosis may occur by looking up the nose and a ct scan may be used to help plan treatment treatment is typically with ster  oids often in the form of a nas  al spray if this is not effective surgery may be considered the condition may recur following surgery anti  hist  am  ines may help with symptoms but do not change the underlying disease antibiotics are not required unless complications occur about 4 of people currently have nas  al poly  ps while up to 40 of people develop them at some point in their life they most often occur after the age of 20 and are more frequent in males than females
nas  al sep  tal abs  c  ess is a condition of the nas  al sep  tum in which there is a collection of p  us between the mu  co  peric  hon  dri  um and sep  tal car  til  age
nas  al sep  tal hem  atom  a ha  em  atom  a is a condition affecting the nas  al sep  tum it can be associated with trauma because the sep  tal car  til  age has no blood supply of its own and receives all of its nutrients and oxygen from the peric  hon  dri  um an untreated sep  tal hem  atom  a may lead to destruction of the sep  tum immediate drainage is necessary failure to recognise sep  tal hem  atom  as or treat in a timely fashion can cause a saddle nose de  form  ity
nas  al sep  tum deviation or devi  ated nas  al sep  tum d  ns is a physical disorder of the nose involving a displacement of the nas  al sep  tum some displacement is common affecting 80 of people most un  knowingly
a nas  al sep  tum per  for  ation is a medical condition in which the nas  al sep  tum the car  ti  lag  inous memb  rane dividing the no  stri  ls develops a hole or fis  sure this may be brought on directly as in the case of nas  al pier  c  ings or indirectly as by long term topical drug application including in  tran  as  al ethyl  phen  id  ate meth  amp  he  tam  ine cocaine crushed prescription pills or de  cong  est  ant nas  al spr  ays chronic ep  is  tax  is and as a complic  ation of nas  al surgery like sept  op  la  sty or rhin  op  la  sty much less common causes for per  for  ated nas  al sept  ums include rare gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  am  matory conditions like gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis it has been reported as a side effect of anti an  gi  o  genesis drugs like be  vac  iz  um  ab
nas  al vesti  bu  li  tis is the diffuse der  mati  tis of nas  al vesti  bu  le it is often caused by stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us it may be secondary to chronic rhin  or  rhe  a nose picking or viral infections in acute vesti  bu  li  tis the skin is red sw  oll  en and tender in chronic vesti  bu  li  tis ind  ur  ation of vesti  bul  ar skin and cru  sting is seen it is treated by cleaning the nas  al vesti  bu  le of all cru  sts with a cotton applic  ator so  aked in hydrogen per  oxide antibiotic ster  o  id o  int  ment is sometimes helpful chronic f  issu  res are treated by cau  tery
nas  o  dig  ito  acous  tic syndrome also called ke  i  pert syndrome is a rare con  genital syndrome first described by j a ke  i  pert and colleagues in 1973 the syndrome is characterized by a mis  hap  ed nose broad thum  bs and hall  u  ces the big toes br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss facial features such as hyper  tel  or  ism unusually wide set eyes and developmental delay it is believed to be inherited in an x linked rec  essive manner which means a genetic mutation causing the disorder is located on the x chro  mo  some and while two copies of the mut  ated gene must be inherited for a female to be born with the disorder just one copy is sufficient to cause a male to be born with the disorder nas  o  dig  ito  acous  tic syndrome is likely caused by a mut  ated gene located on the x chro  mo  some between positions x  q 22 2 – q 28 the incidence of the syndrome has not been determined but it is considered to affect less than 200 000 people in the united states and no greater than 1 per 2 000 in europe it is similar to k  eu  tel mu  en  ke rub  instein and te  un  issen cre  mers syndrome
nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t cy  sts are a cu  taneous condition that is a developmental defect present at birth
nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t obstruction n  l  do is the obstruction of nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t and may be either con  genital or acquired obstruction of the nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t leads to the excess over  flow of tears called ep  ip  hor  a
nas  op  har  yn  ge  al an  gi  o  fi  bro  ma also called juvenile nas  op  har  yn  ge  al an  gi  o  fi  bro  ma is a his  to  logically benign but locally aggressive vascular tumor that grows in the back of the nas  al cav  ity it most commonly affects adoles  cent males patients with nas  op  har  yn  ge  al an  gi  o  fi  bro  ma usually present with one sided nas  al obstruction and recurrent bleeding
nas  op  har  yn  x cancer or nas  op  har  yn  ge  al carcin  oma n  pc is the most common cancer originating in the nas  op  har  yn  x the up  per  most region of the phar  yn  x throat behind the nose where the nas  al passages and aud  itory tubes join the remainder of the upper respiratory tract n  pc occurs in children and adults n  pc differs significantly from other cancers of the head and neck in its occurrence causes clinical behavior and treatment it is vastly more common in certain regions of east asia and africa than elsewhere with viral dietary and genetic factors implicated in its causation it is most common in males it is a squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma or an un  differentiated type squ  am  ous epi  the  li  al cells are a flat type of cell found in the skin and the memb  ran  es that line some body ca  vities differentiation means how different the cancer cells are from normal cells un  differentiated is a word used to describe cells that do not have their mature features or functions
a national cave  at is a restriction that north atlantic treaty organization nato members place on the use of their forces nato general john crad  dock nato s supreme allied commander europe sac  eur was quoted as saying all cave  ats must be removed in february 2007 in an article written by the associated press the level of constraints i e cave  ats is tied directly to the level of national interests a country has in a particular mission and the level of risk it is willing to take
the national debt of the united states is the amount owed by the federal government of the united states the measure of the public debt is the value of the outstanding treasury securities at a point of time that have been issued by the treasury and other federal government agencies the terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year not the cumulative total a deficit year increases the debt because more money is spent than is received a surplus year decreases the debt because more money is received than spent there are two components of gross national debt debt held by the public such as treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government including those held by individuals corporations the federal reserve system and foreign state and local governments debt held by government accounts or in  trag  overn  mental debt such as non marketable treasury securities held in accounts administered by the federal government that are owed to program beneficiaries such as the social security trust fund debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses including interest earnings of these accounts that have been invested in treasury securities in general government debt increases as a result of government spending and decreases from tax or other receipts both of which fluctu  ate during the course of a fiscal year in practice treasury securities are not issued or re  deemed on a day by day basis and may also be issued or re  deemed as part of the federal government s macroeconomic monetary management operations the aggregate gross amount that treasury can borrow is limited by the united states debt ceiling historically the us public debt as a share of gross domestic product gdp has increased during wars and recessions and subsequently declined the ratio of debt to gdp may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of gdp and inflation for example debt held by the public as a share of gdp peaked just after world war ii 113 of gdp in 1945 but then fell over the following 35 years in recent decades however aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long term sustainability of the federal government s fiscal policies on july 29 2016 debt held by the public was 14 trillion or about 76 of the previous 12 months of gdp in  trag  overn  mental holdings stood at 5 4 trillion giving a combined total gross national debt of 19 4 trillion or about 106 of the previous 12 months of gdp 6 2 trillion or approximately 45 of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors the largest of which were china and japan at about 1 25 trillion for china and 1 15 trillion for japan as of may 2016
nationalism in russia is nationalistic manifestations of the peoples of russia in the territory of russia the term nationalism in russia refers not only to ethnic russian east sla  vic ethnic group nationalism but also refers to nationalist activities of national minorities in russia in 1990 s during the so called parade of sovereign  ties russian regions proclaimed its sovereignty in the past 20 years nationalist activity takes place for example in chechnya and tat  ar  stan
a borrowing limit is the amount of money that individuals could borrow from other individuals firms banks or governments there are many types of borrowing limits and a natural borrowing limit is one specific type of borrowing limit among those when individuals are said to face the natural borrowing limit it implies they are allowed to borrow up to the sum of all their future incomes a natural debt limit and a natural borrowing constraint are other ways to refer to the natural borrowing limit although the concept is widely discussed in the economic liter  atures it is less likely to observe lenders willing to lend up to the natural borrowing limit in the real economic activities borrowing limits are usually much more tighter than the natural borrowing limit due to the immature financial systems of the econom  y  or the gap between the amount of information that the borrowers and lenders have the latter is usually referred to as an asymmetric information problem
in micro  biology genetics cell biology and molecular biology competence is the ability of a cell to take up ex  trac  ell  ular naked dna from its environment in the process called transformation competence may be differentiated between natural competence a genetically specified ability of bacteria which is thought to occur under natural conditions as well as in the laboratory and induced or artificial competence which arises when cells in laboratory cultures are treated to make them transi  ently perme  able to dna this article primarily deals with natural competence in bacteria although information about artificial competence is also provided
in regard to agriculture abi  otic stress is stress produced by natural environment factors such as extreme temperatures wind drought and sal  inity humankind doesn ’ t have much control over abi  otic stresses it is very important for humans to understand how stress factors affect plants and other living things so that we can take some preventative measures preventative measures are the only way that humans can protect themselves and their possessions from abi  otic stress there are many different types of abi  otic stres  sors and several methods that humans can use to reduce the negative effects of stress on living things
nature connec  tedness is the extent to which individuals include nature as part of their identity it includes an understanding of nature and everything it is made up of even the parts that are not pleasing characteristics of nature connec  tedness are similar to those of a personality trait nature connec  tedness is stable over time and across various situations schul  tz describes three components that make up the nature connec  tedness construct the cognitive component is the core of nature connec  tedness and refers to how integrated one feels with nature the aff  ective component is an individual s sense of care for nature the behavioral component is an individual ’ s commitment to protect the natural environment these three components make up nature connec  tedness and are required for a healthy relationship with nature if an individual feels connected to nature possibly by spending time in it they may be more inclined to care about nature and protect the environment recent research has found that nature exposure and feeling connected to nature at a trait level provides many benefits to humans such as well being other researchers describe the nature connec  tedness construct in a simpler manner for instance nature connec  tedness can be thought of as a love of nature also referred to as emotional aff  inity toward nature similarly nature connec  tedness can be defined as how much a person believes they are the same as nature more specifically a person s connectivity with nature or it can be thought of as simply feeling emotionally connected with nature nature connec  tedness as a construct is also known as nature rel  ate  dness connectivity with nature emotional aff  inity toward nature or inclusion of nature in self although nature rel  ate  dness is a stable individual trait it can change based on one ’ s experience with nature meaning the more time an individual spends in nature the more connected they feel to nature and the more concern they may feel for nature feeling connected to nature at a state level has many benefits as well such as more positive mo  ods and less negative mo  ods even though humans derive many benefits from nature our modern lifestyles have created a dis  connect from the natural environment where  in we spend significantly more time in  doors some researchers estimate that humans spend up to 90 of their lives in  doors this dis  connection from nature can have a negative impact on humans because we are missing out on the beneficial effects of nature as a result we are less connected to nature and feel less responsibility to protect this environment
naus  ea is a sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach with an involuntary urge to v  omit it may precede v  om  iting but a person can have naus  ea without v  om  iting when prolonged it is a deb  il  itating symptom naus  ea is a non specific symptom which means that it has many possible causes some common causes of naus  ea are motion sickness di  zz  iness migr  aine fain  ting gastro  enter  i  tis stomach infection or food poisoning naus  ea is a side effect of many medications including chem  otherapy naus  e  ants or morning sickness in early pregnancy naus  ea may also be caused by anxiety disgust and depression medications taken to prevent and treat naus  ea are called anti  eme  tics the most commonly prescribed anti  eme  tics in the us are pro  meth  az  ine me  to  cl  op  ram  ide and on  dan  se  tr  on the word naus  ea is from latin naus  ea from greek να  υ  σ  ία – n  au  sia να  υ  τ  ία – n  au  tia motion sickness feeling sick or qu  easy
na  vel displacement is a condition in yog  ic beliefs when the na  vel centre shifts
na  vic  ular syndrome often called na  vic  ular disease is a syndrome of soundness problems in horses it most commonly describes an infl  amm  ation or de  generation of the na  vic  ular bone and its surrounding tissues usually on the front feet it can lead to significant and even disab  ling lam  eness
na  x  os disease also known as diffuse non ep  id  er  mol  y  tic pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma with wool  ly hair and cardi  om  y  opathy diffuse pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma with wool  ly hair and arr  hy  th  mo  genic right ven  tric  ular cardi  om  y  opathy firstly described in na  x  os island by dr ni  kos pro  ton  o  tari  os and na  x  os disease is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma the prevalence of the syndrome is about 1 person in 1000 in the hellenic islands it has been associated with mutations in the genes en  coding des  mop  la  kin and pl  ak  o  glob  in
the naz  ar  ov cy  cli  zation reaction often referred to as simply the naz  ar  ov cy  cli  zation is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of cycl  op  ent  en  ones the reaction is typically divided into classical and modern variants depending on the reagents and sub  str  ates employed it was originally discovered by ivan nikol  a  evich naz  ar  ov 1906 – 1957 in 1941 while studying the re  arrangements of all  yl vinyl ke  tones the naz  ar  ov cy  cli  zation reaction as originally described the naz  ar  ov cy  cli  zation involves the activation of a di  vinyl ke  tone using a sto  ic  hi  ome  tric lewis acid or pro  tic acid promoter the key step of the reaction mechanism involves a c  ation  ic 4 π electro  cyclic ring closure which forms the cycl  op  ent  en  one product see mechanism below as the reaction has been developed variants involving sub  str  ates other than di  vinyl ke  tones and promoters other than lewis acids have been sub  sum  ed under the name naz  ar  ov cy  cli  zation provided that they follow a similar mechanis  tic path  way the success of the naz  ar  ov cy  cli  zation as a tool in organic synthesis stems from the utility and ubi  qu  ity of cycl  op  ent  en  ones as both mo  ti  fs in natural products including jas  m  one the aflat  ox  ins and a sub  class of pro  stag  land  ins and as useful synthetic intermedi  ates for total synthesis the reaction has been used in several total syn  theses and several reviews have been published
nazi memor  ab  ilia are items of nazi origin that are collected by museums and private individuals much of it comes from soldiers who collected small items as troph  ies during the second world war
naïve physics or folk physics is the un  trained human perception of basic physical phenomena in the field of artificial intelligence the study of naïve physics is a part of the effort to form  alize the common knowledge of human beings many ideas of folk physics are simplifications misunderstandings or mis  perceptions of well understood phenomena incapable of giving useful predictions of detailed experiments or simply are contradicted by more thorough observations they may sometimes be true be true in certain limited cases be true as a good first approximation to a more complex effect or predict the same effect but misunderstand the underlying mechanism naïve physics can also be defined as an intu  itive understanding all humans have about objects in the physical world cognitive psychologists are del  ving deeper into these phenomena with promising results psychological studies indicate that certain notions of the physical world are in  nate in all of us
near sightedness also known as short sightedness and myop  ia is a condition of the eye where light focuses in front instead of on the re  tina this causes distant objects to be blur  ry while close objects appear normal other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain severe near sightedness increases the risk of re  tin  al det  achment cat  ar  acts and gl  au  coma the underlying cause is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors risk factors include doing work that involves focusing on close objects greater time spent in  doors and a family history of the condition it is also associated with a high socioeconomic class the underlying mechanism involves the length of the eye  ball being too long or less commonly the lens being too strong it is a type of ref  r  active error diagnosis is by eye examination there is tentative evidence that near sightedness can be prevented by having young children spend more time outside this may be related to natural light exposure near sightedness can be corrected with eye  glasses contact l  enses or surgery eye  glasses are the easiest and safest method of correction contact l  enses can provide a wider field of vision however are associated with a risk of infection ref  r  active surgery permanently changes the shape of the cor  ne  a near sightedness is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1 5 billion people 22 of the population rates vary significantly in different areas of the world rates among adults are between 15 and 49 rates are similar in males and females among children it affect 1 2 of rural nepalese 4 of south africans 12 of americans and 37 in some large chinese cities rates have increased since the 1950 s un  corrected near sightedness is one of the most common causes of vision loss globally along with cat  ar  acts mac  ular de  generation and vitamin a deficiency
nearest neighbor search n  ns also known as proximity search similarity search or closest point search is an optimi  zation problem for finding closest or most similar points closeness is typically expressed in terms of a dis  similarity function the less similar the objects the larger the function values formally the nearest neighbor nn search problem is defined as follows given a set s of points in a space m and a qu  ery point q ∈ m find the closest point in s to q donald k  nu  th in vol 3 of the art of computer programming 1973 called it the post office problem referring to an application of assigning to a residence the nearest post office a direct gener  alization of this problem is a k nn search where we need to find the k closest points most commonly m is a metric space and dis  similarity is expressed as a distance metric which is sym  metric and satisfies the triangle inequality even more common m is taken to be the d dimensional vector space where dis  similarity is measured using the eu  cli  dean distance manhattan distance or other distance metric however the dis  similarity function can be arbitrary one example are asymmetric b  reg  man divergences for which the triangle inequality does not hold
in probability and statistics a nearest neighbor function nearest neighbor distance distribution nearest neighbor distribution function or nearest neighbor distribution is a mathematical function that is defined in relation to random mathematical objects known as point processes which are types of sto  ch  astic processes often used as mathematical models of physical phenomena represent  able as randomly positioned points in time space or both more specifically nearest neighbor functions are defined with respect to some point in the point process as being the probability distribution of the distance from this point to its nearest neighboring point in the same point process hence they are used to describe the probability of another point existing within some distance of a point a nearest neighbor function can be contr  asted with a spher  ical contact distribution function which is not defined in reference to some initial point but rather as the probability distribution of the radius of a sphere when it first encounters or makes contact with a point of a point process nearest neighbor function are used in the study of point processes as well as the related fields of sto  ch  astic geometry and spatial statistics which are applied in various scientific and engineering disciplines such as biology geo  logy physics and telecommunications
in civil engineering and construction the neat volume is a theoretical amount of material for earth  works it can refer to the volume either before native material is disturbed by exc  av  ation or after placement and comp  action is complete a percentage is typically added to neat volume to estimate loose i e un  comp  acted volumes for procurement purposes with concrete work neat volume is calculated assuming there is no bo  wing in the form  work or for cast in place concrete that the surfaces in contact with the concrete have no vo  ids or imperfections that would require a greater volume of concrete to fill
the ne  ber re  arrangement is an organic reaction in which an ox  im  e is converted into an alpha am  ino  ke  tone in a re  arrangement reaction ne  ber re  arrangement the ox  im  e is first converted to a ke  to  xim  e to  sy  late by reaction with to  sy  l chloride added base forms a car  ban  ion which dis  places the to  sy  late group in a nucle  oph  il  ic displacement to an az  ir  ine and added water subsequently hydro  ly  ses it to the am  ino  ke  tone the bec  k  mann re  arrangement is a side reaction
nec  atori  asis is the condition of infection by nec  ator hook  worms such as nec  ator americ  an  us this hook  worm infection is a type of hel  min  thi  asis infection which is a type of neglected tropical disease
neck pain or cer  vic  al  gia is a common problem with two thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives neck pain although felt in the neck can be caused by numerous other spinal problems neck pain may arise due to muscular ti  ght  ness in both the neck and upper back or pin  ching of the nerves emanating from the cer  vic  al verte  bra  e joint disruption in the neck creates pain as does joint disruption in the upper back the head is supported by the lower neck and upper back and it is these areas that commonly cause neck pain the top three joints in the neck allow for most movement of the neck and head the lower joints in the neck and those of the upper back create a supportive structure for the head to sit on if this support system is affected adversely then the muscles in the area will tighten leading to neck pain neck pain affects about 5 of the global population as of 2010
necklace of venus is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a background hyper  pi  gm  entation with super  imposed white mac  ules on neck
the necklace problem is a problem in recreational mathematics solved in the early 21 st century
necro  bio  sis is the physiological death of a cell and can be caused by conditions such as bas  ophi  lia er  y  them  a or a tumor it is identified both with and without necro  sis it is associated with necro  bio  sis li  po  i  dic  a and gran  ul  oma annul  are necro  bio  sis differs from apop  to  sis which kills a damaged cell to protect the body from harm
necro  bio  sis li  po  i  dic  a is a necro  tising skin condition that usually occurs in patients with diabetes mell  it  us but can also be associated with r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis in the former case it may be called necro  bio  sis li  po  i  dic  a diabe  tic  orum nld nld occurs in approximately 0 3 of the diabe  tic population with the majority of sufferers being women approximately 3 1 females to males affected the severity or control of diabetes in an individual does not affect who will or will not get nld better maintenance of diabetes after being diagnosed with nld will not change how quickly the nld will resolve
necro  bio  tic x  anth  o  gran  ul  oma also known as necro  bio  tic x  anth  o  gran  ul  oma with par  a  prote  in  emia is a multi  system disease that affects older adults and is characterized by prominent skin findings
necro  ly  tic ac  ral er  y  them  a is a cu  taneous condition that is a manifestation of hepatitis c viral infection or zinc deficiency it is a pap  ul  os  qu  am  ous and sometimes ves  icul  ob  ul  lous eruption bearing clinical and his  to  logic similarity to other necro  ly  tic er  y  them  as such as necro  ly  tic migratory er  y  them  a pseu  do  gl  uc  agon  oma and nutritional deficiency syndro  mes
necro  ly  tic migratory er  y  them  a n  me is a red bl  is  tering rash that spreads across the skin it particularly affects the skin around the mouth and dis  tal extre  mi  ties but may also be found on the lower ab  dom  en but  toc  ks per  in  eu  m and gro  in it is strongly associated with gl  uc  agon  oma a gl  uc  agon producing tumor of the pan  cre  as but is also seen in a number of other conditions including liver disease and intest  inal mal  absorption
necro  phi  lia also called than  at  ophi  lia is a sexual attraction or sexual act involving corp  ses the attraction is classified as a par  ap  hi  lia by the diagnostic and statistical manual dsm of the american psychiatric association the term was coined by the belgian alien  ist joseph gu  is  lain who first used it in a lecture in 18  50 it derives from the greek words ν  εκ  ρ  ός ne  k  ros dead and φ  ι  λ  ία phi  lia love ro  sman and res  nick 1989 reviewed information from 34 cases of necro  phi  lia describing the individuals motivations for their behaviors these individuals reported the desire to possess a non resisting and non rejecting partner 68 re  unions with a romantic partner 21 sexual attraction to corp  ses 15 comfort or overcoming feelings of isolation 15 or seeking self esteem by expressing power over a homicide victim 12
necro  sper  mia or necro  zo  os  per  mia is a condition in which sper  mato  zo  a in semen are either im  mobile or dead
necro  tising he  pat  op  an  cre  ati  tis n  h  p also known as the early mortality syndrome ems acute he  pat  op  an  cre  atic necro  sis syndrome ah  p  ns texas pond mortality syndrome t  p  ms texas necro  tizing he  pat  op  an  cre  ati  tis tn  h  p and peru necro  tizing he  pat  op  an  cre  ati  tis p  n  h  p is a lethal epizootic disease of farmed shrimp it is not very well researched yet but generally assumed to be caused by a bacterial infection n  h  p mainly affects the farmed shrimp species lit  open  a  eus v  ann  ame  i pacific white shrimp and lit  open  a  eus sty  li  ro  str  is western blue shrimp but has also been reported in three other american species namely far  fan  te  pen  a  eus az  tec  us far  fan  te  pen  a  eus califor  ni  ensis and lit  open  a  eus se  ti  fer  us the highest mortality rates occur in l v  ann  ame  i which is one of the two most frequently farmed species of shrimp untreated the disease causes mortality rates of up to 90 within 30 days a first outbreak of n  h  p had been reported in texas in 1985 the disease then spread to shrimp aqu  ac  ul  tures in south america in 2009 to china and subsequently southeast asia followed by massive outbreaks in that region in 2012 13 n  h  p is associated with a small gram negative and highly ple  om  orph  ic ric  ke  tt  sia like bacter  ium that belongs to its own new genus in the alpha prote  ob  ac  ter  ia however in early 2013 a novel strain of vi  bri  o par  a  ha  emol  y  tic  us was identified as a more likely caus  ative agent though involvement of a virus cannot be definitely ruled out yet infected shrimps show gross signs including soft shells and fl  acci  d bodies black or dark  ened g  ills dark edges of the ple  o  pods and u  ro  pods and an atro  phi  ed he  pat  op  an  cre  as that is whi  tish instead of orange or tan as is usual whichever of the two bacteria associated with n  h  p actually causes it the pathogen seems to prefer high water temperatures above 29 ° c or 84 ° f and elevated levels of sal  inity more than 20 – 38 p  pt avoiding such conditions in shrimp pon  ds is thus an important disease control measure
necro  tizing enter  o  co  li  tis n  ec is a medical condition primarily seen in premature infants where portions of the bo  wel undergo necro  sis tissue death it occurs post  nat  ally i e it is not seen in still  born infants and is the second most common cause of morbi  dity in premature infants causing 355 deaths per year in the united states in 2013 down from 4  84 in 2009 rates per 100 000 live births were almost three times higher for blacks than for whites
necro  tising fas  ci  i  tis n  f commonly known as flesh eating disease is an infection that results in the death of the body s soft tissue it is a severe disease of sudden onset that spreads rapidly symptoms include red or purple skin in the affected area severe pain fever and v  om  iting the most commonly affected areas are the limbs and per  in  eu  m typically the infection enters the body through a break in the skin such as a cut or burn risk factors include poor immune function such as from diabetes or cancer obesity alcoholism intra  ven  ous drug use and peripheral vascular disease it is not typically spread between people the disease is classified into four types depending on the inf  ecting organism between 55 80 of cases involve more than one type of bacteria meth  ic  ill  in resistant stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us au  re  us mr  sa is involved in up to a third of cases medical imaging is helpful to confirm the diagnosis prevention is by good wound care and hand  washing it is usually treated with surgery to remove the infected tissue and intra  ven  ous antibiotics often a combination of antibiotics are used such as pen  ic  ill  in g clin  dam  y  cin van  com  y  cin and gent  am  ic  in delays in surgery are associated with a higher risk of death despite high quality treatment the risk of death is between 25 and 35 necro  tizing fas  ci  i  tis affects 0 4 to 1 person per 100 000 per year both sexes are affected equally it becomes more common among older people and is very rare in children necro  tizing fas  ci  i  tis has been described at least since the time of hippo  crates the term necro  tising fas  ci  i  tis first came into use in 1952
necro  tizing men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis n  me is an infl  am  matory disease of the central nervous system cns that occurs in young small breed dogs necro  tizing men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis has been described in numerous small breeds including the pu  g maltese and chi  hu  a  hua men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis refers to infl  amm  ation of the men  inges men  ing  i  tis and brain en  ce  ph  ali  tis the cause of infl  amm  ation in n  me is unknown although many speculate that it is an auto  immune disorder necro  tizing men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis is fatal without aggressive immun  o  sup  pres  sive treatment and is frequently fatal despite immun  o  sup  pres  sive therapy since n  me can not be definitively diagnosed before death it is difficult to truly determine the prog  no  sis another similar infl  am  matory cns disorder of dogs is gran  ul  om  at  ous men  in  go  en  ce  ph  ali  tis g  me
necro  tizing period  on  tal diseases are a type of infl  am  matory period  on  tal gum disease caused by bacteria notably fus  ob  ac  ter  ia and spi  ro  cha  ete species the diseases appear to represent different sever  ities or stages of the same disease process although this is not completely certain these diseases usually have a sudden onset and so the term acute is often added to the diagnosis the mil  dest on the spectrum is necro  tizing ul  cer  ative g  ing  i  vi  tis nu  g followed by the successively more severe conditions necro  tizing ul  cer  ative period  on  ti  tis n  up necro  tizing stom  ati  tis and finally can  cr  um or  is no  ma which is frequently fatal
necro  tizing si  al  om  et  ap  la  sia ns is a benign ul  cer  ative le  sion usually located towards the back of the hard pal  ate it is thought to be caused by is  chem  ic necro  sis death of tissue due to lack of blood supply of minor sali  vary g  lands in response to trauma often pain  less the condition is self limiting and should heal in 6 – 10 weeks although entirely benign and requiring no treatment due to its similar appearance to oral cancer it is sometimes mis  diagnosed as m  align  ant therefore it is considered an important condition despite its r  arity
needle ice is a phenomenon that occurs when the temperature of the soil is above 0 ° c 32 ° f and the surface temperature of the air is below 0 ° c 32 ° f the sub  terr  an  ean liquid water is brought to the surface via cap  ill  ary action where it free  zes and contributes to a growing needle like ice column the ice needles are typically a few centi  metres long while growing they may lift or push away small soil particles on slop  ed surfaces needle ice may be a factor contributing to soil creep alternate names for needle ice are frost pillars sä  ul  ene  is in german frost column kam  me  is a german term meaning comb ice st  än  gel  e  is another german term referring to the stem like structures shim  ob  ash  ira 霜  柱 a japanese term meaning frost pillars or pip  kra  ke from swedish pip  a tube and kra  ke weak fine coined in 1907 by hen  rik h  ess  el  man the similar phenomena of frost flowers and hair ice can occur on living or dead plants especially on wood
a need  les  tick injury per  cu  taneous injury or per  cu  taneous exposure incident is the penetration of skin by a needle or other sharp object which was in contact with blood tissue or other body fluid before the exposure occupational need  les  tick injuries primarily affect healthcare workers who make up 80 of need  les  tick injuries in the united states various other occupations are also at increased risk of need  les  tick injury including law enforcement labor  ers tattoo artists food prepar  ers and agricultural workers though the acute physiological effects of a need  les  tick injury are generally negligible these devices can transmit blood borne diseases placing those exposed at increased risk of contracting infectious diseases such as hepatitis b h  bv hepatitis c h  c  v and the human immun  o  deficiency virus hiv among healthcare workers and laboratory personnel worldwide more than 25 blood borne viruses have been reported to be caused by need  les  tick injuries it is estimated that half of all occupational need  les  tick injuries are not reported additionally an unknown number of occupational need  les  tick injuries are reported by the affected employee yet due to organizational failure institutional record of the injury does not exist increasing recognition of the unique occupational hazard posed by need  les  tick injuries as well as the development of effic  acious interventions to minimize the largely preventable occupational risk encouraged legislative regulation in the us causing a decline in need  les  tick injuries among healthcare workers
the ne  f reaction is an organic reaction describing the acid hydro  lysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitro  al  kane 1 to an alde  hyde or a ke  tone 3 and nit  rous oxide 4 the reaction has been the subject of several literature reviews the ne  f reaction the reaction was reported in 18  94 by the chem  ist john ul  ric ne  f who treated the sodium salt of nitro  ethane with sul  fur  ic acid resulting in an 85 – 89 yield of nit  rous oxide and at least 70 yield of ace  tal  de  hyde however the reaction was pione  ered a year earlier in 18  93 by kon  o  val  ov who converted the potassium salt of 1 phen  yl  nitro  ethane with sul  fur  ic acid to acet  op  hen  one the ne  f reaction should not be confused with the ne  f synthesis
negative branch reservations is an emerging phenomenon from eli  y  ahu gol  dr  att s theory of constraints a negative branch reservation is a cause and effect analysis of a situation this thinking skill is used to map out what can go wrong in a process of change and help to anticipate any negative outcomes this technique uses these forms in its analysis thinking processes of the theory future reality tree transition tree or prerequisite tree
negative lumin  es  cence is a physical phenomenon by which an electronic device emits less thermal radiation when an electric current is passed through it than it does in thermal equilibrium current off when viewed by a thermal camera an operating negative lumin  es  cent device looks col  der than its environment
negative pri  ming is an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus un  favor  ably influences the response to the same stimulus it falls under the category of pri  ming which refers to the change in the response towards a stimulus due to a sub  conscious memory effect negative pri  ming describes the slow and error prone reaction to a stimulus that is previously ignored for example a subject may be imagined trying to pick a red pen from a pen holder the red pen becomes the target of attention so the subject responds by moving their hand towards it at this time they mentally block out all other p  ens as dis  tractors to aid in closing in on just the red pen after repeatedly picking the red pen over the others switching to the blue pen results in a mom  entary delay picking the pen out however there is a decline in the negative pri  ming effect when there is more than one non  target item that is selected against the slow reaction due to the change of the dis  tractor stimulus to target stimulus is called the negative pri  ming effect negative pri  ming is believed to play a crucial role in attention and memory retri  eval processes when stimul  i are perceived through the senses all the stimul  i are en  coded within the brain where each stimulus has its own internal representation in this percei  ving process some of the stimul  i receive more attention than others similarly only some of them are stored in short term memory negative pri  ming is highly related to the selective nature of attention and memory broadly negative pri  ming is also known as the mechanism by which inhi  bit  ory control is applied to cogn  ition this refers only to the inhi  bi  tion stimul  i that can interfere with the current short term goal of creating a response the effectiveness of inhi  biting the interfer  ences depends on the cognitive control mechanism as a higher number of dis  tractors yields higher load on working memory increased load on working memory can in turn result in slower percep  tual processing leading to delayed reaction therefore negative pri  ming effect depends on the amount of dis  tractors effectiveness of the cognitive control mechanism and the availability of the cognitive control resources
the negative therapeutic reaction in psycho  analysis is the paradoxical phenomenon whereby a plausible interpretation produces rather than improvement a worsening of the anal  ys  and s condition
neglect is a form of abuse where the perpetrator is responsible for caring for someone who is unable to care for himself or herself but fails to do so neglect may include the failure to provide sufficient supervision nour  ishment or medical care or the failure to fulfill other needs for which the victim cannot provide themselves the term is also applied when necessary care is withheld by those responsible for providing it from animals plants and even in  anim  ate objects neglect can carry on in a child s life falling into many long term side effects such as physical injuries low self esteem attention disorders violent behavior and can even cause death
the neglected firm effect is the phenomenon of lesser known firms producing abnormally high returns on their stocks the companies that are followed by fewer analysts will earn higher returns on average than companies that are followed by many analysts the abnormally high return exhi  bited by neglected firms may be due to the lower liquidity or higher risks associated with the stock according to invest  o  pedia neglected firms are usually the small firms that analysts tend to ignore information available on these companies tends to be limited to those items that are required by law on the other hand have a higher profile which provides large amounts of high quality information in addition to legally required forms to institutional investors such as pension or mutual fund companies
neglected tropical diseases nt  ds are a diverse group of tropical infections which are especially common in low income populations in developing regions of africa asia and the americas they are caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses bacteria proto  zo  a and hel  min  ths these diseases are contr  asted with the big three diseases hiv aids tuberculosis and malaria which generally receive greater treatment and research funding in sub saharan africa the impact of these diseases as a group is comparable to malaria and tuberculosis n  td co infection can also make hiv aids and tuberculosis more deadly in some cases the treatments are relatively inexpensive for example the treatment for sch  is  to  som  i  asis is us 0 20 per child per year nevertheless control of neglected diseases is estimated to require funding of between us 2 billion to us 3 billion over the next five to seven years some pharmaceutical companies have committed to don  ating all the drug therapies required and mass drug administration for example mass de  wor  ming has been successfully accomplished in several countries however preventative measures are often more accessible in the developed world but not universally available in poorer areas seventeen neglected tropical diseases are priori  tized by who though other organizations define nt  ds differently these diseases are common in 149 countries affecting more than 1 4 billion people including more than 500 million children and costing developing economies billions of dollars every year they resulted in 142 000 deaths in 2013 — down from 204 000 deaths in 1990 of these 17 two were targeted for eradication dr  ac  un  cu  li  asis guinea worm disease by 2015 and ya  ws by 2020 and four for elimination blin  ding tr  ach  oma human african try  pan  o  som  i  asis leprosy and lymp  h  atic fil  ari  asis by 2020
negligent entru  st  ment is a cause of action in tor  t law that arises where one party the entru  st  or is held liable for negligence because they neg  ligently provided another party the entru  ste  e with a dangerous instrument  ality and the entrusted party caused injury to a third party with that instrument  ality the cause of action most frequently arises where one person allows another to drive their automobile
the tor  t of negligent inflic  tion of emotional distress ni  ed is a controversial cause of action which is available in nearly all u s states but is severely constrained and limited in the majority of them the underlying concept is that one has a legal duty to use reasonable care to avoid causing emotional distress to another individual if one fails in this duty and unreasonably causes emotional distress to another person that actor will be liable for monetary damages to the injured individual the tor  t is to be contr  asted with intentional inflic  tion of emotional distress in that there is no need to prove intent to inflict distress that is an accidental inflic  tion if negligent is sufficient to support a cause of action
negligible sen  es  cence is the lack of symptoms of aging in a few select organisms neg  li  gi  bly sen  es  cent organisms do not have measurable reductions in their reproductive capability with age or measurable functional decline with age death rates in neg  li  gi  bly sen  es  cent organisms do not increase with age as they do in sen  es  cent organisms there are many examples of species for whose organisms scientists have not detected an increase in mortality rate after maturity in other words they are equally likely to die at any given age after maturity or alternatively it could be that the mean lifespan of the organisms is so long — several millennia — that researchers subjects have not yet had the chance to live up to the time when a measure of the species longevity can be made tur  tles for example were once thought to lack sen  es  cence however more extensive observations have found evidence of decreasing fitness with age study of neg  li  gi  bly sen  es  cent animals may provide clues that lead to better understanding of the aging process and influence theories of aging the phenomenon of negligible sen  es  cence in some animals is a traditional argument for attempting to achieve similar negligible sen  es  cence in humans by technological means there are also organisms that exhibit negative sen  es  cence whereby mortality chrono  logically decreases as the organism ages for all or part of the life cycle in disagreement with the gom  per  tz – ma  ke  ham law of mortality see also late life mortality dec  el  eration furthermore there are even more peculiar examples those of species that have been observed to reg  ress to a lar  val state and reg  row into adults multiple times e g tur  rit  op  sis do  hr  n  ii recent studies have indicated a connection between phenomena related to negligible sen  es  cence and the general stability of an organism s genome specifically trans  cription processes over its lifetime
the first case of nelson ’ s syndrome was reported in 1958 by nelson et al dr don nelson an endocr  ino  logist named the disease in comparison to the 1980 s there have been fewer published cases in the 1990 s thus nelson ’ s syndrome has become less prevalent the disease becoming less prevalent is supported by much advancement in the medical field within the past ten to twenty years improvements have been made with identification and care for patients with cu  shing ’ s disease improvements have been made with techniques such as pit  u  itary radiation therapy ac  th ass  ay trans  sp  hen  o  idal pit  u  itary surgery higher resolution m  ris and sampling of the inferior petro  sal sin  us the advan  cements mentioned prior are what have allowed physicians to pursue other routes for cu  shing ’ s disease therapy that don ’ t involve bilateral adren  al  ec  tomy nelson ’ s syndrome is also referred to as post adren  al  ec  tomy syndrome and is a result of an adren  al  ec  tomy performed for cu  shing ’ s disease cor  ti  co  tro  ph aden  om  as are detected in more females than males therefore nelson ’ s syndrome is observed in more females than males cor  ti  co  tro  ph aden  om  as are also detected in the younger population compared to the older population earlier nelson s syndrome was observed in 20 40 of patients who had a bilateral adren  al  ec  tomy with a pit  u  itary aden  oma nelson s syndrome is observed in 8 44 of the population who have undergone bilateral adren  al  ec  tomy treatment for cu  shing s disease
nem  al  ine my  opathy also called rod my  opathy or nem  al  ine rod my  opathy is a con  genital hereditary neuro  muscular disorder with many symptoms that can occur such as muscle weakness hypo  ventilation sw  allowing dysfunction and impaired speech ability the severity of these symptoms varies and can change throughout one s life to some extent the prevalence is estimated at 1 in 50 000 live births it is the most common non dy  stro  ph  ic my  opathy my  opathy means muscle disease muscle fi  bers from a person with nem  al  ine my  opathy contains thread like rods sometimes called nem  al  ine bodies while the rods are diagnostic of the disorder they are more likely a by  product of the disease process rather than causing any dysfunction on their own people with nem  al  ine my  opathy nm usually experience delayed motor development or no motor development in severe cases and weakness may occur in all of the sk  el  etal muscles such as muscles in the arms legs tor  so neck fl  ex  ors throat and face the weakness tends to be more severe in the proxim  al muscles rather than the dis  tal muscles the oc  ular muscles are normally spared the disorder is often clin  ically categ  orized into groups with wide ranges of overlapping severity from the most severe ne  on  atal form which is incompatible with life to a form so mild that it may not be diagnosed since the person appears to function at the lowest end of normal strength and breathing adequacy spor  adic late onset nem  al  ine my  opathy s  lon  m is not a con  genital disorder and is considered a different muscle disease from nm which has its onset at birth or early childhood respiratory problems are usually a primary concern for people with all forms of nm and respiratory infections are quite common nm short  ens life expectancy particularly in the more severe forms but aggressive and proactive care allows most individuals to survive and even lead active lives nem  al  ine my  opathy is one of the neuro  muscular diseases covered by the muscular dy  stro  phy association in the united states
nemato  de der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by widespread fol  lic  u  li  tis caused by an  cy  lo  stom  a can  inum
the n  en  it  z  escu in  do  le synthesis is a chemical reaction that forms 5 hydroxy  in  do  le derivatives from benzo  quin  one and β amin  oc  ro  tonic esters the n  en  it  z  escu in  do  le synthesis this reaction was named for its discover  er who first published it in 1929 it can be performed with a number of different combinations of r groups which include methyl meth  ox  y ethyl prop  yl and h substitu  ents there is also a solid state variation in which the reaction takes place on a highly cross linked poly  mer sc  aff  old the synthesis is particularly interesting because ind  oles are the foundation for a number of bio  chemically important molecules including neuro  transmitters and a new class of anti  tumor compounds
ne  om  o  dern or ne  om  o  der  n  ist art is a reaction to the complexity of post  modern architecture and ec  lec  ticism seeking greater simplicity
ne  on  atal ac  ne also known as ac  ne inf  an  tum ac  ne ne  on  at  orum and ne  on  atal cephal  ic pu  st  ul  osis not to be confused with benign cephal  ic his  ti  oc  y  to  sis is an ac  nei  form eruption that occurs in new  bor  ns or infants and is often seen on the nose and adjacent portions of the cheeks the main cause of this condition is not known but it could be due to the increased sensitivity of the infant s se  bac  eous g  lands to maternal hormones during pregnancy which also leads to a variety of skin conditions in the new  born typically it peaks at around 2 months and rarely needs treatment sometimes g  els or o  int  ments are given
ne  on  atal ad  re  no  leuko  dy  stro  phy is an in  born error of per  ox  is  ome bio  genesis it is part of the z  ell  we  ger spectrum it has been linked with multiple genes at least five associated with per  ox  is  ome bio  genesis and has an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern of inheritance
ne  on  atal allo  immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia na  it  p or na  it or nat  p or nat for short or fe  tal and ne  on  atal allo  immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia f  na  it fe  to maternal allo  immune thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia f  ma  it  p or f  ma  it is a disease that affects fet  uses and new  bor  ns in which the plat  elet count is decreased a state known as thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia plat  elet antigens are inherited from both mother and father f  na  it is caused by antibodies specific for plat  elet antigens inherited from the father but which are absent in the mother fe  tom  ater  nal trans  fu  sions or fe  tom  ater  nal hemorrha  ge results in the recognition of these antigens by the mother s immune system as non self with the subsequent generation of allo reactive antibodies which cross the plac  enta na  it hence is caused by trans  plac  ental passage of maternal plat  elet specific allo  anti  body and rarely human leuk  oc  y  te antigen h  la allo antibodies which are expressed by plat  el  ets to fet  uses whose plat  el  ets express the corresponding antigens na  it occurs in somewhere between 1 800 and 1 5000 live births more recent studies of na  it seem to indicate that it occurs in around 1 600 live births in the caucasian population
ne  on  atal bo  wel obstruction nb  o or ne  on  atal intest  inal obstruction is the most common surgical emergency in the ne  on  atal period it may occur due to a variety of conditions and has an excellent outcome based on timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention
ne  on  atal cho  le  st  asis defines persisting con  ju  gated hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia in the new  born with con  ju  gated bi  li  rubin levels exceeding 15 5 0 mg dl of total bi  li  rubin level the disease is either due to defects in bile ex  cre  tion from he  pat  oc  y  tes or impaired bile flow general presentations in ne  on  ates include ab  domin  al pain and general gi upset physical examination may show palpable liver and enlarged sp  leen differential diagnosis typically presents with a host of possibilities many of them not treat  able hist  opath  ology shows dil  ated bile duc  t system at all levels and bile duc  t proliferation in response to back pressure the incidence has been found to be about 1 2 500 live births
ne  on  atal con  junc  ti  vi  tis also known as oph  thal  mia ne  on  at  orum is a form of con  junc  ti  vi  tis and a type of ne  on  atal infection contracted by new  bor  ns during delivery the baby s eyes are contaminated during passage through the birth canal from a mother infected with either ne  is  ser  ia gon  or  rho  e  ae or ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis antibiotic o  int  ment is typically applied to the new  born s eyes within 1 hour of birth as prevention against gon  o  coc  cal oph  thal  mia if left untreated it can cause blindness
ne  on  atal encephalopathy ne also known as hypo  x  ic is  chem  ic encephalopathy hie is defined by signs and symptoms of abnormal neuro  logical function in the first few days of life in an infant born at term it is commonly caused by birth as  phy  x  ia
ne  on  atal h  emo  chro  mat  osis is a rare and severe liver disease of unknown origin though research suggests that it may be allo  immune condition its characteristics are similar to hereditary h  emo  chro  mat  osis where iron de  position causes damage to the liver and other organs and tissues
ne  on  atal hepatitis is a form of hepatitis that affects the fet  uses and ne  on  ates
ne  on  atal her  pes simpl  ex is a rare but serious condition usually caused by vertical transmission of her  pes simpl  ex virus from mother to new  born around 1 in every 3 500 babies in the united states contract the infection
ne  on  atal hypo  cal  cem  ia is an abnormal clinical and laboratory hypo  cal  cem  ia condition that is frequently observed in infants 1 healthy term infants go through a physiological nad  ir of serum calcium levels at 7 5 8 5 mg dl by day 2 of life hypo  cal  cem  ia is a low blood calcium level a total serum calcium of less than 8 mg dl 2 m  mol l or ion  ized calcium less than 1 2 m  mol l in term ne  on  ates is defined as hypo  cal  cem  ia in pre  term infants it is defined as less than 7 mg dl 1 75 m  mol l total serum calcium or less than 4 mg dl 1 m  mol l ion  ized calcium 2 both early onset hypo  cal  cem  ia presents within 72 h of birth and late onset hypo  cal  cem  ia presents in 3 7 days after birth require calcium supplem  entation treatment risk factors of early ne  on  atal hypo  cal  cem  ia pre  maturity per  in  atal as  phy  x  ia diabetes mell  it  us in the mother maternal hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m in  trau  ter  ine growth retar  dation i  ug  r i  atro  genic risk factors of late ne  on  atal hypo  cal  cem  ia exo  genous phosphate load use of gent  am  ic  in gender and ethnic late ne  on  atal hypo  cal  cem  ia occurred more often in male infants and his  panic infants others magnesium deficiency transi  ent hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m of new  born hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m due to other causes di  george syndrome
ne  on  atal hypo  gly  cem  ia is a condition of decreased blood sugar or hypo  gly  cem  ia in a ne  on  ate untreated low blood sugar levels in new  born children poses a higher risk for injury to the brain that could lead to developmental problems later in life such children are often admitted to ne  on  atal units for active treatment resulting in separation from the mother and inadequate breast feeding during this time
ne  on  atal ich  thy  osis – s  cl  ero  sing chol  an  gi  tis syndrome also known as nisch syndrome and ich  thy  osis – s  cl  ero  sing chol  an  gi  tis syndrome is a cu  taneous condition caused by mutations in the cl  aud  in 1 gene
ne  on  atal infections are infections of the ne  on  ate new  born during the ne  on  atal period or first four weeks after birth ne  on  atal infections may be contracted by trans  plac  ental transfer in uter  o in the birth canal during delivery per  in  atal or by other means after birth some ne  on  atal infections are apparent soon after delivery while others may develop post  par  tum within the first week or month some infections acquired in the ne  on  atal period do not become apparent until much later such as hiv hepatitis b and malaria there is a higher risk of infection with pre  term or low birth weight ne  on  ates respiratory tract infections contracted by pre  term ne  on  ates may continue into childhood or possibly adul  thood with long term effects that limit one s ability to engage in normal physical activities decreasing one s quality of life and increasing health care costs in some instances ne  on  atal respiratory tract infections may increase one s suscep  tibility to future respiratory infections and infl  am  matory responses related to lung disease antibiotics can be effective treatments for ne  on  atal infections especially when the pathogen is quickly identified instead of relying solely on cul  turing techniques pathogen identification has improved substantially with advancing technology however ne  on  ate mortality has not kept pace and remains 20 to 50 while pre  term ne  on  ates are at a particularly high risk full term and post term infants can also develop infection ne  on  atal infection may also be associated with premature rupture of memb  ran  es break  age of the am  ni  otic s  ac which substantially increases the risk of ne  on  atal sep  sis by allowing passage for bacteria to enter the wom  b prior to the birth of the infant research to improve treatment of infections and prophylactic treatment of the mother to avoid infections of the infant is ongoing
ne  on  atal iso  er  y  thro  lysis also known as hem  ol  y  tic ic  ter  us is a disease most commonly seen in kit  tens and fo  als but has also been reported in pu  ppies in the kit  ten this is referred to as fading kit  ten syndrome it occurs when the mother has antibodies against the blood type of the new  born
ne  on  atal ja  und  ice or ne  on  atal hyper  bi  li  ru  bin  emia or ne  on  atal ic  ter  us from the greek word ἴ  κ  τε  ρο  ς attribu  tive ad  jec  tive ic  ter  ic is a yel  lowing of the skin and other tissues of a new  born infant a bi  li  rubin level of more than 85 μ  mol l 5 mg dl leads to a ja  und  iced appearance in ne  on  ates whereas in adults a level of 34 μ  mol l 2 mg dl is needed for this to occur in new  bor  ns ja  und  ice is detected by blan  ching the skin with pressure applied by a finger so that it reveals underlying skin and sub  cu  taneous tissue ja  und  iced new  bor  ns have yellow dis  color  ation of the white part of the eye and yel  lowing of the face extending down onto the chest ne  on  atal ja  und  ice can make the new  born sleepy and interfere with feeding extreme ja  und  ice can cause permanent brain damage from ker  nic  ter  us in ne  on  ates the yellow dis  color  ation of the skin is first noted in the face and as the bi  li  rubin level rises proceeds c  aud  al to the trunk and then to the extre  mi  ties this condition is common in new  bor  ns affecting over half 50 – 60 of all babies in the first week of life infants whose pal  ms and sol  es are yellow have serum bi  li  rubin level over 255 μ  mol l 15 mg dl more serious level studies have shown that trained exam  iners assessment of levels of ja  und  ice show moderate agreement with ic  ter  ome  ter bi  li  rubin measurements in infants ja  und  ice can be measured using invasive or non invasive methods
ne  on  atal lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus is the occurrence of systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le symptoms in an infant born from a mother with s  le most commonly presenting with a rash resembling dis  co  id lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus and sometimes with systemic ab  norm  alities such as complete heart block or he  pat  os  plen  om  eg  al  y the infants have no skin le  sions at birth but develop them during the first weeks of life ne  on  atal lup  us is usually benign and self limited it is associated with mothers who carry the ro ssa antibodies
ne  on  atal men  ing  i  tis is a serious medical condition in infants men  ing  i  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the men  inges the protective memb  ran  es of the central nervous system cns and is more common in the ne  on  atal period infants less than 44 days old than any other time in life and is an important cause of morbi  dity and mortality globally mortality is roughly half in developing countries and ranges from 8 12 5 in developed countries symptoms seen with ne  on  atal men  ing  i  tis are often un  specific that may point to several conditions such as sep  sis whole body infl  amm  ation these can include fever irrit  ability and dy  sp  ne  a the only method to determine if men  ing  i  tis is the cause of these symptoms is lum  bar punc  ture l  p an examination of the cere  bro  spinal fluid the most common causes of ne  on  atal men  ing  i  tis is bacterial infection of the blood known as bacter  emia specifically group b st  rep  to  coc  ci g  bs st  rep  to  co  cc  us ag  al  acti  ae es  cher  ic  hia coli and lis  ter  ia mon  oc  y  to  genes although there is a low mortality rate in developed countries there is a 50 prevalence rate of neuro  developmental disabilities in e coli and g  bs men  ing  i  tis while having a 79 prevalence for non e coli gram negative caused men  ing  i  tis delayed treatment of ne  on  atal men  ing  i  tis may cause include cere  br  al pal  sy blindness deaf  ness and learning deficiencies
ne  on  atal onset multi  system infl  am  matory disease abbreviated no  mid also known as chronic inf  anti  le neuro  logic cu  taneous and artic  ular syndrome or c  inc  a is a rare genetic periodic fever syndrome which causes uncontrolled infl  amm  ation in multiple parts of the body starting in the new  born period symptoms include skin r  ashes severe ar  thri  tis and chronic men  ing  i  tis leading to neuro  logic damage it is one of the cry  op  y  rin associated periodic syndro  mes no  mid can result from a mutation in the ci  as 1 gene also known as n  l  r  p 3 gene which helps control infl  amm  ation mutations in this gene also cause famili  al cold ur  tic  aria and m  uc  kle wells syndrome no  mid has been successfully treated with the drug an  ak  in  ra this syndrome is also known as the pri  eur gr  is  cell  i syndrome as it was first described by these authors in 1981
ne  on  atal sep  sis is a type of ne  on  atal infection and specifically refers to the presence in a new  born baby of a bacterial blood stream infection b  si such as men  ing  i  tis pneumonia p  yel  on  eph  ri  tis or gastro  enter  i  tis in the setting of fever older textbooks may refer to ne  on  atal sep  sis as sep  sis ne  on  at  orum criteria with regards to hem  od  y  nam  ic compromise or respiratory failure are not useful clin  ically because these symptoms often do not arise in ne  on  ates until death is imminent and un  preventable ne  on  atal sep  sis is divided into two categories early onset sep  sis e  os and late onset sep  sis los e  os refers to sep  sis presenting in the first 7 days of life although some refer to e  os as within the first 72 hours of life with los referring to presentation of sep  sis after 7 days or 72 hours depending on the system used ne  on  atal sep  sis is the single most important cause of ne  on  atal death in hospital as well as community in developing country it is difficult to clin  ically exclude sep  sis in new  bor  ns less than 90 days old that have fever defined as a temperature 38 ° c 100 4 ° f except in the case of obvious acute viral bron  chi  oli  tis the current practice in new  bor  ns less than 30 days old is to perform a complete work  up including complete blood count with differential blood culture ur  in  al  ysis urine culture and cere  bro  spinal fluid c  sf studies and c  sf culture admit the new  born to the hospital and treat empir  ically for serious bacterial infection for at least 48 hours until cultures are demonstrated to show no growth attempts have been made to see whether it is possible to risk str  ati  fy new  bor  ns in order to decide if a new  born can be safely monitored at home without treatment despite having a fever one such attempt is the ro  chester criteria
natal teeth are teeth that are present above the g  um  line have already erupted at birth and ne  on  atal teeth are teeth that emerge through the g  ing  iva during the first month of life the ne  on  atal period the incidence of ne  on  atal teeth varies considerably between 1 700 and 1 30 000 depending on the type of study the highest prevalence is found in the only study that relies on personal examination of patients
ne  on  atal te  tan  us is a form of generalised te  tan  us that occurs in new  bor  ns infants who have not acquired passive immunity from the mother having been immun  ised are at risk it usually occurs through infection of the un  healed um  bil  ical st  ump particularly when the st  ump is cut with a non sterile instrument ne  on  atal te  tan  us mostly occurs in developing countries particularly those with the least developed health infrastructure it is rare in developed countries
ne  on  atal toxic shock like ex  an  them  at  ous disease is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a generalized diffuse mac  ular er  y  them  a or mor  bil  li  form eruption with con  flu  ence
ne  on  atal withdrawal or ne  on  atal ab  stin  ence syndrome nas is a withdrawal syndrome of infants caused by the cessation of the administration of lic  it or illicit drugs tolerance dependence and withdrawal may occur as a result of repeated administration of drugs or even after short term high dose use — for example during mechanical ventilation in intensive care units there are two types of nas pre  natal and post  natal pre  natal nas is caused by dis  continuation of drugs taken by the pregnant mother while post  natal nas is caused by dis  continuation of drugs directly to the infant the drugs involved may be for example op  io  ids selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris ethanol and benzo  di  az  ep  ines ne  on  atal ab  stin  ence syndrome does not happen in pre  natal cocaine exposure with babies exposed to cocaine in uter  o in the sense that such symptoms are difficult to separate in the context of other factors such as pre  maturity or pre  natal exposure to other drugs when pharmaco  logical treatment of op  iate withdrawal in ne  on  ates is deemed necessary op  i  ates are the treatment of choice they are slowly tap  ered down to we  an the ne  on  ate off op  i  ates phen  ob  ar  b  ital is sometimes used as an alternative but is less effective in suppressing seizures however phen  ob  ar  b  ital is superior to di  az  ep  am for ne  on  atal op  iate withdrawal symptoms in the case of sed  ative hypno  tic ne  on  atal withdrawal phen  ob  ar  b  ital is the treatment of choice cl  on  id  ine is an emerging add on therapy bu  pre  nor  ph  ine is under development as an alternative to morphine or meth  ad  one as initial therapy op  io  ids such as ne  on  atal morphine solution and meth  ad  one are commonly used to treat clinical symptoms of op  iate withdrawal but may prolong ne  on  atal drug exposure and duration of hosp  itali  zation a study published in the journal of pedi  atric pharmaco  logy and therapeu  tics demonstrated a significantly shorter we  an duration in infants treated with meth  ad  one compared to those treated with diluted t  inc  ture of opium when compared to morphine meth  ad  one has a longer half life in children which allows for less frequent do  sing intervals and steady serum concentrations to prevent ne  on  atal withdrawal symptoms non pharmaco  logical approaches to treat ne  on  atal symptoms include sw  add  ling the infant in a blanket minim  izing environmental stimul  i and monitoring sleeping and feeding patterns breastfeeding promotes infant attachment and bon  ding and is associated with a decreased need for pharmaco  logical treatment these approaches may lessen the severity of nas and lead to shorter hospital stays a 2012 study from the university of michigan and the university of pittsburgh published in the journal of the american medical association analyzed information on 7 4 million discharges from 4 121 hospitals in 44 states to measure trends and costs associated with nas over the past decade the study indicated that between 2000 and 2009 the number of mothers using op  i  ates increased from 1 19 to 5 63 per 1 000 hospital births per year new  bor  ns with nas were 19 more likely than all other hospital births to have low birth  weight and 30 more like to have respiratory complications between 2000 and 2009 total hospital charges for nas cases adjusted for inflation are estimated to have increased from 190 million to 720 million
ne  op  las  m is an abnormal growth of tissue and when it also forms a mass is commonly referred to as a tumor this abnormal growth ne  op  la  sia usually but not always forms a mass the world health organization who classi  fies ne  op  las  ms into four main groups benign ne  op  las  ms in situ ne  op  las  ms m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms and ne  op  las  ms of uncertain or unknown behavior m  align  ant ne  op  las  ms are also simply known as cancers prior to the abnormal growth of tissue as ne  op  la  sia cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth such as met  ap  la  sia or dys  pl  asia however met  ap  la  sia or dys  pl  asia does not always progress to ne  op  la  sia the word is from ancient greek ν  έ  ος neo new and π  λ  ά  σ  μα plasma formation creation
ne  ph  ri  tic syndrome or acute ne  ph  ri  tic syndrome is a syndrome comprising signs of ne  ph  ri  tis which is kidney disease involving infl  amm  ation it often occurs in glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis which is characterized by a thin glo  mer  ular basement memb  rane and small po  res in the po  do  cy  tes of the glo  mer  ul  us large enough to permit proteins and red blood cells to pass into the urine yielding prote  in  ur  ia and hem  atur  ia by contrast ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome is characterized by only proteins moving into the urine ne  ph  ri  tic syndrome like ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome may involve hypo  albu  min  emia due to the protein albumin moving from the blood to the urine
ne  ph  ri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the kidneys and may involve the glo  mer  uli tu  bul  es or inter  sti  tial tissue surrounding the glo  mer  uli and tu  bul  es
ne  ph  ro  cal  cin  osis once known as al  bright s cal  cin  osis after fuller al  bright or anderson car  r kidneys is a term originally used to describe de  position of calcium salts in the ren  al paren  ch  y  ma due to hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m it is now more commonly used to describe diffuse fine ren  al paren  ch  ym  al calci  fication on radi  ology during its early stages ne  ph  ro  cal  cin  osis is visible on x ray and appears as a fine gran  ular mo  tt  ling over the ren  al outlines these outlines eventually come together to form a dense mass it is most commonly seen as an incidental finding with med  ul  l  ary spon  ge kidney on an ab  domin  al x ray however it may be severe enough to cause as well as be caused by ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis or even end stage ren  al failure due to disruption of the ren  al tissue by the deposited calcium
ne  ph  ro  genic aden  oma also mes  on  eph  ric aden  oma and ne  ph  ro  genic met  ap  la  sia is a benign growth typically found in the ur  inary blad  der it is thought to result from displacement and implan  tation of ren  al tu  bul  ar cells as this entity in kidney transplant recipients has been shown to be kidney donor derived this entity should not be confused with the similar sounding me  tan  eph  ric aden  oma
ne  ph  ro  genic diabetes insi  pi  dus also known as peripheral diabetes insi  pi  dus is a form of diabetes insi  pi  dus primarily due to path  ology of the kidney this is in contrast to central neuro  genic diabetes insi  pi  dus which is caused by insufficient levels of anti  di  u  re  tic hormone adh ar  gin  ine vas  op  res  sin av  p ne  ph  ro  genic diabetes insi  pi  dus is caused by an improper response of the kidney to adh leading to a decrease in the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine by removing free water
ne  ph  ro  genic systemic fi  bro  sis n  sf or ne  ph  ro  genic fi  bro  sing der  mop  athy n  fd is a rare and serious syndrome that involves fi  bro  sis of skin joints eyes and internal organs the first cases were identified in 1997 and its cause is not fully understood however evidence suggests n  sf is associated with exposure to g  adol  ini  um with g  adol  ini  um based m  ri contrast agents being frequently used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging m  ri in patients with severe kidney failure epidemiological studies suggest that the incidence of n  sf is unrelated to gender race or age and it is not thought to have a genetic basis a registry for n  sf has identified about 335 cases as of 2011 most patients with n  sf have undergone h  emo  dial  ysis for kidney failure some have never undergone dial  ysis and others have received only per  it  one  al dial  ysis many people with n  sf have taken immun  o  sup  pres  sive medications and have other diseases such as hepatitis c four of the seven g  adol  ini  um contrast agents approved by the u s food and drug administration have been principally implicated in n  sf including gad  o  diam  ide g  adop  ent  et  ate and gad  over  set  amide gad  ob  en  ate has also been associated with n  sf but further research has shown that gad  ob  en  ate dig  lu  mine might be safe even in patients undergoing dial  ysis
ne  ph  rome  gal  y is the process whereby a kidney or both kidneys become enlarged
ne  ph  ro  no  ph  th  is  is is a genetic disorder of the kidneys which affects children it is classified as a med  ul  l  ary c  ys  tic kidney disease the disorder is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive fashion and although rare is the most common genetic cause of childhood kidney failure it is a form of ci  li  opathy its incidence has been estimated to be 0 9 cases per million people in the united states and 1 in 50 000 births in canada
ne  ph  ro  path  ia epidem  ica ne or epidemic ne  ph  ro  pa  thy is a type of viral haemorrha  gic fever with ren  al syndrome h  frs caused by the pu  um  ala virus the incub  ation period is three weeks ne  ph  ro  path  ia epidem  ica has a sudden onset with fever ab  domin  al pain headache back pain and gastro  intest  inal symptoms more severe symptoms include internal hemorrha  ging although fatal in a small percentage of cases ne  ph  ro  path  ia epidem  ica is generally mil  der than the h  frs that is caused by han  ta  viruses in other parts of the world the bank vo  le is the reservoir for the virus which humans contract through inhal  ation of aero  sol  ised vo  le dro  pp  ings the majority of infected individuals are as  ymp  tomatic or develop only mild symptoms and the disease is not known to spread from human to human this infection is known as sor  k  fe  ber in swedish and my  y  r  ä  ku  u  me in finnish vo  le fever in norway it is called mus  ep  est mouse plague
ne  ph  ro  pto  sis also called floating kidney or ren  al pto  sis is an abnormal condition in which the kidney drops down into the pel  vis when the patient stands up it is more common in women than in men it has been one of the most controversial conditions among doctors in both its diagnosis and its treatments
ne  ph  ro  sis is any of various forms of kidney disease ne  ph  ro  pa  thy in an old and broad sense of the term it is any ne  ph  ro  pa  thy but in current usage the term is usually restricted to a narrower sense of ne  ph  ro  pa  thy without infl  amm  ation or ne  op  la  sia in which sense it is distinguished from ne  ph  ri  tis which involves infl  amm  ation it is also defined as any purely degenerative disease of the ren  al tu  bul  es ne  ph  ro  sis is characterized by a set of signs called the ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome ne  ph  ro  sis can be a primary disorder or can be secondary to another disorder ne  ph  ro  tic complications of another disorder can coexist with ne  ph  ri  tic complications in other words ne  ph  ro  sis and ne  ph  ri  tis can be path  op  hy  sio  logically contr  ad  ist  ingu  ished but that does not mean that they cannot occur simultaneously types of ne  ph  ro  sis include amy  loid ne  ph  ro  sis and os  mo  tic ne  ph  ro  sis
ne  ph  ro  tic syndrome is a syndrome comprising signs of ne  ph  ro  sis chiefly prote  in  ur  ia hypo  albu  min  emia and e  dem  a it is a component of glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ro  sis in which different degrees of prote  in  ur  ia occur essentially loss of protein through the kidneys prote  in  ur  ia leads to low protein levels in the blood hypo  prote  in  emia including hypo  albu  min  emia which causes water to be drawn into soft tissues e  dem  a very low hypo  albu  min  emia can also cause a variety of secondary problems such as water in the ab  domin  al cav  ity as  cites around the heart or lung peric  ardi  al eff  usion ple  ural eff  usion high cho  le  sterol hence hyper  li  pi  dem  ia loss of molecules regulating co  ag  ulation hence increased risk of thro  m  bo  sis large prote  in  ur  ia is due to an increase in perme  ability of the filtering memb  rane of the kidney which normally separates the blood from the ur  inary space in bowman s cap  su  le this is composed of the cap  ill  ary walls of the glo  mer  ul  us which are wrapped by highly specialized cells called po  do  cy  tes alterations in their capacity to filter the substances transported in the blood mean that proteins but not cells pass into the urine hence no ha  em  atur  ia by contrast in ne  ph  ri  tic syndrome red blood cells pass through the po  res causing ha  em  atur  ia
ne  ph  ro  toxicity is toxicity in the kidneys it is a poisonous effect of some substances both toxic chemicals and medications on ren  al function there are various forms and some drugs may affect ren  al function in more than one way ne  ph  ro  toxins are substances displaying ne  ph  ro  toxicity ne  ph  ro  toxicity should not be confused with the fact that some medications have a predominantly ren  al ex  cre  tion and need their dose adjusted for the decreased ren  al function e g he  par  in the ne  ph  ro  toxic effect of most drugs is more profound in patients already suffering from kidney failure
nerve compression syndrome or compression neuro  pa  thy also known as entr  ap  ment neuro  pa  thy is a medical condition caused by direct pressure on a nerve it is known col  lo  qu  ially as a trapped nerve though this may also refer to nerve root compression by a her  ni  ated dis  c for example its symptoms include pain ting  ling num  b  ness and muscle weakness the symptoms affect just one particular part of the body depending on which nerve is affected nerve conduc  tion studies help to confirm the diagnosis in some cases surgery may help to relieve the pressure on the nerve but this does not always relieve all the symptoms nerve injury by a single episode of physical trauma is in one sense a compression neuro  pa  thy but is not usually included under this heading
nerve injury is injury to nervous tissue there is no single classification system that can describe all the many variations of nerve injury most systems attempt to cor  relate the degree of injury with symptoms path  ology and prog  no  sis in 1941 sed  don introduced a classification of nerve injuries based on three main types of nerve fiber injury and whether there is continuity of the nerve
a nerve she  ath tumor is a type of tumor of the nervous system nervous system ne  op  las  m which is made up primarily of the my  elin surrounding nerves a peripheral nerve she  ath tumor p  n  st is a nerve she  ath tumor in the peripheral nervous system benign peripheral nerve she  ath tumors include sch  wan  no  mas and neuro  fi  bro  mas a m  align  ant peripheral nerve she  ath tumor mp  n  st is a can  cer  ous peripheral nerve she  ath tumor
in english law a nervous shock is a psychiatric illness or injury inflicted upon a person by intentional or negligent actions or omissions of another often it is a psychiatric disorder triggered by witnessing an accident for example an injury caused to one s parents or spouse although the term nervous shock has been described as inaccurate and misleading it continues to be applied as a useful abbreviation for a complex concept the possibility of recovering damages for nervous shock particularly caused by negligence is strongly limited in english law
nervous system disease refers to a general class of medical conditions affecting the nervous system they can be divided into central nervous system disease in the cns peripheral neuro  pa  thy in the p  ns
a nervous system ne  op  las  m is a tumor affecting the nervous system types include nerve she  ath tumor brain tumor ar  ach  no  id cyst op  tic nerve gli  oma
in medicine a ne  si  dio  bl  ast  oma is an un  common insulin secre  ting pan  cre  atic neuro  endocrine tumor pan  net the term dates to at least 1938 in that report these le  sions were adjudic  ated as his  to  logically benign aden  oma grow  ths that were associated with severe long standing hypo  gly  cem  ia due to hyper  insul  in  ism surgical removal corrected the low glucose problems there is no rigorous defini  tional separation from insul  in  oma other than the original emphasis that was placed on the observed precise his  to  logical recapit  ulation of normal is  let cell structure within the aden  om  as which lacked micro  scopic features of aggres  sivity the functional hypo  gly  cem  ia seen with these le  sions is also a feature of ne  si  dio  bl  ast  osis in which however a more diffuse hyper  pl  asia of the pan  cre  atic beta cells is found often with an abnormal micro  scopic appearance
ne  si  dio  bl  ast  osis is a controversial medical term for hyper  insul  in  emic hypo  gly  cem  ia attributed to excessive function of pan  cre  atic beta cells with an abnormal micro  scopic appearance the term was coined in the first half of the 20 th century the abnormal his  to  logic aspects of the tissue included the presence of is  let cell enlargement is  let cell dys  pl  asia beta cells bud  ding from duc  tal epi  the  lium and is  lets in ap  position to duc  ts by the 1970 s ne  si  dio  bl  ast  osis was primarily used to describe the pan  cre  atic dysfunction associated with persistent con  genital hyper  insul  in  ism and in most cases from the 1970 s until the 1980 s it was used as a synon  ym for what is now referred to as con  genital hyper  insul  in  ism most con  genital hyper  insul  in  ism is caused by different mechanisms than excessive proliferation of beta cells in a fe  tal pattern and the term fell into dis  favor after it was recognized in the late 1980 s that the characteristic tissue features were sometimes seen in pan  cre  atic tissue from normal infants and even adults and is not consistently associated with hyper  insul  in  emic hypo  gly  cem  ia however the term has been resurrec  ted in recent years to describe a form of acquired hyper  insul  in  ism with beta cell hyper  pl  asia found in adults especially after gastro  intest  inal surgery evidence of physi  o  logic mechanisms pur  porting that weight loss surgery conveys the ability to induce a more contemporary presentation of ne  si  dio  bl  ast  osis remains elusive and is of intense interest to diabetes researchers
in computer programming a ne  sted function or ne  sted procedure or sub  routine is a function which is defined within another function the en  closing function due to simple recur  sive scope rules a ne  sted function is itself invisible outside of its immediately en  closing function but can see access all local objects data functions types etc of its immediately en  closing function as well as of any function s which in turn en  closes that function the ne  sting is theoretically possible to any ideas of depth although only a few levels are normally used in practical programs ne  sted functions are used in many approaches to structured programming including early ones such as al  go  l simul  a 67 and pascal and also in many modern dynamic languages and functional languages however they are traditionally not supported in the originally simple c family of languages
a net british english nett value is the resultant amount after accounting for the sum or difference of two or more variables in economics it is frequently used to imply the remaining value after accounting for a specific commonly understood deduction in these cases it is contr  asted with the term gross which refers to the pre deduction value for example net income is the total income of a company after deduc  ting its expenses — commonly known as profit — or the total income of an individual after deduc  ting his or her income tax profit may be broken down further into pre taxed or gross profit and profit after taxes or net profit similarly an individual s net worth the difference between their assets what they own and their liabilities what they owe to others similarly net investment in physical capital such as machinery equals gross total investment minus the dollar amount of replacement investment that off  sets depreciation of pre existing machinery thus giving the change in the amount of machinery available for use likewise net national product equals gross national product minus depreciation
net generation is the amount of electricity generated by a power plant that is transmitted and distributed for consumer use net generation is less than the total gross power generation as some power produced is consumed within the plant itself to power auxiliary equipment such as pumps motors and pollution control devices thus net generation gross generation − usage within the plant a k a in house loads
net interest income n  ii is the difference between revenues generated by interest bearing assets and the cost of servicing interest burdened liabilities for banks the assets typically include commercial and personal loans mortgages construction loans and investment securities the liabilities consist primarily of customers deposits n  ii is the difference between a interest payments the bank receives on loans outstanding and b interest payments the bank makes to customers on their deposits n  ii interest payments on assets − interest payments on liabilities depending on a bank s specific assets and liabilities e g fixed or floating rate n  ii may be more or less sensitive to changes in interest rates if the bank s liabilities re  price faster than its assets then it is said to be liability sensitive further the bank is asset sensitive if its liabilities re  price more slowly than its assets in a changing interest rate environment the exposure of n  ii to changes in interest rates can be measured by the dollar maturity gap d  mg which is the difference between the dollar amount of assets that re  price and the dollar amount of liabilities that re  price within a given time period
net migration rate is the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time divided usually per 1 000 inhabitants considered on mid  term population a positive value represents more people entering the country than leaving it while a negative value means more people leaving than entering it
nether  ton syndrome is a severe auto  som  al rec  essive form of ich  thy  osis associated with mutations in the sp  ink 5 gene it is named after earl w nether  ton 19  10 – 1985 an american der  mato  logist who discovered it in 1958
a network centric organization is a network governance pattern emerging in many progressive 21 st century enterprises this implies new ways of working with consequences for the enterprise ’ s infrastructure processes people and culture
network load balancing commonly referred to as dual wan routing or multi  hom  ing is the ability to balance traffic across two wan links without using complex routing protocols like b  g  p this capability balances network sessions like web email etc over multiple connections in order to spread out the amount of band  width used by each lan user thus increasing the total amount of band  width available for example a user has a single wan connection to the internet operating at 1 5 m  bit s they wish to add a second broadband cable d  sl wireless etc connection operating at 2 5 m  bit s this would provide them with a total of 4 m  bit s of band  width when balancing sessions session balancing does just that it balances sessions across each wan link when web brow  s  ers connect to the internet they commonly open multiple sessions one for the text another for an image another for some other image etc each of these sessions can be balanced across the available connections an ft  p application only uses a single session so it is not balanced however if a secondary ft  p connection is made then it may be balanced so that on the whole traffic is evenly distributed across the various connections and thus provides an overall increase in through  put additionally network load balancing is commonly used to provide network redundancy so that in the event of a wan link out  age access to network resources is still available via the secondary link s redundancy is a key requirement for business continuity plans and generally used in conjunction with critical applications like v  p  ns and vo  ip finally most network load balancing systems also incorporate the ability to balance both out  bound and in  bound traffic in  bound load balancing is generally performed via dynamic d  ns which can either be built into the system or provided by an external service or system having the dynamic d  ns service within the system is generally thought to be better from a cost savings and overall control point of view
in economics and business a network effect also called network extern  ality or demand side economies of scale is the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people when a network effect is present the value of a product or service is dependent on the number of others using it the classic example is the telephone the more people who own telephones the more valuable the telephone is to each owner this creates a positive extern  ality because a user may purchase a telephone without intending to create value for other users but does so in any case online social networks work in the same way with sites like twitter and facebook becoming more attractive as more users join the expression network effect is applied most commonly to positive network externalities as in the case of the telephone negative network externalities can also occur where more users make a product less valuable but are more commonly referred to as congestion as in traffic congestion or network congestion over time positive network effects can create a band  wagon effect as the network becomes more valuable and more people join in a positive feedback loop
net  worked feminism is a phenomenon that can be described as the online mobilization and coordination of femin  ists in response to perceived s  exist mis  og  yn  istic racist and other discriminatory acts against minority groups this phenomenon covers all possible definitions of what feminist movements may entail as there have been multiple waves of feminist movements and there is no central authority to control what the term feminism claims to be while one may hold a different opinion from another on the definition of feminism all those who believe in these movements and ideologies share the same goal of dismantling the current patriarch  al social structure where men hold primary power and higher social privileges above all others net  worked feminism is not spear  headed by one singular women s group rather it is the manifestation of femin  ists ability to leverage the internet to make traditionally un  represented voices and viewpoints heard net  worked feminism occurs when social network sites such as facebook twitter and tum  bl  r are used as a catalyst in the promotion of feminist equality and in response to sex  ism users of these social media websites promote the advancement of feminism using tools such as viral facebook groups and hash  tags these tools are used to push gender equality and call attention to those promoting anything otherwise online feminist work is becoming a new engine of contemporary feminism with the possibility of connecting and communicating all around the world through the internet no other form of activism in history has brought together and empowered so many people to take action on a singular issue
n  eu – lax  ova syndrome also known as n  eu syndrome or n  eu po  vy  si  lov  á syndrome abbreviated as n  ls is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by severe in  trau  ter  ine growth restriction and multiple con  genital mal  formations n  eu – lax  ova syndrome is a very severe disorder leading to still  birth or ne  on  atal death it was first described by dr richard n  eu in 1971 and dr ren  ata lax  ova in 1972 as a lethal disorder in si  bl  ings with multiple mal  formations n  eu – lax  ova syndrome is an extremely rare disorder with less than 100 cases reported in medical literature
ne  ural back  propagation is the phenomenon in which the action potential of a ne  uron creates a voltage spike both at the end of the ax  on normal propagation and back through to the d  end  ri  tic ar  bor or d  end  rit  es from which much of the original input current originated it has been shown that this simple process can be used in a manner similar to the back  propagation algori  thm used in multi  layer percep  tron  s a type of artificial ne  ural network in addition to active back  propagation of the action potential there is also passive electro  tonic spread while there is ample evidence to prove the existence of back  propagating action pot  entials the function of such action pot  entials and the extent to which they invade the most dis  tal d  end  rit  es remains highly controversial
syn  esthesia is a neuro  logical condition in which two or more bodily senses are coupled for example in a form of syn  esthesia known as graph  em  e → color syn  esthesia letters or numbers may be perceived as inherently colored in another called number → form syn  esthesia numbers are automatically and consistently associated with locations in space in yet another form of syn  esthesia called ord  inal linguistic person  ification either numbers days of the week or months of the year ev  oke personalities in other forms of syn  esthesia music and other sounds may be perceived as colored or having particular shapes recent research has begun to explore the ne  ural basis of these experiences drawing both on neuro  scientific principles and on functional neuro  imaging data based on these data two major theories have been proposed concerning the ne  ural basis of syn  esthesia both theories start from the observation that there are dedicated regions of the brain that are specialized for certain functions for example the part of the human brain involved in processing visual input called the visual cor  tex can be further subdivided into regions that are prefer  entially involved in color processing the fourth visual area v 4 or with motion processing called v 5 or mt based on this notion of specialized regions some researchers have suggested that increased cross talk between different regions specialized for different functions may account for different types of syn  esthesia
the ne  ural efficiency hypothesis is the phenomenon where smarter individuals show lower more efficient brain activation than less bright individuals on cognitive tests of low to moderate difficulty for tasks of higher difficulty however smarter individuals show higher brain activation
ne  ural facilitation also known as p  aired pulse facilitation pp  f is a phenomenon in neuro  science in which post  syn  ap  tic pot  entials p  sps ep  ps or ep  sps ev  oked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse pp  f is thus a form of short term syn  ap  tic plas  tic  ity the mechanisms underlying ne  ural facilitation are exclusively pre syn  ap  tic broadly speaking pp  f arises due to increased pres  yn  ap  tic ca 2 concentration leading to a greater release of neuro  transmitter containing syn  ap  tic ves  ic  les ne  ural facilitation may be involved in several neuro  nal tasks including simple learning information processing and sound source loc  alization
ne  ural fi  bro  li  po  ma is an over  growth of fi  bro fatty tissue along a nerve trunk that often leads to nerve compression
ne  ural tube defects nt  ds are a group of conditions in which an opening in the spinal cord or brain remains from early in human development in the 3 rd week of pregnancy called ga  str  ulation specialized cells on the dor  sal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the ne  ural tube when the ne  ural tube does not close completely an n  td develops specific types include sp  ina bi  fi  da which affects the sp  ine an  encephal  y which results in little to no brain encephal  oce  le which affects the skull and ini  encephal  y which results in severe neck problems nt  ds are one of the most common birth defects affecting over 300 000 births each year worldwide for example sp  ina bi  fi  da affects approximately 1 500 births annually in the usa or about 3 5 in every 10 000 0 0  35 of us births which has decreased from around 5 per 10 000 0 05 of us births since fol  ate for  tification was started the number of deaths in the usa each year due to ne  ural tube defects also declined from 1 200 before fol  ate for  tification was started to 840
ne  ur  al  gia greek ne  uron nerve al  gos pain is pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves as in inter  cost  al ne  ur  al  gia tri  gem  inal ne  ur  al  gia and glos  sop  har  yn  ge  al ne  ur  al  gia
ne  ur  ap  ra  x  ia is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system in which there is a temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to block  age of nerve conduc  tion usually lasting an average of six to eight weeks before full recovery ne  ur  ap  ra  x  ia is derived from the word ap  ra  x  ia meaning “ loss or impairment of the ability to execute complex coordinated movements without muscular or sensory impairment ” this condition is typically caused by a blunt ne  ural injury due to external blows or shock like injuries to muscle fi  bers and sk  el  etal nerve fi  bers which leads to repeated or prolonged pressure buil  dup on the nerve as a result of this pressure is  chem  ia occurs a ne  ural le  sion results and the human body naturally responds with e  dem  a extending in all directions from the source of the pressure this le  sion causes a complete or partial action potential conduc  tion block over a segment of a nerve fiber and thus a reduction or loss of function in parts of the ne  ural connection downstream from the le  sion leading to muscle weakness ne  ur  ap  ra  x  ia results in temporary damage to the my  elin she  ath but leaves the nerve intact and is an im  permanent condition thus wall  er  ian de  generation does not occur in ne  ur  ap  ra  x  ia in order for the condition to be considered ne  ur  ap  ra  x  ia according to the sed  don classification system of peripheral nerve injury there must be a complete and relatively rapid recovery of motor and sensory function once nerve conduc  tion has been restored otherwise the injury would be classified as ax  on  ot  mes  is or neuro  t  mes  is thus ne  ur  ap  ra  x  ia is the mil  dest classification of peripheral nerve injury ne  ur  ap  ra  x  ia is very common in professional athletes especially american football players and is a condition that can and should be treated by a physician
ne  ur  asth  enia is a term that was first used at least as early as 1829 to label a mechanical weakness of the actual nerves rather than the more met  aphor  ical nerves referred to by george miller beard later as a psychop  ath  ological term ne  ur  asth  enia was used by beard in 18  69 to den  ote a condition with symptoms of fatigue anxiety headache heart pal  p  itations high blood pressure ne  ur  al  gia and depressed mood ne  ur  asth  enia is currently a diagnosis in the world health organization s international classification of diseases and the chinese society of psychiatry s chinese classification of mental disorders however it is no longer included as a diagnosis in the american psychiatric association s diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders americans were said to be particularly prone to ne  ur  asth  enia which resulted in the nickname americ  ani  tis popul  arized by william james another rarely used term for ne  ur  asth  enia is ner  vo  s  ism
ne  uro immune dysfunction syndrome is a classification of auto  immune disorders proposed by dr michael j gold  berg that might explain some cognitive deficiencies in some patients diagnosed with au  tism dr gold  berg through the ne  uro immune dysfunction syndro  mes ni  ds research and treatment institute advocates for testing and consultation with auto  immune specialists nutrition specialists and occupational therap  ists to systematically test for heighten immune response and reduce environmental triggers that may interfere with cognitive function he then advocates rehabil  itative therapy to teach social and vocational skills that may be lacking once the reduced infl  amm  ation allows more normal cognitive function the ni  ds institutes openly states that it is primarily a network of parents advocating for more research into potential environmental causes of symptoms diagnosed as au  tism
neuro  ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis is a label applied to several neuro  logical conditions in which the blood contains mis  shap  en sp  ic  ulated red blood cells called ac  anth  oc  y  tes the core neuro  ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis syndro  mes in which ac  anth  oc  y  tes are a typical feature are cho  rea ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis and m  cle  od syndrome ac  anth  oc  y  tes are seen less frequently in other conditions including hun  t  ington s disease like syndrome 2 h  dl 2 and pan  to  th  en  ate kin  ase associated neuro  de  generation p  kan the neuro  ac  anth  oc  y  to  sis syndro  mes are caused by a range of genetic mutations and produce a variety of clinical features but primarily produce neuro  de  generation of the brain specifically the bas  al gang  lia the diseases are hereditary but rare
neuro  bl  ast  oma nb is the most common ex  trac  ran  ial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy with an incidence of about 650 cases per year in the u s and 100 cases per year in the uk nearly half of neuro  bl  ast  oma cases occur in children younger than two years it is a neuro  endocrine tumor arising from any ne  ural c  rest element of the sympathetic nervous system s  ns it most frequently originates in one of the adren  al g  lands but can also develop in nerve tissues in the neck chest ab  dom  en or pel  vis neuro  bl  ast  oma is one of the few human m  align  ancies known to demonstrate spontaneous regression from an un  differentiated state to a completely benign cellular appearance it is a disease exhi  biting extreme hetero  geneity and is str  ati  fied into three risk categories low intermediate and high risk low risk disease is most common in infants and good outcomes are common with observation only or surgery whereas high risk disease is difficult to treat successfully even with the most intensive multi modal therapies available esthe  sion  euro  bl  ast  oma also known as ol  factory neuro  bl  ast  oma is believed to arise from the ol  factory epi  the  lium and its classification remains controversial however since it is not a sympathetic nervous system m  align  ancy esthe  sion  euro  bl  ast  oma is a distinct clinical entity and is not to be confused with neuro  bl  ast  oma
neuro  bor  reli  osis is a disorder of the central nervous system caused by infection with a spi  ro  che  te of the genus bor  reli  a the microbiological progression of the disease is similar to that of neuro  sy  phil  is another spi  ro  che  tal infection
neuro  cu  taneous mel  an  osis is a con  genital disorder characterized by the presence of con  genital mel  an  oc  y  tic ne  vi on the skin and mel  an  oc  y  tic tumors in the le  p  tom  en  inges of the central nervous system these le  sions may occur in the amy  gd  ala cere  bell  um cere  bru  m p  ons and spinal cord of patients although typically as  ymp  tomatic m  align  ancy occurs in the form of le  p  tom  en  ing  e  al mel  anom  a in over half of patients regardless of the presence of m  align  ancy patients with symptomatic neuro  cu  taneous mel  an  osis generally have a poor prog  no  sis with few treatment options the patho  genesis of neuro  cu  taneous mel  an  osis is believed to be related to the abnormal post  zy  go  tic development of mel  ano  bl  asts and mutations of the n  ras gene
neuro  cy  tom  a or neuro  epi  the  li  oma is a type of nervous system tumor which is primarily derived from nervous tissue this is in contrast to the gli  om  as such as oli  god  end  rog  li  oma which are derived from gli  al cells which are not derived from nervous tissue
neuro  de  generation is the umbrella term for the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons including death of neurons many neuro  degenerative diseases including am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis par  kinson s alzheimer s and hun  t  ington s occur as a result of neuro  degenerative processes such diseases are incur  able resulting in progressive de  generation and or death of ne  uron cells as research progres  ses many similarities appear that relate these diseases to one another on a sub cellular level discovering these similarities offers hope for therapeutic advances that could amelior  ate many diseases simultaneously there are many parallels between different neuro  degenerative disorders including atypical protein assemblies as well as induced cell death neuro  de  generation can be found in many different levels of neuro  nal circu  it  ry ranging from molecular to systemic
a neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumor is a tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system
neuro  endocrine aden  oma of the middle ear name is a tumor which arises from a specific an  atomic site middle ear name is a benign g  land  ular ne  op  las  m of middle ear showing his  to  logic and immun  o  his  to  chemical neuro  endocrine and m  uc  in secre  ting differentiation bi  ph  as  ic or dual differentiation
neuro  endocrine tumors nets are ne  op  las  ms that arise from cells of the endocrine hormonal and nervous systems many are benign while some are m  align  ant they most commonly occur in the intest  ine where they are often called carcin  o  id tumors but they are also found in the pan  cre  as lung and the rest of the body although there are many kinds of nets they are treated as a group of tissue because the cells of these ne  op  las  ms share common features such as looking similar having special secre  tory gran  ules and often producing bio  genic am  ines and poly  pep  tide hormones
neuro  fer  rit  in  opathy or adult onset bas  al gang  lia disease is a genetic neuro  degenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of iron in the bas  al gang  lia cere  bell  um and motor cor  tex of the human brain symptoms which are extr  ap  y  ram  idal in nature progress slowly and generally do not become apparent until adul  thood these symptoms include cho  rea dy  st  onia and cognitive deficits which worsen with age this disorder is auto  som  al dominant and is caused by mutations in the gene en  coding the light chain sub  unit of the fer  ri  tin protein wild type fer  ri  tin functions as a buffer for iron sequ  est  ering it and controlling its release thus mutations in the light chain of fer  ri  tin result in the accumulation of iron in the brain which can be im  aged using m  ri currently neuro  fer  rit  in  opathy is the only neuro  degenerative disease with an iron accumulation in the brain classified as an auto  som  al dominant syndrome treatment of neuro  fer  rit  in  opathy is focused on managing symptoms associated with cho  rea and dy  st  onia using standard medications for each the disorder is progressive and symptoms become worse with age fewer than 100 cases of neuro  fer  rit  in  opathy have been reported since its identification in 2001 its incidence has been largely loc  alized to northeast england suggesting a founder effect due to its genetic nature current research is focused on therapeutic management of the symptoms caused by the disorder
a neuro  fi  bro  ma is a benign nerve she  ath tumor in the peripheral nervous system in 90 of cases they re found as stand alone tumors while the remainder are found in persons with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type i n  f 1 an auto  som  al dominant genetically inherited disease they can result in a range of symptoms from physical dis  figur  ation and pain to cognitive disability neuro  fi  bro  mas arise from non  my  el  inating type schw  ann cells that exhibit bi  all  el  ic in  activation of the n  f 1 gene that codes for the protein neuro  fi  bro  min this protein is responsible for regulating the ras medi  ated cell growth sign  aling path  way in contrast to sch  wan  no  mas another type of tumor arising from schw  ann cells neuro  fi  bro  mas incorporate many additional types of cells and structural elements in addition to schw  ann cells making it difficult to identify and understand all the mechanisms through which they originate and develop
neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis n  f refers to several genetically inherited conditions that are clin  ically and genetically different and carry a high possibility of tumor formation this disorder is divided into neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 1 neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 2 and sch  wan  no  mat  osis
neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 3 also known as neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis mixed type resembles von reck  ling  ha  usen s disease but also presents with cu  taneous neuro  fi  bro  mas
neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 4 also known as neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis variant type resembles von reck  ling  ha  usen s disease but also presents with cu  taneous neuro  fi  bro  mas this is a new development in the n  f family
neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type i n  f 1 is a tumor disorder that is caused by the mutation of a gene on chro  mo  some 17 that is responsible for control of cell division n  f 1 causes tumors along the nervous system and can grow anywhere on the body n  f 1 is one of the most common genetic disorders and is not limited to any person s race or sex currently 2015 there are at least 100 000 people in the u s and about 150 000 people in the uk who have been diagnosed with n  f common symptoms of n  f 1 include bro  wn  ish red spots in the colored part of the eye called lis  ch no  d  ules benign skin tumors called neuro  fi  bro  mas and larger benign tumors of nerves called pl  exi  form neuro  fi  bro  mas sco  li  osis cur  v  ature of the sp  ine learning disabilities vision disorders mental disabilities multiple café au la  it t  cl name of specifics spots spots and epi  le  psy n  f 1 is a developmental syndrome caused by ger  m  line mutations in neuro  fi  bro  min a gene that is involved in the ras path  way ras  opathy due to its r  arity and to the fact that genetic diagnosis has been used only in recent years in the past n  f 1 was in same cases confused with another syndrome with vaguely similar symptoms the legi  us syndrome n  f 1 is an age specific disease most signs of n  f 1 are visible after birth during infancy but many symptoms of n  f 1 occur as the person ages and has hormonal changes n  f 1 was formerly known as von reck  ling  ha  usen disease after the researcher friedrich daniel von reck  ling  ha  usen who first documented the disorder
neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type ii or mis  me syndrome for multiple inherited sch  wan  no  mas men  ing  i  om  as and ep  end  y  mom  as is a genetic condition which may be inherited or may arise spontaneously the main manifestation of the condition is the development of sym  metric non m  align  ant brain tumors in the region of the cran  ial nerve viii which is the aud  itory vesti  bul  ar nerve that trans  mits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain many people with this condition also experience visual problems n  f ii is caused by mutations of the merlin gene which seems to influence the form and movement of cells the principal treatments consist of neuro  surgical removal of the tumors and surgical treatment of the eye le  sions historically the underlying disorder has not had any therapy due to the cell function caused by the genetic mutation however new drug research and some clinical trials have shown some promise in having beneficial effects collaborative research to find better treatments is ongoing such as the work of the sy  no  dos n  f 2 consortium of scientists
neuro  genic blad  der dysfunction sometimes simply referred to as neuro  genic blad  der is a dysfunction of the ur  inary blad  der due to disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of mic  tur  ition ur  ination neuro  genic blad  der usually causes difficulty or full inability to pass urine without use of a cathe  ter or other method
neuro  genic clau  dic  ation nc also known as pseu  do  clau  dic  ation is a common symptom of lum  bar spinal sten  osis or infl  amm  ation of the nerves emanating from the spinal cord neuro  genic means that the problem originates with a problem at a nerve and clau  dic  ation from the latin for lim  p because the patient feels a painful cram  ping or weakness in the legs nc should therefore be distinguished from vascular clau  dic  ation which is when the clau  dic  ation stems from a circul  atory problem not a ne  ural problem neuro  genic clau  dic  ation can be bilateral or unilateral calf but  to  ck or thi  gh discomfort pain num  b  ness or weakness in some patients it is precipit  ated by walking and prolonged standing the pain is class  ically relieved by a change in position or fl  ex  ion of the wa  ist and not simply relieved by rest as in vascular clau  dic  ation therefore patients with neuro  genic inter  mit  tent clau  dic  ation have less disability in climbing steps pushing car  ts and cycling in some patients with severe compression of the nerve roots the nc is not inter  mit  tent but painfully persistent the path  op  hy  si  ology is thought to be is  chem  ia of the lum  bo  sac  ral nerve roots secondary to compression from surrounding structures hyper  tro  phi  ed facets lig  am  ent  um flav  um bone sp  urs scar tissue and bul  ging or her  ni  ated dis  cs in addition to vascular clau  dic  ation pseudo tro  chan  ter  ic bur  si  tis should be considered in the differential
neuro  genic diabetes insi  pi  dus more commonly known as central diabetes insi  pi  dus is due to a lack of vas  op  res  sin production in the brain vas  op  res  sin acts to increase the volume of blood intr  av  as  cul  arly and decrease the volume of urine produced therefore a lack of it causes increased urine production and volume depletion it is also known as neuro  hypo  phy  seal diabetes insi  pi  dus this condition has only poly  ur  ia in common with diabetes and although not mutually exclusive with most typical cases the name diabetes insi  pi  dus is a misleading mis  no  mer a better name might be adh deficient poly  ur  ia
neuro  genic infl  amm  ation is infl  amm  ation arising from the local release of infl  am  matory mediators from a  ffer  ent neurons such as substance p cal  cit  on  in gene related pep  tide c  gr  p neuro  kin  in a n  ka and endo  th  elin 3 et 3 tr  pa 1 channels stimulated by li  po  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  de l  ps may also cause acute neuro  genic infl  amm  ation once released these n  europe  p  ti  des induce the release of hist  amine from adjacent m  ast cells in turn hist  amine ev  okes the release of substance p and cal  cit  on  in gene related pep  tide thus a bi  direc  tional link between hist  amine and n  europe  p  ti  des in neuro  genic infl  amm  ation is established neuro  genic infl  amm  ation appears to play an important role in the patho  genesis of numerous diseases including migr  aine ps  ori  asis asthma fi  bro  my  al  gia ecz  ema ro  sac  ea dy  st  onia and multiple chemical sensitivity in migr  aine stimulation of the tri  gem  inal nerve causes neuro  genic infl  amm  ation via release of n  europe  p  ti  des including substance p nit  ric oxide vas  o  active intest  inal poly  pep  tide 5 ht neuro  kin  in a and c  gr  p leading to a sterile neuro  genic infl  amm  ation
neuro  genic shock is a distributive type of shock resulting in low blood pressure occasionally with a slowed heart rate that is attributed to the disruption of the autonom  ic pathways within the spinal cord it can occur after damage to the central nervous system such as spinal cord injury low blood pressure occurs due to decreased systemic vascular resistance resulting in pooling of blood within the extre  mi  ties lacking sympathetic tone the slowed heart rate results from un  opposed vag  al activity and has been found to be exacerbated by hypo  x  ia and endo  bron  ch  ial suc  tion neuro  genic shock can be a potentially devastating complic  ation leading to organ dysfunction and death if not promptly recognized and treated it is not to be confused with spinal shock which is not circul  atory in nature
neuro  infl  amm  ation is infl  amm  ation of the nervous tissue it may be initiated in response to a variety of cu  es including infection traumatic brain injury toxic metabol  ites or auto  immunity in the central nervous system cns including the brain and spinal cord micro  glia are the resident in  nate immune cells that are activated in response to these cu  es the cns is typically an immun  o  logically privileged site because peripheral immune cells are generally blocked by the blood – brain barrier b  bb a specialized structure composed of astro  cy  tes and endo  the  li  al cells however circulating peripheral immune cells may surpass a compromised b  bb and encounter neurons and gli  al cells expressing major his  to  compatibility complex molecules perpetuating the immune response although the response is initiated to protect the central nervous system from the infectious agent the effect may be toxic and widespread infl  amm  ation as well as further migration of leuk  oc  y  tes through the blood – brain barrier
neuro  le  ptic induced deficit syndrome is a clinical syndrome that develops in some patients who take high doses of an anti  psychotic for an extended time time it is most often caused by high potency typical anti  psycho  tics but can also be caused by high doses of many aty  pic  als especially those closer in profile to typical ones that have higher d 2 dop  amine recep  tor aff  inity and relatively low 5 ht 2 sero  ton  in recep  tor binding aff  inity like ris  peri  done and am  is  ul  pride
neuro  le  ptic m  align  ant syndrome n  ms is a life threatening neuro  logical disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuro  le  ptic or anti  psychotic drugs n  ms typically consists of muscle rigidity fever autonom  ic instability and cognitive changes such as deli  ri  um and is associated with elevated plasma cre  at  ine phosp  ho  kin  ase the incidence of neuro  le  ptic m  align  ant syndrome has decreased since it was first described due to changes in prescribing habits but n  ms is still a potential danger to patients being treated with anti  psychotic medication because of the un  predictability of n  ms treatment may vary substantially but is generally based on supportive care and removal of the offending anti  psychotic drug
a neuro  logical disorder is any disorder of the body nervous system structural bio  chemical or electrical ab  norm  alities in the brain spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms examples of symptoms include paralysis muscle weakness poor coordination loss of sensation seizures confusion pain and altered levels of consciousness there are many recognized neuro  logical disorders some relatively common but many rare they may be assessed by neuro  logical examination and studied and treated within the specialities of neuro  logy and clinical neuro  psychology interventions for neuro  logical disorders include preventative measures lifestyle changes physi  otherapy or other therapy neuro  rehabilitation pain management medication or operations performed by neuro  surgeons the world health organization estimated in 2006 that neuro  logical disorders and their sequ  el  ae direct consequences affect as many as one billion people worldwide and identified health inequalities and social stigma discrimination as major factors contributing to the associated disability and suffering
a neuro  ma n  ju  ː  ˈ  ro  ʊ  m  ə plural neuro  mata or neuro  mas is a growth or tumor of nerve tissue neuro  mas tend to be benign i e not can  cer  ous many nerve tumors including those that are commonly m  align  ant are nowadays referred to by other terms neuro  mas can arise from different types of nervous tissue including the nerve fi  bers and their my  elin she  ath as in the case of genuine ne  op  las  ms grow  ths like gang  lion  euro  mas and ne  ur  in  om  as the term is also used to refer to any sw  elling of a nerve even in the absence of abnormal cell growth in particular traumatic neuro  ma results from trauma to a nerve often during a surgical procedure mor  ton s neuro  ma affects the foot neuro  mas can be painful or sometimes as in the case of acous  tic neuro  mas can give rise to other symptoms
neuro  muscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses many diseases and ail  ments that impair the functioning of the muscles either directly being patho  logies of the voluntary muscle or indirectly being patho  logies of nerves or neuro  muscular junc  tions neuro  muscular diseases are those that affect the muscles and or their direct nervous system control problems with central nervous control can cause either sp  as  tic  ity or some degree of paralysis from both lower and upper motor ne  uron disorders depending on the location and the nature of the problem some examples of central disorders include cere  bro  vascular accident par  kinson s disease multiple sclerosis hun  t  ington s disease and creutz  feldt – jakob disease spinal muscular atro  ph  ies are disorders of lower motor ne  uron while am  yo  troph  ic lateral sclerosis is a mixed upper and lower motor ne  uron condition
neuro  muscular junction disease is a medical condition where the normal conduc  tion through the neuro  muscular junction fails to function correctly
neuro  m  ye  li  tis op  tica n  mo also known as dev  ic s disease or dev  ic s syndrome is a heterogeneous condition consisting of the simultaneous infl  amm  ation and dem  yel  ination of the op  tic nerve op  tic ne  uri  tis and the spinal cord m  ye  li  tis it can be mon  op  has  ic or recurrent currently at least two different causes are proposed based on the presence of auto  antibodies against aq  p 4 aq  p 4 n  mo is currently considered an auto  immune disease auto  immune astro  cy  top  athy or auto  immune astro  cy  tic chann  el  opathy in which a person s own immune system attacks the astro  cy  tes of the op  tic nerves and spinal cord the cause of the aq  p 4 variants is unknown although infl  amm  ation may also affect the brain the le  sions are different from those observed in the related condition multiple sclerosis spinal cord le  sions lead to varying degrees of weakness or paralysis in the legs or arms loss of sensation including blindness and or blad  der and bo  wel dysfunction dev  ic s disease is now studied along a collection of similar diseases called neuro  m  ye  li  tis op  tica spectrum diseases some cases of this spectrum resemble multiple sclerosis ms in several ways but require a different course of treatment for optimal results in 2004 n  mo ig  g currently known as anti aq  p ig  g was first described leading to the distinction between positive and negative cases in anti aq  p positive variants cns astro  cy  tes which are the basis for the gl  ymp  h  atic system are the target of the auto  immune attack n  mo ig  g negative cases are less understood it seems currently that astro  cy  tes are spared in these ig  g negative cases
neuro  my  o  ton  ia n  mt also known as isa  acs syndrome and isa  acs mer  ton syndrome is a form of peripheral nerve hyper  exc  itability that causes spontaneous muscular activity resulting from repeti  tive motor unit action pot  entials of peripheral origin prevalence is unknown but 100 – 200 cases have been reported so far
neuro  nal cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin  osis nc  l is the general name for a family of at least eight genetically separate neuro  degenerative disorders that result from excessive accumulation of li  po  pig  ments li  po  fus  cin in the body s tissues these li  po  pig  ments are made up of fats and proteins their name comes from the word stem li  po which is a variation on lip  id or fat and from the term pig  ment used because the substances take on a green  ish yellow color when viewed under an ultra  violet light micro  scope these li  po  fus  cin materials build up in neuro  nal cells and many organs including the liver sp  leen my  o  cardi  um and kidneys
neuro  nal galvan  o  tro  p  ism is the ability to direct the out  growth of neuro  nal processes through the use of an ex  trac  ell  ular electric field this technique has been researched since the late 1920 s and has been shown to direct the formation of both ax  onic and d  end  ri  tic processes in cell culture it is only possible to direct out  growth of in vitro preparations at this point in vitro preparations involve the use of a culture dish in which there is a species specific neuro  nal growth factor neurons are removed from a chosen animal pl  ated onto the dish and allowed to grow often kept in incub  ation the application of an ex  trac  ell  ular electric field shows that the cells will grow processes in a direction that demonstrates the direction of the applied electric field this could be either in the direction of the cath  ode or ano  de depending on the type of sub  str  ate the cells are pl  ated onto the mechanism underlying this behavior is thought to involve the effect of the electric field on recep  tors and memb  rane proteins on the cell s surface these charged proteins would experience an electro  pho  re  tic force pulling them toward the op  pos  itely charged pole of the electric field most of these memb  rane proteins are negatively charged but the growth when observed appears to be directed to the negative pole cath  ode this is a strange behavior that can only be accounted for by electro  os  mo  tic effects positively charged ions outside the cell experience a force towards the cath  ode there is a flux of these ions outside the cell and the she  ar force of solution movement is thought to pull the ne  ur  ite in the cath  od  al direction also the electric field may de  pol  arize the cell near the cath  od  al side opening voltage gated calcium channels and allowing calcium ions to enter the cell calcium is widely believed to be a factor in ne  ur  ite out  growth this theory has been challenged in a recent paper by scientists at pur  due university recent studies also involve differentiating between the effect of current on growth direction and the effect of a simple electric field studies involving ac and dc fields are also being conducted this is currently a highly researched topic in which many neuro  science labs around the world are attempting to be the first to have a feasible method of directing out  growth potential applications involve the direction and regeneration of severed nerves although these would only become available in the very distant future this technique would also be useful in the study of neuro  nal networks ne  ur  ites could be directed toward each other over large distances and allowed to form syn  ap  ses networks of hundreds or thousands of cells could be constructed and studied
neuro  nal ti  ling is a phenomenon in which multiple ar  b  ors of neurons in  nerv  ate the same surface tissue in a non  redundant and ti  led pattern that maxim  izes coverage of the surface while minim  izing overlap between neighbouring ar  b  ors hence d  end  rit  es of the same ne  uron spread out by avoiding one another self avoidance moreover d  end  rit  es of certain types of neurons such as class iii and class iv d  end  ri  tic ar  b  ori  zation neurons avoid d  end  rit  es of neighbouring neurons of the same type ti  ling whereas d  end  rit  es of different neuro  nal types can cover the same territory coexistence one good example of this organization is the cell bodies of virtually all re  tin  al cell types which are arranged as independent non  random mo  sa  ics that maximize the distance between neighbouring cells elu  ci  dating the mechanisms of process spac  ing during development is therefore relevant for understanding principles of tissue organization inside and outside of the nervous system
neuro  path  ia m  uc  in  osa cu  tane  a is a cu  taneous condition characterized by live  do re  ticul  aris on the legs and hyper  esthesia
neuro  path  ic ar  thro  pa  thy or neuro  path  ic o  ste  o  ar  thro  pa  thy also known as char  cot joint often char  cot foot refers to progressive de  generation of a weight bearing joint a process marked by bon  y destruction bone resor  ption and eventual de  form  ity onset is usually insidious if this pathological process continues unchecked it can result in joint de  form  ity ul  cer  ation and or super  infection loss of function and in the worst case scenario ampu  tation or death early identification of joint changes is the best way to limit morbi  dity
neuro  path  ic pain is pain caused by damage or disease affecting the som  at  os  ens  ory nervous system neuro  path  ic pain may be associated with abnormal sens  ations called dys  esthesia or pain from normally non painful stimul  i allo  dy  nia it may have continuous and or ep  is  od  ic par  oxy  sm  al components the latter resemble stab  b  ings or electric shocks common qualities include burning or col  dness pins and needles sens  ations num  b  ness and it  ching up to 7 to 8 of the european population is affected and in 5 of persons it may be severe neuro  path  ic pain may result from disorders of the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system brain and spinal cord thus neuro  path  ic pain may be divided into peripheral neuro  path  ic pain central neuro  path  ic pain or mixed peripheral and central neuro  path  ic pain
neuro  pa  thy at  ax  ia and ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa also known as nar  p syndrome is a rare disease with mit  och  on  dri  al inheritance that causes a variety of signs and symptoms chiefly affecting the nervous system beginning in childhood or early adul  thood most people with nar  p experience num  b  ness ting  ling or pain in the arms and legs sensory neuro  pa  thy muscle weakness and problems with balance and coordination at  ax  ia many affected individuals also have vision loss caused by changes in the light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye the re  tina in some cases the vision loss results from a condition called ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa this eye disease causes the light sensing cells of the re  tina gradually to deteriorate
neuro  sar  co  ido  sis sometimes shortened to neuro  sar  co  id refers to sar  co  ido  sis a condition of unknown cause featuring gran  ul  om  as in various tissues involving the central nervous system brain and spinal cord it can have many manifestations but ab  norm  alities of the cran  ial nerves a group of twelve nerves supplying the head and neck area are the most common it may develop acutely sub  acutely and chronically approximately 5 10 of people with sar  co  ido  sis of other organs e g lung develop central nervous system involvement only 1 of people with sar  co  ido  sis will have neuro  sar  co  ido  sis alone without involvement of any other organs diagnosis can be difficult with no test apart from biopsy achieving a high accuracy rate treatment is with immun  o  suppression the first case of sar  co  ido  sis involving the nervous system was reported in 1948
sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction or a combination of these to persons of the opposite sex or gender the same sex or gender or to both sexes or more than one gender the ultimate causes and mechanisms of sexual orientation development in humans remain unclear and many theories are speculative and controversial however advances in neuro  science explain and illustrate characteristics linked to sexual orientation studies have explored structural ne  ural cor  relates functional and or cognitive relationships and developmental theories relating to sexual orientation in humans
neuro  sis is a class of functional mental disorders involving distress but neither delu  sions nor halluc  inations neuro  sis should not be mistaken for psycho  sis which refers to a loss of touch with reality neither should it be mistaken for neuro  ticism which is a fundamental personality trait according to psychological theory
neuro  sy  phil  is is an infection of the brain or spinal cord caused by the spi  ro  che  te tre  pon  ema palli  dum it usually occurs in people who have had chronic untreated sy  phil  is usually about 10 to 20 years after first infection and develops in about 25 – 40 of persons who are not treated the united states centers for disease control and prevention c  dc advises that neuro  sy  phil  is can occur at any stage of a sy  phil  is infection
neuro  the  ke  oma is a benign cu  taneous tumor first described by gall  ager and hel  wig who proposed the term in order to reflect the presumed origin of the le  sion from nerve she  ath micro  sco  p  ically the le  sions described closely resemb  led the tumor “ nerve she  ath my  x  oma ” an entity first described by har  kin and reed the latter had through the years been vari  ously described as “ bizarre cu  taneous neuro  fi  bro  ma ” “ my  x  oma of nerve she  ath ” and “ pac  inian neuro  fi  bro  ma ” clin  ically neuro  the  ke  om  as present as a solitary no  dule of the skin the most common sites of occurrence are the head and neck and the extre  mi  ties the le  sions range in size from about 0 5 cm to more than 3 cm the average patient age is about 25 years but neuro  th  ke  om  as may occur at any age women are affected about more often the male to female ratio is approximately 1 2 micro  sco  p  ically neuro  the  ke  oma consists of closely aggregated bund  les or fasc  ic  les of spin  dle shaped cells the fasc  ic  les may or may not have a my  x  o  id background since the time of their first description it has been reported that neuro  the  ke  om  as are likely not of nerve she  ath origin as implied by the term consequently neuro  the  ke  oma and nerve she  ath my  x  oma are likely not related his  to  genetically although they are similar in appearance and in behavior
neuro  tic exc  ori  ations is a condition in which patients produce skin le  sions through repeti  tive compul  sive exc  ori  ation of their skin
neuro  ticism is a fundamental personality trait in the study of psychology characterized by anxiety fear mo  od  iness worry envy frustration jeal  ousy and lon  eliness individuals who score high on neuro  ticism are more likely than average to experience such feelings as anxiety anger envy guilt and depressed mood they respond more poorly to stres  sors are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult they are often self conscious and shy and they may have trouble controlling urges and delaying grati  fication high neuro  ticism indexes a risk con  stell  ation that exists prior to the development and onset of any of the common mental disorders such as depression pho  bia panic disorder other anxiety disorders and substance use disorder — symptoms that traditionally have been called neuro  ses
neutral buo  yan  cy is a condition in which a physical body s average density is equal to the density of the fluid in which it is immer  sed the buo  yan  cy off  sets the force of gravity that would otherwise cause the object to sink if the body s density is greater than the density of the fluid in which it is immer  sed or rise if it s less an object that has neutral buo  yan  cy will neither sink nor rise in s  cuba diving the ability to maintain neutral buo  yan  cy through controlled breathing accurate weighting and management of the buo  yan  cy compens  ator is an important skill a s  cuba di  ver maintains neutral buo  yan  cy by continuous correction usually by controlled breathing as neutral buo  yan  cy is an unstable condition for a com  pres  sible object in a liquid
neutral lip  id storage disease also known as chan  ar  in – dor  f  man syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by accumulation of tri  gly  cer  ides in the cy  top  las  m of leuk  oc  y  tes muscle liver fi  bro  bl  asts and other tissues it can be associated with c  gi 58
a neutral sp  ine or good posture refers to the three natural cur  ves that are present in a healthy sp  ine looking directly at the front or back of the body the 33 verte  bra  e in the spinal column should appear completely vertical from a side view the cer  vic  al neck region of the sp  ine c 1 c 7 is bent inward the thor  ac  ic upper back region t 1 t 12 ben  ds outward and the lum  bar lower back region l 1 l 5 ben  ds inward the sac  rum tail  bone area s 1 s 5 f  used and coc  cy  x on average 4 f  used rest between the pel  vic bones a neutral pel  vis indicates the an  terior superior ili  ac sp  ines and pu  bic symp  h  ysis fall in the same vertical line
in chemistry neutr  alization or neutr  alisation see spelling differences is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other in a reaction in water neutr  alization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydrox  ide ions present in solution the ph of the neutr  alized solution depends on the acid strength of the re  ac  tants neutr  alization is used in many applications
neutr  ino osci  ll  ation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby a neutr  ino created with a specific le  pton flavor electr  on mu  on or ta  u can later be measured to have a different flavor the probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutr  ino varies periodically as it propag  ates through space first predicted by bruno pon  tec  or  vo in 1957 neutr  ino osci  ll  ation has since been observed by a multitude of experiments in several different contexts notably the existence of neutr  ino osci  ll  ation resolved the long standing solar neutr  ino problem neutr  ino osci  ll  ation is of great theoretical and experimental interest as the precise properties of the process can shed light on several properties of the neutr  ino in particular it implies that the neutr  ino has a non zero mass which requires a modification to the standard model of particle physics the experimental discovery of neutr  ino osci  ll  ation and thus neutr  ino mass by the super kam  i  ok  ande observatory and the sud  bury neutr  ino observatory was recognized with the 2015 nobel prize for physics
neutr  on induced sw  elling is the increase of volume and decrease of density of materials subjected to intense neutr  on radiation neu  tron  s imp  acting the material s lat  tice re  arrange its atoms causing buil  dup of dis  locations vo  ids and wi  gn  er energy together with the resulting strength reduction and emb  rit  t  lement it is a major concern for materials for nuclear reactors materials show significant differences in their sw  elling resistance see also radiation hard  ening
neutr  on capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neu  tron  s colli  de and merge to form a heavier nucleus since neu  tron  s have no electric charge they can enter a nucleus more easily than positively charged prot  ons which are rep  elled electro  st  atically neutr  on capture plays an important role in the co  sm  ic nucle  o  synthesis of heavy elements in stars it can proceed in two ways as a rapid r process or a slow process s process nucle  i of masses greater than 56 cannot be formed by thermonuclear reactions i e by nuclear fusion but can be formed by neutr  on capture
neu  tro  pen  ia or neu  tro  pa  enia is an abnormally low concentration of neu  troph  ils a type of white blood cell in the blood neu  troph  ils make up the majority of circulating white blood cells and serve as the primary defense against infections by destroying bacteria bacterial fragments and immun  o  glob  ulin bound viruses in the blood patients with neu  tro  pen  ia are more susceptible to bacterial infections and without prompt medical attention the condition may become life threatening neu  tro  pen  ic sep  sis neu  tro  pen  ia can be acute temporary or chronic long lasting the term is sometimes used inter  change  ably with leuk  open  ia deficit in the number of white blood cells
neu  tro  pen  ic enter  o  co  li  tis also known as ty  ph  li  tis or ty  ph  l  enter  i  tis and less commonly called ca  ec  i  tis or cec  i  tis is infl  amm  ation of the cec  um part of the large intest  ine that may be associated with infection it is particularly associated with neu  tro  pen  ia a low level of neu  tro  phil gran  ul  oc  y  tes the most common form of white blood cells in the blood
neu  tro  phil specific gran  ule deficiency sgd previously known as lac  to  ferr  in deficiency is a rare con  genital immun  o  deficiency characterized by an increased risk for py  ogenic infections due to defective production of specific gran  ules and gelat  in  ase gran  ules in patient neu  troph  ils
neu  tro  phil immun  o  deficiency syndrome is a condition caused by mutations in the rac 2 gene
neu  tro  phi  lia also called neu  tro  phil leuk  oc  y  to  sis or occasionally neu  tro  cy  to  sis is leuk  oc  y  to  sis of neu  troph  ils that is a high number of neu  tro  phil gran  ul  oc  y  tes in the blood
neu  tro  phil  ic der  mat  osis of the dor  sal hands also known as pu  st  ular vas  cu  li  tis of the dor  sal hands is a skin condition that presents with e  dem  at  ous pu  st  ular or ul  cer  ative no  d  ules or pl  aqu  es loc  alized to the dor  sal hands
neu  tro  phil  ic ec  cr  ine hi  dr  ad  eni  tis ne  h usually is a cu  taneous complic  ation of chem  otherapy but it can also occur for other reasons it consists of fever and non specific skin le  sions it is rare and self limited
neu  tro  phil  ic lob  ular pann  ic  u  li  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by infl  amm  ation of the sub  cu  taneous fat
in mathematics in the field of complex analysis a ne  van  linna function is a complex function which is an analy  tic function on the open upper half plane h and has non negative imaginary part a ne  van  linna function maps the upper half plane to itself or to a real constant but is not necessarily injec  tive or sur  jec  tive functions with this property are sometimes also known as her  glo  tz pick or r functions
ne  void bas  al cell carcin  oma syndrome nb  c  cs also known as bas  al cell nev  us syndrome multiple bas  al cell carcin  oma syndrome gor  lin syndrome and gor  lin – gol  tz syndrome is an inherited medical condition involving defects within multiple body systems such as the skin nervous system eyes endocrine system and bones people with this syndrome are particularly prone to developing a common and usually non life threatening form of non mel  anom  a skin cancer about 10 of people with the condition do not develop bas  al cell carcin  om  as b  c  cs the name gor  lin syndrome refers to researcher robert j gor  lin 19  23 – 2006 first described in 1960 nb  c  cs is an auto  som  al dominant condition that can cause unusual facial appearances and a pre  disposition for bas  al cell carcin  oma a type of skin cancer which rarely spreads to other parts of the body the prevalence is reported to be 1 case per 56 000 164 000 population recent work in molecular genetics has shown nb  c  cs to be caused by mutations in the pt  ch pat  ched gene found on chro  mo  some arm 9 q if a child inher  its the defective gene from either parent he or she will have the disorder
ne  void hyper  tric  ho  sis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by the growth of terminal ha  irs in a circum  scri  bed area
ne  void mel  anom  a is a cu  taneous condition that may resemble a sp  itz nev  us or an acquired or con  genital mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us
nev  us also known as a mole is the medical term for sharply circum  scri  bed and chronic le  sions of the skin or mu  co  sa these le  sions are commonly named birth  marks or beauty marks ne  vi are benign by definition however 25 of m  align  ant mel  anom  as a skin cancer arise from pre existing ne  vi using the term nev  us and ne  vi loosely most physicians and der  mato  logists are actually referring to a variant of nev  us called the mel  an  oc  y  tic nev  us which are composed of mel  an  oc  y  tes his  to  logically mel  an  oc  y  tic ne  vi are distinguished from l  enti  gin  es also a type of benign pi  gm  ented mac  ule by the presence of ne  sts of mel  an  oc  y  tes which l  enti  gin  es plural form of l  enti  go lack
nev  us an  em  ic  us is a con  genital disorder characterized by mac  ules of varying size and shape that are pal  er than the surrounding skin and cannot be made red by trauma cold or heat the pal  er area is due to the blood vessels within the area which are more sensitive to the body ’ s normal vas  o  con  stric  ting chemicals
nev  us com  ed  on  ic  us syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a nev  us com  ed  on  ic  us associated with cat  ar  acts sco  li  osis and neuro  logic ab  norm  alities
nev  us de  pi  gm  ent  o  sus or nev  us ach  ro  mic  us is a de  pi  gm  entation problem in skin which can be easily differentiated from viti  li  go although age factor has not much involvement in the nev  us de  pi  gm  ent  o  sus but in about 19 of the cases these are noted at birth their size may however grow in proportion to growth of the body the distribution is also fairly stable and are non  progressive hypo  pi  gm  ented pat  ches the exact cause of nev  us de  pi  gm  ent  o  sus is still not clearly understood a spor  adic defect in the embryonic development has been suggested to be a caus  ative factor it has been described as loc  alised al  bin  ism though this is incorrect those with nev  us de  pi  gm  ent  o  sus may be prone to sun  burn due to the lack of pig  ment and the patient should use good sun protection sun  screen should be applied to all exposed skin since reduced tann  ing of normal skin will decrease the contrast with hypo  pi  gm  ented skin most patients with nev  us de  pi  gm  ent  o  sus do not pursue treatment for their le  sion there is no way to re  pig  ment the skin if however the le  sion is of cosmetic concern cam  ou  fl  age makeup is effective if the le  sion is small one could also consider exc  ision
na  ev  us flamm  eus nuc  ha  e often called stor  k bite or nev  us simpl  ex is a con  genital cap  ill  ary mal  formation present in new  bor  ns it is a common type of birth  mark in a new  born and is usually temporary
nev  us of ito also known as nev  us fus  co  cer  ul  eus acro  mi  o  del  to  ide  us is a cu  taneous condition with similar features to the nev  us of ota but occurring in a different distribution
nev  us of ota also known as con  genital mel  an  osis bul  bi nev  us fus  co  cer  ul  eus oph  thal  mom  ax  il  lar  is oc  ul  o  der  mal mel  an  oc  y  to  sis and oc  ul  om  u  co  der  mal mel  an  oc  y  to  sis is a blue hyper  pi  gm  entation that occurs on the face it was first reported by dr m t ota of japan in 1939 nev  us of ota is caused by the entr  ap  ment of mel  an  oc  y  tes in the upper third of the der  mis it is found on the face unilaterally and involves the first two branches of the tri  gem  inal nerve the s  cl  era is involved in two thirds of cases causing an increased risk of gl  au  coma it should not be confused with mongo  lian spot which is a birth  mark caused by entr  ap  ment of mel  an  oc  y  tes in the der  mis but is located in the lum  bo  sac  ral region women are nearly five times more likely to be affected than men and it is rare among caucasian people nev  us of ota may not be con  genital and may appear during pu  ber  ty
nev  us p  si  lo  li  par  us is a cu  taneous condition a rare scal  p anomaly characterized by a variable degree of al  op  ec  ia and an excessive amount of adi  pose tissue it is the main hallmark of encephal  o  cran  io  cu  taneous li  po  mat  osis ec  cl otherwise known as ha  ber  land syndrome
nev  us se  bac  eus or se  bac  eous nev  us the first term is its latin name the second term is its name in english also known as an organ  o  id nev  us and nev  us se  bac  eus of j  ad  as  sohn is a con  genital hair  less pla  que that typically occurs on the face or scal  p such ne  vi are present at birth or early childhood affecting males and females of all races equally the condition is named for an over  growth of se  bac  eous g  lands in the area of the nev  us skin grow  ths such as benign tumors and bas  al cell carcin  oma can arise in se  bac  eous ne  vi usually in adul  thood rarely se  bac  eous ne  vi can give rise to se  bac  eous carcin  oma however the rate of such m  align  ancies is now known to be less than had been estimated for this reason exc  ision is no longer automatically recommended
nev  us spil  us also known as spec  k  led l  enti  gin  ous nev  us and zo  ster  i  form l  enti  gin  ous nev  us is a skin le  sion that presents as a light brown or tan mac  ule spec  k  led with smaller darker mac  ules or pap  ules
nev  us uni  us lat  er  is is a cu  taneous condition an ep  id  er  mal nev  us in which the skin le  sions are distributed on one half of the body
the new england vampire panic was the reaction to an outbreak of tuberculosis in the 19 th century throughout rho  de island eastern connec  tic  ut ver  mont and other parts of new england consumption tuberculosis was thought to be caused by the deceased consuming the life of their surviving relatives bodies were ex  hum  ed and internal organs rit  ually burned to stop the vampire from attacking the local population and to prevent the spread of the disease notable cases provoked national attention and comment such as those of mercy brown in rho  de island and frederick ransom in ver  mont
new public administration is an anti posi  ti  vist anti technical and anti hierarchical reaction against traditional public administration a practiced theory in response to the ever changing needs of the public and how institutions and administrations go about solving them focus is on the role of government and how they can provide these services to citizens in which are a part of public interest by means but not limited to public policy
new south greenland sometimes known as mor  rell s land was an appearance of land recorded by the american captain benjamin mor  rell of the scho  oner was  p in march 18  23 during a sealing and exploration voyage in the wed  dell sea area of antarc  tica mor  rell provided precise coordinates and a description of a coastline which he claimed to have s  ailed along for more than 300 miles 480 km because the wed  dell sea area was so little visited and hard to navigate due to ice conditions the alleged land was never properly investigated before its existence was emphatically dis  proved during antarctic expedi  tions in the early 20 th century at the time of mor  rell s voyage the geography of the then un  named wed  dell sea and its surrounding coasts was almost entirely unknown making the claimed sigh  ting initially plausible however obvious errors in mor  rell s voyage account and his general reputation as a fab  ul  ist created scepticism about the existence of this new land in june 19  12 the german explor  er wil  helm fil  chner searched for but found no traces of land after his ship deutschland became ice  bound in the wed  dell sea and drif  ted into the loc  ality of mor  rell s observation a sounding of the sea bottom revealed more than 5 000 feet 1 500 m of water indicating no land in near proximity three years later trapped in the same waters with his ship end  ur  ance ern  est shack  leton was able by similar means to confirm the land s non existence various explanations for mor  rell s error have been suggested including intentional deception however mor  rell describes his find briefly and pro  sa  ically evidently seeking no personal credit or glory from the discovery in his narrative he as  signs the honour to his fellow sealing captain robert johnson for finding and naming the land two years earlier mor  rell may have been honestly mistaken through mis  calculation of his ship s position or by mis  remembering detail when writing the account after nine years alternatively he may have made the common error of confusing distant ice  ber  gs with land or been misled by the distorting effects of antarctic mir  age in 18  43 the distinguished british naval explor  er james clark ross reported possible land in a position close to mor  rell s this land too would eventually be proven not to exist
the new south wales state emergency service n  sw ses an agency of the government of new south wales is an emergency and rescue service dedicated to assisting the community in times of natural and man made disasters the n  sw ses is made up almost entirely of volunteer members numbering approximately 9 000 as of october 2015 via 228 suburban regional and rural units located throughout new south wales the volunteers are easily identified by their distinctive orange over  alls with its history going back to 1955 a state emergency services organisation was established after the hunter valley floods of 1955 when they merged with civil defence in response to fears of a nuclear attack and then restructured in 1972 and again in 1989 following the enactment of the state emergency service act 1989 n  sw the agency is led by its commissioner who reports to the minister for emergency services presently the honourable david elli  ott mp
new daily persistent headache n  d  ph is a primary headache syndrome which can mim  ic chronic migr  aine and chronic tension type headache the headache is daily and unre  mitting from very soon after onset within 3 days at most usually in a person who does not have a history of a primary headache disorder the pain can be inter  mit  tent but lasts more than 3 months headache onset is abrupt and people often remember the date circumstance and occasionally the time of headache onset one retrospective study stated that over 80 of patients could state the exact date their headache began the cause of n  d  ph is unknown and it may have more than one eti  ology n  d  ph onset is commonly associated with an infection or flu like illness stressful life event minor head trauma and extra cran  ial surgery infection or flu like illness and stressful life event are most often cited the path  op  hy  si  ology of n  d  ph is poorly understood the syndrome is difficult to treat and may persist for years the age of onset ranges from 6 to greater than 70 years old with a mean of 35 years it is found to be more common in females in both the adult and pedi  atric populations n  d  ph is rare the ak  er  sh  us study of chronic headache a population based cross sectional study of 30 000 persons aged 30 – 44 years in norway found a one year prevalence of 0 03 percent in the population in 1986 van  ast was the first author to describe the new daily persistent headache n  d  ph as a benign form of chronic daily headache cd  h the criteria for the diagnosis of n  d  ph were proposed in 1994 the sil  ber  stein – li  pton criteria but not included in the international classification of headache disorders ic  hd until 2004
new neo diaspora is a revival or a build upon the standard meaning of diaspora in the sense that it is focused on the cultural economic political and social causes driving it as well as analy  zing the multi  loc  ality and self consciousness developed by the social group this concept also analy  zes the ties within diaspora communities to their native lands which are expressed through strong political and cultural participation in their ance  str  al lands other significant qualities of new neo dias  por  as are the thoughts of return to their native land relationships with other communities in the diaspora and lack of full assimilation to the host country
the reconstruction con  jec  ture of stan  is  law ul  am is one of the best known open problems in graph theory using the terminology of frank har  ary it can be stated as follows if g and h are two graphs on at least three ver  tices and ƒ is a bi  jec  tion from v g to v h such that g v and h ƒ v are isom  orph  ic for all ver  tices v in v g then g and h are isom  orph  ic in 1964 har  ary extended the reconstruction con  jec  ture to directed graphs on at least five ver  tices as the so called di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture many results supporting the di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture appeared between 1964 and 1976 however this con  jec  ture was proved to be false when p k stock  me  yer discovered several infinite families of counter  example pairs of di  graphs including tournam  ents of arbitrarily large order the fal  s  ity of the di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture caused doubt about the reconstruction con  jec  ture itself stock  me  yer even observed that “ perhaps the considerable effort being spent in attempts to prove the reconstruction con  jec  ture should be balanced by more serious attempts to construct counter  examples ” in 1979 ram  ach  andr  an revived the di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture in a slightly weaker form called the new di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture in a di  graph the number of ar  cs incident from respectively to a ver  tex v is called the out  degree inde  gree of v and is den  oted by od v respectively id v the new di  graph con  jec  ture may be stated as follows if d and e are any two di  graphs and ƒ is a bi  jec  tion from v d to v e such that d v and e ƒ v are isom  orph  ic and od v id v od ƒ v id ƒ v for all v in v d then d and e are isom  orph  ic the new di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture reduces to the reconstruction con  jec  ture in the un  directed case because if all the ver  tex deleted sub  graphs of two graphs are isom  orph  ic then the corresponding ver  tices must have the same degree thus the new di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture is stronger than the reconstruction con  jec  ture but weaker than the dis  proved di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture several families of di  graphs have been shown to satisfy the new di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture and these include all the di  graphs in the known counter  example pairs to the di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture as of 2014 no counter  example to the new di  graph reconstruction con  jec  ture is known
a new trial or re  trial is a recurrence of a court case depending on the rules of the jurisdiction a new trial may occur if a jury is unable to reach a verdict see hung jury a trial court grants a party s motion for a new trial usually on the grounds of a legal defect in the original trial or an appell  ate court rever  ses a judgment under circumstances requiring that the case be tried again in some types of cases for example if the original trial court was not a court of record or in some legal systems if the losing party to a case appeals then the appell  ate court itself will hold a new trial known as a trial de novo in the united states if a defendant is acquitted of a crime the fifth amendment generally prohibits a re  trial thus with few exceptions a re  trial only can occur if the verdict in the first trial was guilty or if there was no verdict in other legal systems the rules may be different
newcastle disease is a contagious bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species it is transmissible to humans it was first identified in j  ava indonesia in 19  26 and in 19  27 in newcastle upon ty  ne england wh  ence it got its name however it may have been prevalent as early as 1898 when a disease wiped out all the domestic fowl in northwest scotland its effects are most notable in domestic poultry due to their high suscep  tibility and the potential for severe impacts of an epizootic on the poultry industries it is endemic to many countries exposure of humans to infected birds for example in poultry processing plants can cause mild con  junc  ti  vi  tis and influenza like symptoms but the newcastle disease virus n  d  v otherwise poses no hazard to human health interest in the use of n  d  v as an antic  an  cer agent has arisen from the ability of n  d  v to selectively kill human tum  our cells with limited toxicity to normal cells no treatment for n  d  v exists but the use of prophylactic vaccines and sanitary measures reduces the likelihood of outbreaks
the new  lyn riots were a major civil disturbance that occurred in new  lyn corn  wall uk on the three days beginning 18 may 18  96 monday to wednesday it arose from the local fishery and the trade in fish
the newman – k  wart re  arrangement is a type of re  arrangement reaction in which the ar  yl group of an o ar  yl thi  o  carb  am  ate ar  oc s n  me 2 migr  ates from the oxygen atom to the sul  fur atom forming an s ar  yl thi  o  carb  am  ate ar  sc o n  me 2 the reaction is named after its discover  ers mel  vin spencer newman and harold k  wart the newman – k  wart re  arrangement is one of the most important ways of syn  thes  ising thi  op  hen  ols a phen  ol 1 is de  pro  ton  ated with a base such as d  ab  co or nah and reacted with a thi  o  carb  am  o  yl chloride 2 to form an o ar  yl thi  o  carb  am  ate 3 heating 3 to around 250 ° c causes it undergo newman – k  wart re  arrangement to an s ar  yl thi  o  carb  am  ate 4 al  kal  ine hydro  lysis or similar cle  av  age yields a thi  op  hen  ol 5
the newton – pep  ys problem is a probability problem concerning the probability of throwing six  es from a certain number of dice in 16  93 samuel pep  ys and isa  ac newton correspon  ded over a problem posed by pep  ys in relation to a wager he planned to make the problem was which of the following three pro  positions has the greatest chance of success a six fair dice are tos  sed independently and at least one “ 6 ” appears b twelve fair dice are tos  sed independently and at least two “ 6 ” s appear c eighteen fair dice are tos  sed independently and at least three “ 6 ” s appear pep  ys initially thought that outcome c had the highest probability but newton correctly concluded that outcome a actually has the highest probability
ne  zel  of syndrome also known as th  ym  ic dys  pl  asia with normal immun  o  glob  ul  ins is an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital immun  o  deficiency condition due to underdevelopment of the th  ym  us an association with cd 44 has been proposed the defect is a type of pur  ine nucle  o  side phosphor  yl  ase deficiency with inactive phosphor  yl  ase this results in an accumulation of de  ox  y g  tp which inhi  bits ri  bon  uc  le  o  tide reduc  t  ase ri  bon  uc  le  o  tide reduc  t  ase cataly  zes the formation of de  oxy  ri  bon  uc  le  o  ti  des from ri  bon  uc  le  o  ti  des thus dna replic  ation is inhi  bited and cells cannot replic  ate
the nia effect is consumer behavior effect used in bran  ding and states that consumers prefer shortened brand names over long ones and also tend to trim long brand names into short ones themselves
the nicholas reaction is an organic reaction where a di  co  bal  t oc  tac  ar  bon  yl stabilized pro  par  g  yl  ic c  ation is reacted with a nucle  ophi  le oxid  ative dem  et  all  ation gives the desired al  k  yl  ated al  ky  ne the nicholas reaction several reviews have been published
a nick is a dis  continuity in a double stranded dna mol  ecu  le where there is no phosp  ho  di  ester bond between adjacent nucle  o  ti  des of one strand typically through damage or enzyme action nic  ks allow for the much needed release of tor  sion in the strand during dna replic  ation nic  ks are also thought to play a role in the dna mis  match repair mechanisms that fix errors on both the leading and lagging daughter strands
nicol  aides – bar  ait  ser syndrome nc  br  s is a rare genetic condition caused by de novo mis  sense mutations in the smar  ca 2 gene and has only been reported in less than 100 cases worldwide nc  br  s is a distinct condition and well recogniz  able once the symptoms have been identified
nicol  au – bal  us syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by syr  ing  om  as and mi  lia
nicotine dependence is a state of dependence upon nicotine there are different ways of measuring nicotine dependence some nicotine dependence assessments focus on key physical dependence outcomes like the development of tolerance which allows people to smoke heavily other assessments ask about psycho  social outcomes or underlying mechanisms of dependence these different assessments either characterize dependence as a continuous construct or use cut offs to diagnose whether someone is or is not dependent nicotine dependence is especially a concern among some populations such as those with co occurring mental illness there are evidence based nicotine dependence treatments that include both medication and psycho  social interventions that can significantly increase a smo  ker ’ s chances of qu  itting successfully
nicotine poisoning describes the symptoms of the toxic effects of nicotine following ing  estion inhal  ation or skin contact nicotine poisoning can potentially be deadly though serious or fatal over  doses are rare historically most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of use of nicotine as an insectic  ide more recent cases of poisoning typically appear to be in the form of green tobacco sickness or due to accidental ing  estion of tobacco or tobacco products or consumption of nicotine containing plants the estimated lower limit of a lethal dose of nicotine has been reported as between 500 and 1000 mg children may become ill following ing  estion of one cigarette ing  estion of more than this may cause a child to become severely ill the nicotine in the e liquid of an electronic cigarette can be hazardous to infants and children through accidental ing  estion or skin contact in some cases children have become poisoned by topical medicinal cre  ams which contain nicotine people who harvest or cultivate tobacco may experience green tobacco sickness g  ts a type of nicotine poisoning caused by skin contact with wet tobacco leaves this occurs most commonly in young inexperienced tobacco harvest  ers who do not consume tobacco
nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks upon the abrupt dis  continuation or decrease in intake of nicotine symptoms include cr  av  ings for nicotine anger irrit  ability anxiety depression impati  ence trouble sleeping rest  lessness hunger or weight gain and difficulty concentrating a quit smoking program may improve one ’ s chance for success in qu  itting nicotine nicotine withdrawal is recognized in both the american psychiatric association diagnostic and statistical manual and the who international classification of diseases
n  id  aman  ur  u is an out growth to vi  j  ay  aw  ada in kr  ish  na district of the indian state of and  h  ra pradesh it forms a part of vi  j  ay  aw  ada urban agglomer  ation and is located in vi  j  ay  aw  ada rural man  dal of vi  j  ay  aw  ada revenue division
ni  emann – pick disease ni  ː  m  ə  n  ˈ  p  ɪ  k nee m  ə  n pi  k is a group of inherited severe metabol  ic disorders in which sp  h  ing  om  yel  in accumul  ates in ly  so  som  es in cells the ly  so  som  es normally transport material through and out of the cell the prog  no  sis is individual but the severe form is fatal in to  dd  ler  hood and in some cases patients with the mil  der forms may have normal lif  esp  ans this disease involves dysfunctional metabol  ism of sp  hin  go  li  pi  ds which are fats found in cell memb  ran  es so it is a kind of sp  hin  go  li  pi  do  sis sp  hin  go  li  pi  doses in turn are included in the larger family of ly  so  som  al storage diseases
ni  emann – pick disease s  mp  d 1 associated refers to two different types of ni  emann – pick disease which are associated with the s  mp  d 1 gene there are approximately 1 200 cases of n  pa and n  pb worldwide with the majority of cases being type b or an intermediate form descriptions of type e and type f have been published but they are not well characterized and are currently classified under type b
ni  emann – pick type c is a ly  so  som  al storage disease associated with mutations in n  pc 1 and n  pc 2 genes ni  emann – pick type c affects an estimated 1 150 000 people approximately 50 of cases present before 10 years of age but manifestations may first be recognized as late as the sixth decade
the ni  em  ent  owski quin  az  oline synthesis is the chemical reaction of anth  ran  il  ic acids with am  ides to form 4 ox  o 3 4 di  hydro  quin  az  ol  ines 3 h quin  az  olin 4 ones the ni  em  ent  owski quin  az  oline synthesis
the ni  em  ent  owski quin  oline synthesis is the chemical reaction of anth  ran  il  ic acids and ke  tones or alde  hy  des to form γ hydroxy  quin  oline derivatives the ni  em  ent  owski quin  oline synthesis
the ni  er  en  stein reaction is an organic reaction describing the conversion of an acid chloride into an halo  ke  tone with di  az  omethane it is an insertion reaction in that the meth  ylene group from the di  az  omethane is inserted into the carbon chlorine bond of the acid chloride the ni  er  en  stein reaction
the night tube is a service pattern on the london underground system which provides night  time services to travellers on friday and saturday nights it commenced on the central and victoria lines on 19 august 2016 the ju  bi  lee line on 7 october 2016 and is planned to commence on the northern line on 18 november 2016 with the pic  cad  illy line to follow later in the year it was due to start in september 2015 but was delayed due to strike action
night eating syndrome nes is an eating disorder characterized by a delayed cir  c  adi  an pattern of food intake although there is some degree of com  or  bi  dity with binge eating disorder it differs from binge eating in that the amount of food consumed in the evening night is not necessarily objectively large nor is a loss of control over food intake required it was originally described by dr albert stun  k  ard in 1955 and is currently included in the other specified feeding or eating disorder category of the dsm 5 research diagnostic criteria have been proposed and include evening hyper  p  ha  gia consumption of 25 or more of the total daily cal  ories after the evening meal and or no  c  tur  nal awakening and ing  estion of food two or more times per week the person must have awareness of the night eating to differentiate it from the paras  om  nia sleep related eating disorder s  red three of five associated symptoms must also be present lack of appetite in the morning urges to eat in the evening at night belief that one must eat in order to fall back to sleep at night depressed mood and or difficulty sleeping nes affects both men and women between 1 and 2 of the general population and approximately 10 of ob  ese individuals the age of onset is typically in early adul  thood sp  anning from late teenage years to late tw  en  ties and is often long lasting with children rarely reporting nes people with nes have been shown to have higher scores for depression and low self esteem and it has been demonstrated that no  c  tur  nal levels of the hormones mel  at  on  in and le  p  tin are decreased the relationship between nes and the paras  om  nia s  red is in need of further clarification there is debate as to whether these should be viewed as separate diseases or part of a continu  um consuming foods containing sero  ton  in has been suggested to aid in the treatment of nes but other research indicates that diet by itself cannot appreciably raise sero  ton  in levels in the brain a few foods for example bananas contain sero  ton  in but they do not affect brain sero  ton  in levels and various foods contain try  pt  oph  an but the extent to which they affect brain sero  ton  in levels must be further explored scientifically before conclusions can be drawn and the idea common in popular culture that a high protein food such as turkey will raise brain try  pt  oph  an and sero  ton  in is unfortunately false
night terror also known as sleep terror is a sleep disorder causing feelings of terror or dre  ad and typically occurs during the first hours of stage 3 4 non rapid eye movement n  rem sleep night terr  ors tend to happen during periods of ar  ous  al from delta sleep also known as slow wave sleep during the first half of a sleep cycle delta sleep occurs most often which indicates that people with more delta sleep activity are more prone to night terr  ors however they can also occur during day  time n  aps night terr  ors have been known since ancient times although it was impossible to differentiate them from nightmares until rapid eye movement was discovered while nightmares bad dreams that cause feelings of horror or fear are relatively common during childhood night terr  ors occur less frequently according to the american academy of child and adoles  cent psychiatry the prevalence of sleep terror episodes has been estimated at 1 – 6 among children and at less than 1 of adults night terr  ors can often be mistaken for confu  sional ar  ous  al sleep terr  ors begin in children between the ages of 3 and 12 and usually dissip  ate during adoles  cence in adults they most commonly occur between the ages of 20 to 30 though the frequency and severity vary between individuals the episodes can occur in intervals of days or weeks but can also occur over consecutive nights or multiple times in one night night terr  ors are a largely unknown phenomenon this has created a situation in which any type of no  c  tur  nal attack or nightmare may be confused with and reported as a night terror
night vision is the ability to see in low light conditions whether by biological or technological means night vision is made possible by a combination of two approaches sufficient spectr  al range and sufficient intensity range humans have poor night vision compared to many animals in part because the human eye lacks a ta  pe  tum luci  dum
a nightmare also called a bad dream is an unpleasant dream that can cause a strong emotional response from the mind typically fear but also despair anxiety and great sadness the dream may contain situations of discomfort psychological or physical terror sufferers often awaken in a state of distress and may be unable to return to sleep for a small period nightmares can have physical causes such as sleeping in an uncomfortable or awkward position having a fever or psychological causes such as stress anxiety and as a side effect of various drugs eating before going to sleep which triggers an increase in the body s metabol  ism and brain activity is a potential stimulus for nightmares recurrent nightmares may require medical help as they can interfere with sleeping patterns and cause in  som  nia
nightmare disorder also known as dream anxiety disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares the nightmares which often portray the individual in a situation that jeopardi  zes their life or personal safety usually occur during the rem stages of sleep though such nightmares occur within many people those with nightmare disorder experience them with a greater frequency the disorder s dsm iv number is 307 47
ni  ig  ata min  am  ata disease 新  潟  水  俣  病 ni  ig  ata min  am  ata by  ō is a neuro  logical syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning identical in symptoms to the original outbreak of min  am  ata disease in kum  am  oto pref  ecture the second outbreak in ni  ig  ata pref  ecture was confirmed with the same name in 1965 the disease was caused by severe mercury poisoning the source of which was meth  yl  mercury released in the wastewater from mercury sul  fate cataly  sed ace  tal  de  hyde production at the sho  wa electrical company s chemical plant in kan  ose village this highly toxic compound was released untreated into the ag  ano river where it bio  accumulated up the food chain contam  inating fish which when eaten by local people caused symptoms including at  ax  ia num  b  ness in the hands and feet general muscle weakness narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech 690 people from the ag  ano river basin have been certified as patients of ni  ig  ata min  am  ata disease since the ni  ig  ata outbreak was the second recorded in japan and occurred in the lower ag  ano river basin it is sometimes called second min  am  ata disease 第  二  水  俣  病 d  ai ni min  am  ata by  ō or ag  ano river organic mercury poisoning 阿  賀  野  川  有  機  水  銀  中  毒 ag  ano g  awa y  ū  ki su  i  gin ch  ū  do  ku it is one of the four big pollution diseases of japan
ni  j  me  gen break  age syndrome n  bs also known as berlin break  age syndrome at  ax  ia tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia variant 1 at v 1 and seem  an  ova syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder causing chro  mo  som  al instability probably as a result of a defect in the double hol  li  day junction dna repair mechanism and or the synthesis dependent strand an  ne  aling mechanism for repairing double strand breaks in dna see homo  log  ous re  combination n  bs 1 codes for a protein that has two major functions 1 to stop the cell cycle in the s phase when there are errors in the cell dna 2 to interact with fan  cd 2 that can activate the brca 1 brca 2 path  way of dna repair this explains why mutations in the n  bs 1 gene lead to higher levels of cancer see fan  coni an  emia cock  ay  ne syndrome the name derives from the dutch city ni  j  me  gen where the condition was first described most people with n  bs have west sla  vic origins the largest number of them live in poland
the nineteenth dynasty of ancient egypt not  ated dynasty x  ix was one of the periods of the egyptian new kingdom founded by vi  zi  er ram  esses i whom pharaoh ho  rem  he  b chose as his successor to the throne this dynasty is best known for its military conqu  ests in can  aan the warrior kings of the early 18 th dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighbouring king  doms allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily the situation had changed radically towards the end of the 18 th dynasty the hit  ti  tes gradually extended their influence into syria and can  aan to become a major power in international politics a power that both se  ti i and his son ram  esses ii would need to deal with
n  int  endo thumb also known as gam  er s grip n  int  end  initi  s and similar names is a video game related health problem classified as a form of repeti  tive strain injury r  si the symptoms are the bl  is  tering par  a  esthesia and sw  elling of the thum  bs mainly through use of the d pad though any finger can be affected this can lead to stress on tend  ons nerves and lig  aments in the hands and further onto lateral epi  con  dy  li  tis tennis el  bow tend  initi  s bur  si  tis and car  pal tunnel syndrome c  ts some of the symptoms are described under trigger finger originally known in a video gaming context as leather thumb this condition was known to occur frequently among users of 2 nd generation video game cons  oles such as the intel  li  vision or the at  ari 26  00 in the late 1970 s and early 1980 s the condition was first highlighted when the n  int  endo games cons  oles were released leading to reported cases of r  si primarily in children being one of the primary audiences of early generation vide  og  ames later the controllers for the s  ony play  station and play  station 2 were noted as causing the condition however due to the shape size and extended use of game controllers it is not limited to just those specific ones and can occur in users of any gam  ep  ad or jo  ys  tick similar problems have also been observed with the use of mobile phones and text messaging in particular see black  berry thumb
a nip  ple aden  oma is a rare benign tum  our of the breast the condition may also be known as flori  d pap  il  lo  mat  osis of the nip  ple flori  d aden  om  at  osis sub  are  ol  ar duc  t pap  il  lo  mat  osis ero  sive aden  om  at  osis
nip  ple discharge is the release of fluid from the nip  ples of the breasts although it is considered normal in a wide variety of circumstances it is the third major reason involving the breasts for which women seek medical attention after breast lum  ps and breast pain it is also known to occur in adoles  cent boys and girls going through pu  ber  ty
in sharia islamic law ni  ṣ  ā  b ن  ِ  ص  ا  ب is the minimum amount for a muslim net worth to be oblig  ated to give zak  at several h  adi  th have formulas for calculating ni  ṣ  ā  b the most prominent of which declares that no zak  ā  t is due on wealth until one year passes zak  at is determined based on the amount of wealth acquired the greater one s assets the greater the tax unlike income tax in secular states ni  ṣ  ā  b is not subject to special exemptions in islam ni  ṣ  ā  b is 20 din  ā  rs for gold and 200 dir  ḥ  ams for silver the din  ā  r is a gold coin weighing one mi  th  q  al 4 25 grams and the dir  ḥ  am is a silver coin weighing 0 7 mi  th  q  al 2 975 grams the ni  ṣ  ā  b is applicable to the cumulative stock of din  ā  rs dir  ḥ  am and any other zak  atable valu  ables such as merchandise that has been in store for at least one year as long as the total value of the zak  atable valu  ables exceeds the value of the ni  ṣ  ā  b zak  at must be paid
the henry reaction also referred to as the nit  ro al  do  l reaction is a classic carbon – carbon bond formation reaction in organic chemistry discovered in 18  95 by the belgian chem  ist louis henry 18  34 19  13 it is the combination of a nitro  al  kane and an alde  hyde or ke  tone in the presence of a base to form β nit  ro alcohol  s this type of reaction is commonly referred to as a nit  ro al  do  l reaction nitro  al  kane alde  hyde and alcohol it is nearly analogous to the al  do  l reaction that had been discovered 23 years prior that couples two carbon  yl compounds to form β hydro  xy carbon  yl compounds known as al  d  ols alde  hyde and alcohol the henry reaction is a useful technique in the area of organic chemistry due to the synthetic utility of its corresponding products as they can be easily converted to other useful synthetic intermedi  ates these conversions include subsequent dehydr  ation to yield nitro  al  ken  es oxid  ation of the secondary alcohol to yield α nit  ro ke  tones or reduction of the nit  ro group to yield β amino alcohol  s henry reaction synthetic scheme many of these uses have been exemplified in the syn  theses of various pharmaceuticals including the β bloc  ker s pro  pr  ano  lo  l the hiv prote  ase inhi  bit  or am  pre  navi  r ver  tex 478 and construction of the carbo  hydrate sub  unit of the anth  rac  ycl  ine class of antibiotics l a  co  sam  ine the synthetic scheme of the l a  co  sam  ine synthesis can be found in the examples section of this article
narco  sis while diving also known as nitrogen narco  sis inert gas narco  sis rap  tures of the deep mar  tini effect is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while diving at depth it is caused by the an  esthetic effect of certain gases at high pressure the greek word ν  αρ  κ  ω  σ  ις narco  sis is derived from nar  ke temporary decline or loss of senses and movement num  b  ness a term used by homer and hippo  crates narco  sis produces a state similar to drun  ken  ness alcohol in  tox  ication or nit  rous oxide inhal  ation it can occur during shallow dives but does not usually become noticeable at depths less than 30 meters 100 ft except for heli  um and probably ne  on all gases that can be breath  ed have a narcotic effect although widely varying in degree the effect is consistently greater for gases with a higher lip  id solu  bility and there is good evidence that the two properties are mechanis  tically related as depth increases the mental impairment may become hazardous di  vers can learn to cope with some of the effects of narco  sis but it is impossible to develop a tolerance narco  sis affects all di  vers although suscep  tibility varies widely from dive to dive and between individuals narco  sis may be completely reversed in a few minutes by asc  ending to a sh  allow  er depth with no long term effects thus narco  sis while diving in open water rarely develops into a serious problem as long as the di  vers are aware of its symptoms and are able to asc  end to manage it diving beyond 40 m 130 ft is generally considered outside the scope of recreational diving below these depths as narco  sis and oxygen toxicity become critical risk factors specialist training is required in the use of various heli  um containing gas mixtures such as trim  ix or heli  ox these mixtures prevent narco  sis by replacing some of the breathing gas with non narcotic heli  um
the nixon inver  t was a repu  ted inver  t error of the richard nixon memorial postage stamp issued by the united states in 1995 originally reported in january 1996 it drew considerable attention that year but in december a printing plant employee was arrested on charges of having stolen the mis  printed stamps from the plant where he worked meaning that instead of a legitimate error they were worthless printer s waste the first public notice of the inver  t came in the form of an announcement by christi  e s that they planned to auction a single copy of the inver  t on february 1 estimating its value at 8 000 10 000 christi  e s did not supply the name of the consignor a common practice but did say that the stamp was one of 160 the appearance of the stamp was that the portrait of nixon was upside down and shifted so that it was split across the usa 32 ins  cription was at the bottom and also inver  ted leaving only the int  ag  lio richard nixon ins  cription in its correct orientation and position this was possible because the stamp was actually printed in two steps first the portrait and denomination combination was printed by bar  ton press on a heid  el  berg six color sheet fed offset press then the stamps were sent to the bank note corporation of america s b  ca plant in suffer  n new york where the int  ag  lio ins  cription was applied using a gi  ori press b  ca also per  for  ated and finished the stamps the claim of 160 stamps and the lack of information on the discovery immediately generated both interest and skepticism to be a valid error the stamps must have been sold to a postal customer until that point they are simply government property by comparison the story of the inver  ted jenny discovery was known in minute detail and verified by multiple persons in addition it was unclear to phil  at  el  ic experts how 160 were possible given what they knew about size and handling of sheets of stamps christi  e s auc  tioned off the one stamp to an unknown collector for 14 500 thus setting a market price two days previously dealer dana o  key of san diego had purchased 141 of the in  verts from christi  e s and by april was selling them for 12 500 character  izing response as awesome on december 12 cl  aren  ce robert ro  bie a former cutting machine operator at b  ca s suffer  n plant was charged with theft of the 160 stamps he was also charged with having transported them to new york and having sold 120 to a brooklyn dealer for 60 000 in june and the remaining 40 in august to a different dealer neither dealer was charged apparently being unaware of the theft it turned out that the nature of the mis  print was such that of the original 200 stamp sheets grouped into four 50 stamp pan  es 10 stamps on the edge of each pan  e did not receive the int  ag  lio ins  cription and thus appeared as printing shifts rather than as in  verts
n  jol  st  ad syndrome is a cu  taneous condition that combines lymp  he  dem  a of the limbs and face with con  genital pul  mon  ary lymp  han  gi  ec  ta  si  as
a no call no show is an absence from the workforce without notifying the employer this form of absence is generally deemed in  consider  ate and un  professional
no ref  low phenomenon is the failure of blood to re  perf  use an is  chem  ic area after the physical obstruction has been removed or by  passed it may be associated with micro  vascular damage
no  cardi  osis is an infectious disease affecting either the lungs pul  mon  ary no  cardi  osis or the whole body systemic no  cardi  osis it is due to infection by bacter  ium of the genus no  car  dia most commonly no  car  dia astero  ides or no  car  dia bra  sili  ensis it is most common in men especially those with a weakened immune system in patients with brain infection mortality exceeds 80 in other forms mortality is 50 even with appropriate therapy it is one of several conditions that have been called the great im  it  ator cu  taneous no  cardi  osis commonly occurs in immun  o  competent hosts
no  c  tur  nal en  u  res  is also called bed  we  tting is involuntary ur  ination while asleep after the age at which blad  der control usually occurs no  c  tur  nal en  u  res  is is considered primary p  ne when a child has not yet had a prolonged period of being dry secondary no  c  tur  nal en  u  res  is sne is when a child or adult begins we  tting again after having stayed dry most bed  we  tting is a developmental delay — not an emotional problem or physical illness only a small percentage 5 to 10 of bed  we  tting cases are caused by specific medical situations bed  we  tting is frequently associated with a family history of the condition treatments range from behavioral based options such as bed  we  tting alarms to medication such as hormone replacement and even surgery such as u  re  th  ral enlargement since most bed  we  tting is simply a developmental delay most treatment plans aim to protect or improve self esteem bed  we  tting children and adults can suffer emotional stress or psychological injury if they feel sh  amed by the condition treatment guidelines recommend that the physician counsel the parents warning about psychological damage caused by pressure sh  aming or punishment for a condition children cannot control bed  we  tting is the most common childhood complaint most girls stay dry by age six and most boys stay dry by age seven by ten years old 95 of children are dry at night studies place adult bed  we  tting rates at between 0 5 and 2 3
no  c  tur  nal epi  le  psy is a seizure disorder in which seizures occur only while sleeping several common forms of epi  le  psy including frontal lo  be epi  le  psy can manifest in a no  c  tur  nal state epi  le  psy can be no  c  tur  nal if the form of epi  le  psy triggers seizures only while one is asleep or if one normally has seizures that occur at that time in the latter example if the subject stays awake at a time when he is normally sleeping the subject may have the seizure while awake noting this it is important for the subject to maintain a proper sleeping cycle diverting from proper sleep patterns can trigger more frequent epi  le  ptic symptoms in people who are diagnosed with no  c  tur  nal epi  le  psy and as mentioned before even while awake
no  c  tur  nal sleep related eating disorder n  s  red also known as sleep related eating disorder s  red sleep eating or som  nam  bul  istic eating is a combination of a paras  om  nia and an eating disorder it is described as being in a specific category within som  nam  bul  ism or a state of sleep  walking that includes behaviors connected to a person ’ s conscious wishes or wants thus many times n  s  red is a person ’ s fulfilling of their conscious wants that they suppress however this disorder is difficult to distinguish from other similar types of disorders n  s  red is closely related to night eating syndrome nes except for the fact that those suffering from nes are completely awake and aware of their eating and b  ing  eing at night while those suffering from n  s  red are sleeping and unaware of what they are doing nes is primarily considered an eating disorder while n  s  red is primarily considered a paras  om  nia however both are a combination of paras  om  nia and eating disorders since those suffering from nes usually have in  som  nia or difficulty sleeping and those suffering from n  s  red experience symptoms similar to binge eating some even argue over whether nes and n  s  red are the same or distinct disorders even though there have been debates over these two disorders specialists have examined them to try to determine the differences dr j win  kel  man noted several features of the two disorders that were similar but he gave one important factor that make these disorders different in his article sleep related eating disorder and night eating syndrome sleep disorders eating disorders or both dr win  kel  man said “ both disorders involve nearly nigh  tly b  inging at multiple no  c  tur  nal awak  enings defined as excess cal  orie intake or loss of control over consumption ” he also reported that both disorders have a common occurrence of approximately one to five percent of adults have been predominantly found in women with a young adult onset have a chronic course have a primary morbi  dity of weight gain sleep disruption and shame over loss of control over food intake have famili  al bases and have been observed to have com  or  bid depression and day  time eating disorders however win  kel  man said “ the most prominent cited distinction between nes and s  red is the level of consciousness during night  time eating episodes ” therefore these two disorders are extremely similar with only one distinction between them this information provided by dr win  kel  man shows how doctors and psychologists have difficulty differentiating between nes and n  s  red but the distinction of a person ’ s level of consciousness is what doctors chiefly rely on to make a diagnosis one mistake that is often made is the mis  diagnosis of n  s  red for nes however even though n  s  red is not a commonly known and diagnosed disease many people suffer from it in differing ways while doctors work to find a treatment that works for everyone several studies have been done on n  s  red such as the one conducted by sch  en  k and ma  ho  wald these studies in turn provide the basic information on this disorder including the symptoms behaviors and possible treatments that doctors are using today
no  dal marginal zone b cell lymp  homa n  m  z  l is a form of marginal zone lymp  homa that can produce colonization of the fol  lic  les in the lymp  h no  de
no  dding disease or no  dding syndrome is a recent little known disease which emerged in sudan in the 1960 s it is a mentally and physically disab  ling disease that only affects children typically between the ages of 5 and 15 it is currently restricted to small regions in south sudan tanzania and northern uganda prior to the south sudan outbreaks and subsequent limited spread the disease was first described in 1962 existing in sec  lu  ded mountainous regions of tanzania although the connection between that disease and no  dding syndrome was only made recently
no  d  ular fas  ci  i  tis also known as no  d  ular pseu  do  sar  com  at  ous fas  ci  its pseu  do  sar  com  at  ous fas  ci  i  tis and sub  cu  taneous pseu  do  sar  com  at  ous fi  bro  mat  osis is a benign soft tissue le  sion most commonly found in the superficial fas  cia the le  sion commonly occurs in the first three decades of life upper extre  mi  ties and trunk are the most common affected anatom  ical sites previous history of trauma may be present clin  ically and his  to  logically no  d  ular fas  ci  i  tis may be mistaken for a sar  coma
no  d  ular lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple no  d  ules on the limbs and trunk with a mild or absent pap  ular component
no  d  ular lymp  ho  cy  te predominant ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa n  l  ph  l is a form of lymp  homa some people no longer classified it as a form of classic ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa hl this is because the reed ster  n  berg cell r  sc variants pop  corn cells that characterize this form of the disease invariably express b lymp  ho  cy  te mark  ers such as cd 20 thus making n  l  ph  l an unusual form of b cell lymp  homa and that unlike classic hl n  l  ph  l may progress to diffuse large b cell lymp  homa there are small but clear differences in prog  no  sis between the various forms lymp  ho  cy  te predominant hl is an un  common subtype composed of vague no  d  ules of numerous reactive lymp  ho  cy  tes ad  mixed with large pop  corn shaped r  sc unlike classic r  sc the non classic pop  corn shaped rs cells of n  l  ph  l are cd 15 and cd 30 negative while positive for the b cell marker cd 20 the anti cd 20 mono  cl  onal anti  body rit  u  xim  ab has been used in lymp  ho  cy  te predominant ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa with encouraging results b  cl 6 gene re  arrangements have been frequently observed
no  d  ular mel  anom  a nm is the most aggressive form of mel  anom  a it tends to grow more rapidly in thickness penetrate the skin than in diameter instead of arising from a pre existing mole it may appear in a spot where a le  sion did not previously exist since nm tends to grow in depth more quickly than it does in width and can occur in a place that did not have a previous le  sion the prog  no  sis is often worse because it takes longer for a person to be aware of the changes nm is most often dark  ly pi  gm  ented however some nm le  sions can be light brown multi  colored or even color  less non pi  gm  ented a light colored or non pi  gm  ented nm le  sion may escape detection because the appearance is not alarming however an ul  cer  ated and or bleeding le  sion is common poly  po  id mel  anom  a is a virulent variant of no  d  ular mel  anom  a the micro  scopic hall  marks are dom  e shaped at low power ep  id  er  mis thin or normal der  mal no  dule of mel  an  oc  y  tes with a pushing growth pattern no rad  ial growth phase
no  d  ular regener  ative hyper  pl  asia is a form of liver hyper  pl  asia associated with portal hyper  tension no  d  ular regener  ative hyper  pl  asia n  r  h is a rare liver condition characterized by a widespread benign transformation of the he  p  atic paren  ch  y  ma into small regener  ative no  d  ules n  r  h may lead to the development of non cir  rho  tic portal hyper  tension there are no published systematic population studies on n  r  h and our current knowledge is limited to case reports and case series n  r  h may develop via auto  immune hem  at  ological infectious ne  op  l  astic or drug related causes the disease is usually as  ymp  tomatic slowly or non progressive unless complications of portal hyper  tension develop accurate diagnosis is made by hist  opath  ology which demonstrates diffuse micro  no  d  ular transformation without fi  bro  us sep  ta lack of per  in  uc  lear coll  agen tissue distinguishes n  r  h from typical regener  ative no  d  ules in the cir  rho  tic liver while the initial treatment is to address the underlying disease ultimately the therapy is directed to the management of portal hyper  tension the prog  no  sis of n  r  h depends on both the severity of the underlying illness and the prevention of secondary complications of portal hyper  tension in this review we detail the epidemiology patho  genesis diagnosis management and prog  no  sis of n  r  h it can be a complic  ation of az  ath  iop  rine therapy
no  d  ular sclerosis or n  sh  l is a form of ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa that is the most common subtype of hl in developed countries it affects females slightly more than males and has a median age of onset at 28 years it is composed of large tumor no  d  ules with lac  un  ar reed – ster  n  berg cell rs cells surrounded by fi  bro  tic coll  agen bands the british national lymp  homa investigation further categ  orized n  sh  l based upon reed ster  n  berg cells into no  d  ular sclerosis type i ns i and no  d  ular sclerosis type ii ns ii with the first subtype responding better to treatment
no  d  ular vas  cu  li  tis is a skin condition characterized by crops of small tender er  y  them  at  ous no  d  ules on the legs mostly on the calves and sh  ins mi  ro  sco  p  ically there are epi  the  li  o  id gran  ul  om  as and vas  cu  li  tis in the sub  cu  taneous tissue making it a form of pan  icul  li  tis most of these cases are now thought to be manifestation of tuberculosis and indeed they respond well to anti tubercul  ous treatment
in medicine no  d  ules are solid elevated areas of tissue or fluid inside or under the skin with a diameter greater than 0 5 centi  meters no  d  ules may form on tend  ons and muscles in response to injury the vocal cords may also develop no  d  ules no  d  ules are normally benign and often pain  less although they can affect the functioning of the organ vocal fold no  d  ules thyro  id no  d  ules and r  heu  mato  id no  d  ules are examples fur  un  cles and ka  posi s sar  com  ae are known to cause der  mat  ological no  d  ules the sexual transmitted disease st  d gon  or  rhe  a is also known for its cause of no  d  ules on the gen  italia and mouth for those who are victim to the disease smaller less than 0 5 cm elevated soft tissue le  sions may be termed pap  ules
no  d  ules – e  o  sin  ophi  lia – r  heu  m  atism – der  mati  tis – sw  elling syndrome also known as ner  ds syndrome is a condition with similar clinical features to hyper  e  o  sin  oph  il  ic syndrome
no  dul  osis – ar  thro  pa  thy – o  ste  ol  ysis syndrome is a cu  taneous condition that shares features with juvenile hy  al  ine fi  bro  mat  osis
noise induced hearing loss ni  hl is hearing impairment resulting from exposure to loud sound people may have a loss of perception of a narrow range of frequencies impaired cognitive perception of sound or other impairment including sensitivity to sound or ringing in the ears hearing may deteriorate gradually from chronic and repeated noise exposure such as loud music or background noise or suddenly from a short high intensity noise such as a gunshot or air  horn in both types loud sound over  stimulates delicate hearing cells leading to the permanent injury or death of the cells once lost hearing cannot be restored in humans when exposure to hazards such as noise occur at work and is associated with hearing loss it is referred to as occupational hearing loss there are a variety of prevention strategies available to avoid or reduce hearing loss if not prevented hearing loss can be managed through ass  is  tive devices and cognitive therapies prevention is the best defense against noise induced hearing loss the best first option for protecting hearing is lowering the volume of sound at its source secondly limiting the time of exposure to loud noise can reduce injury finally physical protection from the noise can reduce its impact government regulations are designed to limit occupational exposure to dangerously loud noise the largest burden of ni  hl has been through occupational exposures however noise induced hearing loss can also be due to unsafe recreational residential social and military service related noise exposures it is estimated that 15 of young people are exposed to sufficient leisure noises i e concer  ts sporting events daily activities personal listening devices etc to cause ni  hl there is not a limited list of noise sources that can cause hearing loss rather it is important to understand that exposure to excessively high deci  bel levels from any sound source over time can cause hearing loss
in electrical engineering noise margin is the amount by which a signal exceeds the minimum amount for proper operation it is commonly used in at least two contexts in communications system engineering noise margin is the ratio by which the signal exceeds the minimum acceptable amount it is normally measured in deci  bels in a digital circuit the noise margin is the amount by which the signal exceeds the threshold for a proper 0 or 1 for example a digital circuit might be designed to swing between 0 0 and 1 2 vol  ts with anything below 0 2 vol  ts considered a 0 and anything above 1 0 vol  ts considered a 1 then the noise margin for a 0 would be the amount that a signal is below 0 2 vol  ts and the noise margin for a 1 would be the amount by which a signal exceeds 1 0 vol  t in this case noise margins are measured as an absolute voltage not a ratio noise margins for c  mos chips are usually much greater than those for tt  l because the vo  h min is closer to the power supply voltage and vol max is closer to zero in simple words noise margin in circuits is the amount of noise that a circuit can withstand noise margins are generally defined so that positive values ensure proper operation and negative margins result in compromised operation or perhaps outright failure
no  ma also referred to as can  cr  um or  is fus  o  spi  ro  che  tal gang  rene necro  tizing ul  cer  ative stom  ati  tis stom  ati  tis gan  gre  no  sa is a rapidly progressive poly  micro  bial often gang  ren  ous infection of the mouth or gen  itals
no  ma ne  on  at  orum is a cu  taneous condition a manifestation of infection usually pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa sep  tic  emia and has been reported almost exclusively in developing countries
a no  mik  ai japanese 飲  み  会 is a drinking party phenomenon particular to japanese culture no  mik  ai are a part of the culture of most places of employment from schools to night  clubs they are most often held in restaurants or iz  ak  aya usually with everyone seated at one large table or occupying a separated section of the venue employees are usually expected to participate to some extent in various no  mik  ai as it is considered a social aspect of work although it is not expressly required such parties focus on the bond between co  workers as a group and are not considered private or somehow non work related see japanese values attendance does not necessarily imply that a person will drink any alcohol however and att  ende  es generally pay a set amount for the food drink and venue regardless of consumption any lefto  ver money may be put toward organizing the next no  mik  ai the student version of the no  mik  ai is called a kon  pa and contains some distinguishing characteristics
the co  upon rate or nominal rate or nominal yield of a fixed income security is the annu  alized amount of the co  upon which is a fixed percentage of the par value unlike current yield it does not vary with the market price of the security the co  upon rate is typically stated in the name of the bond such as us treasury bond 6 25
non 24 hour sleep – wake disorder non 24 is one of several chronic cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorders cr  s  ds it is defined as a chronic steady pattern comprising daily delays in sleep onset and wake times in an individual living in society symptoms result when the non entr  ained free running endo  genous cir  c  adi  an rhythm drif  ts out of alignment with the light dark cycle in nature the sleep pattern can be quite variable people with a cir  c  adi  an rhythm that is quite near to 24 hours may be able to sleep on a conventional socially acceptable schedule that is at night others with a daily cycle upwards of 25 hours or more may need to adopt a sleep pattern that is con  gru  ent with their free running cir  c  adi  an clock shifting their sleep times daily thereby often obtaining satisfactory sleep but suffering social and occupational consequences the majority of people with non 24 are totally blind and the failure of entr  ain  ment is explained by an absence of pho  tic input to the cir  c  adi  an clock these people s brains may have normal body c  locks but the c  locks do not receive input from the eyes about environmental light levels as that requires a functioning re  tina op  tic nerve and visual processing center the disorder also occurs in sighted people for reasons that are not well understood their cir  c  adi  an rhy  th  ms are not normal often running to more than 25 hours their visual systems may function normally but their brains are incapable of making the large adjustment to a 24 hour schedule though often referred to as non 24 for example by the f  da the disorder is also known by the following terms non 24 hour sleep – wake syndrome non 24 hour sleep – wake disorder non 24 hour sleep wake rhythm disorder free running disorder fr  d hyper  ny  ch  them  eral disorder cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorder – free running type cir  c  adi  an rhythm sleep disorder – non  entr  ained type n 24 h  sw  d non 24 hour cir  c  adi  an rhythm disorder the disorder in its extreme form is an invisible disability that can be extremely deb  il  itating in that it is incompatible with most social and professional obligations
non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa n  hl is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymp  homa except ho  dg  kin s lymp  hom  as symptoms include enlarged lymp  h no  des fever night swe  ats weight loss and feeling tired other symptoms may include bone pain chest pain or it  chin  ess some forms are slow growing while others are fast growing lymp  hom  as are types of cancer that develops from lymp  ho  cy  tes a type of white blood cell risk factors include poor immune function auto  immune diseases heli  co  bac  ter p  yl  ori infection hepatitis c obesity and ep  stein bar  r virus infection the world health organization who classi  fies lymp  hom  as into five major groups including one for ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa within the four groups for n  hl there are over 60 specific types of lymp  homa diagnosis is by examination of a bone marrow or lymp  h no  de biopsy medical imaging is done to help with cancer staging treatment depends on if the lymp  homa is slow or fast growing and if it is in one area or many areas treatments may include chem  otherapy radiation immun  otherapy targeted therapy stem cell transplantation surgery or watchful waiting if the blood becomes overly thick due to antibodies plas  map  her  esis may be used radiation and some chem  otherapy however increase the risk of other cancers heart disease or nerve problems over the subsequent decades in 2013 about 2 96 million people had non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa and 226 000 died in the united states 2 1 of people are affected at some point in their life the most common age of diagnosis is between 65 to 75 years old the percentage of people who survive five years in the united states is 71
non lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis refers to a family of his  ti  oc  y  to  sis characterized by the absence of lang  er  hans cells many manifest cu  tane  ously the spectrum of non lang  er  hans cell his  ti  oc  y  to  ses include benign cephal  ic his  ti  oc  y  to  sis generalized erup  tive his  ti  oc  y  tom  a inde  terminate cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis juvenile x  anth  o  gran  ul  oma progressive no  d  ular his  ti  oc  y  tom  a necro  bio  tic x  anth  o  gran  ul  oma giant cell re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  tom  a mul  tic  entr  ic re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  to  sis ro  sa  i – dor  f  man disease x  an  thom  a dissem  in  at  um ki  ku  chi disease er  d  heim – chester disease
non x his  ti  oc  y  to  ses are a clin  ically well defined group of cu  taneous syndro  mes characterized by infiltr  ates of mon  oc  y  tes macro  p  ha  ges as opposed to x type his  ti  oc  y  to  ses in which the infiltr  ates contain lang  er  hans cells conditions included in this group are juvenile x  anth  o  gran  ul  oma benign cephal  ic his  ti  oc  y  to  sis generalized erup  tive his  ti  oc  y  tom  a x  an  thom  a dissem  in  at  um progressive no  d  ular his  ti  oc  y  to  sis pap  ular x  an  thom  a hereditary progressive m  uc  inous his  ti  oc  y  to  sis re  ticul  o  his  ti  oc  y  to  sis inde  terminate cell his  ti  oc  y  to  sis sea blue his  ti  oc  y  to  sis er  d  heim chester disease
non alcoholic fatty liver disease naf  ld is one of the causes of fatty liver occurring when fat is deposited ste  at  osis in the liver due to causes other than excessive alcohol use naf  ld is the most common liver disorder in developed countries naf  ld is related to insulin resistance and the metabol  ic syndrome and may respond to treatments originally developed for other insulin resistant states e g diabetes mell  it  us type 2 such as weight loss met  form  in and thi  az  oli  d  ine  di  ones up to 80 of ob  ese people have the disease non alcoholic ste  ato  hepatitis n  ash is the most extreme form of naf  ld and is regarded as a major cause of cir  rho  sis of the liver of unknown cause most people have a good outcome if the condition is caught in its early stages a study using the national health and nutrition examination survey n  han  es found a 30 rate of naf  ld in the united states between 2011 and 2012
non ce  li  ac glu  ten sensitivity nc  gs or glu  ten sensitivity is a clinical entity induced by the ing  estion of glu  ten leading to intest  inal and or extr  ain  test  inal symptoms that resolve once the glu  ten containing foodstuff is eliminated from the diet and when ce  li  ac disease and wheat allergy have been ruled out nc  gs is included in the spectrum of glu  ten related disorders the definition and diagnostic criteria of non ce  li  ac glu  ten sensitivity were debated and established by three consensus conferences the patho  genesis of nc  gs is not yet well understood there is evidence that not only gli  ad  in main cy  to  toxic antigen of glu  ten but also other proteins present in glu  ten and glu  ten containing cereals wheat rye barley and their derivatives may have a role in the development of symptoms fo  d  maps are present in glu  ten containing grains and have recently been identified as a possible cause of gastro  intest  inal symptoms in nc  gs patients but do not justify extra dig  estive symptoms for these reasons nc  gs is a controversial syndrome and some authors still question it it has been suggested that non ce  li  ac wheat sensitivity is a more appropriate term without forgetting that other glu  ten containing cereals are implicated in the development of symptoms nc  gs is the most common syndrome of glu  ten related disorders with prevalence rates between 0 5 – 13 in the general population as no biom  ar  ker for diagno  sing this condition is available its diagnosis is made by exclusion of other glu  ten related disorders namely by excluding ce  li  ac disease and wheat allergy many people have not been diagnosed following strict criteria and there is a f  ad component to the recent rise in popularity of the glu  ten free diet which leads to debate surrounding the evidence for this condition its relationship to ce  li  ac disease and to irrit  able bo  wel syndrome
non cir  rho  tic portal fi  bro  sis nc  pf is a chronic liver disease and type of non cir  rho  tic portal hyper  tension nc  ph it is characterized by obliter  ative por  to  ven  opathy which leads to various problems such as portal hyper  tension massive splen  om  eg  al  y and var  ice  al bleeding it is estimated that about 85 of people with nc  pf have repeated episodes of var  ice  al bleeding hallmark of the disease is thro  m  bo  sis sclerosis of portal vein branches vessels formed are often termed as mes  an  gi  o  sin  us  oids or peri  portal ca  ver  no  ma
a non communicable disease nc  d is a medical condition or disease that is non infectious or non transmissible nc  ds can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly sometimes nc  ds result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as auto  immune diseases heart diseases stroke cancers diabetes chronic kidney disease o  ste  op  or  osis alzheimer s disease cat  ar  acts and others while sometimes referred to as synonymous with chronic diseases nc  ds are distinguished only by their non infectious cause not necessarily by their duration though some chronic diseases of long duration such as hiv aids may caused by infections chronic diseases require chronic care management as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration nc  ds are the leading cause of death globally in 2012 they cause 68 of all deaths 38 million up from 60 in 2000 about half were under age 70 and half were women risk factors such as a person s background lifestyle and environment increase the likelihood of certain nc  ds every year at least 5 million people die because of tobacco use and about 2 8 million die from being overweight high cho  le  sterol accounts for roughly 2 6 million deaths and 7 5 million die because of high blood pressure
non food items n  f  is are items other than food the term is especially used in humanitarian contexts when providing n  f  is to those affected by natural disasters or war may be a life saving priority typically they include essential household items such as blankets plastic sheets buc  kets and other containers for water cooking items and soap
n  ong  ono  coc  cal u  re  thri  tis n  gu is an infl  amm  ation of the u  re  th  ra that is not caused by gon  or  rhe  al infection for treatment purposes doctors usually classify infectious u  re  thri  tis in two categories gon  o  coc  cal u  re  thri  tis caused by gon  or  rhe  a and n  ong  ono  coc  cal u  re  thri  tis n  gu
increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure ic  p is one of the major causes of secondary brain is  chem  ia that accompanies a variety of pathological conditions most notably traumatic brain injury t  bi stroke and in  trac  ran  ial hemorrha  ges increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure can cause such complications as vi  ip death permanent neuro  logical problems reversible neuro  logical problems seizures stroke however aside from a few level i trauma centers ic  p monitoring is rarely a part of the clinical management of patients with these conditions because of the inv  asi  veness of the standard monitoring methods which require insertion of an ic  p sensor into the brain ven  tric  le or paren  ch  ym  al tissue additional risks they present for patients high costs associated with an ic  p sensor s implan  tation procedure and the limited access to trained personnel i e a neuro  surgeon alternative methods have therefore been sought with which ic  p can be estimated non inv  asi  vely absolute majority of the approaches to non invasive ic  p estimation are based on the idea that something in the human head s anatom  ical structure or in the in  trac  ran  ial and ex  trac  ran  ial physi  ology cor  relates with ic  p very important limitation of such correlation based approaches is caused by the fact that correlation shows some relationship but did not show the slope and bias of such relationship correlation based approaches can reflect ic  p changes only with limited accuracy expressed by systematic error and precision expressed by standard deviation of random error because of that such approaches are not able to measure quantitatively an absolute ic  p value because of the need for individual patient specific calibration calibration is an only procedure for identification of slope and bias of correlation based association calibration of non invasive ic  p meter or monitor is impossible because of impossibility to create a gold standard non invasive ic  p meter for calibration purposes absolute ic  p values in m  mh  g or other units are needed for patients treatment decision making the only accurate precise and patient specific calibration free non invasive absolute ic  p value measurement method relies not on the correlation but on direct ic  p and ex  trac  ran  ial pressure comparison principle innovative method using two depth trans  orb  ital dop  pl  er t  d  td of in  trac  ran  ial pressure quantitative absolute ic  p value measurement relies on the same fundamental principle as used to measure blood pressure with a sp  hy  g  mom  an  ome  ter a sp  hy  g  mom  an  ome  ter works using a pressure balance principle an air filled pressure cuff wrapped around the arm com  presses the br  achi  al artery to a point where blood can no longer flow externally applied pressure is equal to syst  ol  ic blood pressure in this case the examiner slowly releases the air from the cuff and uses a st  eth  o  scope to listen for the return of blood flow at the pressure balance point where pressure in the cuff equals syst  ol  ic artery pressure a ‘ who  o  shing ’ noise can be heard as blood flows through the artery again pressure balance based non invasive blood pressure meter does not need a patient specific calibration the t  d  td method uses dop  pl  er ul  tras  ound to translate pressure balance principle of blood pressure measurement with a sp  hy  g  mom  an  ome  ter to the measurement of ic  p oph  thal  mic artery oa a unique vessel with in  trac  ran  ial and ex  trac  ran  ial segments is used as pressure sensor and as a natural pair of scales for absolute ic  p value in m  mh  g or m  m  h 2 o measurement blood flow in the in  trac  ran  ial oa segment is affected by in  trac  ran  ial pressure while flow in the ex  trac  ran  ial intra  orb  ital oa segment is influenced by the externally applied pressure pe to the eye  ball and orb  ital tissues as with a sp  hy  g  mom  an  ome  ter a special pressure cuff is used in this case to com  press the tissues surrounding the eye  ball and also intra  orb  ital tissues surrounding the ex  trac  ran  ial segment of oa external pressure changes the characteristics of blood flowing from inside the skull cav  ity into the eye socket in place of the st  eth  o  scope a dop  pl  er ul  tras  ound beam measures the blood flow pul  s  ations in in  trac  ran  ial and ex  trac  ran  ial segments of the oph  thal  mic artery the non invasive ic  p meter based on this method gradually increases the pressure over the eye  ball and intra  orb  ital tissues so that the blood flow pul  s  ation parameters in two sections of oa are equal at this pressure balance point the applied external pressure pe equals to the in  trac  ran  ial pressure ic  p this measurement method eliminates the main limiting problem of all other non successful approaches to non invasive ic  p measurement the individual patient calibration problem direct comparison of arter  ial blood pressure ab  p and externally applied pressure is the basic arter  ial blood pressure measurement principle which eliminates the need of individual calibration the same calibration free fundamental principle is used in t  d  td non invasive ic  p absolute value measurement method the mean value of oa blood flow its syst  ol  ic and di  ast  ol  ic values pul  sati  lity and other indexes are almost the same in both oa segments in the point of balance when ic  p pe as a result of that all individual influential factors ab  p cere  bro  vascular auto  regulation impairment individual path  op  hy  si  ological state of patient individual diameter and anatomy of oa hydro  dynamic resistance of eye  ball vessels etc do not influence the balance ic  p pe and as a consequence such natural “ scales ” do not need calibration rag  aus  kas a et al already published the statistically significant results of prospective clinical study on assessment of the accuracy and precision of proposed non invasive absolute ic  p value measurement method the study shows that proposed method is the only quantitative non  invasive ic  p absolute value m  mh  g measurement method which does not need an individual patient specific calibration high accuracy precision sensitivity and specificity of proposed method are fully acceptable for clinical practice and for very wide applications in neuro  logy trans  plan  to  logy intensive care sport medicine aerospace medicine and combat casualty care this method is further developed by company vit  t  amed ltd together with consortium partners in eu fp 7 projects brain  safe brain  safe brain  safe ii and t  bic  are
non inv  olu  ting con  genital hem  an  gi  oma is a cu  taneous condition le  sions occur slightly more often in male infants and are well developed at birth
non my  co  sis fun  go  ides cd 30 − cu  taneous large t cell lymp  homa is a cu  taneous condition that usually presents as solitary or generalized pl  aqu  es no  d  ules or tumors of short duration
non progressive late onset linear hem  i  facial li  po  atro  phy is a cu  taneous condition that occurs on the mal  ar cheek mostly in the elderly population
non small cell lung carcin  oma n  s  cl  c is any type of epi  the  li  al lung cancer other than small cell lung carcin  oma s  cl  c n  s  cl  c accounts for about 85 of all lung cancers as a class n  s  cl  cs are relatively insensitive to chem  otherapy compared to small cell carcin  oma when possible they are primarily treated by surgical res  ection with cur  ative intent although chem  otherapy is increasingly being used both pre oper  atively neo  adju  v  ant chem  otherapy and post oper  atively adju  v  ant chem  otherapy
non is  let hypo  gly  c  emic cell tumor is a rare tumor that secre  tes the protein insulin like growth factor 2 into the blood  stream this protein causes cells to consume excessive amounts of sugar which can cause the condition hypo  gly  cem  ia low blood sugar
non linear pie  zo  electric effects in polar semi  conductors are the manifestation that the strain induced pie  zo  electric polarization depends not just on the product of the first order pie  zo  electric coefficients times the strain t  ens  or components but also on the product of the second order or higher pie  zo  electric coefficients times products of the strain t  ens  or components the idea was put forward for z  inc  bl  ende ga  as and inas semi  conductors since 2006 and then extended to all commonly used wur  tz  ite and z  inc  bl  ende semi  conductors given the difficulty of finding direct experimental evidence for the existence of these effects there are different schools of thought on how one can calculate reliably all the pie  zo  electric coefficients on the other hand there is widespread agreement on the fact that non linear effects are rather large and comparable to the linear terms first order indirect experimental evidence of the existence of these effects has been reported in the literature in relation to gan and inn semiconductor op  to  electronic devices
non  allergic rh  initi  s is infl  amm  ation of the inner part of the nose that is not caused by an allergy non  allergic rh  initi  s involves symptoms including chronic snee  zing or having a congested dri  ppy nose without an identified allergic reaction other common terms for non  allergic rh  initi  s are vas  om  o  tor rh  initi  s and per  ennial rh  initi  s the prevalence of non  allergic rh  initi  s in ot  ol  ar  yn  go  logy is 40 allergic rh  initi  s is more common than non  allergic rh  initi  s however both conditions have similar presentation manifestation and treatment nas  al it  ching and par  oxy  sm  al snee  zing are usually associated with non  allergic rh  initi  s in comparison to allergic rh  initi  s
non bacterial thro  m  bo  tic endo  cardi  tis nb  te is a form of endo  cardi  tis in which small sterile vege  tations are deposited on the valve leaf  lets formerly known as mar  an  tic endo  cardi  tis which comes from the greek mar  anti  kos meaning “ wasting away ” the term mar  an  tic endo  cardi  tis is still sometimes used to emphasize the association with a wasting state such as cancer
non comp  action cardi  om  y  opathy nc  c also called spongiform cardi  om  y  opathy is a rare con  genital cardi  om  y  opathy that affects both children and adults it results from the failure of my  o  cardi  al development during embry  o  genesis during development the majority of the heart muscle is a spon  ge like mes  h  work of inter  wo  ven my  o  cardi  al fi  bers as normal development progres  ses these tr  ab  ec  ulated structures undergo significant comp  action that trans  forms them from spon  gy to solid this process is particularly apparent in the ven  tric  les and particularly so in the left ven  tric  le non  comp  action cardi  om  y  opathy results when there is failure of this process of comp  action because the consequence of non comp  action is particularly evident in the left ven  tric  le the condition is also called left ven  tric  ular non  comp  action other hypo  theses and models have been proposed none of which is as widely accepted as the non  comp  action model symptoms range greatly in severity most are a result of a poor pumping performance by the heart the disease can be associated with other problems with the heart and the body
in compu  tational complexity theory a non  elementary problem is a problem that is not a member of the class elementary examples of non  elementary problems that are nevertheless dec  id  able include the problem of regular expression equivalence with complem  entation decision problem for mon  adic second order logic over trees decision problem for term al  ge  br  as
a non  os  si  fying fi  bro  ma also called fi  bro  x  an  thom  a is a fi  bro  us bone le  sion that is usually as  ymp  tomatic and discovered as an incidental finding on x ray it is the most common benign bone tumor in children and adolescents however it is controversial whether it represents a true ne  op  las  m or rather a developmental disorder of growing bone radio  graphically the tumor presents as a well margin  ated radi  ol  uc  ent le  sion with a distinct multi  loc  ular appearance these foc  i consist of coll  agen rich connec  tive tissue fi  bro  bl  asts his  ti  oc  y  tes and o  ste  o  cl  asts they originate from the growth plate and are located in adjacent parts of the metaph  ysis and di  aph  ysis of long bones most often of the legs no treatment is needed in as  ymp  tomatic patients and spontaneous remission with replacement by bone tissue is to be expected multiple non  os  si  fying fi  bro  mas occur in jaff  e camp  an  acc  i syndrome in combination with cafe au la  it spots mental retar  dation hypo  gon  ad  ism oc  ular and cardiovascular ab  norm  alities
in political science non  partis  anism is a lack of affiliation with a political party some organizations claiming to be non  partisan are truly such others are nomin  ally non  partisan for reasons of law or public perception but closely follow the policies of a political party while the dic  tionary definition of partisan includes adherents of a party cause person etc in many cases non  partisan refers specifically to political party connections rather than being the strict anton  ym of partisan and an organization described as non  partisan can have many decidedly controversial policies
non  syndro  mic deaf  ness is hearing loss that is not associated with other signs and symptoms in contrast syndro  mic deaf  ness involves hearing loss that occurs with ab  norm  alities in other parts of the body genetic changes are related to the following types of non  syndro  mic deaf  ness d  f  na non  syndro  mic deaf  ness auto  som  al dominant d  f  nb non  syndro  mic deaf  ness auto  som  al rec  essive d  f  n  x non  syndro  mic deaf  ness x linked non  syndro  mic deaf  ness mit  och  on  dri  al each type is numbered in the order in which it was described for example d  f  na 1 was the first described auto  som  al dominant type of non  syndro  mic deaf  ness mit  och  on  dri  al non  syndro  mic deaf  ness involves changes to the small amount of dna found in mit  och  on  dri  a the energy producing centers within cells most forms of non  syndro  mic deaf  ness are associated with permanent hearing loss caused by damage to structures in the inner ear the inner ear consists of three parts a sn  ail shaped structure called the co  ch  lea that helps process sound nerves that send information from the co  ch  lea to the brain and structures involved with balance loss of hearing caused by changes in the inner ear is called sens  or  in  eur  al deaf  ness hearing loss that results from changes in the middle ear is called conduc  tive hearing loss the middle ear contains three tiny bones that help transfer sound from the ear  drum to the inner ear some forms of non  syndro  mic deaf  ness involve changes in both the inner ear and the middle ear this combination is called mixed hearing loss the severity of hearing loss varies and can change over time it can affect one ear unilateral or both ears bilateral degrees of hearing loss range from mild difficulty understanding soft speech to profound inability to hear even very loud noises the loss may be stable or it may progress as a person gets older particular types of non  syndro  mic deaf  ness often show distinctive patterns of hearing loss for example the loss may be more pronounced at high middle or low tones non  syndro  mic deaf  ness can occur at any age hearing loss that is present before a child learns to speak is classified as pre  lingual or con  genital hearing loss that occurs after the development of speech is classified as post  lingual
non  thro  m  bo  cy  top  en  ic pur  pur  a is a type of pur  pur  a red or purple skin dis  color  ation not associated with thro  m  bo  cy  top  enia examples causes include hen  och – sch  ön  le  in pur  pur  a hereditary hemorrha  gic tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia con  genital cy  tom  eg  alo  virus men  in  go  co  cc  emia
non  toxic no  d  ular go  iter is an enlarged thyro  id without hyper  thyro  i  dis  m it is often present for years before toxic no  d  ular go  iter occurs in the united states it is the most common cause of a large thyro  id affecting between 3 and 5 of the population
be  j  el or endemic sy  phil  is is a chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the end  em  ic  um sub  species of the spi  ro  che  te tre  pon  ema palli  dum be  j  el is also known by a variety of other names including bel  esh dic  hu  ch  wa endemic sy  phil  is non  ven  ere  al sy  phil  is fren  ga n  jo  vera sk  er  l  j  evo si  ti or tre  pon  em  at  osis be  j  el type
no  on  an syndrome ns is a relatively common auto  som  al dominant con  genital disorder and is named after jacqu  eline no  on  an a pedi  atric cardi  o  logist it is referred to as the male version of turner s syndrome and is still sometimes described in this way however the genetic causes of no  on  an syndrome and turner syndrome are distinct the principal features include con  genital heart defect typically pul  mon  ary valve sten  osis also atri  al sep  tal defect and hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy short stature learning problems pec  tus exc  av  at  um impaired blood clo  tting and a characteristic configuration of facial features including a web  bed neck and a flat nose bridge ns is a ras  opathy and is one of several disorders that are caused by a disruption of ras map  k path  way sign  aling it is believed that between approximately 1 in 1 000 and 1 in 2 500 children worldwide are born with ns it is one of the most common genetic syndro  mes associated with con  genital heart disease similar in frequency to down syndrome however the range and severity of features can vary greatly in patients with ns therefore the syndrome is not always identified at an early age
no  on  an syndrome with multiple l  enti  gin  es n  sm  l also known as le  op  ard syndrome cardi  o  cu  taneous syndrome gor  lin syndrome ii l  enti  gin  osis prof  usa syndrome progressive cardi  om  y  opathic l  enti  gin  osis cap  ute ri  mo  in kon  ig  s  mark est  erly ric  hard  son syndrome or mo  y  na  han syndrome which is part of a group called ras map  k path  way syndro  mes — is a rare auto  som  al dominant multi  system disease caused by a mutation in the protein ty  ros  ine phosp  hat  ase non recep  tor type 11 gene pt  p  n 11 the disease is a complex of features mostly involving the skin sk  el  etal and cardiovascular systems which may or may not be present in all patients the nature of how the mutation causes each of the condition s symptoms is not well known however research is ongoing it is a ras  opathy no  on  an syndrome with multiple l  enti  gin  es is caused by a different mis  sense mutation of the same gene no  on  an syndrome is fairly common 1 1 000 to 1 2 500 live births and neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis 1 which was once thought to be related to n  sm  l is also common 1 3500 however no epidemiological data exists for n  sm  l
the nor west arch is a weather pattern peculiar to the east coast of new zealand s south island for this reason it is also often referred to as the can  ter  bury arch although it is visible in both ot  ago and mar  l  borough as well as in the can  ter  bury region it is shown in an apparent arch of high white cloud in an otherwise clear blue sky over the southern alps and is accompanied by a strong hot north  wester  ly or nor  ther  ly wind simply known as the nor we  ster closer to the can  ter  bury coast some distance from the mountains of the southern alps it appears as a clear area of blue above the mountains with white cloud streaming to the east from it the phenomenon is similar to the chin  ook arch seen in the pacific regions of the united states and canada
in linear al  ge  bra functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a norm is a function that as  signs a strictly positive length or size to each vector in a vector space — save for the zero vector which is assigned a length of zero a semin  orm on the other hand is allowed to assign zero length to some non zero vectors in addition to the zero vector a norm must also satisfy certain properties pertaining to scal  ability and addi  tivity which are given in the formal definition below a simple example is the 2 dimensional eu  cli  dean space r 2 equipped with the elements in this vector space e g 3 7 are usually drawn as ar  rows in a 2 dimensional car  te  sian coordinate system starting at the origin 0 0 the eu  cli  dean norm as  signs to each vector the length of its arrow because of this the eu  cli  dean norm is often known as the magnitude a vector space on which a norm is defined is called a norm  ed vector space similarly a vector space with a semin  orm is called a semin  or  med vector space it is often possible to supply a norm for a given vector space in more than one way
in ren  al physi  ology normal an  ion gap aci  do  sis and less precisely non an  ion gap aci  do  sis is an aci  do  sis that is not accompanied by an abnormally increased an  ion gap the most common eti  ology of normal an  ion gap aci  do  sis is diarr  hea with a ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis being a distant second
normal backwar  dation also sometimes called backwar  dation is the market condition where  in the price of a forward or futures contract is trading below the expected spot price at contract maturity the resulting futures or forward curve would typically be downward slop  ing i e inver  ted since contracts for further dates would typically trade at even lower prices in practice the expected future spot price is unknown and the term backwar  dation may be used to refer to positive basis which occurs when the current spot price exceeds the price of the future the opposite market condition to normal backwar  dation is known as cont  an  go similarly in practice the term may be used to refer to negative basis where the current spot price is below the future price a backwar  dation starts when the difference between the forward price and the spot price is less than the cost of carry or when there can be no delivery arbitr  age because the asset is not currently available for purchase futures contract price includes compensation for the risk transferred from the asset holder this makes actual price on expiry to be lower than futures contract price backwar  dation very seldom arises in money commodities like gold or silver in the early 1980 s there was a one day backwar  dation in silver while some metal was physically moved from com  ex to c  bot warehouses gold has historically been positive with exception for mom  entary backwar  d  ations hours since gold futures started trading on the win  ni  peg commodity exchange in 1972 the term is sometimes applied to forward prices other than those of futures contracts when analogous price patterns arise for example if it costs more to lease silver for 30 days than for 60 days it might be said that the silver lease rates are in backwar  dation negative lease rates for silver may indicate bul  lion banks require a risk premium for selling silver futures into the market
normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments especially in ep  ist  em  ology in order to avoid objections perceived as dig  res  sive as a reply to objections to an explanation of a phenomenon e g a hypothesis or a theory it is said argument x holds only under normal conditions in some cases the concept of normal conditions tends to be rather blurred and the reply under normal conditions can tend to extend to everything that contradicts an argument in cases when the argument of normal conditions comes too often according to the principle of oc  cam s razor another explanation x has to be found
in physics and engineering for a dynam  ical system according wave theory a mode is a standing wave state of exc  itation in which all the components of the system will be affected sin  us  o  id  ally under a specified fixed frequency because no real system can perfectly fit under the standing wave framework the mode concept is taken as a general characterization of specific states of osci  ll  ation thus treating the dynamic system in a linear fashion in where linear super  position of states can be performed as classical examples there are in a mechanical dynam  ical system a vibr  ating rope is the most clear example of a mode in which the rope is the medium the stress on the rope is the exc  itation and the displacement of the rope with respect to its static state is the modal variable in an acous  tic dynam  ical systems a single sound pitch is a mode in which the air is the medium the sound pressure in the air is the exc  itation and the displacement of the air molecules is the modal variable in a structural dynam  ical systems a high tall building osci  ll  ating under its most fl  ex  ural axis is a mode in which all the material of the building under the proper numerical simplifications is the medium the seis  mic wind environmental solic  itations are the exc  itations and the dis  placements are the modal variable in an electrical dynam  ical systems a reson  ant cav  ity made of thin metal walls en  closing a hollow space for a particle acceler  ator is a pure standing wave system and thus an example of a mode in which the hollow space of the cav  ity is the medium the r  f source a k  ly  str  on or another r  f source is the exc  itation and the electromagnetic field is the modal variable when relating to music normal modes of vibr  ating instruments strings air pipes drums etc are called harmon  ics or over  tones the concept of normal modes also finds application in op  tics quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics most dynam  ical system can be excited under several modes each mode is characterized by one or several frequencies according the modal variable field for example a vibr  ating rope in the 2 d space is defined by a single frequency 1 d ax  ial displacement but a vibr  ating rope in the 3 d space is defined by two frequencies 2 d ax  ial displacement for a given am  pl  itude on the modal variable each mode will store an specific amount of energy because of the sin  us  o  idal exc  itation from all the modes of a dynam  ical system the normal or dominant mode of a system will be the mode storing the minimum amount of energy for a given am  pl  itude of the modal variable or equival  ently for a given stored amount of energy will be the mode imposing the maximum am  pl  itude of the modal variable
normal pressure hydro  cephal  us n  ph also termed symptomatic hydro  cephal  us is a type of brain mal  function caused by expansion of the lateral cere  br  al ven  tric  les and distortion of the fi  bers in the cor  ona radi  ata its typical symptoms are ur  inary in  contin  ence dementia and ga  it disturbance c  sf pressure is usually normal ven  tric  les are chronically dil  ated the usual treatment is surgical installation of a ven  tric  ul  oper  it  one  al sh  unt to drain excess c  sf into the lining of the ab  dom  en where the c  sf will eventually be absorbed
normal tension gl  au  coma nt  g is an eye disease a neuro  pa  thy of the op  tic nerve that shows all the characteristics of traditional gl  au  coma except one the elevated intra  oc  ular pressure i  op the classic hallmark of gl  au  coma is missing normal tension gl  au  coma is in many cases closely associated with general issues of blood circulation and of organ per  fusion like arter  ial hypo  tension metabol  ic syndrome and flam  mer syndrome
normal weight obesity is a condition of having normal body weight but high body fat percentages with the same health risks of obesity
lis  sen  cephal  y 2 more commonly called norman – rober  ts syndrome is a rare form of lis  sen  cephal  y caused by a mutation in the re  elin gene a small number of cases have been described the syndrome was first reported by m norman and m rober  ts et al in 1976 lack of re  elin prevents normal lay  ering of the cere  br  al cor  tex and disrup  ts cognitive development patients have cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia and suffer from con  genital lymp  he  dem  a and hy  pot  onia the disorder is also associated with myop  ia ny  stag  mus and generalized seizures norman – rober  ts syndrome is one of two known disorders caused by a disruption of the re  elin sign  aling path  way the other is v  ld  lr associated cere  bell  ar hypo  pl  asia which is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for one of the re  elin recep  tors v  ld  lr disruption of the rel  n gene in human patients is analogous to the malfunctioning rel  n gene in the re  el  er mouse
nor  mo  li  po  prote  in  emic x  an  thom  at  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a x  an  thom  a in the presence of normal cho  le  sterol and li  po  protein levels
norm  op  hosp  hat  emic famili  al tu  moral cal  cin  osis is a cu  taneous disorder characterized by cu  taneous calci  fication or os  sification
the nor  n stones are fic  tional powerful magical items from as  g  ard featured in the mar  vel universe
nor  rie disease is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the eye and almost always leads to blindness in addition to the con  genital oc  ular symptoms some patients suffer from a progressive hearing loss starting mostly in their 2 nd decade of life while another portion may be mentally challenged patients with nor  rie disease may develop cat  ar  acts leuk  oc  oria a condition where the pupils appear white when light is sh  one on them along with other developmental issues in the eye such as shrinking of the globe and the wasting away of the iris around 30 to 50 of them will also have developmental delay mental retar  dation psychotic like features in  coordination of movements or behavioral ab  norm  alities most patients are born with normal hearing however the onset of hearing loss is very common in early adoles  cence about 15 of patients are estimated to develop all the features of the disease the disease affects almost only male infants at or soon after birth because the disease is inherited x linked rec  essive only in very rare cases females have been diagnosed with nor  rie disease as well the exact incidence number is unknown only a few hundred cases have been reported it is a very rare disorder that is not associated with any specific ethnic or racial groups
the north al  eu  tians basin is a geographic phenomenon primarily a submarine depression occurring in the southern bris  tol bay region of the bering sea and just off the northern shore of the alaska peninsula it extends some 600 miles 9  60 km along the alaska peninsula northeast southwest and nearly as far north south into the center of the bering sea primarily composed of gra  vel and sand the near shore zone is famously mu  ddy towards its eastern flank long known for its potential riches the area was heavily prospec  ted by oil and gas prospec  tors mostly notable shell from the early 1960 s through the present since the area is important for the highly pri  zed soc  ke  ye salmon fishery particularly in communities like dill  in  gham nak  nek and king salmon the entire area was until recently subject to a federal offshore drilling moratorium as recently as october 2005 both the state of alaska and the u s minerals management service had plans to develop the oil and especially natural gas potential of the area one proposal would have offshore platforms extracting natural gas north of the village of nelson lag  oon and transporting the gas via pipeline to a processing facility to the pacific ocean side near sand point
north american indian childhood cir  rho  sis na  ic is a disease in humans that can affect o  ji  b  way cre  e children in north  western qu  eb  ec canada the disease is due to an auto  som  al rec  essive ab  normality of the cir  h 1 a gene which codes for cir  h  in na  ic is a ri  bo  som  opathy an r 565 w mutation of cir  h 1 a leads to partial impairment of cir  h  in interaction with no  l 11 initial transi  ent ne  on  atal ja  und  ice advances over time to bi  li  ary cir  rho  sis with severe liver fi  bro  sis eventually liver failure occurs and requires liver transplantation
north asian tick ty  ph  us or north asian tick fever also known as siber  ian tick ty  ph  us is a condition characterized by a mac  ul  op  ap  ular rash it is associated with ric  ke  tt  sia si  bir  ica
the north atlantic osci  ll  ation na  o is a weather phenomenon in the north atlantic ocean of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level between the icelandic low and the azores high through fluctuations in the strength of the icelandic low and the azores high it controls the strength and direction of wester  ly winds and storm tracks across the north atlantic it is part of the arctic osci  ll  ation and varies over time with no particular periodic  ity the na  o was discovered through several studies in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries unlike the el ni  ño southern osci  ll  ation phenomenon in the pacific ocean the na  o is a largely atmospheric mode it is one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the north atlantic and surrounding hum  id clim  ates the north atlantic osci  ll  ation is closely related to the arctic osci  ll  ation ao or northern ann  ular mode nam but should not be confused with the atlantic multi  dec  ad  al osci  ll  ation amo
the north melbourne grand final breakfast is a breakfast function organised by the north melbourne football club on the morning of the af  l grand final the breakfast marks the traditional beginning to grand final day and is one of the biggest social highlights on the australian sporting calendar watching the event is a ritual for many fo  o  ty fans and the function plays a huge role in the pre match build up for the grand final
the north pacific osci  ll  ation n  po is a tel  econ  nec  tion pattern first described by walker and bliss and characterized by a north south se  es  aw in sea level pressure over the north pacific ro  gers using surface atmospheric temperature from st paul alaska and ed  mon  ton identified two phases of the n  po an al  eu  tian below ab phase that correspond to a deepened and eastward shifted al  eu  tian low and an al  eu  tian above aa phase that is the opposite during the positive ab phase sea level pressure is enhanced over a large region in the sub  tro  p  ics that extend po  le  ward to 40 n ° and reduced at higher lati  tudes wester  lies are enhanced over the central pacific and winter temperature are mild along much of the north america west coast but cool  er than usual over eastern siberia and the united states south west precip  itations are higher than usual over alaska and the great plains the n  p  go is the oce  anic expression of the n  po
the northeast blackout of 1965 was a significant disruption in the supply of electricity on tuesday november 9 1965 affecting parts of on  tari  o in canada and connec  tic  ut massachusetts new ham  p  shire new jersey new york rho  de island pennsylvania and ver  mont in the united states over 30 million people and 80 000 square miles 207 000 km 2 were left without electricity for up to 13 hours
northern corn leaf b  light n  cl  b is a fo  liar disease of corn maize caused by ex  sero  hil  um tur  cic  um the an  amor  ph of the as  com  y  ce  te se  to  sp  ha  er  ia tur  c  ica with its characteristic cigar shaped le  sions this disease can cause significant yield loss in susceptible corn hybrids
northern epi  le  psy syndrome or progressive epi  le  psy with mental retar  dation ep  mr is a subtype of neuro  nal cer  o  id li  po  fus  cin  osis and a rare disease that is regarded as a finnish heritage disease unlike most finnish heritage diseases this syndrome has been reported only in finland the disease is characterized by seizures in early childhood that progressively get worse until after pu  ber  ty once the onset of seizures occurs mental degradation is seen this continues into adul  thood even after seizure frequency has decreased the cause of the disease is a mis  sense mutation in chro  mo  some 8 the creation of a new protein occurs and the lip  id content of the brain is altered because of it the ratio of the mutation carriers is 1 135 there is nothing that has been found to stop the progression of the disease but symptomatic approaches such as the use of benzo  di  az  ep  ines have helped control seizures
the northern subject rule is a gr  amm  atical pattern that occurs in northern english and scots dial  ects present tense ver  bs may take the verbal ‑ s suff  ix except when they are directly adjacent to one of the personal pronoun  s i you we or they as their subject as a result they sing contrasts with the birds sings they sing and d  ances it s you that sings i only sings in the modern northern english dial  ects this pattern varies and now compe  tes with standard forms furthermore other non standard dial  ec  tal patterns are found that developed separately from the northern subject rule these include for example the free use of ‑ s in the historic present especially when introducing quoted speech i says the free use of ‑ s as a marker of habitual sem  an  tics i goes to work may also occur a widespread tendency to level the contrast between was and were sometimes to i were he were more often to we was you was almost universal levelling of the contrast between there was a ra  ven and there were two ra  vens some controversy surrounds its origin some scholars e g graham isa  ac argue that it developed out of the old english verbal end  ings by way of northern middle english but others e g h tr  is  tr  am argue that it could be a language contact transfer feature from the bry  th  onic language historically spoken in that area graham shor  rocks notes that a similar use of the historic present occurs in some dial  ects of north germany citing gordon 1966 and w  ak  ern  ag  el jol  les 1971 this is part of the greater debate whether the cel  tic languages have had any influence on the structure of english due to the cel  tic population learning the english language rapidly but im  perfectly after the coming of the angles some lingu  ists have expressed a very strong opinion in favor of the language contact theory john mc  wh  or  ter for instance called the northern subject rule a bizarre trait and claims that similar phenomena are otherwise only known in v  so languages like bry  th  onic and rare even in that case new  found  land english and at least some hi  ber  no english dial  ects the dial  ect of w  ex  ford for example follow a similar pattern
northern vigor is an effect seen in certain varieties of produce where varieties of plants grown in northern clim  ates then moved to southern clim  ates are har  di  er better producing and better ta  sting this effect has been primarily observed in potatoes but is also seen in strawberries and garlic the sas  kat  che  wan seed potato growers association has trademar  ked the term northern vigour for use with their potatoes but the effect is seen in produce grown throughout canada and the northern united states the exact cause of northern vigor is not known but there are many theories some believe it has to do with the length of the days in northern lati  tudes or that it has to do with the combination of cold nights and hot days others believe that the cold may kill off any disease that would otherwise affect plants from the south still others think that the switch from a col  der climate to a warm less harsh environment makes it easier for the plants to thrive researchers in sas  kat  che  wan discovered that tubers raised in the cold and then moved to a warm environment undergo a series of physiological changes that may trigger more vigorous growth
ep  is  tax  is also known as a no  se  bleed is the common occurrence of bleeding from the nose it is usually noticed when the blood dra  ins out through the no  stri  ls there are two types an  terior the most common and poster  ior less common more likely to require medical attention sometimes in more severe cases the blood can come up the nas  ol  ac  ri  mal duc  t and out from the eye fresh blood and clo  tted blood can also flow down into the stomach and cause naus  ea and v  om  iting although the sight of large amounts of blood can be alarming and may warrant medical attention no  se  ble  eds are rarely fatal accounting for only 4 of the 2 4 million deaths in the u s in 1999 about 60 of people have a no  se  bleed at some point in their life about 10 of no  se  ble  eds are serious
no  s  opho  bia is the irrational fear of contracting a disease a type of specific pho  bia primary fears of this kind are fear of contracting pul  mon  ary tuberculosis ven  ere  al diseases cancer and heart diseases some authors have suggested that the medical students disease should accurately be referred to as no  s  opho  bia rather than hypo  ch  on  dri  asis because the quoted studies show a very low percentage of hypo  ch  on  dri  ac  al character of the condition the word no  s  opho  bia comes from the greek νό  σ  ος no  sos for disease
nostalgia for the soviet union or soviet nostalgia is a moral psychological phenomenon in russia and post soviet states as well as persons born in the soviet union living abroad soviet people soviet generation nostalgia for the soviet union could be expressed in nostalgia for the politics of the soviet union society lifestyle culture or simply the a  esthe  tics of the soviet epo  ch it results mainly from the frustration russia experienced after the dissolution of the soviet union subsequently the economy was changed from a socialist planned economy to capitalism which eventu  ated the rise of russian oligarchs see gazprom the living standard subsequently fell and gave rise to a renaissance of russian nationalism on april 25 2005 the president of russia vladimir putin stated that the dissolution of the soviet union was a major geopolitical disaster of the 20 th century
no  tal  gia par  a  esthe  tica or no  tal  gia pa  res  the  tica also known as hereditary loc  alized pr  ur  it  us poster  ior pi  gm  ented pr  uri  tic patch and subs  cap  ular pr  ur  it  us is a chronic sensory neuro  pa  thy no  tal  gia par  a  esthe  tica is a common loc  alized itch affecting mainly the inter  s  cap  ular area especially the t 2 – t 6 der  mat  om  es but occasionally with a more widespread distribution involving the shoulders back and upper chest the characteristic symptom is pr  ur  it  us itch or sensation that makes a person want to scratch on the back usually on the left hand side below the shoulder blade mid to upper back it is occasionally accompanied by pain pa  res  the  sia pins and needles or hyper  esthesia unusual or patho  logically increased sensitivity of the skin to sensory stimul  i such as pain heat cold or touch which results in a well circum  scri  bed hyper  pi  gm  entation of a skin patch in the affected area the causes or origin of this condition eti  ology have not yet been completely defined patients are usually older persons
the not  ch of ri  vin  us is a small defect in the poster  ior edge of the bon  y ann  ular ty  mp  anic ring the defect is located just superior to the ty  mp  ano ma  sto  id su  ture line in the poster  ior ear canal following identification of the sp  ine of hen  le it is possible to follow the ty  mp  ano ma  sto  id su  ture line medi  ally towards the ann  ular ring at this location the ch  ord  a ty  mp  ani nerve is often identified just superior to this the not  ch of ri  vin  us can be seen and the neck of the mal  le  us occupies the not  ch and often is the superior limit of a ty  mp  an  ome  atal fl  ap e  ty  mo  logy august  us q ri  vin  us german anatom  ist 16  52 – 17  23 a deficiency in the ty  mp  anic sul  cus of the ear that forms an attachment for the fl  acci  d part of the ty  mp  anic memb  rane and the mal  lear fol  ds also called ri  vin  us incis  ure ty  mp  anic incis  ure
in psychology novelty seeking ns is a personality trait associated with exploratory activity in response to novel stimulation impul  sive decision making extravag  ance in approach to reward cu  es and quick loss of temper and avoidance of frustration it is measured in the tri  dimensional personality questionnaire as well as the later version temper  ament and character inventory and is considered one of the temper  ament dimensions of personality like the other temper  ament dimensions it has been found to be highly her  itable high ns has been suggested to be related to low dop  am  iner  gic activity in the revised version of the temper  ament and character inventory t  ci r novelty seeking consists of the following four sub  scales 1 exploratory exc  itability ns 1 2 impul  siveness ns 2 3 extravag  ance ns 3 4 dis  ord  er  liness ns 4
in mathematics a nowhere continuous function also called an everywhere dis  continuous function is a function that is not continuous at any point of its domain if f is a function from real numbers to real numbers then f x is nowhere continuous if for each point x there is an ε 0 such that for each δ 0 we can find a point y such that 0 x − y δ and f x − f y ≥ ε therefore no matter how close we get to any fixed point there are even closer points at which the function takes not nearby values more general definitions of this kind of function can be obtained by replacing the absolute value by the distance function in a metric space or by using the definition of continuity in a topo  logical space
now  l  ur is a neighbourhood and a part of urban notified area of amar  av  ati the state capital of the indian state of and  h  ra pradesh it was an out growth of man  gal  ag  iri municipality in gun  tur district prior to its merger in the urban area of the state capital
in chemistry the no  yor  i asymmetric hydro  gen  ation of ke  tones is a chemical reaction for the en  anti  o  selective hydro  gen  ation of ke  tone alde  hy  des and im  ines this reaction exploits using chir  al ruth  en  ium cataly  sts introduced by ry  o  ji no  yor  i he shared half of the nobel prize in chemistry in 2001 with william s know  les for the study of the asymmetric hydro  gen  ation bin  ap ru catalyst is used for the asymmetric hydro  gen  ation of func  tion  alized ke  tones and bin  ap diam  ine ru catalyst is used for the asymmetric hydro  gen  ation of simple ke  tones these hydro  gen  ations are used in the production of several drugs such as the anti  bacterial le  vo  flo  x  in the antibiotic carb  ap  en  em and the anti  psychotic agent bms 18  1100 no  yor  i hydro  gen  ation
the no  zak  i – hi  y  ama – k  ish  i reaction is a nickel chromium coupling reaction forming an alcohol from the reaction of an alde  hyde with an all  yl or vinyl hali  de in their original 1977 publication t  ame  j  iro hi  y  ama and hit  o  shi no  zak  i reported on a chromium ii salt solution prepared by reduction of ch  rom  ic chloride by lith  ium aluminium hy  dri  de to which was added benz  alde  hyde and all  yl chloride n  h  k reaction 1977 compared to gri  gn  ard reactions this reaction is very selective towards alde  hy  des with large tolerance towards a range of functional groups such as ke  tones esters am  ides and nit  ri  les en  als give exclusively 1 2 addition solvents of choice are d  m  f and d  m  so one solvent requirement is solu  bility of the chromium salts no  zak  i hi  y  ama k  ish  i reaction is a useful method for preparing medium size rings in 1983 the scope was extended by the same authors to include vinyl hali  des or tri  fl  ates and ar  yl hali  des it was observed that the success of the reaction depended on the source of chromium ii chloride and in 1986 it was found that this is due to nickel impurities since then nickel ii chloride is used as a co catalyst n  h  k reaction 1986 no  zak  i in the same year yo  shi  to k  ish  i et al independently discovered the beneficial effects of nickel in his quest for pal  y  toxin n  h  k reaction kis  ki 1986 p  all  adi  um acetate was also found to be an effective co  catalyst
a nu  ch  al cord occurs when the um  bil  ical cord becomes wrapped around the fe  tal neck 360 degrees nu  ch  al cords are not very common with prevalence rates of 6 to 37 up to half of nu  ch  al cords resolve before delivery
a nu  ch  al type fi  bro  ma is a rare benign proliferation involving the der  mis and sub  cu  taneous tissues that is a collection of dense hypo  cellular bund  les of coll  agen with entr  apped adi  po  cy  tes and increased numbers of small nerves it is no longer called a nu  ch  al fi  bro  ma but instead a nu  ch  al type fi  bro  ma since it develops in other an  atomic sites there is no known eti  ology
nuclear chemistry is the sub  field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity nuclear processes such as nuclear trans  mutation and nuclear properties it is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the ac  tin  ides radi  um and rad  on together with the chemistry associated with equipment such as nuclear reactors which are designed to perform nuclear processes this includes the corro  sion of surfaces and the behavior under conditions of both normal and abnormal operation such as during an accident an important area is the behavior of objects and materials after being placed into a nuclear waste storage or disposal site it includes the study of the chemical effects resulting from the absorption of radiation within living animals plants and other materials the radiation chemistry controls much of radiation biology as radiation has an effect on living things at the molecular scale to explain it another way the radiation al  ters the bio  chemicals within an organism the alteration of the biom  ol  ec  ules then changes the chemistry which occurs within the organism this change in chemistry then can lead to a biological outcome as a result nuclear chemistry greatly assists the understanding of medical treatments such as cancer radi  otherapy and has enabled these treatments to improve it includes the study of the production and use of radioactive sources for a range of processes these include radi  otherapy in medical applications the use of radioactive trac  ers within industry science and the environment and the use of radiation to modify materials such as pol  ym  ers it also includes the study and use of nuclear processes in non radioactive areas of human activity for instance nuclear magnetic resonance n  mr spec  tro  sco  py is commonly used in synthetic organic chemistry and physical chemistry and for structural analysis in macro  molecular chemistry
nuclear electronics is a sub  field of electronics concerned with the design and use of high speed electronic systems for nuclear physics and elementary particle physics research and for industrial and medical use essential elements of such systems include fast detectors for charged particles discrimin  ators for separating them by energy coun  ters for counting the pul  ses produced by individual particles fast logic circuits including coincidence and veto gates for identification of particular types of complex particle events and pulse height analy  zers p  has for sorting and counting gam  ma rays or particle interactions by energy for spectr  al analysis
in nuclear physics nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nucle  i come close enough to form one or more different atomic nucle  i and sub  atomic particles neu  tron  s and or prot  ons the difference in mass between the products and re  ac  tants is manifested as the release of large amounts of energy this difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic binding energy between the atomic nucle  i before and after the reaction fusion is the process that powers active or main sequence stars or other high magnitude stars the fusion process that produces a nucleus lighter than iron 56 or nickel 62 will generally yield a net energy release these elements have the smallest mass per nucle  on and the largest binding energy per nucle  on respectively fusion of light elements toward these releases energy an ex  other  mic process while a fusion producing nucle  i heavier than these elements will result in energy retained by the resulting nucle  ons and the resulting reaction is endo  ther  mic the opposite is true for the reverse process nuclear fis  sion this means that the lighter elements such as hydrogen and heli  um are in general more f  usable while the heavier elements such as uranium and plutonium are more fis  sion  able the extreme astro  physical event of a super  nova can produce enough energy to fuse nucle  i into elements heavier than iron following the discovery of quantum tunn  eling by physic  ist friedrich h  und in 1929 robert at  kinson and fr  itz hou  ter  mans used the measured masses of light elements to predict that large amounts of energy could be released by f  using small nucle  i building upon the nuclear trans  mutation experiments by ern  est ru  ther  ford carried out several years earlier the laboratory fusion of hydrogen isotop  es was first accomplished by mark oli  ph  ant in 19  32 during the remainder of that decade the steps of the main cycle of nuclear fusion in stars were worked out by hans be  the research into fusion for military purposes began in the early 1940 s as part of the manhattan project fusion was accomplished in 1951 with the greenhouse item nuclear test nuclear fusion on a large scale in an explosion was first carried out on november 1 1952 in the i  vy mike hydrogen bomb test research into developing controlled thermonuclear fusion for civil purposes also began in earnest in the 1950 s and it continues to this day
nuclear magnetic resonance n  mr is a physical phenomenon in which nucle  i in a magnetic field absorb and re emit electromagnetic radiation this energy is at a specific resonance frequency which depends on the strength of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties of the isot  ope of the atoms in practical applications the frequency is similar to v  hf and u  hf television broadcasts 60 – 1000 mhz n  mr allows the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of the atomic nucleus many scientific techniques exploit n  mr phenomena to study molecular physics cryst  als and non cryst  alline materials through nuclear magnetic resonance spec  tro  sco  py n  mr is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques such as in magnetic resonance imaging m  ri all isotop  es that contain an odd number of prot  ons and or neu  tron  s see isot  ope have an intrinsic magnetic moment and ang  ular momentum in other words a non  zero spin while all nuc  li  des with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero the most commonly studied nucle  i are 1 h and 13 c although nucle  i from isotop  es of many other elements e g 2 h 6 li 10 b 11 b 14 n 15 n 17 o 19 f 23 na 29 si 31 p 35 cl 113 cd 129 xe 195 pt have been studied by high field n  mr spec  tro  sco  py as well a key feature of n  mr is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field it is this feature that is exploited in imaging techniques if a sample is placed in a non uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample s nucle  i depend on where in the field they are located since the resolution of the imaging technique depends on the magnitude of magnetic field gr  adi  ent many efforts are made to develop increased field strength often using super  conductors the effectiveness of n  mr can also be improved using hyper  polarization and or using two dimensional three dimensional and higher dimensional multi frequency techniques the principle of n  mr usually involves two sequ  ential steps the alignment polarization of the magnetic nuclear sp  ins in an applied constant magnetic field b 0 the per  turb  ation of this alignment of the nuclear sp  ins by employing an electro magnetic usually radio frequency r  f pulse the required per  tur  bing frequency is dependent upon the static magnetic field h 0 and the nucle  i of observation the two fields are usually chosen to be per  pend  icular to each other as this maxim  izes the n  mr signal strength the resulting response by the total magne  tization m of the nuclear sp  ins is the phenomenon that is exploited in n  mr spec  tro  sco  py and magnetic resonance imaging both use intense applied magnetic fields h 0 in order to achieve dispersion and very high stability to deliver spectr  al resolution the details of which are described by chemical shifts the ze  eman effect and knight shifts in metals n  mr phenomena are also utilized in low field n  mr n  mr spec  tro  sco  py and m  ri in the earth s magnetic field referred to as and in several types of magne  tom  eters
the explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy released when that particular nuclear weapon is deton  ated usually expressed as a t  nt equivalent the standardized equivalent mass of trin  it  rot  olu  ene which if deton  ated would produce the same energy discharge either in kilo  tons kt — thousands of tons of t  nt in meg  at  ons mt — millions of tons of t  nt or sometimes in ter  aj  ou  les t  j an explosive yield of one ter  aj  ou  le is 0 239 kt of t  nt because the accuracy of any measurement of the energy released by t  nt has always been problematic the conventional definition accepted since the dawn of the atomic age is that one kilo  ton of t  nt is simply to be 10  12 cal  ories equivalent which is only approximately equal to the energy yield of 1 000 tons of t  nt the yield to weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon the practical maximum yield to weight ratio for fusion weapons thermonuclear weapons has been estimated to six meg  at  ons of t  nt per metric ton of bomb mass 25 t  j kg yields of 5 2 meg  at  ons ton and higher have been reported for large weapons constructed for single war  head use in the early 1960 s since this time the smaller warheads needed to achieve the increased net damage efficiency bomb damage bomb weight of multiple war  head systems has resulted in decreases in the yield weight ratio for single modern warheads
in molecular biology hybri  di  zation or hybri  dis  ation is a phenomenon in which single stranded de  oxy  ri  bon  uc  le  ic acid dna or ri  bon  uc  le  ic acid r  na molecules an  ne  al to complementary dna or r  na though a double stranded dna sequence is generally stable under physiological conditions changing these conditions in the laboratory generally by raising the surrounding temperature will cause the molecules to separate into single strands these strands are complementary to each other but may also be complementary to other sequences present in their surroundings lowering the surrounding temperature allows the single stranded molecules to an  ne  al or “ hybri  di  ze ” to each other dna replic  ation and trans  cription of dna into r  na both rely upon nucle  o  tide hybri  di  zation as do molecular biology techniques including southern blo  ts and northern blo  ts the poly  mer  ase chain reaction p  cr and most approaches to dna sequ  encing
in organic chemistry a nucle  oph  il  ic addition reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electr  on deficient or electro  phil  ic double or triple bond a π bond reacts with electr  on rich re  ac  tant termed a nucle  ophi  le with disappearance of the double bond and creation of two new single or σ bonds the reactions are involved in the biological synthesis of compounds in the metabol  ism of every living organism and are used by chem  ists in academia and industries such as pharmaceuticals to prepare most new complex organic chemicals and so are central to organic chemistry addition reactions require the presence of groups with multiple bonds in the electro  phi  le carbon – hetero  atom multiple bonds as in carbon  y  ls im  ines and nit  ri  les or carbon – carbon double or triple bonds
the most important of these is the sn  ar mechanism where electr  on withdrawing groups activate the ring towards nucle  oph  il  ic attack for example if there are nit  ro functional groups positioned orth  o or para to the hali  de leaving group
nul  lis  om  ic is a genetic condition involving the lack of one of the normal chro  mo  som  al pairs for a species 2 n 2 humans with this condition will not survive
num  a num  a is an internet phenomenon based on a video by american v  log  ger gary bro  l  sma made after the song drag  o  ste  a din te  i as performed by o zone bro  l  sma s video entitled num  a num  a song was released on december 6 2004 on the website new  grounds com and shows bro  l  sma lip syn  ching the hit song with lively ges  ticul  ations and dance moves the video title is derived from the romanian words n  u m  ă n  u m  ă that occur in the refrain of o zone s song it was the first num  a num  a them  ed video to gain widespread attention less than three months after the release it had been viewed more than two million times on the de  but website alone num  a num  a song has since spawned many par  ody videos including those created for the new num  a contest sponsored by bro  l  sma which promised us 45 000 in prize money for submissions his original video was named 41 st in the 2006 broadcast of 100 greatest funny moments by channel 4 in the uk the video was featured on channel 4 s virtually famous and entered its hall of fame and was ranked 1 in v  h 1 s 40 greatest internet super  stars in march 2007
the number portability administration center n  pac is a function of the federal communications commission f  cc in the united states it ad  ministers the routing of telephone calls and text messages s  ms for the telecommunications industry and its customers as such it facilitates local number portability in the united states and canada
numer  acy is the ability to reason and to apply simple numerical concepts basic numer  acy skills consist of compreh  ending fundamental arithme  tics like addition sub  traction multiplication and division for example if one can understand simple mathematical equations such as 2 2 4 then one would be considered possessing at least basic num  eric knowledge substantial aspects of numer  acy also include number sense operation sense compu  tation measurement geometry probability and statistics a numer  ically liter  ate person can manage and respond to the mathematical demands of life by contrast in  numer  acy the lack of numer  acy can have a negative impact numer  acy has an influence on career decisions and risk perception towards health decisions for example in  numer  acy distorts risk perception towards health decisions and may negatively affect economic choices greater numer  acy has been associated with reduced suscep  tibility to framing effects less influence of non  numerical information such as mood states and greater sensitivity to different levels of numerical risk
numerical diffusion is a difficulty with computer simul  ations of continu  a such as fluids where  in the simul  ated medium exhi  bits a higher diff  u  sivity than the true medium this phenomenon can be particularly egregious when the system should not be diff  u  sive at all for example an ideal fluid acquiring some sp  urious vis  cos  ity in a numerical model
in software engineering and mathematics numerical error is the combined effect of two kinds of error in a calculation the first is caused by the finite precision of compu  tations involving floating point or inte  ger values the second usually called tr  unc  ation error is the difference between the exact mathematical solution and the approximate solution obtained when simplifications are made to the mathematical equations to make them more amenable to calculation the term tr  unc  ation comes from the fact that either these simplifications usually involve the tr  unc  ation of an infinite series expansion so as to make the compu  tation possible and practical or because the least significant bits of an arithmetic operation are thrown away floating point numerical error is often measured in ul  p unit in the last place
numerical resis  tivity is a problem in computer simul  ations of ideal magne  to  hydro  dynamics m  hd it is a form of numerical diffusion in near ideal m  hd systems the magnetic field can diffuse only very slowly through the plasma or fluid of the system it is rate limited by the in  verse of the resis  tivity of the fluid in eul  er  ian simul  ations where the field is arbitrarily aligned compared to the simulation grid the numerical diffusion rate takes the form similar to an additional resis  tivity causing non physical and sometimes bur  sty magnetic re  connection in the simulation numerical resis  tivity is a function of resolution alignment of the magnetic field with the grid and numerical method in general numerical resis  tivity will not behave iso  tro  p  ically and there can be different effective numerical resis  tivities in different parts of the compu  tational domain for current 2005 simul  ations of the solar cor  ona and inner heli  o  sphere this numerical effect can be several orders of magnitude larger than the physical resis  tivity of the plasma
the numer  osity adaptation effect is a percep  tual phenomenon in numerical cogn  ition which demonstrates non symbolic numerical intu  ition and exemp  lifies how numerical percep  ts can impose themselves upon the human brain automatically this effect was first described in 2008 presently this effect is described only for controlled experimental conditions in the illustration a vie  wer should have a strong impression that the left display lower figure is more numerous than the right after 30 seconds of viewing the adaptation upper figure although both have exactly the same number of do  ts the vie  wer might also underestimate the number of do  ts presented in the display both effects are resistant to manipulation of the non numerical parameters of the display thus this effect cannot be simply explained in terms of size density or contrast perhaps the most astonishing aspect of these effects is that they happen immediately and without conscious control i e knowing that the numbers are equal would not hamper their happening this points to the operation of a special and largely automatic processing system as noted by bur  r ross 2008
num  mul  ar der  mati  tis also known as dis  co  id ecz  ema micro  bial ecz  ema num  mul  ar ecz  ema and num  mul  ar neuro  der  mati  tis is one of the many forms of der  mati  tis also known as dis  co  id der  mati  tis it is characterized by round or o  val shaped it  chy le  sions the name comes from the latin word num  mus which means coin
n  up  tial gifts are food items or ine  di  ble to  k  ens that are transferred to females by males during cour  t  ship or co  pul  ation ine  di  ble to  k  ens may include items such as a frag  ment of leaf or t  wig a seed tu  ft or a silk balloon in many species of animals including birds insects and sp  id  ers this takes the form of a food item that is transferred from a male to a female just prior to co  pul  ation this is a behaviour known as cour  t  ship feeding in some species of insects such as kat  y  di  ds the n  up  tial gift is packaged with the sperm of the male the package is an edible sper  mat  op  hor  e these extra nutrients in the sperm are assimilated by the female and are thought to enhance the fitness of the offspring produced thus increasing the probability that a male passes on its genes n  up  tial gifts may therefore be classified into oral and sem  inal gifts n  up  tial gifts may also be to  k  ens that do not have any direct value as food but may serve as an indicator of male fitness
in general biology or reproductive physi  ology the term nurse cell is defined as a cell which provides food helps other cells and provides stability to their neighboring cells the term nurse cell is used in several unrelated ways in different scientific fields
the nurse scheduling problem n  sp also called the nurse ro  stering problem n  r  p is the operations research problem of finding an optimal way to assign nurses to shifts typically with a set of hard constraints which all valid solutions must follow and a set of soft constraints which define the relative quality of valid solutions solutions to the nurse scheduling problem can be applied to constrained scheduling problems in other fields the nurse scheduling problem has been studied since before 1969 and is known to have n  p hard complexity
nur  sem  aid s el  bow baby  sit  ter s el  bow or pulled el  bow is a dis  location of the el  bow joint caused by a sudden pull on the extended pron  ated fore  arm such as by an adult tu  gging on an un  cooperative child or by swinging the child by the arms during play the technical term for the injury is rad  ial head su  blu  x  ation
nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus or hyper  ten  sive per  ist  al  sis is a disorder of the movement of the es  op  ha  gus characterized by contr  actions in the smooth muscle of the es  op  ha  gus in a normal sequence but at an excessive am  pl  itude or duration nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus is one of several mo  ti  lity disorders of the es  op  ha  gus including ac  hal  asia and diffuse es  op  ha  ge  al sp  asm it causes difficulty sw  allowing or dy  sp  ha  gia to both solid and liquid foods and can cause significant chest pain it may also be as  ymp  tomatic nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus can affect people of any age but is more common in the sixth and seventh decades of life the diagnosis is made by an es  op  ha  ge  al mo  ti  lity study es  op  ha  ge  al man  ome  try which evalu  ates the pressure of the es  op  ha  gus at various points along its length the term nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus comes from the finding of increased pressures during per  ist  al  sis with a diagnosis made when pressures exceed 180 m  mh  g this has been lik  ened to the pressure of a mechanical nut  cracker the disorder does not progress and is not associated with any complications as a result treatment of nut  cracker es  op  ha  gus targets control of symptoms only
the nut  cracker syndrome n  cs — is a manifest variant of nut  cracker phenomenon ren  al vein entr  ap  ment syndrome or mes  o  a  or  tic compression of the left ren  al vein it results most commonly from the compression of the left ren  al vein between the ab  domin  al a  or  ta aa and superior mes  enter  ic artery sma although other variants exist the name derives from the fact that in the sag  it  tal plane and or trans  verse plane the sma and aa with some imagination appear to be a nut  cracker crushing a nut the ren  al vein there is a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and diagnostic criteria are not well defined which frequently results in delayed or incorrect diagnosis this condition is not to be confused with superior mes  enter  ic artery syndrome which is the compression of the third portion of the du  o  den  um by the sma and the aa
nutri  cosmetics are nutritional supplements which purposes to support the function and the structure of the skin many mic  ron  u  tri  ents have this effect vitamin c for example has a well established anti oxid  ant effect that reduces the impact of free radicals in the skin it also has a vital function in the production of coll  agen in the der  mis other mic  ron  u  tri  ents such as some om  ega 3 fatty acids caro  ten  es and flav  ono  ids protect the skin from the damaging effects of ultra  violet light exposure which may lead to accelerated skin aging and wr  ink  le formation one of the pioneers in this field and by many considered as the father of internal skin  care is the swedish bio  chem  ist a  ke dah  l  gre  n he invented the world s first nutri  cosmetic in the late 1980 s called im  e  de  en since the 1990 s sales of nutri  cosmetics have increased dramatically to over 1 billion usd annually
nutrient sensing is a cell s ability to recognize and respond to fuel sub  str  ates such as glucose each type of fuel used by the cell requires an alternate path  way of utilization and accessory molecules in order to conserve resources a cell will only produce molecules that it needs at the time the level and type of fuel that is available to a cell will determine the type of enzymes it needs to express from its genome for utilization recep  tors on the cell memb  rane s surface designed to be activated in the presence of specific fuel molecules communicate to the cell nucleus via a means of cas  c  ading interactions in this way the cell is aware of the available nutrients and is able to produce only the molecules specific to that nutrient type
nutritional an  emia refers to types of an  emia that can be directly attributed to nutritional disorders examples include iron deficiency an  emia and pernicious an  emia it is often discussed in a pedi  atric context
nutritional deficiency ecz  ema is a pattern of ecz  ema with loc  alized thick  ened scaling pat  ches that have some characteristics of num  mul  ar ecz  ema se  bor  rhe  ic der  mati  tis and neuro  der  mati  tis that may be seen in alcohol  ics
nutritional muscular dy  stro  phy also called nutritional my  opathy or white muscle disease is a muscle disease of lambs calves and fo  als and adult horses due to deficiency in sel  en  ium and or vitamin e the condition is observed in all breeds and sexes of lambs from birth to three month of age its frequency increases with upgrading of sheep breed for increased mus  cling especially in areas with sel  en  ium deficiency in soils in dairy breeds the occurs in calves from some days after birth until four months of age but in rus  tic breeds or beef cattle heifers and young ste  ers up to 12 months can also be affected
ny  c  tal  op  ia ˌ  n  ɪ  kt  ə  l  ˈ  o  ʊ  pi  ə from greek ν  ύ  κ  τ ny  kt night ἀ  λα  ός al  a  os blind not seeing and ὄ  ψ ops eye also called night blindness is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light it is a symptom of several eye diseases night blindness may exist from birth or be caused by injury or malnutrition for example a lack of vitamin a it can be described as insufficient adaptation to darkness the most common cause of ny  c  tal  op  ia is ret  initi  s pi  gm  ent  osa a disorder in which the rod cells in the re  tina gradually lose their ability to respond to the light patients suffering from this genetic condition have progressive ny  c  tal  op  ia and eventually their day  time vision may also be affected in x linked con  genital stationary night blindness from birth the rods either do not work at all or work very little but the condition doesn t get worse another cause of night blindness is a deficiency of re  tin  ol or vitamin a found in fish oils liver and dairy products the opposite problem the inability to see in bright light is known as h  emer  al  op  ia and is much r  arer since the outer area of the re  tina is made up of more rods than con  es loss of peripheral vision often results in night blindness individuals suffering from night blindness not only see poorly at night but also require extra time for their eyes to adjust from brigh  tly lit areas to dim ones contrast vision may also be greatly reduced rods contain a recep  tor protein called rho  dop  sin when light falls on rho  dop  sin it under  goes a series of conform  ational changes ultimately generating electrical signals which are carried to the brain via the op  tic nerve in the absence of light rho  dop  sin is regener  ated the body synthe  sizes rho  dop  sin from vitamin a which is why a deficiency in vitamin a causes poor night vision ref  r  active vision correction surgery especially pr  k with the complic  ation of ha  ze may rarely cause a reduction in best night time acu  ity due to the impairment of contrast sensitivity function c  sf which is induced by intra  oc  ular light scat  ter resulting from surgical intervention in the natural structural integrity of the cor  ne  a
ny  stag  mus is a condition of involuntary or voluntary in rare cases eye movement acquired in infancy or later in life that may result in reduced or limited vision due to the involuntary movement of the eye it is often called dancing eyes in a normal condition while the head rot  ates about any axis distant visual images are sustained by rotating eyes in the opposite direction on the respective axis the sem  ic  ir  cular can  als in the vesti  bu  le sense ang  ular acceleration these send signals to the nucle  i for eye movement in the brain from here a signal is rel  ayed to the extra  oc  ular muscles to allow one ’ s gaze to fix  ate on one object as the head moves ny  stag  mus occurs when the sem  ic  ir  cular can  als are being stimulated while the head is not in motion the direction of oc  ular movement is related to the sem  ic  ir  cular canal that is being stimulated there are two key forms of ny  stag  mus pathological and physiological with variations within each type ny  stag  mus may be caused by con  genital disorders acquired or central nervous system disorders toxicity pharmaceutical drugs alcohol or rot  ational movement previously considered un  treat  able in recent years several pharmaceutical drugs have been identified for treatment of ny  stag  mus ny  stag  mus is occasionally associated with ver  ti  go
o jav  anese o j  awa or o spelling is a phenomenon that is caused by contradiction between standard jav  anese spelling and standard indonesian spelling ey  d in standard indonesian spelling word a can only pronounced a while in standard jav  anese spelling word a have two tone i e a and ɔ in consequence the indonesian words that borrowed from jav  anese that have syn  tax a on its writ  ings usually pronounced a although in jav  anese its pronounced ɔ hence the words a that pronounced o become written as o to simplify for readers that are not from jav  anese background for example su  si  lo bam  bang yu  d  ho  y  ono if written by standard jav  anese spelling should be su  si  la bam  bang yu  d  hay  ana while sur  ab  aya pronounced sur  ɔ  b  ɔ  j  ɔ ham  eng  ku  bu  won  o ham  eng  ku  bu  w  ana man  g  kun  eg  oro man  g  kun  eg  ara
oh 24 ol  du  vai hom  ini  d № 24 nick  named twi  ggy is a fossi  lized skull of the species homo ha  bil  is it was discovered in ol  du  vai gor  ge tanzania by peter n  zu  be in 1968 the skull was found crushed almost flat and was therefore named after the famously skinny model of the time twi  ggy estimated at about 1 8 my  a million years old the cran  ium was found crushed flat and cem  ented together with a mass coating of lime  stone originally there was very little interest placed on the discovery of the skull but after much effort by scientist ron clarke the skull was finally re  constructed and examined thoroughly despite this effort there still is a good deal of distortion from the fossi  li  zation processes that took place the small cran  ial capacity estimated at about 590 600 cc cubic centi  meters is in part attributed to this cran  ial distortion oh 24 s face is described as being pro  gn  ath  ic projec  ting forward under the nose as in other fossi  ls from the homo ha  bil  is family but not quite to the extent of earlier austr  al  op  i  th  ecus species besides manifest  ing lesser pro  gn  ath  ism than the austr  al  op  i  th  ec  ines oh 24 also portr  ays a larger cran  ial vault indicating an expansion in brain size from its anc  est  or and the reduction of facial pro  gn  ath  is  im typical of the evolution of early homo the individual s third mol  ars had erupted which indicates that oh 24 twi  ggy was an adult at death yet these mol  ars show no sign of wear the points on the cro  wns of the teeth are still sharp and show little sign of abra  sion by rough food matter indicating that this individual died soon after the eruption of these mol  ars like the other fossi  ls of homo ha  bil  is oh 24 also manifests the slightly small teeth set in a u shaped arch being one of the oldest fossi  ls of homo ha  bil  is oh 24 has been used to settle many disputes about splitting some of the early homo fossi  ls that have been found into homo ru  dol  f  ensis and homo ha  bil  is or lum  ping them together into one single species homo ha  bil  is some of the highly disputed fossi  ls are kn  m er 18  13 which most agree is a female homo ha  bil  is and kn  m er 14  70 which many argue has various anatom  ical differences to the previously known homo ha  bil  is fossi  ls that should make it be classified into the homo ru  dol  f  ensis species replic  a made with a 3 d printer
the os tan is an internet phenomenon or mem  e that originated within the japanese fu  tab  a channel the os tan are the mo  e anthropo  morph  ism person  ification of several operating systems by various amateur japanese artists the os tan are typically depicted as women with the os tan representative of microsoft windows operating systems usually depicted as sisters of varying ages though initially appearing only in fan work the os t  ans proved popular enough that microsoft branches in singapore and taiwan used the os tan concept as the basis for ad campaigns for internet explor  er and microsoft sil  ver  light respectively
o  sl  am syndrome is a rare auto  som  al dominant hereditary disorder its name is an initi  alism of o  ste  os  ar  coma limb anomalies and er  y  thro  id macro  cy  to  sis with meg  alo  bl  astic marrow syndrome o  sl  am syndrome was recognised and described by mul  vil  hill et al as a syndrome that increases suscep  tibility to tum  ours and is characterised by an impaired regulation of bone and marrow development individuals with o  sl  am syndrome have an elevated risk of bone cancer limb ab  norm  alities and enlarged red blood cells
the o  zi rule is a consequence of quantum chro  mo  dynamics q  cd that explains why certain decay modes appear less frequently than otherwise might be expected it was independently proposed by su  su  mu ok  u  bo george z  wei  g and ju  gor  o i  iz  uk  a in the 1960 s it states that any strongly occurring process will be suppressed if through only the removal of internal glu  on lines its fe  yn  man diag  ram can be separated into two disconnected diag  r  ams one containing all of the initial state particles and one containing all of the final state particles an example of such a suppressed decay is φ → π π − π 0 it would be expected that this decay mode would dominate over other decay modes such as φ → k k − which have much lower q values in actu  ality it is seen that φ dec  ays to ka  ons 84 of the time suggesting the decay path to p  ions is suppressed an explanation of the o  zi rule can be seen from the decrease of the coupling constant in q  cd with increasing energy or momentum transfer for the o  zi suppressed channels the glu  ons must have high q 2 at least as much as the rest mass energies of the quar  ks into which they decay and so the coupling constant will appear small to these glu  ons a further example is given by the dec  ays of excited states of char  mon  ium bound state of charm quar  k and anti  quar  k for states lighter than the charged d mes  ons the decay must proceed just like the above example into three p  ions with three virtual glu  ons mediating the interaction each of which must have enough energy to produce a quar  k anti  quar  k pair but above the d mes  on threshold the original val  ence quar  ks need not annihil  ate they can propag  ate into the final states in this case only two glu  ons are required which share the energy of the light quar  k anti  quar  k pair that is spontaneously nucle  ated they are thus lower in energy than the three glu  ons of the o  zi suppressed annihil  ation the suppression arises from both the smaller values of the q  cd coupling constant at high energies as well as the greater number of interaction ver  tices
oak wil  t is a fun  gal disease affecting oak trees caused by the fun  gus cer  at  oc  y  stis fag  ac  ear  um symptoms vary by tree species but generally consist of leaf dis  color  ation wil  t de  foli  ation and death the fun  gus spreads from dise  ased to healthy trees from insects or by connections between tree roots management of the disease historically meant preventing infection by avoiding tree wounds removing dise  ased trees and breaking root connections with vibr  atory p  lows tren  chers roc  k  saws or ho  es present methods focus on the area of mon  oc  ul  tures and restoring correct ecosystems using soils fun  g  icide treatments used in urban areas are available and are mostly preventative as well oak wil  t is an important disease of oak for timber production and of oak trees in urban areas
o  ase 2 is a fossi  lized human skull believed to date from sometime in the first 5 000 years of human hab  itation of europe it was found in the pe  ș  tera cu o  ase cave in south  western romania with other human samples from the time the skull has the same proportions as modern human cr  ani  ums and has other features that are ne  ander  th  al
obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health people are generally considered ob  ese when their body mass index b  mi a measurement obtained by dividing a person s weight by the square of the person s height is over 30 kg m 2 with the range 25 – 30 kg m 2 defined as overweight some east asian countries use lower values obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases particularly heart disease type 2 diabetes obstruc  tive sleep ap  ne  a certain types of cancer and o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake lack of physical activity and genetic suscep  tibility a few cases are caused primarily by genes endocrine disorders medications or mental illness evidence to support the view that ob  ese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabol  ism is not generally supported on average ob  ese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy dense foods such as those high in fat and sugars and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber medications may be taken along with a suitable diet to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption if diet exercise and medication are not effective a ga  str  ic balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bo  wel length leading to feeling full earlier or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide with increasing rates in adults and children in 2014 600 million adults 13 and 42 million children under the age of five were ob  ese obesity is more common in women than men authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21 st century obesity is stigmati  zed in much of the modern world particularly in the western world though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is in some parts of the world in 2013 the american medical association classified obesity as a disease
obesity hypo  ventilation syndrome also known as pick  wick  ian syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly enough or deeply enough resulting in low blood oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide co 2 levels many people with this condition also frequently stop breathing altogether for short periods of time during sleep obstruc  tive sleep ap  ne  a resulting in many partial awak  enings during the night which leads to continual sleep  iness during the day the disease puts strain on the heart which eventually may lead to the symptoms such as heart failure leg sw  elling and various other related symptoms the most effective treatment is weight loss but it is often possible to relieve the symptoms by no  c  tur  nal ventilation with positive air  way pressure cp  ap or related methods obesity hypo  ventilation syndrome is defined as the combination of obesity body mass index above 30 kg m 2 hypo  x  emia falling oxygen levels in blood during sleep and hyper  cap  nia increased blood carbon dioxide levels during the day resulting from hypo  ventilation excessively slow or shallow breathing the disease has been known since the 1950 s initially as pick  wick  ian syndrome in reference to a dic  ken  sian character but currently under a more descriptive name
in computer vision the problem of object categ  ori  zation from image search is the problem of training a classi  fier to recognize categories of objects using only the images retri  eved automatically with an internet search engine ideally automatic image collection would allow classi  fiers to be trained with nothing but the category names as input this problem is closely related to that of content based image retri  eval c  b  ir where the goal is to return better image search results rather than training a classi  fier for image recognition traditionally classi  fiers are trained using sets of images that are labeled by hand collecting such a set of images is often a very time consuming and laborious process the use of internet search engines to autom  ate the process of acquiring large sets of labeled images has been described as a potential way of greatly facilitating computer vision research
the object pool pattern is a software cre  ational design pattern that uses a set of initi  alized objects kept ready to use – a pool – rather than allocating and destroying them on demand a client of the pool will request an object from the pool and perform operations on the returned object when the client has finished it returns the object to the pool rather than destroying it this can be done manu  ally or automatically object pools are primarily used for performance in some circumstances object pools significantly improve performance object pools complicate object lifetime as objects obtained from and returned to a pool are not actually created or destroyed at this time and thus require care in implementation
obligatory possession is a linguistic phenomenon common in languages with n  oun  s infl  ected for poss  essor certain words commonly kin  ship terms and body parts cannot occur without a poss  essor the world atlas of language structures w  als lists 43 languages in its 244 language sample as having obligatory possession languages with obligatory possession are concentrated in new guinea and in north and south america generally obligatory possession is found throughout a family e g al  gon  qu  ian languages represented by plains cre  e in the w  als sample or may  an languages represented by t  zu  tu  j  il in the w  als sample but not all ath  ab  as  kan languages have it sla  vey does not have obligatory possession but nav  a  jo does obligatory possession is also present in the language isolate ha  ida obligatory possession is sometimes called inalienable possession inalienable possession is a sem  an  tic notion i e largely dependent on the way a culture structures the world while obligatory possession is a property of morph  em  es in general n  oun  s with the property of requiring oblig  atori  ly possession are no  tionally in  alien  ably possessed but the fit is rarely if ever perfect
observ  ational error or measurement error is the difference between a measured value of quantity and its true value in statistics an error is not a mistake vari  ability is an inherent part of things being measured and of the measurement process measurement errors can be divided into two components random error and systematic error random errors are errors in measurement that lead to measurable values being inconsistent when repeated measures of a constant attribute or quantity are taken systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by an in  accuracy as of observation or measurement inherent in the system systematic error may also refer to an error having a non  zero mean so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged
the observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object called the subject maintains a list of its depend  ents called observers and notifies them automatically of any state changes usually by calling one of their methods it is mainly used to implement distributed event handling systems the observer pattern is also a key part in the familiar model – view – controller m  v  c architectural pattern the observer pattern is implemented in numerous programming libraries and systems including almost all gu  i tool  kits the observer pattern can cause memory leaks known as the lapsed lis  tener problem because in basic implementation it requires both explicit registration and explicit dere  gis  tration as in the dispose pattern because the subject holds strong references to the observers keeping them alive this can be prevented by the subject holding weak references to the observers related patterns publish – subscribe pattern mediator sing  leton
obs  essive – compul  sive disorder oc  d is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly perform certain rou  tines repeatedly called rit  uals or have certain thoughts repeatedly people are unable to control either the thoughts or the activities for more than a short period of time common activities include hand washing counting of things and checking to see if a door is locked some may have difficulty throwing things out these activities occur to such a degree that the person s daily life is negatively affected often they take up more than an hour a day most adults realize that the behaviors do not make sense the condition is associated with tics anxiety disorder and an increased risk of suicide the cause is unknown there appear to be some genetic components with both identical twins more often affected than both non identical twins risk factors include a history of child abuse or other stress inducing event some cases have been documented to occur following infections the diagnosis is based on the symptoms and requires ruling out other drug related or medical causes rating scales such as the yale – brown obs  essive compul  sive scale can be used to assess the severity other disorders with similar symptoms include anxiety disorder major depres  sive disorder eating disorders tic disorders and obs  essive – compul  sive personality disorder treatment involves counselling such as cognitive behavioral therapy c  bt and sometimes medication typically selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors ss  ris c  bt for oc  d involves increasing exposure to what causes the problems while not allowing the repeti  tive behavior to occur while clo  mi  pr  amine appears to work as well as ss  ris it has greater side effects atypical anti  psycho  tics may be useful when used in addition to an s  sri in treatment resistant cases but are also associated with an increased risk of side effects without treatment the condition often lasts decades obs  essive – compul  sive disorder affects about 2 3 of people at some point in their life rates during a given year are about 1 2 and it occurs worldwide it is unusual for symptoms to begin after the age of thirty five and half of people develop problems before twenty males and females are affected about equally in english the phrase obs  essive – compul  sive is often used in an informal manner unrelated to oc  d to describe someone who is excessively meticulous perfec  tion  istic absorbed or otherwise fix  ated
obs  essive – compul  sive personality disorder oc  pd is a personality disorder characterized by a general pattern of concern with ord  er  liness perfec  tion  ism excessive attention to details mental and inter  personal control and a need for control over one s environment at the expense of flexibility openness to experience and efficiency work  a  hol  ism and miser  liness are also seen often in those with this personality disorder rit  uals are performed to the point of excluding leisure activities and friend  ships persons affected with this disorder may find it hard to relax always feeling that time is running out for their activities and that more effort is needed to achieve their goals they may plan their activities down to the minute — a manifestation of the compul  sive tendency to keep control over their environment and to dislike unpredictable things as things they cannot control the cause of oc  pd is unknown this is a distinct disorder from obs  essive – compul  sive disorder oc  d and the relation between the two is contentious some but not all studies have found high com  or  bi  dity rates between the two disorders and both may share outside similarities – rigid and ritual like behaviors for example ho  ar  ding ord  er  liness and a need for sym  metry and organization are often seen in people with either disorder attitudes toward these behaviors differ between people affected with either of the disorders for people with oc  d these behaviors are unwanted and seen as unhealthy being the product of anxiety inducing and involuntary thoughts while for people with oc  pd they are ego  syn  tonic that is they are perceived by the subject as rational and desirable being the result of for example a strong adherence to rou  tines a natural inclination towards cau  ti  ousness or a desire to achieve perfection oc  pd occurs in about 2 – 8 of the general population and 8 – 9 of psychiatric out  patients the disorder more often occurs in men
ob  ste  tric f  ist  ula or vag  inal f  ist  ula is a medical condition in which a f  ist  ula hole develops between either the rec  tum and vag  ina see rec  to  vag  inal f  ist  ula or between the blad  der and vag  ina see ve  si  co  vag  inal f  ist  ula after severe or failed childbirth when adequate medical care is not available the united nations population fund unf  pa defines ob  ste  tric f  ist  ula as “ a childbirth injury that has been largely neglected despite the devastating impact it has on the lives of affected girls and women it is usually caused by prolonged obstructed labour without timely medical intervention — typically an emergency ca  es  are  an section during un  assisted prolonged obstructed labour the sustained pressure of the baby ’ s head on the mother ’ s pel  vic bone damages soft tissues creating a hole — or f  ist  ula — between the vag  ina and the blad  der and or rec  tum the pressure deprives blood flow to the tissue leading to necro  sis eventually the dead tissue comes away leaving a f  ist  ula which causes a constant le  aking of urine and or fa  ec  es through the vag  ina ” it is considered a disease of poverty because of its tendency to occur in women in poor countries who do not have health resources comparable to developed nations an estimated 2 million women in sub saharan africa asia the arab region and latin america and the caribbean are living with this injury and some 50 000 to 100 000 new cases develop each year in developed countries the majority of women with of suffer rec  to  vag  inal f  ist  ula r  v  f this is caused by ep  is  io  tomy and for  cep  s vacuum extraction of the baby from the vag  ina over 80 of r  v  fs in the usa are ob  ste  tric and either preventable or treat  able followed in frequency by cro  hn s disease and radiation a f  ist  ula is almost entirely preventable according to health advocates its persistence is a sign that health systems are failing to meet women ’ s essential needs
an ob  ste  tric labor complic  ation is a difficulty or ab  normality that arises during the process of labor or delivery an example is dy  sto  cia
ob  ste  tr  ical bleeding also known as ob  ste  tr  ical hemorrha  ge and maternal hemorrha  ge refers to heavy bleeding during pregnancy labor or the puer  peri  um bleeding may be vag  inal and external or less commonly but more dangerously internal into the ab  domin  al cav  ity typically bleeding is related to the pregnancy itself but some forms of bleeding are caused by other events about 4 6 million cases of ob  ste  tr  ical hemorrha  ge occurred in 2013 it is a major cause of maternal mortality
obstructed labour also known as labour dy  sto  cia is when even though the uter  us is contracting normally the baby does not exit the pel  vis during childbirth due to being physically blocked complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death it increases the risk of the mother getting an infection having uter  ine rupture or having post par  tum bleeding long term complications for the mother include ob  ste  tr  ical f  ist  ula obstructed labour is said to result in prolonged labour when the active phase of labour is longer than twelve hours the main causes of obstructed labour include a large or abnormally positioned baby a small pel  vis and problems with the birth canal abnormal positioning includes shoulder dy  sto  cia were the an  terior shoulder does not pass easily below the pu  bic bone risk factors for a small pel  vis include malnutrition and a lack of exposure to sunlight causing vitamin d deficiency it is also more common in adoles  cence as the pel  vis may not have finished growing problems with the birth canal include a narrow vag  ina and per  in  eu  m which may be due to female genital mutilation or tumors a par  to  graph is often used to track labour progression and diagnose problems this combined with physical examination may identify obstructed labour the treatment of obstructed labour may require ces  are  an section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symp  h  ysis pu  bis other measures include keeping the women hydr  ated and antibiotics if the memb  ran  es have been rup  tured for more than 18 hours in africa and asia obstructed labor effects between two and five percent of deliveries in 2013 about 5 1 cases of obstructed labour occurred this resulted in 19 000 deaths down from 29 000 deaths in 1990 about 8 of all deaths related to pregnancy most deaths due to this condition occur in the developing world
obstruc  tive lung disease is a category of respiratory disease characterized by air  way obstruction many obstruc  tive diseases of the lung result from narrowing of the smaller bron  chi and larger bron  chi  oles often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself it is generally characterized by infl  amed and easily collap  sible airways obstruction to air  flow problems ex  hal  ing and frequent medical clinic visits and hosp  itali  zations types of obstruc  tive lung disease include asthma bron  chi  ec  tas  is bron  chi  tis and chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease cop  d although cop  d shares similar characteristics with all other obstruc  tive lung diseases such as the signs of cou  gh  ing and whe  e  zing they are distinct conditions in terms of disease onset frequency of symptoms and rever  sibility of air  way obstruction c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis is also sometimes included in obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease
obstruc  tive pur  pur  a is a skin condition that may result from mechanical obstruction to circulation with resulting stress on the small vessels leading to pur  pur  a
obstruc  tive sleep ap  ne  a osa is the most common type of sleep ap  ne  a and is caused by complete or partial obstruc  tions of the upper air  way it is characterized by repeti  tive episodes of shallow or pa  used breathing during sleep despite the effort to breathe and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen satur  ation these episodes of decreased breathing called ap  ne  as literally without breath typically last 20 to 40 seconds individuals with osa are rarely aware of difficulty breathing even upon awakening it is often recognized as a problem by others who observe the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects on the body osa is commonly accompanied with snor  ing some use the terms obstruc  tive sleep ap  ne  a syndrome or obstruc  tive sleep ap  ne  a – hypo  p  ne  a syndrome to refer to osa which is associated with symptoms during the day  time symptoms may be present for years or even decades without identification during which time the individual may become conditioned to the day  time sleep  iness and fatigue associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance individuals who generally sleep alone are often unaware of the condition without a regular bed partner to notice and make them aware of their symptoms as the muscle tone of the body ordinarily relax  es during sleep and the air  way at the throat is composed of walls of soft tissue which can collapse it is not surprising that breathing can be obstructed during sleep although a very minor degree of osa is considered to be within the bounds of normal sleep and many individuals experience episodes of osa at some point in life a small percentage of people have chronic severe osa many people experience episodes of osa for only a short period this can be the result of an upper respiratory infection that causes nas  al congestion along with sw  elling of the throat or ton  sil  li  tis that temporarily produces very enlarged ton  si  ls the ep  stein bar  r virus for example is known to be able to dramatically increase the size of lymp  ho  id tissue during acute infection and osa is fairly common in acute cases of severe infectious mon  on  uc  le  osis temporary spells of osa syndrome may also occur in individuals who are under the influence of a drug such as alcohol that may relax their body tone excessively and interfere with normal ar  ous  al from sleep mechanisms
obstruc  tive u  ro  pa  thy is a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow sometimes leading to ren  al dysfunction obstruc  tive ne  ph  ro  pa  thy it is a very broad term and does not imply a location or eti  ology
ob  t  und  ation refers to less than full aler  tness altered level of consciousness typically as a result of a medical condition or trauma the root word ob  t  und means dul  led or less sharp cf ob  t  use angle
an ob  tur  ator her  nia is a rare type of her  nia of the pel  vic floor in which pel  vic or ab  domin  al contents pro  tru  des through the ob  tur  ator for  amen because of differences in anatomy it is much more common in women especially multi  par  ous and older women who have recently lost a lot of weight the diagnosis is often made intra  oper  atively after present  ing  with bo  wel obstruction a gy  ne  co  logist may come across this type of her  ni  as as a secondary finding during gy  ne  co  logical open surgery or l  apar  o  sco  py the how  ship rom  berg sign is sugges  tive of an ob  tur  ator her  nia exacerbated by thi  gh extension medi  al rotation and abduction it is characterized by lan  ci  l  ating pain in the medi  al thi  gh ob  tur  ator distribution extending to the knee caused by her  nia compression of the ob  tur  ator nerve
the oc  cam process is a sol  der free restriction of hazardous substances directive ro  hs compliant method for use in the manufacturing of electronic circuit boards developed by ver  d  ant electronics it combines the usual two steps of the construction of printed circuit boards pcbs followed by the population process of placing various leaded and non leaded electronic components into one process
an oc  ci  p  ital bu  n is a prominent bul  ge or projection of the oc  ci  p  ital bone at the back of the skull it is important in scientific descriptions of classic ne  ander  th  al cr  ania while common among many of humankind s ancestors primarily robust relatives rather than grac  ile the pro  tru  sion is relatively rare in modern homo sap  i  ens some scientists suspect oc  ci  p  ital bun  s might cor  relate with the biom  ec  han  ics of running another theory attributes them to enlargement of the cere  bell  um a region of the brain which medi  ates the timing of motor actions and spatial reasoning there are still some human populations which often exhibit oc  ci  p  ital bun  s a greater proportion of early modern europeans had them but prominent oc  ci  p  ital bun  s in modern populations are now relatively inf  requ  ent a study conducted by lie  berman pear  son and mo  w  br  ay provides evidence that individuals with narrow heads do  li  co  cephal  ic or narrow cran  ial bases and relatively large brains are more likely to have oc  ci  p  ital bun  s as a means of resolving a spatial packing problem
oc  ci  p  ital horn syndrome o  hs formerly considered a variant of eh  lers dan  los syndrome is an x linked rec  essive connec  tive tissue disorder it is caused by a deficiency in the transport of the essential mineral copper associated with mutations in the at  p 7 a gene only about 2 3 of children with o  hs are thought to have genetically inherited the disorder the other 1 3 do not have the disease in their family history since the disorder is x linked rec  essive the disease affects more males this is because they do not have a second x chro  mo  some unlike females so essentially are lacking the backup copy with proper function females are much more likely to be carriers only for a female to be affected they must carry two defective x chro  mo  som  es not just one the disorder is considered a mil  der variant of men  kes disease
oc  ci  p  ital ne  ur  al  gia also known as c 2 ne  ur  al  gia or rarely arnold s ne  ur  al  gia is a medical condition characterized by chronic pain in the upper neck back of the head and behind the eyes these areas correspond to the locations of the lesser and greater oc  ci  p  ital nerves wrapped around the greater oc  ci  p  ital nerve is the oc  ci  p  ital artery which can contribute to the ne  ur  al  gia the condition is also sometimes characterized by diminished sensation in the affected area symptoms include sharp jab  bing intense pains or sens  ations burning and or pric  king feeling
oc  cult pneumonia is a pneumonia that is not observ  able directly by the eye but can only be shown indirectly especially by radio  graphy oc  cult pneumonia can be made visible by chest x rays the general symptoms cough for more than 10 days and fever for more than 3 days can indicate the presence of oc  cult pneumonia just as a temperature of 39 ° c or higher and a high white blood cell count administration of a pneu  mo  coc  cal vaccine decreases the incidence of oc  cult pneumonia which suggests that st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae is a cause of oc  cult pneumonia oc  cult pneumonia however can also be the result of atypical pneumonia although pneu  mo  coc  cal vaccination lowers the prevalence of oc  cult pneumonia it does not make radio  graphic diagnosis superfluous at patients with prolonged fever cough or leuk  oc  y  to  sis e  ty  mo  logy the term is derived from the latin oc  cul  tus hidden secret and pneumonia infl  amm  ation of the lungs greek pneu  ma wind and in  do european ple  um  on floating swimming
occupational ac  ne is caused by several different groups of industrial compounds including coal tar derivatives in  soluble cutting oils and chlorinated hydrocarbons chlor  nap  h  thal  en  es chlor  di  phen  y  ls and chlor  di  phen  y  lo  x  ides
occupational asthma is an occupational lung disease and a type of asthma like other types of asthma it is characterized by air  way infl  amm  ation reversible airways obstruction and bron  cho  sp  asm but it is caused by something in the workplace environment symptoms include short  ness of breath ti  ght  ness of the chest nas  al irritation cou  gh  ing and whe  e  zing the first person to use it in reference to a medical condition was hippo  crates and he believed that tail  ors ang  lers and metal  workers were more likely to be affected by the disease although much research has been done since the infl  am  matory component of asthma was recognized only in the 1960 s hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis is a related condition with many occupational examples e g flock worker s lung farmer s lung and indi  um lung however although overlapping in many cases hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis may be distinguished from occupational asthma in that it isn t restricted to only occupational exposure and involves type iii hy  pers  ensi  tivity and type iv hy  pers  ensi  tivity rather than the type i hy  pers  ensi  tivity of asthma also unlike asthma hy  pers  ensi  tivity pneu  mon  i  tis targets lung al  ve  oli rather than bron  chi
the term bur  n  out in psychology was coined by herbert fre  u  den  berger in his 1974 staff bur  n  out presumably based on the 1960 novel a burnt out case by graham green  e which describes a protagon  ist suffering from bur  n  out more recently the term bro  wn  out has been used in the business world to describe a less serious version of bur  n  out it refers to staff who are dis  engaged and demo  tiv  ated in their job role occupational bur  n  out is typically and particularly found within human service professions professions with high levels of bur  n  out include social workers nurses teachers lawyers engineers medical practitioners customer service representatives and police officers one reason why bur  n  out is so prevalent within the human services field is due in part to the high stress work environment and emotional demands of the job mas  l  ach and her colleague michael le  iter defined the anti  thesis of bur  n  out as engagement engagement is characterized by energy involvement and efficacy the op  pos  ites of exhaustion cynicism and ine  ffic  acy bak  ker et al 2014 in bur  n  out and work engagement the jd – r approach makes the same argument as le  iter
occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards several cancers have been directly tied to occupational hazards including chim  ney swe  eps carcin  oma mes  o  the  li  oma and others
an occupational disease is any chronic ail  ment that occurs as a result of work or occupational activity it is an aspect of occupational safety and health an occupational disease is typically identified when it is shown that it is more prevalent in a given body of workers than in the general population or in other worker populations the first such disease to be recognised squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma of the scro  tum was identified in chim  ney sweep boys by sir per  ci  val pot  t in 17  75 occupational hazards that are of a traumatic nature such as falls by roof  ers are not considered to be occupational diseases under the law of workers compensation in many jurisdictions there is a presumption that specific disease are caused by the worker being in the work environment and the burden is on the employer or insurer to show that the disease came about from another cause diseases compensated by national workers compensation authorities are often termed occupational diseases however many countries do not offer compens  ations for certain diseases like mus  cul  osk  el  etal disorders caused by work e g in norway therefore the term work related diseases is utilized to describe diseases of occupational origin this term however would then include both compens  able and non compens  able diseases that have occupational origins
occupational hearing loss o  hl is hearing loss that occurs as a result of occupational hazards o  hl damage to one or both ears from exposures related to one s occupation is a large but preventable problem organizations such as the occupational safety and health administration o  sha and the national institute for occupational safety and health ni  os  h work with employers and workers to reduce or eliminate completely hazards to hearing occupational hearing loss is one of the most common work related illness in the united states hazards to the hearing of workers include industrial noise and exposure to various o  to  toxic chemicals these exposures may also interact to cause more damage than either one would by itself many chemicals have not been tested for o  to  toxicity so unknown threats may exist a 2016 study by ni  os  h found that the mining sector had the highest prevalence of hearing impairment at 17 followed by the construction sector 16 and the manufacturing sector 14 the public safety sector had the lowest rate of hearing impairment at 7 personal protective equipment administrative controls and engineering controls can all work to reduce exposure to noise and chemicals either by providing the worker with protection such as ear  plu  gs or by reducing the noise at the source or limiting the time or level of exposure
occupational lung diseases are occupational diseases affecting the respiratory system including occupational asthma black lung disease coal  worker s pneu  mo  con  i  osis chronic obstruc  tive pul  mon  ary disease cop  d mes  o  the  li  oma and sili  co  sis infectious lung diseases can also be acquired in an occupational context exposure to substances like flock and silic  a can cause fi  bro  sing lung disease whereas exposure to carcinogens like asbestos and ber  yl  lium can cause lung cancer occupational cases of inter  sti  tial lung disease may be mis  diagnosed as cop  d idi  opathic pul  mon  ary fi  bro  sis or a myriad of other diseases leading to a delay in identification of the caus  ative agent
occupational stress is stress related to one s job occupational stress often stems from unexpected responsibilities and pressures that do not align with a person s knowledge skills or expectations inhi  biting one s ability to cope occupational stress can increase when workers do not feel supported by supervisors or colleagues or feel as if they have little control over work processes
ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the ph of the earth s oceans caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide co 2 from the atmosphere se  aw  ater is slightly basic meaning ph 7 and the process in question is a shift towards ph neutral conditions rather than a transition to ac  id  ic conditions ph 7 ocean al  kal  inity is not changed by the process or may increase over long time periods due to carbon  ate dissolution an estimated 30 – 40 of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dis  solves into oceans rivers and lakes to achieve chemical equilibrium some of it reacts with the water to form carbon  ic acid some of these extra carbon  ic acid molecules react with a water mol  ecu  le to give a bic  ar  bon  ate ion and a hy  dron  ium ion thus increasing ocean acidity h ion concentration between 17  51 and 1994 surface ocean ph is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8 25 to 8 14 representing an increase of almost 30 in h ion concentration in the world s oceans earth system models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analo  gs and in combination with other ocean bio  geo  chemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabol  ic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral ble  aching by increasing the presence of free hydrogen ions each mol  ecu  le of carbon  ic acid that forms in the oceans ultimately results in the conversion of two carbon  ate ions into bic  ar  bon  ate ions this net decrease in the amount of carbon  ate ions available makes it more difficult for marine calci  fying organisms such as coral and some plan  k  ton to form bio  genic calcium carbon  ate and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans as members of the inter  academy panel 105 science academ  ies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050 global co 2 emissions be reduced by at least 50 compared to the 1990 level while ongoing ocean acidification is anthropogenic in origin it has occurred previously in earth s history the most notable example is the pal  e  oc  ene e  oc  ene thermal maximum pet  m which occurred approximately 56 million years ago for reasons that are currently uncertain massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere and led to the dissolution of carbon  ate se  di  ments in all ocean basins ocean acidification has been called the evil twin of global warming and the other co 2 problem
och  ro  no  sis is the syndrome caused by the accumulation of hom  og  enti  sic acid in connec  tive tissues the phenomenon was first described by ru  dol  f vir  chow in 18  65 the condition was named after the yel  low  ish o  cher like dis  color  ation of the tissue seen on micro  scopic examination however macro  sco  p  ically the affected tissues appear blu  ish grey because of a light scat  tering phenomenon known as the ty  n  dall effect the condition is most often associated with al  kap  ton  ur  ia but can occur from exo  genous administration of phen  ol complex  es like hydro  quin  one
the october revolution russian о  к  т  я  ́  б  р  ь  с  к  а  я р  е  в  о  л  ю  ́  ц  и  я tr ok  t  jab  r  j  sk  a  ja revol  ju  ci  ja ip  a ɐ  k  ˈ  t  ʲ  ab  r  ʲ  sk  ə  j  ə r  ʲ  ɪ  v  ɐ  ˈ  l  ʲ  ut  s  ɨ  j  ə officially known in the soviet literature as the great october socialist revolution russian в  е  л  и  ́  к  а  я о  к  т  я  ́  б  р  ь  с  к  а  я с  о  ц  и  а  л  и  с  т  и  ́  ч  е  с  к  а  я р  е  в  о  л  ю  ́  ц  и  я tr ve  li  ka  ja ok  t  jab  r  j  sk  a  ja soci  alis  ti  č  es  ka  ja revol  ju  ci  ja and commonly referred to as red october the october uprising or the bolshevi  k revolution was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger russian revolution of 1917 it took place with an armed insurrec  tion in petro  gr  ad traditionally dated to 25 october 1917 by the julian or old style calendar which corresponds to 7 november 1917 in the greg  orian or new style calendar it followed and capitalized on the february revolution of the same year which over  threw the ts  arist autocracy and resulted in a provisional government after a transfer of power proclaimed by grand duke michael brother of ts  ar nicolas ii who declined to take power after the ts  ar stepped down during this time urban workers began to organize into councils russian soviet where  in revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions the october revolution in petro  gr  ad over  threw the provisional government and gave the power to the local soviets the bolshevi  k party was heavily supported by the soviets after the congress of soviets now the governing body had its second session it elected members of the bolshevi  ks and other leftist groups such as the left socialist revolutionaries to key positions within the new state of affairs this immediately initiated the establishment of the russian socialist feder  ative soviet republic the world s first self proclaimed socialist state the revolution was led by the bolshevi  ks who used their influence in the petro  gr  ad soviet to organize the armed forces bolshevi  k red guards forces under the military revolutionary committee began the takeover of government buildings on 24 october 1917 o s the following day the winter palace the seat of the provisional government located in petro  gr  ad then capital of russia was captured the long awaited constituent assembly elections were held on 12 november 1917 the bolshevi  ks only won 175 seats in the 715 seat legislative body coming in second behind the socialist revolutionary party which won 370 seats the constituent assembly was to first meet on 28 november 1917 but its con  vocation was delayed until 5 january 1918 by the bolshevi  ks on its first and only day in session the body rejected soviet decrees on peace and land and was dissolved the next day by order of the congress of soviets as the revolution was not universally recognized there followed the struggles of the russian civil war 1917 – 22 and the creation of the soviet union in 19  22
oc  ular al  bin  ism is a form of al  bin  ism which in contrast to oc  ul  o  cu  taneous al  bin  ism presents primarily in the eyes there are multiple forms of oc  ular al  bin  ism which are clin  ically similar both known genes are on the x chro  mo  some when the term auto  som  al rec  essive oc  ular al  bin  ism ar  oa is used it usually refers to mild variants of oc  ul  o  cu  taneous al  bin  ism rather than oc  ular al  bin  ism which is x linked
oc  ular al  bin  ism type 1 oa 1 also called net  t  les  hip – falls syndrome is the most common type of oc  ular al  bin  ism with a prevalence rate of 1 50 000 it is an inher  itable classical men  deli  an type x linked rec  essive disorder where  in the re  tin  al pig  ment epi  the  lium lacks pig  ment while hair and skin appear normal since it is an x linked disorder it occurs mostly in males while females are carriers unless they are homo  zy  g  ous about 60 mis  sense and nonsense mutations inser  tions and dele  tions have been identified in oa 1 mutations in oa 1 have been linked to defective gly  co  syl  ation and thus improper in  trac  ell  ular transportation the ep  ony  ms of the name net  t  les  hip – falls syndrome are edward net  t  les  hip and harold francis falls
oc  ular fl  utter is an op  so  cl  onic disorder in which the eyes in  continuously s  acc  ad  ically move around the point of fixation in the field of vision
oc  ular hyper  tension is a clinical term describing the presence of elevated intra  oc  ular pressure in the absence of op  tic nerve damage or visual field loss for most individuals the normal range of intro  cular pressure is between 10 m  mh  g and 21 m  mh  g elevated intra  oc  ular pressure is an important risk factor for gl  au  coma the oc  ular hyper  tension treatment study a large mul  tic  entered random  ized clinical trial determined that topical oc  ular hypo  ten  sive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open angle gl  au  coma accordingly most individuals with consistently elevated intra  oc  ular pressures of greater than 21 m  mh  g particularly if they have other risk factors are treated in an effort to prevent vision loss from gl  au  coma
oc  ular is  chem  ic syndrome is the con  stell  ation of oc  ular signs and symptoms secondary to severe chronic arter  ial hypo  per  fusion to the eye am  au  ro  sis fu  ga  x is a form of acute vision loss caused by reduced blood flow to the eye that may be a warning sign of an impending stroke consequently those with transi  ent blur  ring of vision are advised to urgently seek medical attention for a thorough evaluation of the caro  ti  d artery an  terior segment is  chem  ic syndrome is a similar is  chem  ic condition of an  terior segment usually seen in post surgical cases re  tin  al arter  ial oc  clu  sion leads to rapid death of re  tin  al cells thereby resulting in severe loss of vision
oc  ular mel  an  osis om also known as oc  ular mel  an  oc  y  to  sis or mel  an  osis oc  uli is a con  genital disease of the eye which affects about 1 in every 5000 people and is a risk factor for u  veal mel  anom  a in dogs is found almost exclusively in the cair  n terri  er where until recently it was known as pi  gm  entary gl  au  coma see also can  ine gl  au  coma the disease is caused by an increase of mel  an  oc  y  tes in the iris chor  o  id and surrounding structures overproduction of pig  ment by these cells can block the tr  ab  ec  ular mes  h  work through which fluid dra  ins from the eye the increased fluid in the eye leads to increased pressure which can lead to gl  au  coma in humans this is sometimes known as pig  ment dispersion syndrome
oc  ular my  asth  enia grav  is mg is a disease of the neuro  muscular junction resulting in hallmark vari  ability in muscle weakness and fati  g  ability mg is an auto  immune disease where anom  alous antibodies are produced against the naturally occurring ace  ty  l  ch  oline recep  tors in voluntary muscles mg may be limited to the muscles of the eye oc  ular mg leading to abrupt onset of weakness fati  g  ability of the eye  li  ds or eye movement mg may also involve other muscle groups generalized mg
oc  ular neuro  sis is the usual cause of eye strain headache that begins abruptly with use of the eyes in which there is a normal oph  thal  mo  logic exam ic  d classification f 45 8 neuro  sis oc  ular
oc  ular ro  sac  ea is a manifestation of ro  sac  ea that affects the eyes and eye  li  ds signs and symptoms generally consist of red  ness irritation or burning of the eyes affected individuals may also feel that there is something such as an e  yel  ash in the eye and frequently have red  ness of the nose and cheeks as well those who suffer from oc  ular ro  sac  ea may be treated with warm com  presses artificial tears and washing the area around the eye with warm water including the eye  li  ds to help relieve symptoms additionally oral antibiotics typically do  xy  cycl  ine may be prescribed some people with oc  ular ro  sac  ea feel that dietary restrictions of caff  eine sp  icy foods and alcoholic beverages may reduce or eliminate symptoms
oc  ular str  ay  light is a phenomenon where parts of the eye scat  ter light creating gl  are it is analogous to stray light in other optical systems scattered light reaches the re  tina but does not contribute to forming a correct image one can observe the effect of str  ay  light by looking at a distant bright light source against a dark background if the source is small it would look like a small bright spot if they eye im  aged it perfectly scat  tering in the eye makes the source appear spread out surrounded by gl  are the disability gl  are caused by such a situation has been found to correspond precisely to the effect of true light as a consequence disability gl  are was subsequently defined by this true light called str  ay  light
the oc  ul  o  cardiac reflex also known as as  chner phenomenon as  chner reflex or as  chner dag  n  ini reflex is a decrease in pulse rate associated with traction applied to extra  oc  ular muscles and or compression of the eye  ball the reflex is medi  ated by nerve connections between the oph  thal  mic branch of the tri  gem  inal cran  ial nerve via the ci  li  ary gang  lion and the vag  us nerve of the paras  ymp  athetic nervous system nerve fibres from the max  ill  ary and man  di  bul  ar divisions of the tri  gem  inal nerve have also been documented these a  ffer  ents syn  ap  se with the vis  cer  al motor nucleus of the vag  us nerve located in the retic  ular formation of the brain stem the eff  er  ent portion is carried by the vag  us nerve from the cardiovascular center of the med  ul  la to the heart of which increased stimulation leads to decreased output of the sin  o  atri  al no  de this reflex is especially sensitive in ne  on  ates and children particularly during str  ab  is  mus correction surgery however this reflex may also occur with adults brad  y  car  dia junc  tional rhythm and as  y  stole all of which may be life threatening can be induced through this reflex
oc  ul  oc  ere  bro  cu  taneous syndrome also known as d  ell  eman – o  or  thu  ys syndrome is a condition characterized by orb  ital cy  sts micro  phthal  mia po  ren  cephal  y agen  esis of the corpus cal  lo  sum and facial skin tags
oc  ul  oc  ere  bro  ren  al syndrome also called lowe syndrome is a rare x linked rec  essive disorder characterized by con  genital cat  ar  acts hy  pot  onia and a  refl  ex  ia intellectual disability proxim  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia phosp  hat  ur  ia and low molecular weight prote  in  ur  ia gl  au  coma is present in about 50 of cases lowe syndrome can be considered a cause of fan  coni syndrome bic  ar  bon  atur  ia ren  al tu  bul  ar aci  do  sis am  ino  ac  id  ur  ia phosp  hat  ur  ia tu  bul  ar prote  in  ur  ia and impaired urine concentrating ability
oc  ul  o  cu  taneous al  bin  ism oc  a is a form of al  bin  ism involving the eyes oc  ul  o the skin cu  taneous and according to some definitions the hair overall an estimated 1 in 20 000 people worldwide are born with oc  ul  o  cu  taneous al  bin  ism oc  a is caused by mutations in several genes that control the synthesis of mel  an  in within the mel  an  oc  y  tes four types of oc  ul  o  cu  taneous al  bin  ism have been described all caused by a disruption of mel  an  in synthesis and all auto  som  al rec  essive disorders
oc  ul  o  cu  taneous al  bin  ism type i or – type 1 a oc  a 1 a is an auto  som  al rec  essive skin disease associated with al  bin  ism this type of al  bin  ism is caused when the gene oc  a 1 does not function properly the location of oc  a 1 may be written as 11 q 1 4 q 2 1 meaning it is on chro  mo  some 11 long arm somewhere in the range of band 1 sub band 4 and band 2 sub band 1
oc  ul  od  ent  o  digital syndrome odd syndrome is an extremely rare genetic condition that typically results in small eyes underdeveloped teeth and syn  d  ac  ty  ly and mal  formation of the fourth and fifth fingers it has also been called oc  ul  o den  to digital syndrome oc  ul  od  ent  o  digital dys  pl  asia od  dd and oc  ul  od  ent  o  osse  ous dys  pl  asia odo  d it is considered a kind of ec  to  der  mal dys  pl  asia
oc  ul  og  y  ric crisis og  c is the name of a dy  st  onic reaction to certain drugs or medical conditions characterized by a prolonged involuntary upward deviation of the eyes the term oc  ul  og  y  ric refers to the bilateral elev  ation of the visual gaze but several other responses are associated with the crisis epi  le  psy can manifest as oc  ul  og  y  ric seizures also called ver  sive seizures
oc  ul  om  o  tor ap  ra  x  ia oma also known as co  gan oc  ular motor ap  ra  x  ia or s  acc  adic initiation failure si  f is the absence or defect of controlled voluntary and purposeful eye movement it was first described in 1952 by the american oph  thal  mo  logist david gl  end  en  ning co  gan people with this condition have difficulty moving their eyes horizon  tally and moving them quickly the main difficulty is in s  acc  ade initiation but there is also impaired cancellation of the vesti  bul  o oc  ular reflex patients have to turn their head in order to compensate for the lack of eye movement initiation in order to follow an object or see objects in their peripheral vision but they often exceed their target there is controversy regarding whether oma should be considered an ap  ra  x  ia since ap  ra  x  ia is the inability to perform a learned or skilled motor action to command and s  acc  ade initiation is neither a learned nor a skilled action
oc  ul  om  o  tor nerve pal  sy or third nerve pal  sy is an eye condition resulting from damage to the third cran  ial nerve or a branch thereof as the name suggests the oc  ul  om  o  tor nerve supplies the majority of the muscles controlling eye movements thus damage to this nerve will result in the affected individual being unable to move his or her eye normally in addition the nerve also supplies the upper eye  lid muscle lev  ator pal  pe  bra  e superi  or  is and the muscles responsible for pupil con  stric  tion sp  h  inc  ter pup  il  la  e the limitations of eye movements resulting from the condition are generally so severe that the affected individual is unable to maintain normal alignment of their eyes when looking straight ahead leading to str  ab  is  mus and as a consequence double vision di  pl  op  ia it is also known as oc  ul  om  o  tor neuro  pa  thy
oc  ul  om  u  co  cu  taneous syndrome is characterized by ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis sic  ca and by scar  ring fi  bro  sis met  ap  la  sia and shr  ink  age of the con  junc  tiva it is a drug side effect observed in prac  to  lo  l and e  per  is  one it is spec  ulated that antibodies against drug metabol  ites cause the syndrome
oc  ul  op  har  yn  ge  al muscular dy  stro  phy op  md is a rare form of muscular dy  stro  phy with symptoms generally starting when an individual is 40 to 50 years old it can be auto  som  al dominant neuro  muscular disease or auto  som  al rec  essive the most common inheritance of op  md is auto  som  al dominant which means only one copy of the mut  ated gene needs to be present in each cell children of an affected parent have a 50 chance of inher  iting the mut  ant gene auto  som  al dominant inheritance is the most common form of inheritance less commonly op  md can be inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern which means that two copies of the mut  ated gene need to be present in each cell both parents need to be carriers of the mut  ated gene and usually show no signs or symptoms the pab  p  n 1 mutation contains a g  c  g trin  uc  le  o  tide repeat at the 5 end of the coding region and expansion of this repeat which then leads to auto  som  al dominant oc  ul  op  har  yn  ge  al muscular dy  stro  phy op  md disease
an od  on  to  genic infection is an infection that originates within a tooth or in the closely surrounding tissues the term is derived from od  onto from ancient greek od  ous tooth and genic from greek gen  os birth od  on  to  genic infections may remain loc  alized to the region where they started or spread into adjacent or distant areas it is estimated that 90 95 of all oro  facial infections originate from the teeth or their supporting structures furthermore about 70 of od  on  to  genic infections occur as peri  ap  ical infl  amm  ation i e acute peri  ap  ical period  on  ti  tis or a peri  ap  ical abs  c  ess the next most common form of od  on  to  genic infection is the period  on  tal abs  c  ess
the od  on  to  genic my  x  oma is an un  common benign od  on  to  genic tumor arising from embryonic connec  tive tissue associated with tooth formation as a my  x  oma this tumor consists mainly of spin  dle shaped cells and scattered coll  agen fi  bers distributed through a loose mu  co  id material
an od  on  to  genic tumor is a ne  op  las  m of the cells or tissues that initiate od  on  to  genic processes examples include aden  om  ato  id od  on  to  genic tumor am  elo  bl  ast  oma a type of od  on  to  genic tumor involving am  elo  bl  asts calci  fying epi  the  li  al od  on  to  genic tumor ker  at  oc  ys  tic od  on  to  genic tumor od  on  to  genic my  x  oma od  on  tom  a
an od  on  tom  a also termed od  on  tome is a benign tum  our of od  on  to  genic origin i e linked to tooth development specifically it is a dental ham  ar  tom  a meaning that it is composed of normal dental tissue that has grown in an irregular way the average age of people found with an od  on  tom  a is 14 the condition is frequently associated with one or more un  erupted teeth though most cases are found imp  acted within the jaw there are instances where od  on  tom  as have erupted into the oral cav  ity
od  on  tom  a dy  sp  ha  gia syndrome bad  er syndrome is a rare syndrome 10 cases reported to date first described in 1967 the cause is not known but it is suspected to be genetic in origin
od  onto – tric  ho un  gu  al – digital – pal  mar syndrome is an auto  som  al dominant skin condition with salient clinical features of natal teeth tric  ho  dy  stro  phy prominent inter  digital fol  ds si  mi  an like hands with trans  verse pal  mar cre  ases and un  gu  al digital dy  stro  phy
od  yn  org  as  mia or painful e  jac  ulation is a physical syndrome described by pain or burning sensation of the u  re  th  ra or per  in  eu  m during or following e  jac  ulation causes include infections associated with u  re  thri  tis pro  stati  tis epi  di  dy  miti  s as well as use of anti depres  s  ants
o  es  op  ha  go  ga  str  ic junc  tional aden  o  carcin  oma is a cancer of the lower part of the o  es  op  ha  gus often linked to a bar  rett s o  es  op  ha  gus the incidence of o  es  op  ha  go  ga  str  ic junc  tional aden  o  carcin  oma is rising rapidly in western countries in contrast to the declining frequency of dis  tal ga  str  ic aden  o  carcin  oma treatment options for aden  o  carcin  om  as involving the o  es  op  ha  go  ga  str  ic junction are limited and the overall prog  no  sis is extremely poor
an off by one error o  bo  e also commonly known as an o  bob off by one bug or that extra inch you didn t really want is a logic error involving the dis  crete equivalent of a boundary condition it often occurs in computer programming when an iter  ative loop iter  ates one time too many or too few this problem could arise when a program  mer makes mistakes such as using is less than or equal to where is less than should have been used in a comparison or fails to take into account that a sequence starts at zero rather than one as with array indices in many languages this can also occur in a mathematical context
in basketball statistics offensive efficiency rating o  er is the average amount of points scored by a basketball player per shot taken this includes missed field goals as well as free throws
the official victim enhancement is a 3 or 6 level increase under the u s sentencing guidelines that applies when a person knowingly commits a crime against a government official and is motivated by that person s status the provision also states if the official victim is an exceptionally high level official such as the president or the vice president of the united states an upward departure may be warranted due to the potential disruption of the governmental function there are many crimes against federal officials that do not require as an element of the offense that the offender know the status of the victim but this enhancement does the victimi  zation of the government official need not be the offense of conviction it is possible for instance for the defendant to be convicted of robbing a bank and to get the official victim enhancement for harming a uni  formed police officer as he escapes the assault on the officer is considered relevant conduct in cases involving threats against the president of the united states courts have applied the official victim enhancement rejecting arguments that in order for it to apply the president actually had been harmed or knew of the existence of the defendant s letter there has been a circuit split in the federal appell  ate courts as to whether crimes against local government officials qualify for the official victim enhancement 0 1 of federal cases involve the official victim enhancement the term official victim also is used in victi  mo  logy to refer to a four stage process in which a person progres  ses from being a harmed injured or suffering person s to percei  ving or defining oneself as a victim to claiming the victim role from social control agents or significant others and then to social control agents recognition of the role claim — becoming an official victim and receiving compensatory and supportive actions by social control agents
an off  stage brass and per  cus  sion part is a sound effect used in classical music which is created by having one or more trum  pet players also called an off  stage trum  pet call horn players or per  cus  sion  ists from a symp  hon  y orchestra or opera orchestra play a note melody or rhythm from behind the stage this creates a distant muted effect which compos  ers use to suggest cel  esti  al voices mel  ancho  ly or nostalgia or to create a ha  unting effect
og  den syndrome also known as n terminal ace  ty  l  transfer  ase deficiency nat  d is an x linked disorder of infancy comprising a distinct combination of distinctive cran  io  facial features producing an aged appearance growth failure hy  pot  onia global developmental delays cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m and acquired cardiac arr  hy  th  mi  as the first family was identified in og  den u  tah with five affected boys in two generations of family members a mutation was identified as a c 109 t c p ser 37 pro variant in na  a 10 a gene en  coding the protein na  a 10 catalytic sub  unit of the major human n terminal ace  ty  l  transfer  ase nat  a this same mutation was identified in a second unrelated family with three affected boys in two generations this x linked mal  formation and inf  anti  le leth  ality syndrome has provisionally been named og  den syndrome in honor of the hometown where the first family resides
og  il  vie syndrome is the acute dil  ation of the col  on in the absence of any mechanical obstruction in severely ill patients colon  ic pseudo obstruction is characterized by massive di  lat  ation of the cec  um diameter 10 cm and right col  on on ab  domin  al x ray it is a type of me  ga  col  on sometimes referred to as acute me  ga  col  on to distinguish it from toxic me  ga  col  on the condition carries the name of the british surgeon sir william hen  e  age og  il  vie 18  87 – 1971 who first reported it in 1948
o  gu  chi disease also called con  genital stationary night blindness o  gu  chi type 1 or o  gu  chi disease 1 is an auto  som  al rec  essive form of con  genital stationary night blindness associated with fun  dus dis  color  ation and abnormally slow dark adaptation
oh  ta  hara syndrome os also known as early inf  anti  le epi  le  ptic encephalopathy with burst suppression ei  ee is a progressive epi  le  ptic encephalopathy the syndrome is outw  ar  dly characterized by tonic sp  as  ms and partial seizures and receives its more elaborate name from the pattern of burst activity on an electro  encephal  o  gram eeg it is an extremely deb  il  itating progressive neuro  logical disorder involving intractable seizures and severe mental retar  dation no single cause has been identified although in many cases structural brain damage is present
oil ac  ne is an occupational skin condition caused by exposure to oils used in industry
oil depletion is the decline in oil production of a well oil field or geographic area the hu  b  bert peak theory makes predictions of production rates based on prior discovery rates and anticipated production rates hu  b  bert cur  ves predict that the production cur  ves of non renewing resources approximate a bell curve thus according to this theory when the peak of production is passed production rates enter an irreversible decline the united states energy information administration predicted in 2006 that world consumption of oil will increase to 98 3 million barrels per day 15 630 000 m 3 d m  b  d in 2015 and 118 million barrels per day in 2030 with 2009 world oil consumption at 84 4 m  b  d reaching the projected 2015 level of consumption would represent an average annual increase between 2009 and 2015 of 2 7 per year
oil reserves are the amount of technically and economically recoverable oil reserves may be for a well for a reservoir for a field for a nation or for the world different classifications of reserves are related to their degree of certainty the total estimated amount of oil in an oil reservoir including both produ  ci  ble and non produ  ci  ble oil is called oil in place however because of reservoir characteristics and limitations in petroleum extraction technologies only a fraction of this oil can be brought to the surface and it is only this produ  ci  ble fraction that is considered to be reserves the ratio of reserves to the total amount of oil in a particular reservoir is called the recovery factor determining a recovery factor for a given field depends on several features of the operation including method of oil recovery used and technological developments based on data from opec at the beginning of 2013 the highest proved oil reserves including non conventional oil deposits are in venezuela 20 of global reserves saudi arabia 18 of global reserves canada 13 of global reserves and iran 9 because the geo  logy of the sub  surface cannot be examined directly indirect techniques must be used to estimate the size and recover  ability of the resource while new technologies have increased the accuracy of these techniques significant uncertainties still remain in general most early estimates of the reserves of an oil field are conservative and tend to grow with time this phenomenon is called reserves growth many oil producing nations do not reveal their reservoir engineering field data and instead provide un  audited claims for their oil reserves the numbers disclosed by some national governments are suspected of being manipulated for political reasons
oil toxicity or oil in  tox  ication is a wildlife disease resulting from the accidental exposure of animals to oil major sources of such oil in the environment include accidental oil spills from off shore sites oil tankers pipelines and other facilities that store and process oil wildlife exposure to oil can result in both external and internal damage oil in  tox  ication has the greatest impact on bird species aquatic mammals and other aquatic organisms affected wildlife can usually be identified via visual inspection and can be treated if found early on
in information retri  eval ok  api bm 25 bm stands for best matching is a ranking function used by search engines to rank matching documents according to their relevance to a given search qu  ery it is based on the prob  abil  istic retri  eval framework developed in the 1970 s and 1980 s by stephen e rober  t  son karen sp  är  ck jones and others the name of the actual ranking function is bm 25 to set the right context however it usually referred to as ok  api bm 25 since the ok  api information retri  eval system implemented at london s city university in the 1980 s and 1990 s was the first system to implement this function bm 25 and its newer variants e g bm 25 f a version of bm 25 that can take document structure and anchor text into account represent state of the art tf id  f like retri  eval functions used in document retri  eval such as web search
old country roses is a famous pattern of bone china made by english tab  le  ware creator royal albert a brand of royal dou  l  ton it is said to be the best selling pattern of bone china in the world since is creation in 1962
the old nass  au reaction or halloween reaction is a chemical clock reaction in which a clear solution turns orange and then black this reaction was discovered by two under  graduate students at princeton university researching the inhi  bi  tion of the i  od  ine clock reaction or land  ol  t reaction by h  g 2 resulting in the formation of orange h  gi 2 orange and black are the school colors of princeton university and old nass  au is a nickname for princeton named for its historic administration building nass  au hall
ol  ec  ran  on bur  si  tis also informally known as smiles el  bow el  bow bump student s el  bow po  pe  ye el  bow baker s el  bow or gam  er s el  bow is a condition characterized by pain red  ness and sw  elling around the ol  ec  ran  on caused by infl  amm  ation of the el  bow s bur  sa this bur  sa is located just over the ext  ens  or aspect of the extreme proxim  al end of the ul  na in common with other bur  sa  e it is imp  alp  able and contains only a very small amount of fluid in its normal state and ful  fills the function of facilitating the joint s movement by enabling anatom  ical structures to gli  de more easily over each other
ol  ec  ran  on frac  ture is a frac  ture of the bon  y portion of the el  bow the injury is fairly common and often occurs following a fall or direct trauma to the el  bow the ol  ec  ran  on is the proxim  al extre  mity of the ul  na which is articulated with the hum  er  us bone and constitutes a part of the el  bow artic  ulation its sub  cu  taneous location makes it vulnerable to direct trauma powerful pull of the tric  eps muscle can also cause av  ul  sion fractu  res
ole  fin me  ta  thesis is an organic reaction that entails the redistribution of fragments of al  ken  es ole  fins by the sc  is  sion and regeneration of carbon carbon double bonds cataly  sts for this reaction have evolved rapidly for the past few decades because of the relative simplicity of ole  fin me  ta  thesis it often creates fewer un  desired by products and hazardous wastes than alternative organic reactions for their elu  ci  dation of the reaction mechanism and their discovery of a variety of highly efficient and selective cataly  sts y  ves chau  vin robert h gru  bbs and richard r sch  rock were collectively awarded the 2005 nobel prize in chemistry
ol  factory reference syndrome ors is a mental disorder in which there is a persistent false belief about and preoccupation with emitting abnormal body od  or s which are foul and offensive to other individuals persons with ors often mis  interpret others behaviors e g sni  ffing touching nose or opening a window as being refer  ential to a body od  or which in reality is non existent and cannot be detected by other people this disorder is often accompanied by shame embarrassment significant distress avoidance behavior social pho  bia and social isolation the term ol  factory reference syndrome comes from ol  factory pertaining to the sense of smell reference because of the belief that the behavior of others is refer  ential to a supposed od  or syndrome because it is a recogniz  able set of features that occur together
oligo  astro  cy  tom  as are a sub  set of brain tumors that present with an appearance of mixed gli  al cell origin astro  cy  tom  a and oli  god  end  rog  li  oma these types of gli  al cells that become can  cer  ous are involved with insulating and regulating the activity of ne  uron cells in the central nervous system often called a mixed gli  oma about 2 3 of all reported brain tumors are diagnosed as oligo  astro  cy  tom  a the median age of diagnosis is 42 5 oligo  astro  cy  tom  as like astro  cy  tom  as and oli  god  end  rog  li  om  as can be divided into low grade and an  ap  l  astic variant the latter characterized by high cellul  arity conspicuous cy  to  logic aty  p  ism mit  otic activity and in some cases micro  vascular proliferation and necro  sis however lower grades can have less aggressive biology these are largely supr  at  ent  orial tumors of adul  thood that favor the frontal and temporal lob  es
oli  god  ac  ty  ly from the ancient greek oli  gos meaning few and δ  ά  κ  τ  υ  λο  ς dak  ty  los meaning finger is the presence of fewer than five fingers or toes on a hand or foot it is quite often incorrectly called hypo  d  ac  ty  ly but the greek pre  fixes hy  po and hyper are used for continuous scales e g in hypo  gly  ca  emia and hyper  cho  le  ster  ol  emia this as opposed to dis  crete or coun  table scales where oli  go and poly should be used e g in oligarchy and poly  gam  y oli  god  ac  ty  ly is therefore the opposite of poly  d  ac  ty  ly very rare this medical condition usually has a genetic or famili  al eti  ology oli  god  ac  ty  ly is sometimes a sign or symptom of several syndro  mes including poland syndrome and we  yer ul  nar ray syndrome it is a type of dys  me  lia ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly is an extreme instance of oli  god  ac  ty  ly involving the absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split hand split foot mal  formation sh  f  m the hands and feet of people with ec  tro  d  ac  ty  ly are often described as cla  w like and may include only the thumb and one finger usually either the little finger ring finger or a syn  d  ac  ty  ly of the two with similar ab  norm  alities of the feet people with oli  god  ac  ty  ly often have full use of the remaining digits and adapt well to their condition they are not greatly hindered in their daily activities if at all even those with the most extreme forms are known to engage in tasks that require fine control such as writing and boo  t  making as well as working as a cab driver v  ad  oma people of zimbabwe have a high frequency of oli  god  ac  ty  ly
oli  god  end  ro  cy  te prog  en  itor cells op  cs also known as oli  god  end  ro  cy  te precursor cells ng 2 glia or poly  d  end  ro  cy  tes are a subtype of gli  al cells in the central nervous system they are precursors to oli  god  end  ro  cy  tes and may also be able to differentiate into neurons and astro  cy  tes differentiated oli  god  end  ro  cy  tes support ax  ons and provide electrical insulation in the form of a my  elin she  ath enabling faster action potential propagation and high fidel  ity transmission without a need for an increase in ax  onal diameter the loss or lack of op  cs and consequent lack of differentiated oli  god  end  ro  cy  tes is associated with a loss of my  el  ination and subsequent impairment of neuro  logical functions
oli  god  end  rog  li  om  as are a type of gli  oma that are believed to originate from the oli  god  end  ro  cy  tes of the brain or from a gli  al precursor cell they occur primarily in adults 9 4 of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors but are also found in children 4 of all primary brain tumors the average age at diagnosis is 35 years
oligo  hy  dram  ni  os is a condition in pregnancy characterized by a deficiency of am  ni  otic fluid it is the opposite of poly  hy  dram  ni  os
olig  omen  or  rhe  a or olig  omen  or  rho  ea is inf  requ  ent or in occasional usage very light men  str  uation more strictly it is men  str  ual periods occurring at intervals of greater than 35 days with only four to nine periods in a year also men  str  ual periods should have been regularly established previously before the development of inf  requ  ent flow the duration of such events may vary
terms oligo  sper  mia and oligo  zo  os  per  mia refer to semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common finding in male in  fertility often semen with a decreased sperm concentration may also show significant ab  norm  alities in sperm mor  pho  logy and mo  ti  lity technically oligo  asth  en  o  ter  ato  zo  os  per  mia there has been interest in replacing the descriptive terms used in semen analysis with more quantitative information
olive skin is a human skin color spectrum it is often associated with pi  gm  entation in the type iv to type v range of the fitz  patrick scale it generally refers to light or moderate brown bro  wn  ish or tann  ish skin and it is often described as having yel  low  ish green  ish or golden under  tones however lighter olive skin on the lower end of the type iv color  ation range may be less bro  wn  ish and can in fact become somewhat pale if it receives too little sun exposure though lighter olive skin still t  ans easier than fair skin and generally still retains notable yellow or green  ish under  tones
oliver – mcf  ar  lane syndrome is a condition characterized by hyper  tric  ho  sis of the eyebro  ws and e  yel  ashes
oli  v  op  on  to  cere  bell  ar atro  phy op  ca is the de  generation of neurons in specific areas of the brain – the cere  bell  um p  ons and inferior olives op  ca is present in several neuro  degenerative syndro  mes including inherited and non inherited forms of at  ax  ia such as the hereditary spin  oc  ere  bell  ar at  ax  ia known as mach  ado – joseph disease and multiple system atro  phy m  sa with which it is primarily associated op  ca may also be found in the brains of individuals with pri  on disorders and inherited metabol  ic diseases the characteristic areas of brain damage that indicate op  ca can be seen by imaging the brain using ct sc  ans or m  ri studies the term was originally coined by joseph jules de  jer  ine and andré thomas
ol  lier disease is a rare non  hereditary spor  adic disorder where intra  osse  ous benign car  ti  lag  inous tumors en  ch  on  dro  ma develop close to growth plate car  til  age prevalence is estimated at around 1 in 100 000
om  asi  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the om  as  um the third compartment of the stomach in ruminants it usually accompanies rum  eni  tis and is often caused by infection with fus  ob  ac  ter  ium necro  ph  orum
an omen also called port  ent or pres  age is a phenomenon that is believed to fore  tell the future often signi  fying the advent of change people in the ancient times believed that om  ens lie with a divine message from their gods these om  ens include natural phenomena for example an ec  li  pse abnormal births of animals and humans and behavior of the sacrific  ial lamb on its way to the slaughter they had specialists the di  vin  ers to interpret these om  ens they would also use an artificial method for example a clay model of a sheep liver to communicate with their gods in times of crisis they would expect a b  inary answer either yes or no answer favorable or un  favorable they did these to predict what would happen in the future and to take action to avoid disaster though the word omen is usually devoid of reference to the change s nature hence being possibly either good or bad the term is more often used in a fore  bo  ding sense as with the word ominous the origin of the word is unknown although it may be connected with the latin word audi  re meaning to hear
omen  n syndrome is an auto  som  al rec  essive severe combined immun  o  deficiency associated with hypo  morph  ic mis  sense mutations in immun  o  logically relevant genes of t cells and b cells as re  combination activating genes rag 1 and rag 2 il 7 recep  tor α gene il 7 r  α d  cl  re 1 c ar  tem  is r  mr  p ch  h dna lig  ase iv common gam  ma chain wh  n fo  x  n 1 z  ap 70 and complete di  george anomaly di  george syndrome charge
om  ental inf  arc  tion or om  ental tor  sion is an acute vascular disorder which compromises tissue of the greater om  ent  um — the largest per  it  one  al fold in the ab  dom  en
an omni  bus hearing is a pre  trial hearing it is usually soon after a defendant s arr  ai  gn  ment the main purpose of the hearing is to determine the evidence including testimony and evidence seized at the time of arrest the prosecutor and the defendant s counsel attend the hearing to discuss pre  trial matters pertaining to the case
om  op  ha  gia or om  op  ha  gy from greek ω  μ  ός raw is the eating of raw flesh the term is of importance in the context of the cult worship of di  ony  sus om  op  ha  gia is a large element of di  ony  si  ac myth in fact one of di  ony  sus epi  the  ts is om  op  ha  gos raw e  ater om  op  ha  gia may have been a symbol of the triumph of wild nature over civilization and a symbol of the breaking down of boundaries between nature and civilization it might also have been symbolic that the wor  shippers were intern  alizing di  ony  sus ’ wil  der traits and his association with brute nature in a sort of “ commun  ion ” with the god myth  ology sometimes depic  ts ma  en  ads di  ony  sus female wor  shippers eating raw meat as part of their worship however there is little solid evidence that historical ma  en  ads consumed raw meat the di  ony  si  ac diet of raw meat may be more properly attributed to di  ony  sus himself rather than his followers — he received sacrifices of raw meat and was believed to consume them but his followers did not share in the consumption
om  ph  ali  tis of new  born is the medical term for infl  amm  ation of the um  bil  ical cord st  ump in the ne  on  atal new  born period most commonly attributed to a bacterial infection typically immediately after an infant is born the um  bil  ical cord is cut with a small rem  nant often referred to as the st  ump left behind normally the st  ump separates from the skin within 3 – 45 days after birth a small amount of p  us like material is commonly seen at the base of the st  ump and can be controlled by keeping the st  ump open to air to dry certain bacteria can grow and infect the st  ump during this process and as a result significant red  ness and sw  elling may develop and in some cases the infection can then spread through the um  bil  ical vessels to the rest of the body while currently an un  common anatom  ical location for infection in the new  born in the united states it has caused significant morbi  dity and mortality both historically and in areas where health care is less readily available in general when this type of infection is suspected or diagnosed antibiotic treatment is given and in cases of serious complications surgical management may be appropriate
an om  p  hal  oce  le british english om  p  halo  co  ele is a rare ab  domin  al wall defect in which the intest  ines liver and occasionally other organs remain outside of the ab  dom  en in a s  ac because of a defect in the development of the muscles of the ab  domin  al wall ex  om  p  hal  os om  p  hal  oce  le occurs in 1 4 000 births and is associated with a high rate of mortality 25 and severe mal  formations such as cardiac anomalies 50 and ne  ural tube defect 40 approximately 15 of live born infants with om  p  hal  oce  le have chro  mo  som  al ab  norm  alities about 30 of infants with an om  p  hal  oce  le have other con  genital ab  norm  alities
om  sk hemorrha  gic fever is a viral hemorrha  gic fever caused by a fla  vi  virus it is found in siberia it is named for an outbreak in om  sk
once upon a girl is a 1976 x rated live action animated film written produced and directed by don jur  wich it was animated by a group of anim  ators who had worked for dis  ney according to the director in an interview included with the dvd release the film was released in some theat  ers and did not lose money
on  cho  cer  ci  asis also known as river blindness and robles disease is a disease caused by infection with the par  asi  tic worm on  cho  cer  ca vol  vul  us symptoms include severe it  ching bu  mps under the skin and blindness it is the second most common cause of blindness due to infection after tr  ach  oma the parasite worm is spread by the bites of a black fly of the si  mu  lium type usually many bites are required before infection occurs these flies live near rivers hence the name of the disease once inside a person the worms create lar  v  ae that make their way out to the skin here they can infect the next black fly that bites the person there are a number of ways to make the diagnosis including placing a biopsy of the skin in normal sal  ine and watching for the lar  va to come out looking in the eye for lar  v  ae and looking within the bu  mps under the skin for adult worms a vaccine against the disease does not exist prevention is by avoiding being bit  ten by flies this may include the use of insect rep  ell  ent and proper clothing other efforts include those to decrease the fly population by spraying insectic  ides efforts to eradicate the disease by treating entire groups of people twice a year is ongoing in a number of areas of the world treatment of those infected is with the medication i  ver  mec  tin every six to twelve months this treatment kills the lar  va but not the adult worms the medication do  xy  cycl  ine which kills an associated bacter  ium called wol  b  achi  a appears to weaken the worms and is recommended by some as well removal of the lum  ps under the skin by surgery may also be done about 17 to 25 million people are infected with river blindness with approximately 0 8 million having some amount of loss of vision most infections occur in sub saharan africa although cases have also been reported in yemen and isolated areas of central and south america in 1915 the physician ro  dol  fo robles first linked the worm to eye disease it is listed by the world health organization as a neglected tropical disease
an on  co  cy  tom  a is a tumor made up of on  co  cy  tes epi  the  li  al cells characterized by an excessive amount of mit  och  on  dri  a resulting in an abundant ac  id  oph  il  ic gran  ular cy  top  las  m the cells and the tumor that they com  pose are often benign but sometimes may be pre  m  align  ant or m  align  ant
on  co  fertility is a sub  field that bridges on  co  logy and reproductive research to explore and expand options for the reproductive future of cancer survivors it was coined in 2006 by dr ter  esa k wood  ru  ff at the on  co  fertility consortium cancer treatments such as chem  otherapy radiation and surgery may destroy a person s ability to have children later in life and on  co  fertility research focuses on increasing fertility preservation options with 10 of cancer patients being younger than age 40 this issue affects more than 135 000 people in the united states each year as cancer surviv  orship increases the preservation of fertility in women men and children becomes a critically important topic to patients and their families the ability to easily preserve fertility prior to cancer treatment can provide hope at the time of diagnosis for families later in life on  co  fertility also incorporates reproductive issues after cancer treatment such as family planning complex contraception hormonal management throughout surviv  orship sur  rog  acy and adoption
tumor induced o  ste  om  al  ac  ia also known as on  co  genic hypo  phosp  hat  emic o  ste  om  al  ac  ia or on  co  genic o  ste  om  al  ac  ia is an un  common disorder resulting in increased ren  al phosphate ex  cre  tion hypo  phosp  hat  emia and o  ste  om  al  ac  ia
one repetition maximum one rep maximum or 1 r  m in weight training is the maximum amount of force that can be generated in one maxim  al contraction one repetition maximum can be used for determining an individual s maximum strength and is the method for determining the winner in events such as power  lifting and wei  ght  lifting competitions one repetition maximum can also be used as an upper limit in order to determine the desired load for an exercise as a percentage of the 1 r  m
in cry  pto  graphy a one way compression function is a function that trans  forms two fixed length inputs into a fixed length output the transformation is one way meaning that it is difficult given a particular output to compu  te inputs which com  press to that output one way compression functions are not related to data compression which by definition can be inver  ted exactly los  s  less compression or approximately los  sy compression to the original data one way compression functions are for instance used in the mer  kle – dam  g  å  rd construction inside cry  pto  graphic has  h functions one way compression functions are often built from block ci  ph  ers some methods to turn any normal block ci  p  her into a one way compression function are davies – me  yer mat  y  as – me  yer – o  seas mi  y  agu  chi – pre  ne  el single block length compression functions and mdc 2 me  yer – sch  illing mdc 4 hi  rose double block length compression functions these methods are described in detail further down mdc 2 is also the name of a has  h function patented by ibm
in computer science a one way function is a function that is easy to compu  te on every input but hard to inver  t given the image of a random input here easy and hard are to be understood in the sense of compu  tational complexity theory specifically the theory of poly  no  mi  al time problems not being one to one is not considered sufficient of a function for it to be called one way see theoretical definition below the existence of such one way functions is still an open con  jec  ture in fact their existence would prove that the complexity classes p and n  p are not equal thus resolving the foremost unsolved question of theoretical computer science the conver  se is not known to be true i e the existence of a proof that p and n  p are not equal would not directly imply the existence of one way functions in applied contexts the terms easy and hard are usually interpreted relative to some specific computing entity typically cheap enough for the legitimate users and prohibi  tively expensive for any malicious agents one way functions in this sense are fundamental tools for cry  pto  graphy personal identification authentication and other data security applications while the existence of one way functions in this sense is also an open con  jec  ture there are several candidates that have with  stood decades of intense scrutiny some of them are essential ingredients of most telecommunications e commerce and e banking systems around the world
one hour by the concrete lake is pain of salvation s second studio album it is a concept album focusing on the issues of nuclear power and waste displacement of indigenous peoples the fire  arm industry and human discovery
the one and a half syndrome is a rare weakness in eye movement affecting both eyes in which one cannot move lat  er  ally at all and the other can move in only one lateral direction inward or outward more formally it is characterized by a con  ju  gate horizontal gaze pal  sy in one direction and an inter  nuclear oph  thal  mop  legi  a in the other the most common manifestation of this unusual syndrome is limitation of horizontal eye movement to abduction moving away from the mid  line of one eye e g right eye in the diag  ram on the right with no horizontal movement of the other eye e g left eye in the diag  ram on the right ny  stag  mus is also present when the eye on the opposite side of the le  sion is abducted convergence is class  ically spared as cran  ial nerve iii oc  ul  om  o  tor nerve and its nucleus is spared bilaterally
ong ke  o อ  ง  ค  ์  แ  ก  ้  ว led au  stro  asi  atic speaking minorities formerly called mon khmer in what in thailand was called the holy man s rebellion where it was a widespread but short lived cause against french and la  o forces however ong ke  o continued the struggle until his murder in 19  10 after his death fighting still continued under his successor ong kom  man  dam until at least 19  37 local legend holds that ong ke  o survived the murder attempt and lived until the early 1970 s
on  lap or overlap is the geo  logic phenomenon of successively wedge shaped younger rock strata extending progressively further across an erosion surface cut in older rocks it is generally associated with a marine transgres  sion it is a more general term than over  step in which the younger beds overlap onto successively older beds the opposite is off  lap
on  tari  o min  am  ata disease is a neuro  logical syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning it occurred in the canadian province of on  tari  o in 1970 and severely affected two first nation communities in north  western on  tari  o following consumption of local fish contaminated with mercury and one first nation in southern on  tari  o due to illegal disposal of industrial chemical waste the disease was named after the infamous case of severe mercury poisoning in the fishing community of min  am  ata japan which became known as min  am  ata disease because it devastated only the residents of the community
the on  tari  o government debt is the amount of money the government of on  tari  o borrowed from the general public institutional investors and from public sector bodies as of september 30 2013 the on  tari  o government s total debt stood at c  dn 288 10 billion the interest on the debt was c  dn 10 3 billion for the 2012 2013 on  tari  o budget at an effective interest rate of 4 it represented 8 4 of the total budgetary expenses and is the fastest rising cost for the on  tari  o government the debt to gdp ratio in 2015 was 39 4 the highest in on  tari  o s history
ony  chau  x  is presents with thick  ened nails without de  form  ity and this simple thick  ening may be the result of trauma acro  me  gal  y d  ari  er s disease ps  ori  asis or pit  y  ri  asis ru  bra pil  aris or in some cases hereditary
ony  cho  atro  phy is a faulty underdevelopment of the nail that may be con  genital or acquired in which the nail is thin  ned and smaller
ony  cho  gry  pho  sis also known as ony  cho  gry  pos  is or ram s horn nails is a hyper  tro  phy that may produce nails resembling cla  ws or a ram s horn
ony  chol  ysis refers to the det  achment of the nail from the nail bed usually starting at the tip and or sides on the hands it is said to occur particularly on the ring finger but can occur on any of the finger  nails it may also happen to to  en  ails ony  chol  ysis can occur in many conditions including ps  ori  asis in thyro  toxico  sis it is thought to be due to sympathetic over  activity it may also be seen in infections or trauma
ony  ch  om  ad  esis is a periodic idi  opathic shedding of the nails beginning at the proxim  al end possibly caused by the temporary arrest of the function of the nail matrix one cause in children is hand foot and mouth disease this generally resol  ves without complic  ation ony  ch  om  ad  esis can also occur if the nail is damaged or suffers a loss of blood supply i e due to a bru  ise the n  ail  bed turns black and the nail drops off shortly afterwards it takes around 6 to 12 months to reg  row
ony  ch  om  atri  coma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a distinctive tumor of the nail matrix this nail disease can mim  ic many nail problems and should be examined and biop  si  ed by a der  mato  logist in particular a main concern is the m  align  ant and destructive potential that may exist
ony  ch  om  y  co  sis is a fun  gal infection of the nail it is the most common disease of the nails and constitutes about half of all nail ab  norm  alities this condition may affect to  en  ails or finger  nails but to  en  ail infections are particularly common it occurs in about 10 percent of the adult population
ony  ch  opho  sis is a loc  alized or diffuse hyper  ker  ato  tic tissue that develops on the lateral or proxim  al n  ail  fol  ds within the space between the n  ail  fol  ds and the nail plate and is a common finding in the elderly ony  ch  opho  sis may involve the sub  un  gu  al area as a direct result of repeated minor trauma and most frequently affects the first and fifth toes
ony  chor  rh  ex  is from the words in greek ony  cho nail rh  ex  is bursting also known as brit  tle nails is a britt  len  ess with break  age of finger or to  en  ails that may result from excessive strong soap and water exposure nail polish remo  ver hypo  thyro  i  dis  m an  emia an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa or bu  li  mia or after oral re  tin  o  id therapy ony  chor  rh  ex  is affects up to 20 of the population
ony  cho  til  lo  mania is a compul  sive neuro  sis in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off it is not the same as ony  chop  ha  gia where the nails are bit  ten or chewed or der  mati  l  lo  mania where skin is bit  ten or scrat  ched it is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as depres  sive neuro  sis delu  sions of inf  est  ation and hypo  ch  on  dri  asis it was named by professor jan al  ki  ew  ic  z a polish der  mato  logist the constant destruction of the nail bed leads to ony  cho  dy  stro  phy par  ony  ch  ia and dark  ening of the nail some cases have been treated successfully with anti  psycho  tics
o  oph  ori  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the ov  aries it is often seen in combination with sal  p  ing  i  tis infl  amm  ation of the fall  op  ian tubes it may develop in response to infection
open circuit voltage abbreviated as oc  v or voc is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device when disconnected from any circuit there is no external load connected no external electric current flows between the terminals it is sometimes given the symbol voc in network analysis this voltage is also known as the th  é  ven  in voltage the open circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions state of charge illumin  ation temperature etc open circuit potential is important since the metal with the low open potential will dissolve faster in the electro  ly  te than the metal with high open circuit potential the potential difference mentioned in the batteries and cells is usually the open circuit voltage open circuit voltage is known as the em  f which is the maximum potential difference when there is no current and the circuit is not closed to calculate open circuit voltage one can use a method similar to the one below consider the circuit given circuit if we want to find the open circuit voltage across 5 ω resis  tor first dis  connect it from the circuit modified circuit find the equivalent resistance in loop 1 and hence find the current in the loop use o  hm ’ s law to find the potential drop across the resistance c the resis  tor b does not affect the open circuit voltage since no current is flowing through it there is no potential drop across it so we can easily ignore it therefore the potential drop across the resistance c is v  l this is just an example many other ways can be used
in theoretical computer science and operations research the open shop scheduling problem os  sp is a scheduling problem in which a given set of jobs must each be processed for given amounts of time at each of a given set of work  stations in an arbitrary order and the goal is to determine the time at which each job is to be processed at each work  station the problem was first studied by te  of  ilo f gon  zal  ez and sar  ta  j sah  ni in 1976
open  simpl  ex noise is an n dimensional gr  adi  ent noise function that was developed in order to overcome the patent related issues surrounding simpl  ex noise while continuing to also avoid the vis  ually significant direc  tional arti  facts characteristic of per  lin noise the algori  thm shares numerous similarities with simpl  ex noise but has two primary differences whereas simpl  ex noise starts with a hyper  cubic honey  comb and squ  ashes it down the main diag  onal in order to form its grid structure open  simpl  ex noise instead swaps the ske  w and in  verse ske  w factors and uses a stretched hyper  cubic honey  comb the stretched hyper  cubic honey  comb becomes a simpl  ec  tic honey  comb after subdivision this means that 2 d simpl  ex and 2 d open  simpl  ex both use different orientations of the tri  ang  ular ti  ling but whereas 3 d simpl  ex uses the te  trag  onal dis  phen  o  id honey  comb 3 d open  simpl  ex uses the te  tra  he  dr  al octa  he  dr  al honey  comb open  simpl  ex noise uses a larger ker  nel size than simpl  ex noise the result is a smo  other appearance at the cost of performance as additional ver  tices need to be determined and fac  tored into each evaluation
in topo  logy an open map is a function between two topo  logical spaces which maps open sets to open sets that is a function f x → y is open if for any open set u in x the image f u is open in y likewise a closed map is a function which maps closed sets to closed sets a map may be open closed both or neither in particular an open map need not be closed and vice versa open and closed maps are not necessarily continuous further continuity is independent of openness and clo  se  dness in the general case and a continuous function may have one both or neither property this fact remains true even if one restricts oneself to metric spaces although their definitions seem more natural open and closed maps are much less important than continuous maps recall that by definition a function f x → y is continuous if the pre  image of every open set of y is open in x equival  ently if the pre  image of every closed set of y is closed in x early study of open maps was pione  ered by sim  ion sto  i  low and gordon thomas wh  y  burn
open collaboration is a pattern of collaboration innovation and production it was observed prominently in open source software but can also be found in many other instances such as in internet forums mailing lists and online communities open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gam  ut of diverse ventures including bit  coin te  d  x and wiki  pedia in a 2009 paper ri  e  hle et al define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of eg  alit  arianism merito  cracy and self organization in a 2013 paper le  vine and pri  et  ula define open collaboration as any system of innovation or production that relies on goal oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product or service of economic value which they make available to contributors and non  contributors alike this definition captures multiple instances all joined by similar principles for example all of the elements — goods of economic value open access to contribute and consume interaction and exchange purposeful yet loosely coordinated work — are present in an open source software project in wiki  pedia or in a user forum or community they can also be present in a commercial website that is based on user generated content in all of these instances of open collaboration anyone can contribute and anyone can freely par  take in the fruits of sharing which are produced by inter  acting participants who are loosely coordinated open collaboration is the principle underlying peer production mass collaboration and wi  kin  om  ics it was observed initially in open source software but can also be found in many other instances such as in internet forums mailing lists internet communities and many instances of open content such as creative commons it also explains some instances of crow  d  sour  cing collaborative consumption and open innovation an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the international symposi  um on wi  kis and open collaboration open  sy  m formerly wi  kis  ym as per its website the group defines open collaboration as collaboration that is egalitarian everyone can join no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist merito  cratic decisions and status are merit based rather than imposed and self organizing processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre defined processes
in business open communication or open access to communication resources is the ability of anyone on equal conditions with a transparent relation between cost and pricing to get access to and share communication resources on one level to provide value added services on another level in a lay  ered communication system architecture simply put open access plans are to deregul  ate oligarchy of telecom operators in a bid to give consumers more choices for equipment services and service vendors or carriers it will also provide some breathing room for the controversial net neutrality that has been the central issue between mobile carriers like at t ver  iz  on and spr  int n  ex  tel and web media mo  gul  s like e  bay amazon com and google
in science and mathematics an open problem or an open question is a known problem which can be accurately stated and which is assumed to have an objective and verifiable solution but which has not yet been solved no solution for it is known in the history of science some of these supposed open problems were solved by means of showing that they were not after all well defined many open problems in mathematics are in fact concerned with the question whether a certain definition is or is not consistent two notable examples in mathematics that have been solved and closed by researchers in the late twentieth century are fer  m  at s last theore  m and the four color theore  m an important open mathematics problem solved in the early 21 st century is the poin  car  é con  jec  ture important open problems exist in all scientific fields for example one of the most important open problems in bio  chemistry is the protein structure prediction problem – how to predict a protein s structure from its sequence
oper  ability is the ability to keep an equipment a system or a whole industrial installation in a safe and reliable functioning condition according to pre defined operational requirements in a computing systems environment with multiple systems this includes the ability of products systems and business processes to work together to accomplish a common task such as finding and returning availability of inventory for flight in the gas turb  ine engine business engine oper  ability is the ability of the engine to operate without com  pres  sor stall or surge com  bu  st  or flame out or other power loss oper  ability engineers work in the fields of engine and com  pres  sor model  ing control and test to ensure the engine meets its ignition starting acceleration dec  el  eration and over speed requirements under the most extreme operating conditions oper  ability is considered one of the ilities and is closely related to reliability sup  portability and main  tain  ability oper  ability also refers to whether or not a surgical operation can be performed to treat a patient with a reasonable degree of safety and chance of success
operation k  ip  ion is a long standing maritime presence in the persian gulf and indian ocean to promote enduring peace and stability in the region by the united kingdom
in physics an operator is a function over a space of physical states to another space of physical states the simplest example of the utility of operators is the study of sym  metry which makes the concept of a group useful in this context because of this they are a very useful tool in classical mechanics operators are even more important in quantum mechanics where they form an intrinsic part of the formulation of the theory
ophi  asis is a form of al  op  ec  ia are  ata characterized by the loss of hair in the shape of a wave at the circum  fer  ence of the head it gets its name from op  his which is the greek word for snake because of the apparent similarity to a snake shape and the pattern of hair loss the term sis  ai  ph  o is used to characterize the in  verse pattern sis  ai  ph  o is the reverse spelling of ophi  asis it is also called ophi  asis in  versus ophi  asis has poor prog  no  s  tic significance
oph  thal  mia also called oph  thal  miti  s is infl  amm  ation of the eye it is a medical sign which may be indicative of various conditions including sympathetic oph  thal  mia infl  amm  ation of both eyes following trauma to one eye gon  o  coc  cal oph  thal  mia tr  ach  oma or egyptian oph  thal  mia oph  thal  mia ne  on  at  orum a con  junc  ti  vi  tis of the new  born due to either of the two previous pathogens pho  top  h  thal  mia and ac  tin  ic con  junc  ti  vi  tis infl  amm  ation resulting from prolonged exposure to ultra  violet rays and others
oph  thal  mia no  do  sa is a cu  taneous condition characterized by infl  amm  ation of the eye due to lodging of for example cat  er  pillar ha  irs in the con  junc  tiva cor  ne  a or iris
oph  thal  mo  dy  nia periodic  a is also referred to as ice pick headache needle in the eye syndrome and sharp short lived head pain oph  thal  mo  dy  nia periodic  a is considered a primary headache disorder so it is not caused by any other conditions another well known name for oph  thal  mo  dy  nia periodic  a is j  abs and jol  ts syndrome
oph  thal  m  opa  res  is or oph  thal  mop  legi  a refers to weakness pa  res  is or paralysis ple  gia of one or more extra  oc  ular muscles which are responsible for eye movements it is a physical finding in certain neuro  logic oph  thal  mo  logic and endocrine disease
op  io  id induced hyper  al  ge  sia or op  io  id induced abnormal pain sensitivity also called paradoxical hyper  al  ge  sia is a phenomenon associated with the long term use of op  io  ids such as morphine hydro  co  done oxy  co  done and meth  ad  one over time individuals taking op  io  ids can develop an increasing sensitivity to noxious stimul  i even evolving a painful response to previously non noxious stimul  i allo  dy  nia some studies on animals have also demonstrated this effect occurring after only a single high dose of op  io  ids although tolerance and op  io  id induced hyper  al  ge  sia both result in a similar need for dose escalation they are nevertheless caused by two distinct mechanisms the similar net effect makes the two phenomena difficult to distinguish in a clinical setting under chronic op  io  id treatment a particular individual s requirement for dose escalation may be due to tolerance des  ensi  tization of an  tin  oc  ic  eptive mechanisms op  io  id induced hyper  al  ge  sia sensi  tization of pro  no  cic  eptive mechanisms or a combination of both identifying the development of hyper  al  ge  sia is of great clinical importance since patients receiving op  io  ids to relieve pain may paradoxically experience more pain as a result of treatment whereas increasing the dose of op  io  id can be an effective way to overcome tolerance doing so to compensate for op  io  id induced hyper  al  ge  sia may worsen the patient s condition by increasing sensitivity to pain while escalating physical dependence the phenomenon is common among palliative care patients following a too rapid escalation of op  io  id do  sage
op  io  id over  dose is an acute condition due to excessive op  io  ids examples of op  io  ids are morphine heroin tram  ad  ol oxy  co  done and meth  ad  one it differs from op  io  id dependency although op  io  id over  dose does not constitute a majority of the over  doses seen in the emergency department it is important to rule out in people given its potential for mortality and the ease of reversal dependence on prescription op  io  ids can stem from treatment of chronic pain and in recent years is the cause of the increased number of op  io  id over  doses initial treatment involves supporting the persons breathing and providing oxygen n  alo  x  one is then recommended among those who are not breathing op  io  id use disorders resulted in 51 000 worldwide deaths in 2013 up from 18 000 deaths in 1990 prescription op  io  id over  dose was responsible for more deaths in the united states from 1999 2008 than heroin and cocaine over  dose combined
an op  io  id use disorder is a medical condition that is characterized by the compul  sive use of op  io  ids despite adverse consequences from continued use and the development of a withdrawal syndrome when op  io  id use stops it involves both an addiction to and dependence upon op  io  ids op  io  ids include substances such as morphine heroin co  de  ine oxy  co  done hydro  co  done etc the necessary descriptive characteristics of the medical diagnosis are preoccupation with a desire to obtain and take the drug and persistent drug seeking behaviour the op  io  id dependence withdrawal syndrome involves both psychological dependence and marked physical dependence upon op  io  id compounds op  io  id use disorders resulted in 51 000 deaths worldwide in 2013 up from 18 000 deaths in 1990
op  is  thor  chi  asis is a par  asi  tic disease caused by species in the genus op  is  thor  ch  is specifically op  is  thor  ch  is vi  ver  r  ini and op  is  thor  ch  is fel  in  eus medical care and loss of wages caused by op  is  thor  ch  is vi  ver  r  ini in laos and in thailand costs about 120 million annually or 120 million per year can cost northeast thailand only infection of op  is  thor  ch  is vi  ver  r  ini and of other liver flu  kes in asia affect the poor and poorest people op  is  thor  chi  asis has received less attention than other diseases and is a neglected disease in asia
op  itz g b  bb syndrome also known as op  itz syndrome g syndrome or b  bb syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that will affect physical structures along the mid  line of the body the letters g and b  bb represent the last names of the families that were first diagnosed with the disorder while op  itz is the last name of the doctor that first described the signs and symptoms of the disease there are two different forms of op  tiz g b  bb syndrome x linked rec  essive syndrome type i x  los os  x and dominant auto  som  al syndrome type ii ados however both result in common physical de  form  ities although their pattern of inheritance may differ several other names for the disease s are no longer used these include hypo  sp  adi  as dy  sp  ha  gia syndrome op  itz fri  as syndrome t  elec  an  thus with associated ab  norm  alities and hyper  tel  or  ism hypo  sp  adi  as syndrome one out of every 50 000 to 100 000 males is born with x linked type ii op  tiz g b  bb syndrome but professionals believe that condition is under diagnosed and there are actually many more cases it is unknown as to how many auto  som  al dominant cases exist however the auto  som  al dominant cases are also categ  orized under a more commonly diagnosed group called 22 q 11 2 deletion syndrome this group includes several other diseases that all result because of a small deletion of chro  mo  some 22 at the q 11 2 location
the op  pen  he  imer – phil  lips process or strip reaction is a type of de  uter  on induced nuclear reaction in this process the neutr  on half of an energetic de  uter  on a stable isot  ope of hydrogen with one prot  on and one neutr  on fuses with a target nucleus trans  mu  ting the target to a heavier isot  ope while e  jec  ting a prot  on an example is the nuclear trans  mutation of carbon 12 to carbon 13 the process allows a nuclear interaction to take place at lower energies than would be expected from a simple calculation of the coul  om  b barrier between a de  uter  on and a target nucleus this is because as the de  uter  on approaches the positively charged target nucleus it experiences a charge polarization where the prot  on end faces away from the target and the neutr  on end faces towards the target the fusion proceeds when the binding energy of the neutr  on and the target nucleus exceeds the binding energy of the de  uter  on and a prot  on is then rep  elled from the new heavier nucleus
op  perman  n s con  jec  ture is an unsolved problem in mathematics on the distribution of prime numbers it is closely related to but stronger than legend  re s con  jec  ture and  rica s con  jec  ture and bro  card s con  jec  ture it is named after danish mathem  ati  cian lud  vig op  perman  n who posed it in 1882
an opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens bacteria viruses fun  gi or proto  zo  a that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available such as a host with a weakened immune system an altered micro  bio  ta such as a disrupted gut flora or breached inte  g  um  entary barriers many of these pathogens do not cause disease in a healthy host that has a normal immune system however a compromised immune system a penetr  ating injury or a lack of competition from normal commens  als presents an opportunity for the pathogen to infect
op  posi  tional defi  ant disorder odd is defined by the dsm 5 as a pattern of angry irrit  able mood arg  um  ent  ative defi  ant behavior or v  indic  tiveness lasting at least six months unlike children with conduct disorder cd children with op  posi  tional defi  ant disorder are not aggressive towards people or animals do not destroy property and do not show a pattern of theft or deceit a diagnosis of odd is also no longer applicable if the individual is diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder rad
op  sis  mod  ys  pl  asia is a type of sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia a bone disease that interferes with bone development first described by zon  ana and associates in 1977 and designated under its current name by mar  o  te  aux 1984 derived from the greek op  sis  mos late the name op  sis  mod  ys  pl  asia describes a delay in bone matur  ation in addition to this delay the disorder is characterized by micro  me  lia short or under  sized bones particularly of the hands and feet delay of os  sification bone cell formation plat  y  spon  dy  ly fl  att  ened verte  bra  e irregular met  ap  hy  ses an array of facial aberr  ations and respiratory distress related to chronic infection op  sis  mod  ys  pl  asia is con  genital being apparent at birth it has a variable mortality with some affected individuals living to adul  thood the disorder is rare with an incidence of less than 1 per 1 000 000 worldwide it is inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive pattern which means the defective mut  ated gene that causes the disorder is located on an auto  some and the disorder occurs when two copies of this defective gene are inherited no specific gene has been found to be associated with the disorder it is similar to spon  dy  lo  met  ap  hy  seal dys  pl  asia se  dag  h  ati  an type
op  so  cl  onus refers to uncontrolled eye movement op  so  cl  onus consists of rapid involuntary multi  vec  torial horizontal and vertical unpredictable con  ju  gate fast eye movements without inter  s  acc  adic intervals it is also referred to as s  acc  ad  om  ania or refl  exi  ve s  acc  ade the movements of op  so  cl  onus may have a very small am  pl  itude appearing as tiny deviations from primary position possible eti  o  logies of op  so  cl  onus include neuro  bl  ast  oma and en  ce  ph  ali  tis in children and breast lung or o  vari  an cancer in adults other considerations include multiple sclerosis toxins or medication effects e g sero  ton  in syndrome it can also be caused by a le  sion in the om  nip  ause neurons which ton  ically inhibit initiation of s  acc  adic eye movement until signaled by the superior col  lic  ul  us by blocking parame  dian pon  tine retic  ular formation p  pr  f burst neurons in the p  ons it frequently occurs along with my  o  cl  onus in op  so  cl  onus my  o  cl  onus syndrome
op  so  cl  onus my  o  cl  onus syndrome oms also known as op  so  cl  onus my  o  cl  onus at  ax  ia oma is a rare neuro  logical disorder of unknown causes which appears to be the result of an auto  immune process involving the nervous system it is an extremely rare condition affecting as few as 1 in 10 000 000 people per year it affects 2 to 3 of children with neuro  bl  ast  oma and has been reported to occur with ce  li  ac disease
op  tic dis  c dr  usen odd or op  tic nerve head dr  usen on  hd are glob  ules of mu  co  proteins and mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des that progressively calci  fy in the op  tic dis  c they are thought to be the remnants of the ax  onal transport system of de  generated re  tin  al gang  lion cells odd have also been referred to as con  gen  it  ally elevated or anom  alous dis  cs pseu  dop  ap  il  le  dem  a pseu  don  eur  i  tis buried dis  c dr  usen and dis  c hy  al  ine bodies they may be associated with vision loss of varying degree occasionally resulting in blindness
op  tic nerve gli  oma or op  tic gli  oma a form of gli  oma which affects the op  tic nerve is often one of the central nervous system manifestations of neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis 1 op  tic gli  om  as are usually pi  loc  y  tic tumors and can involve the op  tic nerve or op  tic chi  asm op  tic gli  om  as are usually associated with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 1 in 30 of patients
op  tic nerve hypo  pl  asia on  h is a medical condition arising from the underdevelopment of the op  tic nerve s this condition is the most common con  genital op  tic nerve anomaly the op  tic dis  c appears abnormally small because not all the op  tic nerve ax  ons have developed properly it is often associated with endocr  in  opath  ies hormone deficiencies developmental delay and brain mal  formations the op  tic nerve which is responsible for transmitting visual signals from the re  tina to the brain has approximately 1 2 million nerve fi  bers in the average person in those diagnosed with on  h however there are notic  e  ably fewer nerves
op  tic nerve she  ath men  ing  i  om  as on  sm are rare benign tumors of the op  tic nerve 60 – 70 of cases occur in middle age females and is more common in older adults mean age 44 7 years it is also seen in children but this is rare the tumors grow from cells that surround the op  tic nerve and as the tumor grows it com  presses the op  tic nerve this causes loss of vision in the affected eye rarely it may affect both eyes at the same time it is typically a slow growing tumor and has never been reported to cause death however there is concern that the tumor can grow into the brain and cause other types of neuro  logical damage in some patients the tumor grows so slowly that treatment is not necessary standard treatments are observation surgery radiation therapy and combinations of the above
an op  tic nerve mel  an  oc  y  tom  a is a tumor made up of mel  an  oc  y  tes and mel  an  in these tumors are typically a benign they can grow but rarely transform into a m  align  ancy even so local growth can affect adjacent tissues
op  tic ne  uri  tis is a dem  yel  inating infl  amm  ation of the op  tic nerve it is also known as op  tic pap  il  li  tis when the head of the op  tic nerve is involved and retro  bul  bar ne  uri  tis when the poster  ior of the nerve is involved it is most often associated with multiple sclerosis and it may lead to complete or partial loss of vision in one or both eyes partial transi  ent vision loss lasting less than one hour can be an indication of early onset multiple sclerosis other possible diagnoses include diabetes mell  it  us low phosphorus levels or hyper  kal  aemia
op  tic neuro  pa  thy refers to damage to the op  tic nerve due to any cause damage and death of these nerve cells or neurons leads to characteristic features of op  tic neuro  pa  thy the main symptom is loss of vision with colors appearing sub  tly washed out in the affected eye on medical examination the op  tic nerve head can be vis  u  alised by an oph  thal  mo  scope a pale dis  c is characteristic of long standing op  tic neuro  pa  thy in many cases only one eye is affected and patients may not be aware of the loss of color vision until the doctor asks them to cover the healthy eye op  tic neuro  pa  thy is often called op  tic atro  phy to describe the loss of some or most of the fi  bers of the op  tic nerve in medicine atro  phy usually means shrun  ken but capable of reg  row  th so some argue that op  tic atro  phy as a pathological term is somewhat misleading and the term op  tic neuro  pa  thy should be used instead in short op  tic atro  phy is the end result of any disease that damages nerve cells anywhere between the re  tin  al gang  lion cells and the lateral gen  ic  ulate body an  terior visual system
op  tic pap  il  li  tis is a specific type of op  tic ne  uri  tis infl  amm  ation of the op  tic nerve head is called pap  il  li  tis or intra  oc  ular op  tic ne  uri  tis infl  amm  ation of the orb  ital portion of the nerve is called retro  bul  bar op  tic ne  uri  tis or orb  ital op  tic ne  uri  tis it is often associated with substantial losses in visual fields pain on moving the globe and sensitivity to light pressure on the globe it is often an early sign of multiple sclerosis pap  il  li  tis may have the same appearance as pap  il  le  dem  a however pap  il  li  tis may be unilateral whereas pap  il  le  dem  a is almost always bilateral pap  il  li  tis can be differentiated from pap  il  le  dem  a by an a  ffer  ent pu  pill  ary defect marcus gun  n pupil by its greater effect in decreasing visual acu  ity and color vision and by the presence of a central sco  tom  a pap  il  le  dem  a that is not yet chronic will not have as dramatic an effect on vision because increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure can cause both pap  il  le  dem  a and a sixth abduc  ens nerve pal  sy pap  il  le  dem  a can be differentiated from pap  il  li  tis if es  o  tro  p  ia and loss of abduction are also present however es  o  tro  p  ia may also develop secon  d  arily in an eye that has lost vision from pap  il  li  tis retro  bul  bar ne  uri  tis an infl  amed op  tic nerve but with a normal appearing nerve head is associated with pain and the other findings of pap  il  li  tis pseu  dop  ap  il  le  dem  a is a normal variant of the op  tic disk in which the disk appears elevated with in  distinct margins and a normal vascular pattern pseu  dop  ap  il  le  dem  a sometimes occurs in hyper  op  ic individuals work  up of the patient with pap  il  li  tis includes lum  bar punc  ture and cere  bro  spinal fluid analysis b hen  sel  ae infection can be detected by ser  ology m  ri is the preferred imaging study an abnormal m  ri is associated with a worse visual outcome
an optical black hole is a phenomenon in which slow light is passed through a bo  se – einstein condens  ate that is itself spinning faster than the local speed of light within to create a vor  tex capable of trapping the light behind an event horizon just as a grav  it  ational black hole would unlike other black hole analo  gs such as a son  ic black hole in a bo  se – einstein condens  ate a slow light black hole analo  g is not expected to mim  ic the quantum effects of a black hole and thus not emit haw  king radiation it does however mim  ic the classical properties of a grav  it  ational black hole making it potentially useful in studying other properties of black holes more recently some physicists have developed a fiber op  tic based system which they believe will emit haw  king radiation
optical flow or op  tic flow is the pattern of apparent motion of objects surfaces and edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer an eye or a camera and the scene the concept of optical flow was introduced by the american psycho  logist james j gib  son in the 1940 s to describe the visual stimulus provided to animals moving through the world gib  son stressed the importance of op  tic flow for affor  dance perception the ability to discern possibilities for action within the environment followers of gib  son and his ecological approach to psychology have further demonstrated the role of the optical flow stimulus for the perception of movement by the observer in the world perception of the shape distance and movement of objects in the world and the control of locomo  tion the term optical flow is also used by robo  tic  ists encompassing related techniques from image processing and control of navigation including motion detection object segm  entation time to contact information focus of expansion calculations lumin  ance motion compensated en  coding and stere  o disparity measurement
the optical force is a phenomenon whereby be  ams of light can attract and repe  l each other the force acts along an axis which is per  pend  icular to the light be  ams because of this parallel be  ams can be induced to converge or diverge the optical force works on a micro  scopic scale and cannot currently be detected at larger scales it was discovered by a team of yale researchers led by electrical engineer hong tang
optical physics is a sub  field of atomic molecular and optical physics it is the study of the generation of electromagnetic radiation the properties of that radiation and the interaction of that radiation with matter especially its manipulation and control it differs from general op  tics and optical engineering in that it is focused on the discovery and application of new phenomena there is no strong distinction however between optical physics applied op  tics and optical engineering since the devices of optical engineering and the applications of applied op  tics are necessary for basic research in optical physics and that research leads to the development of new devices and applications often the same people are involved in both the basic research and the applied technology development for example the experimental demonstration of electro  magne  tically induced transparency by s e harris and of slow light by harris and lene vest  er  gaard ha  u researchers in optical physics use and develop light sources that span the electromagnetic spectrum from micro  waves to x rays the field includes the generation and detection of light linear and non  linear optical processes and spec  tro  sco  py las  ers and laser spec  tro  sco  py have transformed optical science major study in optical physics is also devoted to quantum op  tics and coherence and to fem  to  second op  tics in optical physics research is also encouraged in areas such as the non  linear response of isolated atoms to intense ultra short electromagnetic fields the atom cav  ity interaction at high fields and quantum properties of the electromagnetic field other important areas of research include the development of novel optical techniques for nano optical measurements diff  r  active op  tics low coherence interfer  ome  try optical coherence tom  o  graphy and near field micro  sco  py research in optical physics places an emphasis on ultr  af  ast optical science and technology the applications of optical physics create advan  cements in communications medicine manufacturing and even entertainment
in an optical communications link the optical power margin is the difference between the optical power that is launched by a given transmitter into the fiber less transmission losses from all causes and the minimum optical power that is required by the receiver for a specified level of performance an optical power margin is typically measured using a calibr  ated light source and an optical power meter the optical power margin is usually expressed in deci  bels db at least several db of optical power margin should be included in the optical power budget the amount of optical power launched into a given fiber by a given transmitter depends on the nature of its active optical source led or laser dio  de and the type of fiber including such parameters as core diameter and numerical aper  ture
the optical transfer function ot  f is the transfer function of an optical system such as a camera micro  scope human eye or projec  tor it is used by optical engineers and scientists to describe how the op  tics project light from the object or scene onto a photo  graphic film detec  tor array re  tina screen or simply the next item in the transmission chain the function specifies the translation and contrast reduction of a periodic sine wave pattern after passing through the lens system as a function of its periodic  ity and orientation formally the optical transfer function is defined as the fou  rier transform of the point spread function or impulse response of the op  tics i e the image of a point source when this image does not change shape upon lateral translation of the point source the optical transfer function can be used to study the projection of arbitrary objects or scenes onto the detec  tor or film while figures of merit such as contrast sensitivity and resolution give an intu  itive indication of performance the optical transfer function provides a comprehensive and well defined characterization of optical systems
in mathematics and computer science an optimi  zation problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions optimi  zation problems can be divided into two categories depending on whether the variables are continuous or dis  crete an optimi  zation problem with dis  crete variables is known as a combin  atorial optimi  zation problem in a combin  atorial optimi  zation problem we are looking for an object such as an inte  ger per  mutation or graph from a finite or possibly coun  table infinite set problems with continuous variables include constrained problems and multi  modal problems
optimi  zed power control also known as optimum power calibration abbreviated op  c is a function of an optical dis  c recorder it checks the proper writing power and reflection of the media in use calculating the optimum laser power and adjusting it for writing the particular session more sophisticated is active op  c or running op  c active op  c monitors writing power and reflection of the media in use calculating the optimum laser power and adjusting it in real time which in theory should result in a better quality burn
oral allergy syndrome o  as is a type of food allergy classified by a cluster of allergic reactions in the mouth in response to eating certain usually fresh fruits nuts and vegetables that typically develops in adults with hay fever o  as is perhaps the most common food related allergy in adults o  as is not a separate food allergy but rather represents cross re  activity between distant remnants of tree or weed poll  en still found in certain fruits and vegetables therefore o  as is typically only seen in tree and weed allergic patients and is usually limited to ing  estion of only un  cooked fruits or vegetables another term used for this syndrome is poll  en food allergy in adults up to 60 of all food allergic reactions are due to cross reactions between foods and inhal  ative aller  gens o  as is a type 1 or i  ge medi  ated immune response which is sometimes called a true allergy the body s immune system produces i  ge antibodies against poll  en in o  as these antibodies also bind to or cross react with other structurally similar proteins found in bo  tan  ically related plants o  as can occur any time of the year but is most prevalent during the poll  en season individuals with o  as usually develop symptoms within a few minutes after eating the food
oral and max  il  lo  facial path  ology also termed oral path  ology stom  ato  gn  ath  ic disease dental disease or mouth disease refers to the diseases of the mouth oral cav  ity or stom  a ja  ws max  il  la  e or gn  ath and related structures such as sali  vary g  lands tempor  om  andi  bul  ar joints facial muscles and peri  oral skin the skin around the mouth the mouth is an important organ with many different functions it is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders the specialty oral and max  il  lo  facial path  ology is concerned with diagnosis and study of the causes and effects of diseases affecting the oral and max  il  lo  facial region it is sometimes considered to be a specialty of dentistry and path  ology sometimes the term head and neck path  ology is used instead but this might imply that the patho  logist deals with o  tor  hin  ol  ar  yn  go  logic disorders i e ear nose and throat in addition to max  il  lo  facial disorders in this role there is some overlap between the expertise of head and neck patho  logists and that of endocrine patho  logists
oral cancer also known as mouth cancer is a type of head and neck cancer and is any can  cer  ous tissue growth located in the oral cav  ity it may arise as a primary le  sion originating in any of the tissues in the mouth by me  tast  asis from a distant site of origin or by extension from a neighboring an  atomic structure such as the nas  al cav  ity alternatively the oral cancers may originate in any of the tissues of the mouth and may be of varied his  to  logic types ter  atom  a aden  o  carcin  oma derived from a major or minor sali  vary g  land lymp  homa from ton  sill  ar or other lymp  ho  id tissue or mel  anom  a from the pig  ment producing cells of the oral mu  co  sa there are several types of oral cancers but around 90 are squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as originating in the tissues that line the mouth and lips oral or mouth cancer most commonly involves the tongue it may also occur on the floor of the mouth cheek lining g  ing  iva g  ums lips or pal  ate roof of the mouth most oral cancers look very similar under the micro  scope and are called squ  am  ous cell carcin  oma but less commonly other types of oral cancer occur such as ka  posi s sar  coma in 2013 oral cancer resulted in 135 000 deaths up from 84 000 deaths in 1990 five year survival rates in the united states are 63
oral candi  di  asis also known as oral candi  do  sis oral th  rush or  op  har  yn  ge  al candi  di  asis mon  ili  asis candi  dal stom  ati  tis mu  gu  et is candi  di  asis that occurs in the mouth that is oral candi  di  asis is a my  co  sis ye  ast fun  gal infection of candi  da species on the mu  co  us memb  ran  es of the mouth candi  da al  bic  ans is the most commonly implicated organism in this condition c al  bic  ans is carried in the mouths of about 50 of the world s population as a normal component of the oral micro  bio  ta this candi  dal carriage state is not considered a disease but when candi  da species become pathogenic and invade host tissues oral candi  di  asis can occur this change usually constitutes an opportunistic infection of normally harmless micro organisms because of local i e mu  cos  al or systemic factors altering host immunity
oral flori  d pap  il  lo  mat  osis is a condition characterized by a white mass resembling a cau  lif  lower covering the tongue and extending onto other portions of the mu  co  us memb  ran  es this is a type of ver  ru  co  us carcin  oma
oral mel  an  osis is pi  gm  entation of the oral cav  ity that tends to occur most frequently in black people
oral mu  co  ce  le also termed mu  co  us retention cyst mu  co  us extr  av  as  ation cyst mu  co  us cyst of the oral mu  co  sa and mu  co  us retention and extr  av  as  ation phenomena is a clinical term that refers to two related phenomena m  uc  us extr  av  as  ation phenomenon m  uc  us retention cyst the former is a sw  elling of connec  tive tissue consisting of a collection of fluid called m  uc  in this occurs because of a rup  tured sali  vary g  land duc  t usually caused by local trauma damage in the case of m  uc  us extr  av  as  ation phenomenon and an obstructed or rup  tured sali  vary duc  t par  o  ti  d duc  t in the case of a m  uc  us retention cyst the mu  co  ce  le has a blu  ish trans  luc  ent color and is more commonly found in children and young adults although the term cyst is often used to refer to these le  sions mu  co  cel  es are not strictly speaking true cy  sts because there is no epi  the  li  al lining rather it would be more accurate to classify mu  co  cel  es as poly  ps i e a lump
oral sub  mu  co  us fi  bro  sis o  sm  f or os  f is a chronic complex pre  m  align  ant 1 transformation risk le  sion of the oral cav  ity characterized by ju  x  ta epi  the  li  al infl  am  matory reaction and progressive fi  bro  sis of the sub  mu  cos  al tissues the lam  ina propri  a and deeper connec  tive tissues as the disease progres  ses the ja  ws become rigid to the point that the person is unable to open the mouth the condition is remotely linked to oral cancers and is associated with a  rec  a nut or be  tel quid chewing a habit similar to tobacco chewing is practiced predominantly in southeast asia and india dating back thousands of years
an oral tor  us is a le  sion made of compact bone and occurs along the pal  ate or the man  di  ble inside the mouth the pal  atal tor  us or tor  us pal  at  in  us occurs along the pal  ate close to the mid  line whereas the man  di  bul  ar tor  us or tor  us man  di  bul  aris occur along the lingual side of the man  di  ble occurrences of tori are more frequent in women then they are in men tori are associated with adul  thood and rarely appear before the age of 15 the pal  atal version of tori have a higher occurrence in native american and in  uit populations treatment is not necessary unless they become an obstruction to chewing or pro  s  thetic appliances
the orange tor  nad  oes and new  ark tor  nad  oes were two manifestations of a long lived professional american football franchise that existed in some form from 18  87 to 1941 and from 1958 to 1970 having played in the national football league from 1929 to 1930 the american association from 1936 to 1941 the atlantic coast football league from 1963 to 1964 and 1970 and the continental football league from 1965 to 1969 the team was based for most of its history in orange new jersey with many of its later years in new  ark its last five seasons of existence were as the orlando pan  thers when the team was based in orlando florida the n  fl franchise was sold back to the league in october 1930 the team had four head coaches in its two years in the n  fl – jack depl  er in orange and jack fish al mc  g  all and andy sal  ata in new  ark
or  an  je  ge  kte orange cr  a  ze or or  an  je  ko  or  ts orange fever is a phenomenon in the netherlands that occurs during major sporting events especially international football champion  ships and during kon  ings  da  g an annual holiday celebrating the king s birthday it manifests itself in the wearing of orange clothing such as t shirts caps and scar  fs lavish attention for sports and sports fans in the media and the decor  ation of cars rooms houses shops and even entire streets in orange the traditional color of the dutch royal family the house of orange nass  au
an orb  ital blow  out frac  ture is a traumatic de  form  ity of the orb  ital floor or medi  al wall typically resulting from impact of a blunt object larger than the orb  ital aper  ture or eye socket there are two broad categories of blow  out fractu  res open door which are large displaced and comm  in  u  ted and tr  ap  door which are linear h  ing  ed and minim  ally displaced they are characterized by double vision sun  ken oc  ular glob  es and loss of sensation of the cheek and upper g  ums due to infra  orb  ital nerve injury in pure orb  ital blow  out fractu  res the orb  ital rim the most an  terior bon  y margin of the orbit is preserved while with imp  ure fractu  res the orb  ital rim is also injured with the tr  ap  door variant there is a high frequency of extra oc  ular muscle entr  ap  ment despite minimal signs of external trauma a phenomenon referred to as a white eyed orb  ital blow  out frac  ture they can occur with other injuries such as trans  facial le fort fractu  res or zy  gom  ati  com  ax  ill  ary complex fractu  res the most common causes are assault and motor vehicle accidents in children the tr  ap  door subtype are more common reconstruction is usually performed with a titanium mesh or por  ous polyethylene through a trans  con  junc  ti  val or sub  ci  li  ary inc  ision more recently there has been success with endo  scopic or minim  ally invasive approaches
orb  ital cell  u  li  tis is infl  amm  ation of eye tissues behind the orb  ital sep  tum it most commonly refers to an acute spread of infection into the eye socket from either the adjacent sin  uses or through the blood when it affects the rear of the eye it is known as re  tro orb  ital cell  u  li  tis it should not be confused with peri  orb  ital cell  u  li  tis which refers to cell  u  li  tis an  terior to the sep  tum
orb  ital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the earth s axis and shape of the orbit see mil  an  ko  vit  ch cycles these orb  ital changes change the total amount of sunlight reaching the earth by up to 25 at mid lati  tudes from 400 to 500 w  m − 2 at lati  tudes of 60 degrees in this context the term forcing signifies a physical process that affects the earth s climate this mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles a strict application of the mil  an  ko  vit  ch theory does not allow the prediction of a sudden ice age rapid being anything under a century or two since the fastest orb  ital period is about 20 000 years the timing of past gl  ac  ial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the mil  an  ko  vit  ch theory and these effects can be calculated into the future
orb  ital lymp  homa is a common type of non ho  dg  kin lymp  homa that occurs near or on the eye common symptoms include decreased vision and u  ve  i  tis orb  ital lymp  homa can be diagnosed via a biopsy of the eye and is usually treated with radi  otherapy or with combination with chem  otherapy
or  chi  al  gia is long term pain of the test  es it is considered chronic if it has persisted for more than 3 months or  chi  al  gia may be caused by injury infection surgery cancer or tes  tic  ular tor  sion and is a possible complic  ation after vas  ec  tomy ig  g 4 related disease is a more recently identified cause of chronic or  chi  al  gia one author describes the syndro  mes of chronic tes  tic  ular pain thus the complaint is of a squeezing deep ache in the testi  s like the day after you got kicked there often bilateral or altern  ating from one side to the other inter  mit  tent and most commonly associated with lower back pain sometimes it feels like the tes  tic  le is pin  ched in the cro  tch of the underwear but tro  user read  just  ment does not help there may also be pain in the ingu  inal area but no naus  ea or other symptoms back pain may be con  current or absent and some patients have a long history of low back pain onset of pain is commonly related to activity that would stress the low back such as lifting heavy objects other stresses that might cause low back pain are imaginative co  ital positions jo  gging sitting hun  ched over a computer long car driving or other such positions of un  supported seating posture that fl  att  ens the normal lum  bar lor  do  sis curve
or  chi  tis ˌ  ɔ  ː  r  ˈ  ka  ɪ  t  ɪ  s or or  chi  di  tis ˌ  ɔ  ː  r  k  ɪ  ˈ  da  ɪ  t  ɪ  s from the ancient greek ὄ  ρ  χ  ις meaning tes  tic  le same root as orch  id is infl  amm  ation of the test  es it can also involve sw  elling heavy pains and frequent infection and is more rarely known as di  dy  miti  s as in epi  di  dy  mis
ord s thyro  idi  tis is a common form of thyro  idi  tis an auto  immune disease where the body s own antibodies fight the cells of the thyro  id it is named after the physician william miller ord who first described it in 18  77 and again in 18  88 it is more common among women than men
in mathematical logic and set theory an ord  inal no  tation is a partial function from the set of all finite sequences of symbols from a finite alp  ha  bet to a coun  table set of ordin  als and a gö  del numbering is a function from the set of well formed formulae a well formed formula is a finite sequence of symbols on which the ord  inal no  tation function is defined of some formal language to the natural numbers this associates each w  ff with a unique natural number called its gö  del number if a gö  del numbering is fixed then the sub  set relation on the ordin  als induc  es an ordering on well formed formulae which in turn induc  es a well ordering on the sub  set of natural numbers a recur  sive ord  inal no  tation must satisfy the following two additional properties 1 the sub  set of natural numbers is a recur  sive set 2 the induced well ordering on the sub  set of natural numbers is a recur  sive relation there are many such schemes of ord  inal no  tations including schemes by wil  helm ack  er  mann heinz b  ach  mann wil  fried bu  ch  hol  z georg can  tor solomon fe  fer  man gerhard jä  ger is  les p  fe  i  ffer wol  fr  am po  h  lers kurt sch  ü  tte ga  isi tak  eu  ti called ord  inal diag  r  ams osw  ald ve  bl  en stephen cole kle  ene has a system of no  tations called kle  ene s o which includes ord  inal no  tations but it is not as well behaved as the other systems described here usually one proceeds by defining several functions from ordin  als to ordin  als and representing each such function by a symbol in many systems such as ve  bl  en s well known system the functions are normal functions that is they are strictly increasing and continuous in at least one of their arguments and increasing in other arguments another desirable property for such functions is that the value of the function is greater than each of its arguments so that an ord  inal is always being described in terms of smaller ordin  als there are several such desirable properties unfortunately no one system can have all of them since they contradict each other
in a quar  ry near what is now pu  ti  lo  vo village russia near saint petersburg are large deposits of or  do  vic  ian clay in this clay the most abundant genus is as  aph  us a tri  lob  ite
in mathematics especially in the area of al  ge  bra known as ring theory the ore condition is a condition introduced by ø  y  stein ore in connection with the question of extending beyond comm  ut  ative rings the construction of a field of fractions or more generally loc  alization of a ring the right ore condition for a multiplic  ative sub  set s of a ring r is that for a ∈ r and s ∈ s the inter  section as ∩ sr ≠ ∅ a domain whose set of non zero elements satisfies the right ore condition is called a right ore domain the left case is defined similarly
or  f is an ex  an  them  ous disease caused by a par  apo  x virus and occurring primarily in sheep and goats it is also known as contagious pu  st  ular der  mati  tis infectious lab  ial der  mati  tis ec  thy  ma contag  io  sum th  ist  le disease and s  cab  by mouth or  f virus is zoonotic it can also infect humans
organ dysfunction is a condition where an organ does not perform its expected function organ failure is organ dysfunction to such a degree that normal home  ost  asis cannot be maintained without external clinical intervention it is not a diagnosis it can be classified by the cause but when the cause is not known it can also be classified by whether the onset is chronic or acute multiple organ failure can be associated with sep  sis and is often fatal countries such as spain have shown a rise in mortality risk due to a large elderly population there however there are tools physicians use when diagno  sing multiple organ failure and when prog  no  sing the outcome the sequ  ential organ failure assessment sof  a score uses early lab values in a patient s hosp  itali  zation within 24 hours to predict fatal outcomes for a patient
organ per  for  ation is a complete penetration of the wall of a hollow organ in the body such as the gastro  intest  inal tract in the case of gastro  intest  inal per  for  ation it mainly refers to accidental or patho  logic per  for  ation rather than intentional penetration during surgery types include gastro  intest  inal per  for  ation and uter  ine per  for  ation
an organic brain syndrome ob  s also known as an organic brain disease disorder ob  d an organic mental syndrome oms or an organic mental disorder om  d is a syndrome or disorder of mental function whose cause is alleged to be known as organic physi  o  logic rather than purely of the mind these names are older and nearly obsolete general terms from psychiatry referring to many physical disorders that cause impaired mental function they are meant to exclude psychiatric disorders mental disorders originally the term was created to distinguish physical termed organic causes of mental impairment from psychiatric termed functional disorders but during the era when this distinction was drawn not enough was known about brain science including neuro  science cognitive science neuro  psychology and mind brain correlation for this eti  o  logic classification to be more than educated gu  ess  work labeled with misplaced certainty which is why it has been de  emphasized in current medicine acute organic brain syndrome is by definition a recently appearing state of mental impairment as a result of in  tox  ication drug over  dose infection pain and many other physical problems affecting mental status in medical contexts acute means of recent onset as is the case with most acute disease problems acute organic brain syndrome is often temporary although this does not guarantee that it will not recur happen again or progress to become chronic that is long term a more specific medical term for the acute sub  set of organic brain syndro  mes is deli  ri  um chronic organic brain syndrome is long term for example some forms of chronic drug or alcohol dependence can cause organic brain syndrome due to their long lasting or permanent toxic effects on brain function other common causes of chronic organic brain syndrome sometimes listed are the various types of dementia which result from permanent brain damage due to stro  kes alzheimer s disease or other damaging causes which are not reversible though ob  s was once a common diagnosis in the elderly until the understanding of the various types of dem  enti  as it is related to a disease process and is not an inevitable part of aging in some of the older literature there was an attempt to separate organic brain syndrome from dementia but this was related to an older world view in which dementia was thought to be a part of normal aging and thus did not represent a special disease process the later identification of various dem  enti  as as clear patho  logies is an example of the types of pathological problems discovered to be associated with mental states and is one of the areas which led to abandonment of all further attempts to clearly define and use ob  s as a term
an organic mental disorder om  d also known as organic brain syndrome or chronic organic brain syndrome is a form of decreased mental function due to a medical or physical disease rather than a psychiatric illness this differs from dementia while mental or behavioral ab  norm  alities related to the dysfunction can be permanent treating the disease early may prevent permanent damage in addition to fully restoring mental functions an organic cause to brain dysfunction is suspected when there is no indication of a clearly defined psychiatric or in  organic cause such as a mood disorder now the dsm iv tr diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4 th edition text revision has broken up the diagnoses that once fell under the diagnostic category organic mental disorder into three categories deli  ri  um dementia and am  nes  tic organic brain syndrome can be divided into 2 major sub  groups acute deli  ri  um or acute confu  sional state and chronic dementia a third entity encephalopathy sub  acute organic brain syndrome den  o  tes a gray zone between deli  ri  um and dementia its early course may fluctu  ate but it is often persistent and progressive damage to brain functioning could be due not only to organic physical injury a severe blow to the head stroke chemical and toxic exposures organic brain disease substance abuse etc and also to non organic means such as severe deprivation abuse neglect and severe psychological trauma
the oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and sap  oni  fication of fats to make soap modern organic chemistry starts with the w  ö  hler synthesis in 18  28 in the history of the nobel prize in chemistry awards have been given for the invention of specific organic reactions such as the gri  gn  ard reaction in 19  12 the di  els al  der reaction in 1950 the wit  ti  g reaction in 1979 and ole  fin me  ta  thesis in 2005
organic reductions or organic oxid  ations or organic re  do  x reactions are re  do  x reactions that take place with organic compounds in organic chemistry oxid  ations and reductions are different from ordinary re  do  x reactions because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electr  on transfer in the electro  chemical sense of the word instead the relevant criterion for organic oxid  ation is gain of oxygen and or loss of hydrogen simple functional groups can be arranged in order of increasing oxid  ation state the oxid  ation numbers are only an approximation when methane is ox  idi  zed to carbon dioxide its oxid  ation number changes from − 4 to 4 classical reductions include al  k  ene reduction to al  kan  es and classical oxid  ations include oxid  ation of alcohol  s to alde  hy  des in oxid  ations electron  s are removed and the electr  on density of a mol  ecu  le is reduced in reductions electr  on density increases when electron  s are added to the mol  ecu  le this terminology is always centered on the organic compound for example it is usual to refer to the reduction of a ke  tone by lith  ium aluminium hy  dri  de but not to the oxid  ation of lith  ium aluminium hy  dri  de by a ke  tone many oxid  ations involve removal of hydrogen atoms from the organic mol  ecu  le and the reverse reduction adds hydro  gens to an organic mol  ecu  le many reactions classified as reductions also appear in other classes for instance conversion of the ke  tone to an alcohol by lith  ium aluminium hy  dri  de can be considered a reduction but the hy  dri  de is also a good nucle  ophi  le in nucle  oph  il  ic substitution many re  do  x reactions in organic chemistry have coupling reaction reaction mechanism involving free radical intermedi  ates true organic re  do  x chemistry can be found in electro  chemical organic synthesis or electro  synthesis examples of organic reactions that can take place in an electro  chemical cell are the kol  be electro  lysis in dis  proportion  ation reactions the re  ac  tant is both ox  i  dis  ed and reduced in the same chemical reaction forming two separate compounds asymmetric catalytic reductions and asymmetric catalytic oxid  ations are important in asymmetric synthesis
organised crime in australia refers to the activities of various groups of crime families and or organised crime syndic  ates organised crime is a phenomenon that has emerged in different cultures and countries around the world it is ubiquitous internation  alised and not exclusive to certain geographical areas to singular ethnic groups or to particular social systems though local areas may exhibit great diversity in their social response to such activity australia as a relatively young first world free market democracy provides a socio economic and political environment that is unique to the understanding of organised crime melbourne has been known as the organised crime capital in australia over the decades with high profile gang  land and under  world figures and events taking place
organizational communication is a sub  field of the larger discipline of communication studies organizational communication as a field is the consideration analysis and criticism of the role of communication in organizational contexts its main function is to inform persuade and promote goodwill the flow of communication could be either formal or informal communication flowing through formal channels are downward horizontal and upward whereas communication through informal channels are generally termed as gra  pe  vine
organ  om  eg  al  y is the abnormal enlargement of organs for example cl  it  or  om  eg  al  y is the enlargement of the cl  it  or  is he  pat  om  eg  al  y is enlargement of the liver cardi  om  eg  al  y is enlargement of the heart and splen  om  eg  al  y is enlargement of the sp  leen
organ  op  hosp  hate induced delayed neuro  pa  thy op  id  n also called organ  op  hosp  hate induced delayed pol  yn  euro  pa  thy op  id  p is a neuro  pa  thy caused by killing of neurons in the central nervous system especially in the spinal cord as a result of acute or chronic organ  op  hosp  hate poisoning a striking example of op  id  n occurred during the 1930 s prohibition era when thousands of men in the american south and mid  west developed arm and leg weakness and pain after drinking a medicinal alcohol substitute the drink called ginger jake contained an adulter  ated jama  ican ginger extract containing tri orth  o cres  yl phosphate to  cp which resulted in partially reversible neuro  logic damage the damage resulted in the lim  ping jake leg or jake walk which were terms frequently used in the blues music of the period europe and morocco both experienced outbreaks of to  cp poisoning from contaminated abor  ti  fac  i  ents and cooking oil respectively op  id  n can be induced by di  iso  prop  yl  fluor  op  hosp  hate which is used for this purpose as an experimental agent there is no specific treatment regular physi  otherapy may help recovery is often incomplete
organ  op  hosp  hate poisoning results from exposure to organ  op  hosp  hates ops which cause the inhi  bi  tion of ace  ty  l  chol  in  est  erase ache leading to the accumulation of ace  ty  l  ch  oline ach in the body organ  op  hosp  hate poisoning most commonly results from exposure to insectic  ides or nerve agents ops are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide are usually associated suicides in agr  arian areas there are around 1 million op pois  on  ings per year with several hundred thousand resulting in fatalities annually organ  op  hosp  hates inhibit ache causing op poisoning by phosphor  yl  ating the ser  ine hydrox  yl residue on ache which in  activ  ates ache ache is critical for nerve function so the irreversible block  age of this enzyme which causes ace  ty  l  ch  oline accumulation results in muscle over  stimulation this causes disturbances across the chol  iner  gic syn  ap  ses and can only be re  activated very slowly if at all par  a  ox  on  ase pon 1 is a key enzyme involved in op pesticides and has been found to be critical in determining an organism s sensitivity to op exposure
within the work of the austrian psycho  analyst wil  helm reich 18  97 – 1957 org  astic potency is the ability to experience an org  asm with specific psycho  som  atic characteristics and among others requiring the ability to love for reich org  astic impotence or failure to attain org  astic potency not to be confused with an  org  as  mia the inability to reach org  asm always resulted in neuro  sis because during org  asm that person could not discharge all li  bi  do which reich regarded as a biological energy according to reich not a single neuro  tic individual possesses org  astic potency reich coined the term org  astic impotence in 19  24 and described the concept in his 19  27 book die fun  k  tion des org  as  mus the man  us  cript of which he presented to sigmund fre  ud on the latter s 70 th birthday though reich regarded his work as complementing fre  ud s original theory of anxiety neuro  sis fre  ud was ambivalent in his reception fre  ud s view was that there was no single cause of neuro  sis reich continued to use the concept as an indicator of a person s health in his later therapeutic methods such as vege  to  therapy during the period 1933 – 19  37 he attempted to ground his org  asm theory in physi  ology both theoretically and experim  entally
orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions time place and person problems with orientation lead to dis  orientation and can be due to various conditions from deli  ri  um to in  tox  ication typically dis  orientation is first in time then in place and finally in person in the context of an accident or major trauma the emergency medical respon  der performs spir  aling increasingly detailed assessments which guide the critical first response assessment of mental orientation typically lands within the immediate top three priorities 1 safety assess the area safety potential traffic fire overhead underfoot objects and collapse risks rushing water gun  fire chemical radiation threats storm conditions dow  ned power lines etc wait for the threat to sub  side or move the person to safety if and when possible all without endangering oneself 2 ab  cs note conscious or unconscious then assess air  way breathing and circulation factors with priority to any potential gross or deb  il  itating blood loss 3 orientation determine if the person is alert and oriented times three to person place and time this is frequently abbreviated a ox 3 which also serves as a m  nem  onic the assessment is best done right up front ahead of moving or transporting the victim because it may illumin  ate potential internal damage mental orientation is closely related and often inter  mixed with trauma shock including physical shock see shock circul  atory and mental shock see acute stress reaction a psychological condition in response to terrifying events the exact cere  br  al region involved in orientation is uncertain but le  sions of the brain stem and the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es have been reported to cause dis  orientation suggesting that they act together in maintaining awareness and its sub  function of orientation
or  ni  thin  aemia is a blood disorder characterized by high levels of or  ni  th  ine also known as hyper  or  ni  thin  emia it may be associated with psy  ch  om  o  tor retar  dation or epi  le  ptic episodes
or  ni  th  ine am  ino  transfer  ase deficiency also known as gy  rate atro  phy of the chor  o  id and re  tina is an in  born error of or  ni  th  ine metabol  ism caused by decreased activity of the enzyme or  ni  th  ine am  ino  transfer  ase bio  chemically it can be detected by elevated levels of or  ni  th  ine in the blood clin  ically it presents initially with poor night vision which slowly progres  ses to total blindness it is believed to be inherited in an auto  som  al rec  essive manner approximately 200 known cases have been reported in the literature the incidence is highest in finland estimated at 1 50 000
or  ni  th  ine trans  carb  am  yl  ase deficiency also known as otc deficiency is the most common urea cycle disorder in humans or  ni  th  ine trans  carb  am  yl  ase the defective enzyme in this disorder is the final enzyme in the proxim  al portion of the urea cycle responsible for converting carb  am  o  yl phosphate and or  ni  th  ine into cit  rul  line otc deficiency is inherited in an x linked rec  essive manner meaning males are more commonly affected than females in severely affected individuals ammonia concentrations increase rapidly causing at  ax  ia leth  ar  gy and death without rapid intervention otc deficiency is diagnosed using a combination of clinical findings and bio  chemical testing while confirmation is often done using molecular genetics techniques once an individual has been diagnosed the treatment goal is to avoid precipit  ating episodes that can cause an increased ammonia concentration the most common treatment combines a low protein diet with nitrogen sca  ven  ging agents liver transplant is considered cur  ative for this disease experimental trials of gene therapy using aden  o  viral vectors resulted in the death of one participant jesse gel  singer and have been discontinued
or  ni  th  ine trans  lo  case deficiency also called hyper  or  ni  thin  emia hyper  ammon  emia hom  oc  it  rul  lin  ur  ia h  hh syndrome is a rare auto  som  al rec  essive urea cycle disorder affecting the enzyme or  ni  th  ine trans  lo  case which causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood a condition called hyper  ammon  emia ammonia which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body is toxic if the levels become too high the nervous system is especially sensitive to the effects of excess ammonia
oro  facial gran  ul  om  at  osis abbreviated to of  g and also termed gran  ul  om  at  ous ch  ei  li  tis ch  ei  li  tis gran  ul  om  at  osa ch  ei  li  tis gran  ul  om  at  osis and oral gran  ul  om  at  osis is a condition characterized by persistent enlargement of the soft tissues of the mouth lips and the area around the mouth on the face the enlargement does not cause any pain but the best treatment and the prog  no  sis are uncertain the mechanism of the enlargement is gran  ul  om  at  ous infl  amm  ation the underlying cause of the condition is not completely understood and there is disagreement as to how it relates to cro  hn s disease and sar  co  ido  sis
oro  facial my  o  functional disorders om  d sometimes called “ oral my  o  functional disorder and “ tongue thrust ” are muscle disorders of the face mouth lips or jaw recent studies on incidence and prevalence of tongue thrust behaviors are not available however according to the previous research 38 of various populations have om  d the incidence is as high as 81 in children exhi  biting speech artic  ulation problems k  ell  um 1992
oro  fac  io  digital syndrome 1 of  d 1 also called pap  illon league and p  sau  me syndrome is an x linked con  genital disorder characterized by mal  formations of the face oral cav  ity and digits with poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease and variable involvement of the central nervous system
or  om  andi  bul  ar dy  st  onia is a form of focal dy  st  onia affecting the mouth jaw and tongue and in this disease it is hard to speak it is associated with bru  x  ism bot  ul  inum toxin has been used in treatment
or  op  har  yn  ge  al cancer is a disease in which m  align  ant cells form in the tissue of or  op  har  yn  x the or  op  har  yn  x is the middle part of the throat that includes the base of the tongue the ton  si  ls the soft pal  ate and the walls of the phar  yn  x or  op  har  yn  ge  al cancers can be divided into two types h  p  v positive which are related to human pap  il  lo  ma  virus infection and h  p  v negative cancers which are usually linked to alcohol or tobacco use
or  op  ou  che fever is a tropical viral infection a zoon  osis similar to den  gue fever transmitted by biting mi  dge species cu  li  co  ides par  a  ensis and mosquitoes from the blood of slo  ths to humans it occurs mainly in the amaz  onic region the caribbean and panama the disease is named after the region where it was first described and isolated at the trinidad regional virus laboratory in 1955 the or  op  ou  che river in trinidad and tobago and is caused by a specific ar  bo  virus the or  op  ou  che virus or  ov of the bun  y  avi  ri  da  e family
or  otic ac  id  ur  ia is a disease yielding an excessive ex  cre  tion of or  otic acid in urine it causes a characteristic form of an  emia and may be associated with mental and physical retar  dation or  otic acid is an intermediate product in py  ri  mid  ine synthesis path  way a subsequent product of which plays a role in conversion between di  hydro  fol  ate and te  tra  hydro  fol  ate or  otic ac  id  ur  ia is associated with meg  alo  bl  astic an  emia due to decreased py  ri  mid  ine synthesis which leads to decreased nucle  o  tide lip  id co  factors needed for er  y  thro  cy  te memb  rane synthesis in the bone marrow
in statistics and signal processing the orth  og  on  ality principle is a necessary and sufficient condition for the optim  ality of a ba  ye  sian esti  mat  or loosely stated the orth  og  on  ality principle says that the error vector of the optimal esti  mat  or in a mean square error sense is orth  og  onal to any possible esti  mat  or the orth  og  on  ality principle is most commonly stated for linear esti  mat  ors but more general formulations are possible since the principle is a necessary and sufficient condition for optim  ality it can be used to find the minimum mean square error esti  mat  or
dys  l  ex  ia is a complex lifelong disorder involving difficulty in learning to read or interpret words letters and other symbols dys  l  ex  ia does not affect general intelligence but is often co diagnosed with ad  hd there are at least three sub types of dys  l  ex  ia that have been recognized by researchers orth  o  graphic or surface dys  l  ex  ia ph  on  ological dys  l  ex  ia and mixed dys  l  ex  ia where individuals exhibit symptoms of both orth  o  graphic and ph  on  ological dys  l  ex  ia studies have shown that dys  l  ex  ia is genetic and can be passed down through families but it is important to note that although a genetic disorder there is no specific loc  us in the brain for reading and writing the human brain does have language centers for spoken and gest  ural communication but written language is a cultural arti  fact and a very complex one requiring brain regions designed to recognize and interpret written symbols as representations of language in rapid synchron  ization the complexity of the system and the lack of genetic pre  disposition for it is one possible explanation for the difficulty in acquiring and understanding written language furthermore recent evidence has found that there are certain genes responsible for causing dys  l  ex  ia research also suggests a clear genetic basis for developmental dys  l  ex  ia with ab  norm  alities in certain language areas of the brain however there is also evidence that orth  o  graphy the correspondence between the language s ph  on  em  es sound units and its graph  em  es characters symbols letters plays a significant role in the type and frequency of dys  l  ex  ia s manifestations some psy  chol  ingu  ists believe that the complexity of a language ’ s orth  o  graphy whether it has a high ph  on  em  e graph  em  e correspondence or an irregular correspondence in which sounds don ’ t clearly map to symbols affects the severity and occurrence of dys  l  ex  ia post  ulating that a more regular system would reduce the number of cases of dys  l  ex  ia and or the severity of symptoms current psy  chol  ingu  istic models of dys  l  ex  ia are largely developed on the basis of alphabe  tic writing systems such as english but the amount of research on some lo  go  graphic orth  o  graphies chinese in particular is also fairly significant unfortunately little research has been done on sy  ll  ab  ic writing systems and cross linguistic studies of the acquired dys  l  ex  ia and dys  grap  hi  as are scarce
orth  ok  er  at  osis is hyper  ker  at  osis without par  ak  er  at  osis no nucleus is seen in the cells from ancient greek orth  o ker  at  os ker  atin horn osis condition it is seen in linear ver  ru  co  us ep  id  er  mal na  ev  us in altern  ating band with par  ak  er  at  osis
orth  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa ˌ  ɔ  ː  r  θ  ə  ˈ  r  ɛ  k  si  ə n  ɜ  ː  r  ˈ  vo  ʊ  s  ə also known as orth  ore  x  ia is a proposed distinct eating disorder characterized by extreme or excessive preoccupation with eating food believed to be healthy the term was introduced in 1997 by american physician steven br  at  man m d who suggests that in some susceptible people dietary restrictions intended to promote health may paradoxically lead to unhealthy consequences such as social isolation anxiety loss of ability to eat in a natural intu  itive manner reduced interest in the full range of other healthy human activities and in rare cases severe malnutrition or even death in 2009 ur  sul  a phil  pot chair of the british die  te  tic association and senior lec  tur  er at le  eds metropolitan university described people with orth  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa to the guardian as being solely concerned with the quality of the food they put in their bodies refining and restricting their di  ets according to their personal understanding of which foods are truly pure this differs from other eating disorders such as an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa and bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa whereby people focus on the quantity of food eaten orth  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa is not recognized as an eating disorder by the american psychiatric association and is not mentioned as an official diagnosis in the widely used diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm or any other such authoritative source
orth  o  static prote  in  ur  ia synon  y  ms orth  o  static albu  min  ur  ia post  ural prote  in  ur  ia is a benign condition a change in ren  al hem  od  y  nam  ics which in some otherwise normal individuals causes protein mostly albumin to appear in urine when they are in the standing position urine formed when these individuals are lying down is protein free there is normal ur  inary protein ex  cre  tion during the night but increased ex  cre  tion during the day associated with activity and u  pri  ght posture total ur  inary protein ex  cre  tion may be increased but levels above 1 g per 24 hours are more likely to be associated with underlying ren  al disease the exact cause of orth  o  static prote  in  ur  ia is not known
orth  o  static headache is a medical condition in which a person develops a headache while vertical and the headache is relieved when horizontal previously it was often mis  diagnosed as different primary headache disorders such as migr  aine or tension headaches increasing awareness of the symptom and its causes has prevented delayed or missed diagnosis
orth  o  static hyper  tension or post  ural hyper  tension is a medical condition consisting of a sudden increase in blood pressure when a person stands up orth  o  static hyper  tension is diagnosed by a rise in syst  ol  ic blood pressure of 20 m  mh  g or more when standing orth  o  static di  ast  ol  ic hyper  tension is a condition in which the di  ast  ol  ic raises to 98 m  mh  g or over in response to standing however this definition currently lacks clear medical consensus and is thus subject to change orth  o  static hyper  tension involving the syst  ol  ic is known as syst  ol  ic orth  o  static hyper  tension if affecting an individual s ability to remain u  pri  ght orth  o  static hyper  tension is viewed as a form of orth  o  static intolerance the body s inability to regulate the blood pressure can be a type of dys  autonom  ia bar  o  reflex and autonom  ic pathways normally ensure that blood pressure is maintained despite various stimul  i including post  ural change the precise mechanism of orth  o  static hyper  tension remains unclear but it is thought that alpha adren  er  gic activity may be the predominant path  op  hy  sio  logic mechanism of orth  o  static hyper  tension in elderly hyper  ten  sive patients other mechanisms are proposed for other different groups of individuals with this disorder a prevalence of 1 1 was found in a large population study the risk of orth  o  static hyper  tension has been found to increase with age with it being found in 16 3 of older hyper  ten  sive patients
orth  o  static hypo  tension also known as post  ural hypo  tension or shortened to orth  ost  asis and col  lo  qu  ially called head rush occurs when a person s blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position it is defined as a fall in syst  ol  ic blood pressure of at least 20 mm h  g or di  ast  ol  ic blood pressure of at least 10 mm h  g when a person assumes a standing position it occurs predominantly by delayed con  stric  tion of the lower body blood vessels which is normally required to maintain an adequate blood pressure when changing position to standing as a result blood pools in the blood vessels of the legs for a longer period and less is returned to the heart thereby leading to a reduced cardiac output mild orth  o  static hypo  tension is common and can occur briefly in anyone although it is prevalent in particular among the elderly and those with known low blood pressure severe drops in blood pressure can lead to fain  ting with a possibility of injury there are numerous possible causes for orth  o  static hypo  tension such as certain medications e g alpha bloc  kers autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy decreased blood volume and age related blood vessel sti  ff  ness apart from addressing the underlying cause orth  o  static hypo  tension may be treated with a recommendation to increase salt and water intake to increase the blood volume wearing compression stock  ings and sometimes medication flu  dro  cor  tis  one mi  do  dr  ine or others
orth  o  static intolerance oi is the development of symptoms when standing u  pri  ght which are relieved when rec  lining there are many types of orth  o  static intolerance oi can be a sub  category of dys  autonom  ia a disorder of the autonom  ic nervous system occurring when an individual stands up there is a substantial overlap between syndro  mes of orth  o  static intolerance on the one hand and either chronic fatigue syndrome cf  s or fi  bro  my  al  gia f  m on the other it affects more women than men female to male ratio is at least 4 1 usually under the age of 35 orth  o  static intolerance occurs in humans because standing u  pri  ght is a fundamental stres  sor and requires rapid and effective circul  atory and neuro  logic compens  ations to maintain blood pressure cere  br  al blood flow and consciousness when a human stands approximately 750 ml of thor  ac  ic blood is abruptly trans  located downward people who suffer from oi lack the basic mechanisms to compensate for this deficit changes in heart rate blood pressure and cere  br  al blood flow that produce oi may be caused by ab  norm  alities in the interactions between blood volume control the cardiovascular system the nervous system and circulation control systems
orth  o  static pur  pur  a also known as st  asis pur  pur  a is a skin condition that results from prolonged standing or even sitting with the legs lowered as in a bus airplane or train which produced e  dem  a and a pur  pur  ic eruption on the lower extre  mi  ties
or  t  ner s syndrome is a rare cardi  o  vocal syndrome and refers to recurrent lar  yn  ge  al nerve pal  sy from cardiovascular disease it was first described by nor  bert or  t  ner 18  65 – 19  35 an austrian physician in 18  97 the most common historical cause is a dil  ated left atri  um due to mit  ral sten  osis but other causes including pul  mon  ary hyper  tension thor  ac  ic a  or  tic an  eur  ys  ms an enlarged pul  mon  ary artery and aberr  ant sub  cl  avian artery syndrome have been reported com  pressing the nerve dy  sp  ha  gia caused by a similar mechanism is referred to as dy  sp  ha  gia a  or  tica or in the case of sub  cl  avian artery aber  ran  cy as dy  sp  ha  gia lus  oria due to compression of recurrent lar  yn  ge  al nerve it can cause the ho  arsen  ess of the voice which is also one of the sign of the mit  ral sten  osis a second or  t  ner s syndrome or  t  ner s syndrome ii refers to ab  domin  al ang  ina
or  í  k  ì or praise poetry is a cultural phenomenon in yor  uba speakers of west africa
in a cellular autom  aton an osci  ll  ator is a pattern that returns to its original state in the same orientation and position after a finite number of generations thus the evolution of such a pattern repeats itself indefinitely depending on context the term may also include spac  es  hips as well the smallest number of generations it takes before the pattern returns to its initial condition is called the period of the osci  ll  ator an osci  ll  ator with a period of 1 is usually called a still life as such a pattern never changes sometimes still lif  es are not taken to be osci  ll  ators another common stipul  ation is that an osci  ll  ator must be finite
in physics an osci  ll  on is a sol  it  on like phenomenon that occurs in gran  ular and other dissip  ative media osci  ll  ons in gran  ular media result from vertically vibr  ating a plate with a layer of uniform particles placed freely on top when the sin  us  o  idal vibrations are of the correct am  pl  itude and frequency and the layer of sufficient thickness a loc  alized wave referred to as an osci  ll  on can be formed by locally disturbing the particles this me  ta stable state will remain for a long time many hundreds of thousands of osci  ll  ations in the absence of further per  turb  ation an osci  ll  on changes form with each collision of the grain layer and the plate switching between a peak that projects above the grain layer to a cr  ater like depression with a small rim this self sustaining state was named by analogy with the sol  it  on which is a loc  alized wave that maintains its integrity as it moves whereas sol  it  ons occur as travelling waves in a fluid or as electromagnetic waves in a wa  ve  guide osci  ll  ons may be stationary osci  ll  ons of opposite phase will attract over short distances and form bon  ded pairs osci  ll  ons of like phase repe  l osci  ll  ons have been observed forming mol  ecu  le like structures and long chains in comparison sol  it  ons do not form bound states stable inter  acting loc  alized waves with sub  harmon  ic response were discovered and named osci  ll  ons at the university of texas at aus  tin solitary bursts had been reported earlier in a quasi two dimensional grain layer at the university of paris but these transi  ent events were unstable and no bon  ding interaction or sub  harmon  ic response was reported the cause of this phenomenon is currently under debate the most likely connection is with the mathematical theory of chaos and may give insights into the way patterns in sand form the experimental procedure is similar to that used to form ch  lad  ni figures of sand on a vibr  ating plate researchers realized that these figures say more about the vibr  ational modes of the plate than the response of the sand and created an experimental set up that minimized outside effects using a shallow layer of brass balls in a vacuum and a rigid plate when they vibr  ated the plate at critical am  pl  itude they found that the balls formed a loc  alized vibr  ating structure when per  tur  bed which lasted indefinitely osci  ll  ons have also been experim  entally observed in thin parame  tr  ically vibr  ated layers of vis  co  us fluid and col  lo  idal suspensions osci  ll  ons have been associated with far  aday waves because they require similar resonance conditions non  linear electro  static osci  ll  ations on a plasma boundary can also appear in the form of osci  ll  ons this was discovered in 1989
osci  ll  op  sia is a visual disturbance in which objects in the visual field appear to osci  ll  ate the severity of the effect may range from a mild blur  ring to rapid and periodic jumping osci  ll  op  sia is an incapac  itating condition experienced by many patients with neuro  logical disorders it may be the result of oc  ular instability occurring after the oc  ul  om  o  tor system is affected no longer holding images steady on the re  tina a change in the magnitude of the vesti  bul  o oc  ular reflex due to vesti  bul  ar disease can also lead to osci  ll  op  sia during rapid head movements osci  ll  op  sia may also be caused by involuntary eye movements such as ny  stag  mus or impaired coordination in the visual cor  tex especially due to toxins and is one of the symptoms of superior canal de  his  cence syndrome sufferers may experience di  zz  iness and naus  ea osci  ll  op  sia can also be used as a quantitative test to document am  ino  gly  co  side toxicity permanent osci  ll  op  sia can arise from an impairment of the oc  ular system that serves to maintain oc  ular stability par  oxy  sm  al osci  ll  op  sia can be due to an abnormal hyper  activity in the peripheral oc  ular or vesti  bul  ar system
os  good – sch  latter disease os  d also known as apo  physi  tis of the ti  bial tuber  cle or l  ann  el  on  gue s disease is an infl  amm  ation of the pat  ell  ar lig  ament at the ti  bial tuber  osity it is characterized by a painful bump just below the knee and is most often seen in young adolescents risk factors include over  use especially in sports involving running jumping and quick changes of direction and adoles  cent growth spur  ts the condition is named after robert bay  ley os  good 18  73 – 1956 an american orth  o  ped  ic surgeon and carl b sch  latter 18  64 – 19  34 a swiss surgeon who described the condition independently in 19  03
in tab  le  ware the osi  er pattern is a moul  ded basket we  ave pattern in delicate relief used round the borders of por  cel  ain plates and other pieces of flat  ware it originated in germany in the 17  30 s on me  issen por  cel  ain and was later often im  itated by other producers it is presumed to have been devised by jo  han  n jo  ac  him ka  end  ler the celebrated head mod  eller at me  issen the name comes from sali  x v  im  in  alis or the common osi  er o  zi  er in german a eurasian species of wil  low whose thin flexible shoots or with  ies were and are much used for various types of wick  er  work usually encouraged by cop  pic  ing the plants such relief backgrounds were a speciality of me  issen under k  än  dler as in the dul  ong border from 17  43 with a rather neo  classical plant scro  ll pattern and most spectacular of all the decor  ation of the famous swan service where each plate or other piece of flat  ware has a delicate background with radi  ating bands based on a s  call  op shell against which there is in the central well a pair of sw  ans on the water amid bull  ru  shes and a crane in the air descending to join another on the left the standing crane gras  ps a fish in his be  ak and the head of another fish can be seen in the water beneath the swan on the right in fact me  issen used three versions of the osi  er borders with several minor variations between different moul  ds the first type produced from about 17  32 and widely used in a dinner service for count alexander joseph sul  kowski of about 17  35 is called the ordin  ar o  zi  er ordinary osi  er or sul  kowski type it has small groups of shoots diag  onal to the edge of the plate forming squares with the adjacent groups at right angles these are all set between straight vertical bands at regular intervals the inner and outer boundaries of the osi  er decor  ation may be marked by stri  ated bands also im  itating wo  ven bas  ket  work not long after a version was introduced with fin  er shoots all going in the same direction parallel with the edge of the plate and not always having the vertical strips which as before are straight after the final version was introduced in 17  42 this second one was known as the al  to  zi  er or old o  zi  er and the third one as the neu  o  zi  er or new osi  er the neu  o  zi  er pattern was a more ro  co  co version with spiral ribs in this type the vertical strips or ribs curve into a sort of s shape are given more emphasis and often come into the central well of the plate projec  ting beyond the basket we  ave which may cover only about half of the raised border of the plate the inner boundary of the decor  ation is marked by a raised ridge both old and new types continued to be produced up to the present day the central well of the plate is left plain except in the new type and many larger pieces that are not flat cups pots and tu  re  ens for example lack the relief pattern la  o ric  e  basket the sort of we  ave im  itated in the first sul  kowski type wick  er fence with the sort of we  ave im  itated in the old osi  er pattern fran  ken  th  al por  cel  ain imitation of the old osi  er pattern with minimal vertical bands
os  me  ña pear  ls are items of jewelry made by polis  hing the shell of a n  au  til  us it has an i  ri  descent color typically consisting of blue pink and purple h  ues
os  mol gap in medical science is the difference between measured serum o  sm  ol  ality and calculated serum o  sm  ol  ality
os  mo  tic bl  is  tering is a chemical phenomenon where two substances attempt to reach equilibrium through a semi perme  able memb  rane
os  mo  tic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi  perme  able memb  rane it is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by os  mo  sis potential os  mo  tic pressure is the maximum os  mo  tic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from distilled water by a selectively perme  able memb  rane the phenomenon of os  mo  sis arises from the propensity of a pure solvent to move through a semi perme  able memb  rane and into a solution containing a solu  te to which the memb  rane is imper  me  able this process is of vital importance in biology as the cell s memb  rane is semi  perme  able
os  sel  et is ar  thri  tis in the fet  lock joint of a horse
an os  si  fying fi  bro  my  x  o  id tum  our is a type of my  x  oma it presents in the extre  mi  ties more frequently than the trunk it is derived from mes  en  ch  y  me appearance in the head and neck is rare but has been reported their m  align  ancy has been characterized as intermediate
ost  ei  tis is a general term for infl  amm  ation of bone more specifically it can refer to one of the following conditions infectious ost  ei  tis mainly bacterial ost  ei  tis al  ve  ol  ar ost  ei  tis or dry socket condens  ing ost  ei  tis or ost  ei  tis condens  ans ost  ei  tis de  form  ans or pag  et s disease of bone ost  ei  tis fi  bro  sa c  ys  tica or ost  ei  tis fi  bro  sa or von reck  ling  ha  usen s disease of bone ost  ei  tis pu  bis radiation ost  ei  tis ost  ei  tis condens  ans ili  i pan  ost  ei  tis a long bone condition in large breed dogs in horses pe  dal ost  ei  tis is frequently confused with lam  initi  s
ost  ei  tis fi  bro  sa c  ys  tica ˌ  ɒ  sti  ː  ˈ  a  ɪ  t  ᵻ  s fa  ɪ  ˈ  bro  ʊ  s  ə ˈ  s  ɪ  st  ᵻ  k  ə abbreviated of  c also known as ost  ei  tis fi  bro  sa o  ste  od  y  stro  phia fi  bro  sa and von reck  ling  ha  usen s disease of bone not to be confused with von reck  ling  ha  usen s disease neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type i is a sk  el  etal disorder caused by hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m which is a surplus of par  ath  yro  id hormone from over active par  ath  yro  id g  lands this surplus stimulates the activity of o  ste  o  cl  asts cells that break down bone in a process known as o  ste  o  cl  astic bone resor  ption the hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m can be triggered by a par  ath  yro  id aden  oma hereditary factors par  ath  yro  id carcin  oma or ren  al o  ste  od  y  stro  phy o  ste  o  cl  astic bone resor  ption releases minerals including calcium from the bone into the blood  stream in addition to elevated blood calcium levels over activity of this process results in a loss of bone mass a weakening of the bones as their calci  fied supporting structures are replaced with fi  bro  us tissue per  it  rab  ec  ular fi  bro  sis and the formation of cyst like brown tumors in and around the bone the symptoms of the disease are the consequences of both the general sof  tening of the bones and the excess calcium in the blood and include bone fractu  res kidney stones naus  ea mo  th eaten appearance in the bones appetite loss and weight loss first described in the nineteenth century of  c is currently detected through a combination of blood testing x rays and tissue sampling before 1950 around half of those diagnosed with hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m in the united states saw it progress to of  c but with early identification techniques and improved treatment methods instances of of  c in developed countries are increasingly rare where treatment is required it normally involves addressing the underlying hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m before commencing long term treatment for of  c — depending on its cause and severity this can range from hydr  ation and exercise to surgical intervention
causes pregnancy childbirth gy  ne  co  logic surgery u  ro  logic surgery athle  tic activities e g running football soccer ice hockey tennis major trauma repeated minor trauma r  heu  mat  ological disorders unknown eti  o  logies in the pre antibiotic era ost  ei  tis pu  bis was an occasional complic  ation of pel  vic surgery and in particular of retro  pu  bic pro  stat  ec  tomy overload or training errors exercising on hard surfaces like concrete exercising on uneven ground beginning an exercise program after a long lay off period increasing exercise intensity or duration too quickly exercising in worn out or ill fitting shoes biom  ec  han  ical inefficiencies faulty foot and body mechanics and ga  it disturbances poor running or walking mechanics tight stiff muscles in the hips gro  in and but  toc  ks muscular imbalances leg length differences
o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis oa is a type of joint disease that results from breakdown of joint car  til  age and underlying bone the most common symptoms are joint pain and sti  ff  ness initially symptoms may occur only following exercise but over time may become constant other symptoms may include joint sw  elling decreased range of motion and when the back is affected weakness or num  b  ness of the arms and legs the most commonly involved joints are those near the ends of the fingers at the base of the thumb neck lower back knee and hips joints on one side of the body are often more affected than those on the other usually the symptoms come on over years it can affect work and normal daily activities unlike other types of ar  thri  tis only the joints are typically affected causes include previous joint injury abnormal joint or limb development and inherited factors risk is greater in those who are overweight have one leg of a different length and have jobs that result in high levels of joint stress o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low grade infl  am  matory processes it develops as car  til  age is lost and the underlying bone becomes affected as pain may make it difficult to exercise muscle loss may occur diagnosis is typically based on signs and symptoms with medical imaging and other tests occasionally used to either support or rule out other problems in contrast to r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis which is primarily an infl  am  matory condition in oa the joints do not typically become hot or red treatment includes exercise efforts to decrease joint stress support groups and pain medications efforts to decrease joint stress include resting and the use of a cane weight loss may help in those who are overweight pain medications may include par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en as well as n  s  aids such as na  pro  x  en or i  bu  prof  en long term op  io  id use is generally discouraged due to lack of information on benefits as well as risks of addiction and other side effects if pain interferes with normal life despite other treatments joint replacement surgery may help an artificial joint typically lasts 10 to 15 years oa is the most common form of ar  thri  tis with disease of the knee and hip affecting about 3 8 of people as of 2010 among those over 60 years old about 10 of males and 18 of females are affected it is the cause of about 2 of years lived with disability in australia about 1 9 million people are affected and in the united states over 30 million people are affected it becomes more common in both sexes as people become older
o  ste  obl  ast  oma is an un  common o  ste  o  id tissue forming primary ne  op  las  m of the bone it has clinical and his  to  logic manifestations similar to those of o  ste  o  id o  ste  oma therefore some consider the two tumors to be variants of the same disease with o  ste  obl  ast  oma representing a giant o  ste  o  id o  ste  oma however an aggressive type of o  ste  obl  ast  oma has been recognized making the relationship less clear although similar to o  ste  o  id o  ste  oma it is larger between 2 and 6 cm
o  ste  och  on  dri  tis is a painful type of o  ste  och  on  dro  sis where the car  til  age or bone in a joint is infl  amed it often refers to o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans sometimes spelt dess  ec  ans and abbreviated oc  d the term dis  sec  ans refers to the creation of a fl  ap of car  til  age that further dis  sec  ts away from its underlying sub  ch  on  dr  al attachments dis  sec  ans the other recognized types of o  ste  och  on  dri  tis are o  ste  och  on  dri  tis de  form  ans juven  il  is o  ste  och  on  dri  tis of the capit  ular head of the ep  ip  h  ysis of the fem  ur and o  ste  och  on  dri  tis de  form  ans juven  il  is dor  si o  ste  och  on  dro  sis of the spinal verte  bra  e also known as sch  eu  er  mann s disease o  ste  och  on  dri  tis and especially o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans can manifest in animals as a primary cause of el  bow dys  pl  asia a chronic condition in some species and breeds
o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans oc  d or od is a joint disorder in which cracks form in the artic  ular car  til  age and the underlying sub  ch  on  dr  al bone oc  d usually causes pain and sw  elling of the affected joint which catches and locks during movement physical examination typically reveals an eff  usion tender  ness and a crack  ling sound with joint movement oc  d is caused by blood deprivation in the sub  ch  on  dr  al bone this loss of blood flow causes the sub  ch  on  dr  al bone to die in a process called av  ascular necro  sis the bone is then re  absorbed by the body leaving the artic  ular car  til  age it supported prone to damage the result is fragmentation dis  section of both car  til  age and bone and the free movement of these bone and car  til  age fragments within the joint space causing pain and further damage oc  d can be difficult to diagnose because these symptoms are found with other diseases however the disease can be confirmed by x rays compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct or magnetic resonance imaging m  ri sc  ans non surgical treatment is rarely an option as the ability for artic  ular car  til  age to heal is limited as a result even moderate cases require some form of surgery when possible non operative forms of management such as protected reduced or non weight bearing and im  mobilization are used surgical treatment includes ar  thro  scopic drilling of intact le  sions securing of car  til  age fl  ap le  sions with pins or screws drilling and replacement of car  til  age plu  gs stem cell transplantation and joint replacement after surgery rehabilitation is usually a two stage process of im  mobilization and physical therapy most rehabilitation programs combine efforts to protection the joint with muscle strengthening and range of motion during the im  mobilization period is  ome  tric exercises such as straight leg raises are commonly used to restore muscle loss without disturbing the car  til  age of the affected joint once the im  mobilization period has ended physical therapy involves continuous passive motion c  pm and or low impact activities such as walking or swimming oc  d occurs in 15 to 30 people per 100 000 in the general population each year although rare it is an important cause of joint pain in physically active adolescents because their bones are still growing adolescents are more likely than adults to recover from oc  d recovery in adolescents can be attributed to the bone s ability to repair damaged or dead bone tissue and car  til  age in a process called bone remo  deling while oc  d may affect any joint the knee tends to be the most commonly affected and constitutes 75 of all cases franz kö  ni  g coined the term o  ste  och  on  dri  tis dis  sec  ans in 18  87 describing it as an infl  amm  ation of the bone – car  til  age interface many other conditions were once confused with oc  d when attempting to describe how the disease affected the joint including o  ste  och  on  dr  al frac  ture o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis accessory os  sification center o  ste  och  on  dro  sis and hereditary ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia some authors have used the terms o  ste  och  on  dro  sis dis  sec  ans and o  ste  och  on  dr  al fragments as synon  y  ms for oc  d
o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asia or sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia is a general term for a disorder of the development dys  pl  asia of bone o  ste  o and car  til  age ch  on  dro o  ste  och  on  dro  dys  pl  asi  as are rare diseases about 1 in 5 000 babies are born with some type of sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia
o  ste  och  on  dro  mas or o  ste  o  car  ti  lag  inous exo  sto  ses are the most common benign tumors of the bones the tumors take the form of car  til  age capped bon  y projections or out  growth on the surface of bones exo  sto  ses it is characterized as a type of over  growth that can occur in any bone where car  til  age forms bone tumors most commonly affect long bones in the leg pel  vis or s  cap  ula shoulder blade development of o  ste  och  on  dro  mas take place during sk  el  etal growth between the ages of 13 and 15 and ceases when the growth plate fuses at pu  ber  ty they arise within the first three decades of life affecting children and adolescents o  ste  och  on  dro  mas occur in 3 of the general population and represent 35 of all benign tumors and 8 of all bone tumors majority of these tumors are solitary non hereditary le  sions and approximately 15 of o  ste  och  on  dro  mas occur as hereditary multiple o  ste  och  on  dro  mas h  mos they can occur as a solitary le  sion solitary o  ste  och  on  dro  ma or multiple le  sions within the context of the same bone multiple o  ste  och  on  dro  ma o  ste  och  on  dro  mas do not result from injury and the exact cause remains unknown recent research has indicated that multiple o  ste  och  on  dro  mas is an auto  som  al dominant inherited disease germ line mutations in ext 1 and ext 2 genes located on chro  mo  som  es 8 and 11 have been associated with the cause of the disease the treatment choice for o  ste  och  on  dro  ma is surgical removal of solitary le  sion or partial exc  ision of the out  growth when symptoms cause motion limitations or nerve and blood vessel imp  ing  ements
o  ste  och  on  dro  mat  osis is a condition involving a proliferation of o  ste  och  on  dro  mas types include hereditary multiple exo  sto  ses sy  no  vi  al o  ste  och  on  dro  mat  osis
o  ste  och  on  dro  pa  thy refers to a disease pa  thy of the bone and car  til  age however it is more common to refer to these conditions as one of the following ch  on  dro  pa  thy disease of the car  til  age a bone disease is also called an o  ste  opathy but because the term o  ste  opathy is often used to describe a healthcare approach use of the term can cause some confusion
o  ste  och  on  dro  sis is a family of orth  o  ped  ic diseases of the joint that occur in children and adolescents and in rapidly growing animals particularly pigs horses dogs and bro  iler chickens they are characterized by interruption of the blood supply of a bone in particular to the ep  ip  h  ysis followed by loc  alized bon  y necro  sis and later reg  row  th of the bone this disorder is defined as a focal disturbance of endo  ch  on  dr  al os  sification and is regarded as having a multi  fac  torial eti  ology so no one thing accounts for all aspects of this disease
o  ste  o  der  ms are bon  y deposits forming scales plates or other structures in the der  mal layers of the skin o  ste  o  der  ms are found in many groups of ext  ant and extinct repti  les and am  phi  bians including li  z  ards crocodi  li  ans fro  gs tem  no  spon  dy  ls various groups of dinosaurs most notably an  ky  lo  sa  urs and ste  go  sa  ur  ians phyto  sa  urs ae  to  sa  urs pla  co  don  ts and hu  pe  h  su  chi  ans marine repti  les with possible ich  th  yo  sa  ur aff  ini  ties o  ste  o  der  ms are un  common in mammals but do occur in many xen  ar  thr  ans gly  pto  don  ts arm  ad  il  los ground slo  ths o  ste  o  der  ms have clearly evolved independently in many different line  ages and these varied structures should be thought of as anatom  ical analo  gues not homo  logues and do not necessarily indicate mon  op  hy  ly in many cases o  ste  o  der  ms may function as defensive armor the o  ste  o  der  ms of modern crocodi  li  ans are heavily vas  cul  arized and can function as both armor and as heat ex  chan  gers allowing these large repti  les to rapidly raise or lower their temperature another function is to neutr  alize aci  do  sis caused by being sub  merged under water for longer periods of time and leading to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood the calcium and magnesium in the der  mal bone will release al  kal  ine ions into the blood  stream acting as a buffer against acidification of the body fluid
o  ste  o  fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia also known as os  si  fying fi  bro  ma is a rare benign non ne  op  l  astic condition with no known cause it is considered a fi  bro  vascular defect camp  an  acc  i described this condition in two leg bones the ti  bia and fi  bul  a and coined the term this condition should be differentiated from non  os  si  fying fi  bro  ma and fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia of bone
o  ste  o  genesis im  perfec  ta oi is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones it results in bones that break easily the severity may be mild to severe other symptoms may include a blue t  inge to the white s of the eye short height loose joints hearing loss breathing problems and problems with the teeth the underlying mechanism is usually a problem with connec  tive tissue due to a lack of type i coll  agen this occurs in more than 90 of cases due to mutations in the col 1 a 1 or col 1 a 2 genes these genetic problems are often inherited from a person s parents in an auto  som  al dominant manner or occur via a new mutation there are eight types with type i being the least severe and type ii the most severe diagnosis is often based on symptoms and may be confirmed by coll  agen or dna testing there is no cure maintaining a health healthy lifestyle by exercising and avoiding smoking can help prevent fractu  res treatment may include care of broken bones pain medication physical therapy brac  es or wheel  chairs and surgery a type of surgery that puts metal rods through long bones maybe done to strengthen them tentative evidence supports the use of medications of the bis  phosp  hon  ate type oi affects about one in 15 000 people outcomes depend on the type of disease most people however have good outcomes the condition has been described since ancient history the term o  ste  o  genesis im  perfec  ta came into use in 18  95 and means imperfect bone formation
an o  ste  o  id o  ste  oma is a benign bone tumor that arises from o  ste  obl  asts and was originally thought to be a smaller version of an o  ste  obl  ast  oma o  ste  o  id o  ste  om  as tend to be less than 1 5 cm in size the tumor can be in any bone in the body but are most common in long bones such as the fem  ur and ti  bia they account for 10 to 12 percent of all benign bone tumors o  ste  o  id o  ste  om  as may occur at any age and are most common in patients between the ages of 4 and 25 years old males are affected approximately three times more commonly than females
o  ste  ol  ath  y  ris  m is a coll  agen cross linking deficiency brought on by dietary over reliance on the seeds of la  thy  rus sati  v  us or grass pea a le  gu  me often grown as a famine crop in asia and east africa other members of the genus are also known to cause the disease including l syl  ve  str  is l cic  era and l cl  y  men  um l sati  v  us grows well under famine conditions often severe drought where it is cultivated the condition results in damage to bone and mes  en  ch  ym  al connec  tive tissues it is seen in people in combination with neuro  la  thy  ris  m and an  gi  ol  ath  y  ris  m in areas where famine demands reliance on a crop with known detrimental effects it occurs in cattle and horses with di  ets over  reliant upon the grass pea o  ste  ol  ath  y  ris  m is caused by a variety of o  ste  ol  ath  yro  genic compounds specifically exc  it  atory amino compounds the most widely studied of these compounds is beta am  ino  pro  pion  it  ri  le bap  n which exer  ts its dele  ter  ious effect by an unknown yet pot  ently irreversible mechanism other instig  ators are u  re  ides sem  ic  ar  baz  ides and thi  o  sem  ic  ar  baz  ides which are believed to chel  ate the pro  s  thetic cu ii bi  py  ri  dine co  factor complex in the enzyme ly  sy  l oxid  ase
o  ste  oli  po  ch  on  dro  ma o  ste  o bone li  pos fat ch  on  dro  s car  til  age oma tumor is a car  ti  lag  inous tumor containing fatty and bon  y tissue
o  ste  ol  ysis is an active resor  ption of bone matrix by o  ste  o  cl  asts and can be interpreted as the reverse of os  sification although o  ste  o  cl  asts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term o  ste  ol  ysis specifically refers to a pathological process o  ste  ol  ysis often occurs in the proximity of a pro  s  thesis that causes either an immun  ological response or changes in the bone s structural load o  ste  ol  ysis may also be caused by patho  logies like bone tumors cy  sts or chronic infl  amm  ation
an o  ste  oma plural o  ste  om  ata is a new piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone typically the skull it is a benign tumor when the bone tumor grows on other bone it is known as hom  op  l  astic o  ste  oma when it grows on other tissue it is called heter  op  l  astic o  ste  oma o  ste  oma represents the most common benign ne  op  las  m of the nose and par  an  as  al sin  uses the cause of o  ste  om  ata is uncertain but commonly accepted theories propose embry  o  logic traumatic or infectious causes o  ste  om  ata are also found in gar  dner s syndrome larger cran  io  facial o  ste  om  ata may cause facial pain headache and infection due to obstructed nas  o  frontal duc  ts often cran  io  facial o  ste  oma presents itself through oc  ular signs and symptoms such as prop  to  sis
o  ste  oma cu  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by the presence of bone within the skin in the absence of a pre  existing or associated le  sion
o  ste  om  al  ac  ia is the sof  tening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabol  ism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate calcium and vitamin d or because of resor  ption of calcium the impairment of bone metabol  ism causes inadequate bone remin  er  alization o  ste  om  al  ac  ia in children is known as ric  kets and because of this use of the term o  ste  om  al  ac  ia is often restricted to the mil  der adult form of the disease signs and symptoms can include diffuse body pains muscle weakness and fragility of the bones the most common cause of o  ste  om  al  ac  ia is a deficiency of vitamin d which is normally derived from sunlight exposure and to a lesser extent from the diet the most specific screening test for vitamin d deficiency in otherwise healthy individuals is a serum 25 oh d level less common causes of o  ste  om  al  ac  ia can include hereditary deficiencies of vitamin d or phosphate which would typically be identified in childhood or m  align  ancy measures to prevent and treat o  ste  om  al  ac  ia usually revol  ve around intake of vitamin d and calcium supplements vitamin d should always be administered in conjunction with calcium supplem  entation since most of the consequences of vitamin d deficiency are a result of impaired mineral ion home  ost  asis nursing home residents and the home  bound elderly population are at particular risk for vitamin d deficiency as these populations typically receive little sun exposure in addition both the efficiency of vitamin d synthesis in the skin and the absorption of vitamin d from the intest  ine decline with age thus further increasing the risk in these populations other groups at risk include individuals with mal  absorption secondary to gastro  intest  inal bypass surgery or ce  li  ac disease and individuals who immigr  ate from warm clim  ates to cold clim  ates especially women who wear traditional ve  ils or dresses that prevent sun exposure
o  ste  om  ye  li  tis om is infection and infl  amm  ation of the bone and bone marrow it can be usefully sub  classified on the basis of the caus  ative organism py  ogenic bacteria or my  co  bacteria and the route duration and an  atomic location of the infection o  ste  om  ye  li  tis usually begins as an acute infection but it may evolve into a chronic condition the word is from greek words ὀ  στ  έ  ον o  ste  on meaning bone μ  υ  ελ  ό my  elo meaning marrow and ῖ  τις i  tis meaning infl  amm  ation
o  ste  om  ye  li  tis of the ja  ws is o  ste  om  ye  li  tis which is infection and infl  amm  ation of the bone marrow sometimes abbreviated to om which occurs in the bones of the ja  ws i e max  illa or the man  di  ble historically o  ste  om  ye  li  tis of the ja  ws was a common complic  ation of od  on  to  genic infection infections of the teeth before the antibiotic era it was frequently a fatal condition former and col  lo  qu  ial names include o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the ja  ws on  j cav  itations dry or wet socket and nic  o ne  ur  al  gia inducing cav  it  ational o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis the current more correct term o  ste  om  ye  li  tis of the ja  ws differenti  ates the condition from the relatively recent and better known i  atro  genic phenomenon of bis  phosp  hon  ate caused o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the ja  ws the latter is found primarily in post men  opa  usal women given bis  phosp  hon  ate drugs usually against o  ste  op  or  osis
o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw on  j is a severe bone disease o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis that affects the ja  ws the max  illa and the man  di  ble various forms of on  j have been described over the last 160 years and a number of causes have been suggested in the literature o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw associated with bis  phosp  hon  ate therapy which is required by some cancer treatment regim  ens has been identified and defined as a pathological entity bis  phosp  hon  ate associated o  ste  on  ec  ro  sis of the jaw since 2003 the possible risk from lower oral doses of bis  phosp  hon  ates taken by patients to prevent or treat o  ste  op  or  osis remains uncertain treatment options have been explored however severe cases of on  j still require surgical removal of the affected bone a thorough history and assessment of pre existing systemic problems and possible sites of dental infection are required to help prevent the condition especially if bis  phosp  hon  ate therapy is considered
o  ste  open  ia is a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal it is considered by many doctors to be a precursor to o  ste  op  or  osis however not every person diagnosed with o  ste  open  ia will develop o  ste  op  or  osis more specifically o  ste  open  ia is defined as a bone mineral density t score between − 1 0 and − 2 5
o  ste  o  petro  sis literally stone bone also known as mar  ble bone disease and al  bers sch  ön  berg disease is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones har  den becoming d  ens  er in contrast to more prevalent conditions like o  ste  op  or  osis in which the bones become less dense and more brit  tle or o  ste  om  al  ac  ia in which the bones soften o  ste  o  petro  sis can cause bones to dissolve and break it can cause o  ste  os  clerosis the cause of the disease is understood to be malfunctioning o  ste  o  cl  asts radiological findings will show a bone in bone appearance
o  ste  op  hy  tes commonly referred to as bone sp  urs are bon  y projections that form along joint margins they should not be confused with en  thes  op  hy  tes which are bon  y projections that form at the attachment of a tend  on or lig  ament
o  ste  o  po  i  ki  losis is a benign auto  som  al dominant s  cl  ero  sing dys  pl  asia of bone characterized by the presence of numerous bone islands in the skelet  on
o  ste  op  or  osis is a disease where decreased bone strength increases the risk of a broken bone it is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly bones that commonly break include the back bones the bones of the fore  arm and the hip until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur following a broken bone o  ste  op  or  osis may be due to lower than normal peak bone mass and greater than normal bone loss bone loss increases after men  op  ause due to lower levels of estro  gen o  ste  op  or  osis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments including alcoholism an  ore  x  ia hyper  thyro  i  dis  m surgical removal of the ov  aries and kidney disease certain medications increase the rate of bone loss including some anti  seizure medications chem  otherapy prot  on pump inhi  bit  ors selective sero  ton  in re  uptake inhi  bit  ors and ster  oids not enough exercise and smoking are also risk factors o  ste  op  or  osis is defined as a bone density of 2 5 standard deviations below that of a young adult this is typically measured by dual energy x ray absor  p  ti  ome  try at the hip prevention of o  ste  op  or  osis includes a proper diet during childhood and efforts to avoid medications that cause the condition efforts to prevent broken bones in those with o  ste  op  or  osis include a good diet exercise and fall prevention lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol may help medication of the bis  phosp  hon  ate type are useful in those with previous broken bones due to o  ste  op  or  osis in those with o  ste  op  or  osis but no previous broken bones they are less effective a number of other medications may also be useful o  ste  op  or  osis becomes more common with age about 15 of white people in their 50 s and 70 of those over 80 are affected it is more common in women than men in the developed world depending on the method of diagnosis 2 to 8 of males and 9 to 38 of females are affected rates of disease in the developing world are unclear about 22 million women and 5 5 million men in the european union had o  ste  op  or  osis in 2010 in the united states in 2010 about eight million women and one to two million men had o  ste  op  or  osis white and asian people are at greater risk the word o  ste  op  or  osis is from the greek terms for por  ous bones
o  ste  op  or  otic bone marrow defect is a condition which may be found in the body of the man  di  ble it is usually pain  less and found during routine radio  graphs it appears as a poorly defined radi  ol  uc  ency dark area where there was a previous history of an extraction of a tooth it may resemble a me  ta  static disease it is a loc  alized increase of hem  ato  po  ie  tic bone marrow that creates a radi  ol  uc  ent radio  graphic defect they occur more commonly in women in the mid  years and show a pre  dil  ection for the mol  ar region of the man  di  ble they are especially common in extraction sites scattered tr  ab  ec  ul  ae may extend short distances into the defect or in some instances through it giving the defect a fairly characteristic appearance naturally there are no clinical symptoms
o  ste  or  adi  on  ec  ro  sis is a possible complic  ation following radi  otherapy where an area of bone does not heal from irradiation irradiation of bones causes damage to o  ste  oc  y  tes and imp  airs the blood supply the affected hard tissues become hypo  vascular reduced number of blood vessels hypo  cellular reduced number of cells and hypo  x  ic low levels of oxygen o  ste  or  adi  on  ec  ro  sis usually occurs in the man  di  ble and causes chronic pain and surface ul  cer  ation prevention of o  ster  adi  on  ec  ro  sis is part of the reason all teeth of questionable prog  no  sis are removed before the start of a course of radi  otherapy
an o  ste  os  ar  coma is a can  cer  ous tumor in a bone specifically it is an aggressive m  align  ant ne  op  las  m that arises from primitive transformed cells of mes  en  ch  ym  al origin and thus a sar  coma and that exhi  bits o  ste  obl  astic differentiation and produces m  align  ant o  ste  o  id o  ste  os  ar  coma is the most common his  to  logical form of primary bone cancer it is most prevalent in children and young adults
o  ste  os  clerosis is a type of o  ste  o  petro  sis that involves abnormal hard  ening of bone and an elev  ation in bone density it can be a path  ology normally detected on a radio  graph as an area of increased op  acity that is where more mineral is present in the bone to absorb or defl  ect the x ray beam loc  alized o  ste  os  clerosis can be caused by injuries that com  press the bone by o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis and o  ste  oma it is associated with pro  state cancer me  tast  asis mel  or  he  o  sto  sis o  ste  o  petro  sis o  ste  o  po  i  ki  losis chronic idi  opathic my  elo  fi  bro  sis sk  el  etal fluor  osis sch  nit  z  ler syndrome mono  cl  onal ig  m k  app  a cry  o  glob  ul  in  emia it can also be associated with hepatitis c in the animal kingdom there also exists a non pathological form of o  ste  os  clerosis resulting in unusually solid bone structure with little to no marrow it is often seen in aquatic vertebr  ates especially those living in shallow waters providing ballast as an adaptation for an aquatic lifestyle it makes bones heavier but also more fragile in those animal groups o  ste  os  clerosis often occurs together with bone thick  ening p  ach  yo  sto  sis this joint occurrence is called p  ach  yo  ste  os  clerosis sclerosis of the bones of the thor  ac  ic sp  ine due to pro  state cancer me  tast  ases ct image sclerosis of the bones of the thor  ac  ic sp  ine due to pro  state cancer me  tast  ases ct image
the osti  um pri  mum atri  al sep  tal defect also known as an endo  cardi  al cushion defect is a defect in the atri  al sep  tum at the level of the tric  us  pid and mit  ral valves this is sometimes known as an endo  cardi  al cushion defect because it often involves the endo  cardi  al cushion which is the portion of the heart where the atri  al sep  tum meets the ven  tric  ular sep  tum and the mit  ral valve meets the tric  us  pid valve endo  cardi  al cushion defects are associated with ab  norm  alities of the atri  o  ven  tric  ular valves the mit  ral valve and the tric  us  pid valve these include the cle  ft mit  ral valve and the single atri  o  ven  tric  ular valve a single large de  formed valve that flows into both the right ven  tric  le and the left ven  tric  le endo  cardi  al cushion defects are the most common con  genital heart defect that is associated with down s syndrome
in applied mathematics the o  stro  grad  sky instability is a consequence of a theore  m of mikhail o  stro  grad  sky in classical mechanics according to which a non degenerate lag  ran  gian dependent on time derivatives of higher than the first corresponds to a lin  early unstable hamil  ton  ian associated with the lag  ran  gian via a legend  re transform the o  stro  grad  sky instability has been proposed as an explanation as to why no differential equations of higher order than two appear to describe physical phenomena
dissolution of small cryst  als or sol particles and the re  de  position of the dissolved species on the surfaces of larger cryst  als or sol particles was first described by wil  helm ost  wald in 18  96 ost  wald ripen  ing is generally found in water in oil emul  sions while f  loc  cul  ation is found in oil in water emul  sions
other specified feeding or eating disorder or os  fed is the dsm 5 category that replaces the category formerly called eating disorder not otherwise specified ed  nos in dsm iv and that captures feeding disorders and eating disorders of clinical severity that do not meet diagnostic criteria for an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa an bu  li  mia ner  vo  sa bn binge eating disorder bed avoid  ant restrictive food intake disorder ar  fid pic  a or rumin  ation disorder os  fed includes five examples atypical an bn of low frequency and or limited duration bed of low frequency and or limited duration pur  ging disorder and night eating syndrome nes
an otic poly  p also called a  ural poly  p is a benign proliferation of chronic infl  am  matory cells associated with gran  ulation tissue in response to a longstanding infl  am  matory process of the middle ear
o  ti  tis is a general term for infl  amm  ation or infection of the ear in both humans and other animals it is subdivided into the following o  ti  tis exter  na external o  ti  tis or swim  mer s ear involves the outer ear and ear canal in external o  ti  tis the ear hurts when touched or pulled o  ti  tis media or middle ear infection involves the middle ear in o  ti  tis media the ear is infected or clo  gged with fluid behind the ear drum in the normally air filled middle ear space this very common childhood infection sometimes requires a surgical procedure called my  rin  go  tomy and tube insertion o  ti  tis inter  na or labyrin  thi  tis involves the inner ear the inner ear includes sensory organs for balance and hearing when the inner ear is infl  amed ver  ti  go is a common symptom
o  ti  tis exter  na also known as swim  mer s ear is an infl  amm  ation of the ear canal it often presents with ear pain sw  elling of the ear canal and occasionally decreased hearing typically there is pain with movement of the outer ear a high fever is typically not present except in severe cases o  ti  tis exter  na may be acute meaning less than six weeks or chronic meaning more than three months in duration acute cases are typically due to a bacterial infection while chronic cases are often due to allergies or auto  immune disorders risk factors for acute cases include swimming minor trauma from cleaning using hearing aids or ear plu  gs and other skin problems like ps  ori  asis or der  mati  tis those with diabetes are at risk of a severe form of disease known as m  align  ant o  ti  tis exter  na diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms cul  turing the ear canal may be useful in chronic or severe cases acetic acid ear drops may be used as a preventative measure treatment of acute cases is typically with antibiotic drops such as of  lo  x  ac  in or acetic acid ster  o  id drops may be used in addition to antibiotics pain medications such as i  bu  prof  en may be used for the pain antibiotics by mouth are not recommended unless the person has poor immune function or there is infection of the skin around the ear typically improvement occurs within a day of starting treatment treatment of chronic cases depends on the cause o  ti  tis exter  na affects 1 3 of people a year with more than 95 of cases being acute about 10 of people are affected at some point in their life it occurs most commonly among children between the ages of seven and twelve and among the elderly it occurs with near equal frequency in males and females those who live in warm and wet clim  ates are more often affected
o  ti  tis exter  na is an infl  amm  ation of the outer ear and ear canal animals are commonly prone to ear infection and this is one of the most common manifestations of allergy in dogs in dogs those breeds with fl  op  py ears are more prone since air flow is limited and a warm mo  ist environment built up which is conducive to infection the external ear in animals is longer and deeper than in humans which makes it easier for infection or wax to build up or be hard to remove complete ear canal inspection requires the use of an o  to  scope by a veterinarian infections are usually secondary to infl  amm  ation or to improper gro  oming techniques infections can be caused by both bacterial and fun  gal origin as well as small organisms such as ear mit  es mal  as  se  zia p  ach  y  der  m  atis is a common fun  gal agent for ear infections in dogs stap  hy  lo  co  cc  us intermedi  us is the most common bacterial infection a more serious ear infection with p  us in the ear may be caused by pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa
o  ti  tis media is a group of infl  am  matory diseases of the middle ear the two main types are acute o  ti  tis media a  om and o  ti  tis media with eff  usion ome a  om is an infection of abrupt onset that usually presents with ear pain in young children this may result in pulling at the ear increased crying and poor sleep decreased eating and a fever may also be present ome is typically not associated with symptoms occasionally a feeling of ful  l  ness is described it is defined as the presence of non infectious fluid in the middle ear for more than three months chronic sup  pur  ative o  ti  tis media c  som is middle ear infl  amm  ation of greater than two weeks that results in episodes of discharge from the ear it may be a complic  ation of acute o  ti  tis media pain is rarely present all three may be associated with hearing loss the hearing loss in ome due to its chronic nature may affect a child s ability to learn the cause of a  om is related to childhood anatomy and immune function either bacteria or viruses may be involved risk factors include exposure to smoke use of paci  fiers and attending day  care it occurs more commonly in those who are native american or who have down syndrome ome frequently occurs following a  om and may be related to viral upper respiratory infections irrit  ants such as smoke or allergies looking at the ear  drum is important for making the correct diagnosis signs of a  om include bul  ging or a lack of movement of the ty  mp  anic memb  rane from a pu  ff of air new discharge not related to o  ti  tis exter  na also indicates the diagnosis a number of measures decrease the risk of o  ti  tis media including pneu  mo  coc  cal and influenza vaccination exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and avoiding tobacco smoke the use of pain medications for a  om is important this may include par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en i  bu  prof  en benz  oc  aine ear drops or op  io  ids in a  om antibiotics may speed recovery but may result in side effects antibiotics are often recommended in those with severe disease or under two years old in those with less severe disease they may only be recommended in those who do not improve after two or three days the initial antibiotic of choice is typically am  ox  ic  ill  in in those with frequent infections ty  mp  ano  stom  y tubes may decrease recurrence in children with o  ti  tis media with eff  usion antibiotics may increase resolution of symptoms but may cause diarr  ho  ea v  om  iting and skin rash worldwide a  om affect about 11 of people a year about 325 to 710 million cases half the cases involve children less than five years of age and it is more common among males of those affected about 4 8 or 31 million develop chronic sup  pur  ative o  ti  tis media before the age of ten ome affects about 80 of children at some point o  ti  tis media resulted in 2 400 deaths in 2013 – down from 4 900 deaths in 1990
o  to  cephal  y from the greek words ο  το meaning “ ear ” and κ  εφ  ά  λ  η meaning head is a type of head disorder cephal  ic disorder this is a lethal condition in which the primary feature is the total or virtual absence of the lower jaw a developmental anomaly called ag  na  thia the “ oto ” in the name refers to the relationship of the ears to the face in this disorder the condition is considered lethal because of a poorly functioning air  way in o  to  cephal  y ag  na  thia may occur alone or together with holo  pro  sen  cephal  y
o  to  dental syndrome also known as o  to  dental dys  pl  asia is an exceptionally rare disease that is distinguished by a specific phen  o  type known as glo  bo  don  tia that in rare cases can be associated with eye co  lob  oma and high frequency hearing loss glo  bo  don  tia is an abnormal condition that can occur in both the primary and secondary denti  tion except for the incis  ors which are normal in shape and size this is demonstrated by significant enlargement of the can  ine and mol  ar teeth the pre  mol  ars are either reduced in size or are absent in some cases the defects affecting the teeth eye and ear can be either individual or combined when these conditions are combined with eye co  lob  oma the condition is also known as oc  ul  o o  to  dental syndrome the first known case of o  to  dental syndrome was found in hungary in a mother and her son by den  es and c  si  ba in 1969 prevalence is less than 1 out of every 1 million individuals the cause of o  to  dental syndrome is considered to be genetic it is an auto  som  al dominant inheritance and is variable in its expres  sivity hap  lo  in  sufficiency in the fi  bro  blast growth factor 3 f  g  f 3 gene 11 q 13 has been reported in patients with o  to  dental syndrome and is thought to cause the phen  o  type both males and females are equally affected individuals diagnosed with o  to  dental syndrome can be of any age age is not a relevant factor currently there are no specific genetic treatments for o  to  dental syndrome dental and orth  od  on  tic management are the recommended course of action
o  to  facial syndrome is an extremely rare con  genital de  form  ity whereby the afflicted is born without a jaw and subsequently a chin in nearly all cases the child does not survive because of the inability to breathe and eat properly even with re  constructive surgery the tongue is extremely underdeveloped making un  aided breathing and sw  allowing impossible
o  tom  y  co  sis is a fun  gal ear infection a superficial my  co  tic infection of the outer ear canal it is more common in the tropical countries the infection may be either sub  acute or acute and is characterized by mal  od  or  ous discharge infl  amm  ation pr  ur  it  us scaling and severe discomfort sup  pur  ation can occur due to super  imposed bacterial infection commonly due to pseu  dom  onas species and prot  eus species the my  co  sis results in infl  amm  ation superficial epi  the  li  al ex  foli  ation masses of debris containing hyp  ha  e sup  pur  ation and pain
ot  op  hy  ma is a cau  lif  lower like sw  elling of one or both ears
o  tos  clerosis or o  to  spongi  osis is an abnormal growth of bone near the middle ear it can result in hearing loss the term o  tos  clerosis is somewhat of a mis  no  mer much of the clinical course is characterised by luc  ent rather than s  cl  erotic bon  y changes hence it is also known as o  to  spongi  osis
o  to  spon  dy  lo  me  ga  ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia o  sm  ed is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder of bone growth that results in sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities severe hearing loss and distinctive facial features the name of the condition indicates that it affects hearing oto and the bones of the sp  ine spon  dyl  o and enlar  ges the ends of bones me  ga  ep  ip  hy  ses the features of o  sm  ed are similar to those of another sk  el  etal disorder weis  sen  bac  her z  we  ym  ü  ller syndrome o  to  spon  dy  lo  me  ga  ep  ip  hy  seal dys  pl  asia is a subtype of coll  agen  opathy types ii and xi
o  to  toxicity is the property of being toxic to the ear oto specifically the co  ch  lea or aud  itory nerve and sometimes the vesti  bul  ar system for example as a side effect of a drug the effects of o  to  toxicity can be reversible and temporary or irreversible and permanent it has been recognised since the 19 th century there are many well known o  to  toxic drugs used in clinical situations and they are prescribed despite the risk of hearing disorders to very serious health conditions o  to  toxic drugs include antibiotics such as gent  am  ic  in loop di  u  re  tics such as fu  ro  sem  ide and plat  inum based chem  otherapy agents such as cis  pl  atin a number of non  ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids have also been shown to be o  to  toxic this can result in sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss dy  sequ  ili  bri  um or both some environmental and occupational chemicals have also been shown to affect the aud  itory system and interact with noise
the out group homo  geneity effect is one s perception of out group members as more similar to one another than are in group members e g they are alike we are diverse the term out  group homo  geneity effect out  group homo  geneity bias or relative out  group homo  geneity has been explicitly contr  asted with out  group homo  geneity in general the latter referring to perceived out  group vari  ability unrelated to perceptions of the ing  ro  up the out group homo  geneity effect is part of a broader field of research that examines perceived group vari  ability this area includes in group homo  geneity effects as well as out group homo  geneity effects and it also deals with perceived group vari  ability effects that are not linked to in group out group membership such as effects that are related to the power status and size of groups the out group homo  geneity effect has been found using a wide variety of different social groups from political and racial groups to age and gender groups the implications of this effect on stereo  typing have been noted percei  vers tend to have impres  sions about the diversity or vari  ability of group members around those central tendencies or typical attributes of those group members thus out  group stereo  typ  ic  ality judgments are over  estimated supporting the view that out group stereotypes are over  gener  alizations the out  group homo  geneity effect is sometimes referred to as out  group homo  geneity bias such nomenclature hints at a broader me  ta theoretical debate that is present in the field of social psychology this debate centres on the validity of heightened perceptions of ing  ro  up and out  group homo  geneity where some researchers view the homo  geneity effect as an example of cognitive bias and error while other researchers view the effect as an example of normal and often adap  tive social perception
an out route or down and out or jet route is a pattern run by a receiver in american football on an out route the receiver will start running a fly pattern i e running straight down the field toward the end zone but after a certain number of steps will cut hard 90 degrees to the outside or toward the sidel  ine away from the quarter  back if the cut comes very quickly usually after only a few steps it is called a quick out out routes generally allow a one on one match up between the receiver and the defensive back who is guarding him as safe  ties generally are concerned with helping out on long routes down  field or the center of the field this route is used much more frequently near the end of each half or when a team is running their two minute drill to preserve time on the clock because as soon as the receiver catches the ball or after a short run after the catch he should be able to get out of bounds stopping the clock it is a quick execution play if the ball is thrown correctly usually a defensive player can t respond quickly enough to interfere it is also often called in a 3 rd down situation where the full ten yards are needed out and in routes are the most difficult routes to cover in man to man coverage but can be dangerous plays to run because if the defender intercep  ts the pass he will often have a clear path to the end zone
in epidemiology an outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a disease in a particular time and place it may affect a small and loc  alized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak outbreaks include epidemics which term is normally only used for infectious diseases as well as diseases with an environmental origin such as a water or food  borne disease they may affect a region in a country or a group of countries pandemics are near global disease outbreaks
the outcome bias is an error made in evaluating the quality of a decision when the outcome of that decision is already known specifically the outcome effect occurs when the same behavior produce s more ethical condemnation when it happen s to produce bad rather than good outcome even if the outcome is determined by chance while similar to the hindsight bias the two phenomena are markedly different the hindsight bias focuses on memory distortion to favor the actor while the outcome bias focuses exclusively on weighting the past outcome heavier than other pieces of information in deciding if a past decision was correct
output compare is the ability to trigger an output based on a time  stamp in memory without interrupting the execution of code by a processor or micro  controller this is a functionality provided by many embedded systems the corresponding ability to record a time  stamp in memory when an input occurs is called input capture
in economics the outside lag is the amount of time it takes for a government or central bank s actions in the form of either monetary or fiscal policy to have a noticeable effect on the economy its conver  se is the inside lag the amount of time it takes the policy authority to recognize that a situation calls for a policy response and to decide on that response and implement it the outside lag can be a major problem and must be taken into account in deciding what expansionary or contr  actionary policy actions to implement and indeed whether to implement any at all
o  vari  an apo  plex  y is a sudden rupture in the o  vary commonly at the site of a cyst accompanied by hemorrha  ge in the o  vari  an tissue and or intr  ap  erit  one  al bleeding
o  vari  an cancer is a cancer that forms in an o  vary it results in abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body when this process begins there may be no or only vague symptoms symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progres  ses these symptoms may include blo  ating pel  vic pain ab  domin  al sw  elling and loss of appetite among others common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the ab  dom  en lining of the bo  wel and blad  der lymp  h no  des lungs and liver the risk of o  vari  an cancer increases in women who have o  vul  ated more over their lifetime this includes those who have never had children those who begin ov  ulation at a younger age or reach men  op  ause at an older age other risk factors include hormone therapy after men  op  ause fertility medication and obesity factors that decrease risk include hormonal birth control tu  bal lig  ation and breast feeding about 10 of cases are related to inherited genetic risk women with mutations in the genes brca 1 or brca 2 have about a 50 chance of developing the disease the most common type of o  vari  an cancer comprising more than 95 of cases is o  vari  an carcin  oma there are five main sub  types of o  vari  an carcin  oma of which high grade ser  ous carcin  oma is the most common these tumors are believed to start in the cells covering the ov  aries though some may form at the fall  op  ian tubes less common types of o  vari  an cancer include germ cell tumors and sex cord st  rom  al tumors a diagnosis of o  vari  an cancer is confirmed through a biopsy of tissue usually removed during surgery screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to un  needed surgery which is accompanied by its own risks those at very high risk may have their ov  aries removed as a preventive measure if caught and treated in an early stage o  vari  an cancer may be cur  able treatment usually includes some combination of surgery radiation therapy and chem  otherapy outcomes depend on the extent of the disease and the subtype of the cancer present the overall five year survival rate in the united states is 45 outcomes are worse in the developing world in 2012 o  vari  an cancer occurred in 239 000 women and resulted in 152 000 deaths worldwide this makes it among women the seventh most common cancer and the eighth most common cause of death from cancer the typical age of diagnosis is 63 death from o  vari  an cancer is more common in north america and europe than in africa and asia
an o  vari  an cyst is a fluid filled s  ac within the o  vary often they cause no symptoms occasionally they may produce blo  ating lower ab  domin  al pain or lower back pain if the cyst either breaks open or causes tw  isting of the o  vary severe pain may occur this may result in v  om  iting or feeling faint the majority of cy  sts are however harmless most o  vari  an cy  sts are related to ov  ulation being either fol  lic  ular cy  sts or corpus lu  t  eu  m cy  sts other types include cy  sts due to end  ome  tri  osis der  mo  id cy  sts and cy  stad  en  om  as many small cy  sts occur in both ov  aries in poly  c  ys  tic o  vari  an syndrome pel  vic infl  am  matory disease may also result in cy  sts rarely cy  sts may be a form of o  vari  an cancer diagnosis is undertaken by pel  vic examination with an ul  tras  ound or other testing used to gather further details often cy  sts are simply observed over time if they cause pain medications such as par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en or i  bu  prof  en may be used hormonal birth control may be used to prevent further cy  sts in those who are frequently affected however evidence does not support birth control as a treatment of current cy  sts if they do not go away after several months get larger look unusual or cause pain they may be removed by surgery most women of reproductive age develop small cy  sts each month large cy  sts that cause problems occur in about 8 of women before men  op  ause o  vari  an cy  sts are present in about 16 of women after men  op  ause and if present are more likely to be cancer
o  vari  an cy  stad  en  oma is a c  ys  tic benign tumor of the o  vary two types are recognized ser  ous and m  uc  inous
o  vari  an diseases can be classified as endocrine disorders or as a disorders of the reproductive system if the egg fails to release from the fol  lic  le in the o  vary an o  vari  an cyst may form small o  vari  an cy  sts are common in healthy women some women have more fol  lic  les than usual poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome which inhi  bits the fol  lic  les to grow normally and this will cause cycle irregularities other conditions include o  vari  an cancer lu  te  oma hypo  gon  ad  ism hyper  the  co  sis
the o  vari  an fi  bro  ma also fi  bro  ma is a benign sex cord st  rom  al tum  our o  vari  an fi  bro  mas represent 4 of all o  vari  an ne  op  las  ms they tend to occur mostly during perim  en  op  ause and post  men  op  ause the median age having been reported to be about 52 years and they are rare in children le  sions tend to be as  ymp  tomatic if symptoms are present the most common one is ab  domin  al pain on gross path  ology they are firm and white or tan on micro  scopic examination there are inter  sec  ting bund  les of spin  dle cells producing coll  agen there may be the  com  at  ous areas fi  bro  the  coma the presence of an o  vari  an fi  bro  ma can cause o  vari  an tor  sion in some cases
o  vari  an hyper  stimulation syndrome oh  ss is a medical condition affecting the ov  aries of some women who take fertility medication to stimulate egg growth most cases are mild but rarely the condition is severe and can lead to serious illness or death
o  vari  an pregnancy refers to an ec  topic pregnancy that is located in the o  vary typically the egg cell is not released or picked up at ov  ulation but fertili  zed within the o  vary where the pregnancy implants such a pregnancy usually does not proceed past the first four weeks of pregnancy an untreated o  vari  an pregnancy causes potentially fatal intra  ab  domin  al bleeding and thus may become a medical emergency
o  vari  an ser  ous cy  stad  en  oma also less precisely known as ser  ous cy  stad  en  oma is the most common o  vari  an ne  op  las  m representing 20 of o  vari  an ne  op  las  ms and is benign it has a very superficial resemblance to the most common type of o  vari  an cancer ser  ous carcin  oma of the o  vary under the micro  scope however 1 it is virtually impossible to mix up with its m  align  ant counterpart ser  ous carcin  oma and 2 does not share genetic traits of inde  terminate ser  ous tum  ours also called ser  ous borderline tum  ours that may transform into ser  ous carcin  oma ser  ous cy  stad  en  om  as of the o  vary are not related to ser  ous cy  stad  en  om  as of the pan  cre  as i e the presence of an o  vari  an or pan  cre  atic one does not suggest an increased risk for the other one
o  vari  an tor  sion accounts for about 3 of gy  ne  co  logic emergencies the incidence of o  vari  an tor  sion among women of all ages is 5 9 per 100 000 women and the incidence among women of reproductive age 15 – 45 years is 9 9 per 100 000 women in 70 of cases it is diagnosed in women between 20 and 39 years of age the risk is greater during pregnancy and in men  op  ause risk factors include increased length of the o  vari  an lig  aments patho  logically enlarged ov  aries more than 6 cm o  vari  an masses or cy  sts and enlarged corpus lu  t  eu  m in pregnancy
o  vari  an tumors or o  vari  an ne  op  las  ms are tumors arising from the o  vary they can benign or m  align  ant o  vari  an cancer
in medicine o  vari  an vein syndrome is a rare possibly not un  common certainly under diagnosed condition in which a dil  ated o  vari  an vein com  presses the u  re  ter the tube that brings the urine from the kidney to the blad  der this causes chronic or co  lic  ky ab  domin  al pain back pain and or pel  vic pain the pain can worsen on lying down or between ov  ulation and men  str  uation there can also be an increased tendency towards ur  inary tract infection or p  yel  on  eph  ri  tis kidney infection the right o  vari  an vein is most commonly involved although the disease can be left sided or affect both sides it is currently classified as a form of pel  vic congestion syndrome
over illumin  ation is the presence of lighting intensity higher than that which is appropriate for a specific activity over illumin  ation was commonly ignored between 1950 and 1995 especially in office and retail environments since then however the interior design community has begun to reconsider this practice over illumin  ation encompasses two separate concerns unnecessary electric lighting is expensive and energy intensive lighting accounts for approximately 9 of residential electricity use as of 2001 and about 40 of commercial electricity use excessive levels of artificial light may adversely affect health these detrimental effects may depend on the spectrum as well as the overall bri  ght  ness level of light over illumin  ation can be reduced by installing occu  pan  cy sensors using natural sunlight whenever possible turning off lights when leaving a room or changing the type of light  bul  b over illumin  ation does not refer to snow  blindness where high exposure to ultra  violet light causes physical damage to the eye too little light the opposite of over illumin  ation is associated with seasonal aff  ective disorder
over  accumulation is one of the potential causes of the crisis of capital accumulation a crisis of capital occurs due to what karl marx refers to as the internal contradictions inherent in the capitalist system which result in the re  configuration of production the contradiction in this situation is realized because of the condition of capitalism that requires the accumulation of capital through the continual re  investment of surplus value accumulation can reach a point where the re  investment of capital no longer produces returns when a market becomes flooded with capital a massive devaluation occurs this over accumulation is a condition that occurs when surpluses of devalued capital and labor exist side by side with seemingly no way to bring them together the inability to proc  ure adequate value stems from a lack of demand the term over  accumulation is also used in a neo  classical context
over  active blad  der o  ab also known as over  active blad  der syndrome is a condition where there is a frequent feeling of needing to ur  inate to a degree that it negatively affects a person s life the frequent need to ur  inate may occur during the day at night or both if there is loss of blad  der control then it is known as urge in  contin  ence more than 40 of people with over  active blad  der have in  contin  ence while about 40 to 70 of ur  inary in  contin  ence is due to over  active blad  der it is not life threatening most people with the condition have problems for years the cause of over  active blad  der is unknown risk factors include obesity caff  eine and con  sti  p  ation poorly controlled diabetes poor functional mobility and chronic pel  vic pain may worsen the symptoms people often have the symptoms for a long time before seeking treatment and the condition is sometimes identified by ca  reg  i  vers diagnosis is based on a person s signs and symptoms and requires other problems such as ur  inary tract infections or neuro  logical conditions to be excluded the amount of urine passed during each ur  ination is relatively small pain while ur  inating suggests that there is a problem other than over  active blad  der specific treatment is not always required if treatment is desired pel  vic floor exercises blad  der training and other behavioral methods are initially recommended weight loss in those who are overweight decreasing caff  eine consumption and drinking moderate fluids can also have benefits medications typically of the anti muscar  in  ic type are only recommended if other measures are not effective they are no more effective than behavioral methods however they are associated with side effects particularly in older people some non invasive electrical stimulation methods appear effective while they are in use injections of bot  ul  inum toxin into the blad  der is another option ur  inary cathe  ters or surgery are generally not recommended a diary to track problems can help determine whether treatments are working over  active blad  der is estimated to occur in 7 27 of men and 9 43 of women it becomes more common with age some studies suggest that the condition is more common in women especially when associated with loss of blad  der control economic costs of over  active blad  der were estimated in the united states at 12 6 billion usd and 4 2 billion euro in 2000
over  active disorder associated with mental retar  dation and stereo  ty  ped movements is a pervasive developmental disorder p  dd listed in chapter v f of the tenth revision of the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems ic  d 10 its diagnostic code is f 84 4
under the marketing allo  tment provisions of the sugar program authorized by the 2002 farm bill p l 107 171 sec 14  03 the overall allo  tment quantity o  aq is the amount of domestically produced sugar that processors of sugar cane and refiners of sugar be  ets can sell into the u s market during a fiscal year the 2002 farm bill requires us  da to set the o  aq using the following formula estimated sugar consumption reasonable carry  over or ending stocks minus 1 532 000 short tons carry in or beginning stocks what us  da decides is a reasonable carry  over stock level is closely watched by the sugar industry because of its influence on prices sugar production in excess of the o  aq sometimes referred to as “ blocked stocks ” cannot be marketed
over  bite medic  ally refers to the extent of vertical superior inferior overlap of the max  ill  ary central incis  ors over the man  di  bul  ar central incis  ors measured relative to the incis  al ri  dges the term over  bite does not refer to a specific condition nor is it a form of mal  oc  clu  sion rather an absent or excess over  bite would be a mal  oc  clu  sion normal over  bite is between 3 – 5 mm or approximately 20 – 30 of the height of the man  di  bul  ar incis  ors and is commonly expressed as a percentage young children commonly have a deep bite excessive over  bite it is not resolved during the normal growth of the max  illa and the man  di  ble and can get worse with time if it is not corrected it may lead to trauma and shortening the length of the teeth due to wear and the biting edges
over  cast or over  cast weather as defined by the world meteorological organization is the meteorological condition of clouds obscur  ing all of the sky by at least 95 percent however the total sky cover must not be entirely due to surface based obscur  ing phenomena such as fog over  cast written as ov  c in the met  ar observation is reported when the cloud cover is observed to equal eight ok  tas eigh  ths an over  cast sky may be explicitly identified as thin predominantly transparent but otherwise is considered opaque which always constitutes a ceiling in aviation meteor  ology sometimes clouds can be different colors such as black or white but over  cast usually refers to darker skies in some cases it can be impossible to see distinct borders of clouds or the sky may be covered by a single type of cloud such as str  atus and the whole sky will be a dull white periods of over  cast weather can range from a few hours to several days over  cast weather can also affect people suffering from seasonal aff  ective disorder the same weather when observed from above might be referred to as an under  cast
over  diagnosis is the diagnosis of disease that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient s lifetime over  diagnosis is a side effect of screening for early forms of disease although screening saves lives in some cases in others it may turn people into patients unnecessarily and may lead to treatments that do no good and perhaps do harm given the tremendous vari  ability that is normal in biology it is inherent that the more one screens the more incidental findings will be found for a large percentage of them the most appropriate medical response is to recognize them as something that does not require intervention but determining which action a particular finding warrants ignoring watchful waiting or intervention can be very difficult whether because the differential diagnosis is uncertain or because the risk ratio is uncertain risks posed by intervention namely adverse events versus risks posed by not intervening over  diagnosis occurs when a disease is diagnosed correctly but the diagnosis is irrelevant a correct diagnosis may be irrelevant because treatment for the disease is not available not needed or not wanted some people contend that the term over  diagnosis is inappropriate and that over  treatment is more representative of the phenomenon because most people who are diagnosed are also treated it is difficult to assess whether over  diagnosis has occurred in an individual over  diagnosis in an individual cannot be determined during life over  diagnosis is only certain when an individual remains untreated never develops symptoms of the disease and dies of something else thus most of the infer  ences about over  diagnosis comes from the study of populations rapidly rising rates of testing and disease diagnosis in the setting of stable rates of the feared outcome of the disease e g death are highly sugges  tive of over  diagnosis most compelling however is evidence from a random  ized trial of a screening test intended to detect pre clinical disease a persistent excess of detected disease in the tested group years after the trial is completed constitutes the best evidence that over  diagnosis has occurred although over  diagnosis is potentially applicable to the diagnosis of any disease its origin is in cancer screening – the systematic evaluation of as  ymp  tomatic patients to detect early forms of cancer the central harm of cancer screening is over  diagnosis – the detection of ab  norm  alities that meet the patho  logic definition of cancer under the micro  scope but will never progress to cause symptoms or death during a patient s lifetime
in statistics over  dispersion is the presence of greater vari  ability statistical dispersion in a data set than would be expected based on a given statistical model a common task in applied statistics is choosing a parame  tric model to fit a given set of empirical observations this necessitates an assessment of the fit of the chosen model it is usually possible to choose the model parameters in such a way that the theoretical population mean of the model is approximately equal to the sample mean however especially for simple models with few parameters theoretical predictions may not match empirical observations for higher moments when the observed variance is higher than the variance of a theoretical model over  dispersion has occurred conversely under  dispersion means that there was less variation in the data than predicted over  dispersion is a very common feature in applied data analysis because in practice populations are frequently heterogeneous non uniform contrary to the assumptions implicit within widely used simple parame  tric models
over  dominance is a condition in genetics where the phen  o  type of the hetero  zy  go  te lies outside the phen  o  typical range of both homo  zy  g  ous parents over  dominance can also be described as hetero  zy  go  te advantage where  in hetero  zy  g  ous individuals have a higher fitness than homo  zy  g  ous individuals an example in humans is sick  le cell an  emia this condition is determined by a single poly  morph  ism poss  essors of the dele  ter  ious alle  le have lower life expectancy with homo  zy  go  tes rarely reaching 50 years of age however this alle  le also yields some resistance to malaria thus in regions where malaria exer  ts or has exerted a strong selective pressure sick  le cell an  emia has been selected for its conferred partial resistance to the disease while homo  zy  go  tes will have either no protection from malaria or a dramatic propensity to sick  le cell an  emia hetero  zy  go  tes have fewer physiological effects and a partial resistance to malaria
in telecommunications over  fill is the condition that prevails when the numerical aper  ture or the beam diameter of an optical source such as a laser light emitting dio  de or optical fiber exceeds that of the driven element e g an optical fiber core in optical communications testing over  fill in both numerical aper  ture and mean diameter core diameter or spot size is usually required in poly  g  onal mirror scanners an over  filled type is one which uses each mirror fac  et at least in one dimension completely
over  flow in  contin  ence is a form of ur  inary in  contin  ence characterized by the involuntary release of urine from an over  full ur  inary blad  der often in the absence of any urge to ur  inate this condition occurs in people who have a block  age of the blad  der outlet benign pro  static hyper  pl  asia pro  state cancer or narrowing of the u  re  th  ra or when the muscle that exp  els urine from the blad  der is too weak to empty the blad  der normally over  flow in  contin  ence may also be a side effect of certain medications
over  general auto  bio  graphical memory og  m is an inability to retri  eve specific memories from one s auto  bio  graphical memory instead general memories are recalled such as repeated events or events occurring over broad periods for example when asked to recall a happy event a person who exhi  bits og  m may say when i was on vacation last month instead of remembering a single incident such as my high school graduation research shows a correlation between og  m and certain mental illnesses such as major depres  sive disorder m  dd and post  traumatic stress disorder pt  s  d
over  jet is the extent of horizontal an  terior poster  ior overlap of the max  ill  ary central incis  ors over the man  di  bul  ar central incis  ors in class ii division i mal  oc  clu  sion the over  jet is increased as the max  ill  ary central incis  ors are pro  tru  ded
an overlap syndrome is an auto  immune disease of connec  tive tissue in which a patient presents with symptoms of two or more diseases examples of overlap syndro  mes include mixed connec  tive tissue disease and s  cler  om  yo  si  tis diagnosis depends on which diseases the patient shows symptoms and has positive antibodies for in their lab ser  ology in overlap syndrome features of the following diseases are found most common listed systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus s  le systemic sclerosis poly  my  osi  tis der  mat  om  yo  si  tis r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis ra sjö  gre  n s syndrome e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis eg  pa auto  immune thyro  idi  tis anti  phosp  holi  pid anti  body syndrome the treatment of overlap syndrome is mainly based on the use of cor  ti  co  ster  oids and immun  o  sup  pres  s  ants bio  logic drugs i e anti tn  f  α or anti cd 20 mono  cl  onal antibodies have been recently introduced as alternative treatments in refrac  tory cases there are some concerns with the use of anti tn  f agents in patients with systemic auto  immune diseases due to the risk of triggering disease exacerb  ations
an overlapping circles grid is a geome  tric pattern of repeating overlapping circles of equal rad  ii in two dimensional space the two most common designs are based on circles centered on tri  ang  ular and square lat  tice pattern of points patterns of seven overlapping circles appear in historical ar  te  facts from the 8 th century bc onwards they are found on a cypr  o archaic i cup of the 8 th 7 th century bc in cyprus at the temple of osi  ris at aby  dos in ancient egypt and on roman mo  sa  ics for example at her  od s palace in the 1 st century bc the patterns are used extensively to construct gi  ri  h decor  ations including 6 and 12 pointed stars in islamic art patterns based on a square grid of overlapping circles are found in quil  t design in ancient egypt as noted in the 18  56 book the gr  ammar of ornam  ent and in the hindu temple at pr  am  ban  an in j  ava
the over  man re  arrangement is a chemical reaction that can be described as a cla  is  en re  arrangement of all  yl  ic alcohol  s to give all  yl  ic trichlor  o  acet  am  ides through an im  id  ate intermediate the over  man re  arrangement was discovered in 1974 by larry over  man the over  man re  arrangement the 3 3 sig  mat  ro  pic re  arrangement is di  ast  ere  o  selective and requires heating or the use of h  g ii or pd ii salts as cataly  sts the resulting all  yl  amine structures can be transformed into many chemically and bio  logically important natural and un natural amino acids like 1 adam  an  ty  l gly  cine the over  man re  arrangement may also be used for asymmetric synthesis
over  modulation is the condition that prevails in telecommunication when the instan  taneous level of the mod  ulating signal exceeds the value necessary to produce 100 modulation of the carrier in the sense of this definition it is almost always considered a fault condition in lay  man s terms the signal is going off the scale over  modulation results in sp  urious emissions by the mod  ulated carrier and distortion of the recovered mod  ulating signal this means that the envelope of the output wa  ve  form is distorted although over  modulation is sometimes considered permissible it should not occur in practice a distorted wa  ve  form envelope will result in a distorted output signal of the receiving medium
in electro  chemistry over  potential is the potential difference voltage between a half reaction s thermo  dynam  ically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the re  do  x event is experim  entally observed the term is directly related to a cell s voltage efficiency in an electro  ly  tic cell the existence of over  potential implies the cell requires more energy than thermo  dynam  ically expected to drive a reaction in a galvan  ic cell the existence of over  potential means less energy is recovered than thermo  dynamics predicts in each case the extra missing energy is lost as heat the quantity of over  potential is specific to each cell design and varies across cells and operational conditions even for the same reaction over  potential is experim  entally determined by measuring the potential at which a given current density typically small is achieved
over  pressure or blast over  pressure is the pressure caused by a shock wave over and above normal atmospheric pressure the shock wave may be caused by son  ic boom or by explosion and the resulting over  pressure receives particular attention when measuring the effects of nuclear weapons or thermo  bar  ic bombs
an overriding a  or  ta is a con  genital heart defect where the a  or  ta is positioned directly over a ven  tric  ular sep  tal defect v  s  d instead of over the left ven  tric  le the result is that the a  or  ta receives some blood from the right ven  tric  le causing mixing of oxy  genated and de  oxy  genated blood and thereby reducing the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues it is one of the four findings in the classic tetr  alo  gy of fal  lot the other three findings are right ven  tric  ular outflow tract r  vo  t obstruction most often sub  pul  mon  ary sten  osis right ven  tric  ular hyper  tro  phy r  v  h and ven  tric  ular sep  tal defect v  s  d
an over  shooting top or penetr  ating top is a dom  e like pro  tru  sion that shoots out of the top of the an  vi  l of a thunder  storm when an over  shooting top is present for 10 minutes or longer it is a strong indication that the thunder  storm may be severe
over  speed is the aircraft flight condition when the air  speed exceeds a safe limitation this is hazardous as it may damage the flight control surfaces or air  frame never exceed speed maximum speed for stability characteristics maximum operating limit speed maximum fl  ap extended speed maximum landing gear extended speed maximum landing gear operating speed
over  speed is a condition in which an engine is allowed or forced to turn beyond its design limit the consequences of running an engine too fast vary by engine type and model and depend upon several factors chief amongst them the duration of the over  speed and by the speed attained with some engines even a mom  entary over  speed can result in greatly reduced engine life or even catastrophic failure the speed of an engine is ordinarily measured in revolutions per minute r  pm
overtime is the amount of time someone works beyond normal working hours the term is also used for the pay received for this time normal hours may be determined in several ways by custom what is considered healthy or reasonable by society by practices of a given trade or profession by legislation by agreement between employers and workers or their representatives most nations have overtime labour laws designed to dissu  ade or prevent employers from forcing their employees to work excessively long hours these laws may take into account other considerations than the humanitarian such as preserving the health of workers so that they may continue to be productive or increasing the overall level of employment in the economy one common approach to regulating overtime is to require employers to pay workers at a higher hourly rate for overtime work companies may choose to pay workers higher overtime pay even if not obliged to do so by law particularly if they believe that they face a backward b  ending supply curve of labour overtime pay rates can cause workers to work longer hours than they would at a flat hourly rate overtime laws attitudes toward overtime and hours of work vary greatly from country to country and between different economic sectors
overview and scrutiny is a function of local authorities in england and wales it was introduced by the local government act 2000 which created separate executive and overview and scrutiny functions within councils councils operating executive arrangements are required to create an overview and scrutiny committee which is composed of councill  ors who are not on the executive committee or cabinet of that council overview and scrutiny committees are required to meet the rules on proportionality defined in the local government and housing act 1989 i e the committee must reflect the respective sizes of the political groups on the council councils in england which use the committee system are not required to establish an overview and scrutiny committee but may do so if they wish there is no national standard or prescription on the committee structure that councils adopt to satisfy these legislative requirements a wide variety of designations and structures are in use ranging from single committees to multiple committees with sub committees structures have no significant impact on the overall effectiveness of the scrutiny function in individual authorities the law relating to overview and scrutiny is slightly different in england wales and northern ireland in scotland councils all operate under the committee system although some incorporate policy development groups which perform similar functions to overview and scrutiny committees
overweight is having more body fat than is optim  ally healthy being overweight is common especially where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sed  entary excess weight has reached epidemic proportions globally with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or ob  ese in 2003 in 2013 this increased to more than 2 billion increases have been observed across all age groups a healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for proper functioning of the hormonal reproductive and immune systems as thermal insulation as shock absorption for sensitive areas and as energy for future use but the accumulation of too much storage fat can impair movement flexibility and alter appearance of the body
ovine rin  der  pest also commonly known as pe  ste des peti  ts ruminants pp  r is a contagious disease affecting goats and sheep in africa from the tropic of cancer to the equ  ator the middle east and the indian sub  continent but since june 2008 the disease invaded morocco which indicates a crossing of the natural barrier of the sahara it is caused by a species of the mor  bil  li  virus genus of viruses the disease is highly contagious and has roughly an 80 percent mortality rate in acute cases
ow  l s eye appearance is a pattern in medical radi  ology and hist  opath  ology and may refer to ow  l s eye appearance of inclusion bodies which is highly specific for cy  tom  eg  alo  virus infection ow  l s eye appearance of entire nucleus a finding in reed – ster  n  berg cells in individuals with ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa ow  l s eye appearance of the l  enti  form nucleus of the bas  al gang  lia on head ct scan images in individuals with cere  br  al hypo  x  ia
ox  f  end  azole is a broad spectrum ben  zim  id  azole anth  el  min  tic its main use is for protecting livestock against round  worm stron  gy  les and pin  worms ox  f  end  azole is the sul  fo  x  ide metabol  ite of fen  bend  azole ox  f  end  azole is an anth  el  min  tic wor  mer compound used in veterinary practice it comes under the chemical class of the ben  zim  id  az  oles this drug is barely used in horses goats sheep and cattle it is very scarcely applied on dogs and cats the drug for livestock is maj  or  ly available in the form of pills tablets d  ren  ches bol  us etc they are meant for oral consumption several d  ren  ches are allowed for intr  ar  u  min  al injection in some of the countries few countries also prefer injec  tables and pour ons for pet dogs the drug is available in the form of d  ren  ches
rivalry between the universities of oxford and cambridge is a phenomenon going back many centuries during most of that time they were the only two universities in england and wales making the rivalry more intense than it is now the university of oxford and the university of cambridge sometimes collectively known as ox  bridge are the two oldest universities in the united kingdom both were founded more than 800 years ago and between them they have produced a large number of britain s most prominent scientists writers and politicians as well as noted figures in many other fields competition between oxford and cambridge also has a long history dating back to around 1208 when cambridge was founded by scholars taking refuge from hostile town  smen in oxford
the oxid  ation of primary alcohol  s to car  box  yl  ic acids is an important oxid  ation reaction in organic chemistry when a primary alcohol is converted to a car  box  yl  ic acid the terminal carbon atom increases its oxid  ation state by four oxid  ants able to perform this operation in complex organic molecules featuring other oxid  ation sensitive functional groups must possess substantial selectivity the most common oxid  ants are potassium perman  gan  ate k  m  no 4 jones re  agent p  cc in d  m  f he  y  ns oxid  ation ruth  en  ium te  tro  x  ide ru  o 4 and temp  o oxid  ation of primary alcohol  s to car  box  yl  ic acids
the oxid  ation of secondary alcohol  s to ke  tones is an important oxid  ation reaction in organic chemistry when a secondary alcohol is ox  i  dis  ed it is converted to a ke  tone the hydrogen from the hydrox  yl group is lost along with the hydrogen bon  ded to the second carbon the remaining oxygen then forms double bonds with the carbon this leaves a ke  tone as r 1 – cor 2 ke  tones cannot normally be ox  i  dis  ed any further because this would involve breaking a c – c bond which requires too much energy the reaction can occur using a variety of oxid  ants
oxid  ative coupling in chemistry is a coupling reaction of two molecular entities through an oxid  ative process usually cataly  sed by a transition metal compound and involving diox  y  gen as the oxid  ant a relevant ali  ph  atic coupling reaction is the oxid  ative coupling of methane
the oxid  ative coupling of methane oc  m is a type of chemical reaction discovered in the 1980 s for the direct conversion of natural gas primarily consisting of methane into value added chemicals direct conversion of methane into other useful products is one of the most challenging subjects to be studied in heterogeneous catal  ysis methane activation is difficult because of its thermo  dynamic stability with a noble gas like electronic configuration the te  tra  he  dr  al arrangement of strong c – h bonds 435 k  j mol offer no functional group magnetic moments or polar distribu  tions to undergo chemical attack this makes methane less reactive than nearly all of its conversion products limiting efficient utilization of natural gas the world ’ s most abundant petro  chemical resource
oxid  ative dec  ar  box  yl  ation reactions are oxid  ation reactions in which a car  box  y  late group is removed forming carbon dioxide they often occur in biological systems there are many examples in the cit  ric acid cycle
the expansive force of ru  sting which may be called oxide j  acking or r  ust burst is a phenomenon that can cause damage to structures made of stone masonry concrete or ceram  ics and reinforced with metal components a definition is the displacement of building elements due to the expansion of iron and steel products as the metal ru  sts and becomes iron oxide corro  sion of other metals such as aluminum can also cause oxide j  acking
an ox  o di  els – al  der reaction also called an ox  a di  els – al  der reaction is an organic reaction and a variation of the di  els – al  der reaction in which a suitable di  ene reacts with an alde  hyde to form a di  hydro  py  ran ring this reaction is of some importance to synthetic organic chemistry ox  o di  els – al  der reaction general the ox  o da reaction was first reported in 1949 using a meth  yl  pent  adi  ene and form  alde  hyde as re  ac  tants ox  o di  els – al  der reaction gre  sham 1949 asymmetric ox  o da reactions including catalytic reactions are well known many strategies rely on coordinating a chir  al lewis acid to the carbon  yl group
an ox  yan  ion hole is a pocket in the active site of an enzyme that stabili  zes transition state negative charge on a de  pro  ton  ated oxygen or al  ko  x  ide the pocket typically consists of backbone am  ides or positively charged residues stabilising the transition state lowers the activation energy necessary for the reaction and so promotes catal  ysis for example prote  ases such as ch  y  mo  try  p  sin contain an ox  i  an  ion hole to stabilise the te  tra  he  dr  al intermediate an  ion formed during prote  ol  ysis additionally it may allow for insertion or positioning of a sub  str  ate which would suffer from ster  ic hindrance if it could not occupy the hole such as b  pg in h  emo  glob  in enzymes that cataly  se multi step reactions can have multiple ox  yan  ion holes that stabilise different transition states in the reaction
oxy  cephal  y also known as tur  ric  ep  hal  y acro  cephal  y hyp  sic  ep  hal  y oxy  ce  ph  alia steep  le head tower head tower skull high head syndrome and tur  m  sch  ä  del is a type of cephal  ic disorder where the top of the skull is pointed or con  ical due to premature closure of the cor  onal su  ture plus any other su  ture like the lam  b  do  id or it may be used to describe the premature fusion of all su  tures it should be differentiated from c  rou  z  on syndrome oxy  cephal  y is the most severe of the cran  io  sy  no  sto  ses
oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen o 2 at increased partial pressures it is also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome oxygen in  tox  ication and oxygen poisoning historically the central nervous system condition was called the paul bert effect and the pul  mon  ary condition the lor  rain smith effect after the researchers who pione  ered its discovery and description in the late 19 th century severe cases can result in cell damage and death with effects most often seen in the central nervous system lungs and eyes oxygen toxicity is a concern for underwater di  vers those on high concentrations of supplem  ental oxygen particularly premature babies and those undergoing hyper  bar  ic oxygen therapy the result of breathing increased partial pressures of oxygen is hyper  ox  ia an excess of oxygen in body tissues the body is affected in different ways depending on the type of exposure central nervous system toxicity is caused by short exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure pul  mon  ary and oc  ular toxicity result from longer exposure to increased oxygen levels at normal pressure symptoms may include dis  orientation breathing problems and vision changes such as myop  ia prolonged exposure to above normal oxygen partial pressures or shorter exposures to very high partial pressures can cause oxid  ative damage to cell memb  ran  es collapse of the al  ve  oli in the lungs re  tin  al det  achment and seizures oxygen toxicity is managed by reducing the exposure to increased oxygen levels studies show that in the long term a robust recovery from most types of oxygen toxicity is possible protocols for avoidance of the effects of hyper  ox  ia exist in fields where oxygen is breath  ed at higher than normal partial pressures including underwater diving using compressed breathing gases hyper  bar  ic medicine ne  on  atal care and human spac  ef  light these protocols have resulted in the increasing r  arity of seizures due to oxygen toxicity with pul  mon  ary and oc  ular damage being mainly confined to the problems of managing premature infants in recent years oxygen has become available for recreational use in oxygen bars the us food and drug administration has warned those suffering from problems such as heart or lung disease not to use oxygen bars s  cuba di  vers use breathing gases containing up to 100 oxygen and should have specific training in using such gases
in diving the oxygen window is the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen pp  o 2 in arter  ial blood and the pp  o 2 in body tissues it is caused by metabol  ic consumption of oxygen the term oxygen window was first used by albert r beh  n  ke in 1967 beh  n  ke refers to early work by mom  sen on partial pressure vacancy pp  v where he used partial pressures of oxygen and heli  um as high as 2 – 3 ata to create a maxim  al pp  v beh  n  ke then goes on to describe is  ob  ar  ic inert gas transport or inherent un  satur  ation as termed by lem  ess  ur  ier and hills and separately by hills who made their independent observations at the same time van lie  w et al also made a similar observation that they did not name at the time the clinical significance of their work was later shown by s  ass the oxygen window effect in de  compression is described in diving medical texts and the limits reviewed by van lie  w et al in 1993 van lie  w et al describe the measurements important to evaluating the oxygen window as well as simplify the assumptions available for the existing complex anatom  ical and physiological situation to provide calculations over a wide range of exposures of the oxygen window
oxy  mercur  ation followed by reduc  tive demer  cur  ation is called an oxy  mercur  ation – reduction reaction or oxy  mercur  ation – demer  cur  ation reaction this reaction which is almost always done in practice instead of oxy  mercur  ation is treated at the conclusion of the article
the ozone depletion potential od  p of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause with trichlor  o  fluor  omethane r 11 or cf  c 11 being fixed at an od  p of 1 0 chloro  di  fluor  omethane r 22 for example has an od  p of 0 05 cf  c 11 or r 11 has the maximum potential amongst chloro  carbons because of the presence of three chlorine atoms in the mol  ecu  le the first proposal of od  p came from wu  eb  bles in 1983 it was defined as a measure of destructive effects of a substance compared to a reference substance precisely od  p of a given substance is defined as the ratio of global loss of ozone due to given substance over the global loss of ozone due to cf  c 11 of the same mass od  p can be estimated from the structure of a given substance chlorofluorocarbons have od  ps roughly equal to 1 bro  min  ated substances have usually higher od  ps in range 5 15 because of more aggressive bro  mine reaction with ozone hydrochlorofluorocarbons have od  ps mostly in range 0 005 0 2 due to the presence of the hydrogen which causes them to react readily in the tro  po  sphere therefore reducing their chance to reach the str  ato  sphere hydro  fluorocarbons h  fc have no chlorine content so their od  p is essentially zero od  p is often used in conjunction with a compound s global warming potential gw  p as a measure of how environmentally detrimental it can be gw  p represents the potential of a substance to contribute to global warming in a broad sense halo  al  kan  es that contain no hydrogen are stable in the tro  po  sphere and de  com  pose only in the str  ato  sphere those compounds that contain hydrogen also react with oh radicals and can therefore be de  composed in the tro  po  sphere as well the ozone depletion potential increases with the heavier hal  ogens since the c x bond strength is lower note the trend of the c  cl  f 2 x series in the table below
oz  on  ol  ysis is an organic reaction where the un  saturated bonds of al  ken  es al  ky  nes or az  o compounds are cle  a  ved with ozone al  ken  es and al  ky  nes form organic compounds in which the multiple carbon – carbon bond has been replaced by a carbon  yl group while az  o compounds form nitro  sam  ines the outcome of the reaction depends on the type of multiple bond being ox  idi  zed and the work up conditions
in mathematics a p adic ze  ta function or more generally a p adic l function is a function analogous to the ri  emann ze  ta function or more general l functions but whose domain and target are p adic where p is a prime number for example the domain could be the p adic inte  gers z  p a pro  finite p group or a p adic family of g  alo  is representations and the image could be the p adic numbers q  p or its al  ge  bra  ic closure the source of a p adic l function tends to be one of two types the first source — from which tom  io ku  bo  ta and hein  rich wolfgang le  o  pol  dt gave the first construction of a p adic l function — is via the p adic inter  pol  ation of special values of l functions for example ku  bo  ta – le  o  pol  dt used kum  mer s con  gru  ences for ber  nou  lli numbers to construct a p adic l function the p adic ri  emann ze  ta function ζ  p s whose values at negative odd inte  gers are those of the ri  emann ze  ta function at negative odd inte  gers up to an explicit correction factor p adic l functions arising in this fashion are typically referred to as analy  tic p adic l functions the other major source of p adic l functions — first discovered by ken  kic  hi i  was  awa — is from the arithmetic of cyclo  tom  ic fields or more generally certain g  alo  is modules over towers of cyclo  tom  ic fields or even more general towers a p adic l function arising in this way is typically called an arithmetic p adic l function as it en  codes arithmetic data of the g  alo  is module involved the main con  jec  ture of i  was  awa theory now a theore  m due to barry ma  zur and andrew wi  les is the statement that the ku  bo  ta – le  o  pol  dt p adic l function and an arithmetic analogue constructed by i  was  awa theory are essentially the same in more general situations where both analy  tic and arithmetic p adic l functions are constructed or expected the statement that they agree is called the main con  jec  ture of i  was  awa theory for that situation such con  jec  tures represent formal statements concerning the philosophy that special values of l functions contain arithmetic information
in mathematics the p adic gam  ma function γ  p s is a function of a p adic variable s analogous to the gam  ma function it was first explicitly defined by though pointed out that implicitly used the same function defined a p adic analo  g g  p s of log γ s had previously given a definition of a different p adic analogue of the gam  ma function but his function does not have satisfactory properties and is not used much
p factor also known as asymmetric blade effect and asymmetric dis  c effect is an aerod  y  nam  ic phenomenon experienced by a moving prop  eller that is responsible for the asymmetrical relocation of the prop  eller s center of thrust when an aircraft is at a high angle of attack this shift in the location of the center of thrust will exert a y  aw  ing moment on the aircraft causing it to y  aw slightly to one side a ru  dder input is required to counteract the y  aw  ing tendency
in frequ  enti  st statistics the p value is a function of the observed sample results a test statistic relative to a statistical model which measures how extreme the observation is statistical hypothesis testing making use of p values are commonly used in many fields of science and social sciences such as economics political science psychology biology criminal justice and crimin  ology and soci  ology their misuse has been a matter of considerable controversy
pedi  atric auto  immune neuro  psychiatric disorders associated with st  rep  to  coc  cal infections pand  as describes a hypothesis that there exists a sub  set of children with rapid onset of obs  essive compul  sive disorder oc  d or tic disorders and these symptoms are caused by group a beta hem  ol  y  tic st  rep  to  coc  cal gab  hs infections the proposed link between infection and these disorders is that an initial auto  immune reaction to a gab  hs infection produces antibodies that interfere with bas  al gang  lia function causing symptom exacerb  ations it has been proposed that this auto  immune response can result in a broad range of neuro  psychiatric symptoms the pand  as hypothesis was based on observations in clinical case studies at the us national institutes of health and in subsequent clinical trials where children appeared to have dramatic and sudden oc  d exacerb  ations and tic disorders following infections there is supportive evidence for the link between st  rep  to  co  cc  us infection and onset in some cases of oc  d and tics but proof of caus  ality has remained elusive the pand  as hypothesis is controversial whether it is a distinct entity differing from other cases of tou  ret  te syndrome ts oc  d is debated pand  as has not been validated as a disease entity it is not listed as a diagnosis by the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems ic  d or the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm
papa syndrome is an acron  ym for py  ogenic ar  thri  tis py  o  der  ma gan  gre  no  sum and ac  ne it is a rare genetic disorder characterised by its effects on skin and joints
pas  li disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system pas  li stands for “ p 110 delta activating mutation causing sen  es  cent t cells lymp  had  en  opathy and immun  o  deficiency ” the immun  o  deficiency manifests as recurrent infections usually starting in childhood these include bacterial infections of the respiratory system and chronic vi  re  mia due to ep  stein bar  r virus eb  v and or cy  tom  eg  alo  virus c  mv individuals with pas  li disease also have an increased risk of eb  v associated lymp  homa investigators carri  e lucas michael len  ardo and gul  bu uz  el at the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases at the u s national institutes of health and serge  y ne  j  ent  se  v at the university of cambridge uk simultaneously described a mutation causing this condition which they called activated pi 3 k delta syndrome ap  ds
p  b  k  df 2 password based key deri  vation function 2 is part of r  sa laboratories public key cry  pto  graphy standards p  k  cs series specifically p  k  cs 5 v 2 0 also published as internet engineering task force s it replaces an earlier key deri  vation function p  b  k  df 1 which could only produce derived keys up to 160 bits long
the p  co 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide co 2 in the blood usually the arter  ial blood is the relevant context the symbol for p  co 2 in arter  ial blood is pac  o 2 measurement of pac  o 2 in the systemic circulation indicates the effectiveness of ventilation at the lungs al  ve  oli given the diff  using capacity of the gas it is a good indicator of respiratory function and the closely related factor of acid – base home  ost  asis reflecting the amount of acid in the blood without lac  tic acid
pe  ho syndrome is a progressive encephalopathy with e  dem  a hy  ps  arr  hy  th  mia and op  tic atro  phy it is a very rare disease one of the finnish heritage diseases and has been reported also in dutch and swiss infants it has been suggested that it may also be present in australian and american populations
pel  vis syndrome is a con  genital condition characterized by per  ine  al hem  an  gi  oma external gen  italia mal  formations li  po  my  el  omen  in  go  ce  le ve  si  co  ren  al ab  norm  alities imper  for  ate an  us and skin tag
poster  ior fo  ssa mal  formations – hem  an  gi  om  as – arter  ial anomalies – cardiac defects – eye ab  norm  alities – ster  nal cle  ft and supr  au  m  bil  ical rap  he syndrome also known as ph  aces syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by multiple con  genital ab  norm  alities ph  ace syndrome should be considered in infants with large pla  que type facial hem  an  gi  om  as children presenting with this der  mato  logic manifestation should receive careful oph  thal  mo  logic cardiac and neuro  logic assessment according to one study in infants with large hem  ag  i  om  as one third have ex  trac  u  taneous manifestations consistent with the diagnosis of ph  ace syndrome the most common are cere  bro  vascular and cardiovascular anomalies
p  j  w has  h function is a non cry  pto  graphic has  h function created by peter j we  in  berger of at t bell labs
po  ems syndrome also known as crow – fu  k  ase syndrome tak  at  su  ki disease or pe  p syndrome is a rare medical syndrome it is defined as the combination of a plasma cell prolifer  ative disorder typically my  el  oma pol  yn  euro  pa  thy and effects on many other organ systems it begins in middle age – the average age at onset is 50 – and affects up to twice as many men as women
in complexity theory pp is the class of decision problems sol  vable by a prob  abil  istic turing machine in poly  no  mi  al time with an error probability of less than 1 2 for all instances the abbreviation pp refers to prob  abil  istic poly  no  mi  al time the complexity class was defined by gill in 1977 if a decision problem is in pp then there is an algori  thm for it that is allowed to flip coins and make random decisions it is guaranteed to run in poly  no  mi  al time if the answer is yes the algori  thm will answer yes with probability more than 1 2 if the answer is no the algori  thm will answer yes with probability less than or equal to 1 2 in more practical terms it is the class of problems that can be solved to any fixed degree of accuracy by running a random  ized poly  no  mi  al time algori  thm a sufficient but bounded number of times an alternative characterization of pp is the set of problems that can be solved by a non  deter  minis  tic turing machine in poly  no  mi  al time where the acceptance condition is that a majority more than half of compu  tation paths accept because of this some authors have suggested the alternative name majority p
pu  va induced acro  bull  ous der  mat  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by the sudden occurrence of tense bl  is  ters usually on the dis  tal extre  mi  ties during long term pu  va therapy
a pu  va ker  at  osis is a pre  can  cer  ous ker  ato  tic skin le  sion that arises from exposure to p  sor  al  en plus ultra  violet a light therapy
pu  va l  enti  gin  es are a cu  taneous condition caused by pu  va therapy
the p versus n  p problem is a major unsolved problem in computer science informally speaking it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified by a computer can also be quickly solved by a computer the first mention of the underlying problem occurred in a 1956 letter written by kurt gö  del to john von neu  mann gö  del asked whether theore  m proving now known to be co n  p complete could be solved in quad  r  atic or linear time the precise statement of the p versus n  p problem was introduced in 1971 by stephen cook in his sem  inal paper the complexity of theore  m proving procedures and is considered by many to be the most important open problem in the field it is one of the seven millennium prize problems selected by the clay mathematics institute to carry a us 1 000 000 prize for the first correct solution the informal term quickly used above means the existence of an algori  thm solving the task that runs in poly  no  mi  al time such that the time to complete the task varies as a poly  no  mi  al function on the size of the input to the algori  thm as opposed to say exponential time the general class of questions for which some algori  thm can provide an answer in poly  no  mi  al time is called class p or just p for some questions there is no known way to find an answer quickly but if one is provided with information showing what the answer is it is possible to verify the answer quickly the class of questions for which an answer can be verified in poly  no  mi  al time is called n  p which stands for non  deter  minis  tic poly  no  mi  al time consider the sub  set sum problem an example of a problem that is easy to verify but whose answer may be difficult to compu  te given a set of inte  gers does some non  empty sub  set of them sum to 0 for instance does a sub  set of the set − 2 − 3 15 14 7 − 10 add up to 0 the answer yes because the sub  set − 2 − 3 − 10 15 adds up to zero can be quickly verified with three additions there is no known algori  thm to find such a sub  set in poly  no  mi  al time there is one however in exponential time which consists of 2 n n 1 tries but such an algori  thm exists if p n  p hence this problem is in n  p quickly check  able but not necessarily in p quickly sol  vable an answer to the p n  p question would determine whether problems that can be verified in poly  no  mi  al time like the sub  set sum problem can also be solved in poly  no  mi  al time if it turned out that p ≠ n  p it would mean that there are problems in n  p such as n  p complete problems that are harder to compu  te than to verify they could not be solved in poly  no  mi  al time but the answer could be verified in poly  no  mi  al time aside from being an important problem in compu  tational theory a proof either way would have profound implications for mathematics cry  pto  graphy algori  thm research artificial intelligence game theory multimedia processing philosophy economics and many other fields
the pa  al – k  nor  r synthesis in organic chemistry is a reaction that generates either fur  ans py  r  roles or thi  op  hen  es from 1 4 di  ke  tones it is a synthe  tically valuable method for obtaining substituted fur  ans and py  r  roles common structural components of many natural products it was initially reported independently by german chem  ists carl pa  al and lud  wig k  nor  r in 18  84 as a method for the preparation of fur  ans and has been adapted for py  r  roles and thi  op  hen  es although the pa  al – k  nor  r synthesis has seen widespread use the mechanism wasn t fully understood until it was elu  ci  dated by v amar  n  ath et al in the 1990 s the fur  an synthesis requires an acid catalyst pa  al – k  nor  r fur  an synthesis in the py  r  role synthesis a primary amine participates pa  al – k  nor  r py  r  role synthesis and in that of thi  op  hen  e for instance the compound phosphorus pent  as  ul  fide pa  al k  nor  r thi  op  hen  e synthesis
pac  emaker failure is the inability of an impl  anted artificial pac  emaker to perform its intended function of regulating the beating of the heart it is defined by the requirement of repeat surgical pac  emaker related procedure after the initial implan  tation a study of pac  emaker failure in oregon in the 1970 s indicates that 10 of impl  anted pac  emakers failed within the first month causes of pac  emaker failure included lead related failure lead migration lead frac  ture ven  tric  ular per  for  ation unit mal  function battery failure or component mal  function problems at the insertion site infections tissue breakdown battery pack migration failures related to exposure to high voltage electricity or high intensity micro  waves and a miscellaneous category one patient had ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia when using his electric razor and another patient had persistent pac  ing of the di  aphr  ag  m muscle
in the pac  emaking cells of the heart e g the sin  o  atri  al no  de the pac  emaker potential also called the pac  emaker current is the slow positive increase in voltage across the cell s memb  rane the memb  rane potential that occurs between the end of one action potential and the beginning of the next action potential this increase in memb  rane potential is what causes the cell memb  rane which typically maintains a resting memb  rane potential of 70 mv to reach the threshold potential and consequently fire the next action potential thus the pac  emaker potential is what drives the self generated rhy  th  mic firing autom  atic  ity of pac  emaker cells and the rate of change i e the slope of the pac  emaker potential is what determines the timing of the next action potential and thus the intrinsic firing rate of the cell in a healthy sin  o  atri  al no  de san a complex tissue within the right atri  um containing pac  emaker cells that normally determine the intrinsic firing rate for the entire heart the pac  emaker potential is the main determinant of the heart rate because the pac  emaker potential represents the non contracting time between heart beats di  ast  ole it is also called the di  ast  ol  ic de  polarization the amount of net inward current required to move the cell memb  rane potential during the pac  emaker phase is extremely small in the order of few pas but this net flux arises from time to time changing contribution of several currents that flow with different voltage and time dependence evidence in support of the active presence of k ca 2 na channels and na k ex  chan  ger during the pac  emaker phase have been vari  ously reported in the literature but several indications point to the “ funny ” if current as one of the most important see funny current there is now substantial evidence that also sar  co  plas  mic re  ticul  um sr ca 2 transi  ents participate to the generation of the di  ast  ol  ic de  polarization via a process involving the na – ca ex  chan  ger
pac  emaker syndrome is a disease that represents the clinical consequences of sub  optimal atri  o  ven  tric  ular av synchron  y or av dys  synchron  y regardless of the pac  ing mode after pac  emaker implan  tation it is an i  atro  genic disease — an adverse effect resulting from medical treatment — that is often under  diagnosed in general the symptoms of the syndrome are a combination of decreased cardiac output loss of atri  al contribution to ven  tric  ular filling loss of total peripheral resistance response and non  physi  o  logic pressure waves individuals with a low heart rate prior to pac  emaker implan  tation are more at risk of developing pac  emaker syndrome normally the first chamber of the heart atri  um contracts as the second chamber ven  tric  le is relaxed allowing the ven  tric  le to fill before it contracts and pumps blood out of the heart when the timing between the two chambers goes out of synchron  ization less blood is delivered on each beat patients who develop pac  emaker syndrome may require adjustment of the pac  emaker or fitting of another lead to better coordinate the timing of atri  al and ven  tric  ular contraction
p  ach  y  der  ma or p  ach  y  der  mia is the thick  ening of skin like that of a p  ach  y  der  m it occurs in the condition p  ach  y  der  m  oper  io  sto  sis an x linked genetic disorder
p  ach  y  der  mat  ous e  o  sin  oph  il  ic der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition observed in south african black teenage girls and characterized by generalized pr  uri  tic pap  ules hyper  troph  ic genital le  sions and peripheral e  o  sin  ophi  lia
p  ach  y  gy  ria from the greek p  ach  y meaning thick or fat gy  ri is a con  genital mal  formation of the cere  br  al hemisphere it results in unusually thick con  volu  tions of the cere  br  al cor  tex typically children have developmental delay and seizures the onset and severity depending on the severity of the cor  tical mal  formation inf  anti  le sp  as  ms are common in affected children as is intractable epi  le  psy
p  ach  y  ony  ch  ia con  gen  ita is an auto  som  al dominant skin disorder
p  ach  yo  sto  sis is a non pathological condition in vertebr  ate animals in which the bones experience a thick  ening generally caused by extra layers of lam  ell  ar bone it often occurs together with bone den  sification o  ste  os  clerosis reducing inner ca  vities this joint occurrence is called p  ach  yo  ste  os  clerosis however especially in the older literature “ p  ach  yo  sto  sis ” is often used loosely referring to all osse  ous speci  alizations characterized by an increase in bone comp  ac  tness and or volume it occurs in both terrestrial and especially aquatic or semi aquatic vertebr  ates in aquatic animals such as sea  cows man  ate  es and du  gon  gs thal  as  soc  nus and ple  sio  sa  urs it provides or provided ballast as an adaptation for an aquatic existence most giant deer showed pronounced p  ach  yo  sto  sis of the man  di  ble and skull it has been suggested that this served to store minerals for ant  ler growth many p  ach  y  cephal  o  sa  ur  ia and most members of the din  oce  ph  alia cl  ade of therap  si  ds had thick  ened skull bones probably used in head bu  tting contests
the pacific naval force fu  er  za naval del pac  í  fic  o is the mexican navy s presence in the pacific ocean its headquarters is based in man  zan  illo co  lima the pacific naval force was created in the same date as its gulf of mexico and caribbean sea counterpart on february 11 1972 the surface ships are the main components of the naval force and is the means to secure and to operate sea control in strategic areas main objectives of the naval force is to defend the sovereignty and integrity of mexico from sea protect vital naval installations protect human life and maintain marine traffic and maintain the rule of law in national waters
the pacific dec  ad  al osci  ll  ation pdo is a robust recurring pattern of ocean atmosphere climate vari  ability centered over the mid latitude pacific basin the pdo is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the pacific ocean north of 20 ° n over the past century the am  pl  itude of this climate pattern has varied ir  regularly at inter  annual to inter  dec  ad  al time scales there is evidence of re  vers  als in the prevailing polarity of the osci  ll  ation occurring around 19  25 1947 and 1977 the last two re  vers  als correspon  ded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the north pacific ocean this climate pattern also affects coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from alaska to california during a warm or positive phase the west pacific becomes cool  er and part of the eastern ocean war  ms during a cool or negative phase the opposite pattern occurs the pacific dec  ad  al osci  ll  ation was named by steven r hare who noticed it while studying salmon production pattern results in 1997 the pacific dec  ad  al osci  ll  ation index is the leading empirical orth  og  onal function e  of of monthly sea surface temperature anomalies s  st a over the north pacific po  le  ward of 20 ° n after the global average sea surface temperature has been removed this pdo index is the standardized principal component time series a pdo signal has been re  constructed to 16  61 through tree ring chrono  logies in the ba  ja california area
in computer networking packet delay variation p  d  v is the difference in end to end one way delay between selected packets in a flow with any lost packets being ignored the effect is sometimes referred to as j  itter although the definition is an imprecise fit
packing problems are a class of optimi  zation problems in mathematics that involve attempting to pack objects together into containers the goal is to either pack a single container as densely as possible or pack all objects using as few containers as possible many of these problems can be related to real life packaging storage and transportation issues each packing problem has a dual covering problem which asks how many of the same objects are required to completely cover every region of the container where objects are allowed to overlap in a packing problem you are given containers usually a single two or three dimensional conv  ex region or an infinite space a set of objects some or all of which must be packed into one or more containers the set may contain different objects with their sizes specified or a single object of a fixed dimension that can be used repeatedly usually the packing must be without overlaps between goods and other goods or the container walls in some variants the aim is to find the configuration that packs a single container with the maxim  al density more commonly the aim is to pack all the objects into as few containers as possible in some variants the overlapping of objects with each other and or with the boundary of the container is allowed but should be minimized
pac  man dys  pl  asia alternatively known as ep  ip  hy  seal sti  p  pling with o  ste  o  cl  astic hyper  pl  asia is a lethal auto  som  al rec  essive sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia the dys  pl  asia is present during fe  tal development
the active agent is commonly referred to as pe  der  in although depending on the bee  tle species it may be one of several similar molecules including pe  der  one and pseu  do  pe  der  in bl  ister bee  tle der  mati  tis a term more properly used for the different der  mati  tis caused by can  th  ari  din from bl  ister be  et  les is also sometimes used to describe pa  e  der  us der  mati  tis caused by ro  ve be  et  les
in computing page zo  oming is the ability to zo  om in and out a document or image at page level it is usually found in applications related to document layout and publishing e g word processing and spre  ad  sheet programs but it can also be found in web brow  s  ers as it improves accessibility for people with visual impairment and people using mobile devices such as p  das and mobil  es which have a relatively small screen
a pag  et s abs  c  ess named by eminent british surgeon and patho  logist sir james pag  et is an abs  c  ess that rec  urs at the site of a former abs  c  ess which had resolved
pag  et s disease of bone also termed ambiguously just pag  et s disease pag  et s is caused by the excessive breakdown and formation of bone followed by dis  organized bone remo  deling this causes affected bone to weaken resulting in pain mis  shap  en bones fractu  res and ar  thri  tis in the joints near the affected bones rarely it can develop into a primary bone cancer known as pag  et s sar  coma often pag  et s disease is loc  alized to only a few bones in the body the pel  vis fem  ur and lower lum  bar verte  bra  e are the most commonly affected bones pag  et s disease typically is loc  alized affecting just one or a few bones as opposed to o  ste  op  or  osis for example which usually affects all the bones in the body a later phase of the disease is characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow with highly vascular fi  bro  us tissue because early diagnosis and treatment is important after age 40 si  bl  ings and children of someone with pag  et s disease should have an al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase blood test every two or three years if the al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase level is above normal other tests such as a bone specific al  kal  ine phosp  hat  ase test bone scan or x ray can be performed decisions about treating pag  et s disease may be complicated as the disease often affects people differently in addition to this it is sometimes difficult to predict whether a person with pag  et s disease who shows no signs or symptoms of the disorder will develop symptoms or complications such as a bone frac  ture in the future although there is no cure for pag  et s disease medications bis  phosp  hon  ates and cal  cit  on  in can help control the disorder and lessen pain and other symptoms medications are often successful in controlling the disorder especially when started before complications begin pag  et s disease affects from 1 5 to 8 0 percent of the population depending on age and country of residence pag  et s disease is rare in people less than 55 years of age men are more commonly affected than women 3 2 the disease is named after sir james pag  et
pag  et s disease of the breast or pag  et disease of the breast ˈ  p  æ  d  ʒ  ᵻ  t rhy  mes with gad  get also known as pag  et s disease of the nip  ple is a m  align  ant condition that outw  ar  dly may have the appearance of ecz  ema with skin changes involving the nip  ple of the breast the condition is an un  common disease accounting for 1 to 4 3 of all breast cancers and was first described by sir james pag  et in 18  74 the condition in itself often appears inno  cu  ous limited to a surface appearance and it is sometimes dismissed although actually indicative of underlying breast cancer
p  age  to  id re  ticul  osis also known as ac  ral my  co  ses fun  go  ides loc  alized ep  id  er  mo  tropic re  ticul  osis my  co  sis fun  go  ides pal  mar  is et plan  tar  is uni  le  sional my  co  sis fun  go  ides and wor  inger – kol  op  p disease is a cu  taneous condition an un  common lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorder sometimes considered a form of my  co  sis fun  go  ides
pag  et – schro  et  ter disease also known as pag  et – von schrö  tter disease is a form of upper extre  mity deep vein thro  m  bo  sis dv  t a medical condition in which blood clo  ts form in the deep ve  ins of the arms these dv  ts typically occur in the ax  ill  ary or sub  cl  avian ve  ins
pag  op  ha  gy or pag  op  ha  gia is eating of ice the term has the two major us  ages an eating disorder a particular case of pic  a normal feeding behavior of some animals the pag  op  ha  gic disorder is among the un  explained clinical signs of iron deficiency an  emia
paid is blood is a 1971 spag  he  tti western directed by lu  igi bat  z  ella the original italian title of the film was qu  elle spor  che anim  e d  ann  ate
pain asym  bo  lia also called pain dissoci  ation is a condition in which pain is experienced without un  pleas  ant  ness this usually results from injury to the brain lo  bo  tomy c  ing  ul  o  tomy or morphine anal  ge  sia pre  existing le  sions of the ins  ula may abolish the aver  sive quality of painful stimul  i while preserving the location and intensity aspects typically patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it they recognize the sensation of pain but are mostly or completely immune to suffering from it
pain disorder is chronic pain experienced by a patient in one or more areas and is thought to be caused by psychological stress the pain is often so severe that it disab  les the patient from proper functioning duration may be as short as a few days or as long as many years the disorder may begin at any age and occurs more frequently in girls than boys this disorder often occurs after an accident or during an illness that has caused pain which then takes on a life of its own
pain is an aver  sive sensation and feeling associated with actual or potential tissue damage it is widely accepted by a broad spectrum of scientists and philosophers that non human animals can perceive pain including pain in am  phi  bians pain is a complex mental state with a distinct percep  tual quality but also associated with suffering which is an emotional state because of this complexity the presence of pain in non human animals cannot be determined unambiguously using observ  ational methods but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often infer  red on the basis of likely presence of phenomen  al consciousness which is deduc  ed from comparative brain physi  ology as well as physical and behavi  our  al reactions am  phi  bians particularly an  ur  ans fulfill several physiological and behavi  our  al criteria proposed as indicating that non human animals may experience pain these fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory recep  tors op  io  id recep  tors and reduced responses to noxious stimul  i when given anal  ges  ics and local ana  esthe  tics physiological changes to noxious stimul  i displaying protective motor reactions exhi  biting avoidance learning and making trade offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motiv  ational requirements pain in am  phi  bians has societal implications including their exposure to pollutants preparation for cuis  ine e g fro  gs legs and am  phi  bians used in scientific research several scientists and scientific groups have expressed the belief that am  phi  bians can feel pain however this remains somewhat controversial due to differences in brain structure and the nervous system compared with other vertebr  ates
pain wind up is the perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a given stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate it is caused by repeated stimulation of group c peripheral nerve fi  bers leading to progressively increasing electrical response in the corresponding spinal cord poster  ior horn neurons
painful bru  ising syndrome also known as auto  er  y  thro  cy  te sensi  tization gar  dner – diamond syndrome and psycho  genic pur  pur  a is an idi  opathic trauma induced condition seen in young to middle aged women who sometimes manifest personality disorders it is characterized by a distinctive loc  alized pur  pur  ic reaction occurring primarily on the legs face and trunk with recurring painful ec  ch  y  moses vari  ably accompanied by syn  cope naus  ea v  om  iting gastro  intest  inal and in  trac  ran  ial bleeding patients with auto  er  y  thro  cy  te sensi  tization can suffer frequent painful bru  ising around joints and muscles because of the r  arity of the disorder there are few methods of support in place for patients many patients are labelled with the stigma of having a psychological condition without this having a specifically proven link there have been cases of painful bru  ising syndrome reported where there are no additional psychological disorders this has been known to be put into remission with chem  otherapy it was characterized in 1955 by frank gar  dner and louis diamond patient may present with a history of inter  mit  tent pur  pur  a mostly precipit  ated by stress
painful fat her  ni  ation also known as painful pie  zo  genic pe  dal pap  ules and pie  zo  genic pap  ules is a rare cause of painful feet due to fat her  ni  ations through the thin fas  cial layers of the weight bearing parts of the heel
in physics a pair potential is a function that describes the potential energy of two inter  acting objects examples of pair pot  entials include the coul  om  b s law in electro  dynamics newton s law of universal grav  itation in mechanics the len  nard jones potential and the morse potential pair pot  entials are very common in physics exceptions are very rare an example of a potential energy function that is not a pair potential is the three body ax  il  rod t  eller potential another example is the still  inger weber potential for silicon which includes the angle in atri  angle of silicon atoms as a parameter
pal  e  o  dic  ty  on is a pattern usually interpreted to be a bur  row which appears in the geo  logic marine record beginning in the pre  cam  brian early cam  brian and in modern ocean environments pal  e  o  dic  ty  on were first described by gius  ep  pe men  e  gh  ini in 18  50
pal  il  alia from the greek π  ά  λ  ι  ν p  á  lin meaning again and λα  λ  ι  ά l  ali  á meaning speech or to talk a complex tic is a speech disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of sy  ll  ables words or phrases it has features resembling other complex tics such as ec  hol  alia or co  pro  l  alia but unlike other ap  ha  si  as pal  il  alia is based upon contex  tually correct speech it was originally described by alex  andre ach  ille sou  ques in a patient with stroke leading to left side hem  ip  legi  a although a condition described as auto ec  hol  alia in 18  99 by é  dou  ard br  iss  aud may have been the same condition
pal  in  dro  mic r  heu  m  atism pr consists of sudden and rapidly developing attacks of ar  thri  tis there is acute pain red  ness sw  elling and disability of one usually or multiple joints the interval between recurrent attacks is extremely variable and how long the attack lasts is also variable attacks may last from few hours to days attacks may become more frequent with time there is no joint damage after attacks
pal  in  op  sia greek palin for again and op  sia for seeing is a visual disturbance defined as the persistent recurrence of a visual image after the stimulus has been removed pal  in  op  sia is not a diagnosis but a broad term that describes a heterogeneous group of pathological visual symptoms with a wide variety of eti  o  logies visual per  sever  ation is synonymous with pal  in  op  sia in 2014 ger  sz  ten  kor  n and lee comprehensively reviewed all cases of pal  in  op  sia in the literature and subdivided it into two clin  ically relevant groups illusory pal  in  op  sia and halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia halluc  in  atory pal  in  op  sia usually due to seizures or poster  ior cor  tical le  sions describes after  images that are formed long lasting and high resolution illusory pal  in  op  sia usually due to migr  ain  es head trauma prescription drugs or halluc  ino  gen persisting perception disorder h  pp  d describes after  images that are affected by ambient light and motion and are un  formed in  distinct or low resolution
p  alis  aded en  capsul  ated neuro  ma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by skin colored or pink rub  bery firm pap  ules or no  d  ules
p  alis  aded neu  tro  phil  ic and gran  ul  om  at  ous der  ma  i  ti  tis is usually associated with a well defined connec  tive tissue disease lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus or r  heu  mato  id ar  thri  tis most commonly and often presents with eroded or ul  cer  ated symmetr  ically distributed um  bil  ic  ated pap  ules or no  d  ules on the el  bows
pal  lis  ter – hall syndrome is a disorder that affects the development of many parts of the body it is named for ju  dith hall and philip pal  lis  ter
pal  lis  ter – kil  lian syndrome also te  tras  omy 12 p mo  sa  ic  ism or pal  lis  ter mo  saic an  eu  plo  id  y syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder occurring in humans pal  lis  ter kil  lian occurs due to the presence of the anom  alous extra iso  chro  mo  some 12 p the short arm of the twelfth chro  mo  some this leads to the development of te  tras  omy 12 p because not all cells have the extra iso  chro  mo  some pal  lis  ter kil  lian is a mo  saic condition more readily detected in skin fi  bro  bl  asts it was first described by philip pal  lis  ter in 1977 and further researched by maria tes  ch  ler nicol  a and wolfgang kil  lian in 1981
a pal  mar cre  ase is a type of cre  ase on the palm a single trans  verse pal  mar cre  ase is sometimes associated with down syndrome though other physical symptoms manifest with this relatively rare syndrome other types of cre  ases include the sydney cre  ase and the su  won or double trans  verse pal  mar cre  ase
pal  mar er  y  them  a is red  dening of the pal  ms at the th  en  ar and hypo  th  en  ar emin  ences
pal  mop  lan  tar hyper  hi  dro  sis is excessive swe  ating loc  alized to the pal  ms of the hands and sol  es of the feet it is a form of focal hyper  hi  dro  sis in that the excessive swe  ating is limited to a specific region of the body as with other types of focal hyper  hi  dro  sis e g ax  ill  ary cran  io  facial the swe  ating tends to worsen during warm weather
pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  mas are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal thick  ening of the pal  ms and sol  es auto  som  al rec  essive and dominant x linked and acquired forms have all been described
palpable pur  pur  a is a condition where pur  pur  a which constitutes visible non blan  ching hemorrha  ges are raised and able to be touched or felt upon pal  p  ation
pal  p  itation is a perceived ab  normality of the heartbeat characterized by awareness of heart muscle contr  actions in the chest hard beats fast beats irregular beats and or pa  uses it is both a symptom reported by the patient and a medical diagnosis pal  p  itation is frequently associated with anxiety and does not necessarily indicate a structural or functional ab  normality of the heart but it can be a symptom arising from an objectively rapid or irregular heartbeat pal  p  itation can be inter  mit  tent and of variable frequency and duration or continuous associated symptoms include di  zz  iness short  ness of breath swe  ating headaches and chest pain pal  p  itation may be associated with coron  ary heart disease hyper  thyro  i  dis  m diseases affecting cardiac muscle such as hyper  troph  ic cardi  om  y  opathy diseases causing low blood oxygen such as asthma and emph  ys  ema kidney disease low levels of brain sero  ton  in blood loss and pain drugs such as anti  depres  s  ants alcohol nicotine caff  eine cocaine and amp  he  tam  ines electro  ly  te imbalances of magnesium potassium and calcium and deficiencies of nutrients such as ta  urine ar  gin  ine and iron
panama disease is a plant disease of the roots of banana plants it is a type of fus  arium wil  t caused by the fun  gal pathogen fus  arium ox  ys  por  um the pathogen is resistant to fun  g  icide and cannot be controlled chemically during the 1950 s panama disease wiped out the gro  s michel banana everywhere except asia the gro  s michel banana was the dominant cultiv  ar of bananas and the b  light inflicted enormous costs and forced producers to switch to other disease resistant cultiv  ars new strains of panama disease currently threaten the production of today s most popular cultiv  ar cav  end  ish
pan  ay  i  ot  opoulos syndrome is a common idi  opathic childhood related seizure disorder that occurs exclusively in otherwise normal children idi  opathic epi  le  psy and manifests mainly with autonom  ic epi  le  ptic seizures and autonom  ic status epi  le  p  tic  us an expert consensus has defined pan  ay  i  ot  opoulos syndrome as a benign age related focal seizure disorder occurring in early and mid childhood it is characterized by seizures often prolonged with predominantly autonom  ic symptoms and by an eeg electro  encephal  o  gram that shows shifting and or multiple foc  i often with oc  ci  p  ital predominance
pan  cake sentences are a phenomenon in scandinavian lingu  is  tics where sentence agreement does not follow conventional linguistic patterns the phrase appears to have been coined by hans ol  av enger in a 2004 academic paper scandinavian pan  cake sentences as sem  an  tic agreement enger states that pan  cake sentences are where the predic  ative ad  jec  tive apparently disagrees with its subject this phenomenon may be related or compared to english language lingu  is  tics where american english speakers might say the team has arrived syn  tac  tically agreeing the singular team versus british english speakers saying the team have arrived agreeing sem  an  tically to the collective nou  n team an example from swedish is the sentence pann  kak  or är ny  t  ti  gt while pann  kak  or pancakes is plural and of common gender ny  t  ti  gt healthy is infl  ected to singular and neu  ter a similar phenomenon also occurs in hebrew where the co  pul  a and ad  jec  tives appear to disagree with the subject as well as is portuguese with some n  oun  s used without the article á  gua é bo  m é pro  i  bi  do entr  ada est  á pro  i  bi  do br  inc  ad  e  ir  as when femin  ine n  oun  s of either number agree with a mascul  ine ad  jec  tive in its singular form
pan  cake syndrome is a disease in which a person gets symptoms after eating food contaminated with particular mit  es the disease name comes from reports of people becoming ill after eating pancakes made from contaminated flour mit  es suspected as causing the condition are der  mat  op  ha  go  ides p  ter  on  ys  sin  us blo  mia tro  pic  alis and su  id  asia pon  ti  fic  a the latter two are the most likely to have caused the harmful effects and they live in tropical and sub  tropical environments because the disease is transmitted by pancakes and other cooked food scientists expect that this means that the pathogen can survive the heat of cooking storing flour at low temperature in a freezer could prevent contamination or kill existing mit  es in the flour an  ap  hy  lax  is can occur during exposure to n  said drugs or exercise to those exposed to the mit  es
a pan  coast tumor also called a pul  mon  ary sul  cus tumor or superior sul  cus tumor is a tumor of the pul  mon  ary ap  ex it is a type of lung cancer defined primarily by its location situated at the top end of either the right or left lung it typically spreads to nearby tissues such as the ribs and verte  bra  e most pan  coast tumors are non small cell cancers the growing tumor can cause compression of a br  achi  o  cephal  ic vein sub  cl  avian artery ph  ren  ic nerve recurrent lar  yn  ge  al nerve vag  us nerve or characteris  tically compression of a sympathetic gang  lion resulting in a range of symptoms known as hor  ner s syndrome pan  coast tumors are named for henry pan  coast a us radio  logist who described them in 19  24 and 19  32
pan  cre  as or pan  cre  atic divis  um is a con  genital anomaly in the anatomy of the duc  ts of the pan  cre  as in which a single pan  cre  atic duc  t is not formed but rather remains as two distinct dor  sal and ven  tr  al duc  ts
a pan  cre  as transplant is an organ transplant that involves impl  anting a healthy pan  cre  as one that can produce insulin into a person who usually has diabetes because the pan  cre  as is a vital organ losing all of the pan  cre  as leaves a person with a very very serious case of total diabetes called brit  tle diabetes performing functions necessary in the dig  estion process the recipient s native pan  cre  as is left in place and the donated pan  cre  as is attached in a different location in the event of rejection of the new pan  cre  as which would quickly cause life threatening diabetes there would be a significant chance the recipient would not survive very well for long without the native pan  cre  as however dysfunctional still in place the healthy pan  cre  as comes from a donor who has just died or it may be a partial pan  cre  as from a living donor at present pan  cre  as transplants are usually performed in persons with insulin dependent diabetes who can develop severe complications patients with the most common and dead  liest form of pan  cre  atic cancer pan  cre  atic aden  om  as which are usually always m  align  ant with a poor prog  no  sis and high risk for me  tast  asis as opposed to more treat  able pan  cre  atic neuro  endocrine tumors or pan  cre  atic insul  in  om  as are usually not eligible for valuable pan  cre  atic trans  plantations since the condition usually has a very high mortality rate and the disease which is usually highly m  align  ant and detected too late to treat could and probably would soon return
pan  cre  atic abs  c  ess is a late complic  ation of acute necro  tizing pan  cre  ati  tis occurring more than 4 weeks after the initial attack a pan  cre  atic abs  c  ess is a collection of p  us resulting from tissue necro  sis lique  faction and infection it is estimated that approximately 3 of the patients suffering from acute pan  cre  ati  tis will develop an abs  c  ess according to the bal  th  azar and ran  son s radio  graphic staging criteria patients with a normal pan  cre  as an enlargement that is focal or diffuse mild peri  pan  cre  atic infl  amm  ations or a single collection of fluid pseu  do  cyst have less than 2 chances of developing an abs  c  ess however the probability of developing an abs  c  ess increases to nearly 60 in patients with more than two pseu  do  cy  sts and gas within the pan  cre  as
pan  cre  atic ac  in  ar met  ap  la  sia abbreviated p  am is a common incidental hist  opath  o  logic finding present in approximately 20 25 of patients undergoing an es  op  ha  go  gastro  du  o  den  o  sco  py
pan  cre  atic cancer arises when cells in the pan  cre  as a g  land  ular organ behind the stomach begin to multiply out of control and form a mass these can  cer  ous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body there are a number of types of pan  cre  atic cancer the most common pan  cre  atic aden  o  carcin  oma accounts for about 85 of cases and the term pan  cre  atic cancer is sometimes used to refer only to that type these aden  o  carcin  om  as start within the part of the pan  cre  as which makes dig  estive enzymes several other types of cancer which collectively represent the majority of the non aden  o  carcin  om  as can also arise from these cells 1 2 of cases of pan  cre  atic cancer are neuro  endocrine tumors which arise from the hormone producing cells of the pan  cre  as these are generally less aggressive than pan  cre  atic aden  o  carcin  oma signs and symptoms of the most common form of pan  cre  atic cancer may include yellow skin ab  domin  al or back pain un  explained weight loss light colored sto  ols dark urine and loss of appetite there are usually no symptoms in the disease s early stages and symptoms that are specific enough to suggest pan  cre  atic cancer typically do not develop until the disease has reached an advanced stage by the time of diagnosis pan  cre  atic cancer has often spread to other parts of the body pan  cre  atic cancer rarely occurs before the age of 40 and more than half of cases of pan  cre  atic aden  o  carcin  oma occur in those over 70 risk factors for pan  cre  atic cancer include tobacco smoking obesity diabetes and certain rare genetic conditions about 25 of cases are linked to smoking and 5 – 10 are linked to inherited genes pan  cre  atic cancer is usually diagnosed by a combination of medical imaging techniques such as ul  tras  ound or compu  ted tom  o  graphy blood tests and examination of tissue samples biopsy the disease is divided into stages from early stage i to late stage iv screening the general population has not been found to be effective the risk of developing pan  cre  atic cancer is lower among non smokers and people who maintain a healthy weight and limit their consumption of red or processed meat a smo  ker s chance of developing the disease decreases if they stop smoking and almost returns to that of the rest of the population after 20 years pan  cre  atic cancer can be treated with surgery radi  otherapy chem  otherapy palliative care or a combination of these treatment options are partly based on the cancer stage surgery is the only treatment that can cure pan  cre  atic aden  o  carcin  oma and may also be done to improve quality of life without the potential for cure pain management and medications to improve dig  estion are sometimes needed early palliative care is recommended even for those receiving treatment that aims for a cure in 2012 pan  cre  atic cancers of all types were the seventh most common cause of cancer deaths resulting in 330 000 deaths globally pan  cre  atic cancer is the fifth most common cause of death from cancer in the united kingdom and the fourth most common in the united states the disease occurs most often in the developed world where about 70 of the new cases in 2012 originated pan  cre  atic aden  o  carcin  oma typically has a very poor prog  no  sis after diagnosis 25 of people survive one year and 5 live for five years for cancers diagnosed early the five year survival rate rises to about 20 neuro  endocrine cancers have better outcomes at five years from diagnosis 65 of those diagnosed are living though survival varies considerably depending on the type of tumor
a pan  cre  atic cyst is a fluid filled s  ac within the pan  cre  as causes range from benign to m  align  ant pan  cre  atic pseu  do  cy  sts can occur in the setting of pan  cre  ati  tis though they are only reliable diagnosed 6 weeks after the episode of acute pan  cre  ati  tis benign tumors such as ser  ous cy  stad  en  om  as can occur main branch in  trad  uc  tal pap  ill  ary m  uc  inous ne  op  las  m ip  m  ns are associated with di  lat  ation of the main pan  cre  atic duc  t while side branch ip  m  ns are typically benign and not associated with di  lat  ation mr  cp can help distinguish the position of the cy  sts relative to the pan  cre  atic duc  t and direct appropriate treatment and follow up the most common m  align  ancy that can present as a pan  cre  atic cyst is a m  uc  inous c  ys  tic ne  op  las  m
pan  cre  atic diseases include
a pan  cre  atic f  ist  ula is an abnormal communication between the pan  cre  as and other organs due to leakage of pan  cre  atic secre  tions from damaged pan  cre  atic duc  ts an external pan  cre  atic f  ist  ula is one that communic  ates with the skin and is also known as a pan  cre  ati  co  cu  taneous f  ist  ula whereas an internal pan  cre  atic f  ist  ula communic  ates with other internal organs or spaces pan  cre  atic f  ist  ul  as can be caused by pan  cre  atic disease trauma or surgery
a pan  cre  atic injury is some form of trauma sustained by the pan  cre  as the injury can be sustained through either blunt forces such as a motor vehicle accident or penetr  ative forces such as that of a gunshot wound the pan  cre  as is one of the least commonly injured organs in ab  domin  al trauma
pan  cre  atic m  uc  inous cy  stad  en  oma also known as m  uc  inous cy  stad  en  oma of the pan  cre  as is a benign tum  our of pan  cre  as it is one of the c  ys  tic le  sions of the pan  cre  as
pan  cre  atic m  uc  inous c  ys  tic ne  op  las  m also m  uc  inous c  ys  tic ne  op  las  m of the pan  cre  as and m  uc  inous c  ys  tic tum  our is a grouping of c  ys  tic ne  op  las  ms that arise from the pan  cre  as they may be benign m  align  ant or in between the prog  no  sis of this set of tum  ours is highly variable and dependent on the specific sub classification benign borderline m  align  ant
pan  cre  atic neuro  endocrine tumors pan  nets pets or p  nets often referred to as is  let cell tumors or pan  cre  atic endocrine tumors are neuro  endocrine ne  op  las  ms that arise from cells of the endocrine hormonal and nervous system within the pan  cre  as pan  nets are a type of neuro  endocrine tumor representing about one third of gastro  enter  op  an  cre  atic neuro  endocrine tumors ge  p nets many pan  nets are benign while some are m  align  ant aggressive pan  net tumors have traditionally been termed is  let cell carcin  oma pan  nets are quite distinct from the usual form of pan  cre  atic cancer the majority of which are aden  o  carcin  om  as which arises in the exo  cr  ine pan  cre  as only 1 or 2 of clin  ically significant pan  cre  as ne  op  las  ms are pan  nets
the pan  cre  atic not  ch is a separation between the neck of pan  cre  as and the un  cin  ate process of pan  cre  as
pan  cre  atic ple  ural eff  usion is ple  ural eff  usion or the appearance of excess fluid that accumul  ates between the two ple  ural layers as a result of pan  cre  atic path  ology about to 20 of people suffering from pan  cre  ati  tis get ple  ural eff  usion mostly on the left side
a pan  cre  atic pseu  do  cyst is a circum  scri  bed collection of fluid rich in pan  cre  atic enzymes blood and necro  tic tissue typically located in the lesser s  ac of the ab  dom  en pan  cre  atic pseu  do  cy  sts are usually complications of pan  cre  ati  tis although in children they frequently occur following ab  domin  al trauma pan  cre  atic pseu  do  cy  sts account for approximately 75 of all pan  cre  atic masses
the pan  cre  atic tumors or pan  cre  atic ne  op  las  ms are tumors arising in the pan  cre  as there are several types which can be either benign or m  align  ant pan  cre  atic cancer
pan  cre  ati  co  bi  li  ary mal  junction is a con  genital mal  formation in which the pan  cre  atic and bile duc  ts join anatom  ically outside the du  o  den  al wall
pan  cre  ati  tis is infl  amm  ation of the pan  cre  as the pan  cre  as is a large organ behind the stomach that produces dig  estive enzymes there are two main types acute pan  cre  ati  tis and chronic pan  cre  ati  tis signs and symptoms of pan  cre  ati  tis include pain in the upper ab  dom  en naus  ea and v  om  iting the pain often goes into the back and is usually severe in acute pan  cre  ati  tis a fever may occur and symptoms typically resolve in a few days in chronic pan  cre  ati  tis weight loss fatty sto  ol and diarr  hea may occur complications may include infection bleeding diabetes mell  it  us or problems with other organs the most common causes of acute pan  cre  ati  tis are gall  stones and heavy alcohol use other causes include direct trauma certain medications infections such as mum  ps and tumors among others chronic pan  cre  ati  tis may develop as a result of acute pan  cre  ati  tis it is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use other causes include high levels of blood fats high blood calcium some medications and certain genetic disorders such as c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis among others smoking increases the risk of both acute and chronic pan  cre  ati  tis diagnosis of acute pan  cre  ati  tis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either am  yl  ase or lip  ase in chronic pan  cre  ati  tis these tests may be normal medical imaging such as ul  tras  ound and ct scan may also be useful acute pan  cre  ati  tis is usually treated with intra  ven  ous fluids pain medication and sometimes antibiotics typically no eating or drinking is allowed and a tube may be placed into the stomach a procedure known as a endo  scopic retrograde chol  an  gi  op  an  cre  ato  graphy er  cp may be done to open the pan  cre  atic duc  t if blocked in those with gall  stones the gall  blad  der is often also removed in chronic pan  cre  ati  tis in addition to the above temporary feeding through a nas  o  ga  str  ic tube may be used to provide adequate nutrition long term dietary changes and pan  cre  atic enzyme replacement may be required and occasionally surgery is done to remove parts of the pan  cre  as globally in 2013 about 17 million cases of pan  cre  ati  tis occurred this resulted in 123 000 deaths up from 83 000 deaths in 1990 acute pan  cre  ati  tis occurs in about 30 per 100 000 people a year new cases of chronic pan  cre  ati  tis develop in about 8 per 100 000 people a year and currently affect about 50 per 100 000 people in the united states it is more common in men than women often chronic pan  cre  ati  tis starts between the ages of 30 and 40 while it is rare in children acute pan  cre  ati  tis was first described on autopsy in 1882 while chronic pan  cre  ati  tis was first described in 1946
pan  cre  ato  bl  ast  oma is a rare type of pan  cre  atic cancer it occurs mainly in childhood and has a relatively good prog  no  sis
pan  cy  top  enia is a medical condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells as well as plat  el  ets if only two parameters from the full blood count are low the term bic  y  top  enia can be used the diagnostic approach is the same as for pan  cy  top  enia
the pan  demon  ium effect is a problem that may appear when high resolution detectors usually ger  man  ium detectors are used in beta decay studies it can affect the correct determination of the feeding to the different levels of the daughter nucleus it was first introduced in 1977
p  ang  ar  é is a coat trait found in some horses that features pale hair around the eyes and mu  zzle and under  side of the body these pale areas can extend up to the flan  ks throat and chest behind the el  bows in front of the stifle and up the but  to  ck animals with the p  ang  ar  é trait are sometimes called me  al  y or light pointed the color of these lighter areas depends on the underlying color and ranges from off white to light tan this type of color  ation is most often found in primitive breeds like the f  j  ord horse ex  mo  or pony american belgian draft and ha  fl  inger wild equi  ds like the prze  wal  ski s horse on  ager african wild ass ki  ang as well as the domestic donkey exhibit p  ang  ar  é as a rule p  ang  ar  é is thought to be a type of protective counter  sh  ading horse fo  als are often born with fo  al p  ang  ar  é or light points especially over black ha  ired areas which they lose when they shed their fo  al coats dr phillip spon  en  berg suggested that the seal brown coat color was caused by the action of p  ang  ar  é on a black coat however seal brown horses have since tested negative for the rec  essive black geno  type ch  est  nut horses with p  ang  ar  é are sometimes called belgian sor  rels
panic is a sudden sensation of fear which is so strong as to dominate or prevent reason and logical thinking replacing it with overwhelming feelings of anxiety and frantic ag  itation consistent with an anim  alistic fight or flight reaction panic may occur sing  ularly in individuals or manifest suddenly in large groups as mass panic closely related to herd behavior
panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include pal  p  itations swe  ating shaking short  ness of breath num  b  ness or a feeling that something really bad is going to happen the maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes there may be a fear of losing control or chest pain panic attacks themselves are not dangerous panic attacks can occur due to number of disorders including panic disorder social anxiety disorder post traumatic stress disorder drug use depression and medical problems they can either be trigger or occur unexpectedly risks factors include smoking and psychological stress diagnosis should involve ruling out other conditions that can produce similar symptoms including hyper  thyro  i  dis  m hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m heart disease lung disease and drug use treatment of panic attacks should be directed at the underlying cause in those with frequent attacks counselling or medications may be used breathing training and muscle relaxation techniques may also help those affected are at a higher risk of suicide in europe about 3 of the population has a panic attack in a given year while in the united states they affect about 11 they are more common in females than males they often begin during pu  ber  ty or early adul  thood children and older people are less commonly affected
panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include pal  p  itations swe  ating shaking short  ness of breath num  b  ness or a feeling that something really bad is going to happen the maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes there may be ongoing worries about having further attacks and avoidance of places where attacks have occurred in the past the cause of panic disorder is unknown often it runs in families risk factors include smoking psychological stress and a history of child abuse diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes including other mental disorders medical conditions such as heart disease or hyper  thyro  i  dis  m and drug use screening for the condition may be done using a questionnaire panic disorder is usually treated with counselling and medications the type of counselling used is typically cognitive behavioral therapy c  bt which is effective in more than half of people medications used include anti  depres  s  ants and occasionally benzo  di  az  ep  ines or beta bloc  kers following stopping treatment up to 30 of people have a recurrence panic disorder affects about 2 5 of people at some point in their life it usually begins during adoles  cence or early adul  thood but any age can be affected it is less common in children and older people women are more often affected than men
pan  my  el  osis is a form of my  elo  fi  bro  sis it is part of the presentation in acute pan  my  el  osis with my  elo  fi  bro  sis
pann  er disease is an o  ste  och  on  dro  sis of the capit  ell  um of the el  bow it causes pain and sti  ff  ness in the affected el  bow and may limit extension on radio  graphs the capit  ul  um may appear irregular with areas of radi  ol  uc  eny treatment is symptomatic with a good prog  no  sis it is primarily seen in children between five and ten years old the disease is named after the danish radio  logist hans j  essen pann  er 18  71 – 1930 pann  er s disease is often caused by excessive throwing due to val  gus stress aka little league el  bow upon evaluation patients will have pain with an extension overload val  gus test in the poster  om  edi  al el  bow little le  agu  ers el  bow in seen in new league players with un  accustomed throwing which causes partial av  ul  sion of the medi  al epi  con  dy  le
pann  ic  u  li  tis is a group of diseases whose hallmark is infl  amm  ation of sub  cu  taneous adi  pose tissue the fatty layer under the skin pann  icul  us adi  po  sus symptoms include tender skin no  d  ules and systemic signs such as weight loss and fatigue restated an infl  am  matory disorder primarily loc  alized in the sub  cu  taneous fat is termed a pann  ic  u  li  tis a group of disorders that may be challenging both for the clin  ician and the der  mat  opath  o  logist
pan  oph  thal  miti  s is the infl  amm  ation of all coats of the animal eye including intra  oc  ular structures it can be caused by infection particularly from pseu  dom  onas species such as pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa clo  stri  dium species whip  ple s disease and also fun  gi it can also be cause by other stress
pan  ste  ati  tis or yellow fat disease is a physiological condition in which the body fat becomes infl  amed
pan  tai ser  i ken  ang  an literally the un  for  get  table beach is in ku  ala tu  t  ong in tu  t  ong district a popular recreation area just five minutes drive from tu  t  ong town the beach s appeal is the effect created by a narrow spit of land that separates the mirror smooth tu  t  ong river from the ru  ff  led waters of south china sea chal  ets restaurant hu  ts a play  ground and food stall are available a little further along the road passes the village of ku  ala tu  t  ong sheltered amidst a forest of co  con  ut pal  ms to reach the old jet  ty until the tu  t  ong bridge was constructed in 1959 a ferry had to be used to travel between the southern district centers of brun  ei and band  ar ser  i bag  aw  an pan  tai ser  i ken  ang  an or ser  i ken  ang  an beach is the nearest beach to tu  t  ong town
pan  to  th  en  ate kin  ase associated neuro  de  generation p  kan also known as neuro  de  generation with brain iron accumulation 1 n  bia 1 and formerly called hall  er  v  orden – sp  atz syndrome use of this ep  on  ym is somewhat discouraged due to hall  er  v  orden and sp  atz s affiliation with the nazi regime and the ethically questionable manner in which they acted is a degenerative disease of the brain that can lead to par  k  ins  on  ism dy  st  onia dementia and ultimately death neuro  de  generation in p  kan is accompanied by an excess of iron that progressively builds up in the brain
pap  al reg  alia and in  sign  ia are the official items of at  tire and decor  ation proper to the pope in his capacity as the head of the roman catholic church and sovereign of the vatican city state
a paper cut occurs when a piece of paper or other thin sharp material slic  es a person s skin paper cuts though named from paper can also be caused by other thin stiff materials although a loose paper sheet is usually too soft to cut it can be very thin sometimes as thin as a razor edge being then able to exert high levels of pressure enough to cut the skin paper cuts are most often caused by paper sheets that are strongly fast  ened together such as brand new paper out of a re  am because one single paper sheet might be dis  located from the rest thus all the other sheets are holding this dis  located sheet in position and the very small part held away from the rest can be stiff enough to act as a razor paper cuts can be surprisingly painful as they can stimulate a large number of skin surface no  cic  ep  tors pain recep  tors in a very small area of the skin because the shallow cut does not bleed very much the pain recep  tors are left open to the air ensuring continued pain however the cut can also be very deep in which case a pu  ddle of blood pools around a longer g  ash this is exacerbated by irritation caused by the fi  bers in the paper itself which may be co  ated in chemicals such as ble  ach additionally most paper cuts occur in the fingers which have a greater concentration of sensory recep  tors than the rest of the body the random orientation of coll  agen fi  bers in skin provides the ability to withstand pin  point forces however the skin does not have the same strength against sh  ear  ing forces and is easily cut
pap  ill  ary ec  cr  ine aden  oma also known as tu  bul  ar apo  cr  ine aden  oma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by an un  common benign sweat g  land ne  op  las  m that presents as a der  mal no  dule located primarily on the extre  mi  ties of black patients
a pap  ill  ary fi  bro  el  ast  oma is a primary tumor of the heart that typically involves one of the valves of the heart pap  ill  ary fi  bro  el  ast  om  as while considered generally rare make up about 10 percent of all primary tumors of the heart they are the third most common type of primary tumor of the heart behind cardiac my  x  om  as and cardiac li  po  mas
pap  ill  ary ren  al cell carcin  om  as are sub  types of ren  al cell carcin  oma r  cc
pap  ill  ary ser  ous cy  stad  en  o  carcin  om  as are the most common form of m  align  ant o  vari  an cancer making up 26 percent of o  vari  an tum  ours in women aged over 20 in the united states as with most o  vari  an tum  ours due to the lack of early signs of disease these tum  ours can be large when discovered and have often me  tast  asi  zed often by spreading along the per  it  on  eu  m
pap  ill  ary sten  osis is a disturbance of the sp  h  inc  ter of od  di a muscular valve that prevents the opening and release of bile or pan  cre  atic fluids into the du  o  den  um in response to food entering the du  o  den  um obstruction of the valve can cause pan  cre  atic pain ja  und  ice bile le  aking back into the blood stream attacks of pan  cre  ati  tis
pap  ill  ary thyro  id cancer or pap  ill  ary thyro  id carcin  oma is the most common type of thyro  id cancer representing 75 percent to 85 percent of all thyro  id cancer cases it occurs more frequently in women and presents in the 20 – 55 year age group it is also the predominant cancer type in children with thyro  id cancer and in patients with thyro  id cancer who have had previous radiation to the head and neck it is often well differentiated slow growing and loc  alized although it can me  tast  asi  ze
a pap  ill  ary tumor is a tumor shaped like a small mush  room with its stem attached to the epi  the  li  al layer inner lining of an organ
in u  ro  logic path  ology pun  l  mp short for pap  ill  ary u  ro  the  li  al ne  op  las  m of low m  align  ant potential is an ex  op  hy  tic outward growing micro  sco  p  ically nip  ple shaped or pap  ill  ary pre m  align  ant growth of the lining of the upper gen  it  our  inary tract the u  ro  the  lium which includes the ren  al pel  vis u  re  ters ur  inary blad  der and part of the u  re  th  ra pun  l  mp is pronounced pu  n lump like the words pu  n and lump as their name suggests pun  l  mps are ne  op  las  ms i e cl  onal cellular prolifer  ations that are thought to have a low probability of developing into u  ro  the  li  al cancer i e a m  align  ancy such as blad  der cancer they are thought to be relatively rare one study of two hundred pap  ill  ary u  ro  the  li  al le  sions found a prevalence of 0 3 5
pap  il  le  dem  a or pap  il  lo  e  dem  a is op  tic dis  c sw  elling that is caused by increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure the sw  elling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks unilateral presentation is extremely rare pap  il  le  dem  a is mostly seen as a symptom resulting from another path  op  hy  si  ological process in in  trac  ran  ial hyper  tension pap  il  le  dem  a most commonly occurs bilaterally when pap  il  le  dem  a is found on fun  do  sco  py further evaluation is warranted as vision loss can result if the underlying condition is not treated further evaluation with a ct or m  ri of the brain and or sp  ine is usually performed rec  ent  research has shown that point of care ul  tras  ound can be used to measure op  tic nerve she  ath diameter for detection of increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure and  shows good diagnostic test accuracy compared to ct thus if  there is a question of pap  il  le  dem  a on fun  do  scopic examination or if the op  tic  dis  c cannot be adequately vis  u  alized ul  tras  ound can be used to rapidly assess  for increased in  trac  ran  ial pressure and help direct further evaluation and  intervention unilateral pap  il  le  dem  a can suggest a disease in the eye itself such as an op  tic nerve gli  oma
a pap  il  lo  ma plural pap  il  lom  as or pap  il  lo  mata pap  illo oma is a benign epi  the  li  al tumor growing ex  op  hy  tically outw  ar  dly projec  ting in nip  ple like and often finger like fron  ds in this context pap  illa refers to the projection created by the tumor not a tumor on an already existing pap  illa such as the nip  ple when used without context it frequently refers to infections squ  am  ous cell pap  il  lo  ma caused by human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v such as war  ts human pap  il  lo  ma  virus infection is a major cause of cer  vic  al cancer although most h  p  v infections do not cause cancer there are however a number of other conditions that cause pap  il  lo  ma as well as many cases in which there is no known cause
pap  il  lo  mat  osis cu  tis carcin  o  ides also known as got  tr  on s carcin  o  id pap  il  lo  mat  osis and pap  il  lo  mat  osis cu  tis carcin  o  ides of got  tr  on – eisen  lo  hr is a cu  taneous condition characterized by ver  ru  co  us skin le  sions and is due to an h  p  v infection of the skin
pap  illon – lef  è  vre syndrome pl  s also known as pal  mop  lan  tar ker  ato  der  ma with period  on  ti  tis is an auto  som  al rec  essive genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in cathe  p  sin c
pap  il  lo  ren  al syndrome also called ren  al co  lob  oma syndrome or isolated ren  al hypo  pl  asia is an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder marked by underdevelopment hypo  pl  asia of the kidney and co  lob  om  as of the op  tic nerve
p  app  at  ac  i fever also known as ph  le  bo  tom  us fever and somewhat conf  us  ingly sand  fly fever and three day fever is a vector borne fe  bri  le ar  bo  viral infection caused by three sero  types of ph  le  bo  virus it occurs in sub  tropical regions of the eastern hemisphere the name p  app  at  ac  i fever comes from the italian word for sand  fly it is the union of the word p  app  a food and tac  i silent which distinguish these insect from mosquitoes which produce a typical noise while flying
pap  ular eruption of blacks is a cu  taneous condition characterized clin  ically by small pr  uri  tic pap  ules and his  to  logically by a mon  on  uc  lear cell e  o  sin  ophi  l peri  vascular infiltr  ate
pap  ular m  uc  in  osis also known as s  cler  om  y  x  e  dem  a generalized lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus and s  cl  ero  der  mo  id lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus is a rare skin disease loc  alized and disseminated cases are called pap  ular m  uc  in  osis or lichen my  x  e  dem  ato  sus while generalized con  flu  ent pap  ular forms with sclerosis are called s  cler  om  y  x  e  dem  a frequently all three forms are regarded as pap  ular m  uc  in  osis however some authors restrict it to only mild cases another form ac  ral persistent pap  ular m  uc  in  osis is regarded as a separate entity
pap  ular m  uc  in  osis of infancy also known as cu  taneous m  uc  in  osis of infancy is a skin condition caused by fi  bro  bl  asts producing abnormally large amounts of mu  co  pol  ys  ac  ch  ari  des characterized by skin colored or trans  luc  ent pap  ules
pap  ular pur  pur  ic gloves and socks syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by pr  ur  it  us e  dem  a and er  y  them  a of the hands and feet occurring primarily in teenagers and young adults an association with par  vo  virus b 19 has been described
pap  ular x  an  thom  a is a cu  taneous condition that is a rare form of non x his  ti  oc  y  to  sis
pap  ul  o  er  y  thro  der  ma of o  fu  ji is a rare disorder most commonly found in japan characterized by pr  uri  tic pap  ules that spare the skin  fol  ds producing bands of un  involved cu  tis creating the so called deck chair sign frequently there is associated blood e  o  sin  ophi  lia skin biop  sies reveal a dense lymp  ho  his  ti  oc  y  tic infiltr  ate e  o  sin  oph  ils in the pap  ill  ary der  mis and increased lang  er  hans cells s 100 positive systemic ster  oids are the treatment of choice and may result in long term re  missions it was characterized in 1984 use of pu  va in treatment has been described
pap  ul  on  ec  ro  tic tuber  cu  lid is usually an as  ymp  tomatic chronic skin disorder presenting in successive crops skin le  sions symmetr  ically distributed on the ext  ens  or extre  mi  ties
a pap  ul  op  ust  ular condition is a condition composed of both pap  ule and pu  st  ules examples of pap  ul  op  ust  ular conditions include pap  ul  op  ust  ular ro  sac  ea pap  ul  op  ust  ular ac  ne sy  co  sis
a pap  ul  os  qu  am  ous disorder is a condition which presents with both pap  ules and scales or both scal  y pap  ules and pl  aqu  es examples include ps  ori  asis lichen plan  us and pit  y  ri  asis ro  sea
pap  y  rus oxy  rhy  n  ch  us 69 p ox  y 69 is a complaint about a robbery written in greek the man  us  cript was written on pap  y  rus in the form of a sheet it was discovered by gren  fell and hunt in 18  97 in oxy  rhy  n  ch  us the document was written on 21 november 190 currently it is housed in the has  k  ell ori  ental institute at the university of chicago 20  61 the text was published by gren  fell and hunt in 1898 the beginning of the letter is lost it is a petition to an unknown official describing the theft of some barley and asking that an investigation be carried out the author is unknown the measurements of the frag  ment are 178 by 115 mm the description of the crime scene is quite detailed they broke down a door that led into the public street and had been blocked up with bricks probably using a log of wood as a bat  tering ram they then entered the house and cont  ented themselves with taking what was stored there 10 ar  tab  ae of barley which they carried off by the same way we guessed that this was removed piecemeal by the said door from the marks of a rope dragged along in that direction and pointed out this fact to the chief of the police of that village and to the other officials 10 ar  tab  ae are equivalent to approximately 30 – 40 kilograms 66 – 88 lb of barley
pap  y  rus oxy  rhy  n  ch  us 86 p ox  y 86 is a complaint of a pilot of a public boat written in greek the man  us  cript was written on pap  y  rus in the form of a sheet it was discovered in oxy  rhy  n  ch  us the document was written on 28 march 338 currently it is housed in the cambridge university library add ms 40  40 in cambridge
par  acet  am  ol toxicity is caused by excessive use or over  dose of the medication par  acet  am  ol acet  amin  oph  en most people with par  acet  am  ol toxicity have no symptoms in the first 24 hours following over  dose others may initially have non  specific complaints such as vague ab  domin  al pain and naus  ea with time signs of liver injury may develop these include low blood sugar low blood ph easy bleeding and he  p  atic encephalopathy some will spontaneously resolve although untreated cases may result in death in the united states and the united kingdom it is the most common cause of acute liver failure par  acet  am  ol toxicity is one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide damage to the liver or he  pat  o  toxicity results not from par  acet  am  ol itself but from one of its metabol  ites n ace  ty  l p benzo  quin  one  im  ine nap  q  i nap  q  i decreases the liver s natural antioxid  ant glu  ta  th  ione and directly damages cells in the liver leading to liver failure risk factors for toxicity include excessive long term alcohol intake fast  ing an  ore  x  ia ner  vo  sa and the use of certain drugs such as is  oni  az  id treatment is aimed at removing the par  acet  am  ol from the body and replacing glu  ta  th  ione activated char  coal can be used to decrease absorption of par  acet  am  ol if the patient presents for treatment soon after the over  dose the antidote ace  ty  l  cy  ste  ine acts as a precursor for glu  ta  th  ione helping the body regener  ate enough to prevent damage to the liver n ace  ty  l  cy  ste  ine can neutr  alize nap  q  i by itself as well a liver transplant is often required if damage to the liver becomes severe patients treated early have a good prog  no  sis whereas patients that develop major liver ab  norm  alities typically have a poor outcome
par  a  coccidio  id  om  y  co  sis also known as brazilian bl  ast  om  y  co  sis south american bl  ast  om  y  co  sis lu  tz spl  end  ore de alme  ida disease and par  a  coccidio  idal gran  ul  oma is a fun  gal infection caused by the fun  gus par  a  coccidio  ides bra  sili  ensis sometimes called south american bl  ast  om  y  co  sis par  a  coccidio  id  om  y  co  sis is caused by a different fun  gus than that which causes bl  ast  om  y  co  sis
the paradox of fiction is a philosophical problem about how people can experience strong emotions from purely fic  tional things such as art literature and imagination the paradox draws attention to an everyday issue of how people are moved by things which in many ways do not really exist although the on  to  logy of fic  tional things in general has been discussed in philosophy since plato the paradox was first suggested by colin rad  ford and michael we  ston in 1975 after rad  ford and we  ston s original paper they and others have continued the discussion by giving the problem slightly differing formulations and solutions
paradoxical dis  inhi  bi  tion is a paradoxical reaction an un  common but recognized phenomenon characterized by acute excitement and an altered mental state caused by benzo  di  az  ep  ines the mechanism being poorly known but the most accepted theory is that it occurs secon  dar  y  to inhi  bi  tion of the restraining influences of the cor  tex and frontal lo  be due to the gab  a mim  e  tic action of benzo  di  az  ep  ines reversal of this action could be attained by an n  m  da recep  tor antagon  ist ke  tam  ine
a paradoxical reaction or paradoxical effect is an effect of medical treatment usually a drug opposite to the effect which would normally be expected an example of a paradoxical reaction is pain caused by a pain relief medication
a parag  ang  li  oma is a rare neuro  endocrine ne  op  las  m that may develop at various body sites including the head neck thor  ax and ab  dom  en about 97 are benign and cured by surgical removal the remaining 3 are m  align  ant because they are able to produce distant me  tast  ases parag  ang  li  oma is now the most widely accepted term for these le  sions that have been also described as g  lom  us tumor chem  o  dec  tom  a peri  the  li  oma fi  bro  an  gi  oma and sympathetic ne  vi
parag  on  im  i  asis is a food borne par  asi  tic infection caused by the lung flu  ke most commonly parag  on  im  us wester  man  i it inf  ects an estimated 22 million people yearly worldwide it is particularly common in east asia more than 30 species of tre  mato  des flu  kes of the genus parag  on  im  us have been reported among the more than 10 species reported to infect humans and only 8 bringing about infections in humans the most common is p wester  man  i the ori  ental lung flu  ke
par  ak  er  at  osis pu  st  ul  osa is a cu  taneous condition which is exclusively seen in children usually involving one finger most commonly the thumb or index finger with the affected nail showing sub  un  gu  al hyper  ker  at  osis and ony  chol  ysis
paral  lax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or semi angle of inclination between those two lines the term is derived from the greek word παρά  λ  λα  ξ  ις paral  lax  is meaning alteration due to fore  shortening nearby objects have a larger paral  lax than more distant objects when observed from different positions so paral  lax can be used to determine distances astro  no  mers use the principle of paral  lax to measure distances to the closer stars here the term paral  lax is the semi angle of inclination between two sight lines to the star as observed when the earth is on opposite sides of the sun in its orbit these distances form the lowest rung of what is called the co  sm  ic distance ladder the first in a succession of methods by which astro  no  mers determine the distances to cel  esti  al objects serving as a basis for other distance measurements in astro  no  my forming the higher run  gs of the ladder paral  lax also affects optical instruments such as rifle sco  pes bin  oc  ul  ars micro  sco  pes and twin lens reflex cameras that view objects from slightly different angles many animals including humans have two eyes with overlapping visual fields that use paral  lax to gain depth perception this process is known as stere  op  sis in computer vision the effect is used for computer stere  o vision and there is a device called a paral  lax ran  ge  fin  der that uses it to find range and in some variations also altitude to a target a simple everyday example of paral  lax can be seen in the d  ash  board of motor vehicles that use a needle style spe  ed  ome  ter gauge when viewed from directly in front the speed may show exactly 60 but when viewed from the passenger seat the needle may appear to show a slightly different speed due to the angle of viewing
the parallel parking problem is a motion planning problem in control theory and mechanics to determine the path a car must take in order to parallel park into a parking space the front wheels of a car are permitted to turn but the rear wheels must stay aligned when a car is initially adjacent to a parking space to move into the space it would need to move in a direction per  pend  icular to the allowed path of motion of the rear wheels the admissible motions of the car in its configuration space are an example of a non  hol  on  om  ic system
parallel slowdown is a phenomenon in parallel computing where par  alle  li  zation of a parallel algori  thm beyond a certain point causes the program to run slower take more time to run to completion parallel slowdown is typically the result of a communications bottlenec  k as more processor no  des are added each processing no  de spends progressively more time doing communication than useful processing at some point the communications overhead created by adding another processing no  de sur  passes the increased processing power that no  de provides and parallel slowdown occurs parallel slowdown occurs when the algori  thm requires significant communication particularly of intermediate results some problems known as embarr  ass  ingly parallel problems do not require such communication and thus are not affected by slowdown
paralysis is loss of muscle function for one or more muscles paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling sensory loss in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor about 1 in 50 people in the u s have been diagnosed with some form of paralysis transi  ent or permanent the word comes from the greek παρά  λ  υ  σ  ις disab  ling of the nerves itself from παρ  ά para beside by and λ  ύ  σ  ις lysis losing and that from λ  ύ  ω lu  ō to lose a paralysis accompanied by involuntary tre  mors is usually called pal  sy
paraly  tic shellfish poisoning p  sp is one of the four recognized syndro  mes of shellfish poisoning which share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve mollus  ks such as mus  sels cl  ams oy  sters and s  call  ops these shellfish are filter feed  ers and therefore accumulate neuro  toxins called sax  it  oxin produced by micro  scopic al  ga  e such as dino  flag  ell  ates di  atoms and cyan  ob  ac  ter  ia dino  flag  ell  ates of the genus alex  andri  um are the most numerous and widespread sax  it  oxin producers and are responsible for p  sp blo  oms in sub  arctic temper  ate and tropical locations the majority of toxic blo  oms have been caused by the mor  pho  species alex  andri  um cat  en  ella alex  andri  um tam  aren  se and alex  andri  um fund  y  ense which together comprise the a tam  aren  se species complex in asia p  sp is mostly associated with the occurrence of the species py  rod  ini  um ba  ham  ense human toxicity and mortality can occur after ing  estion of these animals but toxicity is also seen in wild animal populations also some pu  ffer  fish including cham  a  ele  on pu  ffer contain sax  it  oxin making their consumption hazardous
parame  tri  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the parame  tri  um connec  tive tissue adjacent to the uter  us it is considered a form of pel  vic infl  am  matory disease parame  tri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the lig  aments around the uter  us parame  tri  tis is different from perim  e  tri  tis which is infl  amm  ation of the ser  osa surrounding the uter  us
param  yo  ton  ia con  gen  ita pc also known as param  yo  ton  ia con  gen  ita of von eul  enburg or eul  enburg disease is a rare con  genital auto  som  al dominant neuro  muscular disorder characterized by “ paradoxical ” my  o  ton  ia this type of my  o  ton  ia has been termed paradoxical because it becomes worse with exercise whereas classical my  o  ton  ia as seen in my  o  ton  ia con  gen  ita is allevi  ated by exercise pc is also distinguished as it can be induced by cold temperatures although more typical of the periodic paraly  tic disorders patients with pc may also have potassium provoked paralysis pc typically presents within the first decade of life and has 100 penetr  ance patients with this disorder commonly present with my  o  ton  ia in the face or upper extre  mi  ties the lower extre  mi  ties are generally less affected while some other related disorders result in muscle atro  phy this is not normally the case with pc this disease can also present as hyper  kal  emic periodic paralysis and there is debate as to whether the two disorders are actually distinct
par  ane  op  l  astic acro  ker  at  osis baz  ex syndrome also known as acro  ker  at  osis par  ane  op  las  tica of baz  ex and acro  ker  at  osis ne  op  las  tica is a cu  taneous condition characterized by ps  ori  asi  form changes of hands feet ears and nose with involvement of the nails and peri  un  gu  al tissues being characteristic and in  distingu  ishable from ps  ori  atic nails the condition is associated with carcin  om  as of the upper aero  dig  estive tract this condition should not be confused with the other unrelated disease called baz  ex syndrome otherwise referred to as baz  ex du  pre chris  tol syndrome
par  ane  op  l  astic cere  bell  ar de  generation p  cd is a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome associated with a broad variety of tumors including lung cancer o  vari  an cancer breast cancer ho  dg  kin ’ s lymp  homa and others p  cd is a rare condition that occurs in less than 1 of cancer patients as is the case with other par  ane  op  l  astic syndro  mes p  cd is believed to be due to an auto  immune reaction targeted against components of the central nervous system mostly to pur  k  inj  e cells it is thought to be triggered when tumor cells in p  cd most commonly o  vari  an or breast cancer ec  top  ically express proteins normally expressed in the cere  bell  um this is believed to trigger an anti tumor immune response that may be clin  ically significant but also an anti ne  ural immune response a broad spectrum of neuro  nal and gli  al proteins has been identified as target antigens in p  cd neuro  logical symptoms may include among others dys  ar  thri  a trun  cal limb and ga  it at  ax  ia and ny  stag  mus symptoms often develop sub  acutely and progress rapidly over a period of weeks or months to a pl  ate  au period that can last for months to years and which often reflects complete loss of pur  k  inj  e cells of particular note p  cd symptoms precede the diagnosis of the underlying cancer in the majority of cases and often present insi  di  ously and progress rapidly for weeks to months to a severely disabled state followed by a variable pl  ate  au period that can last for months to years therefore newly developing cere  bell  ar at  ax  ia should always prompt proper diagnostic measures to exclude p  cd tumor removal is still the therapeutic main  stay with very early treatment being essential to prevent irreversible neuro  nal loss immun  o  sup  pres  sive or immun  om  od  ul  atory treatments are often ineffective there may be a role for high dose gam  mag  lob  ulin therapy in the treatment p  cd but due to the rare occurrence of this disease controlled trials of this therapy may be di  f  fi  cult
par  ane  op  l  astic ker  ato  der  ma is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a hor  n  like skin tex  ture associated with an internal m  align  ancy
par  ane  op  l  astic p  emp  hi  gus is an auto  immune disorder stemming from an underlying tumor it is hypothe  sized that antigens associated with the tumor trigger an immune response resulting in bl  is  tering of the skin and mu  co  us memb  ran  es while patients with m  align  ant and benign tumors are both at risk m  align  ancy is associated with high mortality rates near 90 current treatment focuses on general wound healing and administering cor  ti  co  ster  oids which has not demonstrated a high success rate recent research developments aim to treat the underlying tumor in order to alleviate the symptoms of p  n  p
a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome is a syndrome a set of signs and symptoms that is the consequence of cancer in the body but that unlike mass effect is not due to the local presence of cancer cells in contrast these phenomena are medi  ated by hu  moral factors such as hormones or cy  to  k  ines ex  cre  ted by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor par  ane  op  l  astic syndro  mes are typical among middle aged to older patients and they most commonly present with cancers of the lung breast ov  aries or lymp  h  atic system a lymp  homa sometimes the symptoms of par  ane  op  l  astic syndro  mes show before the diagnosis of a m  align  ancy which has been hypothe  sized to relate to the disease patho  genesis in this paradigm tumor cells express tissue restricted antigens e g neuro  nal proteins triggering an anti tumor immune response which may be partially or rarely completely effective in suppressing tumor growth and symptoms patients then come to clinical attention when this tumor immune response breaks immune tolerance and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that e g neuro  nal protein the abbreviation p  ns is sometimes used for par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome although it is used more often to refer to the peripheral nervous system
paranoia is a thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear often to the point of delusion and ir  rationality paranoid thinking typically includes persecu  tory or beliefs of conspiracy concerning a perceived threat towards oneself e g everyone is out to get me paranoia is distinct from pho  bias which also involve irrational fear but usually no blame making false accusations and the general distrust of others also frequently accompany paranoia for example an incident most people would view as an accident or coincidence a paranoid person might believe was intentional
paranoid personality disorder pp  d is a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive long standing suspic  i  ousness and generalized mistrust of others individuals with this personality disorder may be hy  pers  ensi  tive easily insulted and habitually relate to the world by vigilant scanning of the environment for clues or suggestions that may validate their fears or bi  ases paranoid individuals are eager observers they think they are in danger and look for signs and threats of that danger potentially not appreciating other evidence they tend to be guarded and suspicious and have quite con  stric  ted emotional lives their reduced capacity for meaningful emotional involvement and the general pattern of isolated withdrawal often lend a quality of schiz  o  id isolation to their life experience people with pp  d may have a tendency to bear gru  dges suspic  i  ousness tendency to interpret others actions as hostile persistent tendency to self reference or a ten  acious sense of personal right patients with this disorder can also have significant com  or  bi  dity with other personality disorders
paranoid schizophrenia schizophrenia paranoid type is a sub type of schizophrenia as defined in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iv code 295 30 it has been the most common type of schizophrenia schizophrenia is defined as “ a chronic mental disorder in which a person loses touch with reality psycho  sis schizophrenia is divided into sub  types based on the “ predominant symp  tom  at  ology at the time of evaluation the clinical picture is dominated by relatively stable and often persecu  tory delu  sions that are usually accompanied by halluc  inations particularly of the aud  itory variety hearing voices and percep  tual disturbances these symptoms can have a huge effect on functioning and can negatively affect quality of life paranoid schizophrenia is a lifelong disease but with proper treatment a person with the illness can attain a higher quality of life although paranoid schizophrenia is defined by those two symptoms it is also defined by a lack of certain symptoms negative symptoms the following symptoms are not prominent “ dis  organized speech dis  organized or cat  at  onic behavior or flat or inappropriate affect those symptoms are present in another form of schizophrenia dis  organized type schizophrenia the criteria for diagno  sing paranoid schizophrenia must be present from at least one to six months this helps to differentiate schizophrenia from other diseases such as bipolar disorder paranoid schizophrenia is defined in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4 th edition but it was dropped from the 5 th edition the american psychiatric association ap  a chose to eliminate schizophrenia sub  types because they had “ limited diagnostic stability low reliability and poor validity the symptoms and lack of symptoms that were being used to categ  ori  ze the different sub  types of schizophrenia were not concrete enough to be able to be diagnosed the ap  a also believed that the sub  types of schizophrenia should be removed because “ they did not appear to help with providing better targeted treatment or predicting treatment response targeted treatment and treatment response vary from patient to patient depending on his or her symptoms it is more beneficial therefore to look at the severity of the symptoms when considering treatment options
at least 50 of the diagnosed cases of schizophrenia experience delu  sions of reference and delu  sions of persecution paranoia perceptions and behavior may be part of many mental illnesses such as depression and dementia but they are more prevalent in three mental disorders paranoid schizophrenia delu  sional disorder persecu  tory type and paranoid personality disorder paranoia symptoms in paranoid schizophrenia and delu  sional disorder are characterized by persecu  tory delu  sions irrational beliefs that someone else is plo  tting against them persecu  tory delu  sions in paranoid schizophrenia are bizarre clearly impl  ausible not understandable and not derived from ordinary life experiences grandiose and frequently accompanied by aud  itory halluc  inations in contrast persecu  tory delu  sions in delu  sional disorder are not bizarre delusion is about situations that could occur in real life such as being followed being loved having an infection and being deceived by one s spouse but still unjustified persons with paranoia personality disorder tend to be self centered defensive and emotionally distant the paranoia is characterized by continuous suspicions this disorder may impact on social personal and professional areas
par  at  u  bal cy  sts pt  cs and par  ao  vari  an cy  sts are epi  the  lium lined fluid filled cy  sts in the ad  n  ex  a adjacent to the fall  op  ian tube and o  vary the terms are used inter  change  ably
par  ap  ha  sia is a type of language output error commonly associated with ap  ha  sia and characterized by the production of unintended sy  ll  ables words or phrases during the effort to speak par  ap  has  ic errors are most common in patients with flu  ent forms of ap  ha  sia and comes in three forms ph  on  emic or lit  eral neo  logistic and verbal par  ap  ha  si  as can affect metr  ical information seg  mental information number of sy  ll  ables or both some par  ap  ha  si  as preserve the meter without segm  entation and some do the opposite however most par  ap  ha  si  as affect both partially the term was apparently introduced in 18  77 by the german english physician juli  us al  th  aus in his book on diseases of the nervous system in a sentence reading in some cases there is a perfect cho  rea or deli  ri  um of words which may be called par  ap  ha  sia
par  ap  hi  lia also known as sexual per  version and sexual deviation is the experience of intense sexual ar  ous  al to atypical objects fe  ti  shes situations fantasies behaviors or individuals no consensus has been found for any precise border between unusual sexual interests and par  ap  hil  ic ones there is debate over which if any of the par  ap  hi  li  as should be listed in diagnostic manu  als such as the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm or the international classification of diseases ic  d the number and tax  on  omy of par  ap  hi  li  as is under debate one source lists as many as 549 types of par  ap  hi  li  as the dsm 5 has specific lis  tings for eight par  ap  hil  ic disorders several sub classifications of the par  ap  hi  li  as have been proposed and some argue that a fully dimensional spectrum or complaint oriented approach would better reflect the evidence
par  ap  him  osis ˌ  p  ær  ə  fa  ɪ  ˈ  mo  ʊ  s  ᵻ  s or ˌ  p  ær  ə  f  ə  ˈ  mo  ʊ  s  ᵻ  s is an un  common medical condition in which the fores  kin of an un  circum  c  ised penis becomes trapped behind the gl  ans penis and cannot be reduced pulled back to its normal fl  acci  d position covering the gl  ans if this condition persists for several hours or there is any sign of a lack of blood flow par  ap  him  osis should be treated as a medical emergency as it can result in gang  rene
par  aph  ren  ia is a mental disorder characterized by an organized system of paranoid delu  sions with or without halluc  inations the positive symptoms of schizophrenia without deterioration of intell  ect or personality its negative symptom this disorder is also distinguished from schizophrenia by a lower hereditary occurrence less pre  mor  bid mal  adjustment and a slower rate of progression onset of symptoms generally occurs later in life near the age of 60 the prevalence of the disorder among the elderly is between 0 1 and 4 par  aph  ren  ia is not included in either the dsm 5 or the ic  d 10 psycho  therap  ists often diagnose patients presenting with par  aph  ren  ia as having atypical psycho  ses delu  sional disorder psycho  ses not otherwise specified schiz  o  aff  ective disorders and persistent persecu  tory states of older adults recently therap  ists have also been classifying par  aph  ren  ia as very late onset schizophrenia like psycho  sis
par  ap  legi  a is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extre  mi  ties the word comes from ion  ic greek παρ  απ  λη  γ  ί  η half striking it is usually caused by spinal cord injury or a con  genital condition such as sp  ina bi  fi  da that affects the ne  ural elements of the spinal canal the area of the spinal canal that is affected in par  ap  legi  a is either the thor  ac  ic lum  bar or sac  ral regions common victims of this impairment are veterans or members of the armed forces if four limbs are affected by paralysis tetr  ap  legi  a or quad  ri  ple  gia is the correct term if only one limb is affected the correct term is mon  op  legi  a sp  astic par  ap  legi  a is a form of par  ap  legi  a defined by sp  as  tic  ity of the affected muscles rather than fl  acci  d paralysis
a par  ap  neu  mon  ic eff  usion is a type of ple  ural eff  usion that arises as a result of a pneumonia lung abs  c  ess or bron  chi  ec  tas  is there are three types of par  ap  neu  mon  ic eff  u  sions un  complicated eff  u  sions complicated eff  u  sions and emp  y  ema un  complicated eff  u  sions generally respond well to appropriate antibiotic treatment the criteria for a complicated par  ap  neu  mon  ic eff  usion include the presence of p  us gram stain – positive or culture positive ple  ural fluid ple  ural fluid ph 7 20 and ple  ural fluid ld  h that is greater than three times the upper limit of normal of serum ld  h appropriate management includes chest tube drainage tube thor  a  co  stom  y treatment of emp  y  emas includes antibiotics complete ple  ural fluid drainage and re  expansion of the lung other treatments include the use of decor  tication diagnostic techniques available include plain film chest x ray compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct and ul  tras  ound ul  tras  ound can be useful in differentiating between emp  y  ema and other tran  sud  ative and ex  ud  ative eff  u  sions due in part to relative echo  gen  icity of different organs such as the liver often iso  echo  genic with emp  y  ema
par  a  proc  ti  tis is a pur  ul  ent infl  amm  ation of the cellular tissues surrounding the rec  tum the most frequent cause is penetration of bacterial flora from the rec  tum into the surrounding cellular tissues which may occur through an anal fis  sure the infl  amm  ation is sometimes limited to the formation of an abs  c  ess and in some cases it spreads for a considerable distance and may be complicated by sep  sis the symptoms are acute pain in the rec  tal region tender  ness during defec  ation elevated body temperature and the appearance of an infiltr  ate in the anal region or on the but  toc  ks an un  lan  ced abs  c  ess may burst and a f  ist  ula form the disease becomes chronic after recur  ren  ces treatment includes administration of antibiotics and anti infl  am  matory agents and in the sup  pur  ative stage surgical lan  cing of the abs  c  ess
par  a  prote  in  emia also known as mono  cl  onal gam  mop  athy is the presence of excessive amounts of par  a  protein or single mono  cl  onal gam  mag  lob  ulin in the blood it is usually due to an underlying immun  o  prolifer  ative disorder or hem  ato  logic ne  op  las  ms especially multiple my  el  oma it is sometimes considered equivalent to plasma cell dys  cr  asia
par  ap  s  ori  asis refers to one of a group of skin disorders that are characterized primarily by their resemblance to ps  ori  asis red scal  y le  sions rather than by their underlying eti  ology ne  op  las  ms can develop from par  ap  s  ori  asis for example it can develop into cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa the word par  ap  s  ori  asis was formed in 19  02
a par  asi  tic cone also ad  ven  tive cone or satellite cone is the cone shaped accumulation of volcanic material not part of the central vent of a volcano it forms from erup  tions from fractu  res on the flank of the volcano these fractu  res occur because the flank of the volcano is unstable eventually the fractu  res reach the mag  ma chamber and generate erup  tions called flank erup  tions which in turn produce a par  asi  tic cone a par  asi  tic cone can also be formed from a di  ke or si  ll cutting up to the surface from the central mag  ma chamber in an area different from the central vent an example of par  asi  tic cone is mount scott which is the parasite of mount ma  z  ama in cr  ater lake national park oregon usa a peculiar example of multiple par  asi  tic con  es is je  ju island in south korea je  ju features 368 ore  um 오  름 mount which lie in a roughly lateral line on either side of the island s central dormant shield volcano hall  as  an
a par  asi  tic disease also known as paras  it  osis is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by a parasite many parasites do not cause diseases par  asi  tic diseases can affect practically all living organisms including plants and mammals the study of par  asi  tic diseases is called paras  it  ology some parasites like tox  op  las  ma gon  di  i and plas  modi  um spp can cause disease directly but other organisms can cause disease by the toxins that they produce
par  asi  tic pneumonia is an infection of the lungs by parasites it is a rare cause of pneumonia occurring almost exclusively in immun  o  compromised persons persons with a weakened or absent immune system this is a respiratory infection that may or may not be serious there are a variety of parasites which can affect the lungs in general these parasites enter the body through the skin or by being swallowed once inside the body these parasites travel to the lungs most often through the blood there a similar combination of cellular destruction and immune response causes disruption of oxygen transportation depending on the type of parasite antibiotics can be prescribed the most common parasites involved as  cari  asis sch  is  to  som  a tox  op  las  ma gon  di  i
paras  omni  as are a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements behaviors emotions perceptions and dreams that occur while falling asleep sleeping between sleep stages or during ar  ous  al from sleep most paras  omni  as are dissoci  ated sleep states which are partial ar  ous  als during the transitions between wa  ke  fulness and n  rem sleep or wa  ke  fulness and rem sleep
par  ast  rem  matic dwar  f  ism is a rare bone disease that features severe dwar  f  ism thor  ac  ic ky  pho  sis a type of sco  li  osis that affects the upper back a distortion and tw  isting of the limbs contr  actu  res of the large joints mal  formations of the verte  bra  e and pel  vis and in  contin  ence the disease was first reported in 1970 by leonard l  anger and associates they used the term par  ast  rem  matic from the greek par  ast  rem  ma or distorted limbs to describe it on x rays the disease is distinguished by a f  loc  ky or l  ace like appearance to the bones the disease is con  genital which means it is apparent at birth it is caused by a mutation in the tr  p  v 4 gene located on chro  mo  some 12 in humans the disease is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant manner
a par  ath  yro  id aden  oma is a benign tumor of the par  ath  yro  id g  land it generally causes hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m there are very few reports of par  ath  yro  id aden  om  as that were not associated with hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m a human being usually has four par  ath  yro  id g  lands located on the back surface of the thyro  id in the neck the par  ath  yro  ids secre  te par  ath  yro  id hormone p  th which increases the concentration of calcium in the blood by inducing the bones to release calcium into the blood and the kidneys to re  absorb it from the urine into the blood when a par  ath  yro  id aden  oma causes hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m more par  ath  yro  id hormone is secre  ted causing the calcium concentration of the blood to rise resulting in hyper  cal  cem  ia
par  ath  yro  id carcin  oma is a rare m  align  ant ne  op  las  m resulting in par  ath  yro  id aden  oma to carcin  oma progression it forms in tissues of one or more of the par  ath  yro  id g  lands four pea sized g  lands in the neck that make par  ath  yro  id hormone which helps the body store and use calcium it is rare and much less common than par  ath  yro  id aden  oma it can be difficult to excise
many conditions are associated with disorders of the function of the par  ath  yro  id g  land par  ath  yro  id diseases can be divided into those causing hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m and those causing hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m
a par  ath  yro  id ne  op  las  m is a tumor of the par  ath  yro  id g  land types include par  ath  yro  id aden  oma par  ath  yro  id carcin  oma
par  ath  yro  idi  tis is a condition involving infl  amm  ation of the par  ath  yro  id g  land it can be associated with hyper  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m
par  at  u  ber  cul  osis or joh  ne s disease ˈ  jo  ʊ  n  ə is a contagious chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intest  ine of ruminants it is caused by the bacter  ium my  co  bacter  ium avi  um sub  species par  at  u  ber  cul  osis infections normally affect ruminants mammals that have four compart  ments of their stom  ach  s of which the rum  en is one but have also been seen in a variety of non  ruminant species including rabbits fo  xes and birds horses dogs and non  human pri  mates have been infected experim  entally par  at  u  ber  cul  osis is found worldwide with some states in australia where it is usually called bovine joh  ne s disease or b  jd as the only areas proven to be free of the disease some sources define par  at  u  ber  cul  osis by the lack of my  co  bacter  ium tuberculosis rather than the presence of any specific infectious agent leaving ambiguous the appropriateness of the term to describe bur  uli ul  cer or lady win  der  mere syndrome
par  aty  pho  id fever also known simply as par  aty  pho  id is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of salmonella enter  ica symptoms usually begin six to thirty days after exposure and are the same as those of typ  ho  id fever often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days weakness loss of appetite and headaches also commonly occur some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots without treatment symptoms may last weeks or months other people may carry the bacteria without being affected however are still able to spread the disease to others both typ  ho  id and par  aty  pho  id are of similar severity par  aty  pho  id fever is a type of enter  ic fever along with typ  ho  id fever par  aty  pho  id is caused by the bacteria salmonella enter  ica of the sero  type par  aty  ph  i a par  aty  ph  i b or par  aty  ph  i c growing in the intest  ines and blood they are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the f  ec  es of an infected person they may occur when a person who prepares food is infected risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations occasionally they may be transmitted by sex humans are the only animal infected diagnosis maybe based on symptoms and confirmed by either cul  turing the bacteria or detecting the bacteria s dna in the blood sto  ol or bone marrow cul  turing the bacteria can be difficult bone marrow testing is the most accurate symptoms are similar to that of many other infectious diseases ty  ph  us is an unrelated disease while there is no vaccine specifically for par  aty  pho  id the typ  ho  id vaccine may provide some benefit prevention includes drinking clean water better sanitation and better hand  washing treatment of disease is with antibiotics such as azi  thro  my  cin resistance to a number of other previously effective antibiotics is common par  aty  pho  id affects about 6 million people a year it is most common in parts of asia and rare in the developed world most cases are due to par  aty  ph  i a rather than par  aty  ph  i b or c in 2013 par  aty  pho  id fever resulted in about 54 000 deaths down from 63 000 deaths in 1990 the risk of death is between 10 and 15 without treatment while with treatment it may be less than one percent
a par  au  m  bil  ical or um  bil  ical her  nia is a pro  tru  sion of the ab  domin  al contents including mes  enter  ic fat or bo  wel through a weak point of the muscles or lig  aments near the na  vel it can lead to discomfort when fatty tissue gets trapped and a lump can be felt or seen whilst they are not usually life threatening routine surgical treatment is usually advised to prevent enlargement or strang  ulation or obstruction of the gut women are more frequently affected than men
par  av  acc  in  ia virus is a viral infection of the par  apo  x  virus genus of viruses human can contract the virus from contact with livestock infected with bovine pap  ular stom  ati  tis and is common with ran  chers mil  kers and veterinarians infection will present with fever fatigue and le  sion on the skin
parcel audit also referred to as small package auditing or shipping auditing is a function often performed by shippers of all sizes the audit process is commonly aimed at finding incorrectly bil  led charges on an invoice however the majority of companies that search out firms to perform a parcel audit are looking for late package refunds specifically un  claimed late package refunds have shown to be as high as 5 of total shipping spend
p  are  ido  lia p  ær  ᵻ  ˈ  do  ʊ  li  ə par  r i do  h lee ə is a psychological phenomenon involving a stimulus an image or a sound where  in the mind percei  ves a familiar pattern of something where none actually exists common examples are perceived images of animals faces or objects in cloud formations the man in the moon the moon rabbit and hidden messages within recorded music played in reverse or at higher or lower than normal speeds
paren  ting time is the amount of time each parent spends with their children when parents separate disagreements about how to measure it and how to divide it often cause controversy between the parents
pa  res  is is a condition ty  pi  fied by a weakness of voluntary movement or partial loss of voluntary movement or by impaired movement when used without quali  fiers it usually refers to the limbs but it can also be used to describe the muscles of the eyes oph  thal  m  opa  res  is the stomach gastro  pa  res  is and also the vocal cords vocal cord pa  res  is neuro  logists use the term pa  res  is to describe weakness and ple  gia to describe paralysis in which all voluntary movement is lost the term pa  res  is comes from the ancient greek π  άρ  ε  σ  ις letting go or paralysis from παρ  ί  η  μ  ι to let go to let fall
pa  res  the  sia is a sensation of ting  ling tic  kling pric  king or burning of a person s skin with no apparent physical cause the manifestation of a pa  res  the  sia may be transi  ent or chronic the most familiar kind of pa  res  the  sia is the sensation known as pins and needles or of a limb falling asleep a less well known and un  common but important pa  res  the  sia is form  ication the sensation of bugs crawling underneath the skin
the par  ik  h – do  ering oxid  ation is an oxid  ation reaction that trans  forms primary and secondary alcohol  s into alde  hy  des and ke  tones respectively the procedure uses di  methyl sul  fo  x  ide d  m  so as the oxid  ant activated by the sul  fur tri  oxide py  ri  dine complex in the presence of tri  ethyl  amine base the par  ik  h – do  ering oxid  ation the reaction can be run at mild temperatures often between 0 ° c and room temperature without formation of significant amounts of meth  yl  thi  om  ethyl e  ther side product the following example from the total synthesis of – ku  ma  us  all  ene by p a evans and co  workers illustrates typical reaction conditions the par  ik  h – do  ering oxid  ation
par  in  aud s oc  ul  og  land  ular syndrome is the combination of gran  ul  om  at  ous con  junc  ti  vi  tis in one eye and sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des in front of the ear on the same side most cases are caused by cat scratch disease although it is an unusual feature of this condition occasionally it may be caused by other infections it should not be confused with the neuro  logical syndrome caused by a le  sion in the mid  brain which is also known as par  in  aud s syndrome both were named after the same person henri par  in  aud causes include bar  ton  ella hen  sel  ae franc  is  ella tul  aren  sis her  pes simpl  ex virus type 1 par  a  coccidio  ides bra  sili  ensis
par  in  aud s syndrome also known as dor  sal mid  brain syndrome vertical gaze pal  sy and sunset sign is an inability to move the eyes up it is caused by a tumor of the pine  al g  land which com  presses the vertical gaze center at the ro  str  al inter  sti  tial nucleus of medi  al longit  ud  inal fasc  icul  us ri  m  lf the eyes lose the ability to move upward it is a group of ab  norm  alities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction it is caused by le  sions of the upper brain stem and is named for henri par  in  aud 18  44 – 1905 considered to be the father of french oph  thal  mo  logy
paris tro  us  seau syndrome p  ts is an inherited disorder characterized by mild hemorrha  gic tendency associated with 11 q chro  mo  some deletion it manifests as a gran  ular defect within an individual s plat  el  ets it is characterized by thro  m  bo  cy  tes with defects in α gran  ule components which affects the cell s sur  fe  ace area and consequently its ab  it  lity to spread when necessary fl  i 1 has been suggested as a candidate
the paris effect is a sensation or feeling that hei  ghtens the enjoyment of a taste or smell of a food or bever  age based on the circumstances of its consumption it is named for paris france
paris syndrome french syndrome de paris japanese パ  リ  症  候  群 par  i sh  ō  k  ō  gun is a transi  ent psychological disorder exhi  bited by some individuals when visiting or vac  ation  ing to paris as a result of extreme shock resulting from their finding out that paris is not what they had expected it to be it is characterized by a number of psychiatric symptoms such as acute delu  sional states halluc  inations feelings of persecution perceptions of being a victim of prejudice aggression or hostility from others dere  alization de  person  alization anxiety and also psycho  som  atic manifestations such as di  zz  iness t  ach  y  car  dia swe  ating and others such as v  om  iting similar syndro  mes include jerusalem syndrome and st  end  hal syndrome the condition is commonly viewed as a severe form of culture shock it is particularly noted among japanese travel  ers
this is a pattern of my  cor  r  hi  z  al infection which is co  il like in mor  pho  logy these have direct in  trac  ell  ular growth to new cells the my  cohe  ter  o  troph  ic plants use this to their advantage as well as in many tree species such as ac  er
in compu  tational complexity theory the complexity class ⊕ p pronounced parity p is the class of decision problems sol  vable by a non  deter  minis  tic turing machine in poly  no  mi  al time where the acceptance condition is that the number of accepting compu  tation paths is odd an example of a ⊕ p problem is does a given graph have an odd number of perfect mat  ch  ings the class was defined by pap  adim  it  ri  ou and z  ac  hos in 1983 ⊕ p is a counting class and can be seen as finding the least significant bit of the answer to the corresponding p problem the problem of finding the most significant bit is in pp pp is believed to be a considerably harder class than ⊕ p for example there is a relati  vi  zed universe see oracle machine where p ⊕ p ≠ n  p pp exp  time as shown by bei  gel bu  hr  man and fort  now in 1998 while to  da s theore  m shows that ppp contains ph p ⊕ p is not known to even contain n  p however the first part of the proof of to  da s theore  m shows that b  pp ⊕ p contains ph lance fort  now has written a concise proof of this theore  m ⊕ p contains the graph isom  orph  ism problem and in fact this problem is low for ⊕ p it also trivi  ally contains up since all problems in up have either zero or one accepting paths more generally ⊕ p is low for itself meaning that such a machine gains no power from being able to solve any ⊕ p problem instantly the ⊕ symbol in the name of the class may be a reference to use of the symbol ⊕ in boo  lean al  ge  bra to refer the exclusive dis  junction operator this makes sense because if we consider accepts to be 1 and not accepts to be 0 the result of the machine is the exclusive dis  junction of the results of each compu  tation path
in boo  lean al  ge  bra a parity function is a boo  lean function whose value is 1 if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones the parity function of two inputs is also known as the x  or function the parity function is notable for its role in theoretical investigation of circuit complexity of boo  lean functions the output of the parity function is the parity bit
parity learning is a problem in machine learning an algori  thm that solves this problem must guess the function ƒ given some samples x ƒ x and the assurance that ƒ compu  tes the parity of bits at some fixed locations the samples are generated using some distribution over the input the problem is easy to solve using ga  us  sian elimination provided that a sufficient number of samples from a distribution which is not too skewed are provided to the algori  thm
parker s not  ch named after former commissioner of the northwest territories john ha  vel  ock parker is a pro  tru  sion of the northwest territories south  wards into nun  av  ut on victoria island in the northwest territories the pro  tru  sion is part of the in  u  vi  k region and the ki  ti  k  me  ot region in nun  av  ut
par  kes weber syndrome p  ws is an un  common con  genital vascular mal  formation c  v  m similar to k  lip  pel – tr  é  na  un  ay syndrome but has its own distinct conditions it was first described in 1907 by british der  mato  logist frederick par  kes weber it is only found in about 0 3 of the world population
the par  kinson s disease foundation is a leading national presence in the united states in par  kinson s disease research education and public advocacy pdf funds scientific research to find the causes of and a cure for par  kinson s pdf also offers educational programs and support services for people with par  kinson s and their loved ones since its founding in 1957 pdf has funded more than 115 million worth of scientific research in par  kinson s disease as well as nearly 50 million in education and advocacy programs pdf has been awarded a four star rating from charity navig  ator in 10 of 14 assessment years as well as the wise giving alliance of the better business bureau b  bb charity seal of approval in recognition of the integrity and efficiency of its programs pdf focuses on meeting the needs of people living with par  kinson s by incorporating their perspective into its activities such as the people with par  kinson s advisory council which advises pdf on all projects as well as the par  kinson s advocates in research program which prepares people with par  kinson s disease to play a direct role in shaping the clinical research process in january 2016 the par  kinson s disease foundation and the national par  kinson foundation signed a letter of intent to merge the two organizations they are expected to sign definitive merger documents after completion of due diligence and to complete the merger as soon as possible thereafter
par  kinson s disease pd is a long term disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system the symptoms generally come on slowly over time early in the disease the most obvious are shaking rigidity slowness of movement and difficulty with walking thinking and behavioral problems may also occur dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease depression and anxiety are also common occurring in more than a third of people with pd other symptoms include sensory sleep and emotional problems the main motor symptoms are collectively called par  k  ins  on  ism or a par  k  ins  onian syndrome the cause of par  kinson s disease is generally unknown but believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors those with a family member affected are more likely to get the disease themselves there is also an increased risk in people exposed to certain pesticides and among those who have had prior head injuries while there is a reduced risk in tobacco smokers and those who drink coffee or tea the motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of cells in the substan  tia ni  gra a region of the mid  brain this results in not enough dop  amine in these areas the reason for this cell death is poorly understood but involves the build up of proteins into lew  y bodies in the neurons diagnosis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms with tests such as neuro  imaging being used to rule out other diseases there is no cure for par  kinson s disease initial treatments is typically with the anti  par  kinson medication le  vo  dop  a with dop  amine agon  ists being used once le  vo  dop  a becomes less effective as the disease progres  ses and neurons continue to be lost these medications become less effective while at the same time they produce a complic  ation marked by involuntary w  ri  thing movements diet and some forms of rehabilitation have shown some effectiveness at improving symptoms surgery to place the micro  electro  des for deep brain stimulation has been used to reduce motor symptoms in severe cases where drugs are ineffective evidence for treatments for the non movement related symptoms of pd such as sleep disturbances and emotional problems is less strong in 2013 pd was present in 53 million people and resulted in about 103 000 deaths globally par  kinson s disease typically occurs in people over the age of 60 of which about one percent are affected males are more often affected than females when it is seen in people before the age of 40 or 50 it is called young onset pd the average life expectancy following diagnosis is between 7 and 14 years the disease is named after the english doctor james par  kinson who published the first detailed description in an essay on the shaking pal  sy in 18  17 public awareness campaigns include world par  kinson s day on the birthday of james par  kinson 11 april and the use of a red tu  lip as the symbol of the disease people with par  k  ins  on  ism who have increased the public s awareness of the condition include actor michael j fox olympic cycl  ist davis ph  in  ney and late professional box  er muhammad ali
par  kinson plus syndro  mes also known as disorders of multiple system de  generation is a group of neuro  degenerative diseases featuring the classical features of par  kinson s disease trem  or rigidity ak  ine  sia brad  y  k  ine  sia and post  ural instability with additional features that distinguish them from simple idi  opathic par  kinson s disease pd some consider alzheimer s disease to be in this group par  kinson plus syndro  mes are either inherited genetically or occur spor  ad  ically the atypical par  k  ins  onian or par  kinson plus syndro  mes are often difficult to differentiate from pd and each other they include multiple system atro  phy m  sa progressive supran  uc  lear pal  sy p  sp and cor  ti  co  bas  al de  generation c  b  d dementia with lew  y bodies d  lb may or may not be part of the pd spectrum but it is increasingly recognized as the second most common type of neuro  degenerative dementia after alzheimer s disease these disorders are currently lum  ped into two groups the sy  nucle  in  opath  ies and the tau  opath  ies they may coexist with other patho  logies additional par  kinson plus syndro  mes include pick s disease and oli  v  op  on  to  cere  bell  ar atro  phy the latter is characterized by at  ax  ia and dys  ar  thri  a and may occur either as an inherited disorder or as a variant of multiple system atro  phy m  sa is also characterized by autonom  ic failure formerly known as shy – drag  er syndrome clinical features that distinguish par  kinson plus syndro  mes from idi  opathic pd include symmetr  ical onset a lack of or irregular resting trem  or and a reduced response to dop  am  iner  gic drugs including le  vo  dop  a additional features include brad  y  k  ine  sia early onset post  ural instability increased rigidity in ax  ial muscles dys  autonom  ia alien limb syndrome supran  uc  lear gaze pal  sy ap  ra  x  ia involvement of the cere  bell  um including the pyram  idal cells and in some instances significant cognitive impairment accurate diagnosis of these par  kinson plus syndro  mes is improved when precise diagnostic criteria are used since diagnosis of individual par  kinson plus syndro  mes is difficult the prog  no  sis is often poor proper diagnosis of these neuro  degenerative disorders is important as individual treatments vary depending on the condition the nuclear medicine spect procedure using 123 i i  b  z  m is an effective tool in the establishment of the differential diagnosis between patients with pd and par  kinson plus syndro  mes
par  k  ins  on  ism is a clinical syndrome characterized by trem  or brad  y  k  ine  sia rigidity and post  ural instability par  k  ins  on  ism shares symptoms found in par  kinson s disease from which it is named but par  k  ins  on  ism is a symptom complex and differs from par  kinson disease which is a progressive neuro  degenerative illness the underlying causes of par  k  ins  on  ism are numerous and diagnosis can be complex the neuro  degenerative condition par  kinson s disease pd is the most common cause of par  k  ins  on  ism however a wide range of other eti  o  logies may lead to a similar set of symptoms including some toxins a few metabol  ic diseases and a handful of neuro  logical conditions other than par  kinson s about 7 of people with par  k  ins  on  ism have developed their symptoms following treatment with particular medications side effect of medications mainly neuro  le  ptic anti  psycho  tics especially the phen  o  thi  az  ines such as per  phen  az  ine and chlor  pro  ma  zine thi  ox  anth  en  es such as fl  up  en  thi  x  ol and zu  cl  open  thi  x  ol and bu  ty  ro  phen  ones such as hal  oper  ido  l pi  per  az  ines such as zi  pra  sid  one and rarely anti  depres  s  ants the incidence of drug induced par  k  ins  on  ism increases with age drug induced par  k  ins  on  ism tends to remain at its presenting level not progress like par  kinson s disease
par  oni  ria is a medical condition involving an excess of mor  bid dreams and nightmares par  oni  ria is suspected to have many causes including fear stress depression trauma and sleep deprivation among others
a par  ony  ch  ia ˌ  p  ær  ə  ˈ  n  ɪ  ki  ə greek παρ  ω  ν  υ  χ  ία from para around and on  uk  h nail is a nail disease that is an often tender bacterial or fun  gal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or to  en  ail the infection can start suddenly acute par  ony  ch  ia or gradually chronic par  ony  ch  ia par  ony  ch  ia is commonly mis  applied as a synon  ym for whit  low or fel  on
in e  ty  mo  logy including on  om  as  tics par  onym  ic attraction is the distorting effect exerted on a word by one of its par  ony  ms that is a quasi hom  on  ym par  onym  ic attraction is the origin of many names a common phenomenon par  onym  ic attraction is usually expressed through the replacement of a word whose meaning is not understood by a term designating a name common or proper or a common concept
par  os  mia from the greek para o  sm  i also known as tro  pos  mia gk or ca  cos  mia gk is an ol  factory dysfunction that is characterized by the inability of the brain to properly identify an od  or s natural smell what happens instead is that the natural od  or is trans  cri  bed into what is most often described as an unpleasant arom  a typically a burned ro  tting f  ec  al or chemical smell there are instances however of pleasant od  ors this is more specifically called eu  os  mia gk
par  o  ti  tis is an infl  amm  ation of one or both par  o  ti  d g  lands the major sali  vary g  lands located on either side of the face in humans the par  o  ti  d g  land is the sali  vary g  land most commonly affected by infl  amm  ation
par  oxy  sm  al attacks or par  ox  ys  ms from greek πα  ρο  ξ  υ  σ  μ  ός are a sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms such as a sp  asm or seizure these short frequent and stereo  ty  ped symptoms can be observed in various clinical conditions they are usually associated with multiple sclerosis or per  tus  sis but they may also be observed in other disorders such as en  ce  ph  ali  tis head trauma stroke asthma tri  gem  inal ne  ur  al  gia breath holding spells epi  le  psy malaria tab  es dor  sal  is and beh  ç  et s disease par  oxy  sm  al no  c  tur  nal h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia p  n  h it has also been noted as a symptom of grati  fication disorder in children the word par  ox  ys  m means sudden attack out  burst and comes from the greek πα  ρο  ξ  υ  σ  μ  ός par  ox  us  mos irritation exasper  ation par  oxy  sm  al attacks in various disorders have been reported extensively and ep  hap  tic coupling of dem  yel  inated nerves has been presumed as one of the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon this is supported by the presence of these attacks in multiple sclerosis and tab  es dor  sal  is which both involve dem  yel  ination of spinal cord neurons exercise t  acti  le stimul  i hot water anxiety and neck fl  ex  ion may provoke par  oxy  sm  al attacks most reported par  oxy  sm  al attacks are painful tonic sp  as  ms dys  ar  thri  a and at  ax  ia num  b  ness and hem  ip  a  res  is they are typically different from other transi  ent symptoms by their bre  vity lasting no more than 2 minutes frequency from 1 2 times day up to a few hundred times day stereo  ty  ped fashion and excellent response to drugs usually carb  amaz  ep  ine withdrawal of symptoms without any residual neuro  logical finding is another key feature in their recognition
par  oxy  sm  al cold h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia p  ch also known as don  ath land  ste  iner syndrome is a disease of humans that is characterized by the sudden presence of h  emo  glob  in in the urine called h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia typically after exposure to cold temperatures
it is noteworthy that un  mas  king persistent sodium current in presence of calcium channel bloc  ker has been well established it is likely that calcium channel bloc  ker will block voltage and lig  and gated calcium channel thereby affecting calcium activated potassium channel in inver  te  br  ate model system the initiation of p  ds without blocking any channel are much more prevalent in mammalian neurons for example thal  am  oc  or  tical ne  uron ca 3 pyram  idal ne  uron and some hypo  thal  am  ic neurons the possibility of spontaneous bursting in these neurons are implicated in regulating hormonal secre  tion the significance of p  ds may increase the signal to noise ratio plays vital role in information processing syn  ap  tic plas  tic  ity and among others in contrast the p  d  ss could be generated by electrical or chemical stimulation to single neurons depending on influx of ions p  ds can be theoretically categ  orized into two type ca 2 dependent p  ds requires the entry of ca 2 while na dependent p  ds is presumed to be non syn  ap  tic the p  ds found in inver  te  br  ates like heli  x and higher vertebr  ates are assumed to predominantly generated by activation of am  pa recep  tor subsequently leading to activation of n  m  da recep  tor the evidence shows that there is probable increase in in  trac  ell  ular calcium ions which sustained calcium dependent p  ds as usual this ca ions will activate calcium dependent potassium channel and p  ds will terminate this is the case of that provides clue for syn  ap  tic transmission alternatively the p  ds can still occur and less frequently studied in blocking calcium channel with heavy metals such as ni 2 the further evidence for na dependent p  ds are highlighted in le  ech with the possibility to study p  ds in detail it is likely that such type of p  ds sustained in absence of calcium the case represents the non syn  ap  tic nature of p  ds finally the na k pump and calcium activated potassium channel might play a role in terminating p  ds paradoxically there might arise the argument whether in  trac  ell  ular calcium could able to re  pol  arize the single ne  uron while blocking these calcium entry from ex  trac  ell  ular mil  leu however the other opportunity such as na ca 2 exchange as well as small contribution from in  trac  ell  ular stores need to be explored if several million neurons discharge at once it shows up on a scal  p eeg as a focal inter  ic  tal epi  le  p  ti  form spike par  oxy  sm  al de  pol  ari  zing shifts can lead to an epi  le  ptic seizure if there is an underlying pre  disposition and recording the spike can be an important aid in distinguishing seizure types
par  oxy  sm  al exercise induced dy  st  onia or ped is a rare neuro  logical disorder characterized by sudden transi  ent involuntary movements often including repeti  tive tw  isting motions and painful posturing triggered by exercise or other physical exer  tion ped is in the class of par  oxy  sm  al dy  sk  ine  sia which are a group of rare movement disorders characterized by attacks of hyper  k  ine  sia with intact consciousness the term par  oxy  sm  al indicates that the episodes are sudden and short lived and usually un  predicted and return to normal is rapid the number of reported cases of people with ped is very small leading to difficulty in studying and classifying this disease and most studies are limited to a very small number of test subjects
par  oxy  sm  al extreme pain disorder pe  pd originally named famili  al rec  tal pain syndrome is a rare disorder whose most notable features are pain in the man  di  bul  ar oc  ular and rec  tal areas as well as flu  shing pe  pd often first manifests at the beginning of life perhaps even in uter  o with symptoms persisting throughout life pe  pd symptoms are reminiscent of primary er  y  thro  mel  al  gia as both result in flu  shing and ep  is  od  ic pain though pain is typically present in the extre  mi  ties for primary er  y  thro  mel  al  gia both of these disorders have recently been shown to be all  el  ic both caused by mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel nav 1 7 en  coded by the gene s  cn 9 a a different mutation in s  cn 9 a causes con  genital in  sensitivity to pain
par  oxy  sm  al hand hem  atom  a also known as ach  en  bach syndrome is a skin condition characterized by spontaneous focal hemorrha  ge into the palm or the vol  ar surface of a finger which results in transitory loc  alized pain followed by rapid sw  elling and loc  alized blue  ish dis  color  ation
par  oxy  sm  al hyper  tension is ep  is  od  ic and volatile high blood pressure which may be due to stress of any sort or from a p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a a type of tumor involving the adren  al med  ul  la patients with par  oxy  sm  al hyper  tension who test negative for p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a are said to be suffering from a clinical entity called pseu  dop  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a this disorder is due to ep  is  od  ic dop  amine discharge and has been observed predominantly in hyper  ten  sive women that had episodes that shared similar characteristics of p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a but testing proved negative and had ruled out the tumor in patients with pseu  dop  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a dop  amine was found to be significantly increased post par  ox  ys  m the par  ox  ys  m is said to be similar to the hyper  ten  sive episodes described by page these episodes commonly occur after di  encephal  ic stimulation therefore pseu  dop  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a shares many characteristics of page s syndrome pseu  dop  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a col  lo  qu  ially known as page s syndrome is caused predominantly by ep  is  od  ic dop  amine discharge stres  sors including pain or anxiety or possibly repressed emotions caused by prior emotional trauma and commonly a repressive way of coping emotionally therefore treatment of pseu  dop  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a is aimed at psychological support and intervention with anti  depres  s  ants but also treatment with alpha and then beta bloc  kers in resistant cases
par  oxy  sm  al k  ine  si  genic cho  re  athe  to  sis p  k  c also called par  oxy  sm  al k  ine  si  genic dy  sk  ine  sia p  k  d is a hyper  k  ine  tic movement disorder characterized by attacks of involuntary movements which are triggered by sudden voluntary movements the number of attacks can increase during pu  ber  ty and decrease in a person s 20 s to 30 s involuntary movements can take many forms such as bal  lis  m cho  rea or dy  st  onia and usually only affect one side of the body or one limb in particular this rare disorder only affects about 1 in 150 000 people with p  k  d accounting for 86 8 of all the types of par  oxy  sm  al dy  sk  ine  si  as and occurs more often in males than females there are two types of p  k  d primary and secondary primary p  k  d can be further broken down into famili  al and spor  adic famili  al p  k  d which means the individual has a family history of the disorder is more common but spor  adic cases are also seen secondary p  k  d can be caused by many other medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis ms stroke pseu  do  hypo  par  ath  yro  i  dis  m hypo  cal  cem  ia hypo  gly  cem  ia hyper  gly  cem  ia central nervous system trauma or peripheral nervous system trauma p  k  d has also been linked with inf  anti  le con  vul  sions and cho  re  o  athe  to  sis ic  ca syndrome in which patients have af  e  bri  le seizures during infancy benign famili  al inf  anti  le epi  le  psy and then develop par  oxy  sm  al cho  re  o  athe  to  sis later in life this phenomenon is actually quite common with about 42 of individuals with p  k  d reporting a history of af  e  bri  le seizures as a child
par  oxy  sm  al no  c  tur  nal h  emo  glob  in  ur  ia p  n  h is a rare acquired life threatening disease of the blood characterized by destruction of red blood cells by the complement system a part of the body s intrinsic immune system this destructive process is a result of a defect in the formation of surface proteins on the red blood cell which normally function to inhibit such immune reactions since the complement cas  c  ade attacks the red blood cells throughout the circul  atory system the hem  ol  ysis is considered an intr  av  ascular hem  ol  y  tic an  emia other key features of the disease notably the high incidence of thro  m  bo  sis are not totally understood p  n  h is the only hem  ol  y  tic an  emia caused by an acquired rather than inherited intrinsic defect in the cell memb  rane deficiency of gly  cop  hosp  h  ati  dy  lin  o  sit  ol leading to absence of protective proteins on the memb  rane it may develop on its own primary p  n  h or in the context of other bone marrow disorders such as ap  l  astic an  emia secondary p  n  h only a minority 26 have the tell  tale red urine in the morning that originally gave the condition its name al  log  ene  ic bone marrow transplantation is the only cur  ative therapy but has significant rates of both mortality and ongoing morbi  dity the mono  cl  onal anti  body ecu  li  z  um  ab is effective at reducing the need for blood trans  fu  sions and improving quality of life it however does not appear to change the risk of death or blood clo  ts and has an extremely high price with a single year of treatment costing at least 440 000
par  oxy  sm  al non  k  ine  si  genic dy  sk  ine  sia p  n  k  d is an ep  is  od  ic movement disorder first described by mount and re  back in 1940 under the name famili  al par  oxy  sm  al cho  re  o  athe  to  sis it is a rare hereditary disease that affects various muscular and nervous systems in the body passing to roughly fifty percent of the offspring
par  oxy  sm  al su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia ps  v  t is a type of su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia often people have no symptoms otherwise symptoms may include pal  p  itations feeling ligh  the  aded swe  ating short  ness of breath and chest pain episodes start and end suddenly the cause is not known risk factors include alcohol caff  eine nicotine psychological stress and wol  ff par  kinson white syndrome which often is inherited from a person s parents the underlying mechanism typically involves an accessory path  way that results in re entry diagnosis is typically by an electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g which shows narrow q  rs complex  es and a fast heart rhythm typically between 150 and 240 beats per minute vag  al maneu  vers such as the val  sal  va maneuver are often used as the initial treatment if not effective and the person has a normal blood pressure the medication aden  os  ine may be tried if aden  os  ine is not effective a calcium channel bloc  kers or beta bloc  ker maybe used otherwise synchron  ized cardi  over  sion is the treatment future episodes can be prevented by cathe  ter ab  l  ation about 2 3 per 1000 people have par  oxy  sm  al su  pra  ven  tric  ular t  ach  y  car  dia problems typically begin in those 12 to 45 years old women are more often affected than men outcomes in those who otherwise have a normal heart are generally good an ul  tras  ound of the heart may be done to rule out underlying heart problems
par  oxy  sm  al sympathetic hyper  activity p  sh is a syndrome that causes episodes of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system hyper  activity of the sympathetic nervous system can manifest as increased heart rate increased respir  ation increased blood pressure di  ap  ho  res  is and hyper  ther  mia previously this syndrome has been identified as general dys  autonom  ia but now is considered a specific form of it it has also been referred to as par  oxy  sm  al sympathetic instability with dy  st  onia or paid and sympathetic storm recently however studies have adopted the name par  oxy  sm  al sympathetic hyper  activity to ensure specificity p  sh is observed more in younger patients than older ones it is also seen more commonly in men than women there is no known reason why this is the case although it is suspected path  op  hy  si  ological links may exist in patients surviving traumatic brain injury the occurrence of these episodes is one in every three p  sh can also be associated with severe an  ox  ia sub  ar  ach  no  id and in  trac  ere  br  al hemorrha  ge and hydro  cephal  us
par  oxy  sm  al tonic up  gaze p  tu of childhood is a rare and distinctive ne  uro oph  thal  mo  logical syndrome characterized by episodes of sustained upward deviation of the eyes symptoms normally appear in babies under one year of age and are characterized by an upward stare or gaze with the eyes rolled back while the chin is typically held low babies suffering from p  tu may exhibit normal or slightly jer  ky side to side eye movement naus  ea irrit  ability frequent sleep developmental and language delays ver  ti  go and loss of muscle tone the condition is generally regarded as having a benign outcome in the sense that it improves rather than wor  sens over time the average age of recovery is at about 2 5 years p  tu was first described in 1988 as of 2002 approximately fifty cases had been diagnosed because the condition is so rare the majority of physicians have never seen it and thus may not recognize it videot  aping a child both in and out of the up  gaze state can be vital for reaching a diagnosis
in mathematics the par  ry – daniels map is a function studied in the context of dynam  ical systems typical questions concern the existence of an invari  ant or er  god  ic measure for the map it is named after the english mathem  ati  cian bill par  ry and the british statis  tic  ian henry daniels who independently studied the map in papers published in 1962
par  ry – rom  berg syndrome also known as progressive hem  i  facial atro  phy is a rare disease characterized by progressive shr  ink  age and de  generation of the tissues beneath the skin usually on only one side of the face hem  i  facial atro  phy but occasionally extending to other parts of the body an auto  immune mechanism is suspected and the syndrome may be a variant of loc  alized s  cl  ero  der  ma but the precise eti  ology and patho  genesis of this acquired disorder remains unknown it has been reported in the literature as a possible consequence of sympath  ec  tomy the syndrome has a higher prevalence in females and typically appears between 5 – 15 years of age in addition to the connec  tive tissue disease the condition is sometimes accompanied by neuro  logical oc  ular and oral symptoms the range and severity of associated symptoms and findings are highly variable
in functional programming a par  ser combin  ator is a higher order function that accepts several par  s  ers as input and returns a new par  ser as its output in this context a par  ser is a function accepting strings as input and returning some structure as output typically a par  se tree or a set of indices representing locations in the string where par  sing stopped successfully par  ser combin  ators enable a recur  sive descent par  sing strategy that facilitates mod  ular piec  e  wise construction and testing this par  sing technique is called combin  atory par  sing par  s  ers built using combin  ators are straightforward to construct readable mod  ular well structured and easily main  tainable they have been used extensively in the proto  typing of compil  ers and processors for domain specific languages such as natural language interfaces to databases where complex and varied sem  an  tic actions are closely integrated with syn  tactic processing in 1989 richard frost and john laun  ch  bury demonstrated use of par  ser combin  ators to construct natural language interpreters graham hu  tton also used higher order functions for basic par  sing in 1992 s d swi  er  stra also exhi  bited the practical aspects of par  ser combin  ators in 2001 in 2008 frost ha  fi  z and call  ag  han described a set of par  ser combin  ators in has  k  ell that solve the long standing problem of accommodating left recur  sion and work as a complete top down par  sing tool in poly  no  mi  al time and space
par  son  age – turner syndrome is also known as acute br  achi  al neuro  pa  thy and acute br  achi  al radic  u  li  tis other names used are par  son  age – al  dren – turner syndrome ne  ur  al  gic am  yo  tro  phy br  achi  al ne  uri  tis br  achi  al plex  us neuro  pa  thy or br  achi  al pl  exi  tis the syndrome is idi  opathic although many specific risk factors have been identified such as post oper  atively post infectious post traumatic or post vaccination the ae  ti  ology is still unknown the condition manifests as a rare set of symptoms most likely resulting from auto  immune infl  amm  ation of unknown eti  ology of the br  achi  al plex  us the br  achi  al plex  us is a complex network of nerves through which impul  ses reach the arms shoulders and chest par  son  age – turner syndrome has an incidence of 1 64 cases in 100 000 people
part time job terrorism バ  イ  ト  テ  ロ bai  to ter  o is a japanese social phenomenon part time employees perform pr  an  ks and stun  ts such as climbing into ice cream free  zers or holding their body horizon  tally suspended more col  lo  qu  ially termed plan  king on the counter tops at fast food restaurants usually with the sole purpose of gaining recognition from their peers through the photos and or videos they later display on social media sites this social phenomenon commonly involves people with high job dissatisfaction — a factor which is commonly cited by the media alongside low pay and ar  du  ously long working hours although pr  an  ks such as the aforementioned would not be seen as shocking by many other cultures they are considered disgraceful in japanese culture japanese culture is often associated with long hours some individuals working as many as 60 hours a week such working hours are associated with mental and physiological health complications with japanese newspapers citing rare cases of spontaneous death informally known as kar  ō  shi to complicate matters further japanese offices are often noisy smoke filled due to lack of smoking laws environments and this may have further adverse effects on the health and well being of employees part time job terrorism might in this context be a form of escap  ism disenchan  ted employees gaining support from their peers outside of work to compensate for the praise or reward their working life lacks the social phenomenon emerged around the summer of 2013 when internet based japanese news agencies such as y  uk  an news recorded such an incident with more traditional news agencies later following suit in japanese the social phenomenon is termed bai  to ter  o the name stems from the japanese word bai  to which means part time job and is a loan word originating from the german ar  beit meaning work japanese employers are non  pl  us  sed by such shen  an  ig  ans and penalties and punishment can range from administrative tongue l  ash  ings to termination of employment employees can also in some circumstances be held financially accountable for loss of business due to the negative publicity
partial and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome pa  is is a condition that results in the partial inability of the cell to respond to and  rog  ens the partial un  responsiveness of the cell to the presence of and  ro  genic hormones imp  airs the mascul  ini  zation of male gen  italia in the developing fe  tus as well as the development of male secondary sexual characteristics at pu  ber  ty but does not significantly impair female genital or sexual development as such the in  sensitivity to and  rog  ens is only clin  ically significant when it occurs in genetic males i e individuals with a y chro  mo  some or more specifically an s  ry gene pa  is is one of three types of and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome which is divided into three categories that are differentiated by the degree of genital mascul  ini  zation complete and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ca  is is indicated when the external gen  italia is that of a normal female mild and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome ma  is is indicated when the external gen  italia is that of a normal male and partial and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome pa  is is indicated when the external gen  italia is partially but not fully mascul  ini  zed and  ro  gen in  sensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46 xy under  mascul  ini  zation
partial an  terior circulation inf  arc  t pac  i is a type of cere  br  al inf  arc  tion affecting part of the an  terior circulation supplying one side of the brain partial an  terior circulation stroke syndrome pac  s refers to the symptoms of a patient who clin  ically appears to have suffered from a partial an  terior circulation inf  arc  t but who has not yet had any diagnostic imaging e g ct scan to confirm the diagnosis it is diagnosed by any one of the following 2 out of 3 features of higher dysfunction dy  sp  ha  sia vis  u  o  spatial disturbances hom  onym  ous hem  i  an  op  ia motor and sensory defects 2 3 of face arm leg higher dysfunction alone partial motor or sensory defect if all of the above symptoms are present a total an  terior circulation inf  arc  t is more likely for more information see stroke
partial equilibrium is a condition of economic equilibrium which takes into consideration only a part of the market ce  ter  is pari  bus to attain equilibrium as defined by george sti  gl  er a partial equilibrium is one which is based on only a restricted range of data a standard example is price of a single product the prices of all other products being held fixed during the analysis the supply and demand model is a partial equilibrium model where the clearance on the market of some specific goods is obtained independently from prices and quantities in other markets in other words the prices of all substitutes and complements as well as income levels of consumers are taken as given this makes analysis much simpler than in a general equilibrium model which includes an entire economy here the dynamic process is that prices adjust until supply equals demand it is a powerfully simple technique that allows one to study equilibrium efficiency and comparative st  atics the stringency of the simplifying assumptions inherent in this approach make the model considerably more tractable but may produce results which while seemingly precise do not effectively model real world economic phenomena partial equilibrium analysis examines the effects of policy action in creating equilibrium only in that particular sector or market which is directly affected ignoring its effect in any other market or industry assuming that they being small will have little impact if any hence this analysis is considered to be useful in con  stric  ted markets lé  on wal  ras first form  alized the idea of a one period economic equilibrium of the general economic system but it was french economist an  to  ine aug  us  tin cour  not and english political economist alfred marshall who developed tractable models to analyze an economic system
partial oxid  ation pox is a type of chemical reaction it occurs when a sub  sto  ic  hi  ome  tric fuel air mixture is partially com  busted in a reformer creating a hydrogen rich syn  gas which can then be put to further use for example in a fuel cell a distinction is made between thermal partial oxid  ation t  pox and catalytic partial oxid  ation c  pox
in combin  atorial mathematics a partial per  mutation or sequence without repetition on a finite set sis a bi  jec  tion between two specified sub  sets of s that is it is defined by two sub  sets u and v of equal size and a one to one mapping from u to v equival  ently it is a partial function on s that can be extended to a per  mutation
focal seizures also called partial seizures and loc  alized seizures are seizures which affect initially only one hemisphere of the brain the brain is divided into two hemis  ph  er  es each consisting of four lob  es – the frontal temporal par  ie  tal and oc  ci  p  ital lob  es in partial seizures the seizure is generated in and affects just one part of the brain – the whole hemisphere or part of a lo  be symptoms will vary according to where the seizure occurs in the frontal lo  be symptoms may include a wave like sensation in the head in the temporal lo  be a feeling of déjà vu in the par  ie  tal lo  be a num  b  ness or ting  ling and in the oc  ci  p  ital lo  be visual disturbance or halluc  ination partial seizures are split into two main categories simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures a new classification system for partial seizures has been described in the 18 th edition of harrison s principles of internal medicine released july 2011 the new classification spl  its partial seizures into partial seizures with dy  sco  gn  itive features and partial seizures without dy  sco  gn  itive features in simple partial seizures a small part of one of the lob  es may be affected and the person remains conscious this will often be a precursor to a larger seizure such as a complex partial seizure when this is the case the simple partial seizure is usually called an a  ura a complex partial seizure affects a larger part of the hemisphere than a simple partial seizure and the person may lose consciousness if a partial seizure spreads from one hemisphere to the other side of the brain this will give rise to a secon  d  arily generalised seizure the person will become unconscious and may well have a tonic cl  onic seizure partial seizures are common in temporal lo  be epi  le  psy
partial unilateral l  enti  gin  osis also known as seg  mental l  enti  gin  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by l  enti  gin  es located on only one half of the body
participation bias is a phenomenon in which the results of elections studies polls etc become non representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome for instance a study found that those who refused to answer a survey on aids tended to be older attend church more often are less likely to believe in the confidentiality of surveys and have lower sexual self disclosure
particip  ative decision making p  dm is the extent to which employers allow or encourage employees to share or participate in organizational decision making prob  st 2005 according to the format of p  dm could be formal or informal in addition the degree of participation could range from zero to 100 in different particip  ative management pm stages bren  da 2001 p  dm is one of many ways in which an organization can make decisions the leader must think of the best possible style that will allow the organization to achieve the best results according to psycho  logist abraham mas  low workers need to feel a sense of belonging to an organization see mas  low s hierarchy of needs
in quantum mechanics the particle in a one dimensional lat  tice is a problem that occurs in the model of a periodic crystal lat  tice the potential is caused by ions in the periodic structure of the crystal creating an electromagnetic field so electron  s are subject to a regular potential inside the lat  tice this is an extension of the free electr  on model that assumes zero potential inside the lat  tice
the gam  ma function is an important special function in mathematics its particular values can be expressed in closed form for inte  ger and half inte  ger arguments but no simple expressions are known for the values at rational points in general other frac  tional arguments can be approxim  ated through efficient infinite products infinite series and recurrence relations
particulate inheritance is a pattern of inheritance discovered by men  deli  an genetics theorists such as william bat  es  on ronald fisher or gregor men  del himself showing that phen  o  typ  ic traits can be passed from generation to generation through dis  crete particles known as genes which can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing in a descending generation
party discipline is the ability of a parliamentary group of a political party to get its members to support the policies of their party leadership in liberal democracies it usually refers to the control that party leaders have over their cau  cus members in the legislature party discipline is important for all systems of government that allow parties to hold political power because it determines the degree to which the governmental infrastructure will be affected by legitimate political processes the term has a somewhat different meaning in marxism – lenin  ist political systems such as the people s republic of china in this case it refers to administrative sanctions such as fines or expulsion that the communist party can impose on its members for actions such as corruption or dis  agreeing with the party breaking party discipline in parliamentary votes can result in a number of penalties for the member who diss  ents these penalties include not being promoted to a cabinet position and losing other per  ks of elected office like travel their disagreement with their party cau  cus may be so strong that they leave the party to join another parliamentary cau  cus or become an independent this is known as crossing the floor in many political systems a member of each party is officially designated or elected as a whip whose role it is to enforce party discipline
the pascal photo  co  ag  ul  ator is an integrated semi automatic pattern scan laser photo  co  ag  ulation system designed to treat oc  ular diseases using a single shot or predetermined pattern array the device is for oph  thal  mo  logists particularly those that focus in vit  re  o re  tin  al surgery a type of eye surgery it was developed by op  ti  medic  a an oph  thal  mic medical device company located in silicon valley sun  ny  val  e ca
pas  ha  yan syndrome also known as pas  ha  yan – pro  zan  sky syndrome and ble  phar  o nas  o facial syndrome is a rare syndrome facial ab  norm  alities characterise this syndrome as well as mal  formation of extre  mi  ties specific characteristics would be a bul  ky fl  att  ened nose where the face has a mask like appearance and the ears are also mal  formed a sub  set of pas  ha  yan syndrome has also been described known as cere  bro  fac  io  artic  ular syndrome van mal  der  gem syndrome or van mal  der  gem – wet  z  burger – ver  lo  es syndrome similar symptoms are noted in these cases as in pas  ha  yan syndrome
the pas  ser  ini reaction is a chemical reaction involving an is  oc  yan  ide an alde  hyde or ke  tone and a car  box  yl  ic acid to form a α ac  y  lo  xy amide the pas  ser  ini reaction this organic reaction was discovered by mario pas  ser  ini in 19  21 in florence italy it is the first is  oc  yan  ide based multi component reaction developed and currently plays a central role in combin  atorial chemistry recently denmark et al have developed an en  anti  o  selective catalyst for asymmetric pas  ser  ini reactions
passing is the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of an identity group or category different from their own which may include racial identity ethnicity caste social class sexuality gender religion age and or disability status passing may result in privileges rewards or an increase in social acceptance or be used to cope with difference anxiety thus passing may serve as a form of self preservation or self protection in instances where expressing one s true or authentic identity may be dangerous passing may require acceptance into a community and can also lead to temporary or permanent leave from another community to which an individual previously belonged thus passing can result in separation from ones original self family friends or previous living experiences while successful passing may contribute to economic security safety and avoidance of stigma it may take an emotional toll as a result of denial of the authentic self and may lead to depression or self loa  thing e  ty  mo  logically the term is simply the nomin  alisation of the ver  b pass in its phr  as  al use with for or as as in a counterfeit passing for the genuine article or an im  post  or passing as another person it has been in popular use since at least the late 1920 s
passive aggressive behavior is the indirect expression of hostility such as through procrast  ination stubbor  n  ness sul  len behavior or deliberate or repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is often explicitly responsible for research purposes the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm revision iv describes passive aggressive personality disorder as a pervasive pattern of neg  ati  vis  tic attitudes and passive resistance to demands for adequate performance in social and occupational situations passive aggressive behaviour often utilis  es malicious compliance that is ve  iling one s intent to not do something in performing the specific task in such a way that an unwanted result is caused
the past  eur effect is an inhi  biting effect of oxygen on the fermentation process
past  eu  rel  losis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus past  eu  rella which is found in humans and other animals past  eu  rella mul  to  ci  da sub  species p m sep  tica and p m mul  to  ci  da is carried in the mouth and respiratory tract of various animals including pigs it is a small gram negative bac  ill  us with bipolar stain  ing by way  son stain in animals it can originate ful  min  ant sep  tic  aemia chicken cholera but is also a common commens  al until tax  on  om  ic revision in 1999 mann  he  im  ia spp were classified as past  eu  rella spp and infections by organisms now called mann  he  im  ia spp as well as by organisms now called past  eu  rella spp were designated as past  eu  rel  losis the term past  eu  rel  losis is often still applied to mann  he  im  i  osis although such usage has declined
the pastry war spanish gu  erra de los past  el  es french guer  re des p  â  tis  series also known as the first french intervention in mexico or the first franco mexican war 18  38 – 1839 began in november 18  38 with the naval blockade of some mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of san juan de ul  ú  a in ver  ac  ru  z by french forces sent by king louis philippe it ended several months later in march 1839 with a british brokered peace the intervention followed many claims by french nationals of losses due to unrest in mexico city as well as the failure of mexico to pay a large debt to france this incident was the first and lesser of mexico s two 19 th century wars with france being followed by the french invasion of 18  61 – 67 resulting in the installation of emperor maxim  ilian i of mexico
patrick pat rum  mer  field born september 7 1953 is the first spinal cord injury sc  i quad  rip  leg  ic in history to recover full physical mobility he has numerous athle  tic accomplishments and works as a motiv  ational speaker
the pat  ag  onia picnic table effect also known as the pat  ag  onia rest area effect or pat  ag  onia rest stop effect is a phenomenon associated with bir  ding in which an influx of bir  d  wat  chers following the discovery of a rare bird at a location results in the discovery of further rare birds at that location and so on with the end result being that the loc  ality becomes well known for rare birds even though in itself it may be little or no better than other similar loc  alities the name arises from the pat  ag  onia rest stop in arizona where the phenomenon was first noted
pat  au syndrome is a syndrome caused by a chro  mo  som  al ab  normality in which some or all of the cells of the body contain extra genetic material from chro  mo  some 13 the extra genetic material disrup  ts normal development causing multiple and complex organ defects this can occur either because each cell contains a full extra copy of chro  mo  some 13 a disorder known as tr  is  omy 13 or tr  is  omy d or because each cell contains an extra partial copy of the chro  mo  some i e rober  ts  onian trans  location or because of mo  saic pat  au syndrome full tr  is  omy 13 is caused by non  dis  junction of chro  mo  som  es during me  i  osis the mo  saic form is caused by non  dis  junction during mit  osis like all non  dis  junction conditions such as down syndrome and ed  wards syndrome the risk of this syndrome in the offspring increases with maternal age at pregnancy with about 31 years being the average pat  au syndrome affects somewhere between 1 in 10 000 and 1 in 21 700 live births
patch type gran  ul  oma annul  are also known as mac  ular gran  ul  oma annul  are is a skin condition of unknown cause more commonly affecting women between 30 and 70 years of age characterized by flat or slightly palpable er  y  them  at  ous or red brown skin le  sions
a pat  ella frac  ture is a frac  ture of the kne  ec  ap which is one of the most common knee injuries it is usually the result of a hard blow to the front of the knee treatment options for pat  ella frac  ture include non  surgical and surgical options depending on the type of frac  ture an undis  placed frac  ture of pat  ella takes around 4 – 6 weeks of im  mobilization in a cylinder cast to heal while a displaced frac  ture requires surgical treatment followed by quad  ric  eps strengthening exercises for complete rehabilitation
pat  ell  ar dis  location is an injury of the knee typically caused by a direct blow or a sudden twist of the leg it occurs when the pat  ella kne  ec  ap slips out of its normal position in the pat  el  lo  fem  oral gro  ove and generally causes intense pain with sw  elling of the knee open or ar  thro  scopic surgery may be used to repair damage but are typically avoided since rates of re injury knee function and patients opinions do not differ much from conservative treatment the pat  ella generally dis  loc  ates lat  er  ally and can be accompanied by acute pain and disability immediate reduction can be accomplished by hyper  extension of the knee and by providing a medi  al  ward pressure to move the pat  ella back into the pat  el  lo  fem  oral gro  ove hyper  extension of the knee on its own could possibly move the pat  ella into place because this motion locks the knee in place when the knee is locked the lig  aments are twisted and ta  ut allowing the muscles involved to relax and the pat  ella to slide back into place if that does not work a medical professional must manu  ally perform an orth  o  ped  ic reduction sw  elling and impaired mobility follow pat  ell  ar dis  location and a rehabilitation program of six to sixteen weeks is recommended whether or not the patient under  goes surgery young athletes suffer pat  ell  ar dis  locations more commonly than any other group and the average age of occurrences is 16 – 20 years sports commonly associated with the injury involve sudden tw  isting motions of the knee and or impact such as soccer g  ym  nas  tics and ice hockey it can also occur when a person trips over an object or slips on a slick surface especially if that person has pre  disposing factors
pat  ell  ar su  blu  x  ation syndrome also known as pat  ell  ar instability or unstable kne  ec  ap is an injury that is concerned with the kne  ec  ap pat  ell  ar su  blu  x  ation is more common than pat  ell  ar dis  location and is just as disab  ling in this condition the pat  ella repeti  tively su  blu  x  ates and places strain on the medi  al restraints and excessive stress tension on the pat  el  lo  fem  oral joint pat  ell  ar su  blu  x  ation can be caused by osse  ous ab  norm  alities such as incorrect artic  ulation of the fem  oral gro  ove with the pat  ella tro  ch  lear dys  pl  asia or pat  ella alta which is a distance of greater than 20 mm between the ti  bial tuber  cle and the tro  ch  lear gro  ove it can also result from soft tissue ab  norm  alities such as a torn medi  al pat  el  lo  fem  oral lig  ament or a weakened vast  us medi  alis ob  liqu  us symptoms are regulated by the amount of activity such pain is commonly caused by running and jumping sports and activities that place large forces on the pat  el  lo  fem  oral joint symptoms usually include knee buck  les and can no longer support your weight kne  ec  ap slips off to the side knee catches during movement pain in the front of the knee that increases with activity pain when sitting sti  ff  ness cre  aking or cracking sounds during movement sw  elling pat  ell  ar su  blu  x  ation was once thought to occur mainly in women due to the frequency of gen  u val  gum and lax lig  aments however now the frequency of this condition in any athle  tic person man or woman is apparent
pat  ell  ar tend  initi  s pat  ell  ar tend  in  opathy also known as jum  per s knee is a relatively common cause of pain in the inferior pat  ell  ar region in athletes it is common with frequent jumping and studies have shown it may be associated with stiff an  kle movement and an  kle spra  ins
pat  ell  ar tend  on rupture is a rupture of the tend  on that connects the pat  ella to the ti  bia the superior portion of the pat  ell  ar tend  on attaches on the poster  ior portion of the pat  ella and the poster  ior portion of the pat  ella tend  on attaches to the ti  bial tuber  cle on the front of the ti  bia above the pat  ella are the quad  ric  eps muscle large muscles on the front of the thi  gh the quad  ric  eps tend  on attaches to the top of the pat  ella this structure allows the knee to flex and extend allowing use of basic functions such as walking and running there are three possible forms of pat  ell  ar tend  on rupture the first form of rupture is a complete tear in a complete tear the tend  on separates completely from the top of the ti  bia which results in the inability to straighten one s leg when the tend  on tears it can break a piece of the bone off of the kne  ec  ap the second form of rup  turing the pat  ell  ar tend  on is a partial tear a partial tear is when some of the fi  bers of the pat  ell  ar tend  on are torn but the majority of the tend  on is still attached to the soft tissue located at the poster  ior end of the pat  ella bone the third form of rupture is caused by pat  ell  ar tend  initi  s jum  per s knee pat  ell  ar tend  initi  s causes the tend  on to be torn in the middle due to the tissue damage it has been acquiring from over use pat  ell  ar tend  oni  tis is infl  amm  ation of the tend  on which results in the weakening of the tend  on tend  oni  tis is caused by excessive jumping or running without sufficient rest the tell tale sign of a rup  tured pat  ella tend  on is the movement of the pat  ella further up the quad  ric  eps when rupture occurs the pat  ella loses support from the ti  bia and moves toward the hip when the quad  ric  eps muscle contracts hindering the leg s ability to extend this means that those affected cannot stand as their knee buck  les and gives way when they attempt to do so
pat  el  lo  fem  oral pain syndrome p  f  ps is a syndrome characterized by knee pain ranging from severe to mild discomfort seemingly originating from the contact of the poster  ior surface of the pat  ella back of the kne  ec  ap with the fem  ur thi  gh bone the population most at risk from p  f  ps are run  ners cyclists basketball players and other sports participants onset can be gradual or the result of a single incident and is often caused by a change in training regime that includes dramatic increases in training time distance or intensity it can be compounded by worn or the wrong type of footwear symptoms include discomfort while sitting with bent knees or descending stairs and generalised knee pain treatment involves resting and physical therapy that includes stretching and strengthening exercises for the legs
patent duc  tus arter  io  sus p  da is a condition where  in the duc  tus arter  io  sus fails to close after birth early symptoms are un  common but in the first year of life include increased work of breathing and poor weight gain an un  corrected p  da may lead to cong  estive heart failure with increasing age the duc  tus arter  io  sus is a fe  tal blood vessel that closes soon after birth in a p  da the vessel does not close and remains patent open resulting in irregular transmission of blood between the a  or  ta and the pul  mon  ary artery p  da is common in new  bor  ns with persistent respiratory problems such as hypo  x  ia and has a high occurrence in premature new  bor  ns premature new  bor  ns are more likely to be hypo  x  ic and have p  da due to underdevelopment of the heart and lungs a p  da allows a portion of the oxy  genated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs by flowing from the a  or  ta which has higher pressure to the pul  mon  ary artery if this sh  unt is substantial the ne  on  ate becomes short of breath the additional fluid returning to the lungs increases lung pressure which in turn increases the energy required to infl  ate the lungs this uses more cal  ories than normal and often interferes with feeding in infancy this condition as a con  stell  ation of findings is called cong  estive heart failure in some con  genital heart defects such as in transposition of the great vessels a p  da may need to remain open as it is the only way that oxy  genated blood can mix with de  oxy  genated blood in these cases pro  stag  land  ins are used to keep the da open until surgical correction of the heart defect is completed
the patern  ò – b  ü  chi reaction named after eman  u  ele patern  ò and george b  ü  chi who established its basic utility and form is a photo  chemical reaction that forms four memb  ered ox  et  ane rings from a carbon  yl and an al  k  ene with sub  str  ates benz  alde  hyde and 2 methyl 2 bu  ten  e the reaction product is a mixture of structural isom  ers un  sym  metric reaction another sub  str  ate set is benz  alde  hyde and fur  an
in mathematics a path in a topo  logical space x is a continuous function f from the unit interval i 0 1 to x f i → x the initial point of the path is f 0 and the terminal point is f 1 one often speaks of a path from x to y where x and y are the initial and terminal points of the path note that a path is not just a sub  set of x which looks like a curve it also includes a parame  ter  ization for example the maps f x x and g x x 2 represent two different paths from 0 to 1 on the real line a loop in a space x based at x ∈ x is a path from x to x a loop may be equally well regarded as a map f i → x with f 0 f 1 or as a continuous map from the unit circle s 1 to x f s 1 → x this is because s 1 may be regarded as a quo  ti  ent of i under the identification 0 ∼ 1 the set of all lo  ops in x forms a space called the loop space of x a topo  logical space for which there exists a path connecting any two points is said to be path connected any space may be broken up into a set of path connected components the set of path connected components of a space x is often den  oted π 0 x one can also define paths and lo  ops in pointed spaces which are important in hom  ot  op  y theory if x is a topo  logical space with base  point x 0 then a path in x is one whose initial point is x 0 likewise a loop in x is one that is based at x 0
pa  ther  gy is a skin condition in which a minor trauma such as a bump or bru  ise leads to the development of skin le  sions or ul  cers that may be resistant to healing pa  ther  gy can also lead to ul  cer  ations at the site of surgical incis  ions pa  ther  gy was seen with both beh  ç  et s disease and py  o  der  ma gan  gre  no  sum a highly similar phenomenon known as ko  eb  ner occurs in auto  immune diseases such as ps  ori  asis and systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus among others doctors looking toward a diagnosis of beh  ç  et s disease may attempt to induce a pa  ther  gy reaction with a test known as a skin prick test the infl  amm  ation and ul  cer  ation that occurs as a result of pa  ther  gy in py  o  der  ma gan  gre  no  sum often responds to systemic ster  o  id therapy the pa  ther  gy reaction is a unique feature of beh  ç  et s disease and according to the international study group for beh  cet s disease is among the major criteria required for the diagnosis different positive pa  ther  gy reaction rates in b  d have been reported worldwide when b  d positive groups are studied for pa  ther  gy reaction the pa  ther  gy positive and pa  ther  gy negative b  d groups showed a similar male female ratio age at disease onset and mean disease duration they also exhi  bited similar h  la b 51 levels and a similar frequency of oral ul  cer  ations in close family members the mu  co  cu  taneous manifestations systemic disease expression and severity score were similar in patients with and without the pa  ther  gy reaction the presence of a positive pa  ther  gy reaction is not associated with an increased risk for specific mu  co  cu  taneous or systemic manifestations of the disease and probably does not predict a more severe disease course it is also important to note that while a positive pa  ther  gy reaction helps to confirm a specific beh  ç  et s disease diagnosis a negative reaction does not invalidate a b  d diagnosis because the disease process has to be active at the time of the skin prick test to produce a pa  ther  gy reaction differences in positive negative pa  ther  gy and severity of the reaction depend on disease activity ethnicity type of needle used for the prick test among other factors
pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause infection this article deals with human pathogenic bacteria although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial several are pathogenic one of the bacterial diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis caused by the bacter  ium my  co  bacter  ium tuberculosis which kills about 2 million people a year mostly in sub saharan africa pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases such as pneumonia which can be caused by bacteria such as st  rep  to  co  cc  us and pseu  dom  onas and food  borne illnesses which can be caused by bacteria such as shi  g  ella camp  y  lob  ac  ter and salmonella pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as te  tan  us typ  ho  id fever di  ph  ther  ia sy  phil  is and leprosy pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries ko  ch s post  ul  ates are the standard to establish a caus  ative relationship between a micro  be and a disease
a patho  logic frac  ture is a bone frac  ture caused by disease that led to weakness of the bone structure this process is most commonly due to o  ste  op  or  osis but may also be due to other patho  logies such as cancer infection inherited bone disorders or a bone cyst only a small number of conditions are commonly responsible for pathological fractu  res including o  ste  op  or  osis o  ste  om  al  ac  ia pag  et s disease ost  ei  tis o  ste  o  genesis im  perfec  ta benign bone tum  ours and cy  sts secondary m  align  ant bone tum  ours and primary m  align  ant bone tum  ours fragility frac  ture is a type of patho  logic frac  ture that occurs as result of normal activities such as a fall from standing height or less there are three frac  ture sites said to be typical of fragility fractu  res vertebr  al fractu  res fractu  res of the neck of the fem  ur and col  les frac  ture of the wrist this definition arises because a normal human being ought to be able to fall from standing height without breaking any bones and a frac  ture therefore suggests weakness of the skelet  on pathological fractu  res present as a chal  k  stick frac  ture in long bones and appear as a trans  verse fractu  res nearly 90 degrees to the long axis of the bone in a pathological compression frac  ture of a spinal verte  bra fractu  res will commonly appear to collapse the entire body of verte  bra in circumstances where other patho  logies are excluded for example cancer a patho  logic frac  ture is diagnostic of o  ste  op  or  osis irrespective of bone mineral density
pathological demand avoidance p  da or new  son s syndrome is a proposed subtype of au  tism characterized by an avoidance of the ordinary demands of life it is identified as a syndrome through the clinical work of uk child psycho  logist elizabeth new  son new  son proposed it to be a specific pervasive developmental disorder p  dd within the p  dd family which is now loosely termed the au  tism spectrum p  da is described as a distinct sub type of au  tism that responds to different treatment and handling guidelines than other conditions on the au  tis  tic spectrum however it is not currently recognised by either the dsm 5 or ic  d 10 some clin  icians are increasingly prepared to diagnose children and some adults with p  da when this profile fits the patient most accurately in the united kingdom there are suggested interventions that can be followed in order to help integrate p  da children into the school system such as the distinctive clinical and educational needs of children with pathological demand avoidance syndrome guidelines for good practice by phil christi  e despite its lack of formal recognition the national au  tis  tic society a uk au  tism charity have produced a leaflet entitled what is p  da in 2008
during an asthma episode infl  amed airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke dust or poll  en the airways narrow and produce excess m  uc  us making it difficult to breathe in essence asthma is the result of an immune response in the bron  ch  ial airways the airways of asthma patients are hy  pers  ensi  tive to certain triggers also known as stimul  i see below it is usually classified as type i hy  pers  ensi  tivity in response to exposure to these triggers the bron  chi large airways contract into sp  asm an asthma attack infl  amm  ation soon follows leading to a further narrowing of the airways and excessive m  uc  us production which leads to cou  gh  ing and other breathing difficulties bron  cho  sp  asm may resolve spontaneously in 1 – 2 hours or in about 50 of subjects may become part of a late response where this initial insult is followed 3 – 12 hours later with further bron  cho  con  stric  tion and infl  amm  ation the normal cali  ber of the bron  ch  us is maintained by a balanced functioning of the autonom  ic nervous system which both operates refl  exi  vely the paras  ymp  athetic reflex loop consists of a  ffer  ent nerve end  ings which originate under the inner lining of the bron  ch  us whenever these a  ffer  ent nerve end  ings are stimulated for example by dust cold air or f  umes impul  ses travel to the brain stem vag  al center then down the vag  al eff  er  ent path  way to again reach the bron  ch  ial small airways ace  ty  l  ch  oline is released from the eff  er  ent nerve end  ings this ace  ty  l  ch  oline results in the excessive formation of ino  sit  ol 1 4 5 tr  is  phosphate ip 3 in bron  ch  ial smooth muscle cells which leads to muscle shortening and this initiates bron  cho  con  stric  tion
multiple sclerosis is an infl  am  matory dem  yel  inating disease of the cns in which activated immune cells invade the central nervous system and cause infl  amm  ation neuro  de  generation and tissue damage the underlying condition that produces this behaviour is currently unknown current research in neuro  path  ology neuro  immun  ology neuro  biology and neuro  imaging together with clinical neuro  logy provide support for the notion that ms is not a single disease but rather a spectrum there are three clinical phen  o  types relap  sing re  mitting ms r  r  ms characterized by periods of neuro  logical worsening following by re  missions secondary progressive ms sp  ms in which there is gradual progression of neuro  logical dysfunction with fewer or no relap  ses and primary progressive ms ms in which there is neuro  logical deterioration from onset path  op  hy  si  ology is a convergence of path  ology with physi  ology path  ology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state whereas physi  ology is the biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism referring to ms the physi  ology refers to the different processes that lead to the development of the le  sions and the path  ology refers to the condition associated with the le  sions
a patro  cl  ad  o  gram is a cl  ad  istic bran  ching pattern that has been precisely modified by use of pat  ris  tic distances i e divergences between line  ages a type of phy  lo  gram the pat  ris  tic distance is defined as the number of apo  morph  ic step changes separating two tax  a on a cl  ad  o  gram and is used exclusively to determine the amount of divergence of a characteristic from a common anc  est  or this means that cl  ad  istic and pat  ris  tic distances are combined to construct a new tree using various phen  e  tic algori  th  ms the purpose of the patro  cl  ad  o  gram in biological classification is to form a hypothesis about which evolutionary processes are actually involved before making a tax  on  om  ic decision patro  cl  ad  o  grams are based on bio  statistics that include but are not limited to par  si  mony distance matrix likelihood methods and ba  ye  sian probability some examples of genom  ically related data that can be used as inputs for these methods are molecular sequences whole genome sequences gene frequencies restriction sites distance mat  ric  es unique characters mutations such as sn  ps and mit  och  on  dri  al genome data
the pattern 18  61 en  field was an alteration to the pattern 18  53 en  field the alteration gave the pattern 18  61 a faster twist 1 48 which gave it more accuracy than the longer inf  antry rifle in comparison to the pattern 18  61 en  field it also had more gro  o  ves five gro  ove ri  fling but what set it apart was its shortened barrel length of 610 mm making loading faster and carrying easier
pattern hair loss known as male pattern hair loss mp  hl when it affects males and female pattern hair loss f  ph  l when it affects females is hair loss that primarily affects the top and front of the scal  p in males the hair loss often presents as a rec  eding hair  line while in females it typically presents as a thin  ning of the hair male pattern hair loss is believed to be due to a combination of genetics and the male hormone di  hydro  te  sto  ster  one the cause in female pattern hair remains unclear treatment may include simply accepting the condition otherwise treatments may include min  ox  idi  l fin  aster  ide or hair transplant surgery evidence for fin  aster  ide in women however is poor and it may result in birth defects if taken during pregnancy pattern hair loss by the age of 50 affects about half of males and a quarter of females it is the most common cause of hair loss
patter  son syndrome also called pseu  do  le  pre  cha  un  ism is an extremely rare syndrome first mistaken as don  oh  ue syndrome also known as le  pre  cha  un  ism it is named for dr joseph han  an patter  son it was described by patter  son and wat  kins in 1962 the patho  genesis and eti  ology of the patter  son syndrome was unknown until 1981
pat  ulous eu  st  achi  an tube also known as patent eu  st  achi  an tube is the name of a physical disorder where the eu  st  achi  an tube which is normally closed instead stays inter  mit  tently open when this occurs the patient experiences autop  hon  y the hearing of self generated sounds these sounds such as one s own breathing voice and heartbeat vibr  ate directly onto the ear drum and can create a bucket on the head effect
pau  ci immune pau  ci latin few little vas  cu  li  tis is a form of vas  cu  li  tis that is associated with minimal evidence of hy  pers  ensi  tivity upon immun  o  fluorescent stain  ing for ig  g normally a kidney sample will be subjected to immun  o  fluores  cence if rapidly progressive glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis is a concern in this case the immun  o  fluores  cence can show three patterns linear gran  ular and negative pau  ci immune the linear and gran  ular patterns are examples of positive immun  o  fluores  cence and are associated with good  pasture syndrome and post st  rep  to  coc  cal glo  mer  ul  on  eph  ri  tis accordingly a negative pattern or pau  ci immune pattern can be associated with systemic vas  cu  li  tis such as micro  scopic pol  yan  gi  i  tis e  o  sin  oph  il  ic gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis eg  pa or gran  ul  om  at  osis with pol  yan  gi  i  tis g  pa in many cases however it is limited to the kidney and it is thus called idi  opathic since it can be associated with the three systemic vas  cu  liti  des mentioned above a pau  ci immune pattern finding can be associated with an  tin  eu  tro  phil cy  top  las  mic antibodies an  ca therefore an an  ca test should follow a negative immun  o  fluores  cence result in order to distinguish between the above mentioned systemic vas  cu  li  tis peak incid  ences in 50 to 60 year olds symptoms include inter  mit  tent fever weight loss short  ness of breath joint pain
the pau  ma complex is a pre  historic archae  ological pattern among indigenous peoples of california initially defined by del  bert l true in northern san diego county california the complex is dated generally to the middle holoc  ene period this makes it locally the successor to the san die  gui  to complex predecessor to the late pre  historic san luis rey complex and contemporary with the la j  oll  a complex on the san diego county coast pau  ma complex sites have been identified primarily in the san luis rey river valley and on the valley center pl  ate  au to the south of it archae  ological traits distinguishing the pau  ma complex include a high frequency of shaped man  os the presence of fin  ely worked small dom  ed scrap  ers the presence of knives and points the presence of dis  co  id  als and co  gged stones a predominance of grinding tools over fla  ked tools a predominance of deep basin met  ates over s  lab met  ates a predominance of co  bble ham  mers over core ham  mers a low frequency of co  bble tools a scarcity of co  bble chop  pers and co  bble scrap  ers a predominance of volcanic rock over quar  tz  ite as a source material for fla  ked lith  ics an extreme scarcity of ob  si  dian
the pa  us  on – k  hand reaction or p  k  r or p  k type reaction is a chemical reaction described as a 2 2 1 cyclo  addition between an al  ky  ne an al  k  ene and carbon monoxide to form a α β cycl  op  ent  en  one the reaction was discovered by ih  san ul  lah k  hand 19  35 1980 who was working as a post  doc  toral associate with peter lud  wig pa  us  on 19  25 2013 at the university of str  ath  cl  yde in glasgow this reaction was originally medi  ated by sto  ic  hi  ome  tric amounts of di  co  bal  t oc  tac  ar  bon  yl but newer versions are both more efficient and catalytic p  k reaction with un  symmetr  ical al  ken  es or al  ky  nes reg  io  selectivity can be problematic but less so with intr  am  ol  ec  ular reactions p  k reaction example the reaction works with both terminal and internal al  ky  nes although internal al  ky  nes tend to give lower yields the order of re  activity for the al  k  ene is strained cyclic al  k  ene terminal al  k  ene dis  u  b  stitu  ted al  k  ene tr  is  u  b  stitu  ted al  k  ene unsuitable al  ken  es are te  tras  u  b  stitu  ted al  ken  es and al  ken  es with strongly electr  on withdrawing groups
the pay  at  as landslide was a garbage dump collapse at pay  at  as que  z  on city philippines on july 10 2000 that officially killed around 218 people and left thousands of people homeless many eye  witnesses note the number of people who died is much greater though up to 1 000 a large pile of garbage first collapsed and then went up in flames which resulted in the destruction of about 100 squ  at  ters houses
peace psychology is a sub  field of psychology and peace research that deals with the psychological aspects of peace conflict violence and war peace psychology can be characterized by four interconnected pillars 1 research 2 education 3 practice and 4 advocacy the first pillar research is documented most extensively in this wi  ki entry peace psychological activities are based on psychological models theories and methods they are usually norm  atively bound in their means and objectives by working towards the ideal of sustainable peace using as far as possible non violent means violence and peace are usually defined in terms of joh  an gal  tung s extended concep  tu  alization of peace according to which peace is not merely the absence of personal direct violence and war negative peace but also the absence of structural indirect and cultural violence positive peace the ideal of peace can also be concep  tu  alized as the comprehensive implementation of human rights civil political economic social and cultural rights this should among other purposes ensure the satisfaction of basic human needs such as positive personal and social identity sense of control security social justice well being a safe environment and access to adequate food and shelter organizations that focus on peace psychology include for example in the united states the society for the study of peace conflict and violence peace psychology division division 48 of the american psychological association and psychologists for social responsibility a non  governmental organization based in washington dc germany has the forum fried  en  sp  sy  cho  logie and the australian psychological society has an interest group called psychologists for peace on the international level there is the committee for the psychological study of peace as well as the international network of psychologists for social responsibility which links organizations from among other countries germany finland the united states australia costa rica india and italy
peach sc  ab also known as peach f  reck  les is a disease of stone fruits caused by the fun  gi cl  ad  os  por  ium car  po  phil  um the disease is most prevalent in wet and warm areas especially southern part of the u s as the fun  gi require rain and wind for dispersal the fun  gus causes s  cab  bing le  sions and de  foli  ating on t  wig fruit and leaf resulting in downgrade of peach quality or loss of fruits due to ro  tting in severe cases
pe  ak  fit is an automated non  linear peak separation and analysis software package for scientists performing spec  tro  sco  py chro  mato  graphy and electro  pho  res  is it automatically finds and fits up to 100 peaks to a data set at a time enabling users to characterize peaks and find the best equation that fits their data pe  ak  fit can also enhance the data obtained from traditional numerical methods and lab instruments pe  ak  fit was originally developed by ron brown of a  isn software and distributed by jan  del scientific software in the late 1980 s but by january 2004 syst  at software acquired the exclusive worldwide rights from sp  ss inc to distribute sigm  ap  lot and other sig  ma series products
peak bone mass is the maximum amount of bone a person has during their life it typically occurs in the early 20 s in both males and females a low peak bone mass is a risk factor for o  ste  op  or  osis and may occur due to less than optimal bone growth peak bone mass is also typically lower in females than males as well as in white people and asians
peanut allergy is a type of food allergy to peanuts it is different from nut allergies physical symptoms of allergic reaction can include it  chin  ess ur  tic  aria sw  elling ecz  ema snee  zing asthma ab  domin  al pain drop in blood pressure diarr  hea and cardiac arrest an  ap  hy  lax  is may occur it is due to a type i hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction of the immune system in susceptible individuals the allergy is recognized as one of the most severe food allergies due to its prevalence pers  ist  ency and potential severity of allergic reaction in the united states peanut allergies are present in 0 6 of the population in western cultures peanut allergy is the most common cause of food related an  ap  hy  lax  is death
pear  son h  ashing is a has  h function designed for fast execution on processors with 8 bit registers given an input consisting of any number of by  tes it produces as output a single by  te that is strongly dependent on every by  te of the input its implementation requires only a few instructions plus a 256 by  te look  up table containing a per  mutation of the values 0 through 255 this has  h function is a c  bc mac that uses an 8 bit substitution ci  p  her implemented via the substitution table an 8 bit  ci  p  her has negligible cry  pto  graphic security so the pear  son has  h function is not cry  pto  graphically strong but it offers these benefits it is extremely simple it execu  tes quickly on resource limited processors there is no simple class of inputs for which collis  ions identical outputs are especially likely given a small privileged set of inputs e g reserved words for a comp  iler the per  mutation table can be adjusted so that those inputs yield distinct has  h values producing what is called a perfect has  h function two input strings differing by exactly one character never colli  de have identical outputs e g applying the algori  thm on the strings abc and a  ec will never produce the same value one of its drawbacks when compared with other h  ashing algori  th  ms designed for 8 bit processors is the suggested 256 by  te look  up table which can be prohibi  tively large for a small micro  controller with a program memory size on the order of hundreds of by  tes a work  around to this is to use a simple per  mutation function instead of a table stored in program memory however using a too simple function such as t i 255 i partly defe  ats the us  ability as a has  h function as an  agr  ams will result in the same has  h value using a too complex function on the other hand will affect speed negatively the algori  thm can be described by the following pseu  do  code which compu  tes the has  h of message c using the per  mutation table t h 0 for each c in c loop index h x  or c h t index end loop  return h
pear  son syndrome is a mit  och  on  dri  al disease characterized by sid  ero  bl  astic an  emia and exo  cr  ine pan  cre  as dysfunction other clinical features are failure to thrive pan  cre  atic fi  bro  sis with insulin dependent diabetes and exo  cr  ine pan  cre  atic deficiency muscle and neuro  logic impairment and frequently early death it is usually fatal in infancy the few patients who survive into adul  thood often develop symptoms of ke  ar  ns say  re syndrome it is caused by a deletion in mit  och  on  dri  al dna pear  son syndrome is very rare less than hundred cases have been reported in medical literature worldwide the syndrome was first described by pedi  atric hem  ato  logist and on  co  logist howard pear  son in 1979 the dele  tions causing it were discovered a decade later
the pear  son – an  son effect discovered in 19  22 by stephen osw  ald pear  son and hor  ati  o saint george an  son is the phenomenon of an osci  ll  ating electric voltage produced by a ne  on bul  b connected across a capac  itor when a direct current is applied through a resis  tor this circuit now called the pear  son an  son osci  ll  ator ne  on lamp osci  ll  ator or saw  tooth osci  ll  ator is one of the simplest types of relaxation osci  ll  ator it generates a saw  tooth output wa  ve  form it has been used in low frequency applications such as blin  king warning lights stro  bo  sco  pes tone generators in electronic organs and other electronic music circuits and in time bases and defl  ection circuits of early cath  ode ray tube osci  l  lo  sco  pes since the development of micro  electronics these simple negative resistance osci  ll  ators have been superseded in many applications by more flexible semiconductor relaxation osci  ll  ators such as the 555 timer ic
peasant armament support march of 1914 swedish bon  det  å  get was a manifestation primarily by swedish farmers held on february 6 th 1914 in stockholm it resulted in a constitutional crisis triggered by the cour  ty  ard speech held by king gust  av v to the mar  chers at the royal palace
peat turf is an accumulation of partially dec  ayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called pe  at  lands bo  gs or mi  res the pe  at  land ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet because pe  at  land plants capture the co 2 which is naturally released from the peat thus maintaining an equilibrium in natural pe  at  lands the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of de  composition but it takes thousands of years for pe  at  lands to develop the deposits of 1 5 to 2 3 m 4 9 to 7 5 ft which is the average depth of the bo  real pe  at  lands one of the most common components is sp  ha  gn  um mo  ss although many other plants can contribute soils that contain mostly peat are known as his  to  sol  s peat forms in wet  land conditions where flooding obstruc  ts flows of oxygen from the atmosphere slowing rates of de  composition pe  at  lands also known as mi  res particularly bo  gs are the most important source of peat but other less common wet  land types also deposit peat including f  ens po  co  sins and peat swamp forests other words for lands dominated by peat include mo  ors or mus  ke  gs landscap  es covered in peat also have specific kinds of plants particularly sp  ha  gn  um mo  ss er  ic  ac  eous sh  ru  bs and se  dges see bo  g for more information on this aspect of peat since organic matter accumul  ates over thousands of years peat deposits also provide records of past vegetation and clim  ates stored in plant remains particularly poll  en hence they allow humans to reconstruct past environments and changes in human land use peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world by volume about 4 trillion cubic metres 5 2 trillion cubic yards of peat are in the world covering a total of around 2 of global land area about 3 million square kilometres or 1 2 million square miles containing about 8 billion ter  aj  ou  les of energy over time the formation of peat is often the first step in the geological formation of other fossil fuels such as coal particularly low grade coal such as lign  ite depending on the agency peat is not generally regarded as a renewable source of energy as its extraction rate in industrialized countries far exceeds its slow reg  row  th rate of 1 mm per year 0 0  39 in and as peat reg  row  th is also reported to take place in only 30 40 of pe  at  lands because of this the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc and another organization affiliated with the united nations classi  fies peat as a fossil fuel however the intergovernmental panel on climate change has begun to classify peat as a slow renewable fuel this is also the classification used by many in the peat industry at 106 g co 2 m  j the carbon dioxide emission intensity of peat is higher than that of coal at 94 6 g co 2 m  j and natural gas at 56 1 peat fires have been responsible for some large public health disasters including the 1997 southeast asian ha  ze
peat fire cancer is a cu  taneous condition that may develop on the sh  ins of women due to hydrocarbon fueled heat exposure from coal fired clothing warm  ers
the pe  bi  bit is a multiple of the bit a unit of digital information storage pre  fixed by the standards based multiplier pe  bi symbol pi a b  inary pre  fix meaning 250 the unit symbol of the pe  bi  bit is pi  bit 1 pe  bi  bit 250 bits 112  58  99  90  68  4  26  24 bits 10  24 te  bi  bits the pe  bi  bit is closely related to the pe  tab  it the corresponding unit using the metric pre  fix pe  ta which is 10  15 bits
the pe  bi  by  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information it is a member of the set of units with b  inary pre  fixes defined by the international electro  technical commission iec its unit symbol is pi  b the pre  fix pe  bi symbol pi represents multiplication by 10  245 therefore 1 pe  bi  by  te 250 by  tes 112  58  99  90  68  4  26  24 by  tes 10  24 te  bi  by  tes the pe  bi  by  te is closely related to the pe  tab  y  te pb its corresponding unit in the decimal set of multi  ples defined in the international system of units si and which represents 10  15 by  tes 100  00  00  00  0000000 by  tes it follows that one pe  bi  by  te 1 pi  b is approximately equal to 1 13 pb
pec  an anth  rac  nose is a fun  gal disease of pec  an trees caused by the as  com  y  ce  te glo  mer  ella c  ing  ul  ata st  on  eman spa  uld h it is a widespread disease found wherever pec  an trees are grown pec  an anth  rac  nose has been reported as far back in time as 1914 rand 1914 and as far away as argentina man  tz min  hot et al 2010 glo  mer  ella c  ing  ul  ata has two an  am  orph  s which cause disease on pec  an trees colle  to  tric  h  um glo  e  os  por  io  ides and colle  to  tric  h  um ac  ut  at  um la  th  am 1995 the occurrence of colle  to  tric  h  um on pec  ans has contributed to a significant decline in pec  an production in various years an increase in the incidence of pec  an anth  rac  nose is highly correlated with heavy rainfall especially heavy rainfall occurring in early spring the severity of symptoms increases as the season progres  ses often culminating in leaf drop in the late autumn this de  foli  ation is linked to lower yield and poorer quality of nuts bren  n  eman 2010
pec  tus car  in  at  um l car  ī  n  ā  tus equi  v to car  ī  n a ke  el also called pigeon chest is a de  form  ity of the chest characterized by a pro  tru  sion of the ster  num and ribs it is distinct from the related de  form  ity pec  tus exc  av  at  um
pec  tus exc  av  at  um is a con  genital de  form  ity of the an  terior thor  ac  ic wall in which the ster  num and ri  b cage grow abnormally this produces a ca  ved in or sun  ken appearance of the chest it can either be present at birth or not develop until pu  ber  ty pec  tus exc  av  at  um is sometimes considered to be cosmetic but depending on the severity it can impair cardiac and respiratory function and cause pain in the chest and back people with the condition may experience negative psycho  social effects and avoid activities that expose the chest pec  tus exc  av  at  um is from latin meaning hol  lowed chest it is sometimes referred to as cob  bler s chest or fun  nel chest
pedagog  ical patterns are high level patterns that have been recognized in many areas of training and ped  ago  gy such as group work software design human computer interaction education and others the concept is an extension of pattern languages in both cases the patterns seek to foster best practices of teaching according to joseph ber  gin “ the intent of pedagog  ical patterns is to capture the essence of the practice in a compact form that can be easily communicated to those who need the knowledge presenting this information in a coherent and accessible form can mean the difference between every new instructor needing to rele  ar  n what is known by senior faculty and easy transfer  ence of knowledge of teaching within the community “ although widespread in the software industry the use of patterns is still emerging in the educational field whereas software developers make regular use of mature patterns the educational community as a whole is still far from including patterns in the everyday tool box mitchell weis  burgh has made an effort to define pedagog  ical content in terms of design patterns in docum  enting good education and training practices through design patterns he proposes nine aspects to docum  enting a pattern for a certain skill not every pattern needs to include all nine his listing is reproduced below name – single word or short phrase that refers to the pattern this allows for rapid association and retri  eval problem – definition of a problem including its intent or a desired outcome and symptoms that would indicate that this problem exists context – preconditions which must exist in order for that problem to occur this is often a situation when forces conflict the resolutions of those conflicts is often implied by the context forces – description of forces or constraints and how they interact some of the forces may be contradictory for example being thorough often conflicts with time or money constraints solution – instructions possibly including variants the solution may include pictures diag  r  ams pro  se or other media examples – sample applications and solutions analog  ies visual examples and known uses can be especially helpful help user understand the context resulting context – result after the pattern has been applied including post  conditions and side effects it might also include new problems that might result from solving the original problem rationale – the thought processes that would go into selecting this pattern the rationale includes an explanation of why this pattern works how forces and constraints are resolved to construct a desired outcome related patterns – differences and relationships with other patterns possibly predecessor an  tec  ed  ents or alternatives that solve similar problems
pedi  atric acute onset neuro  psychiatric syndrome p  ans is a neuro  psychiatric syndrome still under research leading to rapid onset obs  essive compul  sive disorder oc  d and or tics in children and adolescents it may be either connected to group a st  rep  to  coc  cal infections pand  as sub group or caused by immun  o  logic reactions to other pathogens pit  ands sub group affecting the bas  al gang  lia this portion of the brain is responsible for mediating cogn  ition emotion and movement research into the eti  ology of obs  essive compul  sive disorder has identified dys  functions of the bas  al gang  lia as a key factor for the onset of oc  d a similar syndrome in adults is known as post infl  am  matory brain syndrome pi  bs
pedi  atric schizophrenia also known as childhood schizophrenia childhood onset schizophrenia and early onset schizophrenia is a type of mental disorder that is characterized by de  generation of thinking motor and emotional processes with onset before age 18 early onset or before age 13 very early onset the disease presents symptoms such as aud  itory and visual halluc  inations strange thoughts or feelings and abnormal behavior profoundly imp  acting the chil  ds ability to function and sustain normal inter  personal relationships it typically presents after the age of seven about 50 of young children diagnosed with schizophrenia experience severe neuro  psychiatric symptoms diagnostic criteria are similar to those of adult schizophrenia diagnosis is based on behavior observed by care  takers and in some cases depending on age self reports schizophrenia has no definite cause however certain risk factors such as family history seem to cor  relate there is no known cure but childhood schizophrenia is controllable with the help of behavioral therapies and medications
pedi  atric trauma refers to a traumatic injury that happens to an infant child or adoles  cent because of anatom  ical and physiological differences between children and adults the care and management of this population differs
pe  dic  ul  osis is an inf  est  ation of lic  e blood feeding ec  top  ar  asi  tic insects of the order ph  thir  ap  tera the condition can occur in almost any species of warm bloo  ded animal i e mammals and birds including humans although pe  dic  ul  osis in humans may properly refer to lic  e inf  est  ation of any part of the body the term is sometimes used loosely to refer to pe  dic  ul  osis cap  i  tis the inf  est  ation of the human head with the specific head lou  se
pe  dic  ul  osis corpor  is also known as pe  dic  ul  osis v  estim  enti and vag  ab  ond s disease is a cu  taneous condition caused by body lic  e specifically pe  dic  ul  us corpor  is that lay their eggs in the se  ams of clothing
pe  dic  ul  osis pu  bis also known as cr  abs and pu  bic lic  e is a disease caused by the pu  bic lou  se p  thir  us pu  bis a par  asi  tic insect notorious for inf  est  ing human pu  bic hair the species may also live on other areas with hair including the e  yel  ashes causing pe  dic  ul  osis ci  li  aris inf  est  ation usually leads to intense it  ching in the pu  bic area treatment with topic agents such as per  meth  rin or py  re  thrin with pi  per  on  yl bu  tox  ide is exceedingly effective worldwide it affects about 2 of the population
pe  dop  hi  lia or paedophilia is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adoles  cent experiences a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to pre  pu  bes  cent children although girls typically begin the process of pu  ber  ty at age 10 or 11 and boys at age 11 or 12 criteria for pe  dop  hi  lia extend the cut off point for pre  pu  bes  cence to age 13 a person who is diagnosed with pe  dop  hi  lia must be at least 16 years old but adolescents must be at least five years older than the pre  pu  bes  cent child for the attraction to be diagnosed as pe  dop  hi  lia pe  dop  hi  lia is termed ped  oph  il  ic disorder in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm 5 and the manual defines it as a par  ap  hi  lia involving intense and recurrent sexual urges towards and fantasies about pre  pu  bes  cent children that have either been acted upon or which cause the person with the attraction distress or inter  personal difficulty the international classification of diseases ic  d 10 defines it as a sexual preference for children of pre  pu  ber  tal or early pu  ber  tal age in popular usage the word pe  dop  hi  lia is often applied to any sexual interest in children or the act of child sexual abuse this use con  fl  ates the sexual attraction to pre  pu  bes  cent children with the act of child sexual abuse and fails to distinguish between attraction to pre  pu  bes  cent and pu  bes  cent or post pu  bes  cent minors researchers recommend that these imprecise uses be avoided because although people who commit child sexual abuse sometimes exhibit the disorder child sexual abuse offenders are not ped  oph  iles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in pre  pu  bes  cent children and the literature indicates the existence of ped  oph  iles who do not mol  est children pe  dop  hi  lia was first formally recognized and named in the late 19 th century a significant amount of research in the area has taken place since the 1980 s although mostly documented in men there are also women who exhibit the disorder and researchers assume available estimates under  represent the true number of female ped  oph  iles no cure for pe  dop  hi  lia has been developed but there are therapies that can reduce the incidence of a person committing child sexual abuse the exact causes of pe  dop  hi  lia have not been conclu  sively established some studies of pe  dop  hi  lia in child sex offenders have correlated it with various neuro  logical ab  norm  alities and psychological patho  logies in the united states following kansas v hend  ric  ks sex offenders who are diagnosed with certain mental disorders particularly pe  dop  hi  lia can be subject to indefinite civil commitment
pe  dun  cular halluc  in  osis ph or l  her  mit  te s pe  dun  cular halluc  in  osis is a rare neuro  logical disorder that causes vivid visual halluc  inations that typically occur in dark environments and last for several minutes unlike some other kinds of halluc  inations the halluc  inations that patients with ph experience are very realistic and often involve people and environments that are familiar to the affected individuals because the content of the halluc  inations is never exceptionally bizarre patients can rarely distinguish between the halluc  inations and reality in 19  22 the french neuro  logist jean l  her  mit  te documented the case of a patient who was experiencing visual halluc  inations that were sugges  tive of loc  alized damage to the mid  brain and p  ons after other similar case studies were published this syndrome was labeled pe  dun  cular halluc  in  osis the accumulation of additional cases by l  her  mit  te and by others influenced academic medical debate about halluc  inations and about behavioral neuro  logy l  her  mit  te provided a full account of his work in this area in his book les halluc  inations cl  inique et physi  opath  o  logie which was published in paris in 1951 by doin publishing contemporary researchers with access to new technologies in medical brain imaging have confirmed the brain loc  alization of these unusual halluc  inations
pe  eling skin syndrome also known as ac  ral pe  eling skin syndrome continual pe  eling skin syndrome famili  al continual skin pe  eling idi  opathic deci  duous skin and ker  atol  ysis ex  foli  ativa con  gen  ita is an auto  som  al rec  essive disorder characterized by lifelong pe  eling of the strat  um cor  neu  m and may be associated with pr  ur  it  us short stature and easily removed an  agen hair the ac  ral form can be associated with t  gm 5
pel eb  stein fever also known as eb  stein car  da  relli fever is a rarely seen condition noted in patients with ho  dg  kin s lymp  homa in which the patient experiences fe  vers which cyclically increase then decrease over an average period of one or two weeks a cyclic fever may also be associated with other conditions but it is not called pel eb  stein fever unless the fever is associated with ho  dg  kin s
pel  ger – hu  ë  t anomaly pron  unciation pel ′ g  ə  r hy  o  ̅  o  ̅ ′ ə  t is a blood lam  in  opathy associated with the lam  in b recep  tor it is characterized by a white blood cell type known as a neu  tro  phil whose nucleus is hypo  segm  ented it is a genetic disorder with an auto  som  al dominant inheritance pattern hetero  zy  go  tes are clin  ically normal although their neu  troph  ils may be mistaken for immature cells which may cause mistreatment in a clinical setting homo  zy  go  tes tend to have neu  troph  ils with rounded nucle  i that do have some functional problems
pel  icul  u in mor  a latin for danger in delay is one of two conditions which must be asserted in actions aimed at obtaining a protective order or injunction e g art 700 former ccp to be granted the relief sought the other condition being fum  us bon  i i  ur  is the second condition is the c d prima facie case the burden of proof of danger in delay falls to the person who requests the injunction or order demonstrating the existence of both requirements peri  col  um notice and the risk of suffering serious and irreparable damage the term serious harm refers to the magnitude of the damages calculated in relation to the value of the property in dispute an injury will not be so serious in itself but only when compared to the object of contention irreparable damage is in the possibility of a remedy in the future against which the party seeking the injunction believes they will suffer only asset orientation is currently supported in that the prevailing possibility of obtaining compensation for damages is in itself sufficient to prevent the founding of irreparable harm
pe  li  osis hepati  s is an un  common vascular condition characterised by multiple randomly distributed blood filled ca  vities throughout the liver the size of the ca  vities usually ranges between a few millimetres to 3 cm in diameter in the past it was a mere his  to  logical curiosity occasionally found at autop  sies but has been increasingly recognised with wide ranging conditions from aids to the use of an  abol  ic ster  oids it also occasionally affects sp  leen lymp  h no  des lungs kidneys adren  al g  lands bone marrow and other parts of gastro  intest  inal tract pe  li  osis hepati  s is often errone  ously written pe  li  osis hepatitis despite its not being one of the hepati  ti  des the correct term arises from the greek pe  lios i e dis  coloured by extr  av  as  ated blood li  vi  d and the lat  ini  zed gen  itive case hepati  s of the greek he  par liver
pe  li  za  eus – mer  z  bac  her disease p  md is a rare central nervous system disorder in which coordination motor abilities and intellectual function are delayed to variable ext  ents
p  ell  ag  ra is a vitamin deficiency disease most frequently caused by a chronic lack of ni  ac  in vitamin b 3 or vitamin pp from p  ell  ag  ra preventing factor in the diet it can be caused by decreased intake of ni  ac  in or try  pt  oph  an and possibly by excessive intake of le  uc  ine it may also result from alterations in protein metabol  ism in disorders such as carcin  o  id syndrome or har  tn  up disease a deficiency of the amino acid lys  ine can lead to a deficiency of ni  ac  in as well
a pel  lic  le is a skin or coating of proteins on the surface of meat fish or poultry which allow smoke to better adhere the surface of the meat during the smoking process useful in all smoking applications and with any kind of animal protein it is best used with fish where the flesh of say salmon forms a pel  lic  le the surface that will attract more smoke to adhere to it than would be the case if it had not been used without a pel  lic  le the fish would be ine  di  bly dry from enough smoking to produce a ta  sty finished product it is the pel  lic  le which permits the transformation creating d  elec  table smoked salmon
the pel  li  zz  ari reaction was discovered in 19  11 by guido pel  li  zz  ari and is the organic reaction of an amide and a hydra  z  ide to form a 1 2 4 tri  azole the product is similar to that of the ein  horn brun  ner reaction but the mechanism itself is not reg  io  selective an overview of the pel  li  zz  ari reaction
p  ell  u  ci  d marginal de  generation p  md is a degenerative cor  ne  al condition often confused with ker  ato  con  us it is typically characterized by a clear bilateral thin  ning ec  ta  sia in the inferior and peripheral region of the cor  ne  a although some cases affect only one eye the cause of the disease remains unclear idi  opathic the term p  ell  u  ci  d marginal de  generation was first coined in 1957 by the oph  thal  mo  logist sch  al  a  ep  pi the word p  ell  u  ci  d means clear indicating that the cor  ne  as retain clarity in p  ell  u  ci  d marginal de  generation
pel  op  sia is a vision perception disorder in which objects appear nearer than they actually are pel  op  sia can be caused by psy  ch  on  euro  tic phenomena changes in atmospheric clarity or sometimes by wearing a corrective lens
pel  vic congestion syndrome also known as pel  vic vein incompetence is a chronic medical condition in women caused by vari  cose ve  ins in the lower ab  dom  en the condition causes chronic pain often manifest  ing as a constant dull ache which can be aggravated by standing early treatment options include pain medication alternative therapies such as acupuncture and suppression of o  vari  an function surgery can be done using non  invasive trans  cathe  ter techniques to emb  oli  ze the vari  cose ve  ins up to 80 of women obtain relief using this method the condition can occur as a result of pregnancy or for unknown reasons the presence of estro  gen in the body causes vas  o  dil  ation which can result in the accumulation of blood in the ve  ins in the pel  vic area estro  gen can weaken the vein walls leading to the changes that cause vari  co  sities up to 15 of all women have vari  cose ve  ins in the ab  domin  al area but not all have symptoms
a pel  vic digit pel  vic finger or pel  vic ri  b is a rare con  genital ab  normality in humans in which bone tissue develops in the soft tissue near the pel  vis resembling a ri  b or finger and often divided into one or more segments with pseudo artic  ul  ations pel  vic digits are typically benign and as  ymp  tomatic and are usually discovered accidentally approximately 41 cases have been reported the pel  vic digit was first reported by d sullivan and w s corn  well in 1974 pel  vic digits may be located at any level of the pel  vis the lower ribs or even the an  terior ab  domin  al wall it is the  orized that pel  vic digit anomalies arise during the mes  en  ch  ym  al stage of bone growth within the first six weeks of embry  o  genesis their formation may result from a failure of the pri  mor  dium of the coc  cy  x to fuse to the vertebr  al column leading to the independent development of a pro  to ri  b structure
pel  vic floor dysfunction refers to a wide range of issues that occur when muscles of the pel  vic floor are weak tight or there is an impairment of the sacro  ili  ac joint lower back coc  cy  x or hip joints symptoms include pel  vic pain pressure dy  sp  are  un  ia in  contin  ence incomplete emp  tying and gross organ pro  tru  sion tissues surrounding the pel  vic organs may have increased or decreased sensitivity or irritation resulting in pel  vic pain many times the underlying cause of pel  vic pain is difficult to determine the condition affects up to 50 of women pel  vic floor dysfunction may include any of a group of clinical conditions that includes ur  inary in  contin  ence f  ec  al in  contin  ence pel  vic organ pro  lapse sensory and emp  tying ab  norm  alities of the lower ur  inary tract defec  atory dysfunction sexual dysfunction and several chronic pain syndro  mes including vul  vo  dy  nia the three most common and defin  able conditions encountered clin  ically are ur  inary in  contin  ence anal in  contin  ence and pel  vic organ pro  lapse
pel  vic frac  ture is a disruption of the bon  y structure of the pel  vis including the hip bone sac  rum and coc  cy  x the most common cause in the elderly is a fall but the most significant fractu  res involve high energy forces such as a motor vehicle cr  ashes cycling accidents or a fall from significant height diagnosis is made on the basis of history clinical features and special investigations usually including x ray and ct because the pel  vis crad  les so many internal organs pel  vic fractu  res may produce significant internal bleeding which is invisible to the eye emergency treatment consists of advanced trauma life support management after stabilisation the pel  vis may be sur  g  ically re  constructed
pel  vic infl  am  matory disease or pel  vic infl  am  matory disorder pid is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system namely the uter  us fall  op  ian tubes and ov  aries and inside of the pel  vis often there may be no symptoms signs and symptoms when present may include lower ab  domin  al pain vag  inal discharge fever burning with ur  ination pain with sex or irregular men  str  uation untreated pid can result in long term complications including in  fertility ec  topic pregnancy chronic pel  vic pain and cancer the disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vag  ina and cer  vi  x infections by ne  is  ser  ia gon  or  rho  e  ae or ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases often multiple different bacteria are involved without treatment about 10 percent of those with a ch  lam  y  dial infection and 40 percent of those with a gon  or  rhe  a infection will develop pid risk factors are similar to those of sexually transmitted infections generally and include a high number of sexual partners and drug use vag  inal dou  ching may also increase the risk the diagnosis is typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms it is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of child  bearing age who have lower ab  domin  al pain a definitive diagnosis of pid is made by finding p  us involving the fall  op  ian tubes during surgery ul  tras  ound may also be useful in diagnosis efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms screening women at risk for ch  lam  y  dial infection followed by treatment decreases the risk of pid if the diagnosis is suspected treatment is typically advised treating a woman s sexual partners should also occur in those with mild or moderate symptoms a single injection of the antibiotic ce  f  tri  ax  one along with two weeks of do  xy  cycl  ine and possibly met  ron  id  azole by mouth is recommended for those who do not improve after three days or who have severe disease intra  ven  ous antibiotics should be used globally about 106 million cases of ch  lam  y  dia and 106 million cases of gon  or  rhe  a occurred in 2008 the number of cases of pid however is not clear it is estimated to affect about 1 5 percent of young women yearly in the united states pid is estimated to affect about one million people yearly a type of in  trau  ter  ine device i  ud known as the dal  kon shield led to increased rates of pid in the 1970 s current iu  ds are not associated with this problem after the first month
the rare disease pel  vic li  po  mat  osis is most often seen in older ob  ese black men with hyper  tension in pel  vic li  po  mat  osis abnormally dense deposits of otherwise apparently normal fat may be observed in the spaces of the pel  vic area associated with cy  sti  tis g  land  ul  aris a precursor to aden  o  carcin  oma of the ur  inary blad  der
pel  vic pain is pain in the area of the pel  vis acute pain is more common than chronic pain if the pain lasts for more than six months it is deemed to be chronic pel  vic pain it can affect both women and men common causes in include end  ome  tri  osis in women bo  wel adhe  sions irrit  able bo  wel syndrome and inter  sti  tial cy  sti  tis the cause may also be a number of poorly understood conditions that may represent abnormal psy  ch  on  euro  muscular function
a pel  vic tumor is any one of numerous tumors that occur in the pel  vis within the pel  vis these tumors may involve specific organs or occupy intra organ spaces tumors of the pres  ac  ral space and sac  ral space are most prevalent in children tumors occupying specific organs have a more complex natural history
pel  vis jus  to major also called giant pel  vis is a rare condition of the adult female pel  vis where the pel  vis is 1 5 or more times larger than an average pel  vis in every direction and is at least 42 cm 16 5 inches bi  ili  ac width even though this condition is classified as a con  genital ab  normality it is not a medical disease or ab  normality of the pel  vis as the pel  vis is a true gy  ne  co  id shape only larger women with this condition frequently at the time of delivery have a precipit  ous birth there is virtually no resistance of the huge pel  vic opening to the size of a new  born so only the soft parts resist the birth with a huge jus  to major pel  vis there is no pel  vic bone mol  ding of the fe  tal head with the average pel  vic size 2 3 or less jus  to major size the usual pel  vic mol  ding process slows the birth resulting in a slow and gradual stretching of the vag  inal opening for primi  par  ous women when a huge jus  to major pel  vis allows such an extremely rapid vag  inal birth there can be tears of the per  ine  al soft tissues at the time of delivery the strong uter  ine contr  actions and maternal bearing down almost instantly overwhel  m the integrity of a tightened and previously un  stretched vag  inal ori  fice this is often the case if such women have not previously practiced vag  inal stretching to the degree that allows such an instant bir  thing especially so for a primi  par  ous woman this instant delivery problem causes many ob  gy  n doctors to stress the importance of women with a huge pel  vis practicing pre delivery vag  inal stretching to avoid per  ine  al injury such a large size for the female pel  vis is present in less than one in a thousand adult women when women reach their maximum pel  vis size often by 21 years of age if they have a huge pel  vis the resulting big hips will not go away — no matter how much they diet as bone will not shrink it is not unusual for such women whose pear shape is due to a huge pel  vis to give up watching cal  ories for smaller hips leading to obesity however such pear shaped ob  ese women do not necessarily have a huge pel  vis and a measurement scan or anthropo  metry by cali  pers is required to diagnose the jus  to major condition the incidence of jus  to major pel  vis is not found to be a strictly standard deviation type variation as it follows a tail skewed deviation to the right incidence varies with geographic regions of the world e g poland has a high incidence jus  to major pel  vis is classified as con  genital and thought to be partially inherited especially from the maternal side
pel  é  an erup  tions are a type of volcanic eruption they can occur when vis  co  us mag  ma typically of rhy  oli  tic or an  desi  tic type is involved and share some similarities with vul  can  ian erup  tions the most important characteristic of a pel  é  an eruption is the presence of a g  lowing avalanche of hot volcanic ash a pyro  cl  astic flow formation of lava dom  es is another characteris  tical feature short flows of ash or creation of pum  ice con  es may be observed as well the initial phases of eruption are characterized by pyro  cl  astic flows the te  ph  ra deposits have lower volume and range than the corresponding pl  inian and vul  can  ian erup  tions the vis  co  us mag  ma then forms a steep sided dom  e or volcanic sp  ine in the volcano s vent the dom  e may later collapse resulting in flows of ash and hot blocks the eruption cycle is usually completed in a few years but in some cases may continue for decades like in the case of santi  agu  ito the 19  02 explosion of mount pel  ée is the first described case of a pel  é  an eruption and gave it its name some other examples include the following the 1948 1951 eruption of hi  bo  k hi  bo  k the 1951 eruption of mount lam  ington which remains the most detailed observation of this kind the 1956 eruption of be  zy  mi  anny the 1968 eruption of may  on volcano and the 1980 eruption of mount st hel  ens
p  emp  hi  go  id is a group of rare auto  immune bl  is  tering skin diseases as its name indicates p  emp  hi  go  id is similar in general appearance to p  emp  hi  gus but unlike p  emp  hi  gus p  emp  hi  go  id does not feature ac  anth  ol  ysis a loss of connections between skin cells p  emp  hi  go  id is more common than p  emp  hi  gus and is slightly more common in women than in men it is also more common in people over 60 years of age than it is in younger people
p  emp  hi  go  id no  dul  aris is a cu  taneous condition that is a variant of bull  ous p  emp  hi  go  id that has skin le  sions mim  ic  king pr  uri  go no  dul  aris the anti  body involved is ig  g
p  emp  hi  gus ˈ  p  ɛ  m  f  ɪ  ɡ  ə  s or p  ɛ  m  ˈ  fa  ɪ  ɡ  ə  s is a rare group of bl  is  tering auto  immune diseases that affect the skin and mu  co  us memb  ran  es in p  emp  hi  gus auto  antibodies form against des  mo  gle  in des  mo  gle  in forms the glue that attaches adjacent ep  id  er  mal cells via attachment points called des  mo  som  es when auto  antibodies attack des  mo  gle  ins the cells become separated from each other and the ep  id  er  mis becomes un  glu  ed a phenomenon called ac  anth  ol  ysis this causes bl  is  ters that sl  ough off and turn into so  res in some cases these bl  is  ters can cover a significant area of the skin originally the cause of this disease was unknown and p  emp  hi  gus was used to refer to any bl  is  tering disease of the skin and mu  co  sa in 1964 researchers found that the blood of patients with p  emp  hi  gus contained antibodies to the layers of skin that separates to form the bl  is  ters in 1971 an article investigating the auto  immune nature of this disease was published
p  emp  hi  gus er  y  them  ato  sus also known as sen  ear – usher syndrome is simply a loc  alized form of p  emp  hi  gus foli  ac  eus  with features of lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus
p  emp  hi  gus foli  ac  eus is an auto  immune bl  is  tering disease of the skin with characteristic le  sions that are scal  y cru  sted ero  sions often on an er  y  them  at  ous base mu  cos  al involvement is absent even with widespread disease if there is an auto  immune ig  g buil  dup in the ep  id  er  mis then nearly all of the antibodies are aimed against des  mo  gle  in 1 the effect of the antibodies and the immun  ological path  way is most likely either of three mechanisms ster  ic hindrance of the des  mo  gle  in 1 the anti  body caps off the site for in  trac  ell  ular binding to another ker  at  in  oc  y  te activation of an endo  cy  tic path  way the anti  body activ  ates a path  way which causes an intern  alization of des  mo  gle  ï  n 1 which in turn causes a loss of adhe  sion disruption of function in this case the anti  body blocks the des  mo  gle  in 1 from being formed into a des  mo  some this in turn causes a loss of adhe  sion with ac  anth  ol  ysis as a result
p  emp  hi  gus her  peti  form  is also known as ac  anth  ol  y  tic her  peti  form der  mati  tis her  peti  form p  emp  hi  gus mixed bull  ous disease and p  emp  hi  gus controlled by sul  f  ap  y  ri  dine is a cu  taneous condition a clinical variant of p  emp  hi  gus that combines the clinical features of der  mati  tis her  peti  form  is with the immun  opath  o  logic features of p  emp  hi  gus path  op  hy  si  ology p  emp  hi  gus her  peti  form  is is an ig  g medi  ated auto  antibodies that affect the ep  id  er  mal layer of the skin
p  emp  hi  gus vege  t  ans is a loc  alized form of p  emp  hi  gus vul  gar  is in which there is a loc  alized vege  t  ating pap  il  lo  mat  ous response the eroded areas do not heal like usual but form pap  il  lo  mat  ous growth and vegetation accounts for 1 2 of p  emp  hi  gus cases and is a relatively benign variant of p  emp  hi  gus vul  gar  is two forms are recognized p  emp  hi  gus vege  t  ans of neu  mann is a loc  alized disease of p  emp  hi  gus vul  gar  is slightly more extensive than p  emp  hi  gus vege  t  ans of hallo  pe  au this type is more common and characterized by early le  sions similar to p  emp  hi  gus vul  gar  is with large bul  la  e and ero  sive areas healing is through formation of gran  ulation tissue p  emp  hi  gus vege  t  ans of hallo  pe  au is a disease of loc  alized p  emp  hi  gus vul  gar  is it is named for françois henri hallo  pe  au this type is less aggressive and has pu  st  ules not bul  la  e these pu  st  ules heal by ver  ru  ci  os hyper  ker  ato  tic vege  tations
p  emp  hi  gus vul  gar  is is a rare chronic bl  is  tering skin disease it is classified as a type ii hy  pers  ensi  tivity reaction with the formation of antibodies against des  mo  som  es components of the skin that function to keep certain layers of skin bound to each other as des  mo  som  es are attacked the layers of skin separate and the clinical picture resembles a bl  ister over time the condition inevitably progres  ses without treatment le  sions increase in size and distribution throughout the body behaving physi  o  logically like a severe burn before the advent of modern treatments mortality for the disease was close to 90 today the mortality rate with treatment is between 5 15
in australian law a penalty unit abbreviated as pu is an amount of money used to compu  te pec  uni  ary penalties for many breaches of statute law fines are calculated by multiplying the value of one penalty unit by the number of penalty units prescribed for the offence the different jurisdictions that make up australia the commonwealth and the states and territories each have their own penalty units the value of a penalty unit and the manner and frequency of varying that value differ from state to state and there are also federal penalty units that apply only to federal offences in the state of victoria the value of a penalty unit is the amount fixed with respect to a financial year by the treas  ur  er by notice published in the government gazette under the monetary units act 2004 the penalty unit rate is fixed at a 155 46 as of 1 july 2016 therefore a fine defined as 100 penalty units would incur a penalty of 15 546 rounded to the nearest 10 cents one penalty unit in new south wales is 110 one penalty unit in que  ens  land is 121 90 in the state of tas  mania the value of a penalty unit is adjusted for each financial year based on consumer price index c  pi movements in the previous year and published in the tas  man  ian government gazette before 1 june for the next financial year in the 2017 financial year it is 157 under australian federal law a penalty unit for an individual is 180 as of 31 july 2015 western australian penalty units vary across the legislation most are listed as a dollar figure in the legislation but road offences incur a penalty unit of 50 south australia does not have penalty units instead fine amounts are listed in the legislation
pen  amal  ur  u is an out growth to vi  j  ay  aw  ada in kr  ish  na district of the indian state of and  h  ra pradesh it is the man  dal headquarters of pen  amal  ur  u man  dal in vi  j  ay  aw  ada revenue division and also forms a part of vi  j  ay  aw  ada urban agglomer  ation
pend  red syndrome or pend  red disease is a genetic disorder leading to con  genital bilateral both sides sens  or  in  eur  al hearing loss and go  itre with eu  thyro  id or mild hypo  thyro  i  dis  m decreased thyro  id g  land function there is no specific treatment other than supportive measures for the hearing loss and thyro  id hormone supplem  entation in case of hypo  thyro  i  dis  m it is named after dr v  augh  an pend  red 18  69 – 1946 the english doctor who first described the condition in an irish family living in dur  ham in 18  96 it accounts for 7 5 of all cases of con  genital deaf  ness
pen  e  tran  ts or penetr  ating items are the mechanical electrical or structural items that pass through an opening in a wall or floor such as pipes electrical condu  its duc  ting cables and cable tr  ays or structural steel be  ams and columns when these items pierce a wall or floor assembly they create a space between the penetr  ant and the surrounding structure which can become an avenue for the spread of fire between rooms or floors modern building codes generally require a service penetration fire  stop to seal the openings around pen  e  tran  ts or services in order to restore the fire resistance rating of the parent assembly sizing of all openings has significant impact upon the adherence to the certification listing requirements therefore communication between all affected trades is of great importance before any openings are made to ensure proper sizing of the openings for cost control and conform  ance with listing and approval use and compliance pen  e  tran  ts are typically accommodated by plum  bers and electr  icians who prepare for them by installing sle  eves in concrete walls and floors before they are poured in the case of masonry walls electr  icians and plum  bers tend to be there first and hang sle  eves around their pip  ing duc  t  work and conduit where they know from their drawings that block walls will be erected in order to avoid the time and expense of having to cut openings in existing walls and floors in the case of dr  y  wall assemblies the opening size is determined by the dr  y  wall contractor unless the mechanical and electrical trades are contr  actually obliged to provide sle  eving here as well with proper fast  ening methods that are in conform  ance with the certification listing it is not un  common for these trades to attempt to ab  solve themselves of the requirement to fire  stop their openings in the dr  y  wall assemblies by claiming that they were there first meaning that others should take care of the rest since dr  y  wall contractors are not ordinarily required to do mechanical and electrical fire  stopping the dr  y  wall openings can become an item of dispute or neglect particularly in north american construction this common issue can be minim  ised by designating a separate fire  stopping sub contract whereby a separate speciality sub contractor fire  stops all openings on site mechanical electrical and structural as well as the building joints timber floor openings are simply cut by means of a cha  in  saw in this case the width of the blade will determine sizes electrical cable through penetration fire  stopped by an int  um  es  cent se  al  ant to restore the two hour fire resistance rating of the concrete floor steel beam through penetration the fire  stop surrounding the beam is incomplete packing only se  al  ant is yet to be applied the beam itself must be treated with fire  proofing to prevent it from tw  isting and damaging the wall during a fire sprink  ler branch pipe through penetration with plastic sleeve missing fire  stop in concrete fire separation the branch pipe is a penetr  ant as is the plastic sleeve which is a code violation if left in place unless it is in conform  ance with a fire  stop certification listing that permits such sle  eving cable tray cross barrier fire  stop test full scale wall in germany as per din 4  102 examples of common fire  stop penetr  ant problems a typical fire problem — the measures taken by the plum  bers and the dr  y  wall  ers are at cross purposes another example this steel sleeve a penetr  ant causes more problems than it solves pen  e  tran  ts have been punched and burned through dr  y  wall compromising its integrity mechanical shaft with compromised fire resistance rating through pipe installation finished painted fire resistance rated dr  y  wall assembly a common deficiency lift ceiling ti  les and find electrical and mechanical service penetr  ations without a fire  stop improper dr  y  wall and absent fire  stops improper fire  stop and fire  proofing interface august 2000 improper breach of fire resistance rated dr  y  wall assembly august 2000 the i was there first scenario resulting in improper dr  y  wall fire  stops with plastic pip  ing
a penetr  ating a  ther  os  cl  erotic ul  cer p  au is an a  ther  os  cl  erotic le  sion that ul  cer  ates leading to a hem  atom  a forming within the walls of the a  or  ta
a penetr  ating head injury or open head injury is a head injury in which the dur  a mat  er the outer layer of the men  inges is breached penetr  ating injury can be caused by high velocity projec  ti  les or objects of lower velocity such as knives or bone fragments from a skull frac  ture that are driven into the brain head injuries caused by penetr  ating trauma are serious medical emergencies and may cause permanent disability or death a penetr  ating head injury involves a wound in which an object breaches the cran  ium but does not exit it in contrast a per  for  ating head injury is a wound in which the object passes through the head and leaves an exit wound
penetr  ating trauma is an injury that occurs when an object pier  ces the skin and enters a tissue of the body creating an open wound in blunt or non penetr  ating trauma there may be an impact but the skin is not necessarily broken the penetr  ating object may remain in the tissues come back out the way it entered or pass through the tissues and exit from another area an injury in which an object enters the body or a structure and passes all the way through is called a per  for  ating injury while penetr  ating trauma implies that the object does not pass through per  for  ating trauma is associated with an entrance wound and an often larger exit wound penetr  ating trauma can be caused by a foreign object or by fragments of a broken bone usually occurring in violent crime or armed combat penetr  ating injuries are commonly caused by gun  shots and stab  b  ings penetr  ating trauma can be serious because it can damage internal organs and presents a risk of shock and infection the severity of the injury varies widely depending on the body parts involved the characteristics of the penetr  ating object and the amount of energy transmitted to the tissues assessment may involve x rays or ct sc  ans and treatment may involve surgery for example to repair damaged structures or to remove foreign objects punc  ture and penetration are similar however a punc  ture is different from a penetration wound in that there is no exit wound in cases of punc  ture this type of trauma can be seen for example in a stab  bing or a gunshot wound in which a low velocity pistol bullet was used
pen  ic  il  li  osis or pen  ic  il  losis is an infection caused by pen  ic  il  lium mar  ne  ff  ei it is a di  morph  ic fun  gus
pen  ic  il  lium expan  sum is one of the most prevalent post harvest rots that inf  ects apples although it is a major economical problem in apples this plant pathogen can be isolated from a wide host range including pears strawberries tomatoes corn and rice this mold also produces the carcinogenic metabol  ite pat  ulin a neuro  toxin that is harmful in apple juice and apple products pat  ulin is produced by the fun  gi when it rots the host the levels of pat  ulin in food products is a health concern because many are consumed by young children in addition a second secondary metabol  ite cit  rin  in is produced as well furthermore it is also one of the oldest known species of pen  ic  il  lium recorded and has been used for continuous research and studies it is a psy  chro  phil  ic blue mold and ubiquitous throughout the soil
pen  ile agen  esis is a birth defect in humans occurring about once in 5 – 6 million male births in which a male child is born without a penis a partner condition is tes  tic  ular or gon  ad  al agen  esis this is when a male child is born without gon  ads and consequently develops no test  es pen  ile agen  esis occurs often as a consequence of tes  tic  ular agen  esis but the reverse is never the case most patients in both cases have no known family history and usually have an otherwise normal male anatomy
pen  ile cancer is a m  align  ant growth found on the skin or in the tissues of the penis around 95 of pen  ile cancers are squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as other types of pen  ile cancer such as merkel cell carcin  oma small cell carcin  oma mel  anom  a and other are generally rare
pen  ile frac  ture is rupture of one or both of the tun  ica albu  gin  ea the fi  bro  us cover  ings that envelop the penis s corpor  a ca  ver  no  sa it is caused by rapid blunt force to an er  ect penis usually during vag  inal or anal inter  course or aggressive ma  st  urb  ation it sometimes also involves partial or complete rupture of the u  re  th  ra or injury to the dor  sal nerves ve  ins and arter  ies
a pen  ile injury is medical emergency that afflic  ts the human penis common injuries include frac  ture av  ul  sion strang  ulation entr  ap  ment and ampu  tation
the pen  n effect is the economic finding that real income ratios between high and low income countries are systematically exaggerated by gross domestic product gdp conversion at market exchange rates it is associated with what became the pen  n world table and it has been a consistent econom  etr  ic result since at least the 1950 s the bal  assa – samu  elson effect is a model cited as the principal cause of the pen  n effect by neo classical economics as well as being a synon  ym of pen  n effect
the pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate state and federal pensions in the united states and europe due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per reti  ree contributing factors include retirees living longer increasing the relative number of retirees and lower birth rates decreasing the relative number of workers especially relative to the post ww 2 baby boom there is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem as well as the solutions for example as of 2008 the estimates for the under  funding of the united states state pension programs range from 1 trillion using the discount rate of 8 to 3 23 trillion using u s treasury bond yields as the discount rate the present value of un  funded obligations under social security as of august 2010 was approximately 5 4 trillion in other words this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program s shortfall between tax revenues and pa  youts over the next 75 years some economists question the concept of funding and therefore under  funding storing funds by governments in the form of fi  at currencies is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own ious they will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used reform ideas are in three primary categories a addressing the worker reti  ree ratio via raising the retirement age employment policy and immigration policy b reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts by for example adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits and c increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes
pent  agr  am is a z  x spectrum and ms  x video game released by ultimate play the game in 1986 it is the fourth in the sab  re  man series following on from his adventures in sab  re wulf under  wur  l  de and knight l  ore similarly to knight l  ore it uses the is  ome  tric fil  mation engine the game was written by either tim and chris stam  per or a u s gold programming team see the main article for the reason for this confusion
pent  alo  gy of can  tre  ll or thor  aco ab  domin  al syndrome is a rare syndrome that causes defects involving the di  aphr  ag  m ab  domin  al wall peric  ardi  um heart and lower ster  num it was characterized in 1958 a loc  us at x  q 25 26 has been described
pent  ane interference or syn pent  ane interaction is the ster  ic hindrance that the two terminal methyl groups experience in one of the chemical conform  ations of n pent  ane the possible conform  ations are combinations of anti conform  ations and gau  che conform  ations and are anti anti anti gau  che gau  che gau  che and gau  che gau  che − of which the last one is especially energetically un  favorable in macro  molecules such as polyethylene pent  ane interference occurs between every fifth carbon atom this is not to be confused with the 1 3 di  ax  ial interactions of cyclo  hex  ane derivatives gau  che interactions shared between substitu  ents and the ring a clear example of the syn pent  ane interaction is apparent in the di  ax  ial versus di  equatorial he  ats of formation of cis 1 3 dial  ky  l cyclo  hex  anes relative to the di  equatorial con  former the di  ax  ial con  former is 2 3 k  cal mol higher in energy than the value that would be expected based on 1 3 di  ax  ial interactions alone pent  ane interference helps explain molecular geome  tries in many chemical compounds product ratios and pur  ported transition states one specific type of syn pent  ane interaction is known as 1 3 all  yl  ic strain or a 1 3 strain for instance in certain al  do  l ad  duc  ts with 2 6 dis  u  b  stitu  ted ar  yl groups the molecular geometry has the vic  inal hydrogen atoms in an anti  peri  plan  ar configuration both in a crystal lat  tice x ray diff  r  action and in solution prot  on n  mr coupling constan  ts normally reserved for the most bul  ky groups i d both aren  es syn pent  ane effect in al  do  l ad  duc  ts the other contributing factor explaining this conform  ation is reduction in all  yl  ic strain by minim  izing the di  he  dr  al angle between the aren  e double bond and the meth  ine prot  on
a p  enti  men  to plural p  enti  menti is an alteration in a painting evidenced by traces of previous work showing that the artist has changed his or her mind as to the composition during the process of painting the word is italian for rep  ent  ance from the ver  b p  enti  r  si meaning to rep  ent
pent  o  sur  ia is a condition where the sugar xy  lit  ol a pent  ose presents in the urine in unusually high concentrations it was characterized as an in  born error of carbo  hydrate metabol  ism in 19  08 it is associated with a deficiency of l x  yl  ul  ose reduc  t  ase necessary for xy  lit  ol metabol  ism l x  yl  ul  ose is a reducing sugar so it may give false diagnosis of diabetes as it is found in high concentrations in urine however people with pent  o  sur  ia do not have non  standard metabol  ism of glucose like diabe  tics patients of pent  o  sur  ia have a low concentration of the sugar d xy  lo  ke  tose using phen  yl pent  o  sa  zone cryst  als ph  lor  o  gl  uc  in reaction and absorption spectrum pent  ose can be traced back as the reducing substance in urine with those that have pent  o  sur  ia research has shown that pent  o  sur  ia appears in 3 forms the most widely studied is essential pent  o  sur  ia where a couple of grams of l x  yl  us  ol are released into a person ’ s system daily x  yl  ul  ose contained in red blood cells is composed of both a major and minor iso  zy  me for those diagnosed with essential pent  o  sur  ia the major iso  zy  me appears to be the same as the minor one alim  entary pent  o  sur  ia can be acquired through fruits high in pent  ose finally drug induced pent  o  sur  ia can be developed by those exposed to morphine fe  vers allergies and some hormones those diagnosed with pent  o  sur  ia are predominantly of jewish root however it is a harmless defect and no cure is needed
pen  ultimate hop po  pping php is a function performed by certain rou  ters in an m  pl  s enabled network it refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an m  pl  s tag  ged packet is removed by a label switch rou  ter l  sr before the packet is passed to an adjacent label edge rou  ter ler the process is important in a layer 3 m  pl  s v  p  n r  fc 25  47 environment as it reduces the load on the ler if this process didn t happen the ler would have to perform at least 2 label look  ups 1 the outer label identifying that the packet was destined to have its label stripped on this rou  ter 2 the inner label to identify which virtual routing and forwarding v  r  f instance to use for the subsequent ip routing look  up in a large network this can result in the c  pu load on the ler reaching unacceptable levels by having php for an ler done on the ls  rs connected to it the load is effectively distributed among its neighbour rou  ters php functionality is achieved by the ler advertising a label with a value of 3 to its neighbours this label is defined as implicit null and informs the neighbouring l  sr s to perform php
pe  ptic ul  cer disease pu  d also known as a pe  ptic ul  cer or stomach ul  cer is a break in the lining of the stomach first part of the small intest  ine or occasionally the lower es  op  ha  gus an ul  cer in the stomach is known as a ga  str  ic ul  cer while that in the first part of the intest  ines is known as a du  o  den  al ul  cer the most common symptoms are waking at night with upper ab  domin  al pain or upper ab  domin  al pain that improves with eating the pain is often described as a burning or dull ache other symptoms include bel  ching v  om  iting weight loss or poor appetite about a third of older people have no symptoms complications may include bleeding per  for  ation and block  age of the stomach bleeding occurs in as many as 15 of people common causes include the bacteria heli  co  bac  ter p  yl  ori and non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids other less common causes include tobacco smoking stress due to serious illness beh  cet disease zoll  inger el  lis  on syndrome cro  hn disease and liver cir  rho  sis among others older people are more sensitive to the ul  cer causing effects of n  s  aids the diagnosis is typically suspected due to the presenting symptoms with confirmation by either endo  sco  py or barium swallow h p  yl  ori can be diagnosed by testing the blood for antibodies a urea breath test testing the sto  ol for signs of the bacteria or a biopsy of the stomach other conditions that produce similar symptoms include stomach cancer coron  ary heart disease and infl  amm  ation of the stomach lining or gall  blad  der diet does not play an important role in either causing or preventing ul  cers treatment includes stopping smoking stopping n  s  aids stopping alcohol and medications to decrease stomach acid the medication used to decrease acid is usually either a prot  on pump inhi  bit  or ppi or an h 2 bloc  ker with four weeks of treatment initially recommended ul  cers due to h p  yl  ori are treated with a combination of medications such as am  ox  ic  ill  in clari  thro  my  cin and a ppi antibiotic resistance is increasing and thus treatment may not always be effective bleeding ul  cers may be treated by endo  sco  py with open surgery typically only used in cases in which it is not successful pe  ptic ul  cers are present in around 4 of the population they newly began in around 53 million people in 2013 about 10 of people develop a pe  ptic ul  cer at some point in their life they resulted in 301 000 deaths in 2013 down from 327 000 deaths in 1990 the first description of a per  for  ated pe  ptic ul  cer was in 16  70 in princess hen  ri  etta of england h p  yl  ori was first identified as causing pe  ptic ul  cers by barry marshall and robin warren in the late 20 th century a discovery for which they received the nobel prize in 2005
in bio inform  atics a pep  tide mass fingerprint or pep  tide mass map is a mass spectrum of a mixture of pep  ti  des that comes from a dig  ested protein being analyzed the mass spectrum serves as a fingerprint in the sense that it is a pattern that can serve to identify the protein the method for forming a pep  tide mass fingerprint developed in 1993 consists of isolating a protein breaking it down into individual pep  ti  des and determining the masses of the pep  ti  des through some form of mass spec  tro  metry once formed a pep  tide mass fingerprint can be used to search in databases for related protein or even genom  ic sequences making it a powerful tool for anno  tation of protein coding genes one major advantage to mass fingerprinting is that it is significantly faster to carry out than pep  tide sequ  encing yet the results are equally useful disadvantages include the need for a single protein for analysis and the requirement that the protein sequence is located at least with significant hom  ology in a database because the mass of individual pep  ti  des is measured in forming a fingerprint mixtures of different proteins can yield unreliable results therefore sample preparation is an important step in the process even then if reliable results are obtained there must be a matching pep  tide sequence in the database you are searching in order for the results to be useful
percep  tual psychology is a sub  field of cognitive psychology that is concerned specifically with the pre conscious in  nate aspects of the human cognitive system perception percep  tual psychology is a branch of cognitive psychology dealing with mental processes that we use in everyday living any time you problem solve make a decision or make a memory you are using an example of percep  tual psychology percep  tual psychology is often used in therapy to help a patient better their problem solving skills a pioneer of this field was james j gib  son a major study was that of cognitive bi  ases mostly due to afford  ances i e the perceived utility of objects in or features of one s surroundings according to gib  son such features or objects were perceived as afford  ances and not as separate or distinct objects in themselves this view was central to several other fields as software user interface and us  ability engineering environment  alism in psychology and ultimately to political economy where the percep  tual view was used to explain the omission of key inputs or consequences of economic transactions i e resources and wastes ger  ard eg  an and robert bol  ton explored areas of inter  personal interactions based on the premise that people act in accordance with their perception of a given situation while behaviour is obvious a person s thoughts and feelings are masked this gives rise to the idea that the most common problems between people are based on the assumption that we can guess what the other person is feeling and thinking they also offered methods within this scope for effective communications this includes refl  ective listening assertion skills conflict resolution etc
percep  tual transparency is the phenomenon of seeing one surface behind another in our everyday life we often experience the view of objects through transparent surfaces physically transparent surfaces allow the transmission of a certain amount of light ray  s  through them sometimes nearly the tot  ality of rays is transmitted across the surface with  out  significant changes of direction or ch  rom  atic  ity as in the case of air sometimes only light ata certain wa  vel  eng  th is transmitted as for coloured glass percep  tually the problem of transparency is much more challenging both the light ray  s  coming from the transparent surface and those coming from the object behind it do reach thes  ame re  tin  al location triggering a single sens  orial process the system somehow maps th  is  information onto a percep  tual representation of two different objects physical transparency was shown to be neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for  percep  tual transparency fu  ch  s 19  23 showed that when a small portion of a transparent surface is observed neither the surface colour nor the fusion colour is perceived but only the colour resulting from the fusion of that of the transparent surface and that of the background tu  dor hart 19  28 showed it is not possible to perceive transparency in a tot  all  y  homogeneous field met  z  ger 1975 showed that patterns of opaque paper can induce the  illusion of transparency in the absence of physical transparency in order to distingu  ish  percep  tual from physical transparency the former has often been addressed as transparen  cy  illusion paradoxically however two models developed within a physical context have long  dominated the research in the field of percep  tual transparency the ep  is  co  ti  ster model by  met  elli 1970 1974 and the filter model by beck et al 1984
in bot  any per  en  nation is the ability of organisms particularly plants to survive from one germin  ating season to another especially under unfavourable conditions such as drought or winter it typically involves development of a per  en  n  ating organ which stores enough nutrients to sustain the organism during the unfavourable season and develops into one or more new plants the following year common forms of per  en  n  ating organs are storage organs e g tubers and r  hi  zom  es and bu  ds per  en  nation is closely related with vegetative reproduction as the organisms commonly use the same organs for both survival and reproduction
per  ennial r  ye  grass st  agg  ers is poisoning by per  amine lo  lit  rem b and other toxins that are contained in per  ennial r  ye  grass lolium per  enne and produced by the end  op  hy  te fun  gus neo  typ  ho  dium lo  li  i which can be present in all parts of the grass plant but tends to be concentrated in the lower part of the leaf she  aths the flower stal  ks and seeds this condition can affect horses cattle sheep farmed deer and ll  am  as it regularly occurs in new zealand and is known sp  as  mo  dic  ally from australia north and south america and europe
per  enni  bran  chi  ate in zo  ology is the condition of an organism retaining bran  cha  e or g  ills through life this condition is generally said of certain am  phi  bia such as the mu  d  puppy the term is opposed to cad  u  ci  bran  chi  ate in some cases only a small proportion of a given am  phi  bian population is per  enni  bran  chi  ate but in other instances a prep  onder  ance of the individuals have an adult gill retention for example in the case of the rough skin  ned new  t in the cas  c  ade mountains populations approximately ninety percent of the adult population is per  enni  bran  chi  ate
in computer science a perfect has  h function for a set s is a has  h function that maps distinct elements in s to a set of inte  gers with no collis  ions in mathematical terms it is a total injec  tive function perfect has  h functions may be used to implement a look  up table with constant worst case access time a perfect has  h function has many of the same applications as other has  h functions but with the advantage that no collision resolution has to be implemented
perfec  tion  ism in psychology is a personality trait characterized by a person s striving for f  lawlessness and setting excessively high performance standards accompanied by overly critical self evaluations and concerns regarding others evaluations it is best concep  tu  alized as a multi  dimensional characteristic as psychologists agree that there are many positive and negative aspects in its mal  adap  tive form perfec  tion  ism drives people to attempt to achieve an unattainable ideal and their adap  tive perfec  tion  ism can sometimes motivate them to reach their goals in the end they derive pleasure from doing so when perfec  tion  ists do not reach their goals they often fall into depression
a per  for  ated ear  drum or punc  tured ear  drum is a rupture or per  for  ation hole of the ear  drum which can occur as a result of o  ti  tis media ear infection trauma e g by trying to clean the ear with sharp instruments explosion loud noise or surgery accidental creation of a rupture flying with a severe cold can also cause per  for  ation due to changes in air pressure and blocked eu  st  achi  an tubes resulting from the cold this is especially true on landing per  for  ation of the ear  drum leads to conduc  tive hearing loss which is usually temporary other symptoms may include tin  nit  us ear  ache or a discharge of m  uc  us
a per  for  ated ul  cer is a condition where an untreated ul  cer can burn through the wall of the stomach or other areas of the gastro  intest  inal tract allowing dig  estive juices and food to le  ach into the ab  domin  al cav  ity treatment generally requires immediate surgery the ul  cer is known initially as a pe  ptic ul  cer before the ul  cer burns through the full thickness of the stomach or du  o  den  al wall a diagnosis is made by taking an er  ect ab  domin  al chest x ray seeking air under the di  aphr  ag  m this is in fact one of the very few occasions in modern times where surgery is undertaken to treat an ul  cer many of the per  for  ated ul  cers have been attributed to the bacter  ium heli  co  bac  ter p  yl  ori the incidence of per  for  ated ul  cer is steadily declining though there are still incidents where it occurs causes include smoking and non ster  o  idal anti infl  am  matory drugs n  s  aids a per  for  ated ul  cer can be grouped into a ster  coral per  for  ation which involves a number of different things that causes per  for  ation of the intest  ine wall
per  for  ating calci  fic el  ast  osis also known as loc  alized acquired cu  taneous pseu  do  x  an  thom  a el  as  tic  um per  for  ating peri  um  bil  ical calci  fic el  ast  osis and peri  um  bil  ical per  for  ating pseu  do  x  an  thom  a el  as  tic  um is an acquired loc  alized cu  taneous disorder most frequently found in ob  ese multi  par  ous middle aged women characterized by lax well circum  scri  bed retic  ulated or co  bble stoned pl  aqu  es occurring in the peri  um  bil  ical region with ker  ato  tic surface pap  ules
per  for  ating fol  lic  u  li  tis is a skin condition in humans characterized by dis  crete fol  lic  ular ker  ato  tic erup  tions involving mainly the ha  iry parts of the extre  mi  ties
per  for  ating gran  ul  oma annul  are is a skin condition of unknown cause usually appearing on the dor  sal hands presenting as pap  ules with a central ker  ato  tic core
perfume intolerance is a condition where  in people exhibit sensitivity or allergic reactions to ingredients in perfume the most common allergic reactions to perfume or frag  ran  ces added to products is contact der  mati  tis though other symptoms may occur including allergic con  junc  ti  vi  tis the diagnosis of the causal aller  gen is made by patch testing with a mixture of frag  rance ingredients the frag  rance mix this gives a positive patch test reaction in about 10 of tested patients with ecz  ema and the most recent estimates show that 1 7 – 4 1 of the general population are sensi  tized to ingredients of the frag  rance mix two studies show that inhal  ant like allergies and sensitivity intoler  ances are experienced by a sub  set of the us population in the form of asthma and chemical sensitivities results aggregated from both surveys found that 30 5 of the general population reported sc  ented products on others irritating 19 reported adverse health effects from air fresh  eners and 10 9 reported irritation by sc  ented laundry products vented outside household products such as so  aps and detergents perfume products cosmetics and other consumer goods are estimated to use 2 500 different frag  rance ingredients of those approximately 100 different substances are known to elic  it responses in at least some individuals an estimated 1 7 – 4 1 of the general population shows a contact allergic response to a mix of common perfume ingredients the diagnosis is made by patch testing with a mixture of frag  rance ingredients the frag  rance mix this gives a positive patch test reaction in about 10 of tested patients with ecz  ema and the most recent estimates show that 1 7 – 4 1 of the general population are sensi  tized to ingredients of the frag  rance mix although products can be labeled frag  rance free many still contain lesser known frag  rance chemicals that consumers may not recognize cin  nam  alde  hyde cin  nam  ic alde  hyde is a common frag  rance aller  gen
peri  am  pul  l  ary cancer is a cancer that forms near the am  pul  la of v  ater an enlargement of the duc  ts from the liver and pan  cre  as where they join and enter the small intest  ine it consists of 1 am  pul  l  ary tum  our from am  pul  la of v  ater 2 cancer of lower common bile duc  t and 3 du  o  den  al cancer adjacent to am  pul  la 4 carcin  oma head of pan  cre  as it presents with pain  less ja  und  ice which may have wa  xing and waning nature because at times the sl  ough  ing of the tumor tissue reliev  es the obstruction partially
peri  anal cell  u  li  tis also known as per  ine  al der  mati  tis and st  rep  to  coc  cal peri  anal disease is a cu  taneous condition that presents as sharply demarc  ated bright peri  anal er  y  them  a extending 2 – 3 cm around the anal verge
a peri  anal g  land tumor is a type of tumor found near the an  us in dogs that arises from specialized g  land  ular tissue found in the per  in  eu  m peri  anal g  lands do not exist in cats it is also known as a he  pat  o  id tumor because of the similarity in cell shape to he  pat  oc  y  tes liver cells it is most commonly seen in intact not neu  tered dogs and is the third most common tumor type in intact male dogs there are two types of peri  anal g  land tumors peri  anal g  land aden  om  as which are benign and peri  anal g  land aden  o  carcin  om  as which are m  align  ant both have recep  tors for te  sto  ster  one peri  anal g  land aden  om  as are three times more likely to be found in intact male dogs than females and peri  anal g  land aden  o  carcin  om  as are ten times more common in male dogs than females the most commonly affected breeds for aden  om  as are the siber  ian hus  ky coc  ker spani  el pe  king  ese and sam  o  yed for aden  o  carcin  om  as the most commonly affected breeds are the siber  ian hus  ky bull  dog and al  as  kan mal  am  ute peri  anal g  land tumors are located most commonly in the skin around the an  us but can also be found on the tail or gro  in aden  om  as are more common making up 91 percent of peri  anal g  land tumors in one study aden  om  as and aden  o  carcin  om  as look alike both being round pink and usually less than three centi  meters in width aden  o  carcin  om  as are more likely to be multiple and invasive into the underlying tissue and they can me  tast  asi  ze to the lymp  h no  des liver and lungs both types should be removed and sent to a patho  logist for identification however 95 percent of peri  anal g  land aden  om  as will disappear after neu  tering the dog removing the tumor and neu  tering the dog at the same time will help prevent recurrence dogs with peri  anal g  land aden  o  carcin  om  as should be treated with aggressive surgery and the radiation therapy and chem  otherapy if necessary
peri  anal hem  atom  a peri  anal thro  m  bo  sis anal vein thro  m  bo  sis or external hemor  ro  idal thro  m  bo  sis is a type of hem  atom  a located in or on the border of the an  us it is sometimes in  appropriately referred to as an external hemor  rho  id
the peri  ap  ical cyst also termed radic  ular cyst and to a lesser extent dental cyst is the most common cyst of the jaw it is caused by pul  pal necro  sis secondary to dental car  ies or trauma the cyst lining is derived from the cell rests of mal  as  se  z usually the peri  ap  ical cyst is as  ymp  tomatic but a secondary infection can cause pain on radio  graphs it appears a radi  ol  uc  ency dark area around the ap  ex of a tooth s root radic  ular cyst is the most common od  on  to  genic c  ys  tic le  sion of infl  am  matory origin it is also known as peri  ap  ical cyst ap  ical period  on  tal cyst root end cyst or dental cyst it arises from epi  the  li  al residues in period  on  tal lig  ament as a result of infl  amm  ation the infl  amm  ation usually follows death of dental pulp radic  ular cy  sts are found at root ap  ices of involved teeth these cy  sts may persists even after extraction of offending tooth such cy  sts are called residual cy  sts
peri  ap  ical period  on  ti  tis also termed ap  ical period  on  ti  tis ap or per  ir  adic  ular peri  don  ti  tis is an acute or chronic infl  am  matory le  sion around the ap  ex of a tooth root which is caused by bacterial invasion of the pulp of the tooth the term is derived from peri meaning around ap  ical referring to the ap  ex of the root the tip of the root and i  tis meaning a disease characterized by infl  amm  ation peri  ap  ical period  on  ti  tis can be considered a sequ  ela in the natural history of dental car  ies tooth decay irreversible pul  pi  tis and pul  pal necro  sis since it is the likely outcome of untreated dental car  ies although not always peri  ap  ical period  on  ti  tis may develop into a peri  ap  ical abs  c  ess where a collection of p  us forms at the end of the root the consequence of spread of infection from the tooth pulp od  on  to  genic infection or into a peri  ap  ical cyst where an epi  the  li  al lined fluid filled structure forms
peric  ardi  al eff  usion fluid around the heart is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peric  ardi  al cav  ity because of the limited amount of space in the peric  ardi  al cav  ity fluid accumulation leads to an increased intr  aper  ic  ardi  al pressure which can negatively affect heart function a peric  ardi  al eff  usion with enough pressure to adversely affect heart function is called cardiac tam  pon  ade peric  ardi  al eff  usion usually results from a disturbed equilibrium between the production and re absorption of peric  ardi  al fluid or from a structural ab  normality that allows fluid to enter the peric  ardi  al cav  ity normal levels of peric  ardi  al fluid are from 15 to 50 ml
peric  ardi  tis is infl  amm  ation of the peric  ardi  um the fi  bro  us s  ac surrounding the heart symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp chest pain the pain may also be felt in the shoulders neck or back it is typically better sitting up and worse with lying down or breathing deep other symptoms may include fever weakness pal  p  itations and short  ness of breath occasionally onset of symptoms is gradual the cause of peric  ardi  tis is believed to be most often due to a viral infection other causes include bacterial infections such as tuberculosis u  rem  ic peric  ardi  tis following a heart attack cancer auto  immune disorders and chest trauma the cause often remains unknown diagnosis is based on the chest pain a peric  ardi  al rub specific electro  cardi  o  gram ec  g changes and fluid around the heart other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include a heart attack treatment in most cases is with n  s  aids and possibly col  chic  ine ster  oids may be used if those are not appropriate typically symptoms improve in a few days to weeks but can occasionally last months complications can include cardiac tam  pon  ade my  o  cardi  tis and con  stric  tive peric  ardi  tis it is a less common cause of chest pain about 3 per 10 000 people are affected per year those most commonly affected are males between the ages of 20 and 50 up to 30 of those affected have more than one episode
peric  hon  dri  tis is infl  amm  ation of the peric  hon  dri  um a layer of connec  tive tissue which surrounds car  til  age a common form aur  icular peric  hon  dri  tis peric  hon  dri  tis aur  icul  ae involves infection of the pin  na due to infection of traumatic or surgical wound or the spread of infl  amm  ation into depth it may lead to severe de  formation of the pin  na if not treated vigorously with iv antibiotics the caus  ative organism is usually pseu  dom  onas aer  u  gin  osa a rare form is lar  yn  ge  al peric  hon  dri  tis peric  hon  dri  tis lar  yn  gis it develops suddenly due to an injury virulent organisms or compromised immune status of the host and also affects car  til  age of the lar  yn  x this may result in de  formations and sten  o  ses
peric  or  oni  tis from the greek peri around latin cor  ona crown and i  tis infl  amm  ation also known as oper  cu  li  tis is infl  amm  ation of the soft tissues surrounding the crown of a partially erupted tooth including the g  ing  iva g  ums and the dental fol  lic  le the soft tissue covering a partially erupted tooth is known as an oper  cul  um an area which can be difficult to access with normal oral hygiene methods the synon  ym oper  cu  li  tis technically refers to infl  amm  ation of the oper  cul  um alone peric  or  oni  tis is caused by an accumulation of bacteria and debris beneath the oper  cul  um or by mechanical trauma e g biting the oper  cul  um with the opposing tooth peric  or  oni  tis is often associated with partially erupted and imp  acted man  di  bul  ar third mol  ars lower wisdom teeth often occurring at the age of wisdom tooth eruption 15 24 other common causes of similar pain from the third mol  ar region are food imp  action causing period  on  tal pain pul  pi  tis from dental car  ies tooth decay and acute my  of  as  cial pain in tempor  om  andi  bul  ar joint disorder peric  or  oni  tis is classified into chronic and acute chronic peric  or  oni  tis can present with no or only mild symptoms and long re  missions between any escal  ations to acute peric  or  oni  tis acute peric  or  oni  tis is associated with a wide range of symptoms including severe pain sw  elling and fever sometimes there is an associated peric  or  onal abs  c  ess an accumulation of p  us this infection can spread to the cheeks or  bits peri  or  bits and other parts of the face or neck and occasionally can lead to air  way compromise e g lud  wig s ang  ina requiring emergency hospital treatment the treatment of peric  or  oni  tis is through pain management and by resolving the infl  amm  ation the infl  amm  ation can be resolved by flu  shing the debris or infection from the peric  or  onal tissues or by removing the associated tooth or oper  cul  um retaining the tooth requires improved oral hygiene in the area to prevent further acute peric  or  oni  tis episodes tooth removal is often indicated in cases of recurrent peric  or  oni  tis extensive decay or tooth imp  action
peric  ul  um in mor  a latin for danger in delay is one of two conditions which must be asserted in actions aimed at obtaining a protective order or injunction to be granted the relief sought the other condition being fum  us bon  i i  ur  is the second condition is the c d prima facie case the burden of proof of danger in delay falls to the person who requests the injunction or order demonstrating the existence of both requirements peri  col  um notice and the risk of suffering serious and irreparable damage the term serious harm refers to the magnitude of the damages calculated in relation to the value of the property in dispute an injury will not be so serious in itself but only when compared to the object of contention irreparable damage is in the possibility of a remedy in the future against which the party seeking the injunction believes they will suffer only asset orientation is currently supported in that the prevailing possibility of obtaining compensation for damages is in itself sufficient to prevent the founding of irreparable harm
in general these are considered to be equilibrium processes although it is possible to push the reaction in one direction by designing a reaction by which the product is at a significantly lower energy level this is due to a un  im  ol  ec  ular interpretation of le ch  ate  lier s principle peric  ycl  ic reactions often have related step  wise radical processes associated with them some peric  ycl  ic reactions such as the 2 2 cyclo  addition are controversial because their mechanism is not definitively known to be concerted or may depend on the reactive system peric  ycl  ic reactions also often have metal cataly  zed analo  gs although usually these are also not technically peric  ycl  ic since they proceed via metal stabilized intermedi  ates and therefore are not concerted a large photo  induced hydrogen sig  mat  ro  pic shift was utilized in a cor  rin synthesis performed by albert es  chen  mo  ser containing a 16 π system due to the principle of micro  scopic rever  sibility there is a parallel set of re  tro peric  ycl  ic reactions which perform the reverse reaction
peri  fol  lic  ular fi  bro  ma is a cu  taneous condition a benign tumor usually skin colored most often affecting the face and upper trunk
peri  fol  lic  ular m  uc  in  osis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by m  uc  in  osis and described in hiv infected patients
peri  fol  lic  u  li  tis is an infl  amm  ation in the skin around the hair fol  lic  les it is fairly common to get this condition for a week or so after intense pul  sed light treatment
peri  hepatitis is infl  amm  ation of the ser  ous or per  it  one  al coating of the liver peri  hepatitis is often caused by one of the infl  am  matory disorders of the female upper genital tract known collectively as pel  vic infl  am  matory disease some patients have sharp right upper ab  domin  al quad  rant pain one of the complications of peri  hepatitis is fit  z hugh curtis syndrome common bacterial causes for this disease are ch  lam  y  dia tr  ach  om  atis and ne  is  ser  ia gon  or  rho  e  ae
per  in  atal as  phy  x  ia ne  on  atal as  phy  x  ia or birth as  phy  x  ia is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a new  born infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm usually to the brain hypo  x  ic damage can occur to most of the infant s organs heart lungs liver gut kidneys but brain damage is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal in more pronounced cases an infant will survive but with damage to the brain manifested as either mental such as developmental delay or intellectual disability or physical such as sp  as  tic  ity it results most commonly from a drop in maternal blood pressure or some other substantial interference with blood flow to the infant s brain during delivery this can occur due to inadequate circulation or per  fusion impaired respiratory effort or inadequate ventilation per  in  atal as  phy  x  ia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 new  bor  ns that are born at term and more for those that are born prematurely who estimates that 4 million ne  on  atal deaths occur yearly due to birth as  phy  x  ia representing 38 of deaths of children under 5 years of age an infant suffering severe per  in  atal as  phy  x  ia usually has poor color cyan  osis per  fusion responsiveness muscle tone and respiratory effort as reflected in a low 5 minute ap  gar score extreme degrees of as  phy  x  ia can cause cardiac arrest and death if resusc  itation is successful the infant is usually transferred to a ne  on  atal intensive care unit there has long been a scientific debate over whether new  born infants with as  phy  x  ia should be resusc  itated with 100 oxygen or normal air it has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals which have a role in reper  fusion injury after as  phy  x  ia research by ola di  dri  k s  aug  st  ad and others led to new international guidelines on new  born resusc  itation in 2010 recommending the use of normal air instead of 100 oxygen there is considerable controversy over the diagnosis of birth as  phy  x  ia due to medi  co  legal reasons because of its lack of precision the term is es  chewed in modern ob  ste  trics
per  in  atal gang  rene of the but  to  ck is a skin condition similar to live  do  id der  mati  tis and is usually a complic  ation of um  bil  ical artery cathe  ter  ization exchange transfusion or cord injections by means of a syr  inge
per  in  atal mortality p  nm also per  in  atal death refers to the death of a fe  tus or ne  on  ate and is the basis to calculate the per  in  atal mortality rate variations in the precise definition of the per  in  atal mortality exist specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fe  tal and late ne  on  atal fatalities the world health organization defines per  in  atal mortality as the number of still  births and deaths in the first week of life per 1 000 total births the per  in  atal period commences at 22 completed weeks 154 days of gest  ation and ends seven completed days after birth but other definitions have been used the uk figure is about 8 per 1 000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in asian women globally about 2 6 million ne  on  ates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4 5 million in 1990
per  ine  al her  nia is a her  nia involving the per  in  eu  m pel  vic floor the her  nia may contain fluid fat any part of the intest  ine the rec  tum or the blad  der it is known to occur in humans dogs and other mammals and often appears as a sudden sw  elling to one side sometimes both sides of the an  us a common cause of per  ine  al her  nia is surgery involving the per  in  eu  m per  ine  al her  nia can be caused also by excessive str  aining to defec  ate ten  es  mus other causes include pro  state or ur  inary disease con  sti  p  ation anal s  ac disease in dogs and diarr  hea atro  phy of the lev  ator ani muscle and disease of the pu  d  end  al nerve may also contribute to a per  ine  al her  nia
in ob  ste  trics a per  ine  al tear is a spontaneous unintended lac  eration of the skin and other soft tissue structures which in women separate the vag  ina from the an  us per  ine  al tears mainly occur in women as a result of vag  inal childbirth which strains the per  in  eu  m tears vary widely in severity the majority are superficial and require no treatment but severe tears can cause significant bleeding long term pain or dysfunction a per  ine  al tear is distinct from an ep  is  io  tomy in which the per  in  eu  m is intentionally inc  ised to facilitate delivery
per  ine  od  y  nia means per  ine  al pain and includes vul  vo  dy  nia and proc  tal  gia fu  ga  x pu  d  end  al ne  ur  al  gia is one of the main causes of per  ine  od  y  nia
a period of financial distress occurs when the price of a company or an asset or an index of a set of assets in a market is declining with the danger of a sudden crash of value occurring either because the company is experiencing increasing problems of cash flow or a deteriorating credit balance or because the price had become too high as a result of a speculative bubble that has now peaked
periodic fever aph  th  ous stom  ati  tis phar  yn  gi  tis and ad  eni  tis or periodic fever aph  th  ous phar  yn  gi  tis and cer  vic  al aden  opathy p  f  ap  a syndrome is a medical condition typically starting in young children in which high fever occurs periodically at intervals of about 3 – 5 weeks frequently accompanied by aph  th  ous like ul  cers phar  yn  gi  tis and or cer  vic  al ad  eni  tis cer  vic  al lymp  had  en  opathy the syndrome was described in 1987 and named two years later
periodic fever syndro  mes also known as auto  infl  am  matory diseases or auto  infl  am  matory syndro  mes are a set of disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of systemic and organ specific infl  amm  ation unlike auto  immune disorders such as systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus in which the disease is caused by ab  norm  alities of the adap  tive immune system patients with auto  infl  am  matory diseases do not produce auto  antibodies or antigen specific t or b cells instead the auto  infl  am  matory diseases are characterized by errors in the in  nate immune system the syndro  mes are diverse but tend to cause episodes of fever joint pains skin r  ashes ab  domin  al pains and may lead to chronic complications such as amy  lo  ido  sis most auto  infl  am  matory diseases are genetic and present during childhood the most common genetic auto  infl  am  matory syndrome is famili  al mediterranean fever which causes short episodes of fever ab  domin  al pain ser  osi  tis lasting less than 72 hours it is caused by mutations in the me  f  v gene which codes for the protein py  rin py  rin is a protein normally present in the infl  am  mas  ome the mut  ated py  rin protein is thought to cause inappropriate activation of the infl  am  mas  ome leading to release of the pro infl  am  matory cy  to  k  ine il 1 β most other auto  infl  am  matory diseases also cause disease by inappropriate release of il 1 β thus il 1 β has become a common therapeutic target and medications such as an  ak  in  ra ri  lon  ac  ept and can  ak  in  um  ab have revolution  ized the treatment of auto  infl  am  matory diseases however there are some auto  infl  am  matory diseases that are not known to have a clear genetic cause this includes p  f  ap  a which is the most common auto  infl  am  matory disease seen in children characterized by episodes of fever aph  th  ous stom  ati  tis phar  yn  gi  tis and cer  vic  al ad  eni  tis other auto  infl  am  matory diseases that do not have clear genetic causes include adult onset still s disease systemic onset juvenile idi  opathic ar  thri  tis sch  nit  z  ler syndrome and chronic recurrent multi  focal o  ste  om  ye  li  tis it is likely that these diseases are multi  fac  torial with genes that make people susceptible to these diseases but they require an additional environmental factor to trigger the disease an other example that shows that auto  infl  am  atory conditions may not be genetic in origin is found in a report published in nature which shows that diet is very important in the development of such diseases the ing  estion levels of highly saturated fats and cho  le  sterol high fat diet h  fd affects the micro  bio  ta composition of the gut changes in the micro  bio  ta induced by a h  fd are protective against the suscep  tibility to develop o  ste  om  ye  li  tis auto  immune disease as compared with the changes induced by a low fat diet the changes in the micro  bi  ome of individuals under h  fd showed a reduction in pre  vo  tella abundance and were accompanied by significantly reduced expression levels of pro inter  leuk  in 1 β in distant neu  troph  ils
periodic limb movement disorder pl  md previously known as no  c  tur  nal my  o  cl  onus is a sleep disorder where the patient moves limbs involun  tarily during sleep and has symptoms or problems related to the movement pl  md should not be confused with rest  less legs syndrome r  ls r  ls occurs while awake as well as when asleep and when awake there is a voluntary response to an uncomfortable feeling in the legs pl  md on the other hand is involuntary and the patient is often unaware of these movements altogether
periodic paralysis also known as myop  legi  a par  oxy  sm  alis famili  aris is a group of rare genetic diseases that lead to weakness or paralysis rarely death from common triggers such as cold heat high carbo  hydrate meals not eating stress or excitement and physical activity of any kind the underlying mechanism of these diseases are mal  functions in the ion channels in sk  el  etal muscle cell memb  ran  es that allow electrically charged ions to leak in or out of the muscle cell causing the cell to de  pol  arize and become unable to move a chann  el  opathy the symptoms of periodic paralysis can also be caused by hyper  thyro  i  dis  m and are then labeled thyro  toxic periodic paralysis however if this is the underlying condition there are likely to be other characteristic manifestations enabling a correct diagnosis
in mathematics a periodic travelling wave or wa  ve  train is a periodic function of one dimensional space that moves with constant speed consequently it is a special type of spati  o  tempor  alo  sci  ll  ation that is a periodic function of both space and time periodic travelling waves play a fundamental role in many mathem  ati  cal  equations including self osci  ll  atory systems exc  itable systems andre  action diffusion adv  ection systems equations of these types are widely used as mathematical models of biology chemistry and physics and many examples in phenomena resembling periodic travelling waves ha  ve  been found empir  ically the mathematical theory of periodic travelling waves is most ful  ly  developed for partial differential equations but these solu  tion  s  also occur in a number of other types of mathematical system including inte  gro  differential equations inte  gro  difference equations coupled map lat  tic  es  and  cellular autom  ata as well as being important in their own right periodic travel  ling  waves are significant as the one dimensional equivalent of spiral waves and target patterns in two dimensional space and of scro  ll waves in three dimensional space
a period  on  tal abs  c  ess also termed lateral abs  c  ess or par  ie  tal abs  c  ess is a loc  alized collection of p  us i e an abs  c  ess within the tissues of the period  on  tium it is a type of dental abs  c  ess a period  on  tal abs  c  ess occurs alongside a tooth and is different from the more common peri  ap  ical abs  c  ess which represents the spread of infection from a dead tooth i e which has undergone pul  pal necro  sis to reflect this sometimes the term lateral period  on  tal abs  c  ess is used in contrast to a peri  ap  ical abs  c  ess period  on  tal abs  c  esses are usually associated with a vital living tooth abs  c  esses of the period  on  tium are acute bacterial infections classified primarily by location
period  on  ti  tis also known as p  yor  rhe  a is a set of infl  am  matory diseases affecting the period  on  tium i e the tissues that surround and support the teeth period  on  ti  tis involves progressive loss of the al  ve  ol  ar bone around the teeth and if left untreated can lead to the loosen  ing and subsequent loss of teeth period  on  ti  tis is caused by micro  organisms that adhere to and grow on the tooth s surfaces along with an over aggressive immune response against these micro  organisms a diagnosis of period  on  ti  tis is established by inspecting the soft gum tissues around the teeth with a probe i e a clinical examination and by evaluating the patient s x ray films i e a radio  graphic examination to determine the amount of bone loss around the teeth specialists in the treatment of period  on  ti  tis are period  on  tists their field is known as period  on  to  logy or period  on  tics
peri  oral der  mati  tis also called peri  ori  fic  al der  mati  tis is skin disease characterised by multiple small 1 – 2 mm pap  ules pu  st  ules and ves  ic  les which are loc  alized to the peri  oral skin around the mouth per  inas  al or nas  ol  ab  ial fol  ds around the no  stri  ls or peri  oc  cular area around the eyes it most commonly affects women between the ages of 20 and 45 years but may also affect children men and the elderly it is not un  common and has a tendency to recur in individuals who have had it once
peri  orb  ital cell  u  li  tis also known as pres  ep  tal cell  u  li  tis and not to be confused with orb  ital cell  u  li  tis which is behind the sep  tum is an infl  amm  ation and infection of the eye  lid and portions of skin around the eye an  terior to the orb  ital sep  tum it may be caused by breaks in the skin around the eye and subsequent spread to the eye  lid infection of the sin  uses around the nose sin  u  si  tis or from spread of an infection elsewhere through the blood
peri  orb  ital der  mati  tis also known as peri  oc  ular der  mati  tis is a skin condition a variant of peri  oral der  mati  tis occurring on the lower eye  li  ds and skin adjacent to the upper and lower eye  li  ds
peri  orb  ital hyper  pi  gm  entation is characterized by dark circles around the eyes which are common often famili  al and frequently found in individuals with dark pi  gm  entation or mediterranean ance  stry at  op  ic patients may also exhibit peri  orb  ital pi  gm  entation allergic shin  ers due to lower eye  lid ven  ous st  asis and treatment is ineffective
peri  orb  ital pu  ff  iness also known as pu  ffy eyes or sw  elling around the eyes is the appearance of sw  elling in the tissues around the eyes called the or  bits it is almost exclusively caused by fluid buil  dup around the eyes or peri  orb  ital e  dem  a minor pu  ff  iness usually detec  table below the eyes only although at times they could be present all around is often called eye bags such transi  ent pu  ff  iness is distinct from the age related and gradual increase in the size of the fat pad lying below the lower eye  li  ds sub  or  bic  ul  aris oc  uli fat so  of which can also be col  lo  qu  ially referred to as eye bags
peri  ori  fic  ial der  mati  tis is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a combination of peri  oral der  mati  tis and peri  oc  ular der  mati  tis
a perio  steal reaction is the formation of new bone in response to injury or other stimul  i of the perio  steu  m surrounding the bone it is most often identified on x ray films of the bones
perio  sti  tis also known as perio  stal  gia is a medical condition caused by infl  amm  ation of the perio  steu  m a layer of connec  tive tissue that surrounds bone the condition is generally chronic and is marked by tender  ness and sw  elling of the bone and an aching pain
peri  par  tum cardi  om  y  opathy pp  cm is a form of dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy that is defined as a deterioration in cardiac function presenting typically between the last month of pregnancy and up to six months post  par  tum as with other forms of dil  ated cardi  om  y  opathy pp  cm involves syst  ol  ic dysfunction of the heart with a decrease of the left ven  tric  ular e  jec  tion fraction ef with associated cong  estive heart failure and an increased risk of atri  al and ven  tric  ular arr  hy  th  mi  as thro  m  bo  embol  ism block  age of a blood vessel by a blood clo  t and even sudden cardiac death in essence the heart muscle cannot contract forcefully enough to pump adequate amounts of blood for the needs of the body s vital organs pp  cm is a diagnosis of exclusion where  in patients have no prior history of heart disease and there are no other known possible causes of heart failure echo  cardi  o  gram is used to both diagnose and monitor the effectiveness of treatment for pp  cm the cause of pp  cm is unknown currently researchers are investigating cardi  o  tropic viruses auto  immunity or immune system dysfunction other toxins that serve as triggers to immune system dysfunction mic  ron  u  tri  ent or trace mineral defin  ci  encies and genetics as possible components that contribute to or cause the development of pp  cm the process of pp  cm begins with an unknown trigger possibly a cardi  o  tropic virus or other yet unidentified catalyst that initiates an infl  am  matory process in the heart consequently heart muscle cells are damaged some die or become scar tissue scar tissue has no ability to contract therefore the effectiveness of the pumping action of the heart is decreased also damage to the cy  to  sk  el  etal framework of the heart causes the heart to enlarge stretch or alter in shape also decreasing the heart s syst  ol  ic function or output the initial infl  am  matory process appears to cause an auto  immune or immune dysfunctional process which in turn fuels the initial infl  am  matory process progressive loss of heart muscle cells leads to eventual heart failure
peripheral t cell lymp  homa refers to a group of t cell lymp  hom  as that develop away from the th  ym  us examples include cu  taneous t cell lymp  hom  as an  gi  o  immun  obl  astic t cell lymp  homa ex  tran  od  al natural killer t cell lymp  homa nas  al type enter  opathy type t cell lymp  homa sub  cu  taneous pann  ic  u  li  tis like t cell lymp  homa an  ap  l  astic large cell lymp  homa peripheral t cell lymp  homa not otherwise specified in ic  d 10 cu  taneous t cell lymp  hom  as are classified separately
peripheral t cell lymp  homa not otherwise specified pt  cl nos is a subtype of peripheral t cell lymp  homa peripheral t cell lymp  homa pt  cl is defined as a diverse group of aggressive lymp  hom  as that develop from mature stage white blood cells called t cells and natural killer cells nk cells see figure for an overview of pt  cl sub  types pt  cl is a type of non ho  dg  kin ’ s lymp  homa n  hl n  hl affects two particular types of white blood cells b cells and t cells pt  cl specifically affects t cells and results when t cells develop and grow abnormally file pt  cl sub  types j  pg pt  cl nos the most common subtype of pt  cl is aggressive and predominantly no  dal there are two mor  pho  logic variants the t zone lymp  homa variant and the lymp  ho  epi  the  li  o  id cell variant t zone lymp  homa is so named for its involvement in a specific area of the lymp  h no  de that consists of a dense accumulation of t cells lymp  ho epi  the  li  o  id lymp  homa also called len  ner  t s lymp  homa is rare and generally affects older individuals
peripheral artery disease pad is a narrowing of the arter  ies other than those that supply the heart or the brain when narrowing occurs in the heart it is called coron  ary artery disease while in the brain it is called cere  bro  vascular disease peripheral artery disease most commonly affects the legs but other arter  ies may also be involved the classic symptom is leg pain when walking which resol  ves with rest known as inter  mit  tent clau  dic  ation other symptoms including skin ul  cers blu  ish skin cold skin or poor nail and hair growth may occur in the affected leg complications may include an infection or tissue death which may require ampu  tation coron  ary artery disease or stroke up to 50 of cases of pad are without symptoms the main risk factor is cigarette smoking other risk factors include diabetes high blood pressure and high blood cho  le  sterol the underlying mechanism is usually a  ther  os  clerosis other causes include artery sp  asm pad is typically diagnosed by finding an an  kle br  achi  al index ab  i less than 0 90 which is the syst  ol  ic blood pressure at the an  kle divided by the syst  ol  ic blood pressure of the arm du  pl  ex ul  tras  ono  graphy and an  gi  o  graphy may also be used an  gi  o  graphy is more accurate and allows for treatment at the same time however it is associated with greater risks it is unclear if screening for disease is useful as it has not been properly studied in those with inter  mit  tent clau  dic  ation from pad stopping smoking and supervised exercise therapy improves outcomes medications including stat  ins ace inhi  bit  ors and ci  lo  st  az  ol also may help aspir  in does not appear to help those with mild disease but is usually recommended in those with more significant disease anti  co  ag  ul  ants such as war  far  in are not typically of benefit procedures used to treat the disease include bypass graf  ting an  gi  op  la  sty and a  ther  ec  tomy in 2010 about 202 million people had pad worldwide in the developed world it affects about 5 3 of 45 to 50 years olds and 18 6 of 85 to 90 year olds in the developing world it affects 4 6 of people between the ages of 45 to 50 and 15 of people between the ages of 85 to 90 in the developed world pad is equally common among men and women while in the developing world women are more commonly affected in 2013 pad resulted in about 41 000 deaths up from 16 000 deaths in 1990
peripheral giant cell gran  ul  oma p  g  c  g is an oral patho  logic condition that appears in the mouth as an over  growth of tissue due to irritation or trauma because of its overwhelming incidence on the g  ing  iva the condition is associated with two other diseases though not because they occur together instead the three are associated with each other because they appear frequently on g  ing  iva py  ogenic gran  ul  oma and peripheral os  si  fying fi  bro  ma because of its similar micro  scopic appearance to the bon  y le  sions called central giant cell gran  ul  om  as peripheral giant cell gran  ul  om  as are considered by some researchers to be a soft tissue equivalent the appearance of peripheral giant cell gran  ul  om  as is similar to py  ogenic gran  ul  om  as the color ranges from red to blu  ish purple but is usually more blue in comparison to py  ogenic gran  ul  om  as it can be ses  sile or pe  dun  cul  ated with the size usually being less than 2 cm there is a gender difference with 60 of the disease occurring in females the prevalence of peripheral giant cell gran  ul  om  as is highest around 50 60 years of age it appears only on the g  ing  iva or on an ed  ent  ulous without teeth al  ve  ol  ar ridge it is more often found in the man  di  ble rather than the max  illa but can be found in either an  terior or poster  ior areas the underlying al  ve  ol  ar bone can be destroyed leaving a unique appearance referred to as cu  pping resor  ption or sau  cer  ization
peripheral neuro  pa  thy p  n is damage to or disease affecting nerves which may impair sensation movement g  land or organ function or other aspects of health depending on the type of nerve affected common causes include systemic diseases such as diabetes or leprosy vitamin deficiency medication e g chem  otherapy traumatic injury radiation therapy excessive alcohol consumption immune system disease co  eli  ac disease or viral infection it can also be genetic present from birth or idi  opathic no known cause in conventional medical usage the word neuro  pa  thy ne  uro nervous system and pa  thy disease of without modi  fier usually means peripheral neuro  pa  thy neuro  pa  thy affecting just one nerve is called mon  on  euro  pa  thy and neuro  pa  thy involving multiple nerves in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body is called symmetr  ical pol  yn  euro  pa  thy or simply pol  yn  euro  pa  thy when two or more typically just a few but sometimes many separate nerves in disparate areas of the body are affected it is called mon  on  eur  i  tis multi  pl  ex multi  focal mon  on  euro  pa  thy or multiple mon  on  euro  pa  thy peripheral neuro  pa  thy may be chronic a long term condition where symptoms begin sub  tly and progress slowly or acute sudden onset rapid progress and slow resolution acute neuro  path  ies demand urgent diagnosis motor nerves that control muscles sensory nerves or autonom  ic nerves that control automatic functions such as heart rate body temperature and breathing may be affected more than one type of nerve may be affected at the same time peripheral neuro  path  ies may be classified according to the type of nerve predominantly involved or by the underlying cause neuro  pa  thy may cause painful cram  ps fasc  icul  ations fine muscle tw  it  ching muscle loss bone de  generation and changes in the skin hair and nails additionally motor neuro  pa  thy may cause impaired balance and coordination or most commonly muscle weakness sensory neuro  pa  thy may cause num  b  ness to touch and vibration reduced position sense causing poorer coordination and balance reduced sensitivity to temperature change and pain spontaneous ting  ling or burning pain or skin allo  dy  nia severe pain from normally non  painful stimul  i such as light touch and autonom  ic neuro  pa  thy may produce diverse symptoms depending on the affected g  lands and organs but common symptoms are poor blad  der control abnormal blood pressure or heart rate and reduced ability to sweat normally
the peripheral od  on  to  genic fi  bro  ma is an un  common g  ing  i  val mass it affects people across a large age range it can be confused with the peripheral os  si  fying fi  bro  ma in contrast to the peripheral os  si  fying fi  bro  ma the peripheral od  on  to  genic fi  bro  ma is a rare le  sion no specific gender pre  dil  ection while the ages of the patients rang  ed from 5 to 65 years commonly seen in man  di  ble than max  illa slow growing solid firmly attached g  ing  i  val mass sometimes arising between teeth and sometimes dis  placing teeth consists of cellular fi  bro  us connec  tive tissue paren  ch  y  ma with non ne  op  l  astic islands strands of clou  man or cu  bo  idal od  on  to  genic epi  the  lium
peripheral os  si  fying fi  bro  ma “ a g  ing  i  val no  dule which is composed of a cellular fi  bro  bl  astic connec  tive tissue st  roma which is associated with the formation of randomly dispersed foc  i of miner  alised products which consists of bone cem  ent  um like tissue or a dy  stro  ph  ic calci  fication the le  sion is considered part of an os  si  fying fi  bro  ma but that is usually considered to be a gn  ath  ic tumor because of its overwhelming incidence on the g  ing  iva the condition is associated with two other diseases though not because they occur together instead the three are associated with each other because they appear frequently on g  ing  iva py  ogenic gran  ul  oma and peripheral giant cell gran  ul  oma some researchers believe peripheral os  si  fying fi  bro  mas to be related to py  ogenic fi  bro  mas and in some instances are the result of a py  ogenic gran  ul  oma which has undergone fi  bro  sis and calci  fication the term peripheral os  si  fying fi  bro  ma has been criticized as this le  sion is not related to the os  si  fying fi  bro  ma of bone and is not a fi  bro  ma this term is used in america however in britain this le  sion would be termed a fi  bro  us ep  ul  is containing bone
per  is  yl  vian syndrome is a rare neuro  logical disease characterized by damage to the syl  vian fis  sure lateral sul  cus an area in the brain involved in language and speech the main symptoms are difficulty chewing and sw  allowing low muscle tone in the face and tongue speech and language development disorders and epi  le  psy these symptoms may also be accompanied by difficulties with mobility and intellectual disabilities
per  it  one  al mes  o  the  li  oma is the name given to the cancer that attacks the lining of the ab  dom  en this type of cancer affects the lining that protects the contents of the ab  dom  en and which also provides a lubric  ating fluid to enable the organs to move and work properly the per  it  on  eu  m is made of two parts the vis  cer  al and par  ie  tal per  it  on  eu  m the vis  cer  al per  it  on  eu  m covers the internal organs and makes up most of the outer layer of the intest  inal tract covering the ab  domin  al cav  ity is the par  ie  tal per  it  on  eu  m
per  it  oni  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the per  it  on  eu  m the thin tissue that lines the inner wall of the ab  dom  en and covers most of the ab  domin  al organs per  it  oni  tis may be loc  alized or generalized and may result from infection often due to rupture of a hollow ab  domin  al organ as may occur in ab  domin  al trauma or infl  amed appendix or from a non infectious process
unlike ton  sil  li  tis which is more common in the pedi  atric age group pta has a more even age spread from children to adults symptoms start appearing two to eight days before the formation of an abs  c  ess a progressively severe sore throat on one side and pain during sw  allowing od  y  no  p  ha  gia usually are the earliest symptoms as the abs  c  ess develops persistent pain in the per  it  on  sill  ar area fever a general sense of feeling un  well headache and a distortion of vo  wels informally known as hot potato voice may appear neck pain associated with tender sw  oll  en lymp  h no  des referred ear pain and foul breath are also common while these signs may be present in ton  sil  li  tis itself a pta should be specifically considered if there is limited ability to open the mouth tr  is  mus physical signs of a per  it  on  sill  ar abs  c  ess include red  ness and sw  elling in the ton  sill  ar area of the affected side and sw  elling of the ju  gul  o  di  ga  str  ic lymp  h no  des the u  vul  a may be displaced towards the unaffected side
peri  un  gu  al war  ts are war  ts that cluster around the finger  nail or to  en  ail they appear as thick  ened f  issu  red cau  lif  lower like skin around the nail plate peri  un  gu  al war  ts often cause loss of the cu  tic  le and par  ony  ch  ia nail biting increases suscep  tibility to these war  ts war  ts of this kind often cause damage to the nail either by lifting the nail from the skin or causing the nail to partially det  ach if they extend under the nail then the patient may suffer pain as a result sometimes peri  un  gu  al wart infections resemble the changes that are found in ony  ch  om  y  co  sis in worst cases if the infection causes injury or damage to the nail matrix de  form  ity in the nail may become permanent as with other wart types a number of treatments are available including laser therapy cry  otherapy sal  ic  yl  ic acid and other topical treatments
in on  co  logy pe  coma also p  ec tum  our and peri  vascular epi  the  li  o  id cell tum  our is a family of mes  en  ch  ym  al tum  ours consisting of peri  vascular epi  the  li  o  id cells pec  s these are rare tum  ours that can occur in any part of the human body the cell type from which these tum  ours originate remains unknown normally no peri  vascular epi  th  elo  id cells exist the name refers to the characteristics of the tum  our when examined under the micro  scope establishing the m  align  ant potential of these tum  ours remains challenging although criteria have been suggested some pe  com  as display m  align  ant features whereas others can cautiously be labeled as having uncertain m  align  ant potential the most common tum  ours in the pe  coma family are ren  al an  gi  om  y  oli  po  ma and pul  mon  ary lymp  han  gi  ole  i  om  y  om  at  osis both of which are more common in patients with tuber  ous sclerosis complex the genes responsible for this multi system genetic disease have also been implicated in other pe  com  as many pe  coma types shows a female predominance in the sex ratio
peri  ven  tric  ular leuk  om  al  ac  ia pv  l is a form of white matter brain injury characterized by the necro  sis more often co  ag  ulation of white matter near the lateral ven  tric  les it can affect new  bor  ns and less commonly fet  uses premature infants are at the greatest risk of the disorder affected individuals generally exhibit motor control problems or other developmental delays and they often develop cere  br  al pal  sy or epi  le  psy later in life this path  ology of the brain was described under various names encephal  od  y  stro  phy is  chem  ic necro  sis peri  ven  tric  ular inf  arc  tion co  ag  ulation necro  sis leuk  om  al  ac  ia sof  tening of the brain inf  arc  t peri  ven  tric  ular white matter necro  sis of white matter diffuse symmetr  ical peri  ven  tric  ular leuko  encephalopathy and more often by german scientists but the worldwide dissemination was the term « peri  ven  tric  ular leuk  om  al  ac  ia » introduced in 1962 b a banker and j c lar  roche the term can be misleading as there is no sof  tening of the tissue in pv  l v v v  las  y  uk and v p tum  an  ov in 1985 published the world s first mono  graph devoted to pv  l v  las  y  uk 1981 first revealed the high incidence of op  tic radiation le  sions and demonstrated that pv  l a persistent process that the old necro  sis can join a new foc  i of pv  l may be at different stages of development in the process of mor  pho  genesis focuses pv  l pass through three stages 1 necro  sis 2 resor  ption and 3 the formation gli  osis scars or cy  sts cy  sts occur when large and con  flu  ent focuses of pv  l with mixed necro  sis kol  lik  vac  ia in the center and co  ag  ulation rim at the periphery around the foc  i is generally defined area of other le  sions of the brain white matter the death of pro  oli  god  end  ro  cy  tes proliferation mik  rog  li  oc  y  tes and astro  cy  tes sw  elling bleeding loss of cap  il  lar  ies and others the so called diffuse component pv  l however diffuse le  sions without necro  sis are not pv  l
the per  kin reaction is an organic reaction developed by william henry per  kin that is used to make cin  nam  ic acids it gives an α β un  saturated aromatic acid by the al  do  l condens  ation of an aromatic alde  hyde and an acid an  hy  dri  de in the presence of an alkali salt of the acid the alkali salt acts as a base catalyst and other bases can be used instead the per  kin reaction several reviews have been written
the per  ko  w reaction is an organic reaction in which a tri  al  ky  l phosp  h  ite ester reacts with a halo  ke  tone to form a dial  ky  l vinyl phosphate and an al  ky  l hali  de the per  ko  w reaction in the related mic  ha  el  is – ar  bu  zo  v reaction the same re  ac  tants are known to form a beta ke  to phosp  hon  ate which is an important re  agent in the hor  ner – w  ad  s  worth – em  mons reaction on the road to al  ken  es the per  ko  w reaction in this respect is considered a side reaction
per  l  man syndrome ps also called ren  al ham  ar  tom  as ne  ph  ro  bl  ast  om  at  osis and fe  tal gig  anti  sm is a rare over  growth disorder present at birth it is characterized by poly  hy  dram  ni  os and fe  tal over  growth including macro  cephal  y ne  on  atal macro  som  ia vis  cer  om  eg  al  y dys  morph  ic facial features and an increased risk for wil  ms tumor at an early age the prog  no  sis for per  l  man syndrome is poor and it is associated with a high ne  on  atal mortality
in linear al  ge  bra the permanent of a square matrix is a function of the matrix similar to the determinant the permanent as well as the determinant is a poly  no  mi  al in the entries of the matrix both permanent and determinant are special cases of a more general function of a matrix called the im  man  ant
a permanent down  hole gauge p  dg is a pressure and or temperature gauge permanently installed in an oil or gas well typically they are installed in tu  bing in the well and can measure the tu  bing pressure or annul  us pressure or both systems installed in well cas  ing to read formation pressure directly suspended systems and systems built in co  il continuous tu  bing are also available the data that p  dgs provide are useful to reservoir engineers in determining the quantities of oil or gas contained below the earth s surface in an oil or gas reservoir and also which method of production is best permanent down  hole gauges or perman  ents for short are installed in oil and gas wells for the purposes of observation and optimi  zation the most proli  fic function of a permanent is to monitor pressure at a single point or multiple points in a well temperature is the second most monitored factor permanent down  hole gauges continue to evolve into many different types of sensors 1 pressure 2 temperature 3 distributive temperature 4 noise 5 strain 6 flow the information provided by a permanently mounted sensor enables smart well technology a smart well is a well that can monitor information and make adjustments automatically the adjustments will optimi  ze production or protect the well the vast majority of producing oil and gas wells in the world have no such instrum  entation or capabilities p  dg s are important tools for optimal production and protection of our most important non renewable resources
a newly identified and potentially treat  able form of mono  genic diabetes is the ne  on  atal diabetes caused by activating mutations of the k  cn  j 11 gene which codes for the k  ir 6 2 sub  unit of the beta cell kat  p channel this disease is considered to be a type of maturity onset diabetes of the young mo  dy it can be associated with g  ck k  cn  j 11 ins and ab  cc 8
permanent signal ps in us telephony jargon or permanent loop in british usage is a condition in which a pots line is off hook without connection for an extended period of time this is indicated in modern switches by the silent termination after the off hook tone times out and the telephone exchange computer puts the telephone line on its high wet list or wet  list in older switches however a permanent signal holding trunk p  sh  t would play either a how  ler tone or a 480 500 h  z high tone which would subsequently bleed into adjacent lines via cros  stal  k how  ler tone is a tone of increasing intensity that is intended to alert telephone users to the fact that the receiver has been left off the hook without being connected in a call permanent signal can also describe the state of a trunk that is seized but has not been di  aled upon if it remains in a busy condition sometimes aler  ting with re  order in most mid 20 th century switching equipment a permanent signal would tie up a junc  tor circuit diminishing the ability of the switch to handle outgoing calls when flooded cables or other conditions made this a real problem switch staff would open the cable or paper the off normal contacts of the cross  bar switch or block the line relay from operating these methods had the disadvantage of blocking all outgoing calls from that line until it was manu  ally cleared manufacturers also sold devices that monitored the talk wires and held up the cu  to  ff relay or cross  bar hold magnet until the condition cleared some cross  bar line circuit designs had a park condition allowing the line circuit itself to monitor the line stored program control exchanges finally solved the problem by setting a bit mask in the scanning program and running a low priority periodic checking program against the wet  list depending on software version a wet  listed line may also be in plo or lock  out state
in physics and engineering perme  ation also called im  bu  ing is the penetration of a perme  ate such as a liquid gas or vap  or through a solid it is directly related to the concentration gr  adi  ent of the perme  ate a material s intrinsic perme  ability and the materials mass diff  u  sivity perme  ation is model  ed by equations such as fic  k s laws of diffusion and can be measured using tools such as a mini  perme  ame  ter
in north america per  missive di  aling is the ability to make phone calls in an area subject to a newly introduced area code by using both the new and pre  existing di  aling methods when an area is given a new area code under a split plan the area s previous area code would no longer be valid for calls in the area so calls to numbers using the old area code will not work to alleviate mis  di  aling frustration the local routing can be set up such that both the old and new area codes will work for the same telephone exchange during this period the local numbering authority must not reas  sign the area s existing exchanges to the remaining area of the old area code nor vice versa at the end of the per  missive di  aling period the old area code is no longer valid for numbers in the affected area under an over  lay plan per  missive di  aling refers to the ability to continue to connect calls via 7 digit di  aling while also making 10 digit di  aling valid again the affected area must not introduce any new ambiguous telephone exchanges at the end of the period 10 digit di  aling becomes mandatory
in endocr  in  ology per  missi  veness is a bio  chemical phenomenon in which the presence of one hormone is required in order for another hormone to exert its full effects on a target cell hormones can interact in per  missive syner  g  istic or antagon  istic ways the chemical classes of hormones include am  ines poly  pep  ti  des gly  co  proteins and ster  oids per  missive hormones act as precursors to active hormones and may be classified as either pro  hormones or pre  hormones
pernicious an  emia also known as vitamin b 12 deficiency an  emia is a disease in which there are not enough red blood cells due to a lack of vitamin b 12 the most common initial symptom is feeling tired other symptoms may include short  ness of breath pale skin chest pain num  b  ness in the hands and feet poor balance a smooth red tongue poor refl  exes and confusion if treatment is not provided some of these problems may become permanent although pernicious an  emia technically refers to cases resulting from not enough intrinsic factor it is often used to describe all cases of an  emia due to not enough vitamin b 12 lack of intrinsic factor is most commonly due to an auto  immune attack on the cells that make it in the stomach it can also occur following the surgical removal of part of the stomach or from an inherited disorder other causes of low vitamin b 12 include a poor diet ce  li  ac disease and a ta  pe  worm infection when suspected diagnosis is made by blood and occasionally bone marrow tests blood tests may show fewer but larger red blood cells low numbers of young red blood cells low levels of vitamin b 12 and antibodies to intrinsic factor pernicious an  emia due to lack of intrinsic factor is not preventable vitamin b 12 deficiency due to other causes may be prevented with a balanced diet or with supplements pernicious an  emia can be easily treated with either injections or pills of vitamin b 12 if the symptoms are severe injections are typically recommended initially for those who have trouble sw  allowing pills a nas  al spray is available often treatment is lifelong pernicious an  emia due to auto  immune problems occurs in about 1 per 1000 people among those over the age of 60 about 2 have the condition it more commonly affects people of northern european descent women are more commonly affected than men with proper treatment most people live normal lives due to a higher risk of stomach cancer those with pernicious an  emia should be checked regularly for this the first clear description was by thomas ad  dison in 18  49 the term pernicious means deadly and was used as before the availability of treatment the disease was often fatal
per  ox  isom  al disorders represent a class of medical conditions caused by defects in per  ox  is  ome functions this may be due to defects in single enzymes important for per  ox  is  ome function or in per  ox  ins proteins en  coded by p  ex genes that are critical for normal per  ox  is  ome assembly and bio  genesis
in psychology persistence ps is a personality trait it is measured in the temper  ament and character inventory t  ci and is considered one of the four temper  ament traits persistence refers to perseverance in spite of fatigue or frustration cl  on  inger s research found that persistence like the other temper  ament traits is highly her  itable the sub  scales of ps in t  ci r consist of 1 eag  er  ness of effort ps 1 2 work hardened ps 2 3 ambitious ps 3 4 perfec  tionist ps 4 a study comparing the temper  ament and character inventory to the five factor model of personality found that persistence was substantially associated with consci  enti  ousness additionally persistence was moderately positively associated with the t  ci trait of self transc  end  ence research has also found that persistence is positively correlated with activity in zuc  ker  man s alternative five model and is negatively correlated with psycho  ticism in ey  sen  ck s model persistence can also be measured as the time invested in staying on task as an example if a cab driver works an 8 hour shift their persistence is 8 hours this isn t a relation to how hard one works as this is a reference to force if person a is a hard worker and person b is not this is a reference to effort not persistence
persistent mü  ll  er  ian duc  t syndrome p  m  ds is the presence of mü  ll  er  ian duc  t derivatives fall  op  ian tubes uter  us and or the upper part of the vag  ina in a genetically male animal in humans p  m  ds typically is due to an auto  som  al rec  essive con  genital disorder and is considered by some to be a form of pseu  do  her  m  aph  ro  di  tism due to the presence of mü  ll  er  ian derivatives typical features include und  es  c  ended test  es cry  p  tor  chi  dis  m and the presence of a small underdeveloped uter  us in an xy infant or adult this condition is usually caused by deficiency of fe  tal anti mü  ll  er  ian hormone am  h effect due to mutations of the gene for am  h or the anti mü  ll  er  ian hormone recep  tor but may also be as a result of in  sensitivity to am  h of the target organ
persistent adren  arch  e syndrome also known as adren  al sa  ha syndrome is a cu  taneous condition seen typically in thin young women who report great psychological and physical stress in their lives
persistent migr  aine a  ura without inf  arc  tion paw  oi is a little known condition first described under the designation prolonged migr  aine a  ura status that is not yet fully understood paw  oi is said to be a possible cause of a variety of neuro  logical symptoms including visual snow loss of vision increased after  images tin  nit  us and others however the patho  genesis of paw  oi is unknown in other words it is not known exactly what causes these symptoms furthermore it is not clear which medical examinations are useful in diagno  sing paw  oi at present paw  oi is usually diagnosed solely based on the patient s present and past symptoms it may be possible that an over  active brain or a chemical imbalance is partly to blame for the disorder different medication has been tried as treatment notably ace  ta  z  ol  amide val  pro  ate lam  o  tri  gine top  ir  am  ate and fu  ro  sem  ide
a persistent clo  aca is a symptom of a complex ano  rec  tal con  genital disorder in which the rec  tum vag  ina and ur  inary tract meet and fuse creating a clo  aca a single common channel
persistent fe  tal circulation is a condition caused by a failure in the systemic circulation and pul  mon  ary circulation to convert from the anten  atal circulation pattern to the normal pattern in a fe  tus there is high pul  mon  ary vascular resistance and low pul  mon  ary blood flow as the fe  tus does not use the lungs for oxygen transfer when the baby is born the lungs are needed for oxygen transfer and need high blood flow which is encouraged by low pul  mon  ary vascular resistance it can be associated with pul  mon  ary hyper  tension because of this the condition is also known as persistent pul  mon  ary hyper  tension of the new  born
persistent fe  tal vas  cul  ature is a condition often confused with childhood cat  ar  act it was formerly referred to as persistent hyper  plastic primary vit  re  ous
persistent hyper  plastic primary vit  re  ous ph  p  v also known as persistent fe  tal vas  cul  ature p  f  v is a rare con  genital developmental anomaly of the eye that resul  ts  following failure of the embry  ological primary vit  re  ous and hy  alo  id vas  cul  ature to reg  ress it can be present in three forms purely an  terior persistent tun  ica vas  cul  osa l  enti  s and persistent poster  ior fe  tal fi  bro  vascular she  ath of the lens purely poster  ior fal  ci  form re  tin  al sep  tum and ab  lati  o fal  cic  orm  is con  gen  ita and a combination of both most examples of ph  p  v are unilateral and non hereditary when bilateral ph  p  v may follow an auto  som  al rec  essive or auto  som  al dominant inheritance pattern
in anatomy a persistent left superior ven  a cav  a pl  sv  c is the most common variation of the thor  ac  ic ven  ous system is prevalent in 0 3 of the population and an embry  o  logic rem  nant that results from a failure to inv  olu  te
commonly referred as phosp  ho  res  cence persistent lumin  es  cence is the phenomenon encountered in materials which make them glow in the dark after the end of an exc  itation with u  v or visible light
persistent pu  pill  ary memb  rane ppm is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fe  tal memb  rane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil the pu  pill  ary memb  rane in mammals exists in the fe  tus as a source of blood supply for the lens it normally atro  ph  ies from the time of birth to the age of four to eight weeks ppm occurs when this atro  phy is incomplete it generally does not cause any symptoms the strands can connect to the cor  ne  a or lens but most commonly to other parts of the iris attachment to the cor  ne  a can cause small cor  ne  al op  ac  ities while attachment to the lens can cause small cat  ar  acts using topical atro  pine to di  late the pupil may help break down pp  ms in dogs ppm is inherited in the bas  en  ji but can occur in other breeds such as the p  embro  ke welsh c  org  i chow chow mas  ti  ff and english coc  ker spani  el it is also rarely seen in cats horses and cattle
a persistent thy  rog  los  sal duc  t is a usually benign medical condition in which the thy  rog  los  sal duc  t a structure usually only found during embryonic development fails to atro  phy the duc  t persists as a mid  line structure forming an open connection between the back of the tongue and the thyro  id g  land this opening can lead to fluid accumulation and infection which necessitate the removal of the duc  t
persistent trun  cus arter  io  sus or patent trun  cus arter  io  sus or common arter  ial trunk is a rare form of con  genital heart disease that presents at birth in this condition the embry  ological structure known as the trun  cus arter  io  sus fails to properly divide into the pul  mon  ary trunk and a  or  ta this results in one arter  ial trunk arising from the heart and providing mixed blood to the coron  ary arter  ies pul  mon  ary arter  ies and systemic circulation
a persistent vegetative state p  vs is a disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial ar  ous  al rather than true awareness after four weeks in a vegetative state vs the patient is classified as in a persistent vegetative state this diagnosis is classified as a permanent vegetative state some months 3 in the us and 6 in the uk after a non traumatic brain injury or one year after a traumatic injury nowadays more doctors and neuro  scientists prefer to call the state of consciousness an un  responsive wa  ke  fulness syndrome primarily because of ethical questions about whether a patient can be called vegetative or not
in psychology personal distress is an aver  sive self focused emotional reaction e g anxiety worry discomfort to the apprehension or comprehension of another s emotional state or condition this negative aff  ective state often occurs as a result of emotional contagion when there is confusion between self and other unlike emp  athy personal distress does not have to be con  gru  ent with the other s state and often leads to a self oriented ego  istic reaction to reduce it by withdrawing from the stres  sor for example thereby decreasing the likelihood of pro  social behavior there is evidence that sympathy and personal distress are subjec  tively different have different som  atic and physiological cor  relates and relate in different ways to pro  social behavior work in social neuro  science using functional neuro  imaging shows that the perception of another individual in pain results in the observer in the activation of the ne  ural network involved in the processing of fir  s  th  and experience of pain this intimate overlap between the ne  ural circuits responsible for our ability to perceive the pain of others and those underlying our own self experience of pain can lead to personal distress and can possibly be detrimental to emp  ath  ic concern personal distress may even result in a more ego  istic motivation to reduce it by withdrawing from the stres  sor for example thereby decreasing the likelihood of pro  social behavior
in universal personal telecommunications up  t personal mobility is the ability of a user to access telecommunication services at any up  t terminal on the basis of a personal identi  fier and the capability of the network to provide those services in accord with the user s service profile personal mobility involves the network s capability to locate the terminal associated with the user for the purposes of addressing routing and charging the user for calls access is intended to convey the concepts of both originating and terminating services management of the service profile by the user is not part of personal mobility the personal mobility aspects of personal communications are based on the up  t number
a personality development disorder is an inflexible and pervasive pattern of inner experience and behavior in children and adolescents that markedly devi  ates from the expectations of the individual s culture personality development disorder is not recognized as a mental disorder in any of the medical manu  als such as the ic  d 10 or the dsm iv neither is it part of the proposed revision of this manual the dsm 5 dsm iv allows the diagnosis of personality disorders in children and adolescents only as an exception this diagnosis is currently proposed by a few authors in germany the term personality development disorder is used to emphasize the changes in personality development which might still take place and the open outcome during development personality development disorder is considered to be a childhood risk factor or early stage of a later personality disorder in adul  thood adults usually show personality patterns over a long duration of time children and adolescents however still show marked changes in personality development some of these children and adolescents have a hard time developing their personalities in an ordinary way dsm iv states for example that children and adolescents are at higher risk to develop an anti  social personality disorder if they showed signs of conduct disorder and attention deficit disorder before the age of 10 this led adam bre  i  th  au  pt pe  ters 2010 to the idea that these children and adolescents need to be looked at more carefully the therapy which these children and adolescents need might be more intense and maybe even different from looking at the disorders traditionally the concept of personality development disorders also focuses on the severity of the disorder and the poor prog  no  sis an early diagnosis might help to get the right treatment at an early stage and thus might help to prevent a personality disorder outcome in adul  thood
personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring mal  adap  tive patterns of behavior cogn  ition and inner experience exhi  bited across many contexts and devi  ating markedly from those accepted by the individual s culture these patterns develop early are inflexible and are associated with significant distress or disability the definitions may vary somewhat according to source official criteria for diagno  sing personality disorders are listed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm and in the mental and behavioral disorders section of the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems ic  d published by the world health organization who the dsm 5 lists personality disorders in the same way as other mental disorders rather than on a separate axis as previously personality defined psychologically is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish between individual humans hence personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that differ from societal norms and expectations those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cogn  ition emo  tiveness inter  personal functioning or impulse control in general personality disorders are diagnosed in 40 – 60 of psychiatric patients making them the most frequent of psychiatric diagnosis personality disorders are characterized by an enduring collection of behavioral patterns often associated with considerable personal social and occupational disruption personality disorders are also inflexible and pervasive across many situations largely due to the fact that such behavior may be ego syn  tonic i e the patterns are consistent with the ego integrity of the individual and are therefore perceived to be appropriate for that individual this behavior can result in mal  adap  tive coping skills which may lead to personal problems that induce extreme anxiety distress or depression these patterns of behavior typically are recognized in adoles  cence and the beginning of adul  thood and in some unusual instances childhood many issues occur with classifying a personality disorder there are many categories of definition some mild and some extreme because the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders occur within prevailing cultural expectations their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of inevitable subjec  tivity they argue that the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders are based strictly on social or even socio  political and economic considerations
personality disorder not otherwise specified also known as personality disorder nos or p  d  nos is a dsm iv axis ii personality disorder conversely the dsm 5 does not have an equivalent to personality disorder nos the dsm 5 unspecified disorder is not a personality disorder it is used to enhance specificity of an existing disorder or it is an emergency diagnosis unto itself i e unspecified mental disorder 300 9 without being attached to another disorder
personnel psychology is a sub  field of industrial and organizational psychology personnel psychology is the area of industrial organizational psychology that primarily deals with the recruitment selection and evaluation of personnel and other job aspects such as morale job satisfaction and relationships between managers and workers in the workplace it is the field of study that concentrates on the selection and evaluation of employees this area of psychology deals with job analysis and defines and measures job performance performance appraisal employment testing employment interviews employee selection and employee training and human factors and er  gon  om  ics
perspective n point is the problem of estimating the pose of a calibr  ated camera given a set of n 3 d points in the world and their corresponding 2 d projections in the image the camera pose consists of 6 degrees of freedom d  of which are made up of the rotation roll pitch and y  aw and 3 d translation of the camera with respect to the world this problem originates from camera calibration and has many applications in computer vision and other areas including 3 d pose estimation robo  tics and aug  mented reality a commonly used solution to the problem exists for n 3 called p 3 p and many solutions are available for the general case of n ≥ 3 implement  ations of these solutions are also available in open source software
per  tus  sis also known as who  oping cough or 100 day cough is a highly contagious bacterial disease initially symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a run  ny nose fever and mild cough this is then followed by weeks of severe cou  gh  ing fits following a fit of cou  gh  ing a high pitched who  op sound or gas  p may occur as the person breath  es in the cou  gh  ing may last for 10 or more weeks hence the phrase 100 day cough a person may cough so hard that they v  omit break ribs or become very tired from the effort children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe the time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated but symptoms are typically mil  der per  tus  sis is caused by the bacter  ium bor  det  ella per  tus  sis it is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the cou  ghs and snee  zes of an infected person people are infectious to others from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the cou  gh  ing fits those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat this sample can then be tested by either culture or by poly  mer  ase chain reaction prevention is mainly by vaccination with the per  tus  sis vaccine initial immun  ization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age with four doses to be given in the first two years of life the vaccine becomes less effective over time with additional doses often recommended for older children and adults antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease in those with the disease antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms but otherwise have little effect in most people in children less than one year old and among those who are pregnant they are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset antibiotics used include er  y  thro  my  cin azi  thro  my  cin clari  thro  my  cin or trim  eth  op  rim sul  f  ame  th  ox  azole evidence to support interventions other than antibiotics for the cough is poor many children less than a year of age require hosp  itali  zation an estimated 16 million people worldwide are infected per year most cases occur in the developing world and people of all ages may be affected in 2013 it resulted in 61 000 deaths – down from 138 000 deaths in 1990 nearly 0 5 of infected children less than one year of age die outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16 th century the bacter  ium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906 the per  tus  sis vaccine became available in the 1940 s
peru  vian flam  en  co is a new phenomenon it can be seen as two art forms music and dance the only place in peru where peru  vian flam  en  co is advertised as music is the jazz zone in the mir  aflo  res district of lima as for the dance it seems to be gaining momentum in england especially in the north as a dance peru  vian flam  en  co is a variation of marin  era the national dance of peru the main differences between peru  vian flam  en  co and marin  era are the music and the cost  umes worn
the peru  vian horse sickness virus ph  sv is a cause of the neuro  logical disorder peru  vian horse sickness resulting in en  ce  ph  ali  tis in horses and other livestock the disease has significantly affected livestock in areas of peru and has also been documented in northern australia
the diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders p  dd as opposed to specific developmental disorders s  dd refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including soci  alization and communication the pervasive developmental disorders are pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified p  dd nos which includes atypical au  tism and is the most common au  tism the best known now understood to be part of a spectrum asper  ger syndrome rett syndrome and childhood dis  integr  ative disorder c  dd the first three of these disorders are commonly called the au  tism spectrum disorders the last two disorders are much r  arer and are sometimes placed in the au  tism spectrum and sometimes not the onset of pervasive developmental disorders occurs during infancy but the condition is usually not identified until the child is around three years old parents may begin to question the health of their child when developmental milestones are not met including age appropriate motor movement and speech production there is a division among doctors on the use of the term p  dd many use the term p  dd as a short way of saying p  dd nos others use the general category label of p  dd because they are hesitant to diagnose very young children with a specific type of p  dd such as au  tism both approaches contribute to confusion about the term because the term p  dd actually refers to a category of disorders and is not a diagnostic label
a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified p  dd nos is one of the three au  tism spectrum disorders as  d and also one of the five disorders classified as a pervasive developmental disorder p  dd according to the dsm iv p  dd nos is a diagnosis that is used for severe and pervasive impairment in the development of reciprocal social interaction or verbal and non  verbal communication skills or when stereo  ty  ped behavior interests and activities are present but the criteria are not met for a specific p  dd or for several other disorders p  dd nos is often called atypical au  tism because the criteria for au  tis  tic disorder are not met for instance because of late age of onset atypical symp  tom  at  ology or sub  threshold symp  tom  at  ology or all of these even though p  dd nos is considered mil  der than typical au  tism this is not always true while some characteristics may be mil  der others may be more severe
pes an  ser  ine bur  si  tis is an infl  am  matory condition of the medi  al inner knee at the an  ser  ine bur  sa a sub muscular bur  sa just below the pes an  ser  in  us
pes cav  us in medical terminology also high inst  ep high arch tali  pes cav  us ca  void foot and sup  inated foot type is a human foot type in which the sole of the foot is distinctly hollow when bearing weight that is there is a fixed plan  tar fl  ex  ion of the foot a high arch is the opposite of a flat foot and is somewhat less common
the peso problem in finance is a problem which arises when the possibility that some inf  requ  ent or unprecedented event may occur affects asset prices the difficulty or impossibility of predicting such an event creates problems in model  ing the economy and financial markets by using the past it is useful in various contexts in particular in analy  zing the forward premium anomaly
the fun  gus has been isolated from a wide variety of palm tissue the fun  gus is not host specific so the disease could be present in many more types of palm but further research needs to be done the fun  gus has also been known to infect p  gy  my date palm phoenix ro  e  bel  en  ii and has been a big problem in florida during the winter months some varieties of bananas have also shown symptoms of the disease but it is unclear if it is in fact pe  st  alo  ti  op  sis pal  mar  um
a pesticide poisoning occurs when chemicals intended to control a pest affect non target organisms such as humans wildlife or bees there are three types of pesticide poisoning the first of the three is a single and short term very high level of exposure which can be experienced by individuals who commit suicide as well as pesticide formul  ators the second type of poisoning is long term high level exposure which can occur in pesticide formul  ators and manufacturers the third type of poisoning is a long term low level exposure which individuals are exposed to from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air water soil se  diment food materials plants and animals in developing countries such as sri lanka pesticide pois  on  ings from short term very high level of exposure acute poisoning is the most worrisome type of poisoning however in developed countries such as canada it is the complete opposite acute pesticide poisoning is controlled thus making the main issue long term low level exposure of pesticides
the pe  tab  it is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage the pre  fix pe  ta symbol p is defined in the international system of units si as a multiplier of 10  15 1 quad  ri  l  lion short scale and therefore 1 pe  tab  it 10  15 bits 100  00  00  00  0000000 bits 1000 ter  ab  its the pe  tab  it has the unit symbol p  bit or pb the pe  tab  it is closely related to the pe  bi  bit a unit multiple derived from the b  inary pre  fix pe  bi of the same order of magnitude which is equal to 250 bits 112  58  99  90  68  4  26  24 bits or approximately 13 larger than the pe  tab  it
the pe  tab  y  te is a multiple of the unit by  te for digital information the pre  fix pe  ta indicates the fifth power of 1000 and means 10  15 in the international system of units si and therefore 1 pe  tab  y  te is one quad  ri  l  lion short scale by  tes or 1 bil  li  ard long scale by  tes the unit symbol for the pe  tab  y  te is pb 1 pb 100  00  00  00  0000000 b 10  15 by  tes 1000 ter  aby  tes a related unit the pe  bi  by  te pi  b using a b  inary pre  fix is equal to 10  245 by  tes which is more than 12 greater 250 by  tes 112  58  99  90  68  4  26  24 by  tes
the pet  asis reaction alternatively called the pet  asis bor  ono – mann  ich p  bm reaction is the chemical reaction of an amine alde  hyde and vinyl or ar  yl bor  onic acid to form substituted am  ines the pet  asis reaction reported in 1993 by ni  cos pet  asis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geome  tr  ically pure anti  fun  gal agent naf  ti  fine the pet  asis reaction can be described as a variation of the mann  ich reaction rather than generating an en  ol  ate to form the substituted amine product in the pet  asis reaction the vinyl group of the organ  ob  or  onic acid serves as the nucle  ophi  le in comparison to other methods of generating all  yl am  ines the pet  asis reaction toler  ates a multifunctional sc  aff  old with a variety of am  ines and organ  ob  or  onic acids as potential starting materials additionally the reaction does not require an  hydro  us or inert conditions as a mild selective synthesis the pet  asis reaction is useful in generating α amino acids and is utilized in combin  atorial chemistry and drug discovery
kra  use – van scho  on  ev  eld – ki  v  lin syndrome is a hereditary syndrome that mainly affects the eyes growth and development of the individual it is also known as kra  use – ki  v  lin syndrome or pe  ters plus syndrome features of this syndrome include pe  ters anomaly leuk  oma cor  ne  al op  acity central defect of desc  em  et s memb  rane and shallow an  terior chamber with sy  nec  hi  ae between the iris and cor  ne  a it is associated with short limb dwar  f  ism and delayed mental development kra  use – van scho  on  ev  eld – ki  v  lin syndrome is listed as a rare disease by the office of rare diseases ord of the national institutes of health nih which means that the syndrome or a subtype affects fewer than 200 000 people in the united states it is associated with the enzyme b 3 gal  t  l it was characterized in 1984 by van scho  on  ev  eld
the peter  son ole  fin  ation also called the peter  son reaction is the chemical reaction of α sil  yl car  ban  ions 1 with ke  tones or alde  hy  des to form a β hydroxy  si  lane 2 which eliminates to form al  ken  es 3 the peter  son ole  fin  ation several reviews have been published
peti  t s her  nia is a her  nia that pro  tru  des through the lum  bar triangle this triangle lies in the poster  ol  ateral ab  domin  al wall and is bounded an  ter  ior  ly by the free margin of external obli  que muscle poster  ior  ly by the l  atis  sim  us dor  si and infer  ior  ly by the ili  ac c  rest the neck the spot where the her  nia pro  tru  des into the opening is large and therefore this her  nia has a lower risk of strang  ulating than some other her  ni  as peti  t s her  nia occurs more often in males than in females and more often on the left side than on the right
the pe  tren  ko k  rit  sch  enko reaction is a classic multi  component name reaction that is closely related to the robinson – sch  ö  pf tro  pin  one synthesis but was published 12 years earlier
petty cash is a small amount of discretionary funds in the form of cash used for expenditures where it is not sensible to make any disbursement by cheque because of the inconvenience and costs of writing signing and then c  ashing the cheque the most common way of accounting for petty cash expenditures is to use the imprest system the initial fund would be created by issuing a cheque for the desired amount an amount of 100 would typically be sufficient for most small business needs as the expenses to be covered are for small amounts the book  keeping entry for this initial fund would be to debit petty cash and credit bank account as expenditures are made the custo  dian of the fund will reimburse employees and receive a petty cash voucher with a receipt invoice attached in return at any given time the total of cash on hand plus reimbursed vouchers must equal the original fund when the fund gets low e g 20 remaining the custo  dian a book  keeper or a member of the administration staff requests a top up and submits the vouchers for reimbursement assuming the vouchers add up to 80 an 80 top up cheque is issued and an 80 debit towards office expenses is recorded once the cheque is c  ashed the custo  dian again has cash at the original amount of 100
pe  ut  z – je  gh  ers syndrome often abbreviated p  j  s is an auto  som  al dominant genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign ham  ar  tom  at  ous poly  ps in the gastro  intest  inal tract and hyper  pi  gm  ented mac  ules on the lips and oral mu  co  sa mel  an  osis this syndrome can be classed as one of various hereditary intest  inal poly  pos  is syndro  mes and one of various ham  ar  tom  at  ous poly  pos  is syndro  mes it has an incidence of approximately 1 in 25 000 to 300 000 births
pe  y  ron  ie s disease or pe  y  ron  ie disease pe  ɪ  ro  ʊ  ˈ  ni  ː also known as ind  ur  ati  o penis plas  tica ip  p or chronic infl  amm  ation of the tun  ica albu  gin  ea c  ita is a connec  tive tissue disorder involving the growth of fi  bro  us pl  aqu  es in the soft tissue of the penis affecting an estimated 5 of men specifically scar tissue forms in the tun  ica albu  gin  ea the thick she  ath of tissue surrounding the corpor  a ca  ver  no  sa causing pain abnormal cur  v  ature er  ec  tile dysfunction ind  entation loss of gir  th and shortening a variety of treatments have been used but none have been especially effective
p  fe  i  ffer syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull which affects the shape of the head and face in addition the syndrome includes ab  norm  alities of the hands such as wide and devi  ated thum  bs and feet such as wide and devi  ated big toes p  fe  i  ffer syndrome affects about 1 in 100 000 births
the p  fitz  inger reaction also known as the p  fitz  inger bor  sche reaction is the chemical reaction of is  atin with base and a carbon  yl compound to yield substituted quin  oline 4 car  box  yl  ic acids the p  fitz  inger reaction several reviews have been published
the p  fitz  ner – mo  ff  att oxid  ation sometimes referred to as simply the mo  ff  att oxid  ation is a chemical reaction which describes the oxid  ation of primary and secondary alcohol  s by di  methyl sul  fo  x  ide d  m  so activated with a carbo  di  im  ide such as dic  y  clo  hex  yl  carbo  di  im  ide d  cc the resulting al  ko  x  ys  ul  fon  ium y  li  de re  arrang  es to generate alde  hy  des and ke  tones respectively p  fitz  ner mo  ff  att oxid  ation of iso  prop  yl alcohol this reaction has been largely abandoned for the sw  ern oxid  ation which gives higher yields with fewer side products the mo  ff  att oxid  ation yields urea by products that are often difficult to remove several reviews have been published reaction mechanism is as follows
p  ha  kom  ato  ses or ne  uro oc  ul  o cu  taneous syndro  mes neuro  cu  taneous disorders are multi  system disorders that have characteristic central nervous system oc  ular and cu  taneous le  sions of variable severity the skin and the brain have a common ec  to  der  mal origin so there are many genetic and acquired diseases that affect both tissues however in some conditions such as von hip  pel lind  au disease ec  to  der  mal presentation is minimal the term from the greek φα  κ  ός p  ha  kos spot lens suff  ix o ma ω  μα and the suff  ix osis also called mother s spot or birth mark was introduced by jan van der ho  eve in 1920 before the distinct genetic basis of each of these diseases was understood
p  ha  kom  at  osis pi  gm  ent  ok  er  ato  tica is a cu  taneous condition characterized by the combination of an organ  o  id se  bac  eous nev  us and spec  k  led l  enti  gin  ous nev  us
the phantom eye syndrome pes is a phantom pain in the eye and visual halluc  inations after the removal of an eye en  uc  le  ation eviscer  ation
a phantom limb is the sensation that an am  put  ated or missing limb is still attached approximately 60 to 80 of individuals with an ampu  tation experience phantom sens  ations in their am  put  ated limb and the majority of the sens  ations are painful phantom sens  ations may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs e g after ampu  tation of the breast extraction of a tooth phantom tooth pain or removal of an eye phantom eye syndrome
a phantom limb is the sensation by an ampu  tee that an am  put  ated or missing limb is still attached to the body phantom limb may also refer to phantom limb album by pig destro  yer phantom limb band from bris  tol england phantom limb character a fic  tional character in the venture bro  s carto  on phantom limb song by the sh  ins phantom limb song by the spanish you  tu  ber and singer yellow mel  low phantom limb a song by alice in chains from the devil put dinosaurs here the phantom limbs an american music band phantom limbs selected b sides a compilation double album by australian band something for kate dis  am  big
phantom pain sens  ations are described as perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body limb loss is a result of either removal by ampu  tation or con  genital limb deficiency however phantom limb sens  ations can also occur following nerve av  ul  sion or spinal cord injury sens  ations are recorded most frequently following the ampu  tation of an arm or a leg but may also occur following the removal of a breast or an internal organ phantom limb pain is the feeling of pain in an absent limb or a portion of a limb the pain sensation varies from individual to individual phantom limb sensation is the term given to any sensory phenomenon except pain which is felt at an absent limb or a portion of the limb it has been known that at least 80 of ampu  tees experience phantom sens  ations at some time of their lives some experience some level of this phantom pain and feeling in the missing limb for the rest of their lives the term phantom limb was first coined by american neuro  logist sil  as we  ir mitchell in 18  71 mitchell described that thousands of spirit limbs were ha  unting as many good soldiers every now and then tor  m  enting them however in 15  51 french military surgeon am  bro  ise par  é recorded the first documentation of phantom limb pain when he reported that for the patients long after the ampu  tation is made say that they still feel pain in the am  put  ated part
phantom practice is the pur  ported phenomenon in which a person s abilities continue to improve even without practicing at all it is mostly associated with practicing a musical instrument after habitual practicing a person may believe that they have continued to experience improvement even after they stop practicing whether these individuals have actually improved or whether it is simply a subjective perception on their part has not been ascertained by researchers
phantom vibration syndrome or phantom ringing is the perception that one s mobile phone is vibr  ating or ringing when it is not ringing other terms for this concept include ring  xi  ety a port  man  teau of ring and anxiety and f  aux  cel  lar  m a play on false alarm according to dr michael roth  berg the term is not technically a syndrome but is better characterised as a t  acti  le halluc  ination since the brain percei  ves a sensation that is not present phantom ringing may be experienced while taking a shower watching television or using a noisy device humans are particularly sensitive to aud  itory tones between 1 000 and 6 000 her  tz and basic mobile phone ring  ers often fall within this range phantom vibrations develop after carrying a cell phone set to use vibr  ating alerts researcher michelle drou  in found that almost 9 of 10 under  graduates at her college experienced phantom vibrations
phar  yn  gi  tis is infl  amm  ation of the back of the throat known as the phar  yn  x it typically results in a sore throat and fever other symptoms may include a run  ny nose cough headache a ho  arse voice symptoms usually last three to five days complications can include sin  u  si  tis and acute o  ti  tis media phar  yn  gi  tis is typically a type of respiratory tract infection most cases are caused by a viral infection stre  p throat is the cause in about 25 of children and 10 of adults un  common causes include other bacteria such as gon  or  rhe  a fun  gus irrit  ants such as smoke allergies and gastro  es  op  ha  ge  al ref  lux disease specific testing is not recommended in people who have clear symptoms of a viral infection such as a cold otherwise a rapid antigen detection test or throat sw  ab is recommended other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include ep  ig  lot  ti  tis thyro  idi  tis retro  phar  yn  ge  al abs  c  ess and occasionally heart disease n  s  aids such as i  bu  prof  en can be used to help with the pain topical li  doc  aine may also help stre  p throat is typically treated with antibiotics such as either pen  ic  ill  in or am  ox  ic  ill  in it is unclear if ster  oids are useful in acute phar  yn  gi  tis other than possibly in severe cases about 7 5 of people have a sore throat in any three month period this resulted in 15 million physician visits in the united states in 2007 phar  yn  gi  tis is the most common cause of a sore throat on the average adults get a sore throat two to three times a year and children about five times a year the word comes from the greek word phar  yn  x meaning throat and the suff  ix i  tis meaning infl  amm  ation
a phase detec  tor characteristic is a function of phase difference describing the output of the phase detec  tor for the analysis of phase detec  tor it is usually considered the model  s  of pd in signal time domain and phase frequency domain in this case for constructing of an adequate non  linear mathematical model of pd in phase frequency domain it is necessary to find the characteristic of phase detec  tor the inputs of pd are high frequency signals and the output contains a low frequency error correction signal corresponding to a phase difference of input signals for the suppression of high frequency component of the output of pd if such component exists a low pass filter is applied th  ec  har  ac  ter  istic of pd is the dependence of the signal at the  output of pd in the phase frequency domain on the difference of phases at the input of pd this characteristic of pd depends on the realization of pd and the types of wa  ve  forms of signals consideration of pd characteristic allows to apply averaging methods for high frequency osci  ll  ations and to pass from analysis and simulation of non autonomous models of phase synchron  ization systems in time domain to analysis and simulation of autonomous dynam  ical models in phase frequency domain
phase in  version is a chemical phenomenon exploited in the fabric  ation of artificial memb  ran  es it is performed by removing the solvent from a liquid poly  mer solution leaving a por  ous solid memb  rane
in electronic amp  li  fiers the phase margin pm is the difference between the phase and 180 ° for an amp  li  fier s output signal relative to its input at a certain frequency typically the open loop phase lag relative to input varies with frequency progressively increasing to exceed 180 ° at which frequency the output signal becomes inver  ted or anti  phase in relation to the input the pm will be positive but decreasing at frequencies less than the frequency at which in  version sets in at which pm 0 and pm is negative pm 0 at higher frequencies in the presence of negative feedback a zero or negative pm at a frequency where the loop gain exceeds unity 1 guarantees instability thus positive pm is a safety margin that ensures proper non osci  ll  atory operation of the circuit this applies to amp  li  fier circuits as well as more generally to active filters under various load conditions e g reactive loads in its simplest form involving ideal negative feedback voltage amp  li  fiers with non reactive feedback the phase margin is measured at the frequency where the open loop voltage gain of the amp  li  fier equals the desired closed loop dc voltage gain more generally pm is defined as that of the amp  li  fier and its feedback network combined the loop normally opened at the amp  li  fier input measured at a frequency where the loop gain is unity and prior to the closing of the loop through tying the output of the open loop to the input source in such a way as to sub  tract from it in the above loop gain definition it is assumed that the amp  li  fier input presents zero load to make this work for non zero load input the output of the feedback network needs to be loaded with an equivalent load for the purpose of determining the frequency response of the loop gain it is also assumed that the graph of gain vs frequency crosses unity gain with a negative slope and does so only once this consideration matters only with reactive and active feedback networks as may be the case with active filters phase margin and its important companion concept gain margin are measures of stability in closed loop dynamic control systems phase margin indicates relative stability the tendency to osci  ll  ate during its dam  ped response to an input change such as a step function gain margin indicates absolute stability and the degree to which the system will osci  ll  ate without limit given any disturbance the output signals of all amp  li  fiers exhibit a time delay when compared to their input signals this delay causes a phase difference between the amp  li  fier s input and output signals if there are enough stages in the amp  li  fier at some frequency the output signal will lag behind the input signal by one cycle period at that frequency in this situation the amp  li  fier s output signal will be in phase with its input signal though lagging behind it by 360 ° i e the output will have a phase angle of − 360 ° this lag is of great consequence in amp  li  fiers that use feedback the reason the amp  li  fier will osci  ll  ate if the fed back output signal is in phase with the input signal at the frequency at which its open loop voltage gain equals its closed loop voltage gain and the open loop voltage gain is one or greater the osci  ll  ation will occur because the fed back output signal will then reinforce the input signal at that frequency in conventional operational amp  li  fiers the critical output phase angle is − 180 ° because the output is fed back to the input through an inver  ting input which adds an additional − 180 ° in practice feedback amp  li  fiers must be designed with phase margins substantially in excess of 0 ° even though amp  li  fiers with phase margins of say 1 ° are theoretically stable the reason is that many practical factors can reduce the phase margin below the theoretical minimum a prime example is when the amp  li  fier s output is connected to a capac  itive load therefore operational amp  li  fiers are usually compensated to achieve a minimum phase margin of 45 ° or so this means that at the frequency at which the open and closed loop gains meet the phase angle is − 135 ° the calculation is 135 ° 180 ° 45 ° see war  wick  or st  out  for a detailed analysis of the techniques and results of compensation to insure adequate phase margins see also the article pole splitting often amp  li  fiers are designed to achieve a typical phase margin of 60 degrees if the typical phase margin is around 60 degrees then the minimum phase margin will typically be greater than 45 degrees a phase margin of 60 degrees is also a magic number because it allows for the fastest settling time when attempting to follow a voltage step input a butter  worth design an amp  li  fier with lower phase margin will ring for longer and an amp  li  fier with more phase margin will take a longer time to rise to the voltage step s final level a related measure is gain margin while phase margin comes from the phase where the loop gain equals one the gain margin is based upon the gain where the phase equals 180 degrees
phase modulation pm is a modulation pattern that en  codes information as variations in the instan  taneous phase of a carrier wave phase modulation is widely used for transmitting radio waves and is an integral part of many digital transmission coding schemes that underlie a wide range of technologies like wi  fi gsm and satellite television phase modulation is closely related to frequency modulation f  m it is often used as an intermediate step to achieve f  m mathem  atically both phase and frequency modulation can be considered a special case of quad  r  ature am  pl  itude modulation q  am pm is used for signal and wa  ve  form generation in digital synthe  si  zers such as the yam  aha d  x 7 to implement f  m synthesis a related type of sound synthesis called phase distortion is used in the ca  si  o cz synthe  si  zers
in the dun  geons drag  ons fantasy role playing game the ph  asm is an aberr  ation
phen  om  ic  db is a free phen  o  type oriented database it contains data for some of the main model organisms such as homo sap  i  ens mus mus  cul  us dro  s  oph  ila mel  an  og  aster and others phen  om  ic  db mer  ges and structures phen  o  typ  ic data from various public sources worm  base fl  y  base nc  bi gene m  gi and z  fin using clu  stering algori  th  ms
phen  o  typ  ic plas  tic  ity is the ability of an organism to change its phen  o  type in response to changes in the environment fundamental to the way in which organisms cope with environmental variation phen  o  typ  ic plas  tic  ity encompasses all types of environmentally induced changes e g mor  pho  logical physiological behavi  our  al phen  ological that may or may not be permanent throughout an individual ’ s lifespan the term was originally used to describe developmental effects on mor  pho  logical characters but is now more broadly used to describe all phen  o  typ  ic responses to environmental change such as acc  lim  ation or acc  lim  ati  zation as well as learning the special case when differences in environment induce dis  crete phen  o  types is termed poly  phen  ism generally phen  o  typ  ic plas  tic  ity is more important for im  mobile organisms e g plants than mobile organisms e g most animals as mobile organisms can often move away from unfavourable environments nevertheless mobile organisms also have at least some degree of plas  tic  ity in at least some aspects of the phen  o  type one mobile organism with substantial phen  o  typ  ic plas  tic  ity is ac  y  r  th  osi  ph  on pis  um of the ap  hid family which exhi  bits the ability to interchange between as  ex  ual and sexual reproduction as well as growing wings between generations when plants become too populated
phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia p  ku is an in  born error of metabol  ism that results in decreased metabol  ism of the amino acid phen  yl  alan  ine untreated p  ku can lead to intellectual disability seizures behavioral problems and mental disorder it may also result in a mu  sty smell and lighter skin babies born to mothers who have poorly treated p  ku may have heart problems a small head and low birth weight phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia is a genetic disorder inherited from a person s parents it is due to mutations in the p  ah gene which results in low levels of the enzyme phen  yl  alan  ine hydrox  yl  ase this results in the build up of dietary phen  yl  alan  ine to potentially toxic levels it is auto  som  al rec  essive meaning that both copies of the gene must be mut  ated for the condition to develop there are two main types classic p  ku and variant p  ku depending on if any enzyme function remains those with one copy of a mut  ated gene typically do not have symptoms many countries have new  born screening programs for the disease treatment is with a diet low in foods that contain phen  yl  alan  ine and special supplements babies should use a special formula the diet should begin as soon as possible after birth and be lifelong people who are diagnosed early and maintain a strict diet can have normal health and a normal life span effectiveness is monitored through periodic blood tests the medication sa  prop  ter  in di  hydro  chloride may be useful in some phen  yl  ke  ton  ur  ia affects about one in 10 000 to 25 000 babies males and females are affected equally the disease was discovered in 19  34 by iv  ar as  b  jør  n fø  lling with the importance of diet determined in 1953 gene therapy while promising requires a great deal more study as of 2014
a p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a from greek p  hai  os dark ch  roma color ky  tos cell oma tumor or p  ha  e  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  a p  cc is a neuro  endocrine tumor of the med  ul  la of the adren  al g  lands originating in the chro  ma  ffin cells or extra adren  al chro  ma  ffin tissue that failed to inv  olu  te after birth that secre  tes high amounts of cat  ec  hol  am  ines mostly no  rep  in  eph  rine plus ep  in  eph  rine to a lesser extent extra adren  al parag  ang  li  om  as often described as extra adren  al p  he  och  ro  mo  cy  tom  as are closely related though less common tumors that originate in the gang  lia of the sympathetic nervous system and are named based upon the primary anatom  ical site of origin
the philadelphia chro  mo  some or philadelphia trans  location is a specific genetic ab  normality in chro  mo  some 22 of leuk  emia cancer cells particularly chronic my  elo  genous leuk  emia c  ml cells this chro  mo  some is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal trans  location of genetic material between chro  mo  some 9 and chro  mo  some 22 and contains a fusion gene called b  cr abl 1 this gene is the abl 1 gene of chro  mo  some 9 ju  x  ta  posed onto the b  cr gene of chro  mo  some 22 coding for a hybrid protein a ty  ros  ine kin  ase signalling protein that is always on causing the cell to divide un  controll  ably the presence of this trans  location is a highly sensitive test for c  ml since 95 of people with c  ml have this ab  normality the remainder have either a cry  ptic trans  location that is invisible on g ban  ded chro  mo  some preparations or a variant trans  location involving another chro  mo  some or chro  mo  som  es as well as the long arm of chro  mo  som  es 9 and 22 however the presence of the philadelphia ph chro  mo  some is not sufficiently specific to diagnose c  ml since it is also found in acute lymp  ho  bl  astic leuk  emia all 25 – 30 in adult and 2 – 10 in pedi  atric cases and occasionally in acute my  elo  genous leuk  emia am  l
the philosophy of biology is a sub  field of philosophy of science which deals with ep  ist  em  ological metaph  ys  ical and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences although philosophers of science and philosophers generally have long been interested in biology e g aristo  tle des  car  tes and even kant philosophy of biology only emerged as an independent field of philosophy in the 1960 s and 1970 s philosophers of science then began paying increasing attention to biology from the rise of ne  od  ar  win  ism in the 1930 s and 1940 s to the discovery of the structure of dna in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering other key ideas include the reduction of all life processes to bio  chemical reactions and the incorporation of psychology into a broader neuro  science
ph  im  osis is a condition of the penis where the fores  kin cannot be fully re  tracted over the gl  ans penis the term may also refer to cl  it  oral ph  im  osis in women whereby the cl  it  oral hood cannot be re  tracted limiting exposure of the gl  ans cl  it  ori  dis at birth the fores  kin is f  used to the gl  ans and is not re  tractable for some males non re  trac  tability may be normal until the age of adoles  cence normal developmental non re  trac  tability does not cause any problems ph  im  osis is deemed pathological when it causes problems such as difficulty ur  inating or performing common sexual functions there are numerous causes of so called pathological ph  im  osis non  surgical treatment involves the stretching of the fores  kin ster  o  id cre  ams and changing ma  st  urb  ation habits surgical treatments include pre  pu  ti  op  la  sty and circumcision the word is from the greek ph  im  os φ  ῑ  μ  ός mu  zzle
ph  le  bi  tis or ven  i  tis is the infl  amm  ation of a vein usually in the legs it most commonly occurs in superficial ve  ins ph  le  bi  tis often occurs in conjunction with thro  m  bo  sis and is then called thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis or superficial thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis unlike deep vein thro  m  bo  sis the probability that superficial thro  m  b  oph  le  bi  tis will cause a clo  t to break up and be transported in pieces to the lung is very low
ph  leg  ma  sia alba dol  ens also col  lo  qu  ially known as milk leg or white leg is part of a spectrum of diseases related to deep vein thro  m  bo  sis historically it was commonly seen during pregnancy and in mothers who have just given birth in cases of pregnancy it is most often seen during the third trim  ester resulting from a compression of the left common ili  ac vein against the pel  vic rim by the enlarged uter  us today this disease is most commonly 40 of the time related to some form of underlying m  align  ancy hyper  co  ag  ul  ability a propensity to clo  t formation is a well known state that occurs in many cancer states the incidence of this disease is not well reported the disease presumably begins with a deep vein thro  m  bo  sis that progres  ses to total oc  clu  sion of the deep ven  ous system it is at this stage that it is called ph  leg  ma  sia alba dol  ens it is a sudden acute process the leg then must rely on the superficial ven  ous system for drainage the superficial system is not adequate to handle the large volume of blood being delivered to the leg via the arter  ial system the result is e  dem  a pain and a white appearance alba of the leg the next step in the disease progression is oc  clu  sion of the superficial ven  ous system thereby preventing all ven  ous outflow from the extre  mity at this stage it is called ph  leg  ma  sia cer  ul  ea dol  ens the leg becomes more sw  oll  en and increasingly more painful additionally the e  dem  a and loss of ven  ous outflow impedes the arter  ial inflow is  chem  ia with progression to gang  rene are potential consequences ph  leg  ma  sia alba dol  ens is distinguished clin  ically from ph  leg  ma  sia cer  ul  ea dol  ens in that there is no is  chem  ia
a pho  bia is a type of anxiety disorder defined by a persistent fear of an object or situation the pho  bia typically results in a rapid onset of fear and is present for more than six months the affected person will go to great lengths to avoid the situation or object typically to a degree greater than the actual danger posed if the feared object or situation cannot be avoided the affected person will have significant distress with blood or injury pho  bia fain  ting may occur ag  or  ap  ho  bia is often associated with panic attacks usually a person has pho  bias to a number of objects or situations pho  bias can be divided into specific pho  bias social pho  bia and ag  or  ap  ho  bia types of specific pho  bias include to certain animals natural environment situations blood or injury and specific situations the most common are fear of sp  id  ers fear of snakes and fear of heights occasionally they are triggered by a negative experience with the object or situation social pho  bia is when the situation is feared as the person is worried about others judging them ag  or  ap  ho  bia is when fear of a situation occurs because it is felt that escape would not be possible specific pho  bias should be treated with exposure therapy where the person is introduced to the situation or object in question until the fear resol  ves medications are not useful in this type of pho  bia social pho  bia and ag  or  ap  ho  bia are often treated with some combination of counselling and medication medications used include anti  depres  s  ants benzo  di  az  ep  ines or beta bloc  kers specific pho  bias affect about 6 8 of people in the western world and 2 4 of people in asian africa and latin america in a given year social pho  bia affects about 7 of people in the united states and 0 5 2 5 of people in the rest of the world ag  or  ap  ho  bia affects about 1 7 of people women are affected about twice as often as men typically onset is around the age of 10 to 17 rates become lower as people get older people with pho  bias are at a higher risk of suicide
pho  com  eli  a from ancient greek φ  ώ  κ  η ph  ō  k  ē seal animal o inter  fix μέ  λο  ς mel  os limb english suff  ix ia is an extremely rare con  genital disorder involving mal  formation of the limbs dys  me  lia é  ti  enne ge  off  roy saint hil  aire coined the term in 18  36 although many factors can cause pho  com  eli  a the prominent roots come from the use of the drug th  ali  dom  ide and from genetic inheritance occurrence in an individual results in various ab  norm  alities to the face limbs ears nose vessels and many other under  developments although operations may improve some ab  norm  alities many are not sur  g  ically treat  able due to the lack of nerves and other related structures
a phoenix abs  c  ess is a dental abs  c  ess that can occur immediately following root canal treatment another cause is due to untreated necro  tic pulp chronic ap  ical period  on  ti  tis it is also the result of inadequate debri  d  ement during the endo  don  tic procedure risk of occurrence of a phoenix abs  c  ess is minim  ised by correct identification and instrum  entation of the entire root canal ensuring no missed anatomy treatment involves repeating the endo  don  tic treatment with improved debri  d  ement or tooth extraction antibiotics might be indicated to control a spreading or systemic infection
ph  om  op  sis b  light of jun  ip  er is a fo  liar disease discovered in 1917 caused by the fun  gal pathogen ph  om  op  sis juni  per  o  vor  a the fun  gus inf  ects new growth of jun  ip  er trees or sh  ru  bs i e the se  ed  lings or young shoots of mature trees infection begins with the germination of as  ex  ual con  idi  a borne from py  c  ni  dia on susceptible tissue the my  ce  lia gradually move in  wards down the branch and into the main stem management strategies mainly include removing and destroying dise  ased tissue and limiting the presence of moisture on plants jun  ip  ers become resistant to infection as they mature and the young yellow shoots turn dark green preventative strategies include planting only resistant varieties and spraying new growth with fun  g  icide until plants have matured
phone tag is a phenomenon in which two parties attempt to contact each other by telephone but neither is able to get a hold of the other for a conversation both parties may leave a message on the answering machine or vo  ic  email of the other and request a call back this continues for a period of time often with the two parties exchanging attempts to have a real time conversation the name derives from the play  ground game tag where players chase one another in turn phone tag became common in the 1980 s with the advent of messaging technologies and call  er id it was seen as having advantages in that people could leave and receive messages at their convenience rather than having to find a common time with the other party to have a conversation phone tag like later messaging inventions such as text messaging via s  ms and what  sap  p facilitates selectivity in communications
ph  on  emic restoration effect is a percep  tual phenomenon where under certain conditions sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard the effect occurs when missing ph  on  em  es in an aud  itory signal are replaced with a mas  king noise resulting in the brain filling in absent ph  on  em  es the effect can be so strong that some lis  teners may not even notice that there are ph  on  em  es missing this effect is commonly observed in a conversation with heavy background noise making it difficult to properly hear every ph  on  em  e being spoken different factors can change the strength of the effect including age and gender this effect is more important to humans than what was initially thought lingu  ists have pointed out that at least the english language has many false starts and ex  tran  eous sounds the ph  on  emic restoration effect is the brain s way of resolving those imperfections in our speech without this effect interfering with our language processing there would be a greater need for much more accurate speech signals and human speech could require much more precision for experiments white noise is necessary because it takes the place of these imperfections in speech one of the most important factors in language is continuity and in turn intel  li  gibility
ph  on  opho  bia also called lig  yro  pho  bia or son  opho  bia is a fear of or aversion to loud sounds — a type of specific pho  bia it can also mean a fear of voices or a fear of one s own voice it is a very rare pho  bia which is often the symptom of hyper  ac  us  is son  opho  bia can refer to the hy  pers  ensi  tivity of a patient to sound and can be part of the diagnosis of a migr  aine occasionally it is called acous  ti  cop  ho  bia the term ph  on  opho  bia comes from greek φω  ν  ή ph  ō  n  ē sound and φ  ό  β  ος pho  bos fear lig  yro  pho  b  ics may be fearful of devices that can suddenly emit loud sounds such as computer speakers or fire alarms when operating a home theater system computer television cd player etc they may wish to have the volume turned down all the way before doing anything that would cause the speakers to emit sound so that once the command to produce sound is given the user can raise the volume of the speakers to a comfortable listening level they may avoid par  ades and carni  vals due to the loud instruments such as drums as f  estive occasions are accompanied by music of over 120 deci  bels many pho  b  ics develop ag  or  ap  ho  bia other lig  yro  pho  b  ics also steer clear of any events in which fireworks are to be let off another example is watching someone blow up a balloon beyond its normal capacity this is often an unsettling even disturbing thing for a person with lig  yro  pho  bia to observe as he or she anticipates a loud sound when the balloon pops when ballo  ons pop two types of reactions are heavy breathing and panic attacks the suffer  er becomes anxious to get away from the source of the loud sound and may get headaches it may also be related to caused by or confused with hyper  ac  us  is extreme sensitivity to loud sounds ph  on  opho  bia also refers to an extreme form of mis  op  hon  ia
phosp  hat  ur  ic mes  en  ch  ym  al tumor is an extremely rare benign ne  op  las  m of soft tissue and bone that in  appropriately produces fi  bro  blast growth factor 23 this tumor may cause tumor induced o  ste  om  al  ac  ia a par  ane  op  l  astic syndrome by the secre  tion of f  g  f 23 which has phosp  hat  ur  ic activity by inhi  bi  tion of ren  al tu  bul  ar re  absorption of phosphate and ren  al conver  sion  of 25 hydroxy  vitamin d to 1 25 di  hydroxy  vitamin d the par  ane  op  l  astic effects can be deb  il  itating and are only reversed on discovery and surgical res  ection of the tum  our
a phosp  hen  e is a phenomenon characterized by the experience of seeing light without light actually entering the eye the word phosp  hen  e comes from the greek words pho  s light and p  ha  ine  in to show phosp  hen  es that are induced by movement or sound are often associated with op  tic ne  uri  tis phosp  hen  es can be directly induced by mechanical electrical or magnetic stimulation of the re  tina or visual cor  tex as well as by random firing of cells in the visual system phosp  hen  es have also been reported by med  it  ators commonly called nim  it  ta people who go for long periods without visual stimulation also known as the prisoner s cinema or those who are using psy  ch  edel  ic drugs
phosp  ho  fruc  to  kin  ase deficiency also known as gly  co  gen storage disease type vii or tar  ui s disease is a muscular metabol  ic disorder with an auto  som  al rec  essive inheritance pattern it may affect humans as well as other mammals especially dogs in humans it is the least common type of gly  co  gen storage disease it was named after the japanese physician se  i  ichiro tar  ui 19  27 – who first observed the condition in 1965
phosp  holi  pi  do  sis is a ly  so  som  al storage disorder characterized by the excess accumulation of phosp  holi  pi  ds in tissues many c  ation  ic am  phi  phil  ic drugs including anti depres  s  ants anti  ang  inal anti  mal  arial and cho  le  sterol lowering agents are reported to cause drug induced phosp  holi  pi  do  sis di  pl in animals and humans the mechanisms of di  pl involve trapping or selective uptake of di  pl drugs within the ly  so  som  es and ac  id  ic ves  ic  les of affected cells drug trapping is followed by a gradual accumulation of drug phosp  holi  pid complex  es within the internal ly  so  som  al memb  ran  es the increase in un  dig  ested materials results in the abnormal accumulation of multi lam  mell  ar bodies my  elo  id bodies in tissues it is not possible to predict which tissues will be affected by di  pl in animals and humans the use of specific in vitro cell lines is not recommended as a means of gate keeping for di  pl screening only as part of an iter  ative process an in vi  vo screening platform such as biom  ar  ker is required for pre  clinical and clinical di  pl assessment the traditional method to evaluate di  pl is visual confirmation of my  elo  id bodies in tissues by electr  on micro  sco  py electr  on micro  sco  py has limited utility to monitor di  pl in humans because of the invasive nature of acquiring patient tissue biopsy samples a qualified biom  ar  ker of di  pl in the blood or urine is needed to provide a more routine non invasive and cost effective means to monitor di  pl in the clinic
phosp  hon  ium coupling is a chemical reaction in organic chemistry for organic synthesis it is a mild efficient chem  o  selective and vers  ati  le methodology for the direct c – c c – n c – o and c – s bond formations of un  activated and unprotected tau  tom  er  iz  able heter  oc  ycles
phosphorus deficiency is a plant disorder associated with insufficient supply of phosphorus phosphorus refers here to salts of phosp  hates po 43 − mono  hydrogen phosphate h  po 42 − and di  hydrogen phosphate h 2 po 4 − these an  ions readily inter  convert and the predominant species is determined by the ph of the solution or soil phosp  hates are required for the bio  synthesis of genetic material as well as at  p essential for life phosphorus deficiency can be controlled by applying sources of phosphorus such as bone meal rock phosphate manure and phosphate fertilizers
pho  s  sy jaw formally phosphorus necro  sis of the jaw is an occupational disease of those who work with white phosphorus also known as yellow phosphorus without proper safeguards it was most commonly seen in workers in the match industry in the 19 th and early 20 th century modern occupational hygiene practices have eliminated the working conditions which caused this disease
the pho  tic snee  ze reflex also known as pho  top  tar  mo  sis auto  som  al dominant compelling he  lio oph  thal  mic out  burst syndrome ac  hoo and col  lo  qu  ially sun snee  zing is a condition that causes variable difficulty to control snee  zing in response to numerous stimul  i such as looking at bright lights or peri  oc  ular surrounding the eye  ball injection the condition affects 18 – 35 of the population in the united states but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood
in op  tics pho  tob  le  aching sometimes termed fading is the photo  chemical alteration of a dy  e or a fluor  op  hor  e mol  ecu  le such that it permanently is unable to fluores  ce this is caused by cle  aving of co  val  ent bonds or non specific reactions between the fluor  op  hor  e and surrounding molecules in micro  sco  py pho  tob  le  aching may complicate the observation of fluorescent molecules since they will eventually be destroyed by the light exposure necessary to stimulate them into fluores  cing this is especially problematic in time lapse micro  sco  py however pho  tob  le  aching may also be used prior to applying the primarily anti  body linked fluorescent molecules in an attempt to qu  en  ch auto  fluores  cence this can help to improve signal to noise ratio pho  tob  le  aching may also be exploited to study the motion and or diffusion of molecules for example via the f  rap or flip techniques loss of activity caused by pho  tob  le  aching can be controlled by reducing the intensity or time span of light exposure by increasing the concentration of fluor  opho  res by reducing the frequency and thus the pho  ton energy of the input light or by employing more robust fluor  opho  res that are less prone to ble  aching e g alex  a flu  ors or dy  light flu  ors to a reasonable approximation a given mol  ecu  le will be destroyed after a constant exposure intensity of emission x emission time x number of cycles because in a constant environment each absorption emission cycle has an equal probability of causing pho  tob  le  aching
photo  conduc  tivity is an optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material becomes more electrically conduc  tive due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation such as visible light ultra  violet light infra  red light or gam  ma radiation when light is absorbed by a material such as a semiconductor the number of free electron  s and electr  on holes increases and raises its electrical conduc  tivity to cause exc  itation the light that strikes the semiconductor must have enough energy to raise electron  s across the band gap or to exc  ite the impurities within the band gap when a voltage and a resis  tor are used in series with the semiconductor a voltage drop across the load resis  tors can be measured when the change in electrical conduc  tivity of the material varies the current through the circuit classic examples of photo  conduc  tive materials include the conduc  tive poly  mer vin  yl  carb  azole used extensively in photo  copying lead sul  fide used in infra  red detection applications such as the u s s enterprise and soviet now russian ato  ll heat seeking missiles sel  en  ium employed in early television and x  ero  graphy
photo  dark  ening is an optical effect observed in the interaction of laser radiation with am  orph  ous media glasses in optical fi  bers until now such creation of color centers was reported only in gl  ass  fi  bers photo  dark  ening limits the density of exc  itations in fiber las  ers
photo degradation is the alteration of materials by light typically the term refers to the combined action of sunlight and air photo degradation is usually oxid  ation and hydro  lysis often photo  degradation is avoided since it destroys paintings and other arti  facts it is however partly responsible for remin  er  alization of biomass and is used intentionally in some disinfection technologies photo  degradation does not apply to how materials may be aged or degraded via infra  red light or heat but does include degradation in all of the ultra  vi  oli  et light wa  ve  bands
photo  der  mati  tis sometimes referred to as sun poisoning or photo  allergy is a form of allergic contact der  mati  tis in which the aller  gen must be activated by light to sensi  tize the allergic response and to cause a rash or other systemic effects on subsequent exposure the second and subsequent exposures produce photo  allergic skin conditions which are often ec  zem  at  ous in rare cases the victims die
photo  der  mat  osis is a skin disease that is caused by exposure to sunlight people with photo  der  mat  osis may develop skin r  ashes following exposure to the sun poly  morph  ous light eruption is the most common type of photo  der  mat  osis it is most likely due to an abnormal immune system reaction to the sun poly  morph  ous light eruption occurs in approximately 10 to 20 percent of otherwise healthy individuals so it is a relatively common condition
photo  dissoci  ation pho  tol  ysis or photo  de  composition is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by pho  tons it is defined as the interaction of one or more pho  tons with one target mol  ecu  le photo  dissoci  ation is not limited to visible light any pho  ton with sufficient energy can affect the chemical bonds of a chemical compound since a pho  ton s energy is inver  sely proportional to its wa  vel  eng  th electromagnetic waves with the energy of visible light or higher such as ultra  violet light x rays and gam  ma rays are usually involved in such reactions
photo  electro  chemistry is a sub  field of study within physical chemistry concerned with the interaction of light with electro  chemical systems it is an active domain of investigation one of the pioneers of this field of electro  chemistry was the german electro  chem  ist heinz ger  is  cher the interest in this domain is high in the context of development of renewable energy conversion and storage technology
photo  ker  ati  tis or ultra  violet ker  ati  tis is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultra  violet u  v rays from either natural e g intense sunlight or artificial e g the electric arc during welding sources photo  ker  ati  tis is akin to a sun  burn of the cor  ne  a and con  junc  tiva and is not usually noticed until several hours after exposure symptoms include increased tears and a feeling of pain lik  ened to having sand in the eyes the injury may be prevented by wearing eye protection that blocks most of the ultra  violet radiation such as welding go  ggles with the proper filters a wel  der s helmet sun  glasses rated for sufficient u  v protection or appropriate snow go  ggles the condition is usually managed by removal from the source of ultra  violet radiation covering the cor  ne  as and administration of pain relief photo  ker  ati  tis is known by a number of different terms including snow blindness arc eye wel  der s flash ba  ke eyes cor  ne  al flash burns flash burns nip  ha  ble  p  sia or ker  ato  con  junc  ti  vi  tis photo  electr  ica
photo  leuk  om  el  ano  der  mati  tis of kob  ori is a cu  taneous condition a dy  sch  rom  ic drug eruption that occurs after ing  estion of aflo  qu  alone thi  az  ides or te  trac  ycl  ines followed by exposure to sunlight
the pho  tom  ag  ne  tic effect is a theoretical quantum mechanical effect discovered by the researchers samuel l oli  ve  ira and stephen c rand at university of michigan 2007 – 2011 the researchers have discovered a powerful magnetic interaction between the pho  tons dynamic magnetic field – and certain isol  ator materials atoms magnetic moment that is 100 million times stronger than formerly anticipated under the proper circumstances the pho  tons magnetic fields effect is as strong as their electric field – as e g in solar cells the discovery is a surprise because it is not straightforward to derive the strong magnetic effect from the physical equations and thereby indicate that this quantum mechanical effect would be interesting enough that is why the pho  tom  ag  ne  tic effect has been neglected for more than 100 years the researchers have theoretically calculated that incoherent light as e g sunlight is almost as efficient as las  er  light to be converted by the pho  tom  ag  ne  tic effect the power density should be 10 million wat  t per square centi  meter but the researchers will look for new pho  tom  ag  ne  tic materials that can work with lower light intensi  ties
the pho  tom  ag  ne  tic effect is the effect in which a material acquires and in some cases loses its fer  ro  magnetic properties in response to light the current model for this phenomenon is a light induced electr  on transfer accompanied by the reversal of the spin direction of an electr  on this leads to an increase in spin concentration causing the magnetic transition currently the effect is only observed to persist for any significant time at very low temperature but at temperatures such as 5 k the effect may persist for several days
in physics pho  ton induced electric field po  ling is a phenomenon whereby a pattern of local electric field orientations can be en  coded in a suitable fer  ro  electric material such as per  ov  sk  ite the resulting en  coded material is concep  tually similar to the pattern of magnetic field orientations within the magnetic domains of a fer  ro  magnet and thus may be considered as a possible technology for computer storage media the en  coded regions are op  tically active have a varying index of ref  r  action and thus may be read out op  tically
the pho  ton under  production crisis was a cosmo  logical deficit between observed pho  tons and predicted pho  tons the deficit or under  production crisis arises from comparing observations of ultra  violet light emitted from known populations of galax  ies and qu  as  ars to theoretical predictions of the amount of ultra  violet light require to simul  ate the observed distribution of the hydrogen gas in the local universe in a cosmo  logical simulation the distribution of hydrogen gas was infer  red using ly  man alpha forest observations from hu  bble space teles  cope ’ s co  sm  ic origins spec  tro  graph the amount of light from galax  ies and qu  as  ars can be estimated from its effect on the distribution of hydrogen and heli  um in the regions between galax  ies highly energetic ultra  violet pho  tons can convert electrically neutral hydrogen gas into ion  ized gas a team led by jun  a k  oll  meier reported an unexpected deficit of roughly 400 between ionizing light from known sources and the actual observations of inter  gal  actic hydrogen k  oll  meier and her team wrote in their scientific report “ we examine the statistics of the low red  shift ly  man alpha forest from smoo  thed particle hydro  dynamic simul  ations in light of recent improvements in the estimated evolution of the co  sm  ic ultra  violet background u  v  b and recent observations from the co  sm  ic origins spec  tro  graph cos we find that the value of the met  ag  al  actic photo  ion  ization rate required by our simul  ations to match the observed properties of the low red  shift ly  man alpha forest is a factor of 5 larger than the value predicted by state of the art models for the evolution of this quantity ” cosmo  logical simul  ations start at very high cosmo  logical red  shift z such as z 100 or larger and are evolved to z 0 according to benjamin d op  pen  he  imer who is one of the report s co  authors “ the simul  ations fit the data beautifully in the early universe and they fit the local data beautifully if we ’ re allowed to assume that this extra light is really there it s possible the simul  ations do not reflect reality which by itself would be a surprise because inter  gal  actic hydrogen is the component of the universe that we think we understand the best ” k  oll  meier and her team state that either conventional sources of ionizing pho  tons galax  ies and qu  as  ars must contribute considerably more than current observ  ational estimates or our theoretical understanding of the low red  shift universe is in need of substantial revision ” similar study led by michael sh  ull found that the deficit is only factor 2 large and not a factor 5 as previously claimed the pho  ton under  production crisis is resolved by a series of recent papers k  ha  ire s  ri  an  and showed that a factor 2 to 5 times large met  ag  al  actic photo  ion  ization rate can be easily obtained using updated qu  as  ar and galaxy observations recent observations of qu  as  ars indicate that the qu  as  ar contribution to ultra  violet pho  tons is factor 2 large as compared to previous estimates the revised galaxy contribution is also factor 3 higher furthermore the k  oll  meier gad  get 2 simul  ations did not include heating from ag  n feedback including ag  n feedback was shown to be an important element for heating in the low red  shift ig  m gur  v  ich burk  hart bird 2016 this implies that the low red  shift cos data can be used to calibr  ate ag  n feedback models in cosmo  logical simul  ations
a photo  oxy  gen  ation is a light induced oxid  ation reaction in which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the product s initial research interest in photo  oxy  gen  ation reactions arose from oscar ra  ab s observations in 1900 that the combination of light oxygen and photo  sensi  tiz  ers is highly toxic to cells early studies of photo  oxy  gen  ation focused on oxid  ative damage to dna and amino acids but recent research has led to the application of photo  oxy  gen  ation in organic synthesis and photo  dynamic therapy photo  oxy  gen  ation reactions are initiated by a photo  sensi  tiz  er which is a mol  ecu  le that enters an excited state when exposed to light of a specific wa  vel  eng  th e g d  yes and pig  ments the excited sensi  tiz  er then reacts with either a sub  str  ate or ground state molecular oxygen starting a cas  c  ade of energy transfers that ultimately result in an oxy  genated mol  ecu  le consequently photo  oxy  gen  ation reactions are categ  orized by the type and order of these intermedi  ates as type i type ii or type iii reactions
pho  t  oper  io  dis  m is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night it occurs in plants and animals pho  t  oper  io  dis  m can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods
pho  top  ho  bia is a symptom of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light as a medical symptom pho  top  ho  bia is not a mor  bid fear or pho  bia but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical sensitivity of the eyes though the term is sometimes additionally applied to abnormal or irrational fear of light such as heli  opho  bia the term pho  top  ho  bia comes from the greek φ  ῶ  ς ph  ō  s meaning light and φ  ό  β  ος pho  bos meaning fear
pho  top  sia is the presence of perceived fl  ashes of light it is most commonly associated with poster  ior vit  re  ous det  achment migr  aine with a  ura migr  aine a  ura without headache re  tin  al break or det  achment oc  ci  p  ital lo  be inf  arc  tion and sensory deprivation oph  thal  m  opathic halluc  inations vit  re  ous shr  ink  age or lique  faction which are the most common causes of pho  top  sia cause a pull in vit  re  ore  tin  al attachments irritating the re  tina and causing it to discharge electrical impul  ses these impul  ses are interpreted by the brain as fl  ashes this condition has also been identified as a common initial symptom of pun  ct  ate inner chor  o  idi  tis pic a rare re  tin  al auto  immune disease believed to be caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking and destroying the re  tina during pregnancy new onset pho  top  sia is concerning for severe pre  ec  lam  p  sia pho  top  sia can present as re  tin  al det  achment when examined by an op  tom  etr  ist or oph  thal  mo  logist however it can also be a sign of u  veal mel  anom  a this condition is extremely rare 5 7 per 1 million people will be affected typically fair skin  ned blue eyed northern europeans pho  top  sia should be investigated immediately
the photo  ref  r  active effect is a non  linear optical effect seen in certain cryst  als and other materials that respond to light by altering their ref  r  active index the effect can be used to store temporary eras  able holo  grams and is useful for holo  graphic data storage it can also be used to create a phase con  ju  gate mirror or an optical spatial sol  it  on
photo  sensitive drug reaction or drug induced photo  sensitivity secondary to medications may cause photo  toxic photo  allergic and lic  hen  o  id reactions and photo  distributed tel  an  gi  ec  ta  si  as as well as pseu  dop  or  phy  ria drugs involved include na  pro  x  en and do  xy  cycl  ine
photo  sensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving pho  tons especially visible light in medicine the term is principally used for abnormal reactions of the skin and two types are distinguished photo  allergy and photo  toxicity the photo  sensitive gang  lion cells in the mammalian eye are a separate class of light detecting cells from the photo  recep  tor cells that function in vision
photo  sensitivity is an abnormal skin reaction to direct sunlight exposure it is unrelated to a sun  burn these reactions are due to photo  sensi  tization the accumulation of photo  sensitive compounds beneath the skin in some cases the photo  dynamic substances come from ing  ested plants or drugs after being met  abo  lized or not in other cases the photo  dynamic substances may be produced in the body itself due to in  born errors in pig  ment metabol  ism especially those involving the hem  e synthesis photo  sensitivity reactions are usually seen in her  bi  vor  ous or omni  vor  ous animals though such reactions are not un  common among carni  vores
photo  sensitivity with hiv infection is a skin condition resembling poly  morph  ous light eruption ac  tin  ic pr  uri  go or chronic ac  tin  ic der  mati  tis seen in about 5 of hiv infected people
photo  thermal effect is a phenomenon associated with electromagnetic radiation it is produced by the photo  exc  itation of material resulting in the production of thermal energy heat it is sometimes used during treatment of blood vessel le  sions laser resur  facing laser hair removal and laser surgery
photo  toxic tar der  mati  tis results from coal tar cre  oso  te crude coal tar or pitch in conjunction with sunlight exposure which induc  es a sun  burn reaction associated with severe burning sensation
photo  tro  p  ism is the growth of an organism which responds to a light stimulus it is most often observed in plants but can also occur in other organisms such as fun  gi the cells on the plant that are far  thest from the light have a chemical called aux  in that reacts when photo  tro  p  ism occurs this causes the plant to have el  ong  ated cells on the far  thest side from the light photo  tro  p  ism is one of the many plant tro  p  isms or movements which respond to external stimul  i growth towards a light source is called positive photo  tro  p  ism while growth away from light is called negative photo  tro  p  ism most plant shoots exhibit positive photo  tro  p  ism and re  arrange their chlor  op  lasts in the leaves to maximize photo  synthetic energy and promote growth roots usually exhibit negative photo  tro  p  ism although grav  it  ro  p  ism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth some vine shoot tips exhibit negative photo  tro  p  ism which allows them to grow towards dark solid objects and climb them the combination of photo  tro  p  ism and grav  it  ro  p  ism allow plants to grow in the correct direction
ph  th  is  is bul  bi is a shrun  ken non functional eye it may result from severe eye disease infl  amm  ation injury or it may represent a complic  ation of eye surgery treatment options include insertion of a pro  s  thesis which may be preceded by en  uc  le  ation of the eye
phy  le  tic dwar  f  ism is the decrease in average size of animals of a species there are a few circumstances that often lead to species doing this lack of predators of smaller creatures can allow smaller members of a species to survive the lack of resources to sustain a large population of larger animals can pick off the largest specimens available resources being more beneficial for smaller creatures can also do so these circumstances are common on islands making ins  ular dwar  f  ism the most common form of phy  le  tic dwar  f  ism examples of this are the channel island fox extinct dwarf elephants of crete and bro  o  ke  sia mic  ra a min  us  cule cham  ele  on from madagascar it is possible that phy  le  tic dwar  f  ism may have also helped into bringing us the birds we see today from the giant dinosaurs we read about as kids
ph  yl  lo  des tumors from greek ph  ul  lon leaf also cy  sto  sar  coma ph  yl  lo  des cy  sto  sar  coma ph  yl  lo  ides and ph  yl  lo  ides tumor are typically large fast growing masses that form from the peri  duc  tal st  rom  al cells of the breast they account for less than 1 of all breast ne  op  las  ms
ph  yl  loid hypo  mel  an  osis is a cu  taneous condition a syndrome occurring in patients with mo  saic tr  is  omy 13 or trans  location tr  is  omy 13
physical abuse can be defined as any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person by way of bodily contact in most cases children are the victims of physical abuse but adults can also be victims as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence and may also include sexual abuse physical abuse may involve more than one ab  user and more than one victim
physical force irish republic  anism is the recurring appearance of a non parliamentary violent insurrec  tion in ireland between 17  98 and the present it is often described as a rival to parliamentary nationalism which for most of the period drew the predominant amount of support from irish nationalists
phy  top  ho  to  der  mati  tis also known as lime disease not to be confused with ly  me disease ber  lo  que der  mati  tis or mar  gar  ita photo  der  mati  tis is a chemical reaction which makes skin hy  pers  ensi  tive to ultra  violet light it is frequently mistaken for hereditary conditions such as at  op  ic der  mati  tis or chemical burns but it is caused by contact with the photo  sensi  tizing compounds found naturally in some plants and vegetables like par  snip  s citrus fruits and more symptoms include burning it  ching st  inging and large bl  is  ters that slowly accumulate over time
phy  top  h  thora ru  bi is the principal cause of root rot in red rasp  berry originally classified as a variant of p frag  ari  ae some now consider it a distinct species t veld 2007 this organism has been isolated from rasp  berries in europe north america wil  cox scott et al 1993 chile wil  cox and lat  or  re 2002 and other many countries around the world it is best controlled through a combination of good management practices and use of resistant varieties it is a significant cause of crop loss in poor draining soils
phyto  toxicity is a toxic effect by a compound on plant growth such damage may be caused by a wide variety of compounds including trace metals sal  inity pesticides phyto  toxins or all  elo  chemicals
pi  blo  k  to also known as pi  blo  k  to  q and arctic hysteria is a condition most commonly appearing in in  u  gh  uit societies living within the arctic circle pi  blo  k  to is a culture specific hysterical reaction in in  uit especially women who may perform irrational or dangerous acts followed by amnesia for the event pi  blo  k  to may be linked to repression of the personality of in  uit women the condition appears most commonly in winter it is considered to be a form of a culture bound syndrome although more recent studies see skepticism section question whether it exists at all pi  blo  k  to is also part of the glos  s  ary of cultural bound syndro  mes found in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders dsm iv
pic  a is characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non nutri  tive such as ice pag  op  ha  gia hair tric  hop  ha  gia paper pap  yro  p  ha  gia dr  y  wall or paint metal metall  op  ha  gia stones lith  op  ha  gia or earth ge  op  ha  gia glass hy  al  op  ha  gia or f  ec  es co  prop  ha  gia and chal  k according to dsm iv diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4 th edition criteria for these actions to be considered pic  a they must persist for more than one month at an age where eating such objects is considered develop  mentally inappropriate not part of culturally sanctioned practice and sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention it can lead to in  tox  ication in children which can result in an impairment in both physical and mental development in addition it can also lead to surgical emergencies due to an intest  inal obstruction as well as more subtle symptoms such as nutritional deficiencies and paras  it  osis pic  a has been linked to other mental and emotional disorders stres  sors such as emotional trauma maternal deprivation family issues parental neglect pregnancy and a dis  organized family structure are strongly linked to pic  a as a form of comfort pic  a is most commonly seen in pregnant women small children and those with developmental disabilities such as au  tism children eating painted pl  aster containing lead may suffer brain damage from lead poisoning there is a similar risk from eating soil near roads that existed before te  tra  ethyl  lead in petrol was phased out in some countries or before people stopped using contaminated oil containing toxic pcbs or dioxin to settle dust in addition to poisoning there is also a much greater risk of ga  stro intest  inal obstruction or tearing in the stomach another risk of eating soil is the ing  estion of animal f  ec  es and accompanying parasites pic  a can also be found in other animals and is commonly found in dogs
the pic  ardy sweat was an infectious disease of unknown eti  ology it appeared in the northern french province of pic  ardy in 17  18 between 17  18 and 18  74 194 epidemics of the pic  ardy sweat were recorded the last extensive outbreak was in 1906 which a french commission attributed to fle  as from field mice a subsequent case was diagnosed in 1918 in a soldier in pic  ardy it was named su  ette des pic  ards in france and pic  ard sch  er sch  wei  ß or pic  ard sch  es sch  we  iss  fi  e  ber in germany there were several longer descriptions of the disease the disease was similar to the english sweat but differ  ed in some symptoms and in its course and mortality rate some of the symptoms were high fever rash and bleeding from the nose many victims died within two days
pick s disease a type of fron  to  temporal dementia is a rare neuro  degenerative disease that causes progressive destruction of nerve cells in the brain symptoms include dementia and loss of language ap  ha  sia while some of the symptoms can initially be allevi  ated the disease progres  ses and patients often die within two to ten years a defining characteristic of the disease is build up of ta  u proteins in neurons accumulating into silver stain  ing spher  ical aggreg  ations known as pick bodies while the term pick s disease was once used to represent a class of clinical syndro  mes with symptoms attributable to frontal and temporal lo  be dysfunction it is now used among professionals to mean a specific path  ology that is one of the causes of fron  to  temporal lob  ar de  generation some people use the term pick s disease to mean the more general clinical syndrome of fron  to  temporal lob  ar de  generation but this has previously led to confusion among professionals and patients and so its use should be restricted to the specific pathological subtype described below it is also known as pick disease and pid not to be confused with pel  vic infl  am  matory disease pid or par  kinson s disease pd
pick  ard  t syndrome also pick  ard  t s syndrome or pick  ard  t – fa  hl  bus  ch syndrome den  o  tes a rare form of tertiary hypo  thyro  i  dis  m that is caused by interruption of the portal ve  ins connecting hypo  thal  am  us and pit  u  itary it was characterized in 1972 and 1973
pi  co  ki  j  ada pit  s  ɔ  ki  j  ada is a traditional cultural tourist manifestation that has been held since 1968 at the end of june in the po  dra  vina town of đ  ur  đ  ev  ac in croatia the event lasts three days and the main event is leg  enda o pi  co  k  ima l  ɛ  ɡ  ɛ  ŋ  da ɔ pit  s  ɔ  k  ima legend of the roo  ster a remembrance of the defense of the people of the town đ  ur  đ  ev  ac from the turks under the title leg  enda o pi  co  k  ima is set in the time of the attack of the turkish army on the old town đ  ur  đ  ev  ac as ul  ama beg encountered unexpected resistance and failed to defeat the defenders of đ  ur  đ  ev  ac with an army he decided on a long siege with the goal of starving the army and the people that hid inside the legend says that in the surrounded fortress the food had vanished all that was left was one small roo  ster pi  co  k pit  s  ɔ  k this could not feed the people so an old woman suggested to the captain of the town that the roo  ster should be put in a cannon and shot into the turkish camp thinking that there was plenty of food in the fortress ul  ama beg ended the siege and left the battlefield as a curse ul  ama beg calls the people of đ  ur  đ  ev  ac pi  co  ki pit  s  ɔ  ki or roo  sters at the end of this scene he says in croatian ” a vi tam  o per  nati jun  ac  i š  to pic  ek  ima bo  j  eve bi  je  te im  e pi  co  ka do  vi  je  ka no  sil  i pi  co  k  ima vas d  jec  a z  val  a a un  uc  i va  š  i o  stat ć  e pi  co  ki ” english ” and you there feathered heroes that fight battles with roo  sters shall always carry the name roo  sters your children shall call you roo  sters and your grandchildren will stay roo  sters ” the display of leg  enda o pi  co  k  ima is under the protection of the republic of croatia ministry of culture as the first intangible cultural heritage of republic of croatia as well as being the biggest tourist attraction of po  dra  vina
the pic  tet – sp  eng  ler reaction is a chemical reaction in which a β ar  y  leth  yl  amine such as try  pt  amine under  goes ring closure after condens  ation with an alde  hyde or ke  tone usually an ac  id  ic catalyst is employed and the reaction mixture heated but some reactive compounds give good yields even under physiological conditions the pic  tet – sp  eng  ler reaction can be considered a special case of the mann  ich reaction the pic  tet – sp  eng  ler reaction the reaction was discovered in 19  11 by am  é pic  tet and theod  or sp  eng  ler it has remained an important reaction in the fields of al  k  alo  id and pharmaceutical synthesis the pic  tet – sp  eng  ler reaction product of try  pt  oph  an and al  doses can be identified in foodstuffs such as so  y sauce and ket  ch  up nucle  oph  il  ic aromatic rings such as in  do  le or py  r  role give products with good yields and mild conditions while less nucle  oph  il  ic aromatic rings such as benzene give poor yields despite high temperatures and strong acid the original pic  tet – sp  eng  ler reaction was the reaction of β phen  ethyl  amine with the di  methyl ac  etal of form  alde  hyde and hydro  chlor  ic acid forming a te  tra  hydro  iso  quin  oline like the mann  ich reaction alde  hy  des give good yields while ke  tones tend to give lower conversion the pic  tet – sp  eng  ler reaction has been applied to solid phase combin  atorial chemistry with great success an analogous reaction with an ar  yl β ethanol is called ox  a pic  tet – sp  eng  ler reaction
for telev  is  ions the picture line up generation equipment plu  ge or plu  ge is the gre  ys  cal  e test patterns used in order to adjust the black level and contrast of the picture monitor various plu  ge patterns can be generated the most common consisting of three vertical bars of super black normal black and near black and two rec  tang  les of mid gray and white sometimes these are measured in ire these three plu  ge pul  ses are included in the s  mp  te color bars at the bottom and near the right used for n  ts  c pal and sé  cam
pie  bal  dis  m is a rare auto  som  al dominant disorder of mel  an  oc  y  te development common characteristics include a con  genital white fore  lock scattered normal pi  gm  ented and hypo  pi  gm  ented mac  ules and a tri  ang  ular shaped de  pi  gm  ented patch on the fore  head there is nevertheless great variation in the degree and pattern of presentation even within affected families in some cases pie  bal  dis  m occurs together with severe developmental problems as in waar  denburg syndrome and hir  sch  sp  rung s disease it has been documented to occur in all races early photograph  ers captured many images of african pie  bal  ds used as a form of amusement and george cat  lin is believed to have painted several por  traits of native americans of the man  dan tribe who were affected by pie  bal  dis  m pie  bal  dis  m is found in nearly every species of mamm  al it is very common in mice rabbits dogs sheep deer cattle and horses — where selective breeding has increased the incidence of the mutation but occurs among chimp  an  ze  es and other pri  mates only as rarely as among humans pie  bal  dis  m is completely unrelated to acquired or infectious conditions such as viti  li  go or poli  osis pie is a word for multi colored and bald is related to a root word for skin although pie  bal  dis  m may vis  ually appear to be partial al  bin  ism it is a fundamentally different condition the vision problems associated with al  bin  ism are not usually present as eye pi  gm  entation is normal pie  bal  dis  m differs from al  bin  ism in that the affected cells maintain the ability to produce pig  ment but have that specific function turned off in al  bin  ism the cells lack the ability to produce pig  ment altogether human pie  bal  dis  m has been observed to be associated with a very wide range and varying degrees of endocrine disorders and is occasionally found together with heter  och  ro  mia of the ir  ises con  genital deaf  ness or incomplete gastro  intest  inal tract development possibly all with the common cause of premature cutting off of human fe  tal growth hormone during gest  ation pie  bal  dis  m is a kind of neuro  cr  ist  opathy involving defects of various ne  ural c  rest cell line  ages that include mel  an  oc  y  tes but also involving many other tissues derived from the ne  ural c  rest on  co  genic factors including mis  trans  cription are hypothe  sized to be related to the degree of phen  o  typ  ic variation among affected individuals this is an auto  som  al dominant hereditary condition which tends to produce high rates of inheritance and long chains of generational transmission all who inherit the gene have at some time in life evidence of pie  bald hypo  pi  gm  entation of the hair or skin most likely both historically persons with extensive pie  bal  dis  m have experienced abuse of the sort still suffered in the present by al  bin  os especially in africa this has rang  ed from display of un  clo  thed african pie  bal  ds in freak shows and post cards of the early twentieth century to the forcing of pie  bal  ds as in the case of al  bin  os to work long hours exposed to the sun producing high rates of lethal skin cancers to the use of pie  bald humans including children in risky medical experiments the national organization of al  bin  ism and hypo  pi  gm  entation as well as organizations such as under the same sun work to promote awareness of all forms of cu  taneous variation and their medical implications and to highlight human rights issues especially the plight of al  bin  os subject to extreme persecution in parts of africa pie  bal  dis  m may be associated with the genes kit or sna  i 2
in mathematics a piec  e  wise defined function also called a piec  e  wise function or a hybrid function is a function which is defined by multiple sub functions each sub function applying to a certain interval of the main function s domain a sub domain piec  e  wise is actually a way of expressing the function rather than a characteristic of the function itself but with additional qualification it can describe the nature of the function for example a piec  e  wise poly  no  mi  al function is a function that is a poly  no  mi  al on each of its sub domains but possibly a different one on each the word piec  e  wise is also used to describe any property of a piec  e  wise defined function that holds for each piece but not necessarily hold for the whole domain of the function a function is piec  e  wise differenti  able or piec  e  wise continuously differenti  able if each piece is differenti  able throughout its sub  domain even though the whole function may not be differenti  able at the points between the pieces in conv  ex analysis the notion of a derivative may be replaced by that of the sub  derivative for piec  e  wise functions although the pieces in a piec  e  wise definition need not be intervals a function is not called piec  e  wise linear or piec  e  wise continuous or piec  e  wise differenti  able unless the pieces are intervals
in mathematics a piec  e  wise linear function is a real valued function defined on the real numbers or a segment thereof whose graph is composed of straight line sections it is a piec  e  wise defined function each of whose pieces is an aff  ine function usually – but not always – the function is assumed to be continuous in that case its graph is a poly  g  onal curve
in lingu  is  tics pied pip  ing is a phenomenon of syn  tax whereby a given focused expression takes an entire encompassing phrase with it when it is moved the term itself is due to john robert ross it is a reference to the pied piper of ham  elin the figure of fairy tales who lured rats and children by playing his flu  te pied pip  ing is an aspect of dis  continu  ities in syn  tax having to do with the constituents that can and cannot be dis  continuous while pied pip  ing is most visible in cases of wh fron  ting of information questions and relative clauses it is not limited to wh fron  ting but rather it can be construed as occurring with most any type of dis  continuity extra  position scram  bling top  ic  alization most if not all languages that allow dis  continu  ities employ pied pip  ing to some extent although there are major differences across languages in this area some languages employing pied pip  ing much more than others
pied pip  ing with in  version is a special word order phenomenon found in some languages for example languages in the mes  o  american linguistic area
pie  dra also known as tric  ho  spor  osis is a hair disease caused by a fun  gus types include white pie  dra black pie  dra
pierre robin syndrome abbreviated to pr  s and also known as pierre robin sequence pierre robin mal  formation pierre robin anomaly or pierre robin anomal  ad is a con  genital condition of facial ab  norm  alities in humans pr  s is a sequence i e a chain of certain developmental mal  formations one entailing the next the three main features are cle  ft pal  ate retro  gn  ath  ia abnormal positioning of the jaw or max  illa and glos  sop  to  sis air  way obstruction caused by backwards displacement of the tongue base a genetic cause to pr  s was recently identified pierre robin sequence may be caused by genetic anomalies at chro  mo  som  es 2 11 or 17
pie  zom  ag  ne  tism is a phenomenon observed in some anti  fer  ro  magnetic cryst  als it is characterised by a linear coupling between the system s magnetic polarisation and mechanical strain in a pie  zom  ag  ne  tic one may induce a spontaneous magnetic moment by applying physical stress or a physical de  formation by applying a magnetic field pie  zom  ag  ne  tism differs from the related property of magne  to  stric  tion if an applied magnetic field is reversed in direction the strain produced changes signs additionally a non zero pie  zom  ag  ne  tic moment can be produced by mechanical strain alone at zero field this is not true of magne  to  stric  tion according to i  ee  e pie  zom  ag  ne  tism is the linear magne  tom  ec  han  ical effect analogous to the linear electro  mechanical effect of pie  zo  electricity similarly magne  to  stric  tion and electro  stric  tion are analogous second order effects these higher order effects can be represented as effectively first order when variations in the system parameters are small compared with the initial values of the parameters the pie  zom  ag  ne  tic effect is made possible by an absence of certain sym  metry elements in a crystal structure specifically sym  metry under time reversal forbids the property the first experimental observation of pie  zom  ag  ne  tism was made in 1960 in the flu  ori  des of co  bal  t and man  g  anese
pie  zo pho  tot  ronic effect is a three way coupling effect of pie  zo  electric semiconductor and pho  tonic properties in non central sym  metric semiconductor materials using the pie  zo  electric potential pie  zo  potential that is generated by applying a strain to a semiconductor with pie  zo  electricity to control the carrier generation transport separation and or re  combination at metal semiconductor junction or p n junction for improving the performance of op  to  electronic devices such as photo  detec  tor solar cell and light emitting dio  de pr  of z  hong lin wang at georgia institute of technology proposed the fundamental principle of this effect in 2010
pigeon fever also dry land dist  emp  er in horses or equine dist  emp  er is a disease that causes abs  c  esses in horses sheep and cattle pigeon fever is not zoonotic meaning it is not transmitted to human from animal an example of a zoonotic disease would be rabies pigeon fever is sometimes confused for strang  les another infection that causes abs  c  esses pigeon fever is a bacter  ium that lives in the ground and transmitted to horses via the air direct contact or cuts and or open abra  sions the name pigeon fever comes from the symptoms of the disease commonly the horse will get sw  elling in the chest area pu  ffed out chest like a pigeon and it causes fever and swe  ats some think it is caused or carried by pigeons that is a misunderstanding and pigeons have nothing to do with the disease flies are believed to be the main carries that spread the infection which is why quarantine of infected animals is ineffective this bacterial infection is caused by cor  y  ne  bacter  ium pseu  do  tuberculosis and characterized by deep intr  amus  cular and sometimes internal abs  c  esses in horses the reason it is called dry land dist  emp  er is it is common in dry areas like california arizona new mexico and other areas
pigeon pox is a viral disease to which pigeons are susceptible there is a live viral vaccine available at  c  vet code q  i 01 ed 01 who pigeon pox is caused by a virus that is spread by mosquitoes and dirty water but not in dro  pp  ings
pigeon toe also known as met  at  ar  sus var  us met  at  ar  sus ad  duc  tus in toe ga  it in  to  eing or false clu  b  foot is a condition which causes the toes to point inward when walking it is most common in infants and children under two years of age and when not the result of simple muscle weakness normally arises from underlying conditions such as a twisted shin bone or an excessive an  te  version fem  oral head is more than 15 ° from the angle of tor  sion resulting in the tw  isting of the thi  gh bone when the front part of a person s foot is turned in severe cases are considered a form of clu  b  foot
pi  gm  ent  ati  o re  ticul  aris fac  ie  i et coll  i is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a disturbance of human pi  gm  entation
pi  gm  entation disorders are disturbances of human skin color either loss or reduction which may be related to loss of mel  an  oc  y  tes or the inability of mel  an  oc  y  tes to produce mel  an  in or transport mel  ano  som  es correctly
a pi  gm  ented der  mato  fi  bro  ma is a skin condition characterized by a pi  gm  ented le  sion that must be distinguished from mel  anom  a they have borders that are difficult to see and a firm tex  ture that dim  ples upon lateral compression they are usually small less than 6 milli  meters in diameter and on the extre  mi  ties q
pi  gm  ented ha  iry ep  id  er  mal nev  us syndrome is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a bec  ker nev  us ip  si  lateral hypo  pl  asia of the breast and sk  el  etal defects such as sco  li  osis
pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic der  mat  osis also known as progressive pi  gm  entary der  mat  osis pur  pur  a pi  gm  ent  osa ch  ron  ica pi  gm  entary pur  pur  ic erup  tions or progressive pi  gm  enting pur  pur  a or sch  am  berg s disease refers to one of the three major classes of skin conditions characterized by pur  pur  ic skin erup  tions pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic der  mat  osis are distinguished from other pur  pur  a by size 0 3 – 1 cm and are most often seen in the lower extre  mi  ties pi  gm  entary pur  pur  ic erup  tions may present with one of several clinical patterns there may be overlapping characteristics among pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic der  mat  osis and between their signs and those of other pur  pur  ic erup  tions examples of the pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic der  mat  osis group include sch  am  berg s disease maj  oc  chi s disease pur  pur  a annul  aris tel  an  gi  ec  to  des gou  ger  ot bl  um syndrome pi  gm  ented pur  pur  ic lic  hen  o  id der  mati  tis duc  as and ka  pe  tan  akis pi  gm  ented pur  pur  a lichen au  re  us although vascular damage may be present it is insufficient for these conditions to be considered forms of vas  cu  li  tis
a pi  gm  ented spin  dle cell nev  us also known as a pi  gm  ented spin  dle cell tumor of reed and pi  gm  ented variant of sp  itz nev  us is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a dark brown to black mac  ule or pap  ule usually less than 6 mm it was characterized in 1975
pi  gm  ented vill  on  od  ular sy  no  vi  tis pv  ns is a joint disease characterized by infl  amm  ation and over  growth of the joint lining it usually affects the hip or knee it can also occur in the shoulder an  kle el  bow hand or foot in pv  ns the lining of the joint called the sy  no  vi  um becomes sw  oll  en and grows this growth harms the bone next to the joint the lining also makes extra fluid that can cause sw  elling and make movement painful pv  ns is idi  opathic it doesn t seem to run in families or be caused by certain jobs or activities surgery can help but even with treatment pv  ns comes back about half the time if the pain remains then radiation therapy may help in the worst cases the joint must be replaced
pi  gm  ented war  ts are a cu  taneous condition commonly reported in japan most often occurring on the hands or feet
a pil  ar she  ath ac  an  thom  a is a cu  taneous condition most often found on the face particularly above the upper lip in adults
pil  i annul  ati also known as ring  ed hair is a genetic trait in which the hair seems ban  ded by altern  ating segments of light and dark color when seen in reflected light
pil  i bi  fur  c  ati is characterized by bi  fur  c  ation found in short segments along the sh  af  ts of several ha  irs with each branch of the bi  fur  c  ation being covered with its own cu  tic  le
electro  lysis will permanently remove pil  i multi  gem  ini dep  il  ating laser treatment has been suggested to improve symptomatic pil  i multi  gem  ini
pil  i tor  ti also known as twisted ha  irs is characterized by short and brit  tle ha  irs that appear fl  att  ened and twisted when viewed through a micro  scope this phen  o  type is noted in men  kes disease
pill dispensers are items which release medication at specified times their purpose is to help senior citizens and other people who may suffer from impaired ability to adhere to their prescribed medication regime pill dispensers are commonly used to serve medical purposes but it is also user to help individuals be that the elderly or chronically ill take their prescription medication otc medication or daily supplements at a given date and time there are tele  health products in the health care industry such as automated or electronic pill boxes that function to alert the patients when it is time to take their medications
a pillar of cloud hebrew ע  מ  ו  ד ע  נ  ן was one of the manifestations of the presence of the god of israel in the tor  ah the five books of moses which appear at the beginning of the old testament bible according to exodus the pillar of cloud guided the israel  ites by day during the exodus from egypt cir  ca the 18 th dynasty see dating of the exodus the pillar of cloud is traditionally p  aired with the manifestation of the divine presence by night as the pillar of fire which provided light this was so they could travel by day or night
a pillar of fire was one of the manifestations of the presence of the god of israel in the tor  ah the five books of moses which appear at the beginning of the old testament bible according to exodus the pillar of fire provided light so that the israel  ites could travel by night during the exodus from egypt claimed to be the 18 th dynasty see dating of the exodus the pillar of fire is traditionally p  aired with the manifestation of the divine presence by day as the pillar of cloud this was so they could travel by day or night
a pillow fight flash mob is a social phenomenon of flash mo  bbing and shares many characteristics of a culture jam the flash mob version of massive pillow fights is distinguished by the fact that nearly all of the promotion is internet based these events occur around the world some taking the name pillow fight club a reference to fight club by chuck pal  ah  ni  uk in which anyone could join and fight as long as they fought by the rules both the london and van  cou  ver pillow fight club s rules reflect that described in the book and feature film the trend owes much to uses of modern communications technologies including decentralised personal networking known as smar  t  mo  bbing word of the events spreads primarily via digital means usually on the internet via email chat rooms and text messaging which result in seemingly spontaneous mass gatherings pil  lows are sometimes hidden and at the exact pre arranged time or the sound of a whistle the pillow fighters pull out their pil  lows and commence pillow fighting the pillow fights can last from a few minutes to several hours
pi  loc  y  tic astro  cy  tom  a or juvenile pi  loc  y  tic astro  cy  tom  a or c  ys  tic cere  bell  ar astro  cy  tom  a and its variant juvenile pilo  my  x  o  id astro  cy  tom  a is a brain tumor that occurs more often in children and young adults in the first 20 years of life they usually arise in the cere  bell  um near the bra  inst  em in the hypo  thal  am  ic region or the op  tic chi  asm but they may occur in any area where astro  cy  tes are present including the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es and the spinal cord these tumors are usually slow growing and benign the ne  op  las  ms are associated with the formation of a single or multiple cyst s and can become very large pi  loc  y  tic astro  cy  tom  as are often c  ys  tic and if solid tend to be well circum  scri  bed it is characteris  tically easily seen on ct sc  ans and m  ri juvenile pi  loc  y  tic astro  cy  tom  a is associated with neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type 1 n  f 1 and op  tic gli  om  as are among the most frequently encountered tumors in patients with this disorder the majority of pi  loc  y  tic astro  cy  tom  as have a unique ki  aa 15  49 bra  f fusion gene
pilo  lei  om  y  om  as are a cu  taneous condition that present as der  mal red  dish brown pink or skin colored pap  ules or no  d  ules that can be solitary or multiple
pilo  matri  coma also known as a calci  fying epi  the  li  oma of mal  her  be mal  her  be calci  fying epi  the  li  oma and pilo  matri  x  oma is a benign skin tumor derived from the hair matrix these ne  op  las  ms are relatively un  common and typically occur on the scal  p face and upper extre  mi  ties clin  ically pilo  matri  com  as present as a sub  cu  taneous no  dule or cyst with un  remarkable over  lying ep  id  er  mis that can range in size from 0 5 3 0 cm but the largest reported cases was 24 cm
a pil  on frac  ture also called a pl  af  ond frac  ture is a frac  ture of the dis  tal part of the ti  bia involving its artic  ular surface at the an  kle joint pil  on fractu  res are caused by rot  ational or ax  ial forces mostly as a result of falls from a height or motor vehicle accidents pil  on fractu  res are rare comprising 3 to 10 percent of all fractu  res of the ti  bia and 1 percent of all lower extre  mity fractu  res but they involve a large part of the weight bearing surface of the ti  bia in the an  kle joint because of this they may be difficult to fix  ate and are historically associated with high rates of complications and poor outcome pil  on is the french word for pe  st  le and was introduced into orth  o  ped  ic literature in 19  11 by pioneer french radio  logist é  ti  enne dest  ot
pil  on  idal cyst also referred to as a pil  on  idal abs  c  ess pil  on  idal sin  us or sacro  coc  cy  ge  al f  ist  ula is a cyst or abs  c  ess near or on the natal cle  ft of the but  toc  ks that often contains hair and skin debris
pilo  tto syndrome is a rare syndrome which affects the face heart and back the syndrome can cause a cle  ft lip and pal  ate sco  li  osis and mental retar  dation the office of rare diseases and national institutes of health have classified this syndrome as affecting less than 200 000 people in the united states
a pim  ple z  it or spot is a kind of com  edo and one of the many results of excess oil getting trapped in the po  res some of the varieties are pu  st  ules or pap  ules p  impl  es can be treated by various ac  ne medications prescribed by a physician or purchased at a pharmacy with a wide variety of treatments
a pin or fall is a victory condition in various forms of wrestling that is met by holding an opponent s shoulders or s  cap  ul  ae shoulder bl  ades on the wrestling m  at for a prescribed period of time this article deals with the pin as it is defined in amateur wrestling in amateur wrestling a pin ends the match regardless of when it occurs situations which are almost pins but for whatever reason do not meet the criteria — for example have only one shoulder down or have the defending wrest  ler blocked in a neck bridge — are rewarded with exposure points in collegi  ate wrestling known as near fall points or back points in order to encourage wrest  lers to take risks to try to pin their opponents under the 2004 – 05 changes to the united world wrestling rules amateur wrestling moved to a round based system in which each period is conducted as a separate match with a winner declared the pin is an exception — it ends a match outright unlike the period only victories awarded by technical fall or decision on points in this way the fall is analogous to a knock  out in boxing
a p  inf  all is a victory condition in various forms of professional wrestling that is met by holding pin  ning an opponent s shoulders on the wrestling m  at usually till the referee counts to three in professional wrestling a p  inf  all is a common method of winning a match the purpose of a pin  ning maneuver is to hold the opponent s shoulders against the m  at for a count of three the count is broken a near fall if the opponent manages to raise one or both of his shoulders off of the m  at commonly by kicking out throwing their legs up to cause their shoulders to rise from the m  at in some positions a wrest  ler may bridge arching their back so that only their feet and the top of their head are touching the ground to put more of their weight on the pin  ned opponent or to prop themselves up from being pin  ned sometimes an attacking wrest  ler may illegally hook the opponent s ti  ghts for extra leverage another popular illegal tactic of heel wrest  lers is to attempt a pin close to the ring ropes so they can prop their legs or on rare occasions arms up on the ropes to gain additional leverage putting more weight on the opponent on the other hand a pin fall attempt cannot occur in the first place when one rolls out of the ring if falls do not count anywhere or if the opponent lies on his her stomach upon impact so it would take extra effort to roll the opponent over even when he she is knocked out cold due to the body being effectively a dead weight
pin  stri  pes are a pattern of very thin stri  pes of any color running in parallel often found in cloth the pin  stri  ped suit has become associated with conservative business at  tire although many designers now produce the fashionable pin  stri  pe patterns for fashion conscious consumers fine lines for vehicles are also called pin  stri  pes although found mostly in men s suits any type of fabric can be pin  stri  ped the chicago cu  bs baseball uniforms have had pin  stri  pes since 1907 and they are recognized as the first major league baseball team to incorporate pin  stri  ping into a baseball uniform many other former and current major league baseball teams — including the min  nes  ota twins montreal expo  s colorado roc  kies new york mets new york yankees chicago white so  x and philadelphia phil  lies — later adopted pin  stri  pes on their own uniforms this was later carried over into the n  ba with teams like the chicago bulls charlotte hor  nets and orlando magic incorporating pin  stri  pes into their uniforms
the first step in the reaction mechanism is one electr  on reduction of the carbon  yl group by a reducing agent such as magnesium to a ke  ty  l radical an  ion species two ke  ty  l groups react in a coupling reaction yielding a vic  inal di  ol with both hydrox  yl groups de  pro  ton  ated addition of water or another prot  on donor gives the di  ol with magnesium as an electr  on donor the initial reaction product is a 5 memb  ered cyclic compound with the two oxygen atoms coordinated to the ox  idi  zed mg 2 ion this complex is also broken up by addition of water with formation of magnesium hydrox  ide the pin  a  col coupling can be followed up by a pin  a  col re  arrangement a related reaction is the mc  mur  ry reaction which uses titanium iii chloride or titanium iv chloride in conjunction with a reducing agent for the formation of the metal di  ol complex and which takes place with an additional de  oxy  gen  ation reaction step in order to provide an al  k  ene product
p  inc  er nails also known as om  ega nails and trum  pet nails are a to  en  ail disorder in which the lateral edges of the nail slowly approach one another com  pressing the n  ail  bed and underlying der  mis it occurs less often in the finger  nails and there usually are no symptoms hereditary p  inc  er nails have been described although the genes or mutations causing the hereditary form seem to be unknown
a pinch in cooking p  n is an amount of an ingredient typically salt sugar or sp  ice traditionally it was defined as an amount that can be taken between the thumb and fore  finger historically the pinch was more precisely defined by some u s cook  books as approximately 1 ⁄ 8 te  as  po  on in the early 2000 s some companies began selling measuring spo  ons that defined or redefined a dash as 1 ⁄ 8 te  as  po  on a pinch as 1 ⁄ 16 te  as  po  on and a s  mid  gen as 1 ⁄ 32 te  as  po  on based on these spo  ons there are two pin  ches in a dash and two s  mid  gens in a pinch one pinch of fine salt is approximately 1 ⁄ 4 gram 20 – 24 pin  ches per te  as  po  on while one pinch of sugar is 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 ⁄ 3 1 ⁄ 6 gram
pinch marks are a cu  taneous condition and when on the ears or in the genital region of male children may be sugges  tive of child abuse
pine pine g  all r  ust also known as western g  all r  ust is a fun  gal disease of pine trees this plant disease is caused by en  doc  ron  arti  um har  knes  si  i as  ex  ual name is peri  der  mium har  knes  si  i an auto  ec  ious endo  cyclic r  ust fun  gus that grows in the vascular cam  bi  um of the host pine pine g  all r  ust is found on pine trees pin  us spp with two or three needles such as pon  dero  sa pine jack pine and scots pine the disease is very similar to pine oak g  all r  ust but its second host is another pin  us species the fun  gal infection results in g  all formation on branches or trun  ks of infected hosts g  all formation is typically not detrimental to old trees but has been known to kill younger less stable sap  lings g  alls can vary from small grow  ths on branch extre  mi  ties to gra  pe  fruit sized g  alls on trun  ks
pine  obl  ast  oma also pine  alo  bl  ast  oma is a m  align  ant tumor of the pine  al g  land a pine  obl  ast  oma is a supr  at  ent  orial mid  line primitive neuro  ec  to  der  mal tumor pine  obl  ast  oma may occur in patients with hereditary uni or bilateral re  tin  obl  ast  oma when re  tin  obl  ast  oma patients present with pine  obl  ast  oma this is characterized as trilateral re  tin  obl  ast  oma up to 5 of patients with hereditary re  tin  obl  ast  oma are at risk of developing trilateral re  tin  obl  ast  oma prog  no  sis of patients with trilateral re  tin  obl  ast  oma is dismal only a few patients have survived more than 5 years after diagnosis all survivors were diagnosed with small tumors in a sub  clinical stage recent advances in high dose chem  otherapy treatment regim  ens and early detection have improved survival of patients with trilateral re  tin  obl  ast  oma to up to 50
pine  al  oma is a tumor of the pine  al g  land
pine  apple black rot also known as butt rot base rot or white bl  ister is a disease caused by cer  at  oc  y  stis paradox  a dade more  au an  amor  ph th  iel  avi  op  sis paradox  a de sey  en  es hö  h  nel is the most common and well known post harvest disease of the pine  apple fruit which is responsible for serious losses in the fresh pine  apple fruit world industry the disease is widespread and one of the common and destructive pine  apple diseases in the world it occurs in the field and normally remains qui  es  cent or especially appears during harvest and marketing the disease is a universal fresh fruit problem but normally not a problem with processed fruit because times from harvest to processing are too short for infection although it occurs in the field when fruit is injured or over ripped in a poor drained soil
pine  oc  y  tom  a also known as a pine  al  oc  y  tom  a is a benign slowly growing tumor of the pine  al g  land unlike the similar condition pine  al g  land cyst it is un  common
a p  ingu  ec  ula is a common type of con  junc  ti  val de  generation in the eye
pink al  ga  e is a growth of pink sli  me  y bacterial matter which can sometimes occur in pools and sometimes in laboratory tu  b  ings the title is a mis  no  mer because as noted before pink al  ga  e is actually caused by a bacter  ium in the genus meth  y  lob  ac  ter  ium the color of the bacterial growth comes from pig  ments within its cells the sli  me formed around the bacteria provides it with a relatively high level of protection from external threats like other species in its genus pink al  ga  e is a methane consuming bacter  ium it has an aff  inity for the matrix of pvc plastics and will attach itself to both the inside and the outside of pvc materials inside of the pool pink al  ga  e inf  est  ation in a pool often occurs alongside an inf  est  ation of white water mold
pink rot is a fun  gal disease of various plants caused by various organisms phy  top  h  thora er  y  thro  sep  tica – pink rot of potatoes carrots tubers tric  ho  th  ec  ium ros  eu  m – pink rot of apples grapes avo  cad  oes peaches nec  tar  ines fruit n  al  anth  am  ala ver  mo  es  eni or gli  o  cl  adi  um ver  mo  es  eni – pink rot of date palm inf  lo  res  cence dis  am  big
the pin  nar  oo line servic  ed the agricultural districts of the mal  lee for the freight of grain although there were periods of passenger travel on the line in previous years the last passenger service between ou  yen and pin  nar  oo being in 1968 the railway line was the means to open up the agricultural lands with the supply of goods and services from rural centres sustaining the remote area it was completed from ou  yen to mur  ray  ville in 19  12 and extended to pin  nar  oo in 1915 in 1996 the line stopped at pan  it  ya due to gauge conversion at the state border it was booked out of service on 4 october 2007
the pin  ner reaction after adol  f pin  ner is an organic reaction of a nit  ri  le with an alcohol using an acid catalyst for instance sul  fur  ic acid the product formed is the mineral acid salt of an im  ino ester or an al  ky  l im  id  ate which sometimes is called a pin  ner salt the reaction is a sequence of nucle  oph  il  ic additions these salts can react with an excess of alcohol to form the orth  o  ester rc or 3 with ammonia or an amine to form an amid  ine or with water to form an ester file reaction pin  ner 2 p  ng it should be appreciated that the pin  ner reaction refers specifically to an acid cataly  zed process but that similar results can often be achieved using base catal  ysis the two approaches can be complementary with nit  ri  les which are un  reactive under acid conditions often giving better results in the presence of base and vice versa the determining factor is typically how electr  on rich or poor the nit  ri  le is for example an electr  on poor nit  ri  le is a good electro  phi  le readily susceptible to attack from al  ko  x  ides etc but a poor nucle  ophi  le difficult to pro  ton  ate and would therefore be expected to react more readily under basic rather than ac  id  ic conditions
the pin  nick oxid  ation is an organic reaction by which alde  hy  des can be ox  idi  zed into their corresponding car  box  yl  ic acids using sodium chlor  ite nac  lo 2 under mild ac  id  ic conditions it was originally developed by lind  gre  n and n  il  sson the typical reaction conditions used today were developed by g a kr  aus h w pin  nick later demonstrated that these conditions could be applied to ox  idi  ze α β un  saturated alde  hy  des there exist many different reactions to ox  idi  ze alde  hy  des but only a few are amenable to a broad range of functional groups the pin  nick oxid  ation has proven to be both tolerant of sensitive func  tion  alities and capable of reacting with ster  ically hindered groups this reaction is especially useful for ox  idi  zing α β un  saturated alde  hy  des and another one of its advantages is its relatively low cost pin  nic  ko  x  id  ation  reaction
p  int  a also known as az  ul car  ate em  pe  ines lo  ta mal del p  into and tina is a human skin disease endemic to mexico central america and south america caused by infection with a spi  ro  che  te tre  pon  ema palli  dum car  at  eu  m which is mor  pho  logically and sero  logically in  distingu  ishable from the organism that causes sy  phil  is
pin  worm infection also known as enter  obi  asis is a human par  asi  tic disease caused by the pin  worm the most common symptom is it  ching in the anal area this can make sleeping difficult the period of time from sw  allowing eggs to the appearance of new eggs around the an  us is 4 to 8 weeks some people who are infected do not have symptoms the disease is spread between people by pin  worm eggs the eggs initially occur around the an  us and can survive for up to three weeks in the environment they may be swallowed following contamination of the hands food or other articles those at risk are those who go to school are institutionalized or take care of people who are infected other animals do not spread the disease diagnosis is by seeing the worms which are about one centi  meter or the eggs under a micro  scope treatment is typically with two doses of the medications me  bend  azole py  ran  tel pam  o  ate or al  bend  azole two weeks apart everyone who lives with or takes care of an infected person should be treated at the same time washing personal items in hot water after each dose of medication is recommended good hand  washing daily bathing in the morning and daily changing of underwear can help prevent re  infection pin  worm infections commonly occur in all parts of the world it is most common worm infection in the developed world school aged children are the most commonly infected in the united states about 20 of people at one point in time develop pin  worm infection rates among high risk groups may be as high as 50 it is not considered a serious disease pin  worms are believed to have affected humans throughout history
pi  pe  col  ic aci  dem  ia also called hyper  pi  pe  col  ic aci  dem  ia or hyper  pi  pe  col  at  emia is a very rare auto  som  al rec  essive metabol  ic disorder that is caused by a per  ox  isom  al defect pi  pe  col  ic aci  dem  ia can also be an associated component of ref  sum disease with increased pi  pe  col  ic aci  dem  ia rd  pa as well as other per  ox  isom  al disorders including both inf  anti  le and adult ref  sum disease and z  ell  we  ger syndrome
piracy was a phenomenon that was not limited to the caribbean region golden age pirates ro  amed off the coast of north america africa and the caribbean
pi  ri  form  is syndrome is a neuro  muscular disorder that occurs when the sci  atic nerve is compressed or otherwise irritated by the pi  ri  form  is muscle causing pain ting  ling and num  b  ness in the but  toc  ks and along the path of the sci  atic nerve descending the lower thi  gh and into the leg diagnosis is often difficult due to few validated and standardized diagnostic tests but two tests have been well described and clin  ically validated one is electro  physiological called the fair test which measures delay in sci  atic nerve conduc  tions when the pi  ri  form  is muscle is stretched against it the other is magnetic resonance neuro  graphy a type of m  ri that highlights infl  amm  ation and the nerves themselves some say that the most important criterion is the exclusion of sci  atica resulting from compression irritation of spinal nerve roots as by a her  ni  ated dis  c however compression may be present but not causal in the setting of sci  atica due to pi  ri  form  is syndrome the syndrome may be due to anatom  ical variations in the muscle nerve relationship or from over  use or strain uncontrolled studies have suggested theories about the disorder however a large scale formal prospective outcome trial found that the weight of the evidence based medicine is that pi  ri  form  is syndrome should be considered as a possible diagnosis when sci  atica occurs without a clear spinal cause the need for controlled studies is supported by studies of spinal dis  c disease that show a high frequency of abnormal dis  cs in as  ymp  tomatic patients
in lingu  is  tics speech synthesis and music the pitch cont  our of a sound is a function or curve that tracks the perceived pitch of the sound over time pitch cont  our may include multiple sounds utili  zing many pit  ches and can relate to frequency function at one point in time to the frequency function at a later point it is fundamental to the linguistic concept of tone where the pitch or change in pitch of a speech unit over time affects the sem  an  tic meaning of a sound it also indicates int  on  ation in pitch accent languages one of the primary challenges in speech synthesis technology particularly for western languages is to create a natural sounding pitch cont  our for the ut  ter  ance as a whole unnatural pitch cont  ours result in synthesis that sounds lif  eless or emo  tion  less to human lis  teners a feature that has become a stereo  type of speech synthesis in popular culture in music the pitch cont  our focuses on the relative change in pitch over time of a primary sequence of played notes the same cont  our can be transposed without losing its essential relative qualities such as sudden changes in pitch or a pitch that rises or falls over time pure tones have a clear pitch but complex sounds such as speech and music typically have intense peaks at many different frequencies nevertheless by establishing a fixed reference point in the frequency function of a complex sound and then observing the movement of this reference point as the function translates one can generate a meaningful pitch cont  our consistent with human experience for example the vo  wel e has two primary form  ants one pe  aking between 400 and 600 h  z and one between 2200 and 26  00 h  z when a person speaks a sentence involving multiple e sounds the peaks will shift within these ranges and the movement of the peaks between two instances establishes the difference in their values on the pitch cont  our
pit  ot pressure is the pressure that is measured by a pit  ot tube an open ended tube connected to a pressure measuring device for subs  onic flow pit  ot pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure or total pressure of the flow and hence the term pit  ot pressure is often used inter  change  ably with these other terms for su  person  ic flow however pit  ot pressure is the stagnation pressure of the flow behind the normal shock ahead of the pit  ot tube pit  ot pressure is named for henri pit  ot french scientist
pit  ted ker  atol  ysis also known as ker  atol  ysis plan  tare sul  cat  um ker  atom  a plan  tare sul  cat  um and ring  ed ker  atol  ysis is a non contagious skin infection that can be caused by wearing tight or restricting footwear and excessive swe  ating the infection is characterized by cr  ater  like pits on the surface of the feet and toes particularly weight bearing areas treatment consists of the application of topical antibiotics pit  ted ker  atol  ysis is caused by bacteria which thrive in these environments the condition is fairly common especially in military where wet shoes boots are worn for extended period of time without removing cleaning skin biopsy specimens are not usually utilized as the diagnosis of pit  ted ker  atol  ysis is often made by visual examination and recognition of the characteristic od  or wood lamp examination results are inconsistent
pit  t – hop  kins syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay a wide mouth distinctive facial features and inter  mit  tent hyper  ventilation followed by ap  ne  a it is associated with an ab  normality within chro  mo  some 18 specifically it is caused by an insufficient expression of the t  cf 4 gene
pit  u  ic  y  tom  a is a rare brain tumor it grows at the base of the brain from the pit  u  itary g  land this tumor is thought to be derived from the paren  ch  ym  al cells of the poster  ior lo  be of the pit  u  itary g  land called pit  u  ic  y  tes some researchers believe that they arise from the fol  lic  ul  o  stell  ate cells in the an  terior lo  be of the pit  u  itary as such it is a low grade gli  oma it occurs in adults and symptoms include visual disturbance and endocrine dysfunction they are often mistaken for pit  u  itary aden  om  as which have a similar presentation and occur in the same location the treatment consists of surgical res  ection which is cur  ative in most cases
pit  u  itary ac  th hyper  secre  tion or cu  shing disease is a form of hyper  pit  uit  arism characterized by an abnormally high level of ac  th produced by the an  terior pit  u  itary it is one of the causes of cu  shing s syndrome however cu  shing s syndrome can be caused by many other causes including exo  genous administration
pit  u  itary aden  om  as are tumors that occur in the pit  u  itary g  land pit  u  itary aden  om  as are generally divided into three categories dependent upon their biological functioning benign aden  oma invasive aden  oma and carcin  om  as with carcin  om  as accounting for 0 1 to 0 2 approximately 35 being invasive aden  om  as and most being benign aden  om  as pit  u  itary aden  om  as represent from 10 to 25 of all in  trac  ran  ial ne  op  las  ms and the estimated prevalence rate in the general population is approximately 17 non invasive and non secre  ting pit  u  itary aden  om  as are considered to be benign in the lit  eral as well as the clinical sense however a recent me  ta analysis fernández bal  sells et al 2011 of available research has shown there are to date scant studies of poor quality to either support or refute this assumption aden  om  as which exceed 10 millimetres 0 39 in in size are defined as macro  aden  om  as with those smaller than 10 mm referred to as micro  aden  om  as most pit  u  itary aden  om  as are micro  aden  om  as and have an estimated prevalence of 16 7 14 4 in autopsy studies and 22 5 in radio  logic studies a majority of pit  u  itary micro  aden  om  as often remain un  diagnosed and those that are diagnosed are often found as an incidental finding and are referred to as incid  ent  al  om  as pit  u  itary macro  aden  om  as are the most common cause of hypo  pit  uit  arism and in the majority of cases they are non secre  ting aden  om  as the pit  u  itary g  land is in close proximity to the brain invasive aden  om  as may invade the dur  a mat  er cran  ial bone or sp  hen  o  id bone while pit  u  itary aden  om  as are extremely common affecting approximately one in 6 of the general population clin  ically active pit  u  itary aden  om  as requiring surgical treatment are more rare affecting approximately one in 1000 of the general population
pit  u  itary apo  plex  y or pit  u  itary tumor apo  plex  y is bleeding into or impaired blood supply of the pit  u  itary g  land at the base of the brain this usually occurs in the presence of a tumor of the pit  u  itary although in 80 of cases this has not been diagnosed previously the most common initial symptom is a sudden headache often associated with a rapidly worsening visual field defect or double vision caused by compression of nerves surrounding the g  land this is followed in many cases by acute symptoms caused by lack of secre  tion of essential hormones predominantly adren  al in  sufficiency the diagnosis is achieved with magnetic resonance imaging and blood tests treatment is by the timely correction of hormone deficiencies and in many cases surgical de  compression is required many people who have had a pit  u  itary apo  plex  y develop pit  u  itary hormone deficiencies and require long term hormone supplem  entation the first case of the disease was recorded in 1898
a pit  u  itary disease is a disorder primarily affecting the pit  u  itary g  land the main disorders involving the pit  u  itary g  land are overproduction or under  production of a pit  u  itary hormone will affect the respective end organ for example insufficient production hy  pos  ec  re  tion of thyro  id stimulating hormone ts  h in the pit  u  itary g  land will cause hypo  thyro  i  dis  m while overproduction hyper  secre  tion of ts  h will cause hyper  thyro  i  dis  m thyro  i  dis  ms caused by the pit  u  itary g  land are less common though accounting for less than 10 of all hypo  thyro  i  dis  m cases and much less than 1 of hyper  thyro  i  dis  m cases
pit  y  ri  asis commonly refers to fla  king or scaling of the skin the word comes from the greek π  ί  τ  υ  ρο  ν br  an
pit  y  ri  asis alba is a common skin condition mostly occurring in children and usually seen as dry fine scaled pale pat  ches on the face it is self limiting and usually only requires use of mois  tur  iz  er cre  ams the condition is so named for the fine scal  y appearance initially present pit  y  ri  asis and the p  all  or of the pat  ches that develop while alba is latin for white the pat  ches in this condition are not totally de  pi  gm  ented
pit  y  ri  asis ami  an  tac  ea also known as tin  ea ami  an  tac  ea is an ec  zem  at  ous condition of the scal  p resulting in hair loss in which thick ten  aci  ously adher  ent scale infiltr  ates and surrounds the base of a group of scal  p ha  irs pit  y  ri  asis ami  an  tac  ea was first described by ali  bert in 18  32 pit  y  ri  asis ami  an  tac  ea affects the scal  p as shiny asbestos like ami  an  tac  eus thick scales attached in layers to the hair shaft the scales surround and bind down tu  f  ts of hair the condition can be loc  alised or covering over the entire scal  p temporary al  op  ec  ia and scar  ring al  op  ec  ia may occur due to repeated removal of ha  irs attached to the scale it is a rare disease with a female pre  dil  ection pit  y  ri  asis ami  an  tac  ea can easily be mis  diagnosed due its close resemblance to other scal  p diseases such as ps  ori  asis se  bor  rho  e  ic der  mati  tis or lichen plan  us however in pit  y  ri  asis ami  an  tac  ea the scales are attached to both the hair shaft and the scal  p pit  y  ri  asis ami  an  tac  ea may be present with other infl  am  matory conditions such as at  op  ic der  mati  tis or se  bor  rho  e  ic der  mati  tis and se  bac  eous scales and al  op  ec  ia can occur according to the der  mat  ology text bologn  ia this condition is most often seen in ps  ori  asis but may also be seen in secon  d  arily infected at  op  ic der  mati  tis se  bor  rhe  ic der  mati  tis and tin  ea cap  i  tis
pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides is a form of pit  y  ri  asis types include pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides et vari  oli  form  is acu  ta pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides ch  ron  ica
pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides ch  ron  ica also known as chronic gu  tt  ate par  ap  s  ori  asis chronic pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides der  mati  tis ps  ori  asi  form  is no  dul  aris par  ap  s  ori  asis ch  ron  ica and par  ap  s  ori  asis lic  hen  o  ides ch  ron  ica plc is an un  common idi  opathic acquired der  mat  osis characterized by evolving groups of er  y  them  at  ous scal  y pap  ules that may persist for months
pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides et vari  oli  form  is acu  ta also known as acute gu  tt  ate par  ap  s  ori  asis acute par  ap  s  ori  asis acute pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides mu  cha – ha  ber  mann disease par  ap  s  ori  asis acu  ta par  ap  s  ori  asis lic  hen  o  ides et vari  oli  form  is acu  ta and par  ap  s  ori  asis vari  oli  form  is is a disease of the immune system it is the more severe version of pit  y  ri  asis lic  hen  o  ides ch  ron  ica the disease is characterized by r  ashes and small le  sions on the skin the disease is more common in males and usually occurs in young adul  thood although it has been seen in every age group and every race it is possible for the disease to go into remission for short periods of time or forever
pit  y  ri  asis ro  sea also known as pit  y  ri  asis ro  sea gi  bert is a skin rash it is benign but may inflict substantial discomfort in certain cases class  ically it begins with a single herald patch le  sion followed in 1 or 2 weeks by a generalized body rash lasting up to 12 weeks however usually around 6 8
pit  y  ri  asis rot  unda also known as pit  y  ri  asis cir  cin  ata and tin  ea cir  cin  ata is a disorder of ker  atisation of the skin that manifests as a perfectly circular scal  y pat  ches on the tor  so and proxim  al portions of the extre  mi  ties it may be associated with diseases like he  pat  oc  ell  ular carcin  oma in rac  ially pre  disposed groups
pit  y  ri  asis ru  bra pil  aris also known as de  ver  gie s disease lichen ru  ber acu  min  atus and lichen ru  ber pil  aris refers to a group of chronic disorders characterized by red  dish orange scaling pl  aqu  es and ker  ato  tic fol  lic  ular pap  ules symptoms may include red  dish orange pat  ches latin ru  bra on the skin severe fla  king latin pit  y  ri  asis uncomfortable it  ching thick  ening of the skin on the feet and hands and thick  ened bu  mps around hair fol  lic  les latin pil  us for hair for some early symptoms may also include generalized sw  elling of the legs feet and other parts of the body pr  p has a varied clinical progression and a varied rate of improvement there is no known cause or cure although stress is a common factor it was first described by marie guill  au  me alph  on  se de  ver  gie in 18  56 and the condition is also known as de  ver  gie s disease
pit  y  ros  por  um fol  lic  u  li  tis or mal  as  se  zia fol  lic  u  li  tis is a skin condition caused by infection by pit  y  ros  por  um ye  ast the skin of the upper trunk area including the back chest arms and sometimes the neck is often affected and this condition is often seen in young to middle aged adults although it has been known to occur in adults well into their six  ties and can also be found on the lower extre  mi  ties as well its diagnosis is based on the pr  uri  tic it  chy pap  ul  op  ust  ules found in a fol  lic  ular pattern in these regions although pu  st  ules form from an over  growth of the ye  ast mal  es  se  zia fur  fur plu  gging the fol  lic  les m fur  fur is li  po  phil  ic requiring fatty acids like what is present in o  ily skin to prolifer  ate it has been shown that pit  y  ros  por  um ye  ast grows by consuming fatty acids with carbon chain lengths c 11 to c 24 pit  y  ros  por  um is part of the normal skin flora but over  grows in certain conditions over  growth is associated with o  ily skin hum  idity or other pre existing der  mato  logic conditions such as se  bor  rhe  ic der  mati  tis and severe d  and  ru  ff
plac  enta acc  re  ta occurs when all or part of the plac  enta attaches abnormally to the my  ome  tri  um the muscular layer of the uter  ine wall three grades of abnormal plac  ental attachment are defined according to the depth of invasion acc  re  ta – ch  ori  onic vill  i attach to the my  ome  tri  um rather than being restricted within the deci  du  a bas  alis incre  ta – ch  ori  onic vill  i invade into the my  ome  tri  um per  cre  ta – ch  ori  onic vill  i invade through the my  ome  tri  um because of abnormal attachment to the my  ome  tri  um plac  enta acc  re  ta is associated with an increased risk of heavy bleeding at the time of attempted plac  ental delivery the need for transfusion of blood products is frequent and hyster  ec  tomy is sometimes required to control life threatening hemorrha  ge
plac  enta pre  via is an ob  ste  tric complic  ation in which the plac  enta is inserted partially or wholly in the lower uter  ine segment it is a leading cause of an  te  par  tum haemorrha  ge vag  inal bleeding it affects approximately 0 4 0 5 of all lab  ours in the last trim  ester of pregnancy the is  th  mus of the uter  us unfol  ds and forms the lower segment in a typical pregnancy the plac  enta does not over  lie if the plac  enta does over  lie the lower segment as is the case with plac  enta pre  via it may she  ar off and a small section may bleed
plac  ental ab  ruption also known as abrup  tio plac  enta  e is a complic  ation of pregnancy where  in the plac  ental lining has separated from the uter  us of the mother prior to delivery it is the most common pathological cause of late pregnancy bleeding in humans it refers to the abnormal separation after 20 weeks of gest  ation and prior to birth it occurs on average in 0 5 or 1 in 200 deliveries plac  ental ab  ruption is a significant contributor to maternal mortality worldwide early and skilled medical intervention is needed to ensure a good outcome and this is not available in many parts of the world treatment depends on how serious the ab  ruption is and how far along the woman is in her pregnancy plac  ental ab  ruption has effects on both mother and fe  tus the effects on the mother depend primarily on the severity of the ab  ruption while the effects on the fe  tus depend on both its severity and the gest  ational age at which it occurs the heart rate of the fe  tus can be associated with the severity
a plac  ental disease is any disease disorder or path  ology of the plac  enta the article also covers plac  entation ab  norm  alities which is often used synonym  ously for plac  ental disease
a plac  ental inf  arc  tion results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the plac  enta causing its cells to die small plac  ental inf  arc  ts especially at the edge of the plac  ental dis  c are considered to be normal at term large plac  ental inf  arc  ts are associated with vascular ab  norm  alities e g hyper  troph  ic deci  dual vas  cul  opathy as seen in hyper  tension very large inf  arc  ts lead to plac  ental in  sufficiency and may result in fe  tal death
plac  ental in  sufficiency or uter  o plac  ental in  sufficiency is insufficient blood flow to the plac  enta during pregnancy the term is also sometimes used to designate late dec  eler  ations of fe  tal heart rate as measured by electronic monitoring even if there is no other evidence of reduced blood flow to the plac  enta normal uter  ine blood flow rate being 600 ml min
a plac  ental site no  dule abbreviated ps  n is benign rem  nant from a previous pregnancy
plac  ental site tro  pho  bl  astic tumor is a form of gest  ational tro  pho  bl  astic disease which is thought to arise from intermediate tro  pho  blast it may secre  te human plac  ental lac  to  gen human ch  ori  onic som  atom  am  mo  tro  pin and result in a false positive pregnancy test plac  ental site tro  pho  bl  astic tumor is a mon  op  has  ic ne  op  las  m of the implan  tation site intermediate tro  pho  blast and usually a benign le  sion which comprises less than 2 of all gest  ational tro  pho  bl  astic prolifer  ations preceding conditions include mol  ar pregnancy 5 compared to ch  ori  o  carcin  oma or invasive mole hemorrha  ge is less conspicuous and serum β h  c  g level is low making early diagnosis difficult immun  o  his  to  chemistry often stain  s with h  pl ker  atin mel cam eg  fr prog  no  sis 10 20 of cases me  tast  ase leading to death treatment because chem  otherapy is ineffective the patient should undergo hyster  ec  tomy
plac  ental vill  ous im  maturity also vill  ous im  maturity and vill  ous dys  maturity is ch  ori  onic vill  ous development that is inappropriate for the gest  ational age it is associated with diabetes mell  it  us  and fe  tal death near term i e in  trau  ter  ine demise close to the normal gest  ational period
in geo  logy a plac  er deposit or plac  er is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation during se  dim  entary processes the name is from the spanish word plac  er meaning allu  vi  al sand plac  er mining is an important source of gold and was the main technique used in the early years of many gold ru  shes including the california gold rush types of plac  er deposits include allu  vi  um elu  vi  um beach plac  ers and pal  e  op  lac  ers plac  er materials must be both dense and resistant to wea  thering processes to accumulate in plac  ers mineral particles must be significantly d  ens  er than quar  tz whose specific gravity is 2 65 as quar  tz is usually the largest component of sand or gra  vel plac  er environments typically contain black sand a conspicuous shiny black mixture of iron oxides mostly magne  ti  te with variable amounts of il  men  ite and hem  ati  te valuable mineral components often occurring with black sands are mon  az  ite ru  tile z  ir  con ch  rom  ite wol  fr  am  ite and cass  iter  ite
pl  ag  io  cephal  y also known as flat head syndrome is a condition characterized by an asymmetrical distortion fl  att  ening of one side of the skull it is characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head caused by remaining in a sup  ine position for too long pl  ag  io  cephal  y is the word that is used to describe a diag  onal asymmetry across the head shape this word particularly describes a fl  att  ening which is to one side at the back of the head and there is often some facial asymmetry pl  ag  io  cephal  y divides into two groups sy  no  sto  tic pl  ag  io  cephal  y with one or more f  used cran  ial su  tures and non  sy  no  sto  tic de  form  ational pl  ag  io  cephal  y surgical treatment of these groups includes the deference method however the treatment of de  form  ational pl  ag  io  cephal  y is controversial br  ach  y  cephal  y describes a very wide head shape with a fl  att  ening across the whole back of the head
plague is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacter  ium y  er  sin  ia p  esti  s depending on lung infection or sanitary conditions plague can be spread in the air by direct contact or very rarely by contaminated under  cooked food the symptoms of plague depend on the concentrated areas of infection in each person bu  bon  ic plague in lymp  h no  des sep  tic  emic plague in blood vessels pneu  mon  ic plague in lungs it is treat  able if detected early plague is still relatively common in some remote parts of the world until june 2007 plague was one of the three epidemic diseases specifically re  portable to the world health organization cholera and yellow fever the other two the bacter  ium is named after the french swiss bacter  io  logist alex  andre y  er  sin historically what are thought to have been massive pandemics of plague swept through eur  asia with very high death rates and causing major cultural changes the largest of these were the plague of just  inian of 541 – 542 the black death of the 13  40 s continuing in the second plague pandemic to break out at intervals and the third plague pandemic beginning in 18  55 and considered inactive from 1959 the epidemiological use of the term plague is currently applied to any severe bub  o infl  amm  ation resulting from an infection with y p  esti  s historically the medical use of the term plague has been applied to pandemic infections in general plague is often synonymous with bu  bon  ic plague but this describes just one of its manifestations other names have been used to describe this disease such as black plague and the black death the latter is now used primarily by scholars to describe the second and most devastating pandemic of the disease the e  ty  mo  logy of the word plague is believed to come from the latin word pl  ā  ga blow wound and pl  ang  ere “ to strike or to strike down ” cf german pl  age “ inf  est  ation ”
in graph theory the plan  arity testing problem is the algori  th  mic problem of testing whether a given graph is a plan  ar graph that is whether it can be drawn in the plane without edge inter  sections this is a well studied problem in computer science for which many practical algori  th  ms have emerged many taking advantage of novel data structures most of these methods operate in o n time linear time where n is the number of edges or ver  tices in the graph which is as  ymp  to  tically optimal rather than just being a single boo  lean value the output of a plan  arity testing algori  thm may be a plan  ar graph embed  ding if the graph is plan  ar or an obstacle to plan  arity such as a kur  at  owski sub  graph if it is not
pl  anis  pir  al is a condition in which a tu  bi  col  ous shell is co  iled in a single horizontal plane and the diameter increases away from the axis of co  iling this term is usually used for describing gastro  pod shells many cephal  o  pods and tu  be  worms can also have a pl  anis  pir  al shell all  ab  y and all  ab  y 1999
the planning fall  acy first proposed by daniel kah  n  eman and amos t  ver  sky in 1979 is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate the time needed this phenomenon occurs regardless of the individual s knowledge that past tasks of a similar nature have taken longer to complete than generally planned the bias only affects predictions about one s own tasks when outside observers predict task completion times they show a pessimistic bias over  estimating the time needed the planning fall  acy requires that predictions of current tasks completion times are more optimistic than the beliefs about past completion times for similar projects and that predictions of the current tasks completion times are more optimistic than the actual time needed to complete the tasks in 2003 lo  vall  o and kah  n  eman proposed an expanded definition as the tendency to underestimate the time costs and risks of future actions and at the same time overestimate the benefits of the same actions according to this definition the planning fall  acy results in not only time over  runs but also cost over  runs and benefit shortfalls
the planning horizon is the amount of time an organization will look into the future when preparing a strategic plan many commercial companies use a five year planning horizon however a general planning horizon is around one year other organizations such as the forestry commission in the uk have to use a much longer planning horizon to form effective plans in manufacturing a planning horizon is a future time period during which departments that support production will plan production work and determine material requirements in economics a planning horizon is the length of time an individual plans ahead it s important in the quest for total value as opposed to short term pleasure consumption
plant perception is the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment to adjust their mor  pho  logy physi  ology and phen  o  type accordingly other disciplines such as plant physi  ology ecology and molecular biology are used to assess this ability plants react to chemicals gravity light moisture infections temperature oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations parasite inf  est  ation disease physical disruption sound and touch
tolerance is the ability of plants to mitigate the negative fitness effects caused by her  bi  v  ory it is one of the general plant defense strategies against her  bi  vores the other being resistance which is the ability of plants to prevent damage strauss and ag  ra  wal 1999 plant defense strategies play important roles in the survival of plants as they are fed upon by many different types of her  bi  vores especially insects which may impose negative fitness effects strauss and z  ang  er  l 2002 damage can occur in almost any part of the plants including the roots stems leaves flowers and seeds strauss and zer  ger  l 2002 in response to her  bi  v  ory plants have evolved a wide variety of defense mechanisms and although relatively less studied than resistance strategies tolerance traits play a major role in plant defense strauss and zer  ger  l 2002 ro  sen  th  al and ko  tan  en 1995 traits that confer tolerance are controlled genetically and therefore are her  itable traits under selection strauss and ag  ra  wal 1999 many factors intrinsic to the plants such as growth rate storage capacity photo  synthetic rates and nutrient allocation and uptake can affect the extent to which plants can tolerate damage ro  sen  th  al and ko  tan  en 1994 extr  ins  ic factors such as soil nutrition carbon dioxide levels light levels water availability and competition also have an effect on tolerance ro  sen  th  al and ko  tan  en 1994
plan  tar cal  can  e  al bur  si  tis is a medical condition in which there is infl  amm  ation of the plan  tar cal  can  e  al bur  sa a spon  gy fluid filled s  ac that cush  ions the fas  cia of the heel and the cal  can  eus heel bone it is characterized by sw  elling and tender  ness of the central plan  tar heel area it is sometimes called policeman s heel it sometimes was and should not be confused with plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis which is infl  amm  ation of the plan  tar fas  cia and can affect any part of the foot
plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis is a disorder that results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot the pain is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest pain is also frequently brought on by b  ending the foot and toes up towards the shin and may be worsened by a tight achilles tend  on the condition typically comes on slowly in about a third of people both legs are affected typically there are no fe  vers or night swe  ats the causes of plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis are not entirely clear risk factors include over  use such as from long periods of standing an increase in exercise and obesity it is also associated with inward rolling of the foot and a lifestyle that involves little exercise while heel sp  urs are frequently found it is unclear if they have a role in causing the condition plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis is a disorder of the insertion site of the lig  ament on the bone characterized by micro tears breakdown of coll  agen and scar  ring as infl  amm  ation plays a lesser role many feel the condition should be ren  amed plan  tar fas  ci  osis the diagnosis is typically based on signs and symptoms with ul  tras  ound sometimes used to help other conditions with similar symptoms include o  ste  o  ar  thri  tis an  ky  losing spon  dy  li  tis heel pad syndrome and reactive ar  thri  tis most cases of plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis resolve with time and conservative methods of treatment usually for the first few weeks people are advised to rest change their activities take pain medications and stretch if this is not sufficient physi  otherapy orth  o  tics spl  in  ting or ster  o  id injections may be options if other measures do not work ex  trac  or  po  real shoc  k  wave therapy or surgery may be tried between 4 and 7 of people have heel pain at any given time and about 80 of these cases are due to plan  tar fas  ci  i  tis approximately 10 of people have the disorder at some point during their life it becomes more common with age it is unclear if one sex is more affected than the other
plan  tar fas  cial fi  bro  mat  osis also known as led  der  hose s disease mor  bus led  der  hose and plan  tar fi  bro  mat  osis is a relatively un  common non m  align  ant thick  ening of the feet s deep connec  tive tissue or fas  cia in the beginning where no  d  ules or cords start growing along tend  ons of the foot the disease is minor eventually however the cords thick  en the toes sti  ff  en and bend and walking becomes painful the disease is named after dr georg led  der  hose a german surgeon who described the condition for the first time in 18  94 a similar disease is du  pu  y  tre  n s disease which affects the hand and causes bent hand or fingers as in most forms of fi  bro  mat  osis it is usually benign and its onset varies with each patient the no  d  ules are typically slow growing and most often found in the central and medi  al portions of the plan  tar fas  cia occasionally the no  d  ules may lie dormant for months to years only to begin rapid and unexpected growth options for intervention include radiation therapy cry  o  surgery xi  af  lex surgical removal only if discomfort hinders walking
a plan  tar wart or ver  r  uca is a wart occurring on the sole or toes of the foot caused by the human pap  il  lo  ma  virus h  p  v h  p  v infections in other locations are not plan  tar see human pap  il  lo  ma  virus plan  tar war  ts are usually self limiting but treatment is generally recommended to lessen symptoms which may include pain decrease duration and reduce transmission infection occurs in an estimated 7 – 10 of the us population and genetics plays an important role in determining suscep  tibility
plasma cell dys  cr  asi  as are disorders of the plasma cells plasma cell dys  cr  asi  as are produced as a result of abnormal proliferation of a mono  cl  onal population of plasma cells that may or may not secre  te detec  table levels of a mono  cl  onal immun  o  glob  ulin or immun  o  glob  ulin frag  ment par  a  protein or m protein although the most common plasma cell dys  cr  asia is mono  cl  onal gam  mop  athy of un  determined significance m  gus closely related disorders include multiple my  el  oma solitary plas  mac  y  tom  a of bone extr  ame  dul  l  ary plas  mac  y  tom  a wal  den  ström s macro  glob  ul  in  emia w  m primary amy  lo  ido  sis light chain de  position disease par  a  prote  in  emia and heavy chain disease the spectrum of m  gus solitary plas  mac  y  tom  a of bone and as  ymp  tomatic and symptomatic multiple my  el  oma may actually represent a natural progression of the same disease
plasma cell g  ing  i  vi  tis is a rare condition appearing as generalized er  y  them  a red  ness and e  dem  a sw  elling of the attached g  ing  iva occasionally accompanied by ch  ei  li  tis lip sw  elling or glos  si  tis tongue sw  elling it is called plasma cell g  ing  i  vi  tis where the g  ing  iva g  ums are involved plasma cell ch  ei  li  tis where the lips are involved and other terms such as plasma cell ori  facial mu  co  si  tis or plasma cell g  ing  ivo  stom  ati  tis where several sites in the mouth are involved on the lips the condition appears as sharply outlined infiltr  ated dark red pla  que with a l  acqu  er like gla  zing of the surface of the involved oral area
plasma cell gran  ul  oma is a le  sional pattern of infl  am  matory pseu  do  tum  our different from the infl  am  matory my  o  fi  bro  bl  astic tumor pattern it is linked to ig  g 4 related disease
plasma cell leuk  emia pc  l a lymp  ho  prolifer  ative disorder is a rare cancer involving a subtype of white blood cells called plasma cells plasma cell leuk  emia is one of the most aggressive human ne  op  las  ms and constitutes 2 to 4 of all cases of plasma cell disorders the who criterion for diagnosis of pc  l is that plasma cells constitute more than 20 of cells in the peripheral blood with an absolute plasma cell count of more than 2 × 109 l the presentation may be primary de novo or secondary evolving from an existing case of multiple my  el  oma as part of the terminal phase of the disease approximately 60 to 70 of cases are primary
the plasma effect is a computer based visual effect animated in real time it uses cycles of changing colours war  ped in various ways to give an illusion of liquid organic movement plasma was probably invented by dem  o co  ders for use in their demo  s where the effect was heavily used especially in the early 1990 s the effect was particularly common on the commod  ore am  ig  a where it could be implemented very efficiently by using the features of the proprietary display hardware plasma can also be implemented easily in software rendering by using sin  us tables and pseu  do  color pal  et  tes and it has also been the first true dem  o effect for many beginning pc demo  co  ders the frac  tal software frac  tin  t also incorporates an algori  thm known as plasma which when combined with the color cycling feature of the software can provide a result which resembles a typical plasma effect used in demo  s the technical basis however is completely different and a color cycling plasma is somewhat less dynamic than a dem  o plasma similar effects are easily implement on modern g  p  us in pi  x  el shad  ers
plas  m  ab  l  astic lymp  homa is a type of large b cell lymp  homa recognized in the who 2008 classification it is cd 20 negative and has an immun  op  hen  o  type that resembles plasma cells in formal use lymp  hom  as with plas  m  ab  l  astic immun  op  hen  o  type such as primary eff  usion lymp  homa al  k large b cell lymp  homa large b cell lymp  homa arising in h  h  v 8 associated mul  tic  entr  ic cast  lem  an s disease and ex  trac  av  itary h  h  v – 8 positive lymp  homa are not part of this category although sometimes the literature has confused this point
plas  mac  y  tom  a refers to a m  align  ant plasma cell tumor growing within soft tissue or within the ax  ial skelet  on there are three distinct groups of plas  mac  y  tom  a defined by the international my  el  oma working group solitary plas  mac  y  tom  a of bone sp  b extr  ame  dul  l  ary plas  mac  y  tom  a ep and multiple plas  mac  y  tom  as that are either primary or recurrent the most common of these is sp  b accounting for 3 – 5 of all plasma cell m  align  ancies sp  bs occur as ly  tic le  sions within the ax  ial skelet  on and extr  ame  dul  l  ary plas  mac  y  tom  as most often occur in the upper respiratory tract 85 but can occur in any soft tissue approximately half of all cases produce par  a  prote  in  emia sp  bs and extr  ame  dul  l  ary plas  mac  y  tom  as are mostly treated with radi  otherapy but surgery is used in some cases of extr  ame  dul  l  ary plas  mac  y  tom  a the sk  el  etal forms frequently progress to multiple my  el  oma over the course of 2 – 4 years due to their cellular similarity plas  mac  y  tom  as have to be differentiated from multiple my  el  oma for sp  b and extr  ame  dul  l  ary plas  mac  y  tom  a the distinction is the presence of only one le  sion either in bone or soft tissue normal bone marrow 5 plasma cells normal sk  el  etal survey absent or low par  a  protein and no end organ damage
plas  mac  y  to  sis is a condition in which there is an unusually large proportion of plasma cells in tissues exu  dates or blood plas  mac  y  to  sis may be divided into two types — cu  taneous and systemic — both of which have identical skin findings patients with plas  mac  y  to  sis have been predominantly found to have lung infections pneumonia tuberculosis abs  c  ess whereas multiple my  el  oma is rarely found
plas  mo  ac  an  thom  a is a condition of the oral mu  co  sa characterized by a ver  ru  co  us tumor with a plasma cell infiltr  ate
plate like o  ste  oma cu  tis is a con  genital condition characterized by firm pap  ules and no  d  ules on the skin
pl  ate  au iris is a medical condition of the eye resulting from pushing of peripheral part of iris forward by the large or an  ter  ior  ly placed ci  li  ary body causing angle closer gl  au  coma this configuration is usually corrected by i  ri  dec  tomy if the gl  au  coma persists even after i  ri  dec  tomy then it is called pl  ate  au iris syndrome this is managed by mi  o  tics or laser peripheral i  ri  dop  la  sty
pl  ate  au pressure p  pl  at is the pressure applied to small airways and al  ve  oli during positive pressure mechanical ventilation it is measured during an inspir  atory pause on the mechanical venti  lat  or
plat  elet storage pool deficiency is a type of co  ag  ul  opathy characterized by defects in the gran  ules in plat  el  ets particularly a lack of gran  ular non metabol  ic ad  p patients with ad  p deficient storage pool disease present a prolonged bleeding time due to impaired aggregation response to fi  bri  ll  ar coll  agen it may involve the alpha gran  ules or the dense gran  ules
plat  in  osis is an allergy like reaction to exposure to soluble salts of plat  inum the symptoms of plat  in  osis may include asthma der  mati  tis dy  sp  ne  a con  junc  ti  val vas  o  di  lat  ation and rhin  op  har  yn  gi  tis the symptoms are progressive sometimes taking months to years to appear plat  in  osis is usually associated with workers in industries related to plat  inum production the effects are permanent halo  gen  o plat  inum compounds are among the most potent respiratory and skin sensi  tis  ers known therefore it is vital that exposure via the skin and by breathing contaminated air is carefully controlled in practice the compounds mainly responsible for plat  inum sensi  tisation are typically the soluble ion  ic plat  inum chlor  o compounds such as ammonium hex  ach  lor  op  lat  inate and tetr  ach  lor  op  lat  inate and hex  ach  lor  op  lat  in  ic acid other ion  ic halo  gen  o compounds are also sensi  tis  ers the order of aller  gen  icity being cl br i neutral compounds such as cis pl  atin and am  mine and nit  ro complex  es such as pt n  h 3 4 cl 2 k 2 pt no 2 4 and plat  inum nitrate are not considered to be aller  genic neither is the metal
plat  y  b  asia is a spinal disease of a mal  formed relationship between the oc  ci  p  ital bone and cer  vic  al sp  ine it may be caused by pag  et s disease plat  y  b  asia is also a feature of gor  lin gol  tz syndrome commonly known as bas  al cell nev  us syndrome
plat  y  spon  dyl  ic lethal sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia tor  rance type is a severe disorder of bone growth people with this condition have very short arms and legs a small chest with short ribs underdeveloped pel  vic bones and unusually short fingers and toes br  ach  y  d  ac  ty  ly this disorder is also characterized by fl  att  ened spinal bones plat  y  spon  dy  ly and abnormal cur  v  ature of the sp  ine lor  do  sis as a result of these serious sk  el  etal problems many infants with plat  y  spon  dyl  ic lethal sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia tor  rance type are born prematurely are still  born or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure a few affected people with mil  der signs and symptoms have lived into adul  thood however this condition is one of a spectrum of sk  el  etal disorders caused by mutations in the col 2 a 1 gene this gene provides instructions for making a protein that forms type ii coll  agen this type of coll  agen is found mostly in car  til  age and in the clear gel that fills the eye  ball the vit  re  ous it is essential for the normal development of bones and other tissues that form the body s supportive framework connec  tive tissues mutations in the col 2 a 1 gene interfere with the assembly of type ii coll  agen molecules resulting in a reduced amount of this type of coll  agen in the body instead of forming coll  agen molecules the abnormal col 2 a 1 protein builds up in car  til  age cells ch  on  dro  cy  tes these changes disrupt the normal development of bones and other connec  tive tissues leading to the sk  el  etal ab  norm  alities characteristic of plat  y  spon  dyl  ic lethal sk  el  etal dys  pl  asia tor  rance type this condition is inherited in an auto  som  al dominant pattern which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder in some cases an affected person inher  its the mutation from one affected parent other cases may result from new mutations in the gene these cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family
plausible deni  ability is the ability for persons typically senior officials in a formal or informal chain of command to deny knowledge of or responsibility for any dam  n  able actions committed by others usually subordin  ates in an organizational hierarchy because of a lack of evidence that can confirm their participation even if they were personally involved in or at least will  fully ignorant of the actions in the case that illegal or otherwise dis  reputable and unpopular activities become public high ranking officials may deny any awareness of such act in order to ins  ulate themselves and shift blame onto the agents who carried out the acts confident that their doub  ters will be unable to prove otherwise the lack of evidence to the contrary ostensibly makes the denial plausible that is credible although sometimes it merely makes it un  action  able the term typically implies fore  thought such as intentionally setting up the conditions to pl  au  sibly avoid responsibility for one s future actions or knowledge in some organizations legal doctrines such as command responsibility exist to hold major parties responsible for the actions of subordin  ates involved in hein  ous acts and nul  lify any legal protection that their denial of involvement would carry in politics and espionage deni  ability refers to the ability of a powerful player or intelligence agency to pass the buck and avoid blow  back by secretly arranging for an action to be taken on their behalf by a third party ostensibly un  connected with the major player in political campaigns plausible deni  ability enables candidates to stay clean and denounce third party advertisements that use un  ethical approaches or potentially li  bell  ous in  nu  endo in the us plausible deni  ability is also a legal concept it refers to lack of evidence proving an allegation standards of proof vary in civil and criminal cases in civil cases the standard of proof is prep  onder  ance of the evidence whereas in a criminal matter the standard is beyond a reasonable doubt if an opponent cannot provide evidence for his allegation one can pl  au  sibly deny the allegation even though it may be true although plausible deni  ability has existed throughout history that name for it was coined by the cia in the early 1960 s to describe the withholding of information from senior officials in order to protect them from repercussions in the event that illegal or unpopular activities by the cia became public knowledge the roots of the name go back to harry trum  an s national security council paper 10 2 of june 18 1948 which defined covert operations as all activities conducted pursuant to this directive which are so planned and executed that any u s government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the u s government can pl  au  sibly dis  claim any responsibility for them n  sc 54  12 was de classified in 1977 and is located at the national archives r  g 273
a pl  ec  tr  on is a specialized v  hf u  hf single channel emergency aler  ting radio receiver used to activate emergency response personnel and disaster warning systems manufactured from the late 1950 s through the late 1990 s by the now de  func  t pl  ec  tr  on corporation in over  ton ne  br  aska hundreds of thousands of these radi  os were placed in homes of first respon  ders across all of north america this included ambulance crews full time and volunteer firefighters off duty specialized police response teams civil defense members and search and rescue teams a pl  ec  tr  on s main feature distinguishing it from a regular squ  el  ched radio was its selective de squ  el  ching it would only sound when a correct pair of tones were broadcast allowing many agencies with different tones to share the same frequency some pl  ec  tr  on models had a set of built in re chargeable batteries for this made the pl  ec  tr  on portable the motor  ola min  itor p  ager also uses this function and has largely replaced the pl  ec  tr  on
ple  och  ro  ism is an optical phenomenon in which a substance appears to be different colors when observed at different angles especially with pol  arized light
ple  om  orph  ic t cell lymp  homa also known as non my  co  sis fun  go  ides cd 30 − ple  om  orph  ic small medium sized cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa is a cu  taneous condition characterized by a 5 year survival rate of 62
ple  om  orph  ic aden  oma is a common benign sali  vary g  land ne  op  las  m characterised by ne  op  l  astic proliferation of paren  ch  y  mat  ous g  land  ular cells along with my  o  epi  the  li  al components having a m  align  ant potenti  ality it is the most common type of sali  vary g  land tumor and the most common tumor of the par  o  ti  d g  land it derives its name from the architectural ple  om  orph  ism variable appearance seen by light micro  sco  py it is also known as mixed tumor sali  vary g  land type which describes its ple  om  orph  ic appearance as opposed to its dual origin from epi  the  li  al and my  o  epi  the  li  al elements
ple  om  orph  ic li  po  mas like spin  dle cell li  po  mas occur for the most part on the backs and necks of elderly men and are characterized by flo  ret giant cells with overlapping nucle  i
ple  om  orph  ic un  differentiated sar  coma abbreviated p  us also un  differentiated ple  om  orph  ic sar  coma and previously m  align  ant fi  bro  us his  ti  oc  y  tom  a abbreviated m  f  h is a type of soft tissue sar  coma it is considered a diagnosis of exclusion for sar  com  as that cannot be more precisely categ  orized
ple  om  orph  ic x  anth  o  astro  cy  tom  a p  xa is a brain tumor that occurs most frequently in children and teenagers at boston children s hospital the average age at diagnosis is 12 years ple  om  orph  ic x  anth  o  astro  cy  tom  a usually develops within the supr  at  ent  orial region the area of the brain located above the tent  orium cere  b  elli it is generally located superfic  ially in the up  per  most sections in the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es and involves the le  p  tom  en  inges it rarely arises from the spinal cord these tumors are formed through the mit  osis of astro  cy  tes they are found in the area of the tem  ples in the brain s frontal lo  be or on top of the par  ie  tal lo  be in about 20 of cases tumors exist in more than one lo  be
in micro  biology ple  om  orph  ism from greek π  λέ  ω more and μ  ορ  φ  ή form is the ability of some bacteria to alter their shape or size in response to environmental conditions ple  om  orph  ism has been observed in some members of the de  ino  co  cc  ace  ae family the modern definition of ple  om  orph  ism in the context of bacteri  ology is based on variation of size or shape of the cell rather than a change of shape as previously believed
a ple  ural eff  usion is excess fluid that accumul  ates in the ple  ural cav  ity the fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs this excess can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs various kinds of ple  ural eff  usion depending on the nature of the fluid and what caused its entry into the ple  ural space are hydro  thor  ax ser  ous fluid h  emo  thor  ax blood ur  ino  thor  ax urine ch  y  lo  thor  ax ch  yle or py  o  thor  ax p  us a pneu  mo  thor  ax is the accumulation of air in the ple  ural space and is commonly called a collapsed lung
ple  ural emp  y  ema also known as py  o  thor  ax or pur  ul  ent ple  uri  tis is emp  y  ema an accumulation of p  us in the ple  ural cav  ity that can develop when bacteria invade the ple  ural space usually in the context of a pneumonia it is one of various kinds of ple  ural eff  usion there are three stages ex  ud  ative when there is an increase in ple  ural fluid with or without the presence of p  us fi  brin  op  ur  ul  ent when fi  bro  us sep  ta form loc  alized p  us pockets and the final organizing stage when there is scar  ring of the ple  ura memb  ran  es with possible inability of the lung to expand simple ple  ural eff  u  sions occur in up to 40 of bacterial pneu  mon  ias they are usually small and resolve with appropriate antibiotic therapy if however an emp  y  ema develops additional intervention is required
ple  ur  isy also known as ple  uri  tis is an infl  amm  ation of the ple  ur  ae the memb  ran  es of the ple  ural cav  ity surrounding the lungs there are many possible causes of ple  ur  isy but viral infections spreading from the lungs to the ple  ural cav  ity are the most common the infl  amed ple  ural layers rub against each other every time the lungs expand to breathe in air this can cause sharp pain when breathing also called ple  uri  tic chest pain the condition may either be primary or secondary and is often associated with a ple  ural eff  usion
ple  u  ro  pneumonia is infl  amm  ation of the lungs and ple  ura ple  ur  isy being the infl  amm  ation of the ple  ura alone
ple  u  ro  pul  mon  ary bl  ast  oma pp  b is a rare cancer originating in the lung or ple  ural cav  ity it occurs most often in infants and young children but also has been reported in adults in a retrospective review of 204 children with lung tumors ple  u  ro  pul  mon  ary bl  ast  oma and carcin  o  id tumor were the most common primary tumors 83 of the 204 children had secondary tumors spread from cancers elsewhere in the body ple  u  ro  pul  mon  ary bl  ast  oma is regarded as m  align  ant
ple  u  roth  o  ton  us commonly known as pisa syndrome is a rare neuro  logical disorder which occurs due to prolonged exposure to anti  psychotic drugs which may also be referred to as neuro  le  p  tics it is characterized by dy  st  onia and abnormal and sustained involuntary muscle contraction this may cause tw  isting or jer  king movements of the body or a body part although pisa syndrome develops most commonly in those undergoing long term treatment with anti  psycho  tics it has been reported less frequently in patients receiving other medications such as an ace  ty  l  chol  in  est  erase inhi  bit  or however it has also been seen in those with other diseases causing neuro  de  generation and in those who are not receiving any medication idi  opathic pisa syndrome the characteristic development of pisa syndrome consists of two types of dy  st  onia acute dy  st  onia and tar  dive dy  st  onia also known as tar  dive dy  sk  ine  sia the underlying path  ology of drug induced pisa syndrome is very complex and development may be due to an underlying dop  am  iner  gic chol  iner  gic imbalance or sero  ton  er  gic nor  adren  er  gic dysfunction
pl  exi  form fi  bro  his  ti  oc  y  tic tumor is a rare tumor that arises primarily on the upper extre  mi  ties of children and young adults
plex  opathy is a disorder affecting a network of nerves blood vessels or lymp  h vessels the region of nerves it affects are at the br  achi  al or lum  bo  sac  ral plex  us symptoms include pain loss of motor control and sensory deficits there are two main types of plex  opathy br  achi  al plex  opathy and lum  bo  sac  ral plex  opathy they are usually caused from some sort of loc  alized trauma such as a dis  located shoulder the disorder can also be caused secondary to a compression co mor  bid vascular disease infection or may be idi  opathic with an unknown cause both plex  opath  ies can also occur as a consequence of radiation therapy sometimes after 30 or more years have passed in conditions known as radiation induced br  achi  al plex  opathy ri  bp and radiation induced lum  bo  sac  ral plex  opathy ri  l  p
plic  a syndrome also known as sy  no  vi  al plic  a syndrome is a condition which occurs when a plic  a an extension of the protective sy  no  vi  al cap  su  le of the knee becomes irritated enlarged or infl  amed
pl  inian erup  tions also known as ves  u  vian erup  tions are volcanic erup  tions marked by their similarity to the eruption of mount ves  u  vi  us in 79 ad the eruption was described in a letter written by pl  in  y the younger it killed his uncle pl  in  y the elder pl  inian erup  tions are marked by columns of gas and volcanic ash extending high into the str  ato  sphere the second layer of earth s atmosphere the key characteristics are e  jec  tion of large amount of pum  ice and very powerful continuous gas blast erup  tions according to the volcanic explo  sivity index pl  inian erup  tions have a ve  i of 4 5 or 6 short erup  tions can end in less than a day but longer events can take several days to months the longer erup  tions begin with production of clouds of volcanic ash sometimes with pyro  cl  astic flows the amount of mag  ma erupted can be so large that it deple  tes the mag  ma chamber below causing the top of the volcano to collapse resulting in a calder  a fine ash can deposit over large areas pl  inian erup  tions are often accompanied by loud noises such as those generated by k  rak  ato  a the lava is usually rhy  oli  tic and rich in silic  ates bas  al  tic la  vas are unusual for pl  inian erup  tions the most recent bas  al  tic example is the 18  86 eruption of mount tar  aw  era on new zealand s north island
plot drift is a phenomenon in stor  y  telling in which the plot of the story devi  ates from its apparent initial direction the phenomenon can affect written works although it is often more noticeable in performed media such as television shows or movies plot drift is generally though not always seen as contrary to good stor  y  telling technique a sign of plot drift can be the increased introduction of new characters and settings near the end of a story a contrary literary technique might include the apparent introduction of plot drift only to later reveal a connection to the rest of the story
plo  tt  age is the increase in value realized by combining adjacent parcels of land into one larger parcel the process of combining the parcels is known as assemb  lage generally the value of the whole parcel will be greater than the sum of the individual smaller parcels
pluc  king also referred to as qu  arr  ying is a gl  ac  ial phenomenon that is responsible for the erosion and transportation of individual pieces of bedrock especially large joint blocks this occurs in a type of glaci  er called a valley glaci  er as a glaci  er moves down a valley friction causes the bas  al ice of the glaci  er to melt and infiltr  ate joints cracks in the bedrock the freezing and th  aw  ing action of the ice enlar  ges wid  ens or causes further cracks in the bedrock as it changes volume across the ice water phase transition a form of hydraulic wed  ging gradually loosen  ing the rock between the joints this produces large pieces of rock called joint blocks eventually these joint blocks come loose and become trapped in the glaci  er in this way pluc  king has been linked to reg  el  ation rocks of all sizes can become trapped in the bottom of the glaci  er joint blocks up to three meters have been plucked and transported these entr  ained rock fragments can also cause abra  sion along the subsequent bedrock and walls pluc  king also leads to chat  ter marks wedge shaped ind  ent  ations left on the bedrock or other rock surfaces gl  ac  ial pluc  king both exploits pre existing fractu  res in the bedrock and requires continued frac  turing to maintain the cycle of erosion gl  ac  ial pluc  king is most significant where the rock surface is well join  ted or fractu  red or where it contains exposed bed planes as this allows mel  tw  ater and cl  asts to penetrate more easily pluc  king of bedrock also occurs in steep u  pl  and rivers and shares a number of similarities with gl  ac  ial examples in such cases the loosen  ing and det  achment of blocks appears to result from a combination of 1 chemical and physical wea  thering along joints 2 hydraulic wed  ging driven by smaller rock fragments getting into existing cracks 3 crack propagation from stresses caused by impacts of large cl  asts already in transport by the river and possibly 4 crack propagation driven by fl  ex  ing resulting from pressure variation in the over  lying water during floods loosen  ed blocks are then carried away by fast flowing water during large floods though the entr  ain  ment is believed to be significantly less efficient than the equivalent ability of ice to carry away blocks under glaciers
plum  bo  solvency is the ability of a solvent notably water to dissolve lead in the public supply of water this is an undesirable property in usually older consumers premises plum  bo  solvent water can attack lead pipes and any lead in sol  der used to join copper plum  bo  solvency of water can be countered by achieving a ph of 7 5 by increasing the ph with lime or sodium hydrox  ide l  ye or by providing a protective coating to the inside of lead pipes by the addition of phosphate at the water treatment works while optimal ph for prevention of plum  bo  solvency is 7 5 performance remains very good in the range ph 7 2 7 6 achieving this ph has been shown to decrease population blood lead concentrations 3 4 chlor  inating water also reduces dissolved lead it causes the inter  i  ors of lead pipes to become co  ated with lead chloride which is very in  soluble in cold water however lead chloride is fairly soluble in hot water for this reason water that is to be used for drinking or the preparation of food should never be taken from a hot water tap if the water may have been in contact with lead water should be taken from a cold water tap and heated in a pan or ket  tle that does not contain lead or lead sol  der
plum  mer – vin  son syndrome p  vs also called pat  erson – brown – kelly syndrome or sid  er  open  ic dy  sp  ha  gia is a rare disease characterized by difficulty in sw  allowing iron deficiency an  emia glos  si  tis ch  ei  losis and es  op  ha  ge  al we  bs treatment with iron supplem  entation and mechanical widening of the es  op  ha  gus generally provides an excellent outcome while exact data about the epidemiology is unknown this syndrome has become extremely rare the reduction in the prevalence of p  vs has been hypothe  sized to be the result of improvements in nutritional status and availability in countries where the syndrome was previously described it generally occurs in post  men  opa  usal women its identification and follow up is considered relevant due to increased risk of squ  am  ous cell carcin  om  as of the es  op  ha  gus and phar  yn  x
pneumatic trail or trail of the tire is a trail like effect generated by compliant tires rolling on a hard surface and subject to side loads as in a turn more technically it is the distance that the resultant force of side slip occurs behind the geome  tric center of the contact patch
pneu  mat  ol  ysis is the alteration of rock or mineral crystal  li  zation affected by gaseous eman  ations from soli  di  fying mag  ma the term was coined by robert bun  sen in 18  51 mag  matic gases may through pneu  mat  ol  ysis create skar  n in interaction with lime  stone or gre  is  en with gran  ite or sch  ist the term pneu  mat  ol  ysis has been used for various geological environments but the essential feature of most usage has been mineral formation from a hot fluid of low density the best evidence for pneu  mat  ol  y  tic conditions is found in the presence of vap  or rich fluid inclu  sions but considerable ambiguity remains and hence such evidence must be used with care many samples formerly thought to be of pneu  mat  ol  y  tic origin were more likely formed from dense solutions that boiled or eff  er  ves  ced
pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis also called intest  inal pneu  mat  osis pneu  mat  osis cy  sto  ides inte  stin  alis or pneu  mat  osis coli is pneu  mat  osis of an intest  ine that is gas cy  sts in the bo  wel wall as a radiological sign it is highly sugges  tive for necro  tizing enter  o  co  li  tis this is in contrast to gas in the intest  inal lum  en which is relieved by flat  ul  ence in new  bor  ns pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis is considered diagnostic for necro  tizing enter  o  co  li  tis and the air is produced by bacteria in the bo  wel wall the patho  genesis of pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis is poorly understood and is likely multi  fac  torial pi itself is not a disease but rather a clinical sign in some cases pi is an incidental finding whereas in others it port  ends a life threatening intra ab  domin  al condition pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis at compu  ted tom  o  graphy in intest  inal is  chem  ia lung window for better representation of the gas deposits in the intest  inal walls cor  onal reconstruction pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis in the cor  onal compu  ted tom  o  graphy in lung window it can be seen next to gas entr  ap  ment in the bo  wel wall and gas in the stomach wall and in numerous vessels including the portal vein into the liver pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis in compu  ted tom  o  graphy with intest  inal is  chem  ia lung window for better representation of the gas deposits in the intest  inal walls u  pri  ght ap radio  graph showing gas in the wall of the small bo  wel in the left upper quad  rant indicative of pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis cor  onal reform  at  ted m  d  ct image showing extensive pneu  mat  osis inte  stin  alis in the left upper quad  rant small bo  wel the pneu  mat  osis is more c  ys  tic and no  d  ular in the small bo  wel in the mid  line and the right of mid  line this patient had a relatively benign presentation without bo  wel is  chem  ia and was treated conserv  atively
pneu  matur  ia is the passage of gas or air in urine this may be seen or described as bubbles in the urine
pneu  mobi  lia is the presence of gas in the bi  li  ary system it is typically detected on a radio  graphic imaging exam such as ul  tras  ound ct or m  ri it is a common finding in patients that have recently undergone bi  li  ary surgery or endo  scopic bi  li  ary procedure while the presence of air within bi  li  ary system is not harmful this finding may alternatively suggest a pathological process such as a bi  li  ary enter  ic anast  om  osis an infection of the bi  li  ary system an incompetent sp  h  inc  ter of od  di or spontaneous bi  li  ary enter  ic f  ist  ula
pneu  mo  cephal  us is the presence of air or gas within the cran  ial cav  ity it is usually associated with disruption of the skull after head and facial trauma tumors of the skull base after neuro  surgery or o  tor  hin  ol  ar  yn  go  logy and rarely spontaneously pneu  mo  cephal  us can occur in s  cuba diving but is very rare in this context if there is a valve mechanism which allows air to enter the skull but prevents it from escaping a tension pneu  mo  cephal  us can occur similar to what can happen in a tension pneu  mo  thor  ax ct sc  ans of patients with a tension pneu  mo  cephal  us typically show air that com  presses the frontal lob  es of the brain which results in a t  ented appearance of the brain in the skull known as the mount fu  ji sign the name is derived from the resemblance of the brain to mount fu  ji in japan a volcano known for its symmetr  ical cone in typical cases there is a symmetr  ical depression near the mid  line such as the cr  ater of a volcano due to intact bridging ve  ins its occurrence seems to be limited to tension pneu  mo  cephal  us not occurring in pneu  mo  cephal  us without tension the sign was first described by a team of japanese neuro  surgeons pneu  mo  cephal  us has also been shown to follow neuro  surgical procedures such as deep brain stimulation where while seemingly inno  cu  ous to the patient may cause brain shift and subsequent stere  ot  actic in  accuracy efforts are made by neuro  surgeons to reduce pneu  mo  cephal  us volume during surgery and thus subsequent brain shift
pneu  mo  coc  cal infection is an infection of the bacter  ium st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae
pneu  mo  coc  cal pneumonia is a type of bacterial pneumonia that is specifically caused by st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  i  ae s pneu  mon  i  ae is also called pneu  mo  co  cc  us it is the most common bacterial pneumonia found in adults the estimated number of americans with pneu  mo  coc  cal pneumonia is 900 000 annually with almost 400 000 cases hosp  itali  zed and fatalities accounting for 5 7 of these cases the symptoms of pneu  mo  coc  cal pneumonia can occur suddenly typically presenting as a severe chill later including a severe fever cough short  ness of breath rapid breathing and chest pains other symptoms like naus  ea v  om  iting headache fatigue and muscle aches could also accompany the original symptoms sometimes the cou  gh  ing can produce rusty or blood stre  aked sp  u  tum in 25 of cases a par  ap  neu  mon  ic eff  usion may occur chest x rays will typically show lob  ar consolidation or pat  chy infiltr  ates in most cases once pneu  mo  coc  cal pneumonia has been identified doctors will prescribe antibiotics these antibiotic usually help alleviate and eliminate symptoms between 12 and 36 hours after being taken despite most antibiotics effectiveness in treating the disease sometimes the bacteria can resist the antibiotics causing symptoms to worsen additionally age and health of the infected patient can contribute to the effectiveness of the antibiotics a vaccine has also been developed for the prevention of pneu  mo  coc  cal pneumonia recommended to children under age five as well as adults over the age of 65 while it has been commonly known that the influenza virus increases one s chances of contracting pneumonia or men  ing  i  tis caused by the st  rep  to  co  cc  us pneu  mon  ai  e bacteria new medical research in mice indicates that the flu is actually a necessary component for the transmission of the disease researcher dimit  ri di  av  at  op  oul  o from the rad  bou  d university ni  j  me  gen medical centre in the netherlands describes his observations in mice stating that in these animals the spread of the bacteria only occurs between animals already infected with the influenza virus not between those without it he says that these findings have only been inclusive in mice however he believes that the same could be true for humans
pneu  mo  con  i  osis is an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by the inhal  ation of dust often in mines and from agriculture in 2013 it resulted in 260 000 deaths up from 251 000 deaths in 1990 of these deaths 46 000 were due to sili  co  sis 24 000 due to as  besto  sis and 25 000 due to coal workers pneu  mo  con  i  osis
pneu  mo  cy  stis pneumonia p  cp is a form of pneumonia caused by the ye  ast like fun  gus pneu  mo  cy  stis ji  ro  vec  ii pneu  mo  cy  stis pneumonia is not commonly found in the lungs of healthy people but being a source of opportunistic infection it can cause a lung infection in people with a weak immune system pneu  mo  cy  stis pneumonia is especially seen in people with cancer undergoing chem  otherapy hiv aids and the use of medications that suppress the immune system
pneu  mo  cy  sto  sis is an infection by pneu  mo  cy  stis ji  ro  vec  ii that primarily occurs as a pul  mon  ary infection aids patients with extr  ap  ul  mon  ary involvement being un  common but if occurring in the skin presenting most often as no  d  ular grow  ths in the aud  itory canal
pneu  mo  cy  tic hyper  pl  asia is an hyper  pl  asia of pneu  mo  cy  tes lining pul  mon  ary al  ve  oli
pneu  mom  edi  ast  inum from greek pneu  ma air also known as medi  ast  inal emph  ys  ema is pneu  mat  osis abnormal presence of air or other gas in the medi  ast  inum first described in 18  19 by ren  é la  en  n  ec the condition can result from physical trauma or other situations that lead to air escaping from the lungs airways or bo  wel into the chest cav  ity
pneumonia is an infl  am  matory condition of the lung affecting primarily the micro  scopic air sac  s known as al  ve  oli typical signs and symptoms include a varying severity and combination of productive or dry cough chest pain fever and trouble breathing depending on the underlying cause pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other micro  organisms certain medications and conditions such as auto  immune diseases risk factors include other lung diseases such as c  ys  tic fi  bro  sis cop  d and asthma diabetes heart failure a history of smoking a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke or a weak immune system diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination chest x ray blood tests and culture of the sp  u  tum may help confirm the diagnosis the disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community hospital or health care associated pneumonia vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available other methods of prevention include hand  washing and not smoking treatment depends on the underlying cause pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics if the pneumonia is severe the affected person is generally hosp  itali  zed oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally 7 of the population and results in about 4 million deaths per year pneumonia was regarded by william o  sl  er in the 19 th century as the captain of the men of death with the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20 th century survival improved nevertheless in developing countries and among the very old the very young and the chronically ill pneumonia remains a leading cause of death pneumonia often short  ens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called the old man s friend
pneumonia is an illness which can result from a variety of causes including infection with bacteria viruses fun  gi or parasites pneumonia can occur in any animal with lungs including mammals birds and repti  les symptoms associated with pneumonia include fever fast or difficult breathing nas  al discharge and decreased activity different animal species have distinct lung anatomy and physi  ology and are thus affected by pneumonia differently differences in anatomy immune systems diet and behavior also affects the particular micro  organisms commonly causing pneumonia diagnostic tools include physical examination testing of the sp  u  tum and x ray investigation treatment depends on the cause of pneumonia bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics see also pneumonia pneu  mon  ic
pneu  mon  ic plague a severe type of lung infection is one of three main forms of plague all of which are caused by the bacter  ium y  er  sin  ia p  esti  s it is more virulent and r  arer than bu  bon  ic plague the difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection in the body the bu  bon  ic plague is an infection of the lymp  h  atic system the pneu  mon  ic plague is an infection of the respiratory system and the sep  tic  emic plague is an infection in the blood stream typically the pneu  mon  ic form is due to a spread from infection of an initial bu  bon  ic form primary pneu  mon  ic plague results from inhal  ation of fine infec  tive dro  ple  ts and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fle  as or animals untreated pneu  mon  ic plague has a mortality rate from 90 100
pneu  mon  i  tis or pul  mon  i  tis is an infl  amm  ation of lung tissue many factors can cause pneu  mon  i  tis including breathing in animal dan  der aspiration inhal  ing small food particles or v  omit down the wrong pipe and receiving radiation therapy to the chest pneu  mon  i  tis was listed as the one of the top 15 leading causes of death at number 15 in the united states as of 2010 over  taking homicide which dropped off the list this was due to a number of factors including an increase in the population of people over 75 for whom pneu  mon  i  tis is a common cause of death pneumonia is pneu  mon  i  tis combined with consolidation and ex  ud  ation due to infection
pneu  mon  ol  ysis is the separation of an adher  ent lung from the ple  ura to permit collapse of the lung it was formerly used to treat tuberculosis
pneu  mop  ar  o  ti  tis also termed pneu  mo  si  al  ad  eni  tis wind par  o  ti  tis surgical mum  ps or ana  esthesia mum  ps is a rare cause of par  o  ti  d g  land sw  elling which occurs when air is forced through the par  o  ti  d st  enson duc  t resulting in inflation of the duc  t
pneu  m  oper  ic  ardi  um is a medical condition where air enters the peric  ardi  al cav  ity this condition has been recognized in pre  term ne  on  ates in which it is associated with severe lung path  ology after vigorous resusc  itation or in the presence of assisted ventilation this is a serious complic  ation which if untreated may lead to cardiac tam  pon  ade and death pneu  mom  edi  ast  inum which is the presence of air in the medi  ast  inum may mim  ic and also coexist with pneu  m  oper  ic  ardi  um it can be con  genital or introduced by a wound
pneu  m  oper  it  on  eu  m is pneu  mat  osis abnormal presence of air or other gas in the per  it  one  al cav  ity a potential space within the ab  domin  al cav  ity when present it can often be seen on radio  graphy but small amounts are often missed and ct scan is nowadays regarded as a criterion standard in the assessment of a pneu  m  oper  it  on  eu  m ct can vis  u  alize quantities as small as 5 cm ³ of air or gas the most common cause is a per  for  ated ab  domin  al vis  cus generally a per  for  ated pe  ptic ul  cer although any part of the bo  wel may per  for  ate from a benign ul  cer tumor or ab  domin  al trauma a per  for  ated appendix seldom causes a pneu  m  oper  it  on  eu  m in the mid twentieth century an artificial pneu  m  oper  it  on  eu  m was sometimes intentionally administered as a treatment for a hi  atal her  nia this was achieved by in  suff  l  ating the ab  dom  en with carbon dioxide the practice is currently used by surgical teams in order to perform l  apar  o  scopic surgery
pneu  mos  cro  tum is a rare medical condition in which gas accumul  ates in the scro  tum it has a variety of possible causes
pneu  mo  sin  us di  lat  ans is a condition consisting of abnormal expansion or di  lat  ation of one or more par  an  as  al sin  uses it most often affects the frontal sin  us and can cause damage to vision due to pressure on the nearby op  tic nerve the preferred treatment is endo  scopic surgery to defl  ate the sin  us
a pneu  mo  thor  ax is an abnormal collection of air in the ple  ural space that causes an un  coupling of the lung from the chest wall like a ple  ural eff  usion liquid buil  dup in that space a pneu  mo  thor  ax may interfere with normal breathing symptoms typically include chest pain and short  ness of breath it is often called a collapsed lung although that term may also refer to at  elect  asis one or both lungs may be affected a primary pneu  mo  thor  ax is one that occurs without an apparent cause and in the absence of significant lung disease while a secondary pneu  mo  thor  ax occurs in the presence of existing lung disease a pneu  mo  thor  ax can be caused by physical trauma to the chest including a blast injury or as a complic  ation of a healthcare intervention in which case it is called a traumatic pneu  mo  thor  ax in a minority of cases the amount of air in the chest increases markedly when a one way valve is formed by an area of damaged tissue leading to a tension pneu  mo  thor  ax this condition can cause a steadily worsening oxygen shortage and low blood pressure unless reversed by effective treatment it can result in death diagnosis of a pneu  mo  thor  ax by physical examination alone can be difficult particularly in smaller pneu  mo  thor  aces a chest x ray compu  ted tom  o  graphy ct scan or ul  tras  ound is usually used to confirm its presence small spontaneous pneu  mo  thor  aces typically resolve without treatment and require only monitoring this approach may be most appropriate in people who have no underlying lung disease in a larger pneu  mo  thor  ax or when there are marked symptoms the air may be removed with a syr  inge or a chest tube connected to a one way valve system occasionally surgery may be required if tube drainage is unsuccessful or as a preventive measure if there have been repeated episodes the surgical treatments usually involve ple  u  ro  des  is in which the layers of ple  ura are induced to stick together or ple  u  rec  tomy the surgical removal of ple  ural memb  ran  es
po  bi  ti kam  ani bulgarian п  о  б  и  т  и к  а  м  ъ  н  и also known as the stone desert is a desert like rock phenomenon located on the north west var  na province border in bulgaria it is considered the only desert in bulgaria and one of few found in europe the desert consists of sand dun  es and several groups of natural rock formations on a total area of 13 km ² the formations are mainly stone columns between 5 and 7 meters high and from 0 3 to 3 meters thick the columns do not have solid foundations but are instead hollow and filled with sand and look as if they were stuck into the surrounding sand which gives the phenomenon its name sand  storms and sand tw  is  ters have also been known to commonly occur in this desert region of bulgaria the stone desert is not only a well known european tourist attraction due to its desert like habitat but it is one of few places where desert type vegetation such as cac  tus are known to grow it is also the only desert in europe in which desert repti  li  ans and other desert type anim  alia are found to thrive the stone desert along with the tab  ern  as desert of spain is one of two naturally formed deser  ts in all of europe and the only known naturally formed desert in eastern europe in order to be preserved po  bi  ti kam  ani the stone desert was designated a natural landmark in the late 1930 s there are a number of theories regarding the phenomenon s origin the pioneering hypothesis can be divided roughly into two groups suggesting an organic or abi  otic origin according to the former the formations are the result of coral activity but detail investigation shows no coral while the latter explain the phenomenon with the pris  matic wea  thering and desertification of the rocks the formation of sand and lime  stone concre  tions or lower e  oc  ene bub  bling reefs based on a petro  graphic and stable isot  ope geo  chemical study and field observations evidence exists that these structures represent an exceptionally record of pal  eo hydrocarbon se  ep system low magnesium cal  cite cements are strongly depleted in heavy carbon isot  ope 13 c the pathways of fluid circulation are recorded as columns set in sands which columns after recent sand removal gave desert like landscape the dynamic reconstruction of the origin of these structures the processes of fluid migration and micro  bial mediation of hydrocarbon oxid  ation leading to carbon  ate precip  itation have been studied by de bo  ever et al 2009
po  do  con  i  osis also known as non  fil  arial eleph  anti  asis is a disease of the lymp  h vessels of the lower extre  mi  ties that is caused by chronic exposure to irrit  ant soils it is the second most common cause of tropical lymp  he  dem  a after fil  ari  asis and it is characterized by prominent sw  elling of the lower extre  mi  ties which leads to dis  figu  rement and disability
poe  tic contr  actions are archaic and obsolete contr  actions of words not commonly used today in modern english but are still found used extensively in early modern english poetry particular that of william shakespeare the extent to which the usage of poe  tic contr  actions really helps with matching poe  tic meters is negligible and modern readers prefer to substitute the contr  actions with the actual words they imply for clarity rather than adhere to obsolete words for the purpose of archaic nostalgia in the modern english of today poe  tic contr  actions tend to sound un  sophisticated poor and un  educated to modern readers since contracted words are most often used in modern english to indicate col  lo  qu  y accidents of poor country folks for example the col  lo  qu  ial english in the writ  ings of mark tw  ain
po  go  sta disease is a viral disease established to be identical with other diseases kare  lian fever and oc  kel  bo disease the names are derived from the words po  go  sta kare  lia and oc  kel  bo respectively the symptoms of the disease include usually rash as well as mild fever and other flu like symptoms in most cases the symptoms last less than 5 days however in some cases the patients develop a painful ar  thri  tis there are no known chemical agents available to treat the disease it has long been suspected that the disease is caused by a sin  d  bis like virus a positive stranded r  na virus belonging to the alp  ha  virus genus and family to  g  avi  ri  da  e in 2002 a strain of sin  d  bis was isolated from patients during an outbreak of the po  go  sta disease in finland confirming the hypothesis this disease is mainly found in the eastern parts of finland a typical po  go  sta disease patient is a middle aged person who has been infected through a mosquito bite while picking berries in the autumn the prevalence of the disease is about 100 diagnosed cases every year with larger outbreaks occurring in 7 year intervals
po  i  ki  loc  y  to  sis refers to the presence of po  i  ki  loc  y  tes in the blood po  i  ki  loc  y  tes are abnormally shaped red blood cells as seen on a blood film in humans and many wild and domestic species of animals though they are common in some clin  ically normal small ruminants particularly goats normal red blood cells are round fl  att  ened disks that are thin  ner in the middle than at the edges a po  i  ki  loc  y  te is an abnormally shaped cell generally po  i  ki  loc  y  to  sis can refer to an increase in abnormal red blood cells of any shape where they make up 10 or more of the total population
po  i  kilo  der  ma is a skin condition that consists of areas of hypo  pi  gm  entation hyper  pi  gm  entation tel  an  gi  ec  ta  si  as and atro  phy po  i  kilo  der  ma is most frequently seen on the chest or the neck characterized by red colored pig  ment on the skin that is commonly associated with sun damage
po  i  kilo  der  ma of ci  vat  te is a cu  taneous condition and refers to retic  ulated red to red brown pat  ches with tel  an  gi  ec  ta  si  as it is identifiable as the red  dish brown dis  color  ation on sides of the neck usually on both sides it is more common with women than men and more commonly effects middle aged to elderly women po  i  kilo  der  ma is basically a change of the skin due to dil  ation of the blood vessels in the neck ci  vat  te was the french der  mato  logist who first identified it in the 1920 s
po  i  kilo  der  ma vas  cul  are atro  ph  ic  ans p  va sometimes referred to as par  ap  s  ori  asis vari  eg  ata or par  ap  s  ori  asis lic  hen  o  ides is a cu  taneous condition skin disease characterized by hy  po or hyper  pi  gm  entation diminished or heightened skin pi  gm  entation respectively tel  an  gi  ec  ta  sia and skin atro  phy other names for the condition include pr  ere  ticul  otic po  i  kilo  der  ma and atro  ph  ic par  ap  s  ori  asis the condition was first described by pioneer american pedi  at  ric  ian abraham jaco  bi in 1906 p  va causes areas of affected skin to appear spec  k  led red and infl  amed yel  low  ish and or brown gray or gray  ish black with scaling and a thin  ness that may be described as cigarette paper on the surface of the skin these areas may range in size from small pat  ches to pl  aqu  es larger raised areas to ne  op  las  ms spreading tumor like grow  ths on the skin my  co  sis fun  go  ides a type of skin lymp  homa may be a cause of p  va the condition may also be caused by associated with or accompany any of the following conditions or disorders other skin lymp  hom  as der  mat  om  yo  si  tis lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus roth  m  und thompson syndrome kind  ler syndrome dy  sk  er  at  osis con  gen  ita and chronic radio  der  mati  tis rare causes include arsenic ing  estion and the condition can also be idi  opathic p  va may be considered a rare variant of cu  taneous t cell lymp  homa a non ho  dg  kin s form of lymp  homa affecting the skin it may also be included among a number of similar conditions that are considered as precursors to my  co  sis fun  go  ides p  va is believed to be a syndrome closely associated with large pla  que par  ap  s  ori  asis and its cohor  t reti  form par  ap  s  ori  asis including p  va all three conditions fit within an updated view of the once ambiguous classification scheme known as par  ap  s  ori  asis
pois  son clum  ping or pois  son bursts is the phenomenon where  in random events have a tendency to occur in clusters clum  ps or bursts
poland syndrome is a rare birth defect characterized by underdevelopment or absence of the chest muscle pec  tor  alis on one side of the body and usually also web  bing of the fingers cu  taneous syn  d  ac  ty  ly of the hand on the same side the ip  si  lateral hand in most affected individuals the missing part is the large section of the muscle that normally attaches to the upper arm on one side and the breast  bone ster  num on the other other ab  norm  alities may occur on the affected side of the tor  so in some cases additional muscles in the chest wall side and shoulder are missing or underdeveloped there may also be ri  b cage ab  norm  alities such as shortened ribs and the ribs may be noticeable due to less fat under the skin sub  cu  taneous fat breast and nip  ple ab  norm  alities may also occur and under  arm ax  ill  ary hair is sometimes spar  se or abnormally placed in most cases the ab  norm  alities in the chest area do not cause health problems or affect movement poland syndrome most often affects the right side of the body and occurs more often in males than in females it is usually considered a unilateral condition some have claimed that the term can be applied in bilateral presentation but others recommend using alternate terminology in those cases
polar t 3 syndrome is a condition found in polar explor  ers caused by a reduction in levels of the thyro  id hormone t 3 its effects include for  get  fulness cognitive impairment and mood disturbances it can exhibit itself in a fu  gue state known as the antarctic stare it is regarded as one of the contributory causes of winter over syndrome
polar amp  lification is the phenomenon that any change in the net radiation balance for example greenhouse intensification tends to produce a larger change in temperature near the poles than the plan  e  tary average on a planet with an atmosphere that can restrict long  wave radiation to space a greenhouse effect surface temperatures will be warmer than a simple plan  e  tary equilibrium temperature calculation would predict where the atmosphere or an extensive ocean is able to conv  ect heat po  le  wards the poles will be warmer and equatorial regions cool  er than their local net radiation balances would predict in the extreme the planet venus is thought to have experienced a very large increase in greenhouse effect over its lifetime so much so that its poles have warm  ed sufficiently to render its surface temperature effectively is  other  mal no difference between poles and equ  ator on earth water vap  or and trace g  asses provide a lesser greenhouse effect and the atmosphere and extensive oceans provide efficient po  le  ward heat transport both pal  ae  oc  lim  ate changes and recent global warming changes have exhi  bited strong polar amp  lification as described below
polar drift is a geological phenomenon caused by variations in the flow of mol  ten iron in earth s outer core resulting in changes in the orientation of earth s magnetic field and hence the position of the magnetic north and south poles the magnetic north pole is approximately 9  65 kilometers from the geographic north pole the pole drif  ts considerably each day and since 2007 it moves about 55 to 60 km per year as a result of this phenomenon
the polar effect or electronic effect in chemistry is the effect exerted by a substitu  ent on modifying electro  static forces operating on a nearby reaction center the main contributors to the polar effect are the induc  tive effect mes  om  eric effect and the through space electronic field effect an electr  on withdrawing group or ewg draws electron  s away from a reaction center when this center is an electr  on rich car  ban  ion or an al  ko  x  ide an  ion the presence of the electr  on withdrawing substitu  ent has a stabilizing effect examples of electr  on withdrawing groups are hal  ogens f cl nit  ri  les cn carbon  y  ls r  cor nit  ro groups no 2 an electr  on releasing group or erg may also be called electr  on don  ating groups or ed  g s releases electron  s into a reaction center and as such stabili  zes electr  on deficient carbo  c  ations examples of electr  on releasing groups are al  ky  l groups alcohol groups amino groups the total substitu  ent effect is the combination of the polar effect and the combined ster  ic effects in electro  phil  ic aromatic substitution and nucle  oph  il  ic aromatic substitution substitu  ents are divided into activating groups and de  activating groups where the direction of activation or de  activation is also taken into account
polar mes  o  spheric summer echoes p  m  se is the phenomenon of anom  alous radar echoes found between 80 90 km in altitude from may through early august in the arctic and from november through to february in the antarctic these strong radar echoes are associated with the extremely cold temperatures that occur above continental antarc  tica during the summer rocket and radar measurements indicate that a partial reflection from a multitude of ion layers and constructive interference causes at least some of the p  m  se generally p  m  se exhi  bits dramatic variations in height and intensity as well as large variations in dop  pl  er shift p  m  se exhibit strong signal power enhan  cements of scat  tering cross section at v  hf radar frequencies in the range 50 mhz to 250 mhz at times even to over 1 ghz that occur in summer at high lati  tudes the peak p  m  se height is slightly below the summer mes  op  ause temperature minimum at 88 km and above the no  c  ti  luc  ent cloud n  lc and or polar mes  o  spheric cloud p  mc layer at 83 – 84 km the usual instrument for observing p  m  se is the a v  hf mes  o  sphere str  ato  sphere tro  po  sphere m  st radar although li  d  ars and sounding rockets have also been used p  m  se is believed to be caused by structural irregularities in the ion  o  spheric electr  on density at lower al  titu  des the exact cause of p  m  se is not yet known although theorists have proposed steep electr  on density gr  adi  ents heavy positive ions dressed aero  sol  s gravity waves and turbulence as possible explanations p  m  se occurs in both the arctic and antarctic regions and is sometimes accompanied by no  c  ti  luc  ent clouds
the polar see saw also bipolar se  es  aw is the phenomenon that temperature changes in the northern and southern hemis  ph  er  es may be out of phase the theory or hypothesis states that large changes f e when the glaciers are intensely growing or depleting in the formation of ocean bottom water in both poles take a long time to exert their effect in the other hemisphere estimates of the period of delay vary one typical estimate is 1500 years this is usually studied in the context of ice co  res taken from antarc  tica and greenland
pol  ari  z  ability is the ability to form instan  taneous di  poles it is a property of matter pol  ari  z  abilities determine the dynam  ical response of a bound system to external fields and provide insight into a mol  ecu  le s internal structure
polarization is an important phenomenon in astro  no  my the polarization of star  light was first observed by the astro  no  mers william hil  t  ner and john s hall in 1949 subsequently jesse green  stein and lever  ett davis jr developed theories allowing the use of polarization data to trace inter  stell  ar magnetic fields though the integrated thermal radiation of stars is not usually appreciably pol  arized at source scat  tering by inter  stell  ar dust can impose polarization on star  light over long distances net polarization at the source can occur if the photo  sphere itself is asymmetric due to limb polarization plane polarization of star  light generated at the star itself is observed for ap stars peculiar a type stars both circular and linear polarization of light from the sun has been measured circular polarization is mainly due to transmission and absorption effects in strongly magnetic regions of the sun s surface another mechanism that gives rise to circular polarization is the so called alignment to orientation mechanism continu  um light is lin  early pol  arized at different locations across the face of the sun limb polarization though taken as a whole this polarization canc  els linear polarization in spectr  al lines is usually created by anis  o  tropic scat  tering of pho  tons on atoms and ions which can themselves be pol  arized by this interaction the lin  early pol  arized spectrum of the sun is often called the second solar spectrum atomic polarization can be modified in weak magnetic fields by the han  le effect as a result polarization of the scattered pho  tons is also modified providing a diagnostics tool for understanding stell  ar magnetic fields polarization is also present in radiation from coherent astro  nom  ical sources e g hydrox  yl or meth  an  ol mas  ers and incoherent sources such as the large radio lob  es in active galax  ies and pul  sar radio radiation which may it is spec  ulated sometimes be coherent apart from providing information on sources of radiation and scat  tering polarization also prob  es the inter  stell  ar magnetic field in our galaxy as well as in radio galax  ies via far  aday rotation in some cases it can be difficult to determine how much of the far  aday rotation is in the external source and how much is local to our own galaxy but in many cases it is possible to find another distant source nearby in the sky thus by comparing the candidate source and the reference source the results can be unt  ang  led the polarization of the co  sm  ic microwave background c  mb is also being used to study the physics of the very early universe c  mb exhi  bits 2 components of polarization b mode divergence free like magnetic field and e mode cur  l free gr  adi  ent only like electric field polarization the bic  ep 2 teles  cope located at the south pole helped in the detection of b mode polarization in the c  mb the polarization modes of the c  mb may provide more information about the influence of grav  it  ational waves on the development of the early universe it has been suggested that astro  nom  ical sources of polar  ised light caused the chir  ality found in biological molecules on earth
pole splitting is a phenomenon exploited in some forms of frequency compensation used in an electronic amp  li  fier when a capac  itor is introduced between the input and output sides of the amp  li  fier with the intention of moving the pole lowest in frequency usually an input pole to lower frequencies pole splitting causes the pole next in frequency usually an output pole to move to a higher frequency this pole movement increases the stability of the amp  li  fier and improves its step response at the cost of decreased speed
police psychology is a sub  field of forensic psychology addressing issues specific to police personnel and other public safety workers
poli  oen  ce  ph  ali  tis is a viral infection of the brain causing infl  amm  ation within the grey matter of the brain stem the virus has an aff  inity for neuro  nal cell bodies and has been found to affect mostly the mid  brain p  ons med  ul  la and cere  bell  um of most infected patients the infection can reach up through the thal  am  us and hypo  thal  am  us and possibly reach the cere  br  al hemis  ph  er  es the infection is caused by the poli  om  ye  li  tis virus which is a single stranded r  na virus surrounded by a non envelop  ed cap  sid humans are the only known natural hosts of this virus the disease has been eliminated from the u s since the mid twentieth century but is still found in certain areas of the world such as africa
poli  om  ye  li  tis often called polio or inf  anti  le paralysis is an infectious disease caused by the poli  o  virus in about 0 5 of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move this can occur over a few hours to few days the weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head neck and di  aphr  ag  m many but not all people fully recover in those with muscle weakness about 2 to 5 of children and 15 to 30 of adults die another 25 of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat and up to 5 have headache neck sti  ff  ness and pains in the arms and legs these people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks in up to 70 of infections there are no symptoms years after recovery post polio syndrome may occur with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection poli  o  virus is usually spread from person to person through infected f  ec  al matter entering the mouth it may also be spread by food or water containing human f  ec  es and less commonly from infected sali  va those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present the disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the f  ec  es or detecting antibodies against it in the blood the disease only occurs naturally in humans the disease is preventable with the polio vaccine however a number of doses are required for it to be effective the us centers for disease control and prevention recommends polio vaccination boo  sters for travel  ers and those who live in countries where the disease is occurring once infected there is no specific treatment in 2015 polio affected less than 100 people down from 350 000 cases in 1988 in 2014 the disease was only spreading between people in afghanistan nigeria and pakistan in 2015 nigeria had stopped the spread of wild poli  o  virus but it re  occurred in 2016 poli  om  ye  li  tis has existed for thousands of years with depic  tions of the disease in ancient art the disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by michael under  wood in 17  89 and the virus that causes it was first identified in 19  08 by karl land  ste  iner major outbreaks started to occur in the late 19 th century in europe and the united states in the 20 th century it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these areas the first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950 s by jonas sal  k it is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will result in global eradication of the disease by 2018
poli  osis also called poli  osis circum  s  crip  ta is the decrease or absence of mel  an  in or color in head hair eyebro  ws e  yel  ashes or any other ha  iry area this condition can cause single or less commonly multiple white pat  ches on the hair some mistake these white pat  ches for simple birth marks in poli  osis there is decreased or absent mel  an  in in the hair bulbs of affected hair fol  lic  les the mel  an  oc  y  tes of the skin are usually not affected poli  osis occurs in several genetic syndro  mes such as pie  bal  dis  m waar  denburg syndrome neuro  fi  bro  mat  osis type i and tuber  ous sclerosis it can also occur in conditions such as viti  li  go vo  gt – ko  yan  agi – har  ada disease al  op  ec  ia are  ata sar  co  ido  sis and in association with ne  op  las  ms and some medications it can give rise to a m  allen stre  ak that can be hereditary catherine cook  son wrote a novel and later a tv series called the m  allen stre  ak where a family had the condition sports pres  enter dic  kie davies and runner sam brown were famous for this feature
a polis  hing holo  gram is a visible pattern of damage to a polis  hed surface it is caused by small scrat  ches to the surface which result in light being refrac  ted creating a pattern which appears to float deep beneath the surface
a political g  aff  e is an error made by a politician that is reported to the public when made by a politician who is campaigning for office or party leadership g  aff  es can affect stand  ings in polls while in office the opposition can refer to them in governmental debates over policy g  aff  es can be classified in different types g  aff  es can be over  played by the media as side stories to more important issues at the time g  aff  e is of french origin originally a boat hook as in g  af  f rig where the relation is apparent but the sense association to a bl  undering remark is obscure
political les  bi  anism is a phenomenon within feminism primarily second wave feminism and radical feminism it includes but is not limited to lesbian separatism political les  bi  anism embraces the theory that sexual orientation is a political and feminist choice and advocates les  bi  anism as a positive alternative to heter  osex  uality for women as part of the struggle against sex  ism
political methodology is a sub  field of political science that studies the quantitative methods used to study politics it combines statistics mathematics and formal theory political methodology is often used for positive research in contrast to normative research it is similar to econom  etr  ics
political psychological rationalization pp  r is a phenomenon seen in political warfare and election campaign rhetoric meant to dis  place a perceived fault short coming mistake or problem from one political actor and attach it to another political actor generally an opponent while not truly rationalization in the context of psychology — where a problem short coming mistake or fault is justified and allowed to endure — pp  r maintains the negative conno  tation of the original flaw transfers that conno  tation to a target actor and then seeks to destroy the flaw and consequently the actor through association with said flaw but with a political purpose and focus political psychological rationalization exploits a number of psychological principles to manipulate the perceptions of different actors including group  think cognitive dis  son  ance and other forms of psychological manipulation an example of pp  r would be candidate a accusing candidate b of having an onerous tax policy for not cutting taxes while candidate a had already raised taxes previously in his or her career but having accused candidate b of having an onerous tax policy is seen as being in favor of cutting taxes use of pp  r can also run the risk of back  firing against the broadcaster if knowledge of hypocritical behavior on the part of the dis  placing political actor becomes known in cases where this has happened the original negative association can become re  oriented back to the initiating political actor as tool of political warfare pp  r has been used by a wide array of factions ideologies actors and regimes including fascists communists religious extremists electoral campaign rhetoric and non governmental organizations
pol  ka dot is a pattern consisting of an array of filled large in size circles it differenti  ates itself from the spot pattern as pol  ka do  ts are perfectly even and sized while spots are irregular in spac  ing and shape early instances were generally equally sized and spac  ed relatively closely in relation to their diame  ters and there is speculation that they were originally conceived to cover mo  th holes in women s wool dresses many modern prints include more randomly spac  ed sized and coloured do  ts pol  ka do  ts are most commonly seen on children s clothing toys and furniture but they appear in a wide array of contexts the pattern rarely appears in formal contexts however and is generally confined to more play  ful at  tire such as bathing suits and ling  erie occasionally white on black small do  ts appear on more formal clothing pol  ka do  ts became common on clothing in the late nineteenth century in the united kingdom
the poll mer  ino is a subtype of the australian mer  ino breed of domestic sheep without horns that was developed in australia
poly drug use refers to the use of two or more psychoactive drugs in combination to achieve a particular effect in many cases one drug is used as a base or primary drug with additional drugs to le  av  en or compensate for the side effects of the primary drug and make the experience more enjo  y  able with drug synergy effects or to supplement for primary drug when supply is low
poly  am  orph  ism is the ability of a substance to exist in several different am  orph  ous modifications it is analogous to the poly  morph  ism of cryst  alline materials many am  orph  ous substances can exist with different am  orph  ous characteristics e g pol  ym  ers however poly  am  orph  ism requires two distinct am  orph  ous states with a clear dis  continuous first order phase transition between them when such a transition occurs between two stable liquid states a poly  am  orph  ic transition may also be referred to as a liquid – liquid phase transition
poly  arter  i  tis no  do  sa also known as pan  arter  i  tis no  do  sa peri  arter  i  tis no  do  sa k  us  s  ma  ul disease k  us  s  ma  ul ma  ier disease or pan is a systemic vas  cu  li  tis of small or medium sized muscular arter  ies typically involving ren  al and vis  cer  al vessels but spar  ing the pul  mon  ary circulation poly  arter  i  tis no  do  sa may present in infants in poly  arter  i  tis no  do  sa small an  eur  ys  ms are str  ung like the be  ads of a ros  ary therefore making ros  ary sign an important diagnostic feature of the vas  cu  li  tis with treatment five year survival is 80 without treatment five year survival is 13 death is often a consequence of kidney failure my  o  cardi  al inf  arc  tion or stroke
poly  ar  thri  tis is any type of ar  thri  tis that involves 5 or more joints simultaneously it is usually associated with auto  immune conditions and may be experienced at any age and is not sex specific
poly  bus greek π  ό  λ  υ  β  ος fl c 400 bc was one of the pupils of hippo  crates and also his son in law he lived on the island of cos in the 4 th century bc with his brothers in law thessal  us and dr  aco he was one of the founders of the dogmatic school of medicine he was sent by hippo  crates with his fellow pupils during the time of the plague to assist different cities with his medical skill afterwards he remained in his native country according to gal  en he followed implicitly the opinions and practices of hippo  crates but the strict accuracy of this assertion has been doubted he has been supposed by both ancient and modern scholars to be the author of several works in the hippo  cratic collection possible works include de natura hom  in  is de gen  it  ura de natura pu  eri de salu  br  i vic  tus rati  one de aff  ection  i  bus and de inter  nis aff  ection  i  bus cl  ement of alex  andria attributes to him the tre  ati  se de oc  time  str  i par  tu and pseudo plu  tar  ch quotes him as the author of de sep  time  str  i par  tu de natura hom  in  is on the nature of man is the earliest known text to advance a four humor system of blood ph  leg  m yellow bile and black bile gal  en though considers de natura hom  in  is to be the work of hippo  crates himself poly  bus is mentioned many times by gal  en chiefly in connection with different works in the hippo  cratic collection he is also mentioned by cel  sus ca  eli  us au  reli  an  us and pl  in  y
poly  cephal  y is the condition of having more than one head the term is derived from the greek stems poly greek πο  λ  ύ meaning multiple and ke  p  hal  ē greek κ  εφ  ά  λ  η meaning head a poly  cephal  ic organism may be thought of as one being with a super  numer  ary body part or as two or more beings with a shared body two headed animals called bic  ep  hal  ic or dic  ep  hal  ic and three headed tric  ep  hal  ic animals are the only type of multi headed creatures seen in the real world and form by the same process as con  joined twins from mono  zy  go  tic twin embryos in humans there are two different forms of twinning that can lead to two heads being supported by a single tor  so in dic  ep  hal  us par  ap  ag  us di  p  us the two heads are side by side in cran  iop  ag  us par  asi  tic  us the two heads are joined directly to each other but only one head has a functional tor  so survival to adul  thood is rare but does occur in some forms of dic  ep  hal  us par  ap  ag  us di  p  us there are many occurrences of multi headed animals in myth  ology in heral  dry and vex  il  lo  logy the double headed eagle is a common symbol though no such animal is known to have ever existed
poly  chro  ma  sia also known as poly  chro  mat  ophi  lia is a disorder where there is an abnormally high number of immature red blood cells found in the blood  stream as a result of being prematurely released from the bone marrow during blood formation poly refers to many and chro  ma  sia means color these cells are often shades of gray  ish blue poly  chro  ma  sia is usually a sign of bone marrow stress as well as immature red blood cells 3 types are recognized with types 1 and 2 being referred to as young red blood cells and type 3 as old red blood cells gi  em  sa stain is used to distinguish all three types in blood sme  ars the young cells will generally stain gray or blue in the cy  top  las  m these young red blood cells are commonly called re  ticul  oc  y  tes all poly  chro  mat  oph  il  ic cells are re  ticul  oc  y  tes however not all re  ticul  oc  y  tes are poly  chro  mat  oph  il  ic in the old blood cells the cy  top  las  m either stain  s a light orange or does not stain at all
poly  chro  mia is a genetic disorder that results in irregular or excessive color  ation of the skin
poly  c  oria is a pathological condition of the eye characterized by more than one pu  pill  ary opening in the iris it may be con  genital or result from a disease affecting the iris poly  c  oria is extremely rare and other conditions are frequently mistaken for it
in psychology a poly  crates complex is a desire to be punished
poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease p  k  d or p  ck  d also known as poly  c  ys  tic kidney syndrome is a genetic disorder in which abnormal cy  sts develop and grow in the kidneys c  ys  tic disorders can express themselves at any point infancy childhood or adul  thood the disease occurs in humans and some other animals p  k  d is characterized by the presence of multiple cy  sts hence poly  c  ys  tic typically in both kidneys however 17 of cases initially present with observ  able disease in one kidney with most cases progressing to bilateral disease in adul  thood poly  c  ys  tic kidney disease is one of the most common hereditary diseases in the united states affecting more than 600 000 people it is the cause of nearly 10 of end stage ren  al disease and affects men women and all races equally
poly  c  ys  tic o  vary syndrome p  cos is a set of symptoms due to elevated and  rog  ens male hormones in women signs and symptoms of p  cos include irregular or no men  str  ual periods heavy periods excess body and facial hair ac  ne pel  vic pain difficulty getting pregnant and pat  ches of thick darker vel  ve  ty skin associated conditions include type 2 diabetes obesity obstruc  tive sleep ap  ne  a heart disease mood disorders and end  ome  trial cancer p  cos is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors risk factors include obesity not enough physical exercise and a family history of someone with the condition diagnosis is based on two of the following three findings no ov  ulation high and  ro  gen levels and o  vari  an cy  sts cy  sts may be detec  table by ul  tras  ound other conditions that produce similar symptoms include adren  al hyper  pl  asia hypo  thyro  i  dis  m and hyper  pro  lac  tin  emia p  cos has no cure treatment may involve lifestyle changes such as weight loss and exercise birth control pills may help with improving the regularity of periods excess hair growth and ac  ne met  form  in and anti and  rog  ens may also help other typical ac  ne treatments and hair removal techniques may be used efforts to improve fertility include weight loss clo  mi  phen  e or met  form  in in vitro fertili  zation is used by some in whom other measures are not effective p  cos is the most common endocrine disorder among women between the ages of 18 and 44 it affects approximately 2 to 20 of this age group depending on how it is defined it is one of the leading causes of poor fertility the earliest known description of what is now recognized as p  cos dates from 17  21 in italy
poly  cy  them  ia also known as poly  cy  th  aemia or poly  glo  bu  lia is a disease state in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases blood volume proportions can be measured as hem  ato  cr  it level a hem  ato  cr  it of 55 is seen in poly  cy  them  ia it can be due to an increase in the number of red blood cells absolute poly  cy  them  ia or to a decrease in the volume of plasma relative poly  cy  them  ia poly  cy  them  ia is sometimes called er  y  thro  cy  to  sis but the terms are not synonymous because poly  cy  them  ia refers to any increase in red blood cells whereas er  y  thro  cy  to  sis only refers to a documented increase of red cell mass the emergency treatment of poly  cy  them  ia e g in hyper  vis  cos  ity or thro  m  bo  sis is by ven  es  ection the removal of blood from the circulation depending on the underlying cause ven  es  ection may also be used on a regular basis to reduce the red blood cell count cy  to  st  atics bus  ul  fan hydrox  yu  rea are sometimes used if ven  es  ection is ineffective or contr  ain  dic  ated
poly  cy  them  ia or poly  cy  th  aemia see spelling differences vera p  v also known as er  y  thre  mia primary poly  cy  them  ia v  aqu  ez disease o  sl  er v  aqu  ez disease and poly  cy  them  ia ru  bra vera is a ne  op  las  m in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells it may also result in the overproduction of white blood cells and plat  el  ets most of the health concerns associated with poly  cy  them  ia vera are caused by the blood being thick  er as a result of the increased red blood cells it is more common in the elderly and may be symptomatic or as  ymp  tomatic common signs and symptoms include it  ching pr  ur  it  us and severe burning pain in the hands or feet that is usually accompanied by a red  dish or blu  ish color  ation of the skin patients with poly  cy  them  ia vera are more likely to have gou  ty ar  thri  tis treatment consists primarily of ph  le  bo  tomy
poly  d  ac  ty  ly or poly  d  ac  ty  lis  m from greek πο  λ  ύ  ς pol  ys meaning many and δ  ά  κ  τ  υ  λο  ς dak  ty  los meaning finger also known as hyper  d  ac  ty  ly is a con  genital physical anomaly in humans dogs and cats having super  numer  ary fingers or toes poly  d  ac  ty  ly is the opposite of oli  god  ac  ty  ly fewer fingers or toes
ad  sor  ption of poly  electro  ly  tes on solid sub  str  ates is a surface phenomenon where long cha  ined poly  mer molecules with charged groups dubbed poly  electro  ly  tes bind to a surface that is charged in the opposite polarity on the molecular level the pol  ym  ers do not actually bond to the surface but tend to stick to the surface via inter  molecular forces and the charges created by the dissoci  ation of various side groups of the poly  mer because the poly  mer molecules are so long they have a large amount of surface area with which to contact the surface and thus do not des  or  b as small molecules are likely to do this means that ad  sor  bed layers of poly  electro  ly  tes form a very durable coating due to this important characteristic of poly  electro  ly  te layers they are used extensively in industry as f  loc  cul  ants for solu  bi  li  zation as su  pers  or  bers anti  static agents as oil recovery aids as g  elling aids in nutrition additives in concrete or for blood compatibility enhancement to name a few
poly  embry  oma is a rare very aggressive form of germ cell tumor usually found in the ov  aries poly  embry  oma has features of both y  ol  k s  ac tum  our and un  differentiated ter  atom  a embry  onal carcin  oma with a characteristic finding of embry  o  id bodies lying in a loose mes  en  ch  ym  al st  roma it has been found in association with k  lin  ef  el  ter syndrome
poly  embry  ony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertili  zed egg in humans identical twins poly  embry  ony occurs regularly in many plants and animals the nine ban  ded arm  ad  illo for instance usually gives birth to four identical young poly  embry  ony is best known among paras  ito  id insects of the order hy  men  op  tera families en  cy  r  ti  da  e dr  y  in  idae plat  y  gast  ri  da  e and bra  con  idae the term is also used in bot  any to describe the phenomenon of two se  ed  lings emerging from one seed in plants poly  embry  ony often gives rise to the en  ig  ma of a single offspring the mechanism underlying this phen  on  omen  on is programmed cell death p  cd which removes all but one embryo a more striking example of the use of poly  embry  ony as a competitive reproductive tool is found in the paras  ito  id hy  men  op  tera family en  cy  r  ti  da  e the prog  eny of the splitting embryo develop into at least two forms those that will develop into adults and those that become a type of soldier called pre  co  cious lar  v  ae these latter lar  v  ae patrol the host and kill any other paras  ito  ids they find with the exception of their si  bl  ings usually sisters poly  embry  ony also occurs in br  yo  zo  a
poly  glo  tism or poly  glo  t  tism is the ability to master or the state of having mastered multiple languages the word is a synon  ym of multilingualism but in recent usage poly  g  lot is sometimes used to refer to a person who learns multiple languages as an avo  c  ation the term hyper  poly  g  lot was coined in 2008 by lingu  ist richard hudson to describe individuals who speak dozens of languages multilingualism including multilingual societies as well as individuals who speak more than one language is common individual poly  g  lots or hyper  poly  g  lots speak study or use large numbers of languages in rare cases poly  g  lot sav  ants have mental disabilities but are able to learn many languages
poly  hy  dram  ni  os poly  hy  dram  n  ion hy  dram  ni  os poly  hy  dram  ni  os is a medical condition describing an excess of am  ni  otic fluid in the am  ni  otic s  ac it is seen in about 1 of pregnancies it is typically diagnosed when the am  ni  otic fluid index afi is greater than 24 cm there are two clinical varieties of poly  hy  dram  ni  os chronic poly  hy  dram  ni  os where excess am  ni  otic fluid accumul  ates gradually acute poly  hy  dram  ni  os where excess am  ni  otic fluid collects rapidly the opposite to poly  hy  dram  ni  os is oligo  hy  dram  ni  os a deficiency in am  ni  otic fluid
poly  me  lia from greek πο  λ  υ many plus μέ  λο  ς plural μέ  λ  ε  α limb is a birth defect involving limbs a type of dys  me  lia in which the affected individual has more than the usual number of limbs in humans and most land dwelling animals this means having five or more limbs the extra limb is most commonly shrun  ken and or de  formed sometimes an embryo started as con  joined twins but one twin de  generated completely except for one or more limbs which end up attached to the other twin sometimes small extra legs between the normal legs are caused by the body axis for  king in the di  py  gus condition
poly  mer fume fever or fluoro  poly  mer fever also informally called te  fl  on flu is an inhal  ation fever caused by the f  umes released when poly  tetr  af  lu  oro  ethylene pt  fe known under the trade name te  fl  on reaches temperatures of 300 ° f 149 ° c to 450 ° f 232 ° c when pt  fe is heated above 450 ° f 232 ° c the pyro  lysis products are different and inhal  ation may cause acute lung injury symptoms are flu like ch  ills headaches and fe  vers with chest ti  ght  ness and mild cough onset occurs about 4 to 8 hours after exposure to the pyro  lysis products of pt  fe a high white blood cell count may be seen and chest x ray findings are usually minimal the poly  mer f  umes are especially harmful to certain birds whose breathing optimi  zed for rap  idity allows toxins which are excluded by human lungs f  umes from te  fl  on in very high heat are fatal to par  rots as well as some other birds pt  fe toxico  sis
poly  mer science or macro  molecular science is a sub  field of materials science concerned with pol  ym  ers primarily synthetic pol  ym  ers such as plastics and el  ast  om  ers the field of poly  mer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry physics and engineering
poly  micro  gy  ria p  mg is a condition that affects the development of the human brain by multiple small gy  ri creating excessive fol  ding of the brain leading to an abnormally thick cor  tex this ab  normality can affect either one region of the brain or multiple regions the time of onset has yet to be identified however it has been found to occur before birth in either the earlier or later stages of brain development early stages include impaired proliferation and migration of neuro  blast while later stages show dis  ordered post migration development the symptoms experienced differ depending on what part of the brain is affected there is no specific treatment to get rid of this condition but there are medications that can control the symptoms such a seizures delayed development or weakened muscles as some of the noted effects
in materials science poly  morph  ism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure poly  morph  ism can potentially be found in any cryst  alline material including pol  ym  ers minerals and metals and is related to allo  tro  py which refers to chemical elements the complete mor  pho  logy of a material is described by poly  morph  ism and other variables such as crystal habit am  orph  ous fraction or crystal  lo  graphic defects poly  morph  ism is relevant to the fields of pharmaceuticals agro  chemicals pig  ments d  yest  u  ffs foods and explosives when poly  morph  ism exists as a result of difference in crystal packing it is called packing poly  morph  ism poly  morph  ism can also result from the existence of different conform  ers of the same mol  ecu  le in conform  ational poly  morph  ism in pseu  do  poly  morph  ism the different crystal types are the result of hydr  ation or sol  vation this is more correctly referred to as solv  om  orph  ism as different solv  ates have different chemical formulae an example of an organic poly  mor  ph is gly  cine which is able to form mono  clinic and hex  ag  onal cryst  als silic  a is known to form many poly  morph  s the most important of which are α quar  tz β quar  tz tri  dy  m  ite cris  to  bal  ite co  es  ite and sti  sho  v  ite a classical example is the pair of minerals cal  cite and ar  agon  ite both forms of calcium carbon  ate an analogous phenomenon for am  orph  ous materials is poly  am  orph  ism when a substance can take on several different am  orph  ous modifications
poly  morph  ous light eruption ple or poly  morph  ic light eruption p  m  le is a skin condition triggered by sunlight
poly  morph  ous low grade aden  o  carcin  oma often abbreviated pl  ga is a rare as  ymp  tomatic slow growing m  align  ant sali  vary g  land tumor it is most commonly found in the pal  ate the name of the tumor derives from the fact that it has a varied micro  scopic architectural appearance i e it is poly  morph  ous it is non aggressive when compared to other oral cav  ity tumors i e it is a low grade tumor it forms g  lands i e it is an aden  o  carcin  oma it affects the minor sali  vary g  lands in the area between the hard and the soft pal  ate male to female ratio is 3 1 and the average age is 56 years
poly  my  al  gia r  heu  m  atica p  mr is a syndrome with pain or sti  ff  ness usually in the neck shoulders upper arms and hips but which may occur all over the body the pain can be very sudden or can occur gradually over a period most people with p  mr wake up in the morning with pain in their muscles however cases have occurred in which the person has developed the pain during the ev  enings or has pain and sti  ff  ness all day long people who have poly  my  al  gia r  heu  m  atica may also have temporal arter  i  tis an infl  amm  ation of blood vessels in the face which can cause blindness if not treated quickly the pain and sti  ff  ness can result in a lowered quality of life and can lead to depression poly  my  al  gia r  heu  m  atica is often seen in association with temporal arter  i  tis it is thought to be brought on by a viral or bacterial illness or trauma of some kind but genetics does play a factor as well persons of northern european ance  stry are much more prone to this illness there is no true and certain laboratory test but c reactive protein cr  p and er  y  thro  cy  te se  di  mentation rate es  r can be indicators of infl  amm  ation p  mr is usually treated with courses of oral cor  ti  co  ster  oids most people need to continue the cor  ti  co  ster  o  id treatment for two to three years p  mr sometimes goes away on its own in a year or two but medications and self care measures can improve the rate of recovery p  mr was first established as a distinct disease in 1966 by a case report on 11 patients at mount sinai hospital in new york ny it takes its name from the greek word πο  λ  υ  μ  υ  α  λ  γ  ία poly  my  al  gia which means pain in many muscles
poly  my  osi  tis pm infl  amm  ation of many muscles is a type of chronic infl  amm  ation of the muscles infl  am  matory my  opathy related to der  mat  om  yo  si  tis and inclusion body my  osi  tis the infl  amm  ation is predominantly of the end  om  y  sium in poly  my  osi  tis whereas der  mat  om  yo  si  tis is characterized by primarily perim  y  si  al infl  amm  ation
pol  yn  euro  pa  thy poly ne  uro pa  thy is damage or disease affecting peripheral nerves peripheral neuro  pa  thy in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body featuring weakness num  b  ness and burning pain it usually begins in the hands and feet and may progress to the arms and legs and sometimes to other parts of the body where it may affect the autonom  ic nervous system it may be acute or chronic a number of different disorders may cause pol  yn  euro  pa  thy including diabetes and some types of guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome
poly  o  sto  tic fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia also known as al  bright s disease is a form of fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia affecting more than one bone mc  c  une al  bright syndrome includes poly  o  sto  tic fi  bro  us dys  pl  asia as part of its presentation one treatment that has been used is bis  phosp  hon  ates
a poly  p is an abnormal growth of tissue projec  ting from a mu  co  us memb  rane if it is attached to the surface by a narrow el  ong  ated stal  k it is said to be pe  dun  cul  ated if no stal  k is present it is said to be ses  sile poly  ps are commonly found in the col  on stomach nose ear sin  us es ur  inary blad  der and uter  us they may also occur elsewhere in the body where mu  co  us memb  ran  es exist like the cer  vi  x vocal fol  ds and small intest  ine some poly  ps are tumors ne  op  las  ms and others are non  ne  op  l  astic for example hyper  plastic or dys  plastic the ne  op  l  astic ones are generally benign although some can be pre  m  align  ant and or con  current with a m  align  ancy
a poly  phen  ic trait is a trait for which multiple dis  crete phen  o  types can arise from a single geno  type as a result of differing environmental conditions it is therefore a special case of phen  o  typ  ic plas  tic  ity
poly  po  id mel  anom  a is a rare cu  taneous condition a virulent variant of no  d  ular mel  anom  a poly  po  id mel  anom  a is a subtype of no  d  ular mel  anom  a the most aggressive form of mel  anom  a a skin cancer poly  po  id mel  anom  a like all types of mel  anom  a starts in the cells that make mel  an  in which is the protective pig  ment that gives skin color poly  po  id mel  anom  a is most commonly found on the tor  so but may be found in unexpected places like the nas  al mu  co  us memb  ran  es and the rec  tum sometimes poly  po  id mel  anom  a may develop on mol  es on your skin but it usually occurs out of nowhere on normal skin poly  po  id mel  anom  a can be treated if it s diagnosed early but the disease progres  ses very rapidly and has a worse prog  no  sis than many other types of mel  anom  a therapies for me  ta  static mel  anom  a include the bio  logic immun  otherapy agents ip  i  lim  um  ab p  embro  li  z  um  ab and ni  vol  um  ab bra  f inhi  bit  ors such as vem  ur  af  eni  b and d  ab  raf  eni  b and a me  k inhi  bit  or tr  ame  tini  b
poly  radic  ul  on  euro  pa  thy describes a condition in which pol  yn  euro  pa  thy and poly  radic  ul  opathy occur together an example is guil  lain – bar  r  é syndrome treatment with a single course of intra  ven  ous immun  o  glob  ulin i  vig in  fu  sions has been demonstrated to be a potentially effective treatment reported to have caused prolonged remission in a case associated with systemic lup  us systemic lup  us er  y  them  ato  sus
poly  silicon depletion effect is the phenomenon in which unwanted variation of threshold voltage of the mos  f  et devices using poly  silicon as gate material is observed leading to un  predicted behaviour of the electronic circuit poly  cryst  alline silicon also called poly  silicon is a material consisting of small silicon cryst  als it differs from single crystal silicon used for electronics and solar cells and from am  orph  ous silicon used for thin film devices and solar cells
poly  som  y is a condition found in many species including fun  gi plants insects and mammals in which an organism has at least one more chro  mo  some than normal i e there may be three or more copies of the chro  mo  some rather than the expected two copies most eu  kar  y  otic species are diplo  id meaning they have two sets of chro  mo  som  es whereas pro  kar  yo  tes are hap  loid containing a single chro  mo  some in each cell an  eu  plo  ids possess chro  mo  some numbers that are not exact multi  ples of the hap  loid number and poly  som  y is a type of an  eu  plo  id  y a kar  yo  type is the set of chro  mo  som  es in an organism and the suff  ix som  y is used to name an  eu  plo  id kar  yo  types this is not to be confused with the suff  ix plo  id  y referring to the number of complete sets of chro  mo  som  es poly  som  y is usually caused by non dis  junction the failure of a pair of homo  log  ous chro  mo  som  es to separate during me  i  osis but may also be due to a trans  location mutation a chro  mo  some ab  normality caused by re  arrangement of parts between non  homo  log  ous chro  mo  som  es poly  som  y is found in many diseases including down syndrome in humans where affected individuals possess three copies tr  is  omy of chro  mo  some 21 poly  som  ic inheritance occurs during me  i  osis when chi  as  mata form between more than two homo  log  ous partners producing multi  val  ent chro  mo  som  es auto  poly  plo  ids may show poly  som  ic inheritance of all the linkage groups and their fertility may be reduced due unbalanced chro  mo  some numbers in the game  tes in te  tras  om  ic inheritance four copies of a linkage group rather than two te  tras  omy ass  or  t two by two
pol  ys  plen  ia or cha  ud  h  rey s disease is a con  genital disease manifested by multiple small accessory sp  le  ens rather than a single full sized normal sp  leen pol  ys  plen  ia sometimes occurs alone but it is often accompanied by other developmental ab  norm  alities conditions associated with pol  ys  plen  ia include gastro  intest  inal ab  norm  alities such as intest  inal mal  rotation or bi  li  ary at  re  sia as well as cardiac ab  norm  alities such as d  ext  ro  car  dia
poly  syn  d  ac  ty  ly is an hereditary anatom  ical mal  formation combining poly  d  ac  ty  ly and syn  d  ac  ty  ly
poly  ur  ia ˌ  p  ɒ  li  ˈ  j  ʊ  ə  ri  ə is a condition usually defined as excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine greater than 2 5 or 3 l over 24 hours in adults frequent ur  ination is sometimes included by definition but is nonetheless usually an accompanying symptom increased production and passage of urine may also be termed di  u  res  is poly  ur  ia often appears in conjunction with poly  di  p  sia increased thirst though it is possible to have one without the other and the latter may be a cause or an effect psycho  genic poly  di  p  sia may lead to poly  ur  ia poly  ur  ia is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder not a disease by itself but it can be classed as a disorder at least when its underlying causes are not clear
po  made ac  ne occurs when some of the po  made that is applied to the scal  p is also applied to the fore  head and is responsible for the development of multiple closely packed com  ed  ones close to the hair  line
po  mer  anch  uk cooling is the phenomenon in which liquid heli  um 3 will cool if it is compressed is  ent  ro  p  ically when it is below 0 3 k this occurs because heli  um 3 has the unique property that soli  di  fication below 0 3 k requires pressure this can be used to construct a cry  ogenic cool  er
the po  mer  an  z – fr  it  sch reaction also named po  mer  an  z – fr  it  sch cy  cli  zation is a name reaction in the organic chemistry it is named after paul fr  it  sch 1859 – 19  13 and c  ä  sar po  mer  an  z 18  60 – 19  26 in general it is a synthesis of iso  quin  oline
the pom  pe  ian styles are four periods which are distinguished in ancient roman m  ural painting they were originally deline  ated and described by the german archae  o  logist august ma  u 18  40 – 19  09 from the exc  av  ation of wall paintings at pom  pe  ii which is one of the largest group of surviving examples of roman fres  co  es the wall painting styles have allowed art historians to deline  ate the various phases of interior decor  ation in the centuries leading up to the eruption of ves  u  vi  us in 79 ad which both destroyed the city and preserved the paintings and between sty  listic shifts in roman art in the succession of styles there is a reiter  ation of sty  listic themes the paintings also tell a great deal about the prosperity of the area and specific tastes during the times the main purpose of these fres  co  es was to reduce the clau  stro  pho  bic inter  i  ors of roman rooms which were windo  w  less and dark the paintings full of color and life bri  ghtened up the interior and made the room feel more spac  ious
in mathematical analysis a pom  pe  i  u derivative is a real valued function of one real variable that is the derivative of an everywhere differenti  able function and that van  ishes in a dense set in particular a pom  pe  i  u derivative is dis  continuous at any point where it is not 0 whether non iden  tically zero such functions may exist was a problem that arose in the context of early 1900 s research on functional differenti  ability and integr  ability the question was affirm  atively answered by dimit  rie pom  pe  i  u by constructing an explicit example these functions are therefore named after him
pom  pe  y s campaign in iber  ia and albania georgian პ  ო  მ  პ  ე  უ  ს  ი  ს ლ  ა  შ  ქ  რ  ო  ბ  ა ს  ა  ქ  ა  რ  თ  ვ  ე  ლ  ო  შ  ი took place in 65 bc and was a consequence of the mi  thri  d  atic wars rome sought to expand its borders and establish itself as a hegem  on of the middle east after mostly subju  gating the kingdom of pon  tus and the kingdom of armenia romans turned to the iberian kingdom whose king ar  tag was an ally of pon  tus the roman general luc  ul  lus lead the campaigns from 74 bc to 66 bc when the roman senate determined that he was going to be succeeded by pom  pe  y that same year pom  pe  y effectively defeated the armenians and pon  tians with their king mi  thri  dates escaping to col  ch  is after that the attention of romans became increasingly focused on iber  ia and albania pom  pe  y made preparations for the conquest of both the iberian and albanian king  doms fearing the imminent invasion ar  tag turned to diplomacy and promised the roman envoys unconditional friendship pom  pe  y accepted these terms but because he was alerted that the iber  ians were secretly planning an attack in the spring of 65 bc he immediately marched his forces to iber  ia ar  tag unaware of this was surprised by the romans and learned this too late to react adequately pom  pe  y s forces be  sie  ged the fortress of ar  ma  zi ar  tag panic  ked fled the castle and took shelter on the left bank of mt  k  v  ari river he also burned the bridge over the river to ensure that the romans wouldn t capture him ar  ma  zi fell and pom  pe  y subju  gated the right bank ar  tag requested a truce while promising the romans that he would restore the bridge and supply them with food ar  tag stayed true to his words but upon restoring the bridge pom  pe  y crossed it with his forces in attempt to seize the king ar  tag again fled with his forces withdrew to the ar  ag  vi river and burned a bridge in the same manner some of the iberian militants hid in the woods and fought the roman forces like partis  ans shooting down ar  rows from the trees killing any passing roman soldiers reportedly a sizeable number of women also participated in this irregular warfare they were defeated when pom  pe  y s forces cut down some of the forest and then burned the rest to the ground pom  pe  y pursued ar  tag into the centre of iber  ia and brought him to battle near the river pel  or  us ar  tag s main strength lay in his arch  ers but using tactics reminiscent of the ath  en  ians at the battle of marathon pom  pe  y disabled them by means of a rapid inf  antry charge which brought his legi  on  aries to close quarters before the enemy fire could take effect greek historian plu  tar  ch called this battle a great battle and noted that iberian casualties consisted of approximately 9 000 people while more than 10 000 were taken captive by the romans the iber  ians finally lost the war and their king was forced to turn to diplomacy once more he sent invaluable objects made of gold to pom  pe  y and asked for truce pom  pe  y demanded ar  tag s children as hostages and as ar  tag was taking too much time to think it over led his soldiers to ar  ag  vi and crossed it so that he left ar  tag no choice he submitted gave his children as hostages and signed the peace with the romans kingdom of iber  ia was to be a friend and ally of the roman republic and accepted the terms of v  ass  al  age after subdu  ing iber  ia pom  pe  y headed towards the kingdom of col  ch  is and subju  gated the main fort  resses and various local peoples on the way to both cun  ning diplomacy and the use of force he met up with the roman fleet in ph  asis and comman  ded them to capture mi  thri  dates while he returned to rome pom  pe  y gave the rule of col  ch  is to ar  ist  ar  ches effectively making it a roman province part of bi  thy  nia et pon  tus